i/ -f ''^^A %..,. LrBBAKT OF /lNGIP SAXOM PoKFEy nmMPMmmnvfmnvmwnvPMiM I i r "\'^j,i:..L li 'i -J iii J i JW ^i' l ' .WgMJW t W-'g EOV\/UL "■4 ' » Harrison AND Sharp jllWPIIIi>PljlwWHWwtw :iaic:riLii:r i i#:iFiitncmt) iii> : i |tfi i i ii i i irjw'i iii i'^ ^ ...l_.jjj.i.,i^.._„_jj „JJJ.„ GINH § COMPAMY fytmll Witdvmxi^ pihmg IV^2..S,.S..t.~:S. 2236 dtHr--*4a5ajD-c iseSj The date shows when this volume wa$ taken To renew this book copv the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULEST All Books subject to Recall. Books not used for instruction or researeh are returnable within 4 weeks. ■' > Volumes of periodi- cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out " a limited time. Borrowers shou! not yse their library i^leges for the bene- if other persons. Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence,if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Boots of special value and gift books, when-the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to report all cases of books marked or muti- lated. Do not deface botfks by marks and writing^. J Cornell University Library PR 1580.H31 1888 Beouwulf: an Anglo-Saxon poem, The figh 3 1924 016 643 722 I. BEOWULF: AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM. n. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBUEH: A FRAGMENT. WITH TEXT AND GLOSSAEY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE. EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED. BY JAMES A.' HARRISON, LL.D., Litt.D., pRorEssoB or English and modern languages, Washington and LEE tINIVBRSITT, AND ROBERT SHARP (Ph.D. Lips.), FBOFESSOB OF GKEEK AND EN6LI8H, TJOTVER8ITT OP LOUISIANA. THIRD EDITION. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1888. ® (^Ut^ ^ CORNEL UNlVERCiTY Entered according to Act of CongrcBB, in the year 1883, by Jamss Albert Harbison and Robert Sharp, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasliington. J. 9. CuSHiNG & Co., Printers, 115 Hish Street, Boston. NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. This third edition of the American issue of Beowulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Bedwulf wiU find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that sub- ject (Beitrage, X. 209-314). Socin's edition of Heyne's Bedwulf (called the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortu- nately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it con- tains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, wiU also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. AVuIker's new edition (in the Grein Bibliothek') is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the ' Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beitrage contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embody- ing the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the pres- ent and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Moller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XH.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem. The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f. d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beitrage, XL), and others ; but so much is iv NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION, uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mS, we, J»fl, ]»S, g6, hS) ; the adverb nfl, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them marked. An approximately complete Bibliography of Bedwulf literature win be found in WiUker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem. James A. Hakrison, Robert Sharp. WAaHINSTON AND LEB UHIVEESITT, Lexington, Va., May, 1888. DEDICATED PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFATETTE COLLEGE, FA., FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, Esq. FOUNDBB OF THE " KEW SHAKSPEBB SOCrETT," THE " CHATICEB SOCIETT," BTC, ETC. The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924016643722 JS'OTE I. fTlHE present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, -^ (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Beowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scai'oe and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essen- tially the same text. So many important contributions to the " Beowulf " literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edi- tion, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Beowulf" Ms. (Vitellius a. 15 : Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kblbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56 ; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Rieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as oocun-ing in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others. Viu NOTE I. Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J. M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland. In the pi'eparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one read- ing for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wiilker's text and the photographic f ac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they woidd puzzle without instructing. For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. ■WASHlHaTON AND LeE UkIVERSITT, LEXiHaTQiT, Va., June, 1882. ARGUMENT. The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows : — The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hro^gar. HroiSgar, elated with his prosperity and suc- cess in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hro'Sgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, tmtil a malig- nant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries of£ by night thirty of HrolSgar's men, and devours them in his moorland re- treat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of HrotSgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety ; and, after an animated parley with Hro^gar's coast- guard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hro15gar. A banquet ensues, during which Beowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferh'S about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferh^. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's companions ; is attacked by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of HroSgar and the Danes, and their fes- tivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beo'wulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off ^schere, the friend and coun- cillor of Hro'Sgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hro«gar appeals to Beowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither ; the scenery of the lake, and the mon- sters that dwell in it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hro'Sgar. He then takes leave of Hro^gar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. xiv ARGUMENT. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Beowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and des- troys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest of its hiding- place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end, lie pauses and recals to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Beowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers,.advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beo- wulf's shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beowulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beowulf, and receives his last commands. Beowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Beowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral. — H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetrji, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English Literature. BEOWULF. I. The Passing op Scyld. TTWAT! we GAr-Dena in ge^r-daguro -*-^ pe6d-cyninga frym gefrunon, lift ]>&: aSelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Sc6fing scea^ena fredtnm, 5 monegum mse^um meodo-setla oftedh. Egsode eorl, syStSan serest wearS fed-sceaft funden: he fas fr6fre geMd, wedx under wolcnum, weorS-myndum Mh, 6S pat Mm aeghwylc fAra ymb-sittendra 10 ofer hron-r&de hj'ran scolde, gomban gyldan: fat was g6d cyning! , pam eafera was after cenned geong in geardum, pone god sende folce t6 frdfre ; fyren-pearfe ongeat, 15 pat hie ser drugon aldor-Zedse lange hwlle. Him pas llf-fred, wuldres wealdend, worold-4re forgeaf ; Be6wulf was breme (blaed wide sprang), Seyldes eafera Seede-Iandum in. 20 Sw4 sceal geong guma, g6de gewyrcean, fromum feoh-giftum on fader wine, pat hine on ylde eft gewunigen wil-geslSas, ponne wig cume, le6de gelaesten: "lof-daedum sceal 25 in msegSa gehwsere man gepe6n^_ Him pa Scyld gew4t td gescap-hwtle fela-hrdr fSran on freAn ware ; hi hyne pft atbasi'on td briraes faroSe. BEOWULF. [29-59. swaese gesiSas, swA he selfa bad, 30 fenden wordum we61d wine Scyldinga, le6f land-fruma lange Ahte. pser at hySe stdd hringed-stefna, isig and fitfAs, aSelinges far; a-16don fa le6fne )'e6den, 35 bedga bryttan on bearm scipes, maerne be maste. pser was mMma fela, of feor-wegum fratwa gelseded : ne hj'rde ic cymlieor ce61 gegyrwan hilde-wsepnum and heaSo-wsedum, 40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme lag madma manigo, fA him mid scoldon on flddes seht feor gewitan. Nalas hi. hine lassan 14cum te6dan, )je6d-gestre6num, ponne pk dydon, 45 fe hine at frumsceafte fortS onsendon senne ofer ySe umbor wesende : ]>& gyt hie him Asetton segen gyldenne heAh ofer hedfod, 16ton holm beran, geifon on gto-secg: him was gedmor sefa, 50 murnende mdd. Men ne cunnon secgan td s65e s61e rsedenne, haleS under heofenum, hw^ fam hlaste onfeng. II. The Hall Heorot. pi was on bargum Be6wulf Scyldinga, le6f le6d-cyning, longe frage 55 folcum gefraege (fader ellor hwearf, aldor of earde), 63 fat him eft onw6c hedh Healfdene ; he61d fenden lifde, gamol and g& fser inne aSehnga gedriht swefan after symble; sorge ne cfltSon, 120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhselo gi'im and grsedig gearo s6na was, re6c and r66e, and on raste genam fritig fegna: fanon eft gew4t hA^e hr^mig td hdm faran, 125 mid faere wal-fylle wtca ne6san. 12fi-160.] BEOWULF. pk was on uhtan mid ser-dage Grendles gftS-craft gumuin undj-rne: fft was after wiste w6p up ^hafen, micel morgen-swfig. Msere fe6den, 130 aSeling 8er-g6d, unbltSe sat, folode frytS-swyiS, fegn-sorge dredh, - sy6Ban hie fas MtSan lAst scedwedoii, wergan gdstes ; was pat gewin td Strang, lS,i5 and longsum. Nas hit lengra fyrst, 135 ac ymb &ne niht eft gefremede morS-beala m^re and n6 mearn fore faehSe and fj'rene ; was t6 fast on f&m. pS, was edtS-fj^nde, ]>e him elles hwser gerftmllcor raste sdhte, 140 bed after blirum, f^ him gebe&cnod was, gesagd s6tSllce sweotolan ticne heal-]'egnes hete; he61d hine syStSan fyr and fastor, se fam fe6nde atwand. Sw4 rixode and wiS rihte wan 145 ana witS eallum, 6S pat Idel st6d hflsa sMest. Was se6 hwll micel: twelf wintra ttd torn gepolode wine Scyldinga, wcana gehwelcne, sldra sorga; forpam sifS^an wearS 150 ylda bearnum und3Tne cftS, gyddum gedmore, fatte Grendel wan hwlle wis HrdSg^r; — hete-nl6as wag, fyrene and fsehSe fela missera, singale sace, sibbe ne wolde 155 wis manna hwone magenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fe6 pingian, ne pser nsenig witena w6nan porfte beorhtre b6te td banan folmimi; atol aglaeca 6htende was, 160 deorc dedS-scfta duguSe and geogoSe 6 BE6WULF. [161-192, seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte he61d mistige m6ras ; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-rftnaa hwyi'ftum scrlSac^. Sw^ fela fyrena fe6nd man-cynnes, . 165 atol ftn-gengea, oft gefremede lieaxdra hynSa ; Heorot eardode, sinc-f^ge sel sweartum nihtum (nd he fone gif-st61 grfitan mdste, inS,SSuin for metode, ne his mj-ne ■wisse) ; 170 pat was wraec micel wine Scj'ldinga, m6des brecSa. Monig-oft gesat vice td rflne; raed eahtedon, hwat swl6-ferhSum sfilest waere wii5 faer-gryrum td gefremmanne. 175 Hwilum hie gehfiton at harg-trafum wig-weorSunga, wordum bsedon, fat him g4st-bona ge6ce gefremede wis ]3e6d-]jredum. Swj4c was pedw hyra, hseSenra hyht; belle gemundon 180 in m6d-sefan, metod hie ne cUSon, dseda dSmend, ne wiston hie drihten god, ne hie hftru heofena helm hfirian ne c6?on, wuldres waldend. Wa biS fam pe sceal purh sll6ne nttS sAwle bescflfan 185 in fyres faSm, frdfre ne wfinan, wihte gewendan ; wel bit? p^m pe mdt after dedt5-dage drihten s6cean and t6 fader faSmum freoSo wilnian. IV. Hygelac's Thane. SwA pa mael-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala sedtS ; ne mihte snotor haletS wedn onwendan: was pat gewin td sw;^, 1^8 and longsum, pe on pa le6de becora, 193-227. J BEOWULF. nyd-wracu n!6-ginm, niht-bealwa msest. pat fram ha,m gefragn HigelAces fegn, 195 g6d mid Gedtum, Grendles daeda: se was mon-cynnes magenes strengest on fam dage fysses lifes, aSele and e^cen. H6t him yt5-lidan gddne gegj-rwan ; cwat5 he gftS-cyning 200 ofer swan-rMe sficean wolde, maerne ))e6den, ]>k him was manna }'eaif. pone sl5-fat him snotere eeorlas lyt-hwon 16gon, fedh he him le6f wsere ; hwetton higerdfne, hael scedwedon. 205 Hafde se g6da Gedta le6da cempan gecorone, fdra fe he cfinoste findan mihte ; ftHbena sum sund-wudu sdhte ; secg wlsade, lagu-craftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 210 Fyrst for^ gew^t: flota was on ySum, b^t under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon ; stredmas wundon sund wis sande ; secgas baeron on bearm nacan beorhte fratwe, 215 gftS-searo geatolie ; guman 6t scufon, weras on wil-sl6 wudu bundenne.^ Gewit ]>k ofer wseg-holm winde gefysed flota fdmig-heals fugle gellcost, 69 fat ymb dn-tid 6Sres ddgores 220 wunden-stefna gewaden hafde, pat ]>§L llSende land gesdwon, brim-clifu bllcan, beorgas stedpe, side sse-nassas : f a was sund Men, eoletes at ende. panon up hratSe 225 Wedera le6de on wang stigon, sse-wudu sseldon (syrcan hrysedon, gfttS-gewaedo) ; gode f ancedon, 8 BEOWULF. [228-257. pas pe him yS-lMe edSe wurdon. pa of wealle geseah weard Scildiuga, 230 se pe holm-clifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, fyrd-searu ffisUcu ; Mne fyrwyt brae mdd-gehj-gdum, hwat pA men wseron. Gewat him pd t6 waro^e wicge ridan 235 pegn HrdSg^res, prymmum cwehte magen-wudu mundum, meSel-wordum fragn : ' ' Hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra "byrnum werede, pe pus brontne ee61 "ofer lagu-straete laedau ewdmon, 240 "hider ofer holmas helmas bceronf "Ic was ende-seeta, seg-wearde he61d, "pat on land Dena MSra nsenig "mid scip-herge scetS^an ne meahte. " N6 her cftSllcor cuman ongunnon 245 " lind-habbende ; ne ge ledfnes-word " gftS-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, " m%a gemMu. Naefre ic mdran geseah "eorla ofer eorCan, ponne is e6wer sum, " secg on searwum; nis pat seld-guma 250 " waepnum geweorfSad, nafne him his wUte le6ge, " senile an-syn. Nu ic e6wer sceal "frum-c}-n witan, ser ge fyr heonan " le4se scedweras on land Dena "furSur ffiran. Nu ge feor-bflend 255 "mere-lKende mlnne gehyra^ "An-fealdne gep6ht: 6fest is s61est "td gecy^anne, hwanan e6wre cyme syndon." 258-289.] Be6wULF. V. The Erea-Nd. Him se yldesta andswarode, werodes wisa word-hord onlede : 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geto le6de "and HigeUces heor'S-genedtas. " Was min fader folcum gec3'Sed, " aSele ord-fruma Ecgl>e6w h^ten; " gebAd wintra worn, aer he on weg hwurfe, 265 " gamol of geardum ; hine gearwe geman "witena wel-hwylc wide geond eorSan. — "We purh holdne hige hiaford ])inne, " sunu Healfdenes, s6cean cw6mon, ' ' le6d-gebyrgean : wes fu fls Mrena g6d ! 270 " Habbat5 we t6 fam maeran micel aerende "Deniga freAn ; ne sceal paer dj-rne sum "wesan, fas ic w6ne. pu w4st, gif hit is, " sw^ we sfiSUce secgan hyrdon, "fat mid Scyldingum sceaSa ic n^t hwylc, 275 " de6gol dsed-hata, deoreum nihtum " edwetS furh egsan uncftSne niS, "hynSu and hrA-fyl. Ic fas HrdSg^r mag "furh rftmne sefan rsed geleeran, "hft he fr6d and g6d fe6nd oferswytSeS, 280 "gyf him ed-wendan sefre scolde "bealuwa bisigu, b6t eft cuman " and fa cear-wylmas c61ran wurSaS ; "oStSe & sySgan earfoS-frage, " fred-nj'd folatS, fenden fser wunaS 285 "on hedh-stede hftsa shiest." Weard matSelode, fser on wicge sat ombeht unforht: "JEghwa^res sceal "scearp scyld-wlga gescM witan, "worda and worca, se fe wel fenceb. 10 Be6wUL]<\ [290-319. 290 " Ic fat gehj're, pat pis is hold weorod "fre4n Scyldinga. GewltaS foi-8 beran "waepen and gewaedu, ic e6w wlsige: " swylce ic magu-pegnas mlue hite ' ' wis fe6nda geliwone flotan e6werne, 295 " niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande " 4rum healdan, 6S pat eft byret5 " ofer lagu-stredmas le6fne mannan " wudu wunden-hals t6 Weder-mearce. " GAS-fremmendra swylcum gifetSe bit5, 300 "pat pone hilde-raes Ml gedlgeS." Gewiton him p& ffiran (flota stUle bM, seomode on sdle sld-faSmed scyp, on ancre fast) ; eofor-llc sci6non ofer hle6r-beran gehroden golde 305 fAh and fyr-heard, ferh wearde he61d. GAt5m6de grummon, guman onetton, sigon atsomne, 6S pat hy sal timbred geatollc and gold-f^h ongytan mihton; pat was fore-maerost fold-be6den maerne ymb flnne sl6 ; " and ]>e fi andswai-e adre gecyiSan, 355 " ]>e me se g6da Agifan fencetS." Hwearf J)4 hradlice, fser HrdSg^r sat, eald and unhdr mid his eorla gedriht ; eode ellen-r6f, fat he for eaxlum gest6d Deniga fredn, cftSe he dugutSe ]>eAw. 36 ) "Wulfg^r ma^elode td his wine-drihtne : ' ' Her syndon geferede feorran cumene ' ' ofer geofenes begang Gedta le6de : " f one yldestan oret-mecgas " Be6wulf nemnaS. Hy b6nan synt, 365 " fat hie, fe6den min, wiS fe m6ton ' ' wordum wrixlan ; n6 f u him wearne getedh, " finra gegn-cwida gladnian, HrdSgi^r! " Hy on wlg-geatwum wyrt5e finceatS "eorla getehtlan; hAru se aldor dedh, 370 " se fsem heaSo-rincum hider wlsade." VII. Heothgae's Welcome. Hr6^g-ar ma^elode, helm Scjldinga : " Ic bine cASe cniht-wesende. " Was his eald-fader Ecgfe6 hdten, " fam t6 ham forgeaf HrfiSel GeAta 375 "^ngan ddhtor; is his eafora nu "heard her cumen, s6hte holdne wine, "ponne sagdon fat sse-ltSende, " f A ])e gif-sceattas Gedta fyredon " fyder t6 fance, fat he frittiges 380 "manna magen-eraft on his mund-gripe "heaSo-r6f habbe. Hine h^hg god "for dr-stafum 6s onsende, 888 417.] BEOWULF. 13 " td West-Denum, fas ic w6n Mbbe, "wits Grendles gryre : ic fam g6dan sceal 385 " for his m6d-))i-ace mMmas be6dan. "Be6 fu on 6feste, Mt hig in gin, " se6n sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere ; " gesaga him edc wordum, fat hie sint wil-cuinan "Deniga le6dum." pd wi6 duru healle 390 Wulfgdr eode, word inne S,bedd: "E6w h6t secgan sige-drihten mln, ' ' aldor Edst-Dena, fat he e6wer aSela can " and ge him syndon ofer sse-wylmas, " heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. 39!? " Nu ge m6ton gangan in e6wrum gftS-geatawiim, "under here-grlman, HrdSgdr gese6n ; "lastaS hilde-bord her onbidian, "wudu wal-sceaftas, worda gefinges." Ards f a se rlca, j'mb hine rinc manig, 400 frylSllc f egna hedp ; sume ];aer bidon, heaSo-redf he61don, swd him se hearda bebcAd. SnjTedon atsomne, fd secg wlsode under Heorotes hr6f ; hyge-rdf eode, heard under helme, fat he on heotSe gestdd. 405 Be6wulf maSelode (on him byrne scdn, searo-net se6wed smiSes or-fancum) : "Wes fu HrdSgdr hkll ic eom Higeldces ' ' mseg and mago-f egn ; habbe ic meerSa fela " ongunnen on geogoSe. Me wearS Grendles ]>ing 410 "on mlnre fiSel-tjTf undyme cftS : " secgag sae-116end, fat fes sele stande, ' ' reced sfilesta, rinca gehw3-lcum "Idel and unnyt, siSSan 8efen-le6ht " under heofenes hddor beholen weor6e8. 415 "pd me fat gelaerdon le6de mine, " ]>k s^lestan, snotere ceorlas, " fe6den HrdSg^r, fat ic fe sdhte ; 14 Be6wULF. [418-452. " forfan hie magenes craft mlnne cdSon : " selfe ofersiwon, ]>&, ic of searwum cwoiu, 420 "fdh from fe6ndum, faer ic fife geband, . "ytSde eotena cyn, and on ySum sldg " niceras nihtes, nearo-pearfe dredh, "wrac Wedera nlS (wedn Ahsodon) " forgrand gramum; and nu wi6 Grendel sceal, 425 "wis fam aglifican, Ana gehegan "fing wis fyrse. Ic fe nu ]>&, " brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, " eodor Scyldinga, 4nre bfine ; "fat pu me ne forwyrne, wlgendra hle6, 430 "fre6-wine'folca, nu ic fus feorran com, "fat ic m6te Ana and minra eorla gedryht, "fes hearda hedp, Heorot fselsian. " Habbe ic edc geAhsod, fat se aglaeca "for his won-hydum waepna ne r6ceS; 435 "ic fat fonne forhicge, swA me HigeUc sle, "mln mon-drihten, m6des bllSe, "fat ic sweord bere oSSe sidne scyld "geolo-rand td gASe; ac ic mid gi-Ape sceal "f6n wis fe6nde and ymb feorh sacan, 440 "14S wis lASum; fser gelyfan sceal "dryhtnes dftme se fe hine dedS nimeS. "W6n' ic fat he wille, gif he wealdan m6t, " in fam gflS-sele Gedtena le6de ' ' etan unforhte, swA he oft dj-de 445 " magen HrfiSmanna. NA fu mlnne fearft "hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile " dre6re fdhne, gif mec dedS nimeS, "byreS blddig wal, byrgean fenceS, "eteS dn-genga unmurnltce, 450 "mearcaS m6r-h6pu: nd fu ymb mines ne fearft "Hces feorme leng sorgian. "Onsend HigelAee, gif mec hild nime. 453-483.] BEOWULF. 15 " beadu-scrftda betst, ])at mine bre6st wereS, "hragla shiest; fat is Hr6Slan W, 455 "WSlandes geweorc. GseS & Wyrd swA hi6 seel!" VIII. Heothgab tells of "Geendel. Hk6Sgar maSelode, helm Scyldinga: 'for were-fyhtum fu, wine min Be6wulf, ' and for a,r-stafum flsic s61itest. ' Gesl6h fin fader fsehSe mseste, 460 " wearS he HeatSoUfe td hand-bonan ' mid Wilflngum ; ]>& hine Wedera cj-n ' for here-br6gan habban ne mihte. ' panon he gesdhte SAS-Dena folc ' ofer ySa geweale, Ar-Scyldinga ; 465 "})4 ic furSum we61d folce Deninga, ' and on geogotSe he61d gimme-rlce ' hord-buih haletSa : ]>k was HeregAr dedd, ' mln yldra mseg unliflgende, ' beam Healfdenes. Se was betera fonne ic I 470 "SiSSan f4 fsehSe fe6 pingode ; ' sende ic "Wylfingum ofer wateres hrj-cg ' ealde mMmas : he me &Sas sw6r. ' Sorh is me t6 secganne on sefan mimim ' gumena sengum, hwat me Grendel hafaS 475 " hj'nSo on Heorote mid his hete-fancum, ' fser-nlSa gefremed. Is min flet-werod, ' wlg-hedp gewanod ; hie Wyrd forswe6p ' on Grendles gryTC. God edSe mag ' fone dol-scaSan daeda getwsefan ! 480 "Ful oft gebe6tedon be6re druncne ' ofer ealo-w£ege oret-mecgas, ' fat hie in be6r-sele bldan woldon ' Grendles gASe mid grj-rum ecga. 16 BEOWULF. [484-514. "poikiie was fe6s medo-heal on morgen-tid, 485 " driht-sele dre6r-fah, fonne dag lixte, "eal benc-felu bl6de bestymed, "heall heoru-dre6re : dhte ic holdra yy liis, " de6rre duguSe, fe \iSi dedS fornam. "Site nu t6 symle and onssel meoto, 490 " sige-hr6S secgum, sw3, fin sefa hwette!" pa was Gedt-macgum geador atsomne on be6r-sele bene geiymed ; Jiser swl6-ferhSe sittan eodon frySum dealle. pegn nj'tte behe61d, 495 SB ))e on handa bar hroden ealo-wsege, scencte seir wered. Sc6p hwilum sang hddor on Heorote ; faer was haleSa dredin, dugu^ unlytel Dena and Wedera. IX. HuNFERTH Objects to Be6wulf. HunfekS maSelode, Ecgldfes beam, 500 Tpe at f6tum sat fredn Sc3'ldinga ; onband beadu-rftne (was him Be6wulfes si8, mddges mere-faran, micel af-J)unca, forfion fe he ne tLSe, fat senig 66er man sefre msertSa fon mk middan-geardes 505 gehSdde under heofenum fonne he sj'lfa) : "Eart yu se Be6wulf, se ]>e wiS Brecan wimne, "on sldne see ymb sund flite, ' ' pier git for wlence wada cunnedon " and for dol-gilpe on de6p water 510 " aldrum nfiSdon? Ne inc eenig mon, " ne le6f ne \&S, beledn mihte " sorh-fullne sitS ; ])4 git on sund re6n, " faer git edgor-stredm earmum j'ehton, "maeton mere-straeta, mundum brugdon. 515-549.] Be6wULF. 17 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 ' glidon ofer g^r-secg ; geofon y Sum we61, ' wintres wylme. Git on wilteres selit ' seofon niht swuncon ; he ])e at sunde oferfldt, ' hafde mkve magen. p4 liine on morgen-tld ' on HeaSo-rsemas holm up atbar, ' f onon he ges6hte swaesne 6Sel ' le6f Ms le6dum lond Brondinga, ' freoSo-burh fagere, fser he folc dhte, 'burg and bedgas. Be6t eal wK |'e ' sunu Bednstdnes s6'Se gelseste. 'ponue w6ne ic t6 pe wjTsan gepinges, ' pedh ]'u heaSo-rsesa gehwser dohte, ' grimre gA6e, gif ]m Grendles dearst ' niht-longne fyrst nedn bldan ! " Be6wulf matSelode, beam Ecg])e6wes : 'Hwat ]>u worn fela, wine mln HftnferiS, ' be6re druncen ymb Breean sprsece, ' sagdest from his sl6e ! S6S ic talige, ' pat ic mere-strengo mdran dhte, ' eafeSo on ySnm, ponne senig 6Ser man. 'Wit pat gecwsedon cniht-wesende 'and gebe6tedon (wjeron begen ]■& git ' on geogoS-feore) pat wit on gar-secg At ' aldrum nfiSdon ; and ])at geafndon swA. ' Hafdon swurd nacod, ])d wit on sand re6n, ' heard on handa, wit unc wi6 hron-fixas ' werian pdhton. N6 he wiht fram mo ' fl6d-5i5um feor fle6tan meahte, 'hraSor on holme,- n6 ic fram him wolde. ' pd wit atsomne on sse wasron ' flf nihta fyrst, 6« pat unc fl6d tddrdf , ' wado weallende, wedera cealdost, ' nlpende niht and norSan wind 'heaSo-grim andhwearf; hre6 wneron jiSa. ' Was mere-fixa m6d onhrfired : 18 BEOWULF. [560-680. 550 " paer me wiS 146um Itc-syrce mlu, "heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede ; " beado-hragl broden on bre6stum lag, " golde gegjTwed. Me td grunde tedh " fdh fe6nd-scat5a, faste hafde 655 "grim on gripe: hwaSre me gyfeSe wearS, "pat ic aglaecan orde gersehte, " hilde-bille ; heatSo-raes fornam "mihtig mere-de6r furh mine hand. X. Beowulf's Contest with Beeoa. — The Feast, 560 565 570 575 580 ' SwA mec gel6me lAS-gete6nan ' predtedon pearle. Ic him ])6node ' de6ran sweorde, swA hit gedfife was ; 'uas hie J'sere fjile gefedn hafdon, ' mdn-fordsedlan, f>at hie me ffigon, ' symbel ymb-saeton sae-grimde nedh, ' ac on mergenne m^cum wmide 'be y^-ldfe uppe laegon, ' sweordum dswefede, fat sytStSan nd 'ymb brontne ford brim-l!Sende ' IMe ne letton. Le6ht edstan com, ' beorht bedcen godes ; brimu swaSredon, ' pat ic sae-nassas gese6n mihte, 'windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereS 'unfaegne eorl, Sonne Ms ellen dedh! ' HwaSere me gesaelde, ]>at ic mid sweorde ofsl6h ' niceras nigene. N6 ic on niht gefragn 'under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, ' ne on 6g-stredmum earmran mannan ; ' hwaSere ic fira feng feore gedlgde, ' sKSes wfirig. pa mec sse 6Sbar, ' fl6d after faroSe, on Finna land. 581-615.] BEOWULF. 19 "wadu weallendu. N6 ic wiht fram pe " swylcra searo-ntSa secgan hyrde, "billa brdgan: Breca nsefre git " at hea^o-Uee, ne gehwaSer incer 585 " sw4 de6rllce dsed gefremede ' ' f Agum sweordum " n6 ic fas gjipe ; " fedh jju ])lnum br6t5rum t6 banan wurde, ' ' heifod-maegum ; fas fu in helle scealt 590 " werhSo dre6gan, fedh fin wit duge. " Secge ic fe td s65e, sunu Ecgldfes, "fat nsefre Grendel swd fela gr3Ta gefremede, " atol Sglseca ealdre flnum, "hyn^o on Heorote, gif fin hige waere, 595 " sefa sw4 searo-grim, swS. fu self talast. "Ac he hafa^ onfunden, fat he fd fsehtSe ue fearf, ' ' atole ecg-f race e6wer le6de " swiSe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ; " nymet5 nyd-bMe, nsenegum draS 600 "le6de Deniga, ac he on lust wlget5, " swefet5 ond sendetS, sacce ne wSneS ' ' t6 G^r-Denum. Ac him GeAta sceal " eafoS and ellen ungeAra nu "gftSe gebe6dan. GaeS eft se fe m6t 605 "td medo m6dig, sit5t5an morgen-le6ht "ofer ylda beam 66res ddgores, " sunne swegl-wered sftSan sctnetS!" p4 was on s41um sinces brytta gamol-feax and gfti5-r6f, ge6ce gelyfde 610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Be6wulfe folces hyrde fast-rsedne gef6ht. pser was haleSa hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, word waeron wynsume. Eode "Wealhfedw forS, ew6n Hr6^g4res, cynna gemyndig, 615 grfitte gold-hroden guman on healle, 20 BEOWULF. [616-650. and ]>§!. fre61ie wlf ful gesealde aerest Edst-Dena 6Sel-wearde, bad Mne bli^ne at fffire be6r-])ege, le6dum le6fne ; he on lust gef eah 62J sj-mbel and sele-ful, sige-r6f kyning. Ymb-eode ]>& ides Helminga duguSe and geogoSe dsel seghwylcue ; sinc-fato sealde, 6tS fat sael 41amp, fat M6 Be6wulfe, bedg-hroden cw6n, 625 m6de gefungen, medo-ful atbar; grfitte Gedta le6d, gode fancode wls-fast wordum, fas fe hire se willa gclamp, pat heo on senigne eorl gelyfde fyrena fr6fre. He fat ful gefeah, 630 wal-re6w wiga at "Wealhfe6n, and fa g5-ddode gtSe gefysed, Be6\vulf maSelode, beam Ecgfe6wes : " Ic fat hogode, fd ic on holm gestdh, " sae-b§,t gesat mid minra seega gedriht, 635 "fat ic Anunga e6wra le6da "willan geworhte, o8Se on wal crunge, " fe6nd-grapuni fast. Ic gefremman sceal "eorlic ellen, o^i5e ende-dag "on fisse meodu-healle minne gebldan." 640 pam wife fS, word wel llcodon, gilp-cwide Gedtes ; eode gold-hroden fre61tcu folc-cw6n td hire fredn sittan. pa was eft swd ser inne on healle fry<5-word sprecen, fe6d on sselum, 645 sige-folca sw6g, 66 fat semninga sunu Healfdenes sficean wolde ffifen-raste ; wiste at f am ahlsecan td fam hedh-sele hilde gefinged, siSSan He sunnan le6ht gese6n we meahton, 650 oStSe nlpende niht ofer ealle. 651-681.] BEOWULF. 21 scadu-helma gesceapu scriSan cwdman, wau under wolcnum. Werod eall &r&.s. Gr6tte ]>&, giddum guma 6Serne, Hr6Sgar Be6wulf, and him hsel 4beM, 655 win-arnes geweald and pat word acwal^ : "Nsefre ic senegum men ser &\jfde, "sitSSan ic bond and rond hebban milite, "frytS-arn Dena bftton fe nu ]>&,. "Hafa nu and geheald Msa s61est; 660 " gemyne mserSo, magen-ellen eyiS, "waca wis wr^Sum! Ne bii5 fe wilna gad, "gif fu fat ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." XI. The Watch foe Geendel. pA him HrdtSgdr gewftt mid his haletSa gedryht, eodur Scyldinga M of healle ; 665 wolde wig-fruma "Wealhfe6 s6can, cw6n t6 gebeddan. Hafde kyninga wuldor Grendle t6-gednes, sw& guman gefrungon, sele-weard 4seted : sundor-nytte behe61d ymb aider Dena, eoton weard dbedd; 670 hftru Gedta le6d georne trflwode m6dgan magnes, metodes hyldo. pS, he him of dyde Isern-byrnan, helm of hafelan, sealde his hjTsted sweord, Irena cyst ombiht-pegne, 675 and gehealdan h6t hilde-geatwe. Gesprac ]>k se g6da gylp-worda sum Be6wulf Ge^ta, ser he on bed stige : " N6 ic me an here-wsesmum hn%ran talige " gftS-geweorca, ponne Grendel hine; 680 "forpan ic hine sweorde swehban nelle, "aldre bene6tan, pedh ic eal msege. 22 BEOWULF. [682-710. "NAt he fdra gdda, fat he me on-gedn slea, "rand gehedwe, fedh }>e he r6f sie ' ' ntS-geweorca ; ac wit on niht sculon 685 " seege ofersittan, gif he gesficean dear "wtg ofer wsepen, and siSSan witig god " on sw4 hwaSere hond hAllg drj'hten "maerSo d6me, swA him gemet fince." Hykle hine ]>& hea«o-de6r, hle6r-bolster onf6ng 690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig snelllc sae-rinc sele-reste gebedh. Naenig heora f6hte pat he fanon scolde eft eard-lufan aefre ges6cean, folc ot5t5e fre6-burh, faer he ^fiSded was, 695 ac hie hafdon gefrunen, fat hie aer t6 fela niiclea in fam win-sele wal-dedS fornam, Denigea le6de. Ac him dryhten forgeaf wSg-sp6da gewiofu, "Wedera le6dum frdfor and fultum, fat hie fe6nd heora 700 furh ^nes craft ealle oferc6mon, selfes mihtum: s6S is gecytSed, fat mihtig god manna cynnes we61d wlde-ferht5. Com on wanre niht scrltSan sceadu-genga. Sce6tend swaefon, 705 f^ fat horn-reced healdan scoldon, ealle buton Anum. pat was yldum cti>, fat hie ne m6ste, fS, metod nolde, se syn-sca^a under sceadu bregdan ; ac he waccende wr^Sum on andan 710 b^d bolgen-mdd beadwa gefinges. 711-742.] BEOWULF. 23 XII. Geendel's Eaid. pA com of m6re under mist-hleot5um Grendel gongan, godes yrre bar. Mynte se m^n-scaSa mauna cynnes sumne besyrwan in sele ])am hedn; 715 w6d under wolcnum, t6 fas pe he win-reced, gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse fattum fAhne. Ne was fat forma sitS, fat he HrdtSgdres hdm ges6hte : naefre he on aldor-dagum £er ne siSSan 720 heardran hale, heal-fegnas fand! Com fa t6 recede rinc sitSian dredmum bedaeled. Duru s6na onarn fyr-bendum fast, sytSSan he hire folmum hr^u ; onbrad f^ bealo-hydig, ]>& he Abolgen was, 725 recedes m6San. Ra^e after fon on f%ne fl6r fe6nd treddode, eode yiTe-m6d ; him of cAgum st6d lige gellcost le6ht unfager. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere, mago-rinca hedp : fa his m6d dhl6g, mynte fat he gedselde, ser fon dag cwdme, atol aglseca, dnra gehwj'lces lif wis lice, fa him aiumpen was 735 wist-fylle w6n. Ne was fat wyrd ]>& gen, fat he ma m6ste manna cj'nnes ficgean ofer fa niht. prjiS-swjiS behedld mseg Higeiaces, hfl se mdn-scaSa under fser-gripum gefaran wolde. 740 Ne fat se aglasca j-ldan fdhte, ac he geffing hrscSe forman stSe slaependne rinc, slat unwearnum. 24 Be6wULF. [743-777. b^t bdn-locan, bldd 6clrum dranc, syii-snsedmn swealh: s6na hafde 745 unlj'figendes eal gefeormod f6t and folma. ForS nedr atstdp, nam f A mid handa hige-];ihtigne rinc on raste; raehte ongedn fe6nd mid folme, he onftng hraSe 750 inwit-pancum and wiS earm gesat. S6na fat onfunde fyrena hyrde, fat he ne mfitte middan-geardes eoi^an sceAta on eban men mund-gripe m^ran : he on m6de weartS 755 forht on ferh^e, n6 fy ser fram meahte; hyge was Mm hin-ffls, wolde on heolster fle6n, sfican de6fla gedrag : ne was his drohtoS f aer, swylce he on ealder-dagum ser gemfitte. Gemunde f§, se g6da maeg HigelAces 760 sefen-spraece, up-lang istdd and him faste wi8f6ng. Fingras burston; eoten was flt-weard, eorl furSur stdp. Mynte se maara, fser he meahte swk, widre gewindan and on weg fanon 765 fle6n on fen-h6pu ; wiste his flngra geweald on grames grApum. pat was ge6cor si^, fat se hearm-sca8a t6 Heorute Atedh: dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum weartS, ceaster-bAendum, cfinra gehwj'lcum, 770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wseron begen, r6Se r6n-weardas. Reced hlynsode ; f& was wundor micel, fat se win-sele wi^hafde heat5o-de6rum, fat he on hrusan ne fe61i fager fold-bold ; ac he fas faste was 775 innan and fltan Iren-bendum searo-foncum besmit5od. paer fram sylle ^bedg medu-benc monig mine gefraege, 778-808.] BEOWULF. 25 golde geregnad, fser }&, graman wunnon; fiis ne wfindon ser witan Scyldiuga, 780 fat hit k mid gemete manna tenig betUc and bAn-f^g t6brecan meabte, listum tdlAcan, nymtSe liges iaJSm swulge on swatSule. Sw6g up Astdg niwe geneahlie; NorS-Denum st6d 785 ateltc egesa Anra gehwj'lcum ])dra ])e of wealle w6p gehyrdon, gr3Te-le6t5 galan godes andsacan, sige-ledsne sang, s9,r wAnigean belle haftan. He61d bine t6 faste 790 se pe manna was magene strangest on fam dage fysses llfes. XIII. Be6wulf Teaes off Geendel's Arm. NoLDE eorla bled senige finga fone cwealm-cuman. cwicne forlsetan, ne bis llf-dagas le6da Eenigum 795 nytte tealde. paer genebost bragd eorl Be6wulfes ealde Mfe, wolde fi-ed-dribtnes feorb ealgian mseres feddnes, fasr bie meabton swA; bie fat ne wiston, ]>k bie gewin drugon, 800 beard-bicgende bilde-mecgas, and on bealfa gebwone bedwan fdbton, sdwle sfican, Pat fone syn-scatSan senig ofer eorSan Irenna cyst, g& gefselsod, se ]>e ser feorran com, snotor and swy-6-ferhS sele Hr6gg4res, genered wi^ niSe. Niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mserSum ; hafde Edst-Denum 830 Gedt-mecga le6d gilp gelsested, swylce oncyt56e ealle geb^tte, inwid-sorge, fe hie ser drugon and for fred-nydum folian scoldon, torn unlytel. pat was t^cen sweotol, 835 sySSan hilde-de6r bond aiegde, earm and eaxle (pser was eal geador Grendles gi-^pe) under gedpne hrdf. 838-869.] BEOWULF. 27 XIV. The Joy at Heoeot. pi was on morgen mine gefraege ymb ffl, gif-healle gftS-rinc monig: 840 fSrdon folc-togan feorran and nedn geond wtd-wegas wundor scedwian, ia«es Idstas. N6 his llf-geddl sdrlic ]>th.te secga aenegnm, fdra ]>e tir-ledses trode scedwode, 845 hft he w6rig-m6d on weg panon, nl6a ofei'cumen, on nicera mere fsege and geflymed feorh-ldstas bar. pser -was on bl6de brim weallende, atol y^a geswing eal gemenged 850 hatan heolfre, heoro-dre6re we61; dedtS-faege de6g, sitStSan dredma leds in fen-freot5o feorh dlegde haeSene sAwle, fser him hel onfSng. panon eft gewiton eald-geslf5as, 855 swylce geong manig of gomen-wdtSe, fram mere m6dge, mearum ridan, beornas on blancum. P^er was Be6wu]fes', mserSo msened ; monig oft gecwaS, patte stiS ne norS be S8em tweonum 860 ofer eormen-grund 6tSer naenig under swegles begong sfilra naere rond-habbendra, rices wyrSra. Ne hie hfiru wine-drihten wiht ne Idgon, gladne Hr6Sgdr, ac fat was g6d cyning. 865 Hwilum heat5o-r6fe hledpan 16ton, on gefllt faran fealwe mearas, faer him fold-wegas fagere ffthton, cystum cfttSe; hwilum cyninges fegn, guma gilp-hladen gidda gemyndig, 28 BEOWULF. [870-904. 870 se fe eal-fela eald-gesegena worn gemunde, word 66er fand s66e gebunden: secg eft ongan sis Be6wulfes snyttrum stj'rian and on sp6d wrecan spel gerMe, 875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwaS, fat he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, ellen-daedum, uncftSes fela, Walsinges gewin, wide siSas, ])4ra pe gumena beam gearwe ne wiston, 880 faeMe and fyrene, buton Fitela mid hine, fonne lie swylces hwat secgan wolde edm his nefan, swd hie & wseron at ni6a gehwam nyd-gesteallan : hafdon eal-fela eotena cynnes 885 sweordum gesaeged. Sigemunde gesprong after ded,^-dage d6m unlytel, sySSan wlges heard wyrm Acwealde, hordes hyrde ; he under h^me st^n, atSelinges beam, S,na genfiSde 890 frfiene dsede ; ne was him Fitela mid. HwatSre him gesselde, fat fat swurd furhw6d wratlicne wyrm, fat hit on wealle at9t6d, drj'htlic Iren; draca morSre swealt. Hafde aglaeca elne gegongen, 895 fat he bedh-hordes brUlcan m6ste selfes d6me: sse-bdt gehl6d, bar on bearm scipes beorhte fratwa, Walses eafera ; wjTm hdt gemealt. Se was wreccena wide mserost 900 ofer wer-fe6de, wlgendra hle6 ellen-dffidum (he fas aer onf Ah), siSSan Herem6des hild swe^rode eafotS and ellen. He mid eotenum wear5 on fe6nda geweald forS forMcen, 906-934.] BEOWULF. 29 905 snMe forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas lemede t6 lauge, lie his le6dum wearS, eallum aSelingam t6 aldor-eeare ; swylce oft bemearn agrran mselum swiiS-ferhSes slS snotor ceorl monig, 910 se f>e him bealwa t6 b6te gelyfde, pat fat ])e6dnes beam ge|>e6ii scolde, fader-aSelum onfdn, folc gehealdan, hord and hle6-burh, hale^a rice, 6t5el Scyldinga. He ]>ser eallum weartS, 915 mseg Higeia,ces mamia cynne, fre6ndum gef agra ; hine fyren onw6d. Hwilum flltende fealwe strsete mearum mseton. pk was morgen-le6ht scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig 920 switS-hiegende t6 sele fam hedn, searo-TTundor se6n, swylce self cyning, of bryd-bflre bedh-horda weard, tryddode tir-fast getrume micle, cystum gecy^ed, and his cwfin mid him 925 medo-stig gemat mag^a h6se. XV. Heothgae's Geattjlation. Hr66gae matSelode (he t6 healle ge6ng, st6d on stapole, geseah stedpne hrdf golde fahne and Grendles hond): ' ' fisse ansy^ne al-wealdan fane 930 "lungre gelimpe ! Fela ic MSes gebM, "grynna at Grendle: &, mag god wyrcan " wunder after wundre, wuldres hyrde ! "pat was unge^ra, fat ic senigra me "wedna ne w6nde td widan feore go BEbwULP. [936-969. 935 "bdte gebtdan fonne bldde mh "htisa shiest heoro-dre6rig st6d; "wed wid-scofen witena gehwylcne "f^ra fe ne wfindon, pat hie wlde-ferhS " le6da land-geweore MSum beweredon 940 " scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafaS "furh drihtnes miht deed gefremede, " fe we ealle ser ne meahton " snyttrum besyrwan. Hwat! fat secgan mag "efne sw4 hwylc ma^a, sw4 fone magan cende 945 " after gum-cynnum, gyf he6 gyt lyfaS, "fat byre eald-metod 6ste wsere " bearn-gebjTdo. Nu ic Be6wulf "fee, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle " fre6gan on ferhtSe ; heald forS tela 950 " niwe sibbe. Ne biS fe nsenigra gid "worolde wilna, fe ic geweald habbe. "Ful-oft ic for lassan ledn teohhode " hord-weorSunge hndhran rince, " ssemran at sacce. pu fe self hafast 955 "dsedum gefremed, fat fin d6m lyfaS " Aw4 t6 aldre. Alwalda fee "gdde forgylde, swA he nu gyt dydel" Be6wulf maSelode, bearn Ecgfe6wes : "We fat ellen-weorc 6stum miclum, 960 "feohtan fremedon, fr6cne genfiSdon " eafoS uncftf5es ; ftSe ic swlSor, " fat fu hine selfne gese6n mdste, " fe6nd on fratewum fyl-w6rigne! "Ic hine hradllce heardan clammum 965 "on wal-bedde wriSan f6hte, "fat he for inund-gripe minum scolde "licgean lif-bysig, bfttan his He swice; " ic hine ne mihte, f A metod nolde, " gauges getwaeman, nd ic him fas georne Stfealh, 970-1000.] BEOWULF. 31 970 " feorh-genlSlau ; was td fore-mihtig "fe6nd on f^iSe. Hwa^ere he his folme forMt "td llf-wraSe Mst weardian, ' ' earm and eaxle ; n6 fser tenige swA pe4h " feA-sceaft guma fr6fre gebohte: 975 "n6 ]>j leng leofaS ia«-gete6na " synnum geswenced, ac hyne sdr hafatS "in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen, "balwon bendum: Jiaer Abidan sceal "maga m&ne fdh miclan d6mes, 980 "hli him sctr metod scrifan wiUe." pk was swigra secg, sunu EcglAfes, on gylp-sprsece gflS-geweorca, siSSan aSelingas eorles crafbe ofer hedhne hr6f hand seedwedon, 985 fe6ndes flngras, foran seghwj'lc ; was st6de nagla gehwylc, style gellcost, hseSenes hand-speru hilde-rinces egle unhe6ra; eeg-hwylc gecwatS, fat him heardra n4n hrlnan wolde 990 Ireu 8er-g6d, fat fas ahlffican bl6dge beadu-folme onberan wolde. XVI. The Banquet and the Gifts. pA was hdten hreSe Heort innan-weard folmnm gefratwod : fela fsera was wera and wlfa, pe fat win-reced, 995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fflg scinon web after wagum, wundor-si6na fela eeega gehwylcum fira fe on swylc staratS. Was fat beorhte bold t6brocen swKe eal inne-weard Iren-bendum fast, 1000 heorras tdhlidene ; hr6f dna genas 32 BEOWULF. [1001-1035. ealles ansund, ]>d, se aglseca, fyren-dsedum fiig on fledm gewand, aldres or-w6na. N6 fat ytSe byt5 t6 befle6nne (fremme se fe wille !) 1005 ac gesacan sceal s^wl-berendra nyde genydde niSSa bearna grund-bftendra gearwe st6we, fser his llc-homa leger-bedde fast swefetJ after sj^mle. pft was seel and mffil, 1010 fat td healle gang Healfdenes sunu ; wolde self cyning symbel ficgan. Ne gefragen Ic ]>& mseg^e m^ran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan s61 gebseran. Bugon ])& td bence bl£ed-4gende, 1015 fj-lle gefsegon. Fagere gefsegon medo-ful manig m^as f f 4ra swi6-hicgende on sele pam heiu, HrdSgto and HrdSulf. Heorot innan was fre6ndum AfyUed ; naUes f4cen-stafas 1020 pe6d-Scyldingas fenden fremedon. Forgeaf ]>& Be6wulfe beam Healfdenes segen gyldenne sigores t6 ledne, hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and bjrrnan ; m£ere m^SSum-sweord manige ges^won 1025 beforan beorn beran. Be6wulf gefah ful on flette ; n6 he fsere feoh-gyfte for sce6tenduin scamigan forfte, ne gefragn ic fre6ndllcor fe6wer mMmas golde gegyrede gum-manna fela 1030 in ealo-bence 6Srum gesellan. Ymb ];as helmes hr6f hedfod-beorge wirum bewunden walan titan he61d, fat him f^la Mfe frficne ne meahton scftr-heard sceS^an, fonne scjdd-freca 1035 ongedn gramum gangan scolde. 1036-1064.] BEOWULF. 33 H6ht })4 eorla hle6 eahta mearas, fated-]ile6re, on flet te6n in under eoderas ; f^ra anum stdd sadol searwum fah since gewur^ad, 1040 pat was hilde-setl hedh-cj'ninges, fonne sweorda gelAc sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde ; nsefre on 6re lag wid-cftSes wig, fonne walu fe61Ion. And ]>& Be6wulfe bega geliwaSres 1045 eodor Ingwina onweald getedli, wicga and waepna; Mt hine wel brftcan. Sw& manltce maere }ie6den, hord-weard lialetJa lieaSo-raesas geald mearum and mMmum, swA by nsefre man lyhtS, 1050 se pe seegan wile s6t5 after ribte. XVII. Song of Heothgar's Poet — The Lay op Hnabf and Hengest. pA gyt segbwylcum eorla drihten pAra pe mid Be6wulfe brim-lMe tedh, on psere medu-bence ma,68um gesealde, jTfe-Mfe, and pone senne hfebt 1055 golde forgyldan, pone pe Grendel ser mdne 4cwealde, swA be bj-ra m& wolde, nefne bim witig god wyrd forst6de and pas mannes m6d : metod eallum we61d gumena cynnes, sw4 be nu git deS ; 1060 forpan biS andgit segbwser sfilest, ferb^es fore-pane! fela sceal gebldan le6fes and IdSes, se pe longe her on pyssum win-dagum worolde brAcetS. pser was sang and sw6g samod atgadere 34 BEOWULF. [1065-1099. 1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, gomen-wudu grated, gid oft wrecen, Jjonne heal-gamen Hr66g^res sc6p after medo-bence msenan scolde Finnes eaferum, ]>& hie se fser begeat: 1070 "HaleS Healfdenes, Hnaf Scyldinga, "in Fr . . es wale feallan scolde. "Ne Mru Hildeburh Mrian forfte " eotena tre6-we : unsj^nnum wearS "beloren le6fum at pam lind-plegan 1075 " bearnum and br6t5rum ; hie on gebyrd hruron " gtoe wunde ; fat was ge6muru ides. "Nalles hdlinga H6ces d6htor " meotod-sceaft bemearn, sytJSan morgea com, " f A he6 under swegle gese6n meahte 1080 " morSor-bealo rndga, fser he6 ser mseste he61d "worolde wynne: wig ealle fornam "Finnes fegnas, nemne fedum ^num, "fat he ne mehte on fam meSel-stede " wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 1085 " ne ]>k -wei-lMe wlge forfringan " })e6dnes fegne ; ac hig him gefingo budon, "fat hie him 66er flet eal gerymdon, "healle and hedh-setl, fat hie healfre geweald "wis eotena beam dgan mdston, 1090 " and at feoh-gj-ftum Folcwaldan sunu "d6gra gehwj'lce Dene weorSode, "Hengestes hedp hringum wenede, "efne sw^ swlSe sinc-gestre6num "fattan goldes, swA he Fresena cyn 1095 "on be6r-sele byldan wolde. "p4 hie getrftwedon on twd healfa " f aste frioSu-waere ; Fin Hengeste "elne unflitme dSum benemde, " ffit he fd wed-lAfe weotena ddme 1100-1130.] be6wulf. 35 1100 " drum heolde, fat ]>ser senig mon " wordum ne worcum wsere ne brsece, " ne furh inwit-searo ffifre gemeenden, "fedh hie hira bedg-gyfan banan folgedon " f)e6den-ledse, fS, him sw& gefearfod was: 1105 " gyf fonne Frj^sna hwylc Mcnan sprsece "fas mortSor-hetes myndgiend ware, "fonne hit sweordes ecg sySSan seolde. ' ' AS was geafned and icge gold " ahafen of horde. Here-Sej'ldinga 1110 "betst beado-rinca was on bsel gearu; ' ' at fiam Me was 6S-gesyne " sw4t-f&h syrce, swyn eal-gylden, " eofer iren-heard, afSeling manig " wundum dwyrded; sume on wale crungon, 1115 "H6t fa Hildeburh at Hnafes Me "hire selfre sunu sweoloSe befastan, "b9,n-fatu barnan and on bael d6n. " Earme on easle ides gnornode, " gedmrode giddum; gfiS-rinc ^stdh. 1120 "Wand t6 wolcnum wal-fyra mcest, " hlynode for hMwe ; hafelan multon, "ben-geato burston, fonne bl6d atspranc "MtS-bite Uces. Llg ealle forswealg, "gsesta glfrost, fAra fe fser gtiS fornam 1125 "bega folces ; was hira blsed scacen. XVIII. The Glbeman's Tale is Ended. "Gewiton him fS, wSgend wlca ne6sian, "fre6ndum befeallen Frysland gese6n, "hamas and hed-burh. Hengest fd gjl; "wal-fdgne winter wunode mid Finne 1130 '■'■ ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde, 36 BEOWULF. [1131-1165. "fe4h fe he me meahte on mere diifan " hringed-stefnan ; 'aolm storme wedl, "won wis winde; winter ySe beledc " Is-gebinde 6tS pat 6Ser com 1135 "gedr in geardas, swd, nu gyt d^S, "pa, pe sj^ngales s61e bewitiaS, " wuldor-torhtan weder. p4 was winter scacen, " fager foldan bearm ; fundode wrecca, "gist of geardum; he td gyrn-wrace 1140 "swiSor p6hte, ponne td sse-lMe, "gif he torn-gemdt purhte6n mihte, "pat he eotena beam inne gemunde. " Sw4 he ne forwyrnde worold-rsedenne, " ponne him HAnl^flng hilde-le6man, 1145 "billa sfelest, on bearm dj'de: "pas waeron mid eotenum ecge cfttSe. " Swylce ferhS-frecan Fin eft begeat " sweord-bealo sllSen at his selfes h4m, " siSSan grimne gripe GASl^f ond OsMf 1150 " after sae-sl5e sorge msendon, " atwiton wedna dsel ; ne meahte wafre mdd "forhabban in hreSre. p& was heal hroden "fe6nda feorum, swilce Fin slagen, " cyning on corSre, and se6 cw6n numen. 1155 " Sce6tend Seyldinga t6 scypum feredon "eal in-gesteald eorS-cyninges, " swylce hie at Finnes h^m flndan meahton " sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sse-Mde " drihtllce wlf t6 Denum feredon, 1160 "Iffiddon t6 le6dum." Le66 was isungen, gle6-mannes gj'd. Gamen eft Astdh, beorhtode benc-sw6g, byrelas sealdon win of wunder-fatum. pA cwom Wealhpe6 foriS gdn under gyldnum hedge, peer ]>&, g6dan twegen 1165 sseton suhter-ge^deran ; p4 gyt was hiera sib atgadere 1166-1192.] BEOWULF. 37 seghwylc 6«rum trywe. Swylce faer HAnfer8 fyle at f6tum sat fredn Scyldinga : gehwylc Mora Ms ferhtSe tre6wde, fat he hafde indd micel, fedh f e he his magum nsere ^rfast at ecga geiacum. Sprac fd ides Scyldinga: 1170 "Onf6h fissum fuUe, fre6-drihten mhi, " sinces biytta ; ]m on saelum wes, "gold- wine gumena, and t6 Gedtum spree "mildum wordum! Swi sceal man d6n. "Be6 wis Gedtas glad, geofena gemyndig; 1175 " nedn and feorran fu nu friiu hafast. "Me man sagde, fat fu fe for sunn wolde " here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefaelsod, "bedh-sele beorhta; brftc fenden fu mdte "manigra mfida and finum m^gum Isef 1180 "folc and rice, fonne fu forS scyle " metod-sceaft se6n. Ic mlnne can ' ' gladne Hr66ulf, fat he f 3, geogoSe wUe " drum healdan, gyf fu aer fonne he, "wine Scildinga, worold oflsetest ; 1185 "w6ne ic, fat he mid g6de gj'ldan wille " uncran eaferan, gif he fat eal gemon, " hwat wit td wiUan and t6 worB-myndum "umbor wesendum ser S,rna gefremedon." Hwearf f A bt bence, fser hj-re byre wseron, 1190 HrfiSric and Hr6Smund, and haleSa beam, giogotS atgadere ; f aer se g6da sat Be6wulf Gedta be fsem gebrdSrum twaem. 88 Be6wULF. [1193-1222. XIX. Be6wulf's Jewelled Collae. The Heroes Rest. Him was ful boren and fre6nd-laSu wordum bewagned and wunden gold 1195 fistum geedwed, earm-hredde tw4, hragl and hringas, heals-bedga msest f^ra fe ic on foldan gefragen habbe. Nffinigne io under swegle sSlran hyrde hord-m^SSum haleSa, syS6an H4ma atwag 1200 t6 fsere bj-rhtan bj-rig Brosinga mene, sigle and sine-fat, searo-niSas fealh Eormenrlces, geceds 6cne rsed. pone bring hafde HigeMc Gedta, nefa Swertinges, n;y^hstan slSe, 1205 si6San he under segne sine ealgode, wal-redf werede ; hyne Wyrd fornam, sj-SBan he for wlenco wedn dhsode, faehSe t6 Fr3-sum ; he fd fratwe wag, eorclan-stdnas ofer fSa. ful, 1210 rice ]'e6den, he under rande gecranc ; gehwearf fd in Francna fat5m feorh cyninges, bre6st-gewsedu and se bedh somod : wyrsan wig-frecan wal redfedon after ge fas ledn geman. "Hafast ])U gef^red, pat fe feor and nedh 1223-1251.] Be6wULF. 89 " ealne wlde-ferht5 weras ehtigat5, "efne sw4 side sw^ see bebftgeS 1225 "windige weallas. Wes, fenden ]>i\ liflge, "atSeling eddig! ic fe an tela " sinc-gestre6na. Be6 ]m suna mlnum " dsedum gedfife dreim healdende! " Her is seghwylc eorl dSrum getrywe, 1230 "m6des milde, man-drihtne hold, " fegnas syndon gefwEere, fe6d eal gearo: "druncne dryht-guman, d6t5 swA ic bidde!" Eode ]>& t6 setle. paer was S3Tiibla cyst, druncon win weras : wj'rd ne cASon, 1235 ge6-sceaft grimme, sw& bit ^gangen wear® eorla manegum,. sy8'San sefen cwom and bim Hrd^gdr gew^t t6 bofe slnum, rice t6 raste. Eeced weardode unrlm eorla, sw4 hie oft ser dydon : 1240 benc-felu beredon, bit geond-braeded wear^ beddum and bolstrum. Be6r-scealca sum fts and fsege flet-raste gebedg. Setton him t6 hedfdum hilde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan ; faer on bence was 1245 ofer atSelinge y^-ges6ne hea^o-stedpa helm, hringed byrne, i frec-wudu frymlic. Was fedw hyra, fat hie oft wseron an wig gearwe, ge at hdm ge on herge, ge gehwaSer fAra 1250 efne swylce msela, swylce hira man-dryhtne pearf gesaelde; was se6 ]>e6d tUu. 40 BEOWULF. [1252-1282. XX. Geendel's Mother Attacks the Ring-Danes. SiGON ]>k td slaepe. Sum sAre angeald sefen-raste, swA him ful-oft gelamp, siSSan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1255 unriht afnde, 6t5 fat ende becwom, swylt after synnum. pat gesyne wearS, wld-cAS werum, fatte -wrecend ]>& gyt lifde after U?5um, lange frage after gftS-ceare ; Grendles mddor, 1260 ides aglsec-wif yrmSe gemunde, se ]'e water-egesan wunian scolde, cealde stredmas, siSSan Cain wearS td ecg-banan Angan brfiSer, f adereu-msege ; he ])k fdg gewAt, 1265 morSre gemearcod man-dre4m fle6n, wfisten warode. panon wdc fela ge6sceaft-g4sta ; was faera Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetelic, se at Heorote fand waccendne wer wlges bldan, 1270 paer him aglseca at-grsepe wearS ; hwaSre he gemunde magenes strenge, gim-faste gife, ]>e him god sealde, and him td anwaldan dre gelyfde, frdfre and fultum: fy he pone fe6nd oferc-vrom, 1275 gehnsegde helle g§,st: ]>&. he hedn gewAt, dredme bedteled dedtS-wlc se6n, man-cynnes fe6nd. And his mddor ]>& gyt glfre and galg-mdd gegdn wolde sorh-fulne slS, suna ded^ wrecan. 1280 Com ]>§i t6 Heorote, feer Hring-Dene geond fat said swsefun. pk faer sdna weartJ ed-hwyrft eorlum, siSSan inue fealh 1283-13X7.] BEOWULF. 41 Grendles m6dor; was se grjTe lassa efne sw^ micle, sw4 brS magSa craft, 1285 wig-gryre wifes be waepned-men, Jionne heoru bunden, hamere gefuren, sweord sw4te fAh swln ofer belme, ecgum dyhtig andweard scireS. pa was on healle lieard-ecg togen, 1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig liafen handa fast; helm ne gemunde, bjTiian side, fe hine se brdga angeat. He6 was on 6fste, wolde tit fanon feore beorgan, ffi, lie6 onfanden was ; 1295 hraSe he6 aSelinga ^nne hafde faste befangen, fS, he6 td fenne gang; se was Hr6Sg4re haleSa le6fost on geslSes hM be seem tweonum, rice rand-wiga, fone fe he6 on raste Abredt, 1300 blsed-fastne beorn. Nas Be6wulf faer, ac was 6Ser in ser geteohhod after m^SSum-gife mferum Gedte. Hredm wearS on Heorote. He6 under heolfre genam cflSe folme ; cearu was geniwod 1305 geworden in wicum : ne was fat gewrixle til, fat hie on hk healfa bicgan scoldon fre6nda feorum. pd was fr6d cyning, h&r hUde-rinc, on hre6n m6de, sySSan he aldor-fegn uulyfigendne^ 1310 fone de6restan deddne wisse. HraSc was t6 bfire Be6wulf fetod, sigor-eMig secg. Samod ser-dage eode eorla sum, aSele cempa self mid gesiSum, fser se snottra bM, 1316 hwaSre him al-walda sefre wille after wed-spelle wyrpe gefremman. Gang ipt after fldre fj^rd-wyrSe man 42 BEOWULF. [1318-1348. mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) fat he foiie wisan wordum hnsegde^ 132® fredn Ingwina ; fragn gif him wsere after ne6d-lat5u niht getaese. XXI. SoEEOW AT Heoeot: tEscheeb's Death. Hk6Sgae matSelode, helm Scildinga : ^'Ne frin fu after saelum! Sorh is geniwod " Denigea le6dum. Deid is Asc-here, 1325 "Yrmeniafes yldra br6Sor, "mln rdn-wita and mln • raed-bora, " eaxl-gesteaUa, ponne we on orlege ■*' hafelan weredon, fonne hniton ffiSan, "eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan 1839 '■'■a'deling aer-g6d, swylc Asc-here was. "WearS him on Heorote t6 hand-taanan "wal-gsBst wafre; ic ne wS.t hwader " atol sese wlanc eft-slSas tedh, "fyUe gefrffignod. He6 f4 faehtSe wrac, 1335 "fe pu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest "fm-h haestne hM heardum clammum, "forfan he t6 lange le6de mine "wanode and wyrde. He at wige gecrang " ealdres scyldig, and nu 68er cwom 134^ " mihtig mdn-scaSa, wolde hyre mag wrecan, "ge feor hafaS faehtSe gestaeled, "fas fe fincean mag fegne monegum, " se pe after sinc-gyfan on sefan gre6tet5, " hreSer-bealo hearde; nu se6 hand lig^, 1846 " se pe e6w wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. "Ic fat lond-blend le6de mine " sele-rsedende secgan h^rde, "ffit hie gesAwon swylce twegen 1349-1383.] BEOWULF. 43 micle mearc-stapan mdras healdan, 1350 " ellor-gaestas : fsera 66er was, fas fe hie gewislicost gewitan meahtoa idese onllcnes, 6t5er earm-sceapen on weres wastmum wrac-Idstas trad, nafne lie was m^ra fonne senig man dtSer, 1355 "fone on ge^r-dagum Grendel nemdon fold-bAende : nd hie fader cunnon, hwa6er him senig was aer ^cenned dyrnra g4sta. Hie dygel lond warigeaS, wulf-hleoSu, windige nassas, 1360 " frficne fen-gelM, fser fyrgen-stredm under nassa genipu niiSer gewitet5, fl6d under foldan ; nis fat feor heonon mll-gemearces, fat se mere standee, ofer fam hongiaS hrtnde bearwas, 1365 " wudu wyrtum fast, water oferhelmaS.^ paer mag nihta gehwam ni6-wundor se6n, fyr on fl6de; nd fas fr6d leofatS gumena bearna, fat fone grund wite; fedh fe haeS-stapa hundum geswenced, 1370 "heorot hornum trum holt- wudu sSce, feorran gefl^ed, aer he feorh seletS, aldor on 6fre, aer he in wille, hafelan Jv^dan. Nis fat he6ru stdw: fonon yS-geblond up dstlgeS 1375 "won t6 wolcnum, fonne wind styre8 lit5 gewidru, 6S fat lyft drysmatS, roderas re6taS. Nu is raed gelang eft at fe Anum! Eard git ne const, frficne st6we, faer fu findan miht 1380 "sinnigne secg: s6c gif fu dyrre! Ic fe fa faehSe fe6 lednige, eald-gestre6num, sw4 ic aer dyde, wundnum golde, gyf fu on weg cymest." 44 BEOWTJLF. [1384-1413. XXII. Beotvulf Seeks the Monster in the Haunts of THE Nixies. BE6wnLF matSelode, beam Ecg)je6wes : 1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! s61re biS aegliwam, "pat lie Ms fre6nd wrece, fonne he fela murne; " fire segbwylc sceal ende gebidan "■worolde lifes ; wjTce se fe mdte "ddmes ser ded^e! fat biS driht-guman 1390 " unlifgendum after sfilest. "Arls, rices weard; uton hrafSe ffiran, "Grendles in%aii gang scedwigan! "Ic hit fe gehite: n6 he on helm losa^, " ne on foldan faSm, ne on fyrgen-holt, 1395 " ne on gyfenes grund, gk fser he wille. " pys d6gor ]ju gefyld hafa " wedna gehwylces, sw4 ic }>e w6ne td ! " Ahle6p ])& se gomela, gode fancode, mihtigan drihtne, fas se man gesprac. 1400 pa was Hr6t5gare hors gebseted, wicg wunden-feax. Wisa fengel geatollc gengde; gum-f6tSa st6p lind-habbendra. LAstas wseron after -wald-swa^um wide gesyne, 1405 gang ofer grundas ; gegnum f6r fd ofer myrcan m6r, mago-fegna bar fone sfilestan siwol-ledsne, pAra fe mid Hrd^gdre hAm eahtode. Ofer-eode ])A aSelinga beam 1410 stedp stAn-hli6o, stlge nearwe, enge ^n-paSas, un-cftS geldd, neowle nassas, nicor-hftsa fela ; he fedra sum befovan genffde 1414-1148.] BEOWULF. 45 wisra monna, wong scedwian,- 1415 6S fat he faeringa fyrgen-bedmas ofer LL^rne sUa hleonian funde, wj^n-ledsne wudu ; water under st6d dredrig and gedr^fed. Denum eallum was, winum Scyldinga, weorce on m6de, 1420 td gefolianne fegne monegum, oneyS eorla gehwam, syt55an Asc-heres on pam holm-clife hafelan mfitton. F16d W6de we61 (folc t6 ssegon) h^tan heolfre. Horn stundum song 1425 msUc fyrd-\e&S. F6tSa eal gesat; gesdwon ])& after watere wj'rm-cynnes fela, selllce sse-dracan sund cunnian, sw3'lce on nas-hleoSum nicras licgean, ]>& on undern-miEl oft bewitiga'S 1430 sorh-fulne sit5 on segl-rMe, wj-rmas and wil-de6r ; Me on weg hruron bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongedton, gft^-horn galan. Sumne Gedta le6d of fldn-bogan feores getwffifde, 1435 ;^-gewinnes, fat him on aldre st6d here-stral hearda ; he on holme was sundes fe ssenra, fe hyne swylt fornam. HraSe wearS on yt5um mid eofer-spre6tmn heoro-h6eyhtum hearde genearwod, 1440 niSa genaeged and on nas togen wundorllc wseg-bora ; weras scedwedon grjTellcne gist. Gyrede hine Be6wulf eorl-gewsedum, nalles for ealdre mearn: scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1445 sld and searo-fdh, sund cunnian, se6 fe bdn-c6fan beorgan cftSe, fat him hilde-gi-^p hretSre ne mihte, eorres inwit-feng, aldre gescetSiSan; 46 BEOWULF. [1449-1479. ac se hwlta helm hafelan -werede, 1450 se fe mere-grundas mengan scolde, s6can sund-gebland since geweortSad, befongen fred-wrdsnum, swS, hine fyrn-dagum worhte wsepna smK, wundrum te6de, besette swln-ltcum, fat Mne sy66an n6 1455 brond ne beado-mficas bttan ne meahton. Nas fat fonne maetost magen-fultuma, fat him on fearfe 14h fyle Hr68gS,res ; was fam haft-mSce Hrunting nama, fat was dn foran eald-gestre6iia ; 1460 ecg was iren, ^ter-t^num f^h, Ahyrded heatSo-swite ; naefre hit at hUde ne sw4c manna sengum f4ra fe hit mid mundum bewand, se fe gryre-sKSas geg3,n dorste, folc-stede £toa; nas fat forma sK5, 1465 fat hit eUen-weorc afnan scolde. Hf eer in gescdd hdlan lice : bring fttan j-mb-bearh, 1505 fat he6 fone fj-rd-hom furh-fdn ne mihte, locene leo^o-syrcan MSan fingrum. Bar fd se6 brim-wylf, fd he6 t6 botme com, hringa fengel t6 hofe sinum, swi he ne mihte nd (he fas m6dig was) 1510 wsepna gewealdan, ac hine wundra fas fela swencte on sunde, S£e-de6r monig hilde-tuxum here-sj'rcan brae, fihton aglaecan. p& se eorl ongeat, fat he in niS-sele ndt-hwylcum was. 48 BEOWULF. ■ [1516-1549. 1515 J>aer him nsenig water wihte ne sceSede, ne Mm for ]ir6f-sele hrinan ne mehte faer-gripe flddes: fyr-le6ht geseah, bldcne le6man beorhte sclnan. Ongeat ]>k se gdda grund-wyrgenne, 1520 mere-wif mihtig ; magen-raes forgeaf hilde-bille, bond swenge ne oftedh, fat hire on hafelan hring-msel Agdl grsedig gk he gebolgen was, feorh-genit51an, fat he6 on flet gebedh. He6 him eft hraSe and-ledn forgeald grimman grdpum and him t6gednes f§ng ; oferwearp fd w6rig-mdd wigena strengest, 1545 ffiSe-cempa, fat he on fylle wear^. Ofsat f i, fone sele-gyst and hyre sease getedh, brM and brftn-ecg wolde hire beam wrecan, dngan eaferan. Him on eaxle lag bre6st-net broden ; fat gebearh feore, 1550-1579.] BE(5WULF. 49 1550 wits ord and wit5 ecge ingang forstdd. Hafde ]>k forsKod sunu Ecgfe6wes under gynne grund, Ge^ta cempa, nemne him lieat5o-bjTne helpe gefremede, here-net hearde, and h^lig god 555 gewedld wlg-sigor, witig drihten; rodera rsedend hit on ryht gesc6d, yt5elice sytSt5an he eft 4st6d. XXIV. Beowulf Slays the Bpritb. Geseah ]>& on searwum sige-eddig Ml, eald sweord eotenisc ecgum fyhtig, 1560 wlgena weorS-mynd : fat was- waspna cj'st, bilton hit was m^re fonne senig mon 6Ser td beadu-l^ce atberan meahte g6d and geatoUc giganta geweorc. He geffing fd fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, 1565 hre6h and heoro-grim hring-mffil gebragd, aldres orwfina, yrringa sl6h, pat hire mS halse heard grApode, bto-hringas brae, bil eal furh-w6d fsegne flsesc-homan, he6 on flet gecrong ; 1570 sweord was swMig, secg weorce gefeh. Lixte se le6ma, le6ht inne st6d, efne sw4 of hefene h^dre seined rodores candel. He after recede wUt, hwearf f §, be wealle, wsepen hafenade 1675 heard be liiltum HigelAces iJegn, j-rre and dn-raed. Nas se6 ecg fracod hilde-rince, ac he hraSe wolde Grendle forgjidan gftS-rsesa fela fdra pe he geworhte td West-Denum 50 Be6wULF. [1580-16U. 1580 oftor micle ]'onne on senne siS, fonne he Hr66gfi,res heorS-genedtas sl61i on sweofote, slsepende frat folces Denigea fyf-tyne men and 6i5er swylc tt of-ferede, 1585 lasileu 1^,0. He him pas le4n forgeald, rfiSe cempa, td fas fe he on raste geseah g(!lS-w6rigne Grendel licgan, aldor-ledsne, swA Mm ter gesc6d hild at Heorote; hi-fi, wide sprong, 1590 syf5t5an he after dedSe drepe frowade, heoro-sweng heardne, and hine ]>k hedfde becearf. S6na fat gesi,won snottre ceorlas, ffi, fe mid Hr6Sg^re on holm wliton, fat was y^-geblond eal gemenged, 1595 brim bl6de f&h: blonden-feaxe gomele ymb g6dne ongeador sprgecon, fat hig ])as aSelinges eft ne wfindon, fat he sige-hr6Sig sficean c6me maerne fe6den ; ]>& fas monige gewearS, 1600 fat hine se6 brim-wj'lf dbroten hafde. pfi, com n6n dages. Nas ofge^fon hwate Scyldingas ; gew4t him hdm f onon gold-wine gumena. Gistas s6tan, m6des se6ce, and on mere staredon, 1605 wiston and ne w6ndon, fat hie heora wine-drihten selfne gesfi,won. p& fat sweord ongan after hea8o-swfi,te hilde-gicelum wig-bil wanian ; fat was wundra sum, fat hit eal gemealt ise gellcost, 1610 fonne forstes bend fader onlseteS, onwinde8 wal-r4pas, se fe geweald hafa?5 ssela and msela ; fat is s6tS metod. Ne nom he in fsem wlcum, Weder-Gedta le6d, m^Sm-sehta m4, ffih he fser monige geseah, L(;]5-1G49.] BEOWULF. 51 1615 bftton ])one hafelan and ]y& hilt somod, since f^ge; sweord ser gemealt, forbarn broden msel: was fat bl6d td fas hdt, settren ellor-gaest, se fser inne swealt. S6na was on sunde, se fe ser at sacce gebM 1620 wlg-hrjTe wrASra, water up furh-dedf; wseron y^-gebland eal gefaelsod, eilcne eardas, ]>& se ellor-gAst oflfit lif-dagas and ]>ks laenan gesceaft. Com pa td lande lid-manna helm 1625 swl5-m6d swj'mman, sse-Mce gefeah, magen-bj'rSenne fS.ra f>e he him mid hafde. Eodon him ]>d, tdgednes, gode pancodon, frji51ic fegna hedp, fe6dnes gefSgon, fas fe hi hyne gesundne gese6n mdston. 1630 pa was of fam hr6ran helm and bp^ne lungre Mysed : lagu drusade, water under wolcnum, wai-dre6re f^g. FiSrdon fort5 f onon f6t5e-Mstum ferhSum fagne, fold-weg mseton, 1635 cAtSe strsete ; cyning-balde men from fam hohn-elife hafelan bseron earfoSllce heora seghwatSrum fela-m6digra : fe6wer scoldon on Sam wal-stenge weorcum geferian 1640 t6 fam gold-sele Grendles hedfod, 6t5 fat semninga t6 sele c6mon frome fjrrd-hwate fe6wer-tyne Gedta gongan; gum-dryhten mid mddig on gemonge meodo-wongas trad. 1645 pa com in gdn ealdor fegna, dsed-cfine mon d6me gewui^ad, hale hilde-de6r, HrdSgAr gr6tan: pa was be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hedfod, fser guman druncon, 52 BEOWULF. [1650-1680. 1650 egesltc for eoiium and psere idese mid: wlite-se6n wratlic weras ons4won. XXV. Hkothgae's Gratitude : He Discoueses. BE6wtrLF maSelode, beam Ecgf edwes : "Hwat! we fe p4s sae-Mc, sunu Healfdenes, "le6d Scyldinga, lustum brdhton, 1655 " tires td tacne, pe pu her t6 16cast. "Ic fat unsdfte ealdre gedigde: "wige under watere weorc genfiSde "earfoSllce, at-rihte was "gft'S getwsefed, nym^e mec god scylde. 1660 "Ne meahte ie at hilde mid Hruntinge "wiht gewyrcan, fedh fat wsepen duge, " ac me ge& ]>&s worold ofgeaf grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, morSres scyldig, and his mddor edc; 1685 on geweald gehwearf -worold-cyninga fam s^lestan be ssem twednum })fi,ra ]je on Sceden-igge sceattas dselde. HrdSgdr ma^elode, hylt scedwode, ealde l^fe, on pam was 6r writen 1690 fyrn-gewinnes : sy86an fl6d ofsl6h, gifen ge6tende, giganta cyn, frficne geffirdon : fat was fremde pe6d 6cean dryhtne, Mm fas ende-ledn furh wateres wylm waldend sealde. 1695 Swk was on fsem scennum sclran goldes furh r6n-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted and gassed, hwam fat sweord geworht, Irena cyst £erest wsere, wreot5en-Mlt and W3'Tm-f41i. p& se wlsa sprac 1700 sunu Healfdenes (swigedon ealle) : "pat l& mag secgan, se fe s6tS and riht " fremeS on folce, (feor eal gemon "eald 6Sel-weard), fat fes eorl wsere "geboren betera! Blsed is Arsered 1705 "geond wid-wegas, wine mln Be6wulf, ' ' fin ofer f e6da gehwj' Ice. Eal f u Mt gef yldum healdest, ' ' magen mid mddes sny ttrum. Ic f e sceal mine gelsestan " fre6de, sw4 wit furSum sprsecon ; f u scealt t6 frdfre weorSan " eal lang-twidig le6dum flnum, 1710 "haleSum t6 helpe. Ne wearS Heremfid sw& " eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum ; " ne gewe6x he him t6 willan, ac td wSl-feaJle "and t6 dedS-cwalum Deniga le6dum; "bredt bolgen-mfid be6d-genedtas, 64 • BEOWULF. [1715-1745. 1715 " eaxl-gesteallan, 66 fat he ^na hwearf, " maere J'e6clen. mon-dredmum from: " fedh fe Mne mihtig god magenes wj'nnum, " eafetSum stfipte, 'ofer ealle men "forS gefremede, hwaSere Mm on ferli^e gre6w 1720 " bre6st-]iord bl6d-re6w : nallas bedgas geaf " Denum after d6me; dredm-leds gebdd, " fat he fas gewinnes weorc frowade, "le6d-bealo longsum. pu fe Iser be fon, ' ' gum-cyste ongit ! ic f is gid be f e 1725 " dwrac wintrum fr6d. Wundor is t6 secganne, "hft mihtig god manna cynne "furh sidne sefan snyttru brj'ttaS, " eard and eorl-scipe, he dh ealra geweald. " Hwilum he on lufan IseteS hworfan 1730 "monnes m6d-gefonc m£eran eynnes, " selet5 him oa 6Sle eor^an wynne, "td healdanne hle6-burh wera, "ged68 him swd gewealdene worolde dselas, " side rice, fat he his selfa ne mag 1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende gef encean ; " wunaS he on wiste, n6 hine wiht dweletJ, "ddl ne j'ldo, ne him inwit-sorh "on sefan sweorceiS, ne gesaeu 6hwaer, "ecg-hete e6weS, ac him eal worold 1740 " wendetS on willan; he fat wyrse ne con, "6tS fat him on innan ofer-hygda dsel "weaxeS and wridaS, fonne se weard swefetS, "sdwele hyrde: bitS se slaep td fast, "bisgum gebunden, bona swltSe nedh, 1745 " se fe of fldn-bogan fyrenum sce6tetS. 1746-1774.1 BEOWULF. 55 XXVI. The. DiscouESE is Ekded. — Be6wulf Prepares TO Leave. "pONNB bits on hreSre under helm drepen ' ' biteran strale : him bebeorgan ne con ' ' worn wundor-bebodum wergan gdstes ; "finceS him t6 Ij'tel, fat he t6 lange he6Id, 1750 " gytsatS grom-hydig, nallas on gj-lp seleS "fatte bedgas and he ]>& forS-gesceaft " forg3'teS and forgymeS, fas fe him ser god sealde, "wuldres waldend, weoi-S-mynda dsel. "Hit on ende-staf eft gelimpeS, 1755 " fat se lic-homa laene gedre6seS, " fsege gefealleS ; f6h« 6«er t6, " se fe unmurnlice m^dmas daeleS, " eorles 8er-gestre6n, egesan ne gymeS. "Bebeorh fe fone bealo-nlS, Be6wulf le6fa, 1760 " secg se betsta, and fe fat s^lre gece6s, " 6ce raedas ; oferhyda ne gym, "msere cempa! Nu is fines magnes blaed " kne hwlle ; eft s6na bitS, "fat fee Ml oSSe ecg eafoSes getwsefeS, 1765 "otS«e fyres feng oStSe fl6des wj-lm, " oStSe gripe mfices otS^e gdres fliht, "o^Se atol j'ldo, o8Se edgena bearhtm " forsiteS and forsworceS semuinga bits, "fat fee, dryht-guma, dedtS oferswyt5et5. 1770 " Swd ic Hring-Dena hund missera " we61d under wolcnum, and big wlge beledc "manigum m£eg8a geond fj'sne middan-geard, " ascum and ecgum, fat ic me aenigne "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 56 BEOWULF. [1775-1809. 1775 " Hwat ! me fas on 6'61e edwenden ewom, "gj-rn after gomene, seoSSan Grendel weai-6, " eald-gewinna, in-gengamin: " ic fsere sdcne singales wag "ni6d-oeare micle. pas sig metode pane, 1780 " 6cean drihtne, pas pe ic on aldre gebM, "pat ic on pone hafelan heoro-dre6rigne " ofer eald gewin edgum starige ! " GA nu t6 setle, symbel-wynne dre61i ' ' wlg-geweoiiSad : unc sceal worn fela 1785 " m^Sma gemaenra, siSSan morgen biS." Gedt was glad-mdd, ge6ng s6na td, setles ne6san, sw4 se snottra li6ht. pA was eft swA aer ellen-r6fum, flet-sittendum fagere gereorded 1790 ni6wan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc deorc ofer drj'ht-gmnum. DuguS eal Ards ; wolde blonden-feax beddes ne6san, gamela Scylding. Gedt ungemetes wel, r6fne rand-wlgan restan lyste : 1795 s6na him sele-pegn sltSes wfirgum, feorran-cundum forS wlsade, se for andrj'snum ealle beweotede pegnes pearfe, swylce py ddgore hedtSo-lltSende habban scoldon. 1800 Reste hine p4 rftm-heort; raced hlifade gedp and gold-f4h, gast inne swaf, 6S pat hrefn blaca heofones wj-nne bliS-heort bodode. p4 com beorht sunne scacan ofer grundas; seaman onetton, 1805 waeron aSelingas eft t6 le6dum fftse t6 farenne, wolde feor panon cuma collen-ferhS ce61es ne6san. H6ht p4 se hearda Hrunting beran, sunu EcgUfes, Mht his sweord niman, 1810-1840.] BEOWULF. 57 1810 le6flic Iren ; silgde him fas leAues fane, cwilS he ]ione gi\S-wine gddne tealde, wlg-craftigne, nales -wordum 16g mfices ecge : fat was mddig secg. And J)4, sIS-frome searwum gearwc 1815 wigend wseron, eode weorS Denum aSehng td yppan, fser se 65er was hale hilde-de6r, Hr6^gAr gr6tte. XXVII. The Paeting Words. Be6wdlp maSelode, beam Ecg}ie6wes : ' ' Nu we see-Mend secgan w^-lla^ 1820 " feorran cumene, fat we fundiatS " Higel4c s6can. Wseron her tela ' ' willum bewenede ; f u fts wel dohtest. " Gif ic fonne on eorSan 6wihte mag " finre m6d-lufan miran tilian, 1825 " gumena dryhten, fonne ic gyt dyde, " gk cj-ning atSelum g6d, fe6den Scildinga fegen betstan and be healse genam ; hruron him tedras, blonden-feaxum : him was bega w6n, 1875 ealdum infrfidum, 6«res swli5or, 1876-1903.] BEOWULF. 5J) fat hi seoSSan gese6n m6ston mddlge on metSle. Was liirn se man td fon le6f, fat he fone bre6st-wj-lm forberan ne mehte, ae him ou hreSre hj-ge-bendnm fast 1880 after de6rum men dyrne langaS beorn wiS bl6de. Him Be6wulf fanan, gftS-rinc gold-wlanc gras-moldan trad, since hr^mig: sse-genga bM Agend-fredn, se fe on ancre tM. 1885 pa was on gange gifu HrdtSgdres oft gesehted : fat was An cyning seghwas orleahtre, 6S fat hine yldo benam magenes wynnum, se fe oft manegum sc6d. XXVIII. Beowulf Ketuens to Gbatland. — The Queens Hygd and Theytho. CwoM fA td fldde fela-m6digra 1890 hag-stealdra Jiedp; hring-net biseron, locene leoSo-sjTcan. Land-weard onfand eft-sit5 eorla, swA he oer dyde ; nd lie mid hearme of hliSes nosan gastos grfitte, ac him t6gednes vM ; 1895 cwaS fat wilcuman Wedera le6dum scawan scir-hame td scipe tdvon. pa was on sande sse-gedp naca hladen here-wsedum, hringed-stefna mearum and md^mum : mast hlifade 1900 ofer HrdSgires hord-gestre6nnm. He ])am b^t-wearde bunden golde swurd gesealde, fat he syiS^an was on meodu-bence m^^me fy' weorSra, 60 BEOWULF. [1904-1938, yrfe-iafe GewAt him on ^5-nacan, 1905 di-fifan de6p water, Dena land ofgeaf. p4 was be maste mere hragla sum, segl sale fast. Sund-wudu Jmnede, nd ])ser w6g-flotan wind ofer ji5nm slSes getwsefde ; sae-genga f6r, 1910 fleiit fdmig-heals fortJ ofer y6e, bunden-stefna ofer brim-stredmas, fat hie Ge4ta clifu ongitan meahton, cfiSe nassas. Ce61 up gefrang, Ij'ft-geswenced on lande st6d. 1915 Hrat5e was at holme hyS-weard gearo, se fe ser lange tld, le6fra manna ffts, at faro^e feor wMtode ; sselde t6 sande sld-faSme scip oncer bendum fast, ]>j las hjin ySa prym 1920 wudu wj'nsuman forwreean meahte. H6t pa. up beran aSelinga gestre6n, fratwe and iat-gold ; nas him feor fanon t6 gesficanne sinces brj-ttan : HigeUc HrfiSling far at hdm wunat5, 1925 selfa mid gesiSum s£e-wealle nedh ; bold was betlic, brego-rdf cj-ning, bed, on healle, Hygd swl6e geong, wis, wel-fungen, fedh fe wintra lyt under burh-locan gebiden habbe 1930 HareSes d6htor : nas hi6 hndh swA ]edh, ne td gnedS gifa Gedta le6dum, md6m-gestre6na. M6d prvSo wiig. fremu folces cw6n, flren ondrysue : nsenig fat dorste de6r gen^San 1935 swsesra gesl^a, nefne sin-fred, fat hire an diiges edgum starede ; ac him wal-bende weotode tealde, hand-gewriSene : hraSe seo'Sfian wiis 1939-1968.] BEOWULF. 61 after mund-gripe mfice gepinged, 1940 fat hit sceaSen-msel scyran mdste, cwealm-bealu cytSan. Ne biS swylc cw6nllc fedw ideSe t6 efnanne, fedh fe M6 SEnltcu sy, fatte freot5u-webbe feores onsace after lige-torne le6fiie mannan. 1945 Hftru fat onhdhsnode Heminges mseg ; ealo drincende 68er saedan, fat hi6 le6d-bealewa las gefremede, inwit-niSa, sytS8an serest wearS gyfen gold-hroden geongum eempan, 1950 aSelam di6re, sytStSan hi6 Offan flet ofer fealone Add be fader Mre stSe ges61ite, fser hi6 sySSan wel in gum-st61e, g6de msere, llf-gesceafta lifigende bredc, 1955 hi61d hedh-lufan wi6 haleSa brego, ealles mon-cj'nnes mine gefraege fone sfilestan bl seem twe6num eormen-cynnes ; forf am Offa was geofum and gft^um gS,r-c6ne man, 1960 wide geweorSod ; wisd6me he61d 66el sinne, fonon E6m8er w6c hale^um t6 helpe, Heminges maeg, nefa Gtonundes, ntSa craftig. XXIX. His Aeeival. Htgelao's Eecbption. Gewat him f4 se hearda mid his hond-scole 1965 sylf after sande sse-wong tredan, wide waroSas. Woruld-candel scdn, sigel stlSan ffts : hi si6 dragon, elne geeodon, td fas fe eoria hle6, 62 BEOWULF. [1969-2003. bonan Ongeufe6wes burgum on innan, 1970 geongne gAS-cyning gddne gefrunon hringas daelan. HigelAce was sis Be6wulfes snMe gecfSed, fat fser on worBig wtgendra hle6, lind-gestealla liflgende cwom, 1975 heatSo-Mces h41 td hofe gongan. HraSe was gerymed, sw4 se rica bebedd, fSSe-gestum flet innan-weard. Gesat fa wis sylfne, se pa sacce genas, mseg wis msege, sySSan man-dryhten 1980 purh hle6Sor-cwyde holdne gegrfitte meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum hwearf geond fat reced HareSes d6htor: lufode fS, le6de, llS-waege bar hselum td banda. HigeMc ongan 1985 slnne geseldan in sele fam bedn fagre friegean, hyne fyrwet brae, bwylce Sse-Gedta stSas wseron : "HA lomp e6w on Mde, Ie6fa Bi6wulf, "fa ]ju faeringa feorr gehogodest, 1990 " sacce s6cean ofer sealt water, "hilde t6 Hiorote? Ac fu HrdSgire "wld-cftSne wedn wihte gebfittest, " mserum. }ie6dne? Ic fas m6d-ceai*e " sorb-wylmum sedS, slSe ne trftwode 1995 "le6fes mannes ; ic fe lange bad, "fat fu fone wal-gsest wihte ne grfitte, "16te SdS-Dene sylfe geweoiiSan "gftSe wis Grendel. Gode ic fane seege, "fas fe ic fe gesundne gese6n mdste." 2000 Bi6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgfi6wes : " pat is undyrne, drj'hten Higeldc, " mcere gemfiting monegum fira, " hwylc orfeg'-hwll uncer Grendles 2004-2032.] BEOWULF. 63 "wears on fam wange, fser he worna fela 2005 " Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, " yrmtSe td aldre ; ic fat eal gewrac, " swA ne gylpan fearf Grendeles maga " CBnig ofer eor^an uht-hlem fone, " se ]?e lengest leofatS li(5an cynnes, 2010 "ferwie bifongen. Ic fser furt5um cwom, "td fam hring-sele HrdtSg^r gr6tan: " s6na me se maera mago Healfdenes, " syStSan he m6d-sefan mlnne cfiSe, " wit5 his sj-lfes sunu setl getifihte. 2015 "Weorod was on wynne ; ne seah ic wtdan feorb " under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra " medu-dredm m&ran. Hwllum miEru cw6n, " fritSu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, ' ' bsedde byre geonge ; oft hi6 bedh-wriSan 2020 " secge sealde, asr hi6 t6 setle geong. "Hwllum for duguSe ddhtor HrdtSgAres ' ' eorlum on ende ealu-waege bar, "]>a ic Freeware flet-sittende " nemnan hyrde, fser hi6 nagled sine 2025 "haleSum sealde: si6 gehdten was, "geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frddan; "hafaS fas geworden wine Scyldinga "rices h3Tde and fat raed talaS, "fat he mid fy wife wal-fsehSa dsel, 2030 "sacca gesette. Oft n6 seldan hwaer "after le6d-hryre lytle hwlle "bon-gAr bk gen idel-hende " bona bl6dig-t66 bealewa gemyndig, "of fam gold-sele gongan wolde, 2085 ." ac he magnes r6f mln costode, "gripode gearo-folm. Gldf hangode " sld and sjilic searo-bendum fast, " si6 was orponcum eall gegyrwed " de6fles craftmn and dracan fellum : 2090 " he mec faer on innan unsynnigne, "di6r dsed-fruma, ged6n wolde, " manigra sumne : hj't ne mihte sw&, ' ' sj'S^an ic on yrre upp-riht &st6d. " T& lang ys t6 reccenne, ht ic fam Ie6d-sceat5an 2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-ledn forgeald ; " fser ic, pe6den mln, fine le6de " weoi^ode weorcum. He on weg losade, "lytle hwUe llf-wj-nna bredc ; 2100 2105 2110 2115 2120 2125 2130 BEOWULF. [2099-2133. ' hwaSre him si6 swiSre swatie weardaclo ' hand on Hiorte and he hedn ponan, ' m6des ge6mor mere-grand gefe611. 'Me fone wal-raes wine Scildunga ' fattan golde fela lednode, ' manegum m46mum, sj'SSan mergen com ' and we t6 symble geseten hafdon. ' paer was gidd and gle6 ; gomela Scilding ' fela fricgende feorran rehte ; ' hwllum hilde-de6r hearpan wynne, ' gomen-wudu grfitte ; hwllum gjd 4wrac ' s66 and s^rlic ; hwilum sylltc spell 'rehte after rihte rftm-heort cyning. 'Hwllum eft ongan eldo gebunden, ' gomel gftS-wlga gioguSe cwiSan ' hUde-strengo ; hretSer inne we6U, ' ponne he wintrum fr6d worn gemunde. ' Swi we f £er inne andlangne dag ' ni6de ntoan, 6S fat niht becwom ' 66er td yldum. pS, was eft hraSe ' gearo gyrn-wrace Grendeles m6dor, ' sitSode sorh-full ; sunu dedS fornam, ' wlg-hete Wedra. Wif unhyre ' hyre beam gewrae, beorn Acwealde ' ellenllce ; fser was Asc-here, ' fr6dan fyrn-witan, feorh fiSgenge ; ' ndSer hy hine ne m6ston, sj'SSan mergen cwoni, ' dedS-w6rigne Denia le6de ' bronde forbarnan, ne on bael hiadan ' Ie6fne mannan : hid fat lie atbar 'fe6ndes fa6mztm wnder flrgen-stredm. • ' pat was Hr63gAre hre6wa tornost ' fdra pe le6d-fruman lange begeMe ; ' ])k se fedden mec fine life 'healsode hre6h-mdd, fat ic on holma gefring 2134-2160.] BEOWULF. 67 "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre gen65de, 2135 "maerSo fremede: he me mMe geh6t. "Ic ]>&, fas walmes, ]>e is wide cdS, "grimne grjTelicne grund-hyrde fond, "paer unc hwile was hand gemaene ; " holm heolfre we611 and ic hedfde becearf 2140 "in fam gi-und-sele Gi-endeles mddor ' ' edcnum ecgum, uns6fte f onan "feorh 6Sferede; nas ic fege ]>&, gj-t, " ac me eorla hle6 eft gesealde "mdSma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. XXXI. He gives Presents to Hygelac. Hygelao Rewaeds Him. Hygelao's Death. Beowulf Reigns. 2145 " SwA se feAd-kyning fedwum lyfde ; " nealles ic fdm lednum forloren hafde, " magnes m6de, ac he me rndSmas geaf, "sunu Healfdenes, on stwne sylfes ddm; "fd ic ]>e, heorn-cyning, bringan wj'Ue, 2150 " fistum geywan. Gen is eall at }>e "lissa gelong: ic Ij't hafo " hedfod-mdga, nefne Hygeldc fee!" H6t fd in beran eafor, hedfod-segn, heaSo-stedpne helm, hdre byrnan, 2155 gdtS-sweord geatollc, gj'd after wi-ac: "Me fis hilde-sceorp Hr66gdr sealde, " snotra fengel, siime worde h6t, "fat ic his ierest fe est gesagde, ' ' cwaS fat hyt hafde Hiorogdr cyning, 2160 "le6d Scyldunga lange hwUe : H8 BEOWULF. [21G1-2195. " n6 py Eer suna slnum syllan wolde, " hwatum Heorowearde, ]'edb he him hold wsere, " bre6st-gew8edu. Bi-lic ealles well!" Hyrde ic ])at ]>tm fratwum fe6wer mearas ■/l6o lungi-e geltce l&st weardode, iippel-fealuwe ; he him 6st getedh meara and m4Sma. Swd sceal mseg d6n, nealles inwit-net 6^rum bregdan, dj'rnum crafte de4t5 i&nian VI 70 hond-gesteallan. HygelAce was, ntSa heardum, uefa swySe hold and gehwaSer 6tSrum hr66ra gemyndig. Hyrde ic fat he fone heals-bedh Hj-gde gesealde, wratlicne wundur-mdtSSum, fone }>e him "WealhJ)e6 geaf, 2175 }>e6dnes d6htor, ])ri6 wicg somod swancor and sadol-beorht ; hyre sj^San was after bedh-fege bre6st geweor^od. SwS, bealdode beam Ecgfe6wes, guma gftt5um cfiS, g6dum daedum, 2180 dredh after d6me, nealles druncne sl6g heorS-genedtas ; nas him hre6h sefa, ac he man-cynnes maeste crafte gin-fastan gife, fe him god sealde, he61d hilde-de6r. Hedn was lange,. 2185 swd hyne Gedta beam g6dne ne tealdon, ne hj'ne on medo-bence micles wyriSne drihten wereda ged6n wolde ; swy8e oft sdgdon, fat he sleac waere, aSeling unfrom : edwenden cwom 2190 tir-eddigum menu torna gehwylces. H6t J)4 eorla hle6 in gefetian, heaSo-r6f cyning, Hr6tSles Idfe, golde gegj'rede ; nas mid Gedtum f^ sinc-mdSSum s61ra on sweordes hdd ; 2195 fat he on Bi6wulfes bearm dlegde, 219G-2226.] BEOWULF. 6fl and him gesealde seofan Jiftsendo, bold and brego-st61. Him was h&m samod on pam le6d-scipe lond gecynde, eard 6Sel-riht, 6(5rum swlSor 2200 side rice, pam poer sfilra was. Eft ])at geiode ufaran ddgrum hUde-hlammum, sj-SSan Hygelfl,c lag and Heardrfide Mlde-mficeas under bord-lire6t5an t6 bonan wurdon, 2205 ])& byne ges6htan on sige-])e6de hearde hUde-frecan, HeatSo-Scilfingas, niSa gensegdan nefan Hererices. SySSan Be6wulfe brMe rlee on hand gehwearf: he gehe61d tela 2210 flftig wintru (was ]>& fr6d cyning, eald feSel-weard), 6tS pat An ongan deorcum nihtum draca ricsian, se ])e on hed?"e hoe^e hord beweotode, stAn-beorh steApne : stlg under lag, 2215 eldum unessr was swylcra fela in fam eorS-scmfe 8er-gestre6na, SW& hy on ge§,r-dagnm gumena n&t-hwyle 2235 eormen-l^fe a^elan cj-nnes ])anc-hycgende fser gehydde, de6re m4t5mas. Ealle hie dedS fornam serran meelum, and se ka ]>k gen le6da duguSe, se faer lengest hwearf, 2240 weard wine-ge6mor wlscte fas j'ldan, fat he Ij'tel fac long-gestre6na brtcan mdste. Beorh eal gearo wunode on wonge water-^um ne4h, niwe be nasse nearo-craftuni fast : 2245 faer on innan bar eorl-gestre6na hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dsel fattan goldes, fed worda cwaS : •'Heald fu nu hruse, nu haleS ne m6ston, " eorla aehte. Hwat! hit ser on fe 2250 " g6de begedton; gtiS-dedS fornam, " feorh-bealo frficne fyra gehwylcne, " le6da mlnra, fdra fe fis Z|/" ofgeaf, " gesdwon sele-dredm. Ndh hwd sweord wege " ot5^e tetige fated wsege, 2255 " drj-nc-fat de6re : dugwS ellor 8c6c. " Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde "fatum befeallen : feormiend swefaS, "fd fe beado-grlman by wan sceoldon, "ge sw3^1ce se6 here-pdd, si6 at hilde gebdd 2260 " ofer borda gebrac bite irena, "brosnaS after beorne. Ne mag byrnan bring 2202-2296.] BEOWULF. 71 "after wig-fruman wide f6ran •'haleSum be healfe ; nas hearpan wyn, "gomen gle6-beAmes, ne g6d hafoc 2266 " geond sal swinged, ne se swifta mearh "burh-stede bedtetS. Bealo-cwealm liafaB " fela feorh-cynna feorr onseuded ! " Sw4 gi6mor-m6d gioMo maeiide, An after eallam unbliSe hwe6p, 2270 dages and nihtes, 6S pat dedSes wjim hr&n at heortan. Hord-wj'nne fond eald uht-seeaSa opene standan, se fe byrnende biorgas s6cet5 nacod nl6-draca, nihtes fle6get5 2275 fyre befangen ; liyne fold-bftend wide gesdwon. He gewunia.n sceall hMw under Lrusan, fser he haeSen gold waraS wintrum ft-6d ; ne b}-^ him wihte f>6 s61. Sw& se ])e6d-sceaSa ]n'e6 hund wintra 2280 he61d on hrusan hord-arna sum edcen-craftig, 66 pat hj-ne An Abealh mon on m6de : man-drj'htne bar fated wffige, frio^o-waere bad hMford slnne. p4 was herd rdsod, 2285 onboren beiga hord, • bfine getiSad fed-sceaftum men. Fred scedwode fira fyrn-geweorc forman sl6e. pd se wjTm onw6c, wr6ht wAs geniwad ; stone fd after stdne, steare-heort onfand 2290 fe6ndes f6t-ldst; he t6 forS gest6p, dj'rnan crafte, dracan hedfde nedh. Swd mag unfsege edSe gedlgan wedn and wrac-sl8, se ];e waldendes i hj'ldo gehealdeS. Hord-weard s6htc 2295 georne after grunde, wolde guman findan, fone ]>e him on sweofote sdre gete6de : 72 BEOWULF. [2297-2326 Mt and hre6h-ni6d hlsew oft j-mbe hwearf, ealne 6tan-weardne ; ne ]>ser cenig mon was on faere wfistenne. HwaSre hilde gefeli, 2300 beado-weorces : hwllum on beorh athwearf, sine-fat s6hte ; he fat s6na onfand, fat hafde gumena sum goldes gefandod liedh-gestre6na. Hord-weard onbM earfoSllce, 6S fat £Efen ewom ; 2305 was fA gebolgen beorges hyrde, wolde se l^Sa lige forgyldan drinc-fat dyre. p4 was dag sceacen wj'rme on willan, n6 on wealle leng bidan wolde, ac mid bsele f6r, 2310 fyre gefysed. Was se fruma egesllc le6dum on lande, swA liyt lungre weari5 on hjTa sinc-gifan s4re geendod. XXXIII. Beowulf Resolves to Kill the Fiee-Deake. pA se gast ongan gl^dum splwan, beorbt hofu barnan ; bryne-le6ma stdd 2315 eldum on andan; n6 fser §,ht cwices MtS Ij^ft-floga Isefan wolde. Was fas wyrmes wig wide gesyne, nearo-f%es niS nedn and feorran, hk sacce ondrfid, ne him fas wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, 2350 eafoS and ellen ; forfon he asr fela nearo nStSende nitSa gedlgde, hilde-hlemma, sySSan he HrdSg^res, sigor-eMig secg, sele feelsode and at gfiSe forgr^p Grendeles moegum, 2355 laSan cynnes. N6 fat lasest was hond-gemota, f£er mon Hj-gel^c sl6h, sy6t5an Gedta cyning gdSe reesmn, f red- wine folees Freslondum on, Hi-6Sles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebedten ; ]!onan Bi6wulf com sylfes crafte, sund-nytte dredh; 74 BEOWULF. [2362-2391, t hafde him on earme . . . XXX hilde-geatwa, fA lie t6 holme stig. Nealles Hetware hrfimge ];orfton 2365 f68e-wiges, ])e him foran ongedn linde baeron : Ij't eft becwom fram fam hild-frecan himes ni6san. Oferswam ]>& si61eSa bigong sunu Ecg]ic6wos, earm Aii-haga eft t6 lo6dum, 2370 I'ser him Hj-gd gebedd liord and rice, bedgas and brego-st61 : bearne ne trftwode, fat he wis itl-fjicum 66el-st61as healdan c&Se, ]>& was HygelAc de4d. N6 fy aer fed-sceafte Sudan meahton 2375 at fam atSelinge senige pinga, Jiat he Heai'drSde hldford waere, oSSe fone cj'ne-d6m ci6san wolde ; hwaSre he him on folce fre6nd-14rum he61d, 6stum mid &xe, 66 fat he yldra wearS, 2380 Weder-Gedtum weold. Hj-ne wrac-macgas ofer sse s6htan, suna 6hteres : hafdon hy forhealden helm Sejifinga, fone s61e8tan sse-cyninga, fdra fe in Swi6-rlce sine brj^tnade, 2385 meerne fe6den. Him fat t6 mearce weai-6 ; he fsen orfeorme feorh-wunde hledt sweordes swengum, sunu Hj-geMces ; and him eft gewdt Ongenfi6wes beam hdmes nidsan, sy6t5an Heardrfid lag ; 2390 16t fone brego-st61 Bi6wulf healdan, Gedtum wealdan: fat was g6d cj-ning. 2892-2421.] BEdwTJLF. 75 XXXIV. E.ETEOSPEOT OF BeOWULF. — StEIFB BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GrEATAS. Se pas le6d-hryres ledn gemunrle uferan d6grum, Eddgilse wearb fed-sceaftum fe6ud. Folce gestepte "^395 ofer see side sunu Obteres wlgum and waepnum : he gewrac sySSan cealdum cear-stSum, cj'ning ealdre binedt. Swd he nlSa gehwane genesen hafde, sllt5ra geslj'hta, sunu Ecg];i6wes, 2400 ellen-weorca, 6S ])one dnne dag, ])e he wis ])am wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewdt ]>& twelfa sum torne getaolgen drj'hten Gedta dracan scedwian ; hafde ]>k gefrunen, hwanan si6 fsehS drds, 2405 bealo-nlS biorna ; him t6 bearme cwom mdSSum-fat msere juu'h ];as meldan bond. Se was on ]iam fredte freotteoSa secg, se pas orleges 6r onstealde, haft hyge-gi6mor, sceolde hedn fonon 2410 wong wlsian : he ofer willan gi6ng t6 Jias ]>e he eorS-sele dnne wisse, hliEW under hrusan holm-wylme nfih, y6-gewinne, se was innan full wratta and wira : weard unhi6re, 2415 gearo g& on nasse niS-heard ej-ning, penden hselo dbedd heorS-genedtum 2420 gold-wine Gedta: him was gedmor sefa, wafre and wal-fds, Wyrd ungemete ncdh, 76 BEOWULF. [2422-2456. se fone gomelan grfitan sceolde, sficean sAwle hord, sundur gedaelan lif wi(5 lice : n6 fon lange -was 2425 feorh aSelinges flaesce bewunden. Bi6wulf magelade, beam Ecgpe6wes : " Fela ic on giogotJe gdS-rsesa genas, " orleg-hwlla : ic fat eall gemon. " Ic was sj'fan-wintre, Tpk mec sinca baldor, 2430 " fred-wine folca at mlnum fader genam, " he61d mec and hafde Hr66el cj'ning, " geaf me sine and symbel, sibbe gemunde; " nas ic him t6 life lAbra 6wihte " beorn in burgum, fonne bis bearna hwylc, 2435 " Herebeald and HaeScyn, otS^e HygeUc mln. " Was pam yldestan ungedfifellce ' ' mseges dsedum mort5or-bed str^d, " sy15San hyne HseScyn of horn-bogan, "his fre£-wine fl^ne geswencte, 2440 " miste mercelses and his maeg ofscfet, " br6Sor 6tSerne, bl6digan gdre: " fat was feoh-leds gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad, " hre^re hyge-m6t5e ; sceolde hwaSre swA fedh " aSeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 " SwA bis gedmorllc gomelum ceorle "t6 gebidanne, fat his hjre ride " giong on galgan, fonne he gyd wrece, " s^rigne sang, fonne his sunu hangaS ' ' hrefne t6 hr6f5re and he him helpan ne mag, 2450 " eald and in-fr6d, aenige gefremman. " Symble bit5 gemyndgad morna gehwj-lce ' ' eaforan ellor-slt5 ; 6Sres ne g^meS ' ' to gebidanne burgum on innan " yrfe-weardas, fonne se ^n hafaS 2455 " f urli dedSes nyd daeda gefondad. " GesyhS sorh-cearig on his suna b^-e '«457-2484.] BEOWULF. 77 " win-sele -w^stne, wind-gereste, "reote berofene ; ridencl swefa^ " haleS in hoSman; nis Jjser hearpan sw6g, 2460 " gomen in geardum, swylce fsBr id waeron. XXXV. Memories of Past Time. — The Feud with THE Fire-Deake. " GewitbS ])onne on sealman, sorh-le6tS galet5 " 4n after Anum : ]>thte him call t6 rftm, " wongas and wlc-stede. SwS, Wedra helm " after Herebealde heortan sorge 2465 " weallende wag, wihte ne meahte "on fam feorh-bonan faeh(5e gebfitau: " n6 fy aer he fone heaSo-rinc hatian ne meahte " l&Sum daedum, fedh him le6f ne was. "He ]>& mid fsere sorge, ]>e him si6 s^r belamp, 2470 ' ' gum-dredm ofgeaf, godes le6ht geceds ; " eaferum Isefde, swk d66 eddig mon, "lond and le6d-byi-ig, ]>& he of life gew4t. ' ' pd was synn and sacu Sweona and Gedta, " ofer wid water wr6ht gemaene, 2475 " here-nlS hearda, syS6an Hr66el swealt, " o^Se him Ongen}ie6wes eaferan wseran " frome fyrd-hwate, fre6de ne woldon " ofer heafo healdan, ac j-mb Hreosna-beorh " eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 " pat maeg-wine mine gewraecan, " faehSe and fyrene, swd liyt gefraege was, " fedh fe 66er hit ealdre gebohte, "heardan cedpe: HasScjmne wearS, " Gedta dryhtne, gfi.S onssege. 78 BEOWULF. [2485. 2519, 2485 " p4 ic on morgue gefragii mseg 66erne " billes ecgum on bonan stalan, ' ' I'asr Ongen]ie6w Eofores ni6sade : " gflS-helm t6glM, gomela Scylflng " Iireds heoro-hlSio ; liond gemunde 2490 " fsehtSo gen6ge, feorh-sweng ne oftedh. " Ic him ];& mdSmas, ];e he me sealde, " geald at gflSe, swd me gifeSe was, ' ' le6htan sweorde : he me lond forgeaf, " eard &5el-wyn. Nas him senig Jiearf, 2495 " ].at he td GifSum o««e t6 Gar-Deuum ' ' otSSe in Swi6-rtce sficean furfe ' ' wjTsan wlg-frecan, weorSe gecypan ; " symle ic him on f6San beforan wolde, " dna on orde, and swd t6 aldre sceall 2500 " sacce fremman, fenden ]ns sweord foIaS, "fat mec ser and sl6 oft geteste, " sySt5an ic for dugeSnm Daghrefue wearS " t6 hand-bonan, Huga cempan: " nalles he ]>&, fratwe Fres-cj'ninge, 2505 " bre6st-weor8unge bringan m6ste, " ac in campe gecrong cumbles hjTde, " aSehng on eine. Ne was ecg bona, " ac him hilde-grdp heortau wylmas, "bdn-hAs gebrac. Nu sceall billes ecg, 2510 " hond and heard sweord j-mb hord wlgan." Be6wulf ma^elode, be6t-wordum sprac nidhstan siSe : " Ic genSSde fela " gftSa on geogoSe-; gj-t ic wylle, " fr6d folces weard, fsehSe s6can, 2515 "mserSum fremman, gif mec se mdn-sceaSa " of eorS-sele ftt ges6cet5 ! " Gegrfitte ]>& gumena gehwyicne, hwate helm-berend hindeman sl6e, sw£ese gesiSas: " Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520-2554.] BEOWULF. 79 2520 " waepen td wyrnie, gif ic wiste lift "wits fam aglsecean elles mealite "gylpe wiSgrlpan, swi ic gi6 wi« Gren.Ue dyde; " ac ic fsei- heaSu-fyres h^tes w6ne, "rtSes and-hattres : forpon ic me on hafu 2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard " oferfle6n fdtes trem, fednd unJi^re, ' ' ac unc sceal weor6an at wealle, sw^ unc Wyrd gete6t5, "metod manna gehwas. Ic eom on m6de from, " fat ic wis fone gftS-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 "Gebtde ge on beorge byrnum werede, " secgas on searwum, bwaSer s61 maege ' ' after wal-rsese wunde gedygan " uncer twega. Nis fat e6wer sl6, " ne gemet mannes, nefne mln toes, 2535 "fat he wit5 aglsecean eofoSo dale, " eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall " gold gegangan o?5Se gftS nimeS, " feorli-bealu fr6cne, fredn e6werne ! " Aiks ])§L bl ronde r6f oretta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bar under st4n-cleofu, strengo getrftwode toes mannes : ne bitS swylc earges sl8. Geseah f^ be wealle, se fe worna fela, gum-cystum g6d, gftSa gedigde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, forme hnitan ffilSan, (st6d on stto-bogan) stredm ftt fonan brecan of beorge ; was f eere burnan walm heaSo-fyrum hftt: ne meahte horde ne&h nnbjrrnende asnige hwile 2550 de6p gedygan for dracan 16ge. L6t fa of bre6stum, ]>& he gebolgeu was, Weder-Gedta le6d word ftt faran, stearc-heort styrmde ; stefn in becom heatSo-torht hlvnnan under htone stto. 80 BEOWULF. [2555-2589. 2555 Hete was onhrfired, hord-weard oncni6w mannes reorde ; nas fser m^ra fyrst, fre6de td friclan. From serest cwom oruS aglaecean At of stdne, h^t hilde-sw3,t ; hruse djmede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onsw&f wis fam grj're-gieste, Gedta dryhten : yd, was hring-bogan heorte gefysed sacce td sSceanne. Sweord ser gebrad g6d gk se wyrm gebedh snftde tdsomne : he on searwum bM. 2570 Gew^t Tpd, bjTnende gebogen serlSan td, gesclfe seyndan. Scyld wel gebearg life and Itce lascan hwlle mserum Tpe&dna, fonne his myne s6hte, f eer he ]>f fyrste forman ddgore 2575 wealdan mdste, swA him Wyrd ne gescr&f hr6t5 at hilde. Hond up ^brad Gedta dryhten, gr3Te-f^hne sl6h incge Mfe, fat si6 eeg gewAc brftn on b4ne, bM unswiiSor, 2580 fonne his J)i6d-cyning fearfe hafde, bj'sigum gebseded. pd was beorges weard after heatSu-swenge on hre6um m6de, wearp wal-fyre, wide sprungon hilde-le6man : hrfitS-sigora ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Gedta, gAS-bill geswAc nacod at niSe, swA hyt n6 sceolde, Iren £er-g6d. Ne was fat 6^e si6, fat se maera maga Ecgf>e6wes grund-wong fone ofgyfan wolde ; 2590-2620.] BEOWIAF. 81 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wlc eardian elles hwergen, sw^ sceal seghwylc mon aisetan laen-dagas. Nas ]>k long t6 fon, fat ]>k aglsecean hy eft gem^tton. HjTte hyne hord-weard, hretSer se^me we6U, 2595 niwan stefne nearo frowode fyre befongen se fe ser folce we61d. Nealles him on hedpe hand-gesteallan, aSelinga beam j-mbe gestddon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in toum we6Il sefa wis sorgum : sibb sefre ne mag wiht onwendan, fam fe wel fenceS. XXXVI. WiGLAF Helps Beowulf in the Fetjd. WIglaf was h^ten Weoxst^nes sunu, le6fllc lind-wiga, le6d Scylflnga, 2605 mseg Alf heres : geseah his mon-dryhten under here-grlman h^t frowian. Gemunde ]>& ]>& 4re, pe he him aer forgeaf wic-stede weligne "Wsegmundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, sw^ his fader 4hte ; 2610 ne mihte ]>& forhabban, bond rond gef6ng, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getedh, fat was mid eldum Ednmundes l^f, suna Ohteres, fam at saece wearS wracu wine-ledsum Weohstdnes bana 2615 mfices ecgum, and his rndgum atbar brfln-fdgne helm, hringde byrnan, eald sweord eotonisc, fat him Onela forgeaf, his gadelinges gftS-gewsedu, fjTd-searo fflsllc: n6 ymbe f4 fsehtJe sprac, 2620 fedh fe he his brdtSor beam Abredwade. 82 BifoWULF. [2G21-2655 He friitwe gehe61d fela missera, bill and byrnan, 68 pat his byre mihte eorl-seipe efiian, swi, Ms ser-fader ; geaf him ]>k mid Gedtum gftS-gewffida 2625 seghwas unrim ; ]>& he of ealdre gewAt, fr6d on for8-weg. pA was forma st6 geongan cempan, fat he gtSe rses mid his fre6-dryhtne fremman seeolde ; ne gemealt him se m6d-sefa, ne his mseges li,f 2630 gew4c at wlge : fat se wjrm onfand, sySSan hie t6gadre geg^n hafdon. Wlgiaf maSelode word-rihta fela, sagde geslSum, him was sefa ge6mor: " Ic fat msel geman, faer we medu ffigun, 2635 "fonne we gehfiton ftssum hldforde "in bi6r-sele, fe 6s fAs bedgas geaf, "fat we him ]>h gflS-geatwa gj'ldan woldon, "gif him fysllcu fearf gelumpe, " helmas and heard sweord : fS he lisic on herge geceda 2640 "t6 fyssum si«-fate sylfes willum, ' ' onmunde ftsic mserSa and me f 4s m46mas geaf, " f e he ftsic g&r-wigend g6de tealde, " hwate helm-berend, fedh fe hlAford fts " fis ellen-weorc Ana Afdhte 2645 " td gefremmanne, folces hj'rde, " forf am he manna msest meerSa gefremede, " dseda dollicra. Nu is se dag cumen, " fat Are man-drj'hten magenes beh6fat5 " gddra gliS-rinca: wutun gangan td, 2650 "helpan hild-fruman, fenden hyt sy', " glfid-egesa grim ! God wS,t on mec, "fat me is micle le6fre, fat minne llc-haman "mid mlnne gold-gyfan gl^d faSmie. " Ne fynceS me gerysne, fat we rondas beren 2655 " eft td earde, nemne we seror maegen 2656-2690.] Be6wULF. 83 " f^ne gefyllan, feorh ealgiaa " Wedra fi6dnes. Ic w^t geare, " pat naeroa eald-gewyrht, fat he kna scyle " Gedta dugu8e gnorn frowian, 2660 " gesigaa at sacce : sceal Arum fat sweord and helm, "byrne and byrdu-scrM bim gemsene." Wdd ]>k furh pone wal-r6e, wig-heafolan bar fredn on fultum, fed. worda cwa6 : "Le6fa Bidwulf, Iffist eall tela, 2665 " sw4 fu on geoguS-feore gedra gecwtede, "pat pu ne dl£ete be pe lifigendum " d6m gedre6san: scealt nu dsedum r6f, " aSeling An-hj^dlg, ealle magene "feorh ealgian; ic pe fuUsestu!" 2670 After pAm wordum wjTm jTre cwom, atol inwit-gast 66re slSe, fyr-wylmum f^h fi6nda ni6san, IdtSra manna ; llg-y^um forborn bord wis ronde : byrne ne meahte 2675 geongum gto-wigan ge6ce gefremman : ac se maga geonga under his mseges scyld elne geeode, p4 his dgen was gl^dum forgrunden. pA gen gft6-cj'ning mce)i5a gemunde, magen-strengo, 2680 sl6h hilde-bille, pat hyt on heafolan st6d niSe genyded: Nagling forbarst, geswAc at sacce sweord Bi6wulfes gomol and graeg-mael. Him pat gifeSe ne was, pat him irenna ecge mihton 2685 helpan at hilde ; was si6 bond t6 strong, se pe mfeca gehwane mine gefrisge swenge ofers6hte, ponne he t6 siicce bar wsepen wundrum heard, nas him wihte p6 s61. p& was pe6d-sceat5a priddan siSe, 2690 fr^cne fyr-draca tseMa gemyndig. 84 BEOWULF. [2691-2721. rsesde on fone r6fan, J>A him rAm 4geald, hdt and heaSo-grim, heals ealne ymbeffing biteran bdnum; he gebl6degod weai"S sawul-dri6re ; swdt y6um we611. XXXVII. Beowulf Wounded to Death. 2695 pA ic at fearfe gefrdgn }ie6d-cj'nmges and-longne eorl ellen cy15an, craft and c6nt5u, swd him gecynde was ; ne hfidde he fas heafolan, ac si6 hand gebarn m6diges mannes, pser he his mseges healp, 2700 fat he fone nlS-gast niotSor hwfine sl6h, secg on searwum, fat fat sweord gededf f&h and fated, fat fat fyr ongon sweSrian sytSSan. p&, gen sylf cyning gewe61d his gewitte, wall-seaxe gebrad, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, fat he on bjTnan wag: forwr^t Wedra helm wj'rm on middan. re6nd gefyldan (ferh ellen wrac), and hi hj'ne }&, begen Abroten hafdon, sib-aSelingas : swj'lc sceolde secg wesan, 2710 fegn at fearfe. pat fam fe6dne was si6ast sige-hwile sjdfes daedum, worlde geweorces. pA si6 wund ongon, fe him se eorS-draca ser geworhte, swfilan and sweUan. He fat s6na onfand, 2715 fat him on bre6stum bealo-nlS we611, Attor on innan. pA se aSeling gi6ng. fat he bl wealle, wls-hj'cgende, gesat on sesse ; seah on enta geweorc, hA ]>& stAn-bogan stapulum faste 2720 See eoi-8-reced innan he61don. Hyne f^ mid handa heoro-dre6rigne 2722-2752.] BEOWULF. 85 fe6den mserne Jiegn ungemete till, wine-diyhten Ms watere gelafede, hilde-sadne and his helm onspe6n. 2725 Bi6wulf maSelode, he ofer benne sprac, wunde wal-bledte (wisse he gearwe, pat he dag-hwUa gedrogen hafde eorSan wynne ; ]>&, was eall sceacen d6gor-gerimes, dedS ungemete nedh) : 2730 ■^735 2740 2745 2750 ' Nu ic suna mlnum sj'Uan wolde ' gflS-gewsedu, frer me gifeSe swA ' seuig jTfe-weard after wurde, 'Itce gelenge. Ic ])4s le6de he61d ' ftftig wiDtra : nas se folc-cjming ' j'mbe-sittendra senig ])§,ra, ' ]ie mec gftS-wimim grStan dorste, ' egesan fe6n. Ic on earde bM ' mael-gesceafta, he61d min tela, ' ne s6hte searo-nKSas, ne me sw6r fela ' df5a on unriht. Ic fas ealles mag, ' feorh-bennum se6c, gefedn habban : ' forfam me wttan ne f earf waldend fiva ' mor^or-bealo m^ga, fonne min sceaceS ' Itf of lice. Nu fu lungre ' geong, hord scedwian under hdrne stAn, ' WlgMf le6fa, nu se w3'rm lige^, ' swefeS s^re wund, since beredfod. ' Bi6 nu on 6foste, fat ic ser-welaa, ' gold-seht ongite, gearo scedwige ' swegle searo-gimmas, fat ic ]>j s6ft maege ' after mdSSum-welan min dlcetan 'lif and le6d-seipe, fone ic longe he61d." 86 BEOWULF. [2753-2782. XXXVIII. The Jewbl-Hoaed. The Passing of Beowulf. pi. ic snMe gefriign sunu Wihstdnes after ■word-cwjdum wundum drj'htne 2755 hyran heat5o-si6cum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hr6f. Geseah J>§, sige-hr6Sig, p§, he bl sesse ge6ng, mago-fegn m6dig m^^Sum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and fas wj'rmes denn, ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu ' feormend-ledse, hjTstum behrorene : fser was helm monig, eald and 6mig, earm-bedga fela, 2765 searwum gesseled. Sine e&Se mag, gold on grunde, gumena cj'nnes gehwone ofer-higian, ■ hyde se fe wylle I Swjice he siomian geseah segn eall-gj-lden hedh ofer horde, hond-wundra maest, 2770 geloeen leoSo-craftum : of f am le6ma st6d, fat he fone grund-wong ongitau meahte, wrate giond-wlltan. Nas fas wyrmes fser onsyn senig, ac hyne ecg fornam. pA ic on hlaewe gefragn hord redfian, 2775 eald enta geweorc dnne mannan, him on bearm hladan bunan and discas sj'lfes d6me, segn edc genom, bedona beorhtost ; bill ser-gescdd (ecg was Iren) eald-hldfordes 2780 fam fdra nidSma mund-bora was longe hwlle, llg-egesan wag hdtne for horde, hioro-weallende, 2783-2817.] BEOWULF. 87 middel-nihtum, 68 fat he moi"6re swealt. Ar was on 6foste eft-sl8es georn, 2786 fratwum gefyrSred: liyue fyrwet brae, hwaSer coUen-fertS cwicne gemfitte in fam wong-stede "Wedra ]>e6den, ellen-si6cne, fser he hine ser forl6t. He f^ mid ]>km rndSmum mserne pi6den, 2790 dryhten slnne dri6rigije fand ealdres at ende : he hine eft ongon ; watere weorpan, 66 fat wordes ord bre6st-hord furhbrac. Bedwulf ma^elode, gomel on giohSe (gold scedwode) : 2795 " Ic pira fratwa fredn ealles fane " wuldur-eyninge wordum secge, " 6cum dryhtne, fe ie her on starie, ' ' fas f e ie m6ste minum le6dum " ser swylt-dage swylc gestrynan. 2800 "Nu ie on ni46ma hord mine bebohte "frdde feorh-lege, fremma6 ge nu "le6da fearfe; ne mag ic her leng wesan. "HdtaS heaSo-msere hlsew gewyrcean, "beorhtne after baele at brimes nosan; 2805 " se seel td gemyndum mlnum le6dum " hedh hliflan on Hrones nasse, "fat hit see llSend sySSan hdtan "Bi6wulfes biorh, fS, fe brentingas " ofer fldda genipu feorran drlfaS." 2810 Dj'de him of healse bring gyldenne fi6den frlst-hydig, fegne gesealde, geongum g&r-wigan, gold-f^hne helm, be Ah and bjTnan, h6t hyne brAcan ■well: " pu eart ende IM ftsses cynnes, 2815 " Wsegmundinga ; ealle Wyrd forswe6f, " mine mdgas t6 metod-sceafte, " eorlas on elne : ic him after sceal." 88 BEdwULF. [2818-2848. pat was fam gomelan gingeste word bre6st-gehygdum, aer he bael cure, 2820 hate heaSo-wylmas : him of hreSre gewAt s&wol sficean sdS-fastra d6m. XXXIX. The Cowabd-Thanbs. pi. was gegongen guman unfrddum earfoSllce, fat he on eorSan geseah fone le6festan Ufes at ende 2825 bledte gebseran. Bona swylce lag, egeslic eortS-draca, ealdre beredfod, bealwe gebseded: bedh-hordum leng wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne mdste, ac him Irenna ecga forn^mon, 2830 hearde heatSo-scearpe homera 14fe, fat se wld-floga wundum stille hred,s on hrusan hord-arne nedh, nallcs after lyfte l^cende hwearf middel-nihtum, mfi,t5m-8ehta wlonc 2835 ansyn ywde : ac he eor^an gefe611 for fas hild-fruman hond-geweorce. H6ra fat on lande lyt manna fdh magen-%endra mine gefraege, fedh fe he daeda gehwas dyrstig wsere, 2840 fat he wi6 Attor-sceatSan oretSe geraesde, oSSe hring-sele hondum stjrrede, gif he waccende weard onfunde bflan on beorge. Bi6wulfe wearS dryht-m^iSma dsel dedt5e forgolden ; 2845 hafde aeghwaSer ende geffired Isenan llfes. Nas ]>& lang t6 fon, fat f4 hild-latan holt ofg^fan, tydre tre6w-logan tyne atsomne, 2849-2883.] BEOWULF. 89 ]>& ue dorston ser daretSum Idcan 2850 on hjTa man-dryhtnes miclan pearfe; ac hy scamiende scj'ldas baeran, gftS-gewaedu, faer se gomela lag : wlitan on WIgMf. He gewfirgad sat, ffiSe-cempa fredn eaxlum nedh, 2855 wehte hyne watre ; him wiht ne spe6w ; ne meahte he on eorSan, fedh he & fat hea^o-weore t6 hagan bi6dan up ofer 6g-clif, faer fat eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne dag m6d-gi6mor sat, bord-habbende, bega on wfinum ende-d6gores and eft-cymes le6fes monnes. Lj-t swlgode niwra spella, se fe nas gerM, 2900 ac he s6t511ce sagde ofer ealle ; " Nu is wil-geofa Wedra le6da, " dryhten Gedta de46-bedde fast, ' ' wunaS wal-reste wyrmes daedum ; "him on efn lige^ ealdor-gewinna, 2905 " siex-bennnm se6c: sweorde ne meahte ' ' on f am aglsecean senige f inga " wunde gewyrcean. "Wlgl^f siteS " ofer Bi6wulfe, byre Wihst^nes, " eorl ofer 6Srum unliflgendum, 2910 " healdeS hige-m6t5um hedfod-wearde " le6fes and 14t5es. Nu ys le6dum w6u " orleg-hwile, sji5t5an underne "Froncum and Frysum fj'll cyninges "wide weorSetJ. Was si6 wrdht scepen 2015-2946.] Be6wULF. 91 2915 "heard wi5 Hugas, sj'tSSan HigelAc cwom ' ' faran flot-lierge ou Fresna land, "peer hj-ne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon, " elne geeodon mid ofer-magene, " fat se bj-rn-wiga bftgan seeolde, 2920 "fe611 on f66an : nalles friitwe geaf " ealdor dugoSe ; vis was k sySSan " Merewioinga milts uugyfeSe. " Ne ic t6 Swe6-]5e6de sibbe oStSe tre6we " wihte ne wtoe ; ac was wide cliS, 2925 " patte Ongen]n6 ealdre besnj^Sede "HaeScj'n HrfiSling wi6 Hrefna-wudu, "fa for on-mMlan terest ges6hton " Gedta le6de Gk sin-herge sweorda Mfe " wuudum wfirge, we4n oft gehfit " eaj-mre teohhe andlonge niht: 2940 " cwaS he on mergenne mfices ecgum " getan wolde, sume on galg-tre6wum "fuglum t6 gamene. Frdfor eft gelamp " sa,rig-m6dum somod ser-dage, " sj-SSan hie Hj'geMees horn and byman 2945 "gealdor onge§,ton. pd se g6da com "le6da dugofSe on Mst faran. 92 BEOWULF. [2947-2978. XLT. He Tells of the Swedes and the Geatas. ' Was si6 sw4t-swaSu Sweona and GeAta, ' wal-i-iES wera wide gesyne, ' hft ])& folc mid liim faeMe t6wehton. 2950 " Gewdt him ]>& se g6da mid his gadelingum, ' fr6d fela ge6mor fasten sficean, ' eorl Ongen}ii6 ufor oncirde ; ' hafde Higeldces hilde gefrunen, ' wlonces wig-craft, wiSres ne trftwode, 2955 "fat he s£e-mannum onsacan mihte, ' hedSo-liSendum hord forstandan, ' beam and bryde ; bedh eft fonan ' eald under eorS-weall. pd was seht boden ' Sweona le6dum, segn HigelS,ce. 2960 "FreoSo-wong fone forS ofereodon, ' sySSan HrfiSlingas t6 hagan frungon. ' pser wearS Ongen]n6 eegum sweorda, ' bjonden-fexa on bid wrecen, ' fat se f e6d-C3'ning f afian sceolde 2965 "Eofores ^nne ddm : hyne j-rringa ' Wulf Wonrfiding wsepne gersehte, ' fat him for swenge sw^t aedrum sprong ' forS under fexe. Nas he forht sw4 ] 6h, ' gomela Scilflng, ac forgeald hraSe 2970 " wjrsan wrixle wal-hlem fone, ' sySSan f e6d-ej-ning fj-der oncirde : ' ne meahte se snella sunu Wonredes ' ealdum ceorle ond-slj-ht giofan, ' ac he him on liedfde helm {fir gescer, 2975 "fat ho blude ftlli bflgan sceolde, ' fe611 on foldan ; nas he fsege \k git, ' ac he liyno gewjnpte, fedh ] e him wund hrine. ' L6t se hearda HigelAces fegn 8979-3012.] BEOWULF. 93 " brMne m^ce, ]>& his brdtJor lag, 2980 " eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, "brecan ofer bord-weal: f4 gebedh cyning, " folces hjTde, was in feorh dropen. " pS, wseron monige, fe his mseg wriSon, "ricone Araerdon, ]>& him gerymed wearS, 2985 "fat hie wal-st6we wealdan mdston. " penden redfode rinc 66erne, "nam on Ongen])i6 iren-bj-rnan, ' ' heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod ; "h^res hyrste HigelAce bar. 2990 "He ]>dm fratwum ffing and him fagre gehdt ' ' ledna fore leodum and gelseste swi : " geald f one gdS-roes Gedta dryhten, " HrfiSles eafora, fd he t6 him becom, " Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mdgmum, 2995 " sealde Mora gehwaSrum bund fftsenda ' ' landes and loeenra bedga ; ne forfte him ]>&, ledn 65witan " mononmiddan-gearde, sy6Sanhie];3,m8erSagesl6gon ; "and fa Jofore forgeaf dngan d6htor, " h4m-weoi^nnge, h}-Ido t6 wedde. 3000 "p4t ys si6 faehSo and se fednd-scipe, " wal-nl5 wera, fas fe ic w6n hafo, "fe fls sficea^ t6 Sweona le6de, " sySSan hie gefricgeaS fredn fiserne " ealdor-ledsne, fone fe aer gehe61d 3005 "wis hettendum hord and rice, " after haleSa hryre hwate Scj'lfingas, " folc-raed fremede oStSe furfur gen "eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is 6fost betost, ' ' fat we f edd-cj'ning f ser sceAwian 3010 " and fone gebringan, fe fts bedgas geaf, "on dd-fare. Ne seel dnes hwat " meltan mid fam mddigan, ac fser is mdSma hord, 94 BEOWULF. [3013-3047. "gold imrime grimme gecedpod " and nu at slSestan sylfes feore 3015 "bedgas geboJite; ]i& sceal brand fretan, "tiled feccean, nalles eorl wegan "mA66um td gemyndum, ne magS scyne " habban on healse bring- weor6unge, " ac sceall ge6mor-m6d golde beredfod 3020 " oft nalles sene el-land tredan, "nu se here-wisa hleahtor aiegde, "gamen and gle6-dredm. Forfon sceall gAr wesaa "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, "hafen on handa, nalles hearpan sw6g 3025 " wigend weccean, ac se wonna brefn " Ms ofer faegum, fela reordian, ' ' earne secgan, hft him at sete spe6w, "penden he wi« wulf wal redfode." Swd se secg hwata secgende was 3030 IdSra spella; he ne ledg fela wyrda ne worda. Weorod call trks, eodon unbltSe under Earna nas wollen-tedre wundur scedwian. Fundon ])k on sande sdwul-ledsne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, fone fe him hringas geaf aerran mselum: ]>& wds ende-dag g6dum gegongen, fat se gftS-cyning, "Wedra |7e6den, wundor-dedSe swealt. ^r hi ges6gan sylllcran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wiSer-rahtes peer laSne licgean : was se Idg-draca, gi'imltc gryre-gast, glfidum beswseled, se was fiftiges f6t-gemearces lang on legere, Iji't-wj'nne he61d 8045 nihtes hwilum, nyt5er eft gewdt dennes ni6sian; was pd dedtSe fast, hafde eorS-scrafa ende genyttod. 3048-3075.] BEOWULF. % Him big stddan bunan and orcas, discas ligon and dyre swjTd, 3050 6mige furh-etone, swA hie wiS eorSan fatSm ])6send wintra fser eardodon ; fonne was ]iat j-rfe edcen-craffcig, iii-monna gold galdre bewunden, fat ])am hring-sele hrtnan ne mdste 3055 gumena senig, nefne god sylfa, sigora s6tS-cyning, sealde fain pe he wolde (he is manna geliyld) herd openian, efne swA hwylcum manna, swd him gemet pflhte. XLII. WiGLAF Speaks. The Building of thf. Bale-Fiee. pi was gesyne, fat se slS ne fill 8060 Jam fe unrihte inne gehydde wrate under wealle. Weard aer ofsldh fedra sumne ; f d si6 fseh^ gewearS gewrecen wr3,t51tce. "Wundur hw^r, fonne eorl ellen-r6f eude geffii'e 3065 lif-gesceafta, fonne leng ne mag mon mid his mdgum medu-seld bd, he biorges weard sdlite, searo-niSas : seolfa ne c(\6e, f urh hwat his worulde ged41 weorSan seeolde ; 3070 sw^ hit 65 d6mes dag di6pe benemdon Jie6dnas mfere, pd pat pser dydon, pat se secg wsere S3'nnum scildig, hergum geheaSerod, hell-bendum fast, wommum gewitnad, se pone wong sti'Ade. 3075 Nas he gold-hwat: gearwor hafde 96 BEOWULF. [3076-3110. igendes 6st ser gescedwod. Wigldf matSelode, "WihsUnes sunu : ' Oft sceall eorl monig fines willan ' wrsec fidre6gan, swfi As geworden is. 3080 " Ne meahton we gelaeran le6fne fe6deu, 'rices hyrde raed aenigne, ' fat he ne grfitte gold-weard fone, ' 16te hj'ne licgean. fser he longe was, ' wlcum wunian 6S woruld-ende. 8085 " He61don hedh gesceap: hord j-s gescedwnd, ' grimme gegongen ; was fat gifeSe t6 swi6, 'fe pone ]iedden fyder ontyhte. ' Ic was fser inne and pat eall geond-seh, ' recedes ■ geatwa, pfi me gerymed was, 3090 "nealles swsesllce si5 aiyfed 'inn under eorS-weall. Ic on 6foste geteiig 'micle mid mundum magen-byrSenne ' hord-gestre6na, hider At atbar ' cj'ninge mlnum : cwico was pfi gena, 3095 "wis and gewittig; worn eall gesprac ' gomol on gehSo and e6wic grfitan hfit, ' bad pat ge geworhton after wines dsedum ' in bsel-stede beorh pone hedn ' micelne and mserne, swA he manna was 3100 " wigend weorS-fuUost wide geond eorSan, 'penden he burh-welan brflcan mdste. ' Uton nu ^fstan 66re sitSe ' se6n and sScean searo-geprac, ' wundur under wealle ! ic e6w wisige, 3105 "pat ge gendge nedn scedwiaS 'bedgas and brM gold. Sle si6 bser geaio ' adre geafned, ponne we tt cj-men, ' and ponne geferian fredn tiserne, ' le6fne mannan, pser he longe sceal 3110 " on pas waldendes w£ere gepolian." 8111-3137.] BE(5WULF. 97 H6t )'A gebe6dan bjTe Wihstines, hale hilde-di6r, haleSa monegum bold-^gendra, fat hie bsel-wudu feorran feredon, folc-^gende 3115 g6dum tdgfines : " Nu sceal gl6d fretan " (weaxan wonna 16g) wigena strengel, " fone ])e oft gebM isern-scftre, "fonne straela storm, strengum gebaeded, " sc6c ofer scild-weall, sceft n}-tte he61d, 3120 " fe«er-gearwum ffls Mne fuU-eode." Hftru se snotra sunu Wihstdnes delgde of coriSre cyninges fegnas syfone tdsomne f^ sfilestan, eode eahta sum under inwit-hr6f; 3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bar aled-le6maii, se ])e on orde ge6ng. Nas Tpii on hljiime, hwS, fat hord strude, sySSan or-wearde aenigne dsel secgas ges6gon on sele wunian, 3130 Isene licgan : lyt asnig mearn, fat hi 6fostlice Ht geferedon dyre mdSmas ; dracan 6c scufun, wyrm ofer weall-clif, 16ton waeg niman. fl6d fatSmian fratwa hj'rde. 3135 pser was wunden gold on wsen hladen, seghwas unrim, aSeling boren, h^r hilde-rmc t6 Hrdnes nasse. 98 Be6wULF. [3138-3169 XLIII. Beowulf's Puneeal Pyeb. Him fd gegiredan Gedta le6de M on eorSan un-wAcltcne, 3140 helmum behongeu, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, sw4 he b6na was ; aiegdon pA t6-middes meerne ])e6den haleS H6fende, hlAford le6fne. Ongunnon ]iA on beorge bsel-fyra msest 3145 wigend weccan : wudu-rfic hst&h sweart ofer swioSole, sw6gende 16g, w6pe bewimden (wind-blond gelag) 6B pat lie ]>k bS,n-Ms gebrocen hafde, hat on hreSre. Higum unr6te 3150 m6d-ceare maendon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; swylce gi6mor-gyd f 1^* • ""' meowle wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig saslde geneahhe pat hio hyre .... gas hearde 3155 ede walfj'lla wonn . . hildes egesan hySo haf mid heofon rfice swealh (?) Geworhton pa "Wedra le6de hlaaw on hli6e, se was hedh and brM, 3160 wseg-liSendum wide gesyne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-r6fes bScn: bronda hetost wealle beworhton, sw^ hj't weorSlicost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 HI on beorg dj-don b6g and siglu, call swj'lce hyrsta, swjdce on horde aer ntS-hj'dige men genumen hafdon ; forlfiton corla gestre6n eorSan healdan, gold on gre6te, pser hit nu gen lifatS 3170-3184.] BEOWULF. 3170 eldum swA unnyt, sw4 hit ceror wiis. p4 ymbe Uaw riodan liilde-de6re, aSelinga beam ealra twelfa, woldon ceare cwltSan, kyning msenan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc duguSum dfimdon, swk hit ge-dife bitS, ])at mon his wine-dryhten wordum lifirge, ferh^um fre6ge, fonne he for^ scile of Ite-haman loene weor^an. 3180 Swa begnornodon Ge4ta le6de hl4fordes /wj/re, heortS-genedtas, cwsedon pat he waere woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-pwaerust, 1e6dum litSost and lof-geornost. APPEin)IX. The Attack in Pinnsbueg.* " nas byrnatS naefre." Hleot5rode fA heatJo-geong cyning: "Ne fis ne dagatS edstan, ne her draca ne flc6gea, " ne her fisse healle hornas ne hyrnaS, 5 " ac f6r foitS bera^, fugelas singatJ, "gylleS grseg-hama, gftS-wudu hlynnetJ, " scyld scefte onewytS. Nu scyneS fes mdna "watSol under wolcnum ; nu 4risat5 wed-dseda, " fe fisne folces nt6 fremman willaS. 10 "Ac onwacnigeatJ nu, wlgend mine, " hebbaS e6wre handa, hiegeat? on ellen, " winnatS on orde, wesatS on ni6de ! " p& ^rds monig gold-hladen pegn, gjrde hine his swurde ; ])k td dura eodon drihtllce cempan, 15 SigeferS and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, and at 6t5rum durum Ordl&f and GftSldf, and Hengest sylf ; hwearf him on Idste. pa git Gdrulf GASere styrode, fat hie swS, fre61ic feorh forman sltSe 20 t6 fsere healle durum hyrsta ne baeran, nu hyt nl6a heard Anyman -wolde : ac he fragn ofer eal undearninga, de6r-m6d hale^, hwA ]>& duru he61de. "SigefertS is mln nama (cwSS he). ■ ic eom Secgena le6d, • See V. 1069 seqq. 25-48.] BEOWULF. 101 25 " wrecca wide cftS. Fela ic weAna gebdd, " heardra hilda ; ]>e is gyt her witod, " swaSer pu sylf t6 me sScean wylle." pa was on wealle wal-slihta gehlyn, sceolde celod bord c6num on handa 30 b^n-lielm berstan. Buruh-felu dynede, 6S fat at Jisere gftSe G&rulf geerang, ealra serest eor^-bftendra, Gflt5iafes sunu ; ymbe hine g6dra fela. Hwearf /lacra hraew hrafn, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-brftn ; swurd-le6nia st6d swylce eal Finns-buruh fjhrenu waere. Ne gefragn ic nsefre wur^llcor at wera hilde sixtig sige-beorna sfil gebaeran, ne naefre sw^nas sw6tne medo s^l forgyldan, 40 fonne Hnafe guidon his hag-stealdas. Hig fuhton fif dagas, swS, hyra nS,n ne fe61 driht-geslSa, ac hig ]>& duru he61don. pa gewdt him wund haleS on wag gangan, saede fat his byrne 4brocen waere, 45 here-sceorpum hr6r, and e&c was his helm fyrl. pa hine s6na fragn folces hyrde, hfi ]>& wlgend hyra wunda genaeson otSSe hwatSer fsera hyssa LIST OF NAMES GLOSSARY. ABBREVIATIONS. m.: masculine. f.: feminine. n.: neuter. nom., gen., etc.: nominative, genitive, ei. w.: weak. w. v.: weak verb. St.: strong. at. v.: strong verb. I., n., in.: first, second, third pers: comp. : compound. imper.: imperative. w.: with. Instr.: instrumental. G. and Goth. : Ctothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G.: Old High German. M.H.G.: Middle High German. The vowel a = a in c/lad ) . r approximately. The diphthong ae = a m hair ) The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. LIST OF NAMES. Abel, 'Gain's brother, io8. Alf-here (gen. Alf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of WlglSf s, 2605. isc-here, confidential adviser of King HrSSgSr (1326), older broth- er of Yrmeniaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324,2123. Ban-stS.n, father of Breca, 524. Beo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is ITealfdene, 57. Be6--wulf (Biowulf, 1988,2390; gen. Bedwulfes, 857, etc., Biowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Beowulfe, 610, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Geatas. His father is the Wsegmunding EcgJ>e6w (263, etc.) ; his mother a daughter of HrS^el, king of the Geatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with HrStSel's sons, Herebeald, HseBcyn, and HygelSc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.) ; as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (71 1 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geatas to the assist- ance of the Danish king, HrStSgar, against Grendel, 1 98 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 7 1 1 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, pre- sented with rich gifts by HroSg3.r, I02lff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again re- ceived gifts, he leaves HroSgSr ( 1 8 1 8-1 888) , and returns to Hyge- ISc, 1964 ff. — After Hygeiac's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this bat- tle he crushes Daghrefn, one of the Hflgas, to death, 2502 f. He re- jects at the same time HygelSc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the gov- ernment as guardian of the young HeardrSd, son of HygelSc, 2378 ff. After HeardrWs death, the king- dom falls to Be6wulf, 2208, 2390. — Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardr&d, he kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. — His fight with the drake, 2539ff. His death, 28r8. Hisburial,3i35ff. Breca (ace. Brecan, 506, 531), son of BeanstSn, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming- match with Beowulf, 506 ff. Brondinsas (gen.Brondinga, 521). Breca, their chief, 521. Brosinga mene, corrupted from, ot according to MUUenhoff, written by 106 LIST OF NAMES. mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Bri- singas once possessed. Cain (gen. Caines, 107) : descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 S. Dag-hrefn (dat. Daghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hflgas, who, accord- ing to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of King HygelSc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hftgas. Is crushed to death by Beowulf in a hand-to- hand combat, 2502 ff. Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. De- num, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Run- enlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once calledHrl^men, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bare the names Gar-Dene, I, 1857, Hring- Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: East-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sa'5-Dene, 463, NortS-Dene, 784. — Their dwelling-place " in Scedelan- dum," 19, "on ScedenJgge," 1687, "be soem twednum," 1 586. Ecg-iaf (gen. Ecgiafes, 499), Hftn- fer^'s father, 499. Ecg-J>e6w (nom. Ecg>e6w, 263, Ecg)>e6, 373; gen. Ecg)>edvves,529, etc., EcgHdwes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geatas, of the house of the W£egmundings. Beowulf is the son of EcgJ^edw, by the only daugh- ter of HrSSel, king of the Geatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Hea^olSf (460), and in con- sequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, HroSglr, by means of gold, arranges the strife for him, 470. Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his de- scendants, 1 71 1. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynas- ty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremod. See Heremdd. Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongent)e6w, the Scylfing, 62, 63. Earna-nas, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geatas, where occurred Beowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. E&dgils (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son of Ohthere,and grandson of Ongen- )pe6w, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is Ednmund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207,2380-2397,2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured : — The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund and Eadgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their fol- lowers from Svri6rice, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geatas to HeardrSd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile in- tent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f , we are to presume that they came against HeardrSd with de- signs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme ; or feorme, MS.) Hear- dr§d falls, probably through treach- ery, by the hand of one of the LIST OF NAMES. 107 brothers, 2386,2207. The murderer must have been Eanmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of WeohstSn brings death." WeohstSn takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eanmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. ButWeoh- stSn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20. — After HeardrSd's and Eanmund's death, the descendant of Ongen- the6w, Eadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Be6wulf, who has, since HeardrSd's death, ascended the throne of the Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remem- bers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eadgils makes an inva- sion into the land of the Geatas (2394-95), during which hefaUsat the hands of Beowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005- 6, where only the version, Scylfin- gas, can give a satisfactory sense). Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Geatas, son of WonrSd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongen>eow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from KingHygelac, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrtces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Helden- sage, p. 2, ff.). HSma has wrested the Brosinga mene from him, 1202. EiOmser, son of Offa and prySc (cf, prySo), 1961. Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc. ; dat. Finne, 1 129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians and of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a, daughter of H6ce, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the "obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows : In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situ- ated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hoeing, Hnaf, a relative — per- haps a brother — of Hildeburg is spending some time as giiest. Hnaf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnaf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hen- gest, who was among Hnaf 's fol- lowers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are dimin- ished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg be- moans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f.,cf. 1116,1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (io86) under the conditions mentioned (1087— 1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the home proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, pre- 108 LIST OF NAMES. vented by ice and storms from re- turning home (Grain). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Ga«iaf and Osiaf avenge Hnaf s fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled wi*]i the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried avifay, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160. Finua land. Beowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. Fitela, the son and nephew of the Walsing, Sigemund, and his com- panion in arms, 876-890. (Sige- mund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Beowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.) Folc-'walda (gen. T^olc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. Francan (gen. Francna, 121 1 ; dat. Froncum, 2913). King HygeUc fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hflgas, 1211, 2917. Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fres- na,29i6; dat.Frysum, 1208,2913). To be distinguished, are : l) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 £f. ; 2) West Frisians, in al- liance with the Franks and Hflgas, in the war against whom Hygel^c falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, n 27 ; that of the latter, Fresna land, 29 1 6. Pr . . es wal (in Fr . . es wale, 1071), mutilated proper name. Freavraru, daughter of the Danish king, Hr&SgSr ; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Hea^o- beard king, Fr8da, in order to end a war between the Danes and the Hea^obeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. Fr5da (gen. Frodan), father of In- geld, the husband of Freaware, 2026. G^rmund (gen. GSrmundes, 1963), father of Offa. His grandson is EdmEEr, 1961-63. Gedtas (gen. Geata, 205, etc. ; dat. Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in South- ern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs ; also called Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, We- deras, 225, 423, etc. ; GftSgeatas, 1539; Ssegeatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are ; HrS^el; Hse^cyn, second son of HrSSel; Hygelic, the brother of Hse'Scyn; HeardrSd, son of Hyge- 14c; then Beowulf. Gifffas (dat. Gif«um, 2495), Ge- pidse, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495. Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) °f Cain's race, 107, iii, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hro^- gUr's hall and carries off thirty war- riors, 115 ff., 1583 ff. He contin- ues this for twelve years, till Beo- wulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a tro- phy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Aschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 fF.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead(i589), and brings it to HrSS- gSr, 1648. LIST OF NAMES. 109 GfiaF-mf and Osiaf, Danish war- riors under Hnaf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149. Hd^lgii, with the surname, til, the younger brother of the Danish king, HrolSgar, 61. His son is Hro^ulf, 1018, 1165, 1182. H&ina wrests the Brosinga mene from Eormenrlc, 1 199. Hareff (gen. Hare^es, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of HygelSc, 1930, 1982. Hseffcyu (dat. Hae^cynne, 2483), second son of Hr^^el, king of the Geatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hr§- •Sel's death, he obtains the king- dom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ra- venswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenjjeow, 2925. His successor is his younger broth- er, HygelSc, 2944 ff., 2992. Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhlieow, HroiSgSr's wife, 621. Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mseg, 1945; Edmasr, 1962. Ac- cording to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of GSrmund, Offa's father. Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084) : about him and his relations to Hnaf and Finn, see Finn. Here-beald(dat.'Herebealde,2464), the oldest son of HrSBel, king of the Geatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Hss^cyn, 2440. Here-mdd (gen. Heremodes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, ac- cording to Grein, immediately pre- ceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1 7 10. Here-ric (gen. Hererlces, 2207). HeardrSd is called Hererlces nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him. Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the HQgas, conquer HygelSc, king of the Gea- tas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scyl- ding (57) ; rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, HeorogSr, HroSgSr, and HSlga (61), and a daughter. Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenlieow, 62, 63. Heard-red (dat. Heardr^de, 2203, 2376), son of HygelSc, king of the Geatas, and Hygd. After his fath- er's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379) ; wherefore Beowulf, as nephew of Heardr^d's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beowulf avenges on Ead- gils, 2396-97. Heaffo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2o58), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Froda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King HroSgir has given his daughter, Freaware, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a marriage that does not result hap- pily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his jvife, nevertheless takes revenge no LIST OF NAMES. for his father, 2021-2070 (Wldsi^, 45-49)- Heaffo-iaf (dat. HeaSo-Mfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgbedw, Be6wulf's father, kills him, 460. Heaiffo-rBemas reaches Breca in the swimming-race with Bedwulf, 519. Heoro-gar(nom.6l; Heregar,467; Hiorog^r, 2159), son of Healfdene, and older brother of Hr6'Sg5r, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beowulf has received fromHroSgSr (2156), and presents it to HygelSc, 2158. Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), HeorogSr's son, 2161-62. Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heo- rotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, He- orute, 767, Hiorte, 2ioo). HrStS- gSr's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-rpom for his liegemen, built by him with un- usual splendor, 69, 78. In it oc- curs Beowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western. Hildeburb, daughter of Hoce, rela- tive of the Danish leader, Hnaf, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she be- comes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn. Hnaf (gen. Hnafes, 1115), a Ho- eing (Wldsl^, 29) , the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn. Hond-sci6, warrior of the Geatas ; dat. 2077. H6c (gen. Hoces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnaf (Wldsl«, 29). Hreffel (gen. Hrg'SIes, i486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Geatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecg- J>e6w, and has born him Beowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, HsetS- cyn, and HygelSc, 2435. The eld- est of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, HrSSel be- comes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475- Hrearia (gen. Hrg-Slan, MS. Hrsed- lan, 454), the same as HrSSel (cf. Miillenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Beowulf's coat of mail, 454. Hr6af-nieii(gen. HrSIS-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445. HreSF-ric, son of Hro^gir, 1190, 1837- Hrefna-'wndu, 2926, or Hrefnes- halt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, OngenJ;efiw, slew Hae^cyn, king of the Geatas, in battle. Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Geatas, near which On ■ gen))e6w's sons, Ohthere and One- la, had made repeated robbing in- cursions into the country after HrSSel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which HrS^el's son, King Hse'Scyn, fell, 2478 ff. Hr6ff-gar (gen. Hro^gSres, 235, etc.; dat. Hv8«-glre, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, HeorogSr, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not cer- tain whether HeorogSr was king of the Danes before Hro'Sgir, ot LIST OF NAMES. Ill whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive) . His consort is Wealh)je6w (613), of the stoclc of the Hel- mings (621), who has born him two sons, HrS'Srtc and Hr8Smund (1190), and a daughter, Freaware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Hea- ■Sobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne- room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is sldijn by Befiwulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hro«- gSi's rich gifts to Beowulf, in con- sequence, 1021,1818; heispraised as being generous, 71 ff ,80, 1028 ff, 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff, 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725. — Other information about Hro'SgSr's reign for the most part only sug- gested : his expiation of the murder which Ecg)je6w, Beowulf s father, committed upon Hea^olif, 460, 470; his war with the Hea^obeard- ' nas ; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freaware, in mar- riage to their king, Ingeld; evil re- sults of this marriage, 2021-2070. — Treachery of his brother's son, Hro'Sulf, intimated, 1165-1166. HrSff-miind, Hro^ir's son, 1190. HrSff-ulf, probably a son of Halga, the younger brother of King HrSIS- gSr, 10 1 8, 1 1 82. Wealhbedw ex- presses the hope C1182) that, in case of the early death of Hro^gSr, Hro'S-ulf would prove a good guar- dian to Hro%Sr's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1 1 65, 1 1 65 that HrotS-ulf has abused his trust towards Hr6Sgar. Hrones-nas (dat. -nasse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Geatas, vis- ible from afar. Here is Beowulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137. Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, l56o), Hflnfer'S's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. Hugas (gen. Hflga, 2503), HygeUc wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Daghrefn, whom Bedwulf slays, 2503. Hun-ferff, the son of EcglSf, \>y\e of King HroSgSr. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1 167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated vfith vowels, it is probable that the origi- nal form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3,414) conjectures, Unfer^. Hun-lS/fing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1 144. Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2 173), daughter of HareS, 1930; consort of Hyge- lic, king of the Geatas, 1927; her son, HeardrSd, 2203, etc. — Her noble, womanly character is em- phasized, 1927 ff. Hyge-iac (gen. Hige-ISces, 194, etc., HygeUces, 2387; dat. HigelSce, 452, HygelSce, 2170), king of the Geatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, HrS- «el, i486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hje^cyn, 2435 ; his sister'sson, Beowulf, 374, 375. Af- ter his brother, Hse'Scyn, is killed by Ongenjjeow, he undertakes the 112 LIST OF NAMES. government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying OngenJ>e6w, his only daugh- ter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Beowulf from his expedition to Hro'SgSr, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daugh- ter of Hasre^, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his sec- ond wife. Their son is HeardrM, 2203, 2376, 2387. — HygelSc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hdgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17. Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Froda, the Ilea^obeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 205 1 ff. In order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Freaware, daughter of the Danish king, HroSgSr, 2025- 30. Vet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated ad- monitions of an old warrior, 2042- 70 (WldsltS, 45-59). Ing-TPiiie (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioin- ga, 2922), a name of the Franks, 2922. Nagling, the name of Beowulf's sword, 2681. Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (WldsltS, 35), the son of Girmund, 1963; married (1950) to pry'So (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 £f.), by whom he has a son, Efima;r, 1961. Oht-bere (gen. Ohtheres, 2929, 2933 ; Chteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongenjieow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eanmund(26l2)andEadgils, 2393. Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), 6ht- here's brother, 2617, 2933. Ongen-]>e6TO' (nom. -Jjeow, 2487, ->i6, 2952 ; gen. Jiedwes, 2476, ->i6wes, 2388; dat. -\>i6, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings ; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps. Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ohthere, 2933. She is taken pris- oner by Hss^cyn, king of the Gea- tas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 £f. She is set free by Ongenjieow (2931), who kills HseBcyn, 2925, and encloses the Geatas, now deprived of their lead- er, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff-)> till they are freed by Hygelic, 2944. A battle then follows, which is un- favorable to Ongenl>e6w's army. Ongenjieow himself, attack-ed by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff. Os-l^f, a warrior of Hnaf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, Ii49f. Scede-land, 19. Sceden-ig (dat. Sceden-lgge, 1687), O.N., ScSn-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom. Scef or Scedf, the father of Scyld, 4. Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a ScSfing, 4. His SOB is Beowulf, 18, 53; LIST OF NAMES. 113 his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hro'Sgar, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff. — Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 fF.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name. Scyldlngas(Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 5 3, etc. , Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige- Scyldingas, 598, 2005; peod-Scyl- dingas, 1020 ; Here-Scyldingas, 1 109. Soyllingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Geata's, since Wiglaf, the son of Wihstin, who in another place, as a kinsman of Beowulf, is called a Wasgmunding (2815), is also called leod Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are per- haps as follows : — Scylf. Wsegmund. Ecgjieow. WeohstSn. Ongenjiedw. I \ L_ Beowulf. Wigiaf. Onela. Ohthere. L_ Eanmund. Eadgils. The Scylfings are also called Hea^o- Scilfingas, 63, Gil'S-Scylfingas, 2928. Slge-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wals, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), HygelSc's grandfather, and HrS- ^el's father, 1204. Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swed-J^edd, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swidrice, 2384, 2496. Jjryffo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Ed- rmer, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Geatas. Wals (gen. Walses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. Wseg-miindlngas (gen. Wsegmun- dinga, 2608, 2815). The Wseg- mundings are on one side, WihstSn and his son WiglSf ; on the other side, Ecgjiedw and his son Beowulf (2608, 281 5) . See under Scyllin- gas. Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geatas. See Gedtas. Wgland (gen. W^landes, 455), the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail, 455- Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348) : their chief is WulfgSr. See Wulfgar. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabi- tants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. WeaUi-]»e6w (613, Wealh-J;ed, 665, H63), the consort of King HroS- gSr, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hr§"5rlc and HrS'Smund, 1 190; her daughter, Freaware, 2023. Weoh-stan (gen . Weox-stSnes, 2603, Weoh-stSnes, 2863, Wih-stSnes, lU LIST OF NAMES. 2753, 2908, etc.), a WEegmunding (2608), father of WlglSf, 2603. In what relationship to him Alf here, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear. — WeohstSn is the slayer of Eanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, HeardrSd. See Ednmund. Wlg-iaf, Weohstan's son, 2603, etc., a Waegmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylling, 2604; a kinsman of Alf- here, 2605. For his relationship to Beowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylflngas. — He supports Bedwulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 S. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. Won-red (gen. Wonrgdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geatas, Wonr^d's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of HygelSc and Ongenjieow with On- gen)>e6w himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongen- jieow, by a stroke of his sword, dis- ables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongen- jieow a mortal blow, 2978 ff. Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at HrotSgar's court, and is his " kt and ombiht," 335. Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). EcgJ>ec5w has slain Hea'SolSf, a war- rior of this tribe, 460. Yrmen-iaft younger brother of Asc- here, 1325. GLOSSARY. ac, conj. denoting contrariety : hence l) ^«/(like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135. 339. etc. — 2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc. — 3) in direct questions : nonne, numquid, 1991. aglseca, alilseca, aglseca, -cea, w. m. (Goth. aglS, trouble ; agl-s, Ags. egle, troublesome; O.H.G. egileihhi, trouble) ; original mean- ing, bringer of trouble : hence i) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the dralie, 2535, 2906, etc. — 2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Beowulf: gen. sg. aglaecan(?), 1513; ofBed- wulf and the drake: nom. pi. J)4 agliEcean, 2593. agV3ec-'Wit,st.'a., demoniacal, in the form of a woman; of Grendel's mother, 1260. aldor. See ealdor. al-Avealda. See eal-w. am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and- baht-s), St. m., servant, man-ser- vant : nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulf- gfc, 336. ainliiht-)>egii (from ambiht n. ofS- cium and J>egn, which see),servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht- t>egne, of Beowulf's servant, 674. an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, 678 ; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), 1936 ; with the ace, 1248. Elsewhere on, which see. ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. aucor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor- cable : dat. pi. oncer-bendum, 1919. and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.) anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat. wrS^um on andan, 709, 2315- and-git, st. n., insight, understand- ing : nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. and-hator, st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. rS'Sesand- hSttres, 2524. and-Iang, -long, adj., very long: hence l) at whole length, raised up high : ace. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zach- ers Ztschr., 4, 21 7) . — 2) continual, entire; andlangne dag, 2116, the whole day ; andlonge niht, 2939. and-le&n, st. n., reward, payment in full : ace. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.). and-risno,st. f.(von risan surgere, decere), that which is to be ob- served, that which is proper, eti- quette : dat. pi. for andrysnum, ac- cording to etiquette, 1797. 116 GLOSSARY. and-saca, \v. m., adversary : godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. and-slyht, st. m., blow in return : ace. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht). and-sv^arUiSt. f., act of accosting: I ) to persons coming up, an address, 2861. — 2) in reply to something said, an answer, ^^4, 1494, 1841. and-Tveard, adj., present, existing: ace. sg. n. swin ofer helme and- weard (the image of the boar, which stands on his helm"), 1288. and-'wiita, w. m., countenance: ace. sg. -an, 690. an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed : nom. sg. m., 1001. an-s^n, f., the state of being seen : hence i) the exterior, the form, 251 : ansyn ywde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, 2835. — ^) aspect, appearance, 929; on-syn, 2773. an-walda, w. m., He who rules over all, God, 1273. atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.) , hos- tile, frightful, cruel : of Grendel, 159. 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Gren- del's mother's hands (dat. pi. ato- lan), 1503 ; of the undulation of the waves, 849 ; of battle, 597, 2479. — cf. O.N. atall, fortis, stre- nuus. atellc, adj., terrible, dreadful : ate- l!c egesa, 785. ft, adv. (Goth, aiv, ace. from aiv-s aevum), ««/£?", always, 455, 882,931, 1479 : S sy'StSan, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, 283, 2921. — ever, 780. — Comp. nS. fl,d, St. xa. funeral pile : ace. sg. id, 3139; dat. sg. Sde, iiii, 1115. ad-faru, St. f., way to thefuneralpile; dat. sg. on 3d-fare, 3011. &Si.,%t.i.,sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849. S8fj St. m., oath ingeneral, 2740; oath of allegiance, 472 ( ?) ; oath of reconciliation of two warring peo- ples, 1098, 1 108. aSF-STreordjSt. n., the solemn takingof an oath, the swearing of an oath : nom. pi., 2065. See sweord. aSCani-STverlan, m. pi., son-in-law and father-in-law : dat. pi., 84. Sigan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. ace. : III. prs. sg. 4h, 1728 ; inf. Sgan, 1089 ; prt. Shte, 487, 522, 533; with object, ge- weald,to be supplied, 3 1 . Form con- tracted with the negative : prs. sg. I. nSh hwi sweord wage {I have no one to wield the sword^, 2253. ^gen, adj., own, peculiar, 2677. 3.gend (prs. part, of Sgan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. Agendas, of God, 3076. — Compounds : blsed-, bold-, fole-, magen-Sgend. ftgend-f red, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. Sgand-fraan, 1884. 3,hsjan, ge-fthsjan, w. v. : l) ^ ex- amine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part, ge-ihsod, 433. — 2) to experience, to endure: pret. &h- sode, 1207; pi. Shsodon, 423. aiit,st.n. (contracted from i-wiht, which see), something, anything: Sht cwicas, 2315. an, num. The meaning of this word betrays its original demonstrative character: l) this, that, 241 1, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel, already mentioned), cf. also 2775. — 2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense : ymb ine niht {the next night), 135; J>urh in es craft, 700; GLOSSARY. 117 J>ara Snum, 1038; Sn after anum, one for the other (HreSel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, Sn after eallum, 2269 ; dnes hwat, some single thing, a part, 301 1 ; se Sn leoda dugufie, the one of the heroes of the people, 22T,?>; ^nesmWs.n, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc. — Hence, again, 3) alone, distin- guished, 1459, 1886. — 4) «, in the sense of an indefinite article : Sn . . . feond, 100; gen. sg. Snre bSne (or to No.2[?]),428; 4.n...draca, 2211 — 5) gen. pi. inra, in connection with a-pronoun, single; Snra gehwilces, every single one, 733; Snra geh- wylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pi. in this sense : nemne feaum inum, except a few single onis, 1082. — 6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965 ; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., Sna Geata dugu^e, alone of the ■warriors of the Gedtas, 2658. — 7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see aen. — Comp. nan. §;n-f eald, adj ., simple, plain, without reserve : ace. sg. Snfealdne gej^oht, simple opinion, 256. 3.n-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, ai Grendel, 165, 449. S^n-liaga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369. an-hydlg, adj. (like the O.N. ein- rid-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm re- solve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. 3.nga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only : ace. sg. Sngan dohtor, 375, 2998; Sngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. Sngan br^'Ser, 1263. ^n-pad', St. ra., lonely way, path: ace. pi. ilnpa^as, 141 1. ^n-rsed, adj. (cf. under 4n-hydig), of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576. diii-tid,st. f., <>»f time, i.e. the same time : ymb Sn-tld SISres dogores, about the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219. — Sn stands as in in-m6d, O.H.G, ein-muoti, harmonious, of the saint disposition, £inunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, 635. fir, St. m., ambassador, ^messenger, 336, 2784. ftr, st.f., i) honor, dignity: Srumheal- dan, to hold in honor, 296 ; similar- ly, IICX3, 1 183. — 2) favor, gi-ace, support: ace. sg. Sre, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. Sre, 2379; gen. pi. hwat . . . Srna, 1188. — Comp. worold-ir; also written £er. ^r-fasty adj., honorable, upright, 1 1 69; of Hftnfer^ (with reference to 588). See fast. S.rian, w.v., (Jo be gracious"), tospare: lll.sg. prs. w. dat. njEnegum SratS; of Grendel, 599. ar-staf,st. m.,(elementum honoris), grace, favor : dat. pi. mid Srstafum, 317. — Help, support: dat. pi. for Sr-stafum, to the assistance, 382, 458. See stiif. ^ter-t^n, m., poisoiious branch: dat. pi. Iren dter-tdnum fih (steel which is damasceened by the sap of branches used in sorcery), 1460. &ttor, St. n.,poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716, attor-scealSa, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon : gen. sg. -scea'San, 2840. &wSl, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of S, which see), ever : dwS tS aldre, for ever and ever, 956. 118 GLOSSARY. adre, adv., hastily, directly, imme- diately, 77, 354, 3107. aSele, adj., noble : nom. sg., of Beo- wulf, 198, 1313; of Beowulf's fath- er, 263, where it can be understood as 'well in a moral as in a genealo- gical sense; the latter prevails de- cidedly in the gen. sg. aSelan cyn- nes, 2235. aSFeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appel- lation of a man of royal birth ; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of HroSgdr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Daghrefn, 2507; — then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men : Aschere, 1 295 ; Hr8%ir's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremod's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1 1 13; Beowulf's retinue, 1805,1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. — Coiiip. sib-a'5eling. aSelUjSt.n., only inthe pi., noble de- scen', nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: ace. pi. aSelu, 392; dat. pi. cyning aSelum god, the king, of noble birth, 1871 ; a'Selum diore, worthy on account of no- ble lineage, 1950 ; aSelum (hsele- >um, MS.), 332. — Comp. fader- aSelu. afuan, w. v. w. ace, to perform, to carry out, to accomplish : inf. ellen- weorc afnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht afnde, perpe- trated lurong, 1255. ge-afnan, i) to carry out, to do, to accomplish : pret. pi. J)at geafndon swS, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. SS was geafned, the oath was sworn, 1 108. — 2) get ready, pre- pare: pret. part, geafned, 3107. See efiian. after (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, i 2, 341, 1390, 2155. — ic him after sceal, / shall go after them, 2817; in word after cwa'S, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned ; b) prep. w. dat., i) (tem- poral) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; after beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; after mS^Sum-welan, after (obtain- ing) the treasure, 275 1 . — 2) (causal) as proceeding from something, de- noting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to : after rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 21 II; after faro^e, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., after hea^o-swSte, in consequence of , the blood of battle, 1607; after walnl'6e,z;z consequence of mortal enmity, 85 ; in accordance with, on account of, after, about; after a^elum (haele)jum, MS.)fragn, asked about the descent, 332 ; ne frin \>w after s^lum, ask not after 7ny welfare, 1 323 ; after sincgyfan greo- tet?, weeps for the giver of trea- sure, 1 343 ; him after deorum men dyrne langa'5, longs in secret for the dear man, 18S0; Sn after Snum, one for the other, 2462, etc. — 3) (local), along: after gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945 ; sohte bed after bflrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; after recede wlSt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone after st^ne, smelt along the GLOSSARY. 119 rocks, 2289; after lyfte, along the air, through the air, 2833; simi- larly, 996, 1068, 13 1 7, etc. af-]>unca, w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair : nom., 502. aglsecea. See aglaecea. aled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. eld-r), St. TO.., fire, 3016. aled-leoina, w. m., (^fire- light"), torch: ace. sg. leoman, 3126. See le6ina. al-fylce (from al-, Goth, ali-s, iXKos, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., other folk, hostile army : dat. pi. witS alfyl- cum, 2372. al-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., al- mighty : nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se al-mihtiga, 92. al-vrillt, St. m., being of another spe- cies, monster : gen. pi. al-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Gren- del's kindred, 1 501. appel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or dappled yellow : nom. pi. appel- fealuwe mearas, dappled yellow steeds, 2166. arn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, t>ryS-, win-arn. asc, St. m., ash (does not occur in Beowulf in this sense) , lance, spear, because the shaft consists of ash wood : dat. pi. (quS instr.) ascum and ecgum, with spears and swords, «773- asc-holt, St. n., ash wood, ashen shaft : nom. pi. asc-holt ufan grsg, the.ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), 330. asc-wiga, w. m., spear-fighter, war- rior armed with the spear : nom. sg., 2043. at, prep. w. dat., with the fundamen- tal meaning of nearness to some- thing, hence i) local, a) with, near. at, on, in (rest) : at hJtJe, in har- bor, 32; at syrale, at the meal, 81; at ide, <;» the funeral-pile, mi, 1 1 15; atj>e^num, with thee alone, 1378; atwlge, in the fight, 1338; at hilde, 1660, 2682; at jete, in eat- '■"gt 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to) : dealSes wylm hrin at heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271 ; geheton at hargtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the_ gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object) : gejieah Jiat ful at Wealhjjeon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebSd grynna at Gren- A\s, frotn Grendel, q^l ; atmtnum fader genam, took me from my fath- er to himself, 2430.— 2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: at frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45 ; at ende, at an end, 224; fand slnne dryhten ealdres at ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791 ; similarly, 2823; at feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; at sliSestan,7?Ka//)', 3014. at-graepe, adj., laying hold of, pre- hendens, 1270. at-rihte, adv., almost, 1658. IE, aedre, 6dre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Be6w.),z'^?» (not in Bedw.), stream, violent pouring forth : dat. pi. swSt sedrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2967 ; blod Sdrum dranc, dratik the blood in streams^}), 743. aeSTm, st. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hreSer aelSme weoU, the breast (of the drake) heaved with snorting, 2594. aefen, st. m., evening, 1236. 120 GLOSSARY. iefen-gram, adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. sefen- grom, of Grendel, 2075. sefen-Iedh^ st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., 413. aefen-rast, st. f., evening-rest : ace. sg. -raste, 647, 1253. sefen-sprsec, st. f., evening-talk : ace. sg. geraunde . . . sefen-sprsece, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760. 'aefre, adv., ever, at any time, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc. : in negative sentences, sefre ne, never, 2601. — Comp. nsefre. aeg-hwa (O.H.G. 80-ga-hwer), pron., every, each : dat. sg. seg- hwam, 1385. The gen. sg. in adver- bial sense, in all, throughout, thor- oughly : seghwas untaele, thoroughly blameless, 1866; ^gh-was unrtm, entirely innumerable quantity, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. eeg-lxwaffer (O.H.G. 8o-ga-hwe- dar) : l) each (of tvifo) : nom. sg. hafde seghwa'Ser ende gefSred, each of the two (Beowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. seghwaSrum wasbroga framoiSrum, to each of the two (Beowulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. seghwaSres . . . worda and worca, 287. — 2) each (of several) : dat. sg. heora seghwaSrum, 1637. seg-liwaer, adv., everywhere, 1060. aeg-hwUc (O.H.G. ?o-gi-hwelih), pron., unusquisque, every (one) : l) used as an adj. : ace. sg. m. dsel seghwylcne, 622. — 2) as substan- tive, a) with the partitive genitive : nom. sg. aeg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. seghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen. : nom. sg. jeghvi^lc, 985, 988; (was) Eeghwylc otSrum trjwe, each one (of two") true to the other, 1 166. seg-weard, st. f., watch on the sea shore: ace. sg. aeg-wearde, 241. aeht (abstract form from Sgan, de- noting the state of possessing), St. f. : i) possession, power : ace. sg. on flSdes seht, 42; on wateres aeht, into the power of the water, 516; on seht gehwearf Denigea frean, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680. — 2) prop- erty, possessions, goods: ace. pi. sehte, 2249. — Comp. m^ISm-, gold- seht (O.H.G. ahta), st. i., pursuit: nom. >S was seht boden Sweona leodum, segn HigelSce, then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, {their') banner to Hy- gelac (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of HygelSc), 2958. ge- sell tan, w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part, gesehted, 1886. ge-sehtla, w. m., or ge-aelitle, w. f., a speaking of with praise, high esteem : gen. sg. hy . . . wyr^e J>incea'S eorla gesehtlan, seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born^ 369- sen (parallel form of Sn), num., one : ace. sg. m. J^one zenne Jjone . . ., the one whom . . ., 1054; oftormicle Jjonne on senne sl^, m,uch ofienef than one time, 1580; forS onsen- don Knne, sent him forth alone, 46. aeue, adv., once : oft nalles sene, 3020. senig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc. : instr. sg. nolde . . . asnige t>inga, would in no way, not at all, 792; lyt senig mearri, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), 3130. — With the article: nas se folccyning . . . senig, no people's king, 2735. — Comp. noenig. GLOSSARY. 121 een-lic, adj., alone, excellent, disiin- ^ished: %nllc ans^n, distinguished appearance, 25 1 ; teah t>e hi6 sen- lieu s^, though she be beautiful, 1942. ser (comparative form, from S) : i) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15. 656, 695, 758, 901, etc., for a long time, 2596 : eft swS aer, again as formerly, 643 ; ser ne sKISan, neither sooner nor later, 719 ; ser and sr5, sooner and later(s.\\ times), 2501 ; nS hj ser (not so much the sooner'), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082,' 2161, 2467. — 2) conjunct., before, ere : a) witli the ind. ; aer hio tS setle geong, 2020. b) w. subjunc. : aer ge fyr feran, before you travel farther, 2^2; ser he on weg hwurfe, 264, so 677, 2819 ; ser J>on dag cwome, ere the day break, 732; ser correlative to ser adv. : ser he feorh seleS, aldor an ofre, eer he wille . . ., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will . . ., 1372. — 3) prepos. with dat., before : ser deaiSe, before death, 1389 ; ser dages hwlle, be- fore daybreak, 2321 ; ser swylt- dage, before the day of death, 2799. seror, comp. adv., sooner, before- hand, 810; formerly, 2655. serra, comp. adj., earlier : instr. pi., serran mselum, in former times, 908, 2238, 3036. serest, super). : l) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc. — 2) as subst. n., relation in the begin- ning : ace. Jjat ic his serest >e eft gesagde {told thee, in what rela- tion it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented"), 2158. Eer-dag,st. m. (before-day),morning- twilight,gray of morning: dat. sg. raid serdage, 126; samod xrdage, 1312, 2943. aerende, st. n., errand, trust : ace. sg-, 270, 345. aer-fader, st. m., late father, de- ceased father : nom. sg. sw4 his serfader, 2623. 8er-gestre6ii, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times : ace. sg., 1758 ; gen. sg. swylcra fela sergestreona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestredn. aer-ge^veorc, st. n., work dating from old times : nom. sg. enta ser- gevifeorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. SBr-g5d, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or ad- vantages : aiSeling sergod, 130; (eorl) sergod, 1330 ; Sren serg8d {excellent sword), 990, 2587. aer-'wela,w.m., old possessions, riches dating from- old ti?nes : ace. sg. asrwelan, 2748. See wela. ses, St. n., carcass, carrion : dat. (instr.) .sg. sese, of Aschere's corpse, 1333- set, St. m., food, meat : dat. sg., ht him at sete speow, how he fared well at meat, 3027. settren (see Sttor), ai]., poisonous : was Jiat blod to J>a5 hat, asttren ellorgdst, se Jjser inne swealt, so hot was the blood, {and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618 bana, bona, w. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1 103, etc.: ace. sg. bonan Ongenjieowes, of HygelSc,although 122 GLOSSAEY. in reality his men slewOngenbedw (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects : ne was ecg bona, 2507; wear's wracu Weoh- stSnes bana, 2614. — Comp. : ecg-, feorh-, gist-, hand-, mfilS-bana. bon-gS-r, St. m, murdering spear, 2032. ge-bannan, st. v. w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the person, to command, to bid: inf., 74. b^d, sX.i., pledge, onlyin comp. : njd- bSd. b^ii, St. n., bone : dat. sg. on b&ne (on the bony skin of the drake) , 2579; dat. pi. heals ealne ymbe- f§ng biteran bSnum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693. bSn-cSfa, w. m., " cubile ossium " (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cSfan, 1446. bS.ii-f&g, adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hro«gar's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable. b&n-fat, St. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: ace. pi. bSn-fatu, 11 17. b&n-hring, st. m., the bone-struc- ture, joint, bone-joint : ace. pi. hire wiS halse . . . bSnhringas brae {broke her neck-joint'), 1568. ban-hus, St. n., bone-house, i.e. the body: ace. sg. b^nhfls gebrac, 2509; similarly, 3148. b^n-loca, w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body : ace. sg. bSt b&nlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pi. burston bSnlocan, the body burst (of Gvendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. bSt, St. m., boat, craft, ship, 211. — Comp. sse-b^t. bS,t-Tveard, st. m., boat-watcher, he who keeps watch oi'er the craft: dat. sg. -wearde, 1901. ', St. n., bath : ace. sg. ofer gano- tes ba^, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), 1862. barnan, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn : inf. h^t . . . b^nfatu bar- nan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1 1 1 7 ; ongan . . . beorht hofu bar- nan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), 2314. for-barnan, w, v., consume with fire : inf. hy hine ne moston . . . bronde for-barnan, i'/5«y (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Aschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127. bsedau (Goth, baidjan, O.H.G. bei- 'Sz),to incite, to encourage: pret. bssdde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. ge-bsedan,' w. v., to press hard: pret. part, bysigum gebseded, distressed by trouble, diffictdty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth : strasla storm strengum ge- bseded, the storm of arro^as sent from the strings, 31 18; overcome: draca . . . bealwe gebseded, the dragon . . , overcome by the ills of battle, 2827. bsel (O.N. \i^,%t.T\.,fire,flavies : (wyrm) mid bjele f3r, passed {through the air) with fire, 2309 ; hafde landwara Uge befangan, bsle and bronde, with fire and burn- ing, 2323. — Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, llio, 1117, 2127 ; mt he basl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819 ; h^talS . . . hlsew ge- wyrcean . . . after b«le, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Beowulf's words), 2804. GLOSSARY. 123 bsel-f^r, St. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral- pile . gen. pi. baelf^ra mosst, 3144. bael-stede, st. m., place for the fu- neral-pile : dat. sg. in bael-stede, 3098. tsel-'wudn, st. m., wood for the fu- neral-pile, 3113. beer, st. f., bier, 3106. g e - bseran, w-w.-to conduct one's self, behave : inf. w. adv., ne gefragn ic \p& mseg'Se . . . sSl gebseran, / did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler de- portment, 1013 ; he on eor^an geseah Jjone leofestan Itfes at ende bleate gebseran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825. g e - bsetan (denominative frombEete, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle : pret. part. >S was Hr6%4re hors geb^ted, 1400. be, prep. w. dat. (with the funda- mental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as at, but more gen- eral ") : l) local, near by, near, at, on (rest) : be ydlSfe uppe lae- gon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hafde be honda, held by the hand (Beowulf held Grendel), 815; be stem tweo- num, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686 ; be maste, on the mast, 1906; be {^tt, by the fire, 2220; be nasse, at the promontory, 2244; sat be Jjsm gebro^rum twsem, sat by the two brothers, H92 ; was se gryre lassa efne swS micle swS. bits mag'Sa craft be wsepnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc. — 2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by : gefeng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; SISdon lefifne hedden be maste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36 ; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; wjepen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1575, etc. — 3) with this is con- nected the causal force, on account of, for, according to : ic Hs gid be i>e Swrac, / spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy^sake, 1 724 ; JjCI ))e leer be Jion, learn according to this, from this, 1 723 ; be fader lire, according to her father's di- rection, 1951. — 4) temporal, w^27f, during : be i>s lifigendum, while thou livestf during thy life, 2666. See bi. bed, St. n., bed, couch ; ace. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pi. beddum, 1241. — Comp,: dea'S-, hlin-, lager-, mor&r-, wal- bed. g e - bedde, w. f ., bed-fellow : dat. sg. wolde secan cwen t6 gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fel- lo7v, to go to bed with her, 666. — Comp. heals-gebedde. begen, fem. bS., both : nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; ace. fem. on bihealfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bSm, 2197; and in connection with the posses- sive instead of the personal pro- noun, firum bim, 2661 ; gen. n. bega, 1874,2896; bega gehwa^res, each one of the two, 1044 ; bega folces, of both peoples, 1125. g e - belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell) , to irritate : w. 124 GLOSSAKY. dat. (pret. subj.) Jiat he Scean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part, gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge,MS.),2222; pl.gebolgne, 1432; more according to the origi- nal meaning in tome gebolgen, 2402. i-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. ace. 8^ Jjat hyne Sn Sbealh mon on mode, till a man angered him in his heart, 2281; pret. part. Sbol- gen, 724. ben, St. f., wound: ace. sg. benne, 2725. — Comp. : feorh-, seax-ben. bene, St. iif bench : nom. sg. bene, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1 189, 1 244. — Comp. : ealu-, medu- benc. benc-swSg, st. m., {bench-rejoic- ifg^t rejoicing which resounds from the benches, 1 162. benc-]>el, st. n., bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand: nom. pi. benc-Jielu, 486; ace. pi. bencjielu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240. 'btiaA,i\^xci.i.,bond, fetter : ace. sg. forstes bend, frosts bond, 1 610; dat. pi. bendum, 978. — Comp. : f^r-, hell-, hyge-, tren-, oncer-, searo-, wal-bend. ben-geat, st. n., (wound-gate), wound-opening: nom. pi. ben- geato, 1 122. bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer : in comp. hleor-bera. beran, st. v. w. ace, to carry : III. sg. pres. byre's, 296, 448; tone md'Mum byreiS, carries the ^r?aj- «?•« (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pi. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; h8ht J>^ se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bar, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bar fated wsege, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pi. bseron, 213, 1636, etc.; bseran, 2851; pret. part, boren, 1193, 1648, 3136. — The following expressions are po- etic paraphrases of the forms go, come : \>3.t we rondas beren eft t8 earde, 2654; gewtta'5 for'S beran wsepen and gewaedu, 291; ic ge- fragn sunu WihstSnes hringnet be- ran, 2755; wigheafolan bar, 2662; helmas bseron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas b^ran, 285 1 : they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons. • at-beran, to carry to : inf. t3 bea- dolSce (battle) atberan, 1562; pret. JiS hine on morgentld on Hea&rsemas holm up atbar, the sea bore him up to the Hea%oramas, 519; hio Be6wulfe medoful atbar, brought Bedwulf the mead-cup, 625 ; magenbyrtSenne . . . hider fit atbar cyninge mlnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pi. ht hyne atbasron t6 brimes fa- rotSe, 28. for-beran, /o hold, to suppress : inf. J>at he Jione breostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878. ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. Jiat IS mag secgan se Jje so^ and riht fremeiS on folce . . . J^at hes eorl waere geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born) , 1 704. 6^-beran, to bring hither : pret. )>£ mec sse 3%ar on Finna land, 579- GLOSSARY. 125 on-beran (O.H.G. in bgran, intpe- ran, but in the sense of carere), au- ferre, to carry off, to take away : inf. tren sergod J>at has ahbecan blSdge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part, (was) onboren beaga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285. — Compounds with the pres. part. : helm-, sSwl-berend. berlan (denominative from bar, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear : pret. pi. benc^elu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by remov- ing the benches), 1240. berstan, st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pi. burston bSnlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1 1 22. — to crack, to make the noise of breaking : fin- gras burston, the fingers cracked (from Bedwulfs gripe), 761. ioi-'bexsta.n,break,tofiy asunder : pret. Nagling forbarst, Nagling (Beowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681. betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. bet-lSc, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of Hro'SgSr's hall, 781; of HygelSc's residence, 1926. betst, betost (superl.), best, the best : nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, mo; neut. nu is ofost betost, \& we . . ., now is haste the best, that we . . ., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. ace. beaduscrdda betst, 453; ace. sg. m. Jiegn betstan, 1872. been, St. n., {beacon), token, mark, sign : ace. sg. betimbredon beado- rofes been (of Bedwulfs grave- mound), 3162. See beacen. bSg> See bedg. b6n, St. f., entreaty : gen. sg. bSne, 428, 2285. bSna, w. m., suppliant, supplex: nom. sg. swi J;u b8na eart {as thou entreatest) , Ti'^2,; sw^hebSnawas {as he had asked), 3141 ; nom. pi. hy bSnan synt, 364. ge-b6tan: \) to make good, to re- move: pret. ac Jju HroSgSre wJdc&S- ne wean wihte geb^ttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hro^gdr of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part, ace. sg. swylce oncy'SISe ealle ge- bette, removed all trouble, 831. — 2) to avenge : inf. wihte ne meahte on >am feorhbonan faehlSe gebStan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 26,tt. beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat : dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in com- bat, 1540; gen. sg. bid beadwa ge-J>inges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that were in store for him, 710. beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand : ace. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. beado-grtma, w. m., {battle-mask), helmet : ace. pi. -grtman, 2258. beado-bragi, st. n., {battle -gar- ment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552. beado-13.c, st. n., {exercise in arms, tilting) , combat, battle : dat. sg. to beado-lSce, 1562. beado-ledma, w. m., {battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524. beado-mece, st. m., battle-sword . nom. pi. beado-mScas, 1455. beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war- rior: gen. pi. betst beadorinca, mo. beadu-rSf, adj., strong in battle : gen. sg. -r6fes, of Beowulf, 3162. beadu-rfln, st. f., mystery of battle : ace. sg. onband beadu-rflne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. 126 GLOSSARY. beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705. beadu-scrud, st. n., {battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail : gen. pi. beaduscrflda betst, 453. beadu-serce, w. f., [battle-garmeitt'), corselet, shirt of viail : ace. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2755. beado-weorc, st. n., {battle-work), battle ■ gen. sg. gefeh beado- weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300. beald, adj., bold, brave : in comp. cyne-beald. bealdian, w. v., to show one's self brave : pret. bealdode gSdum dae- dum {through brave deeds), 2178. bealdor, st. m., lord, prince : nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia beal- dor, 2568. bealu, St. n., evil, ruin, destruction : instr. sg. bealwe, 2827 ; gen. pi. bealuwa, 281 ; bealewa, 2083 ; bealwa, 910. — Comp. i cwealm-, ealdor-, hreSer-, leod-, mor'Sor-, niht-, sweord-, w!g-bealu. bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sSr hafa^ befongen balwon bendum, pain has en- twined him in deadly bands, 978. bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword {T), 2266. bealo-hycgende, pres. part., think- ing of death, meditating destruc- tion : gen. pi. seghwaSrum bealo- hycgendra, 2566. bealo-hydjg, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction : of Gren- del, 724. bealo-nlff, St. ra., {zeal for destruc- tion), deadly enmity: nom. sg., 2405 ; destructive struggle : ace. sg. bebeorh J'e >one bealonW, be- ware of destructive striving, 1759; death-bringing rage : nom. sg. him on bredstum bealo-ntS wedll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715. bearhtm (see beorht) : i) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness : nom. sg. eagena bearhtm, 1 767. — 2) sound, tone : ace. sg. bearhtm ongeiton, g&'Shorn galan, they heard the sound, {heard) the bat- tle-horn sound, 1432. bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom . nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1 1 38; ace. sg. on bearm seipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and diseas, 2776. — 2) figuratively, /oj- session, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (so 40 and 2195, on bearm licgan, dleegan); dat. sg. him tS. bearme cwom m^S^um- fat msere, came into his posses- sion, 2405. bearn,st.n.,l) child, son: nom. sg. beam Healfdenes, 469, etc. ; EcgU- fes beam, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pi. beam, 59; dat. pi. bearnum, 1075. — 2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant : nom. sg. Ongen)>e6w's beam, of his grandson, 2388 ; nom. pi. yldo beam, 70 ; gumena beam, chil- dren of men, 879 ; halelSa beam, 1190; aMinga beam, 3172 ; ace. pi. ofer ylda beam, 606 ; dat. pi. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pi. ni^a bearna, 1006. — Comp. : bro^or-, dryht-bearn. bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth ef a son : gen. sg. J>at hyre eald- metod 8ste W£ere beam-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Beowulf), 947, GLOSSARY. 127 bearu, st. m., (Jhe bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, espe- cially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively yiirw; .• nom. pi. hrinde bearwas, rustling trees (or rustling forests), 1364. beAcen, st. n., sign, banner, vexil- lum : nom. sg. beorht beacen godes, of the sun, 570 ; gen. pi. beacna beorhtost, 2778. See 1)6011. ge-bedcnian, w. v., to mark, to in- dicate : pret. part, ge-beacnod, 140. bedg, St. m., ring, ornament : nom. sg. beah {iieck-ring) , 1212; ace. sg. beah (the collar of the mur- dered king of the Hea^obeardnas), 2042 ; beg (collective for the ace. pi.), 3165 ; dat. sg. cwom Wealh- Jieo Tor's gSn under gyldnum beage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1 1 64; gen. sg. beages (of a col- lar), 121 7; ace. pi. beagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pi. beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc. — Comp. : earm-, heals-beag. be&g-gyfa, w. m., ring-giver, des- ignation of the prince : gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103. beAg-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps : nom. sg. beaghroden, cwSn, of Hro'SgSr's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 11 64), 624. bedh-liord, st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. sg.beah-hordes, 89s; dat. pi. beah- hordum, 2827 ; gen. pi. beah-hor- da weard, of King HroSgSr, 922. be^h-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed : nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178. beAh-]»egu, st. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. after beah-Jjege, 21 77. bedh-'wrilja, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band : ace. sg. beah- wriiSan, 2019. bedm, St. m., tree, only in the com- pounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam. bedtan, st. v., thrust, strike : pres. Sg. mearh burhstede beateiS, the steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266 ; pret. part, swealt bille ge-beaten, died, struck by the battle-axe, 2360. beorh, St. m. : i) mountain, rock: dat. Sg. beorge, 211 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2525, 2756; ace. pi. beorgas, 222. — 2) grave-mound, tomb-hill : ace. sg. biorh, 2808 ; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412) : nom. sg. beorh, 2242 ; gen. sg. be- orges, 2323. — Comp. stSn-beorh. beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. heaford-beorh. beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the in- terested person or thing), ^0 save, to shield : inf. wolde feore beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here- byrne . . . sed Jie bSncofan beorgan cfi^e, which could protect his body, 1446; pret. pi. ealdre burgan, 2600. be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and ace. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from : inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh he Jjone bea- lon!«, 1759. ge-beorgan (w. dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to pro- tect : pret. sg. J>at gebearh feore, protected the life, 1 549; scyld wel gebearg life and Itce, 2571. ynib-beorgan, to surround pro- 128 GLOSSARY. tectingly : pret. sg. bring fltan ymb- bearh, 1504. beorht, byrht, adj. : i) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1 1 78; J>at beorhte bold, 998; ace. sg. beorhtne, of Beowulf's grave- mound, 2804; dat. sg. to Jwere byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, I2CX); ace. pi. beorhte fratwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bord- wudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl. : beacnabeorh- tost, 2778. — 2) excellent, remark- able: gen. sg. beorhtre bSte, 158. — Comp. : sadol-, wlite-beorht. beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1 518. beorhtian, w. v., to sound clearly : pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sweg, 1 162. beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (HrSSgir), 18S1, (Befiwulf ), 2434, etc. ; ace. sg. (Beow.), 1025, (Asch^re), 1300 ; dat. sg. beorne, 2261 ; nom. pi. beornas (Beowulf and his com- panions), 211, (Hr8%Sr's guests), 857; gen. pi. beorna (Befiwulf's liege-men), 2405. — Comp. : folc-, g&tS-beorn. beornan, st. v., to burn : pres. part, byrnende (of the drake), 2273. — Comp. un-byrnende. for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 161 7, 1668; for-born, 2673. ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698. beorn-cyning, st. m., king of war- riors, king of heroes : nom. sg. (as voc), 2149. be6dan, st. v.; i) to announce, to inform, to make known : inf. bifi- dan, 2893. — 2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it) : pret. pi. him geHngo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086 ; pret. part. JjS was Eeht boden Sweona leodum, then was pursuit offered the Swed- ish people, 2958; inf ic )>am g8dan sceal mi^mas beddan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385. i-be6dan,ifo present, to announce : pret. word inne ^bead, made known the words within, 390 ; to offer, to tender, to wish . pret. him hael Sbead, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hselo Sbead, 2419 ; eoton weard Sbead, offered the giant a watcher, 669. be-be6dan,/i7 command, to order : pret. swS him se hearda behead, as the strong man commanded tJiem, 401. Similarly, swS se rica be- head, 1976. ge-beodan: i) to command, to order : inf. hSt 1;^ gebeddan byre WihstSnes hale^a monegum, J>at hie . . ., the son ofWihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men ...,3111. — 2) to offer : him Hygd gebead hord and rice, of- fered him the treasure and the chief power, 2yia; inf. gftfSe ge- beodan, to offer battle, 604. beod-genedt, st. m., table-compan- ion : nom. and ace. pi. geneltas, 343. I7H- beon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be : pres. sg. I. gfltSgeweorca ic bed gearo sona, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826 ; sg. III. wS bi^ tam J>e sceal . . ., woe to him who . . A 183; so, 186; gife% bits is given, 299 ; ne bitS J)e wilna GLOSSARY. 129 g&d {no wish will be denied thee) , 66 1; Jiser J^e bit5 manna J>earf, if thou shall need the warriors, 1836 ; ne bW swylc cwSnlic lieaw, is not becoming, honorable to a womait, 194.1 ; eft sSna bK, will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pi. tonne bio's brocene, then are broken, 2064 ; feor cy^e beoS sSIran gesShte ham te . . ., " terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu eiqui . . ." (Grein), 1839; imp. bed (bi6) J>u on ofeste, hasten ! 386, 2748 ; bed wi^ Geatas glad, be gracious to the Gedtas, 1 1 74. be6r, st. ii., beer : dat. sg. at bedre, at beer-drinking, 2042 ; instr. sg. bedre druncen, 531 ; bedre drunc- ne, 480. beor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer : gen. pi. bedr- scealca sum (one of Hro'SgSr's fol- lowers, because they served the Geatas at meals), 1241. be6r-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) bedrsele, 482, 492, 1095 ; bidrsele, 2636. be6r-J>egn, st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet : dat. sg. after bedr- )>ege, 117; at Jnere bedrhege, 618. beot, St. n., promise, binding agree- ment to something that is to be undertaken: ace. sg. he bedt ne SlSh, did not break his pledge, 80 ; bedt eal . . . gelaeste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523. ge-be6tlan, w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebedtedon, 480, 536- bedt-word, st. n., same as bedt: dat. pi. bedt-wordum sprac, 2511. blddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. doi5 swd ic bidde ! 1232; inf. (w. ace. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic Jie bid- dan wille Rnre bSne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swS he selfa bad, as he himself had requested, 29 ; bad hine bli^ne (supply wesan) at Jjaere bedr)>ege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618 ; ic Jie lange bad J>at Jiu . . ., begged you a long time that you, 1995 ; frio^owasre bad hlSford slnne, begged his lord for protection (ace. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283 ; bad >at ge geworhton, asked that you . . ., 3097; pi. wor- dum baedon ^at . . ., 1 76. on-bidlan, w. v., to await: inf. Iseta'S hilde-bord her onbidian . . . worda gejjinges, let the shields await here the result of the con- ference (lay the shields aside here), 397- 'bilfSt.n.sword : nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778 ; ace. sg. bil, 1558 ; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc. ; instr. pi. billum, 40 ; gen. pi. billa, 583, 1145. — Comp. : g(l«-, hilde-, wig-bil. bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie : pret. part. ace. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901 ; Bom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar mean- ing. ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. J>aer ic fife geband, where I had bound five{T), 420; pret. part, cyninges J>egn word otSer fand sBSe gebun- den, the king's man found (after many had already praised Bedwulf's 130 GLOSSARY. deed) other words (also referring to Beowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wun- denmsel wrattum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgura gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gfl^wJga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 21 12. on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose : pret. onband, 501 . ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters : in comp. ts-gebind. bite, St. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: ace. sg. bite irena, the swords^ bite, 2260; dat. sg. after billes bite, 2061 . — Comp. lS5-bite. biter (primary meaning that of bit- ing), adj.: l) sharp, cutting, cut- ting in : ace. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strale, 1 747 ; instr. pi. biteran bS- num, with sharp teeth, 2693. — 2) irritated, furious : nom. pi. bitere, 1432. bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332. bi, big (fuller form of the prep, be, which see), prep. w. dat. : i) near, at, on, about, by (as under be. No. i) : bl saem twednum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; SrSs bl ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2tjTf); bl wealle gesat, ra< ^_j/ the wall, 2718. With a freer posi- tion:' him big stSdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048. — 2) to, towards (motion) : hwearf J^d bl bence, tiirned then towards the bench, 1 189; geong bl sesse, went to the seat, 2757. bid (see bidan), st. n., tarrying, hesitation : (jser weartS OngenJ>i6 on bid wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963. bidan, st. v. : \) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait : inf. no on wealle leng bidan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake) , 2309; pret. in Jiystrum bSd, re- viained in darkness, 87; flotastille b^d, the craft lay still, 301 ; rece- da . . . on Jjam se rica bSd, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; JjEer se snottra b^d, where the wise man (Hro'SgSr) waited, 1314; he on searwum bid, he (Beowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bid mslgesceafta, lived upon the pater- nal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pi. sume J>aer bidon, some remained, waitedihere, 400. — 2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited : inf. bidan woldon Gren- dles gdSe, wished to await the com- bat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wlges btdan, await the combat, 1 269; nalasand- sware bidan wolde, would await no answer, l^g^; pret. bM beadwa gejjinges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; ssegenga bid Sgend- frean, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele . . .JieaSo- wylma bSd, li^an llges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1 165 and 1 166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. S -bidan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978. ge-bldan: i) to tarry, to wait: GLOSSARY. 131 imp. gebtde ge on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part, heah be wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden habbe HareSes dohtor, although H.'s daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929. — 2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. ace.) : inf. sceal endedag mtnne gebldan, shall live my last day, 639 ; ne w6nde . . . bote gebidan, did not hope . . . to live to see reparation, 935 ; fela sceal gebidan leofes and IdSes, experience muck good and much affliction, 1061 ; ende gebi- dan, 1387, 2343; pvet. he Jias frofre geb^d, received consolation (com- pensation) therefor, 7; gebSd win- tra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construc- tion, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen. : inf. tS gebidanne o&es yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tS gebidanne \>sX. his byre ride on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. dream-leas gebSd bat he . . ., joy- less he experienced it, that he . . ., 1 721 ; J>as >e ic on aldre gebid bat ic . . ., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that . . ., 1 780. on-bldan, to wait, to await : pret. hordweard onbSd earf3tSllce oS t'St asfen cwom, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303- bitan, st. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. bitan, 1455, 1524; pret. bdt banlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bSt unswi^or, 301 5 ; instr. sg. by bine ne mSston . . . bronde forbarnan {could not be- stow uponhim the solemn burning), 2127; hafde landwara llge befan- gen, ba;le and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323. — 2) in the passage, J>at hine no brond ne bea- domlcas bitan ne meahton, 1455, b r o n d has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual. — 3) in the passage, forgeaf Jia Beowulfe brand Healf- denes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emen- dated, beam, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hro'SgSr (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S. 'b^3ia.t,\iVOiA,&S\.,raging, foaming, going high, of ships and of waves : ace. sg. brontne, 238, 568. brSid, adj. ; i) extended, wide : nom. pi. brade rice, 2208. — 2) broad: nom. sg. heah and brid (of Beo- wulf's grave-mound), 3159; ace. sg. brSdne m§ce, 2979; (seax) brM [and] brfinecg, the broad. short sword withbronze edge, 1547. — 3) massive, in abundance : ace. sg. brM gold, 3106. g e - brae, st. n., noise, crash : ace. sg. borda gebrac, 2260. geond-braedan, w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely : pret. part, geond-brseded, 1240. brecan, st. v. : \) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bSnhringas brae, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense : pret. subj. Jjat Jiaer senig mon waere ne brsece, that no one should break the agreement, I loi ; pret. part. Jjonne bio^ bro- cene . . . SS-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064, — 2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. ace. : pret. sg. sasdeor monig hildetuxum heresyrcan brae, many a sea-animal pressed with his bat- tle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (Aii not break it, for, according to 1 549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1 5 1 2. — 3) to break out, to spring out : inf. geseah . . . sti-eam (it bre- can of beorge, saiu a stream break out from the rocks, 2547 ; l^tdse hearda Higel^ces Jiegn brSdne mSce . . brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 298 1. — 4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrvvyt brae, curi- osity tortnented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. ge-brecauji'o break to pieces : pret. bSnhfls gebrac, broke in pieces his body (Beowulf in combat with Daghrefn), 2509. to-brecan,/(! break in pieces : inf., 781 ; pret. part, to-brocen, 998. Jiurh-brecan, to break through; pret. wordes ord breosthord hurh- 134 GLOSSARY. brae, the word's point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793. brecSf, st. f., condition of being brok- en, breach : nom. pi. mSdes brecSa {sorrow of heart), 171. S-bredwian, w. v. w. ace, to fell to the ground, to kill ( ?) : pret. dbredvvade, 2620. bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: i) /o swing: inf. undersceadubregdan,.rw?/z^aw(7K^ the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 'joZ; pret. bragd ealde ISfe, swung the old weapon, 796; bragd feorh-genl^lan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1 541; pi. git eagorstreara ■ . . mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swim- ■"i"g)' 514; Pi^et. part, broden (brogden) msel, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait : inf., figuratively, inwitnet o^rum bregdan, to weaTe a way- laying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part, beadohragl bro- den, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 522; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. S-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up S-brad, swung, raised his hand, 2576. ge-bregdan : i) swing: pret.hring- msl gebragd, swung the ringed sivord, 1565; eald sweord eacen . . . J>at ic \>'j waepne gebrad, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665 ; with interchanging instr. and ace. walseaxe gebrad, biterand beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheatk : sweord ser gebrad, had drawn the sword before, 2563. — 2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part, here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open : pret. onbrad \>^ recedes md^an, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. brego, St. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. 427, 610. brego-r5f, adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic, strejigth : nom. sg. m., 1926. brego-stOl, st. m., throne, figura- tively for rule: ace. sg. him ge- sealde seofon J>flsendo, bold and ht&%o-%'(.a\,gave him seven thousand (see under sceat), a country- seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; Jjser him Hygd gebead . . . brego-stol, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; 18t >one bregost81 Beowulf healdan, gave over to BeSwulf the chief power (did not prevent Beowulf from entering upon the government), 2390. breme, adj., known afar, renowned. nom. sg., 18. brenting (see brant), st. m., ship, craft: nom. pi. brentingas, 2808. d-bredtan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. Sbreot brim- wlsan, killed the sea-king (King HsetScyn), 2931. See breotau. breost, st. n. : i) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pi., so ace tat mine breost werefi, which pro tects my breast, 453; dat. pi. bea dohragl broden on breostum lag, 552. — 2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom : nom. GLOSSARY. 135 sg. breost innan weoU t>e6strum ge- Jioncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pi. 16t >S of breostum word fit faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551. breost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast- tliought, secret thought: instr. pi. -gehygdum, 2819. breost-geTvaedu, st. n. pi., breast- clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., I2I2; ace, 2163. bre6st-liord, st. m., breast-hoard, that -which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; ace. sg., 2793. breost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. breost-net broden, 1549. breost-^veorSung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast : ace. sg. breost-weor'Sunge, 2505 : here the collar is meant which Beowulf receives from Wealhjjeow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1 203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fratwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breost-weor'Sung. bredst-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom : ace. sg., 1878. bredtan, st. v;, to break, to break in pieces, to kill : pret. breat beodge- neatas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714. a-breotan, same as above: pret. >one )je heo on raste Sbreat, -whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. JjS J)at monige gewearS, }>at hine seo brimwylf ibroten haf- de, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him. 1600; hi hyne . . . dbroten hafdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708, brim, st. n., flood, the sea : nom. sg. 848, 1595; gen. sg. to brimes fa- ro^e, to the sea, 28 ; at brimes no san, at the sea's promontory, 2804 nom. pi. brimu swa'Sredon, the waves subsided, 570. briiu-clif, st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea : ace. pi. -clifu, 222. brim-lad, st. i., flood-way, sea-way : ace. sg. bSra he mid Beowulfe brim- ISde teah, who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052. brlm-Ii3'eiid, pt., sea-farer, sailor : ace. pi. -llSende, 568. brim-stredm, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea : ace. pi. ofer brim- streamas, 191 1. brim-'wSsa, w. m., sea-king: aee.sg. brimwlsan, of Hje^cyn, king of the Geatas, 2931. brim-Tvylf, st. f ., sea-wolf (designa- tion of Grendel's mother) : nom. sg. seo brimwylf, 1507, 1600. brim-'wylm, st. m., sea-wave : nom. sg-. 1495- brlngan, anom. v., to bring, to bear : prs. sg. I. ic ))e J>ftsenda )>egna hTm%&^h\iA'^e,bring to your assist- ance a thousand warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hea'Subrin- gan lie and luftScen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pi. we )>Ss saeUc . . . brohton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654. ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pi. )>at we Jione gebringan ... on Mfare, thai we bring him- upon the funeral-pile, 3010. brosnlan, w. v., to crumble, to be- 136 GLOSSAEY. come rotten, to fall to pieces : pre. sg. III. herepSd . . . brosna'S after htoTTie,the coat of mail fallsio pieces after (the death oi) the hero, 2261. brOSFor, st. m., brother : nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat. sg. br§6er, 1263; gen. sg. his br6'5or beam, 2620; dat. pi. bro^rum, 588, 1075. ge-brolSru, pi., brethren, brothers : dat. pi. sat be >aem gebro^rum twEEii), sat by the two brothers, 1 192. brdga, w. m., terror, horror : nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; ace. sg. billa brogan, 583. — Comp. : gryre-, here-br6ga. brucan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. se Jje longe her vvorolde brfice'S, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brfic manigra m^da, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1 1 79 ; to enjoy : inf. ("at he beahhordes brflcan mos- te, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895 ; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breac lifgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied : breac })onne moste, 1488; imp. brfic J>isses beages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brfican (compare the German geniesze froh !) : inf. h6t hine wel brfican, 1046 ; hSt hine brflcan well, 2813; imp. brflc ealles well, 2163. brun, adj., having a metallic lustre, shining: nom. sg. sifi ecgbrfin,25 79. brun-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade : ace. sg. n. (hyre seax) brid [and] brflnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1547. brfin-f&g, adj., gleaming like metal: ace. sg. brfinfSgne helm, 2616. bryne-leoma, w. m., light of a con- flagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314- bryne-wylm, st. m., wave oj fire: dat. pi. -wylmum, 2327. brytnian (properly /o break in small pieces, cf. bredtan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute : pret. sine brytnade, distributed presents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs espe- cially to rulers), 2384. brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king : nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; ace. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923. bryttian {to be a dispenser), w. v., to distribute, to confer : prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttatS, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727. brj'd, St. f . : i) wife, consort: ace. sg. bryd, 2931 ; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongen- Jjeow ( ?) . — 2) betrothed, bride : nom. sg., of Hro^gSr's daughter, Freaware, 2032. br^d-bur, st, n., woman^s apart- ment: dat. sg. code . . . cyning of br^dbflre, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 992. bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which has a bound stem), the framed ship: nom. sg., 1911. bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking- vessel : nom. pi. bunan, 3048 ; ace. pi. bunan, 2776. burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, forti- fied house: acc.sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pi. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434. — Comp. : fred-, freo^o-, hea-, hied-, hord-, ledd-, ma;g-burg. GLOSSARY. 137 burh-Ioca, w. m., castle-bars : dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hy- gelSc's), 1929. burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place ■where the castle or city stands : ace. sg. burhstede, 2266. burh-wela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city : gen. sg. t>enden he burh-welan br&can moste, 3101. burne, w. f., spring, fountain : gen. J>£ere burnan walm, the bubbling of of the spring, 2547. buan, St. v. : \) to stay, to remain, to diuell : inf. gif he waccende weard onfunde on beorge, if he had found the watchman watching on the mountain, 2843. — 2) to in- habit, w. ace. : meduseld bflan, to inhabit the mead-house, 3066. g e - b d a n , w. ace, to occupy a house, to take possession : pret. part, hean hftses, hfl hit Hring Dene after bedrjiege gebfln hafdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117. — With the pres. part, bflend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bfiend. bugan, St. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee : pvs. sg. III. bon-gSr bflge'S, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. Jjat se byrnwlga bftgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having re- ceived a deadly blow), 2919; sim- ilarly, 2975; pret. sg. beah eft under eorUweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pi. bugon t8 bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hy on holt bu- gon, y?if;/^a the wood, 2599. &-b(lgan,i'i!i bend off, to curve away from : pret. fram sylle Sbeag me- dubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776. be-bflgan,w. ace, to surround, to encircle: prs. swS (whiclt) water bebflge^, 93; efne sw4 side swd SK bebfige^ windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles windy shores, 1224. ge-bfigan, to bend, to bow, to sink : a) intrans. ; heo on flet gebeah, sank on the floor, 1 541 ; JjS gebeah cyning, then sank the king, 2981 ; J)^ se wyrm gebeah snflde tosomne (when the drake at once coiled it- self up"), 2568; gewSt J)S gebogen scrldan to, advanced with curved body(fhs drake), 2570. — b) w. ace. of the thing to which one bends or sinks : pret. selereste gebeah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691 ; similarly gebeag, 1 242. bfir, St. n., apartment, room : dat. sg. bftre, 1 31 1, 2456; dat. pi. bd- rum, 140. — Comp. br^d-bflr. biitan, buton (from be and fitan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded) : l) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: bfltan his lie swlce, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. follow- ing, but: bflton hit was m^re Jjonne senig mon S'Ser t6 beadu- lice atberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except : JiSra );e gu- mena beam gearwe ne vriston b(i- ton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom he mSISm-sshta md bftton Jjone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than 138 GLOSSAEY. the head alone, 1615. — 2) prep, with dat., except : bdton folcscare, 73; bfiton >e, 658; ealle bfiton ^num, 706. bycgan, w. v., to buy, to pay : inf. ne was )jat gewrixle til t>at hie on bS healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum, t/iat was no good transac- tion, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, 1306. be-bycgan, to sell : pret. nu ic on mSSma hord mine bebohte frSde feorhlege {now I, for the treasure- hoard, gave up my old life), 2800. ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay : pret. w. ace. n6 Jjser senige . . . frSfre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gehohXe, paid it with his life, 2482; pret. part, sylfes feore beagas [gebohjte, bought rings with his own life, 3015. byldan, w. v. (Jo make beald, which see) , to excite, to encourage to brave deeds : inf. w. ace. swS he Fresna cyn on bedrsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095. g a - byrd, st. n., " fatum destinatum " (Grein) ( ?) : ace. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron g&re wunde, 1075. ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in com- pound, bearn-gebyrdu. byrdu-scrfid, st. n., shield-orna- ment, design upon a shield(^ ?) : nom. sg., 2661. byre, st. m., (born) son : nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc. ; nom. pi. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, young man, youth : ace. pi. bsedde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019. byrSen, st. f., burden; in comp. magen-byrSen. byrele, st. m,, steward, waiter, cup- bearer : nom. pi. byrelas, 1162. byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat : inf., 448. ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. leod-gebyrgea. byrht. See beorht. byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail : nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consist- ing of interlaced rings, 1246; ace. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byr- nan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hSre byr- nan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan bring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pi. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141. — Comp.^ gfiS-, here-, hea'So-, Iren-, Isern- byrne. byrnend. See beornan. byrn-vrigaj w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., 2919. bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, diffi- culty, opposition : nom. sg. bisigu, 281 ; dat. pi. bisgum, 1744, bysi- gum, 2581. bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds llf-bysig, syn-bysig. b^me, w. I., a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone : gen. sg. byman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944. bj'wan, w. v., to ornament, to pre- pare : inf. >a ))e beado-grlman by wan sceoldon, who should pre- pare the helmets, 2258. GLOSSAKY. 139 C camp, St. m., combat, fight between two ; dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's with Daghrefn ; cerapan, MS.), 2506. candel, st. f., light, candle : nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573. — Comp. woruld-candel. cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior, hero : nom. sg. a'Sele cempa, 1313; Geata cempa, 1552; re^e cempa, 1586; ma:re cempa (as voc), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan, 2503 ; ace. pi. cempan, 206. — Comp. fS^e-cempa. cennan,w.v.: i)/o&a?-, w.acc.:efne swa hwylc mag'Sa swS J>one magan cende, luho bore the son, 944; pret. part, t'am eafera was after cenned, to hint was a son born, 12. — 2) reflexive, to show one''s self, to reveal one^s self: imp. cen J^ec mid crafte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220. S-cennan, to bear : pret. part, no hie fader cunnon, hwa^er him asnig was aer Scenned dyrnra gSsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. c6n3fu, St. f., boldness : ace. sg. c6n^u, 2697. cene, adj., keen, warlike, bold : gen. pi. cSnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., ace. pi. cenoste, 206. — Comp.: daed-, gar-cene. ceald, adj., cold: ace. pi. cealde streamas, 1262 ; dat. pi. cealdum cearsllSum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546. — Comp. morgen- ceald. cearlan, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. nS. ymb his lif cearaS, takes no care for his life, 1537. cearig, adj., troubled, sad : in comp. sorh-cearig. cear-siST, st. m., sorrowful way, an tmdertaking that brings sorrow', i.e. a warlike expedition : dat. pi. cearsi'Sum (of Beowulf's expedi- tions against Eadgils), 2397. cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamenta- tion : nom. sg., 1304; ace. sg. [ceare], 3173. — Comp.: ealdor-, gM-, msel-, mod-cearu. cear-Tpalm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast : dat. pi. after cear-walmum, 2067. cear-Trylm, st. m., same as above : nom. pi. hS cear-wylmas, 282. ceaster-buend, pt., inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle : dat. pi. ceaster-bflendum, of those established in HrS^g^r's castle, 769. ce^p, st. m., purchase, transaction : figuratively, nom. sg. nas YiX y'Se ceap, no easy transaction, 2416 ; instr. sg. >eah )>e oiSer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceape, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, 2483. g e - ceApian, w. v., to purchase : pret. part, gold unrime grimme geceapod, gold without measttre, bitterly purchased (with Beowulf's Hfe), 3013. be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with ace. of the pers. and instr. of the thing) : pret. hine ))^ heafde becearf, cut off his head, 1592; similarly, 2139. ceorl, St. m., man: nom, sg. snotor 140 GLOSSARY. ceorl monig, many u wise man, 909 ; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King HrSSel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongen- Jieow, 2973 ; nom. pi. snotere ceor- las, wise men, 202, 416, 1592. ceol, St. m., keel, figuratively for the ship; nom. sg., 1913; ace. sg. ceol, 38, 238 ; gen. sg. ceoles, 1807. ceosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to as- sume : inf. >oue cynedom ciosan v/o\ie,wouldassumetheroyaldigni- ^,2377; to seek: pret. subj.ser he bsel cure, before he sought his fu- neral-pile (before he died), 28 19. ge-ceosan, to choose, to elect : gerund, to geceosenne cyning senigne (sSlran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. ))e bat s61re ge- ceos, choose thee the better (of two : bealoniB and See rsedas), 1759; pret. he usic on herge geceas to Jjyssum siSfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639 ; geceas ecne rsed, cJiose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leoht geceas, 2470; pret. part. ace. pi. hafde . . . cempan gecorone, 206. on- cirran, w. v., i'o turn, to change : inf. ne meahte . . . l>as wealdendas [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher,2g^2; i>y del onckde, turned thither, 2971. %. - otgan, w. v., to call hither : pret. Sclgde of cor'Sre cyninges J>egnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122. clain,clom,st.m., f.n.pyi/Z^rjfigura- tively of a strong, gripe: dat. pi. heardan clammuni, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. cUf, cleof, St. n., cliff, promontory : ace. pi. Geataclifu, 1912. — Comp. : brim-, Sg-, holm-, stSn-clif. ge-cn^wan, st. v., to know, to rec- ognize: inf. nieaht hu, min wine, mSce gecniwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048. on-cnSwan, to recognize, to dis- tinguish: hordweard oncniow man- nes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555. cuiht, St. m., boy, youth : dat. pi. byssum cnyhtum, to these boys (HroSgdr's sons), 1220. cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy ox a youth : ace. sg. ic hine cMe cniht-wesende, kne^v him while still a boy, 372; nom. pi. wit ))at gecwsedon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535. cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other : pret. pi. ))onne . . . eoferas cnysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (in battle), 1329. coUen-ferliff, -ferS, adj., (properly, of swollen viind'), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high- minded : nom. sg. cuma collen- ferhlS, of Beowulf, 1807; coUen- ferS, of Wigiaf, 2786. corffer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue : dat. sg. J^a was . . . Fin slagen, cyning on cor'Sre, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of cor- 'Sre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3 1 22. costian, w. v., to try : pret. (w. gen.) he min costode, tried me, 2085. c6fa, w. m., apartment, sleeping- room, couch : in comp. bSn-cSfa. GLOSSARY. 141 c61, adj., cool : compar. cearwylmas colran wur^a'S, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wlflufan . . . colran weor&^, his love for his wife cools, 2067. craft, St. m., the condition of being able, hence : i) physical strength : nom. sg. mSglSa craft, 1284; ace. sg. magenescraft,4l8; hurh fines craft, 700; craft and cSn^u, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. crafte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361. — 2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum crafte, with se- cret (magic) art,2i6g; dyrnan craf- te, 2291 ; Jjeofes crafte, with thief s craft, 222J ; dat. pi. deofles craf- tum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089. — 3) gfeat quantity (T) : ace. sg. wyrm-horda craft, 2223. — Comp. : leotio-, magen-, nearo-, wig-craft. craftjg, adj. : l) strong, stout : nom. sg. eafo^es craftig, 1467; nlSa craftig, 1963. Comp. w!g-craftig. — 2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-craftig. — 3) rich (of treas- ures) ; in comp. eacen-craftig. cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wal crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pi. for the pluperfect, sume on wale crungon, 1 1 14. ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecTa.nc, fell under his shield, I2IO; at wige gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; heo on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506. cuma {he who comes), w. m., new- comer, guest: nom. sg. 1807. — Comp. : cwealm-, wil-cuma. euman, st. v., to come : pres. sg. II. gyf Jju on weg cymest, if thou earn- est from there, 1383; III. cymeS, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pi. J)onne we ftt cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1 134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwome, 732; pret. part, cumen, 376; pi. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gon- gan, 71 1; com simian, 721; com in gin, 1645; cwom gSn, I163; com scacan, 1803; cwomon isedan, 239; cwomon sScean, 268; cwo- man scri'San, 651, etc. be-cuman, /o come, to approach, to arrive : pret. syS^an niht becom, after the night had come, 115; J>e on (jfi leode becom, that had come over the people, 192; W he to hSm becom, 2993. And with inf. fol- lowing : stefn in becom . . . hlyn- nan under hSrne stSn, 2553; lyt eft becwom . . . hitmes niosan, 2366 ; 6S J)at ende becwom, 1255; simi- larly, 2117. With ace. of pers. : ^a hyne sio J'rag becwom, when this time of battle came over him, 28S4. ofer-cuman, ^0 overcome, to com- pel : pret. Jjy he l^one feond ofer- cwom, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274 : pi. hie feond heora . . . ofer- comon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nl^a ofercumen, compelled by com- bats, 846. cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner : gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506. — Comp. hilte-cumbor. cund, adj., originating in, descend- ed from : in comp. feorran-cund. cunnan, verb pret. pres. : \) to know, to be acquainted with (w. ace. or depend, clause) : sg. pres. I. ic mlnne can gladne HroSulf 142 GLOSS AEY. Jiat he , . . wile, / know my gra- cious II., that he will . . ., 1181; II. eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. he }iat wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1 740. And reflexive : con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pi. men ne cunnon hwyder helrfinan scrl- SaS, men do not know whither . . ., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cfl'Se, knew him, 372; cfl^e he dugu'5 Jieawe, knew the customs of the distin~ guished courtiers, 359; so with the ace, 2013; seolfa ne cftlSe turh hwat . . ., he himself did not kno7u through what . . ., 3068; pi. sorge ne cfi'Son, 119; so with the ace, 180, 418, 1234. With both (ace. and depend, clause) : n8 hie fader cunnon (scil. no hie cunnon) hwa- ■Ser him senig was £ier dcenned dyrnra gSsta, 1356. — 2) with inf. following, can, to be able ; prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot de- fend himself, I'jArT, V^^- V^- i'^^" ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cfl^e reccan, 90; beorgan cd'Se, 1446; pret. pi. hSrian ne c^'Son, could not praise, 1Z2; pret. subj. healdan cMe, 2373. cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or ace. : inf. sund cun- nian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cem- pan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pi. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. cu3F, adj.^ i) known, well known; manifest, certain : nom. sg. un- dyrne c(i1S, 150, 410; wide cClS, 2924; ace. sg. fern. cfiSe folme, 1304; c6Se strEete, 1635; nom.pl. ecge cfl'Se, 1146; ace. pi. cd'Se nassas, 1913. — 2) renowned: nom. sg. gfllSum eft's, 2179; nom. pi. cystum cfilSe, 868. — 3) 2iso, friend- ly, dear, good (see un-cjiSf). — Comp. : un-, wl^-cfl'5. culff-llce, adv., openly, publicly : comp. n3 her cfl^licor cuman on- gunnon lind-habbende, no shield- bearing men undertook more bold- ly to come hither (the coast-watch- man means by this the secret land- ing of the Vikings), 244. cwalu, St. f., murder, fall: in comp. deaS-cwalu. cweccan {to make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte magen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235. cweffan, st. v., to say, to speak :s.) ab- solutely : prs. sg. III. cwitS at bedre, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042. — b) w. ace. : pret. word after cwa'S, 315; fea worda cwa^, 2247, 2663. — c) with Jiat following ; pret. sg. cwaS, 92, 2159; pi. cwaedon, 3182. — d) with J>at omitted : pret. cwalS he gfl^-cyning sScean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 181 1, 2940. S-cwe^an,/o say, to speak, w. ace. : prs. YdX word Scwy'S, speaks the word, 2047 ; pret. Jjat word ScwaS, 655- ge-cwe^an,;'ojaj/, to speak : a) ab- solutely: pvet. sg. II. swS Im ge- cwsde, 2665. — b)w. ace. : pret.wel- hwylc gecwa'S, spoke everything, 875; pi. wit tatgecwsedon, 535. — c) w. )jat following : pret. gecwa'S, 858, 988. cwellan, w. v., {to make die), to kill, to murder : pret. sg. II. Jju Gren- del cwealdest, 1335. S- cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (he) GLOSSARY. 143 wyrm Scwealde, 887 ; hone ^e Gren- del asr mSne Scwealde, whom Gr en- del had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beoru dcwealde, 2122. cwen, St. f. : l) wife, consort (of noble bi'th) : nom. sg. cwSn, 62; (Hr8«gar's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1 1 54. — 2) particularly denoting the queen : nom. sg. beaghroden cw?n (Wealhjjeow), 624; m^eru cwSn, 2017; fremu folces cw6n (pry«o), 1933; ace. sg. cwgn (Wealh^eow), 666. — Comp. folc- cw?n. cwdn-lic, adj., feminine, womanly : nom. sg. ne biS swylc cwSnlic ]>eaw {such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman"), 1941. cwealm, st. m., violent death, mur- der, destruction : ace. sg. j'one cwealm gewrac, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; msendon mondrihtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler'sfall,2,i$o, — Comp.: bealo-, dea^-, gSr -cwealm. cwealm-bealn, st. n., the evil of murder : ace. sg., 1941. cwealm-euma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who con- templates viurder : ace. sg. t-one cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive : ace. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. iht cwices, some- thing living, 2315; nom. pi. cwice, 98; cwico was \>% gena, was still alive, 3094. cwide, St. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleo-, '5or-, "word-cwide. CWJffan, St. v., to complain, to la- ment : inf. w. ace. ongan . . . gio- gulSe cwl^an hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle- strength of his youth, 21 13; [ceare] cwt'San, lament their cares, 3173. cyme, st. m., coming, arrival : nom. pi. hwanan eowre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i.e. whence ye are, 257. — Comp. eft-cyme. cymllce, adv., (convenienter) , splen- didly, grandly: comp. cymlicor, 38- cyn, St. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage : nom. Sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; We- dera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461 ; ace. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; mannacynne, 811,915, 1726; eow- rum (of those who desert Beowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; masran cynnes, 1730; ISSan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ^sses cynnes Weeg- mundinga, 2814; gen. pi. cynna gehwylcum, 98. — Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm- cyn. cyn, St. n., that which is suitable or proper : gen. pi. cynna (of eti- quette) gemyndig, 614. ge-cynde, adj., imzaie, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. cyne-dSm, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity : ace. sg., 2377. cyning, st. m., king: nom. ace. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 121 1; gen. pi. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666. — Comp. beorn-, eor^-, folc-, gfltS-, heah-, ledd-, sse-, so 5-, >e6d-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. cyning-beald, adj., " jiobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?) : nom. pi. cyning-balde men, 1635. ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss : pret. ge- cyste };a cyning . . . Jiegen betstan, 144 GLOSSARY. kissed the best thane (Beowulf), 1871. cyst {choosing, see ce6saii), st. f, the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence : nom. sg. Iren- na cyst, of the swards, 803, 1698; wsepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; ace. sg. irena cyst, 674; dat. pi. foldwegas . . . cystum cG^e, known through ex- cellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gec^'Sed, 924. — Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. c^ff. See on-c^ar. c^ffan (see cuff), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show : imp. sg. magen-ellen cpB, show thy he- roic strength,t(x>; inf. cwealmbealu cySan, 1941; ellen cy^an, 2696. ge-cy^an(^i; make known, hence) : 1') to give information,io announce: inf. andsware gecySan, to give an- swer, 354; gerund, to gecy^anne hwanan eowre cyme syndon (to show whence ye corns'), 2^1; pret. part, so 6 is gec^Sed ViX...{the truth has beco?ne_ known, it has shown itself to be true), 701 ; HigelSce was slii Beowulfes snflde gec^Sed, the arrival of B. was quickly an- nounced, 1972; similarly, 2325. — 2) to make celebrated, in pret. part. : was min fader folcum gecJ'Sed {my father was renowned in the world), 262 ; was his modsefa manegum gecySed,349; cystumgecySed,924. C^ffSu (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cyiSSu. ge-oypan, w. v., to purchase : inf. nas him senig hearf (>at he . . . Jjurfe wyrsan wtgfrecan vveorlSe gecypan, had need to buy "with treasures no inferior warrior, 2497. daroff, St. m., spear : dat. pi. dare- •Sum IScan (Jo fight), 2849. ge-dSil, St. n., parting, separation : nom. sg. his worulde gedSl, his separation from the world (his death), 3069. — Comp. ealdor-, lif- gedai. dag, St. m., day : nom. sg. dag, 485, 732, 2647 ; ace. sg. dag, 2400; and- langne dag, the whole day, 21 16; morgenlongne dag (the whole morn- ing), 2895; oS d6mes dag, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on J)am dage J>ysses lifes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807 ; gen.sg. dages, 1601, 2321 ; hwll dages, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dages and nihtes, day and night, 2270; dages, by day, 1936; dat. pi. on tyn dagum, in ten days, 3 161. — Comp. asr-, dealS-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geSr-, lasn-, llf-, swylt-, win-dag, an- dages. dag-hwil, st f , day-time : ace. pi. >at he daghwlla gedrogen hafde eortSan Wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727. — (After Grein.) dag-rim, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days : nom. sg. d6gera dagrlm (jiumber of the days of his life), 824. dsed, St. f., deed, action : ace. sg. deorlice daed, 585; d8mleasan dsed, 2891 ; frScne dsede, 890; deed, 941; ace. pi. Grendles dsda, 195; gen. pi. dasda, 181,479, 2455, etc.; dat. pi. dsedum, 1 228, 2437, ^'^^- — Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dsed. dsBd-c6ne, adj., bold in deed: nom, sg. daed-cSne mon, 1646. GLOSSARY. 145 dsed-fruma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer : nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. dsed-hata, w. m., he who pursues ■with his deeds : nom. sg., of Gren- del, 275. dsedla, w. m., doer: in comp. mSn- foi-dasdla. dael, St. m., part, portion : ace. sg. dsel, 622, 2246, 3128; ace. pi. d^^- las, 1733. — Often dael designates the portion of a thing or of a qual- ity which belongs in general to an individual, as, 6iS >at him on innan cferhygda dsd weaxeB, ti/l in his bosom his portion of arrogance in- creases .-i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bio- wulfe wear's dryhtmiSma dasl dea- ■Se, forgolden, to Bedwulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid ■with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight vrith the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151,1753,2029, 2069, 3128. dselan, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. ace. ; pres. sg. III. mSdmas daele'S, 1757; pres. subj. J;at he wiS aglsecean eofo'So dsele, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery (the drake), 2535 ; inf. hringas dnelan, 1971; pret. beagas dslde, 80; sceattas dselde, 1687. be-dselan, w. instr., (Jo divide), to tear away from, to strip of: pret. part, dreamum (dreame) bedaeled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276. ge-dselan: l) to distribute: inf. (w. ace. of the thing distributed); J>3sr on innan eall gedselan geon- gum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that Ood had given him, 71. — 2) to divide, to separate, with ace. : inf. sundur gedselan Uf wi'S lice, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. )pat he gedselde . . . Snva gehwylces Uf wiS lice, 732. denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis),st. n., den, cave: ace. sg. ]>3S wyrmes denn, 2761 ; gen. sg. (draca) ge- wSt dennes nidsian, 3046. ge-defe, adj. : i) (impersonal) /;•«/- er, appropriate : nom. sg. swS hit gedSfe was (bi'5), as was appro- priate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176. — 2) good, kind, friendly ; nom sg. beo >u suna mlnum dsedum ged&fe, be friendly to my son by deeds (sup- port my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the gov- ernment), 1228. — Comp. un-ge- defelice. deman (see d5m), w. v.: i) to judge, to award justly : pres. subj. mser'So d§me, 688. — 2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify : pret. pi. his ellenweorc dugu'Sum dSmdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176. demend,y«^^.- dseda d8mend (of God), 181. deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm) : nom. pi. );ryBum dealle, 494. dedd, adj., dead : nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; ace. sg. deadne, 1310. dads', St. m., death, dying: nom.sg. dea^, 441, 447, etc.; acc.sg. deaS, 2169; dat. sg. deaSe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dea^es wylm, 2270; deaSes npd, 2455. — Comp. g&'S-, wal-, wundor- dea«. dedar-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. deaiS-bedde fast, 2902. dedlj-cwalu, st. f., violent death. 146 GLOSSARY. ruin and death : dat. pi. to deaS- cwalum, 1 71 3. dedU-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder : nom. sg. 1671. de&SF-dag, St. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. after deaS-dage {after his death), 1%'], 886. dedff-faege, z.A].,given over to death: nom.sg. (Grendel) deaS-fsege dedg, had hiddenhitnself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851. ded9-scua, w. m., death bringing, ghostly being, demon of death : nom. sg. deorc dea^-scfta (of Grendel), 160. dedlff-wSrig, adj ., weakened by death, i.e. dead: ace. sg. deaU-wSrigne, 2126. See Tr6rig. deAiS-'wlc, St. n. death's house, home of death : ace. sg. gewSt dealSwic seon {had died), 1276. de&gan (O.H.G. pret. part, tougan, hiddeii),to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for pluperf.) deog, 851. — Leo. deorc, adj., dark : of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1 791 ; dat. pi. deorcmn nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dea'S-scfla, 160. deofol, st.m.n.,fliOT7.'gen. sg. ded- fles, 20S9; gen. pi. deofla, of Gren- del and his troop, 757, 1 681. deogol, d^gol, adj., concealed, hid- den, inaccessible, beyond informa- tion, unknown : nom. sg. deogol dsedhata (of Grendel), 275; ace. sg. dygel lond, inaccessible land, i_3S8. deop, St. n., deep, abyss : ace. sg., 2550. deop, &.&s.,deeply:s.Q.c. sg. deop wa- ter, 509, 1905. d i 6 p e , adj., deep : hit oiS domes dag didpe benemdon teddnas moere, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day , had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070. deor, St. n., animal, wild animal : in comp. mere-, sse-dedr. de6r, adj.: i) wild, terrible: nom. Sg. dior dsd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091. — 2) bold, brave : nom. nse- nig . . . dedr, 1934. — Comp. : hea- ^u-, hilde-dedr. deore, d^re, adj.: i) dear, costly (high in price) : ace. sg. dyre Iren, 205 1; drincfatdyre (dedre), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg.dedrummitSme, 1529; nom. pi. dyre swyrd, 3049; ace. pi. dedre (d^re) mS^mas, 2237, 3132. — 2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., atSelum didre, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. after dedrum men, 1880; gen. sg. dedrre dugutSe, 488; superl. ace. sg. aldorjjegn J>one dedrestan, 1310. de6r-lic, adj., bold, brave : ace. sg. dedrlice dsed, 585. See deor. disc, St. m., disc, plate, fiat disk : nom. ace. pi. discas, 2776, 3049. ge-dJgan. See ge-dygan. dol-gilp, St. m., promise of bold deeds, binding agreement to a bold under- taking: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. dol-llc, adj., audacious: gen. pi. msest . . . dseda doUlcra, 2647. dol-sceaffa, w. m., bold enemy : ace. sg. Jjone dol-scatSan (Grendel), 479. dSgor, St. m. n., day : i) da^ as a period of 24 hours : gen. sg. ymb Sntid o^res dogores, at the same time of the next day, 2i9;_morgen- ledht oiSres d6gores, the morning- light of the second day, 606. — 2) day in the usual sense : ace. sg. ii. tys dogor, during this day, 1396; instr. J>^ dogore, 1798; for- man dogore, 2574; gen. pi. dogora GLOSSARY. 147 gehwam, 88; dogra gehwylce, 109 1; dogera dagrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824. — 3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pi. ufaran dOgrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393. — Comp. ende-dogor. dSgor-gerim, st. n., series of days : gen. sg. was eall sceacen dogor- gerimes, the whole number of his days (his life) ijuas past, 2729. dShtor, st.f., a'ajif/i/fr.- nom. acc.sg. dohtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc. ddm, st, m. : I., condition, state in general ; in comp. cyne-, wis-dora. — II., having reference to justice, hence : i) judgment, judicial of in- ion : instr. sg. weotena dome, ac- cording to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom : after dome, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal : gen. sg. mic- lan d6mes, 979; 8'S domes dag, 3070, both times of the last judg- ment. — III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence : 4) choice, free will : ace. sg. on slnne sylfes d6m, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes d8me, 896, 2777. 5) might, power : nom. sg. dom godes, 2859; ace. sg. Eofo- res Snne dom, 2965 ; dat. sg. driht- nes d6me, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dom], 955; d6m unlytel, not a little glory, 886 ; Jjat was forma sltS deorum mS'Sme )>at his dom Slag, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; ace. sg. ic me dom gewyrce, make renown for myself 1492; Jiat J>u ne ilsete dom gedredsan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. J>ser he dome forleas, here he lost his repu- tation, 1 47 1; dome gewur^ad, adorned with glory, \(>i,(i; gen. sg. wyrce se J)e mote dSmes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven) : ace. soS-fastra dom, the glory of the saints, 2821. dOm-le&s, adj., without reputation, inglorious: ace. sg. f. domleasan daed, 2891. dOn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: i ) absolutely : imp. do's swS ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232. — 2) w. ace: inf. hSt hire selfre sunu on bsel don, 1 117; pret. Jii he him of dyde isernbyrnan, took off the iron corse- let, 672; ((jonne) him Hfinlifing, . . . billa selest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Il^nldfing, the best of swords, 1 145 ; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; ne him )>as wyrmes w!g for wiht dyde, eafoS and alien, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fghting,power, and strength, 2349; pi. hi on beorg dydon beg and s\^Vl, placed in the {grave-^ mound rings and ornaments, 3165. — 3) representing preceding verbs : inf. to Geatum spree mildum wordum ! swS sceal man don, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wedld, swS he nu git dS'S, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pi.) 1135; pret. II. swi J>u sex dydest, 1677; III. swi he nu gyt dyde, 957; sim- ilarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pi. swS hie oft £er dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs : w6n' ic Jjat he wille . . . Geatena ledde etan unforhte, swi he oft dyde 148 GLOSSAEY. magen Hr^lSmanna, / believe he will wish to devour the Gedt peo- ple, the fearless, as he often did (de- voured) the bloom of the Hr^men, 444; gif ic |>at gefiicge . . . Jiat })ec ymbsittend egesan Jjywa^, swd ^ec hettende hvvUum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif icowihtemagMnremod- lufan mdian tilian Jjonne ic gyt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 182^; similarly, pi. Jjonne J)S dydon, 44. ge-ddn, to do,to make, with the ace. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedSS him swS gewealdene worol- de daslas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so sub- ject that . . ., 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo - bence micles wyrSne drihten wereda gedon wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv. : he mec Jiaer on innan . . . gedon wolde, wished to place me in there, '2a')\. draca, w. m., drake, dragon : nom. sg., 893, 2212; ace. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550. — Comp. ; eor'S-, f^r-, ISg-, Itg-, nl'S-draca. on-drsedan, st. v., w. ace. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of : inf. }>at J)U him on- drtedan ne Jiearft . . . aldorbealu, needest not fear death for them, 1675; pret. n3 he him J>S sacce ondred, was not afraid of the com- bat, 2348. g e - drag (from dragan, in the sense se gerere) , st. n., demeanor, actions: ace. sg. s6can dedfla gedrag, 757. drepan, st. v., to hit, to strike : pvet. sg. sweorde drep ferh^-genlSlan, 2881 ; pret. part. bitS on hreSre . . . diepen biteran strsele, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, 1746; was in feorh dropen {fatally hit) , 2982. drepe, st. m., blow, stroke : ace. sg. drepe, 1590. drefan, ge-drefan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up : inf. gewSt . . . drefan deop water (to navi- gate), 1905; pret. part, water under stod dreorig and gedrSfed, 1418. dredm, st. m., rejoicing, joyous ac- tions, joy : nom. sg. hale^a dream, 497; ace. sg. dream hlfldne, 88; tu . . . dream healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the ^rinking- carouse), who art joyous, 1228; dat.instr.sg.dreamebedasled, 1276; gen. pi. dreama leas, 85 1 ; dat. pi. dreamum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; dreamum bedseled, 722 ; the last may refer also to heavenly joys. — Comp. gleo-, gum-, man-, sele- dream. dre&m-le&s, adj., without rejoicing, joyless : nom. sg. of King Here- mod, 1721. dreogan, st. -i.-. 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition : pret. dreah after dome, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pi. fyren- Jiearfe ongeat, t>at hie ser drugon aldorlease lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (1), 15. — 2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to en- joy : imp. dreoh symbelwynne,/flJJ through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht- scype dreogan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte dreah (had GLOSSARY. 149 the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361 ; piet. pi. hie gewin drugon (^fought), 799; hi sl^ drugon, made the way, went, 1967. — 3) to experience, to bear, to suffer : scealt werh'So dredgan, shalt suffer damnation, ^<^; pret. >egn-sorge dreah, bore sorro^u for his heroes, 131 ; nearojiearfe dreah, 422; pret. pi. inwidsorge Jjc hie ser drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. S-dredgan, to suffer, to endure: inf. WKEC Sdredgan, 3079. ge-dreogan, to live through,to enjoy, pret. part. h>at he . . . gedrogen hafde eor'San wynne, that he had now en- joyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727. dreor, st. m., blood dropping or flow- ing from wounds: instr. sg. dreore, 447. — Comp. heoru-, sSwul-, wal- dredr. dreor-fah, adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485. dre6rig, adj., bloody, bleeding : nom. sg. water stod dredrig, 1418; ace. sg. dryhten slnne dridrigne fand, 2790. — Comp. heoru-dredrig. ge-dre6san, st. v., to fall down, to sink : pres. sg. III. llc-homa tene gedredselS, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, 1755; inf. Jiat J>a ne ilaete dom gedredsan, honor fall, sink, 2667. drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the ace.) : pres. part. nom. pi. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blod 8drum dranc, drank the blood in streams^ ?), 743; pret. pi. drun- con win weras, the men drank wine, 1234; J>asr guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense : nom. pi. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc.pl. nealles druncne sl8g heor'5-genea- tas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken : nom. sg. bedre (wine) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pi. bedre druncne, 480. drtfan, st. v., to drive : pres. pi. J>3 ))e brentingas ofer floda genipu feoran drlfa^, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. ace.) Jieah te he [ne] meahte on mere drifan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, 1 13 1. to-drifan, to drive apart, to dis- perse : pret. 0IS >at unc flod todrSf, 545- drohtoS', St. m., m-ode of living or acting, calling, employment : nom. Sg. ne was his drohtoS Jjser swylce he aer gemStte, there was no em- ployment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757, druslan, w. v. (cf. dre6saii, prop- erly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid . pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631. dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors ; noble band: in comp. mago-driht. ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors : nom sg, minra eorla gedryht, 431 ; ace. sg. a^elinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hale'Sa) gedriht (gedryht), 357. 663; similarly, 634, 1673.— Comp. sibbe-gedriht. dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man : nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. 150 GLOSSARY. dryhten, drihten, st. m., command- er, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drih- ten, 105 1 ; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; diyhten, 1832. — b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryht- nes, 441 ; drihtnes, 941 . — Comp. : freah-, freo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior : dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pi. drihtguman,99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pi. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hro'Sgir's warriors). dryht-lic, adj., {that which befits a noble troop of warriors^, noble, ex- cellent : dryhtlic iren, excellent sword, 893 ; ace. sg. f . (with an ace. sg. n.) drihtltce wif (of Hildeburh), "59- difyht-maSum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen.pl. dryhtmiSma, 2844. dryht-scipe, st. m., {warrior-ship'), warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed : ace. sg. drihtscipe dreogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471. dryht-sele, st.m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768 ; ace. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. dryht-sib, st. f ., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors : gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. drync, st. m., drink : in comp. heoru- drync. drync-fat, st.n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink : ace. sg., 2255; drinc-fat, 2307. drysmlan, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain) : pres. sg. III. lyft drysma^, 1376. drysne, adj. See on-drysne. dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres.sg. III. hClru se aldor deah, especially is the prince capa- able, 369; 'Sonne his ellen deah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; \>& him selfa deah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. J;eah J>in wit duge, though, indeed, your un- derstanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1 661, 2032 ; pret. sg. ))u fis wel dohtest, you did us good, con- ducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, nu seo hand ligelS se J>e eow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. Jieah \>w hea^oraesa gehwzer dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in bat- tle, 526. duguff {state of being fit, capable), St. f. : l) capability, strength : dat. pi. for duge^um, in ability{T), 2502; duguSum dSmdon, praised with all their might{ ?) , 3 1 76. — 2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors : nom. sg. duguiS unlytel, 498 ; dugutS, 1 791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguSe, before the heroes, 2021 ; nalles fratwe geaf ealdor dugulSe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; leoda dugulSe on last, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. c(l& he dugutSe teaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; de6rredHgu^e,488; similarly, 2239, 2659; ace. pi. dugu^a, 2036. — 3) contrasted with geogolS, dugulS designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires) : so gen. sg. dugu'Se and geogo^e, GLOSSARY. 151 i6o; gehwylc . . . dugu'Se and iogo- •Se, 1675; dugu'Se and geogo^e dasl seghwylcne, 622. durran, V. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. ))u dearst bldan, darest to expect, 527; III. he gesScean dear, 685 ; pres. subj. s8c gyf Jju dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380 ; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pi. dorston, 2849. duru, St. f., door, gate, wicket : nom. sg., 722; ace. sg. [duru], 389. ge-dfifan, st. v., to dip in, to sink hito : pret. )jat sweord gedeaf (i/te sword sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701. burh-dflfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. water up J>urh-deaf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620. dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder; prs. III. nS hine wiht dwele^, fidl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1736. dybtig, adj., tiseful, good for : nom. sg. n. sweord . . . ecgum dyhtig, 1288. dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. dyrne, adj. : i) concealed, secret, re- tired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; ace. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321. — 2) secret, mali- cious, hidden by sorcery : dat. instr. sg. dyrnan crafte, with secret magic art, 2291 ; dyrnum crafte, 2169; gen. pi. dyrnra g3sta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358. — Comp. un-dyme. dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly : him . . . after deSrum men dyrnfe lan- gaS, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880. dyrstlg, adj., bold, daring: Jieah J>e he dseda gehwas dyrstig wsere, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839. ge-d^gan, ge-dlgan, w. v., to en- dure, to overcome, with the ace. of the thing endured : pres. sg. II. gif J)u J>at ellenweorc aldre gedlgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. )jat t>one hildersES hSl gedige'S, that he sur- vives the battle in safety, 300; sim- ilarly, inf. unfaege gedlgan wean and wracsi^, 2293; hwalSer sel mse- ge wunde gedygan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532 ; nemeah- te unbyrnende de6p gedlgan, could not endure the deep without burn- ing (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge- digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. d^gol. See de6gol. d^e. See de6re. E ecg, St. f ., edge of the sword, point : nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1 107 ; ecg, 1525, etc.; ace. sg. wiS ord and wi'S ecge ingang forstod, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mSces ecge, 1813; nom.pl. ecge, 1 146. — Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon : nom. sg. ne was ecg bona {not the sword killed him'), 2507; sid ecg brfln (Beo- wulf's sword Nagling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pi. ecga, .2829; dat. pi. ascum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pi. (but denoting only one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141 ; 152 GLOSSARY. gen.pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169; — blade : ecg was iren, 1460. — Comp. : br&n-, heard-, stjl-ecg, adj. ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword : dat. sg. Cain wearS to ecg- banan Ungan brS^er, 1263. ecg-hete, st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out : nom. sg., 84, 1739. ecg-J»racu, st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat) : ace. atole ecg- Jirace, 597. ed-hwyrf t, st. m., return (of a for- mer condition) : ^a (laer s8na wear^ edhwyrft eorlum, siSSan inne fealh Grendles modor (i.e. after Gren- del's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous con- dition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. ed-Trendan, w. v., to turfi back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan sefre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, 280. ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change : nom. sg. edwendan, 1775; ed-wen- den torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), 2189. edwit-lif, St. n., life in disgrace : nom. sg., 2892. efn, adj., even, like, with preceding o n , and with depend, dat., ufon the same level, near : him on efn ligetS ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904. efnan (see afiian) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish : pres. subj. eorlscype efne {accomplish knightly deeds) , 2536 ; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelSc efnan {to battle), 1042; gerund. t3 ef- nanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swS or swylc: efne sw^ swl^e swi, just so much as, 1093; efne swS side swS, 1224; was se gryre lassa efne swS. micle swi, by so 7nuch the less as . . , 1284; leoht inne stod efne swS . . . sclneS, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when . . . shines, 1572; efne swS hwylc magSa swS J>one magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swU hwylcum manna swd him ge- met J>fthte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce maela swylce . . . tearf ge- SEelde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1 250. eft, adv. : i) thereupon, afterwards : 56, 1147, 21 12, 3047, etc.; eft s8na bilS, then it happens immediately, 1763; b8t eft cuman, help come again, 281. — 2) again, on the other side : J>at hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgeslSas, that in old age again (also on their side) will- ing companions should be attached to him, 22; — anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swS aer, again as formerly, 643. — • 3) re- tro, rursus, back : 1 23, 296, 854, etc.; J)at hig aBelinges eft ne wen- don {did not believe that he would come back), 1597. eft-cyme, st. m., return : gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. eft-siff, St. TO.., journey back, return : ace. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-slBes georn, 2784; ace. pi. eftsl'Sas teah, went the road back, i.e. returned, 1333- egesa, egsa {state of terror, active or passive) : \) frightfulness : ace. sg. Jjurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne g^melS, cares for nothing ter- GLOSSARY. 153 rible, is not troubled about future terrors{l), 1758. — 2) terror, hor- ror, fear : nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737. — Comp. : glSd-, lig-, water-egesa. eges-full, adj., horrible {full ofter- ribleness), 2930. eges-llc, adj., terrible, bringing ter- ror : of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 23 10; of the drake, 2826. egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous : nom. pi. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress : pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. chtian, w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pi. pres. t>at J)e weras ehtigalS, that the 77ien esteem thee, praise thee, 1223. elde {those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), St. m. only in the pi., men: dat.pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, among men, 2612. — See ylde. eldo, St. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebun- den, 21 12. el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile : ace. sg. sceall . . . elland tredan, {shall be banished^, 3020. ellen, st. 11., strength, heroic strength, iJraj'i'r)/.-nom.sg.ellen,573; eafoS and ellen, 903; Geata . . . eafo'S and ellen, 603; ace. sg. eafolS and ellen,2350; ellen cf^3,n,sho^vbrav- ery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exer- cised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorllc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wrac, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing hfe (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. J)d was at tam geongum grim andswaru SSbegSte bSm );e aer his elne forleas, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (WiglSf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hur- riedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen.sg. elneslat, 1530; Jja him was elnes Jiearf, 2877. — Comp. magen-ellen. ellen-daed, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pi. -d^dum, 877, 901. ellen-gsest, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength : nom. sg. of Grendel, 86. ellen-lice, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123. ellen-mserffu, st. f., renown 0} heroic strength, dat. pi. -maerlSmn, 829, 1472. ellen-rdf, adj., renowned for strength : nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pi. -rofum, 1788. ellen-seoc, adj., infirm in strength : ace. sg. Jjeoden ellensidcne {the mortally wounded king, Be6wulf), 2788. ellen-'weorc, st.n., {strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: ace. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pi. ellen-weorca, 2400. elles, adv., else, otherwise : a (modal), in another manner, 2521. — b (local), elles hwser, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255. ellor-gSst, -gaest, st. m., spirit liv- ing elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind) : nom. 154 GLOSSARY. sg. se ellorgSst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellor- gsest (Grendel's mother), 1618; ace. pi. ellorgsstas, 1350. ellor-slff, St. m., departure, death : nom. sg. 2452. elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth, aljis, alius), another : dat. sg. on elran men, 753. el-J>e6dlg, adj., of another people : foreign : ace. pi. el-)>e6dige men, 336. ende, st. m., the extreme : hence, i) end: nom. sg. aldres (llfes) ende, 823, 2845; °^ t^' ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; ace. sg. ende Ufgesceafta (llfes, Isen-daga), 3064, 1387,2343; hafde eorSscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (llfes) at ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes at ende, 224. — 2) boundary: ace. sg. side rice J^at he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge- Jiencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735. — 3) sutnmit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest cour- tiers), 2022. — Comp. woruld-ende. ende-dag, st. m., last day, day of death : nom. sg. 3036; ace. sg. 638. ende-d6gor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on v?Snum endedogores and eftcymes ledfes monnes Qiesitating between the be- lief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897. ende-l^f, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. J)u eart ende Uf flsses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814. ende-ledn, st. n., final reparation : ace. sg. 1693. cnde-sseta, w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard : nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241. ende-staf, st. m. (elementum finis), end: ace. sg. hit on endestaf eft gelimpeS, then it draws near to the end, 1754. ge-endlan, vif. v., to end: pret.part. ge-endod, 2312. enge, adj., narrow: ace. pi. enge ^npa&s, narrow paths, 1411. ent, St. m., giant: gen. pi. enta ser- geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ser-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775. entisc, adj., coming from giants : ace. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. etan, st. v., to eat, to consume : pres. sg. III. blodig wal . . . eteS ^n- genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Geatena le6de . . . etan, 444. )>urh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pi. nom. svvyrd . . . Jjurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050- E Sc. See edc. See, adj., everlasting: nom. 6ce drihten (God), 108; ace. sg. 6ce eorlSreced, the everlasting earth- hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceas 8cne rasd, chose the everlast- ing gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. Scean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; ace. pi. gecefis See rsdas, 1761. 6dre. See sedre. ^'S-\iei^i»,^&y,easytoobtain,ready: nom. sg. \i% was at t>am geongtun GLOSSARY. 155 grim andswaru S'S-beggte, then from the young man (WlglSf ) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, 2862. t'Se. See edere. ©ffel, St. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate : ace. sg. swiEsne StSel, 520; dat. sg. on 6'Sle, 1731. — In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, ace. sg. S'Sel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wisdome hedld 8Sel sinne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom., 1 961. 68fel-riht, st. n., hereditary privi- leges (rights that belong to a here- ditary estate) : nom. sg. eard S'Sel- riht, estate andinherited privileges, ^ 2199. 68fel-st8I, St. m., hereditary seat, in- herited throne : ace. pi. 8i5el-stolas, 2372- gffel-turf, St. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate : dat. sg. on minre St5eltyrf, 410. 63Fel-'weard, st. m., lord of the here- ditary estate (realm) : nom. sg. SSelweard {king), 1703, 221 1 ; dat. sg. East-Dena §Sel wearde (King Hro«gar), 617. ©ffel-wyn, st. i.,joy in, or enjoyment of , hereditary possessions : nom.sg. nu sceal . . . eall S^elwyn edwrum cynne, lufen alicgean, 7tow shall your race 'want all home-joy, and subsistence^''') (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2SS6; ace. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard eSelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the en- joyment of home, 2494. SU-ges^ne, ^ff-ges6ne, adj., easy to see, visible to all : nom. sg. nil, 1245. Sfstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu Sfstan, let us hurry now, 3102; pret. 6fste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494. 6g-clif, St. 11., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer Sg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. 6g-streAin, st. m., sea-stream, sea- flood: dat. sg. on Sg-streamum, in the sea-floods, 577. See edgor- stre&m. Shtan (M.H.G. sechten; cf. seht and ge-aehtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue: pres. part, aglseca ghtende was dugutSe and geogolSe, 159; pret. pi. ?hton aglas- can, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Beowulf )(?), 1 513. Sst, st. m. i., favor, grace, kindness: ace. sg. he him &st geteah meara and mS^ma [honored him with horses andjeioels"), 2166; gearwor hafde Sgendes 6st ser gesceawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076. — dat. pi., adverbial, libenter : him on folce he<51d, Sstum mid ire, 2379; estum ge^an {to present), 2150; him was . . . wunden gold Sstum geeawed {presented), 1 195; we J>at ellenweore Sstum mielum fre- medon, 959. este, adj., gracious: w. gen. Sste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Beo- wulf), 946. eafoS', St. n., power, strength : nom, sg. eafo^ and ellen, 603, 903; ace. sg. eafo'S and ellen, 2350; we frecne genStSdon eafo'S uncfi^es, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel), 156 GLOSSARY. have withstood him, ^^\\ gen. sg. eafo'Ses craftig, 1467; J^at >ec Ml olSISe ecg eafo'Ses getwEefed, shall rob of strength 1 764 ; ace. pi. eafe^o (MS. earfetSo), 534; dat. pi. hine mihtig god . . . eafe'Sum stSpte, made him great through strength, 1718. eafor, st. ra., boar ; here the image of the boar as banner: ace. sg. eafor, 2153. eafora (offspring), w. m. : l) son : nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; ace. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pi. eafe- ran, 2476; dat. pi. eaferum, 1069, 2471 ; uncraneaferan, 1186. — 2) in broader sense, successor : dat. pi. eaforum, 1711. eabta, num., eight: ace. pi. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124. eahtlan, w. v. : i) to consider, to deliberate: pret. pi. w. ace. rsed eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) Jjone selestan >Sra te mid HrS'SgSre hSm eahtode, the best one of those who with Hr&'Sgdr deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408. — 2) to speak with reflection o/" (along with the idea of praise) : pret. pi. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175. eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; eal bencj)elu, 486; eall 6«elwyn, 2886; eal wo- rold, 1739, etc.; J>at hit weartS eal gearo, healarna msest, 77; Jiat hit (wlgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive : t>ser was eal geador Grendles grSpe, there was all together GrendeTs hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall . . . lissa, all favor, 2150; was eall sceacen dSgorgertmes, 2728, With apposition : Jj&hte him eall to rfim, wongas and wlcstede, 2462 ; ace. sg. bedt eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081 ; oncy'S^e ealle, all dis- tress, 831 ; heals ealne, 2692; hlsew . . . ealne fitan-weardne, 2298; gif he t>at eal gemon, i :85, 2428; ViX eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wide-ferh'5, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle magene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum . . . manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. io J>as ealles mag . , . gefean habban, 2740; br&c ealles well, 2163; frean ealles )jane secge,^!w thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pi. untydras ealle, in; sceo- tend . . . ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; ace. pi. fednd ealle, 700; similarly, 1081,1797,2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deaS fornam, 2237 ; Itg ealle forswealg }>Sra Jie Jjser gQS fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1 1 23; dat. pi. eallum ceaster-bflendum, 768; simi- larly,824,907, 1418; subst. Sna wi^S eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pi. aSelinga beam ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positionsof the court), 3172 j subst. he Sh ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728. Uninflected: bil eal ^urhwSd flaeschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1568; hafde ... eal gefeormod fSt and folma, had devoured entirely feel and hands, 745 ; se lie eall geman gSr-cwealm gumena, who remem- GLOSSAEY. 157 bers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc. Adverbial : Jieah ic eal msege, although I am entirely able, 681 ; hi on beorg dydon bSg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and orna- ments, all such adornments, 3165. — The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense oi entirely, looi, 1130. Bald, adj., old : a) of the age of liv- ing beings : nom.sg.eaId,357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan {dragon), 2761 ; dat. pi. ealdum, 1875 ; geongum and ealdum, 72. — b) of things and of institutions : nom. sg. helm monig eald and 8mig, 2764; ace. sg. ealde ISfe (sword), 796, 1489 ; ealde wisan, 1866 ; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald ge- win, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the pre- cious things in the drake's cave), ZTJ^,; ace. pi. ealde mitSmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bedwulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the com- mandments), 2331. yldra, compar. older: mln yldra mceg, 468; yldra bro'Sor, 1325; 51S Jiat he (HeardrSd) yldra wear's, 2379- yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. J>am yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; ace. sg. >one yldestan, 363, both times of Beowulf. ealA-^AeT,^t.m., old-father, father who lived long ago : nom. sg. 373. eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times : gen. sg. eal-fela eald- gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870. eald-gesISF, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years : nom. pi. eald-gesl'Sas, 854. eald-gestre6n, st. n., treasure out of the old times : dat. pi. eald-ges- treonum, 1382; gen.pl. -gestreona, 1459- eald-gevriana, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years : nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777. eald-ge^vyrht, st. n., merit on ac- count of services rendered during many years : nom. pi. J>at nseron eald-gewyrht, Yii. he Sna scyle gnorn Jjrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658. eald-hiaford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald- hiafordes (of the old Be6wulf(?) ), 2779. eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times : nom. sg. 946. ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble) : nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; ace. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593 ; aldre, 346. ealdor, aldor, st. n., life : ace. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stod herestral hearda (in vitalibus), 1435 ; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewit, went out of life, died, 2625; asinstr. aldre, 662,681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823 ; ealdres, 2791,2444; aldres orwSna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, hav- ing forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. 158 GLOSSARY. pi. aldrum nIMon, 510, 538. — Phrases : on aldre {in life), ever, 1 780; t6 aldre {for life), always, 2006, 2499; Swa to aldre, _/or ever and ever, 956. ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: ace. sg. J)u . . . ondrsedan lie jiearft . . . aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677. ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that en- dangers life, great trouble : dat. sg. he his leodum wear's ... to aldor- ceare, 907. ealdor-dagas, st. m. pi., days of one's life : dat. pi. naefre on aldor- dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum aer {in former days), 758. ealdor-gedai, st. n., severing of life, death, end : nom. sg. aldor-gedSl, 806. ealdor-gewinna, yt .ra., life-enemy , one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary con- ception, Tod-feind) : nom. sg. eal- dorgewinna {the dragon), 2904. ealdor-leds, adj., without a rul- er{?} ; nom. pi. aldor-lease, 15. ealdor-leds, adj., lifeless, dead: ace. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; ealdor- leasne, 3004. ealdor-]>egn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier : ace. sg. aldor-jjegn (Hr615gSr's con- fidential adviser, Aschere), 1309. eal-fela, adj., very much : with fol- lowing gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal- fela eotena cynnes, 884. ealglan, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. ace. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. sitSSan he (Hygelac) under segne sine eal- gode, walreaf werede, while under his banner he protected the treas- ures, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205. eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entireljL of gold: nom. sg. sw^n ealgylden, II12; ace. sg.segneallgylden, 2768. eal-lrenne, adj., entirely of iron : ace. sg. eall-Srenne wlgBord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339. ealu, St. n., ale, beer : ace. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale : dat. sg. in ealo- bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. ealu-scenven, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale- drinking, probably the sudden tak- ing away of the ale: nom.sg.Denum eallum wear's . . . ealuseerwen, 770. ealu-^waege, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: ace. sg. 2022; hroden ealowaege, 495 ; dat. sg. ofer ealo- waege {at the ale-carouse), 481. eal-wealda, w.adj.,a//?'«/n2f(God): nom. sg. fader alwalda, 316; alwal- da, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn : nom. sg. him was bim . . . lond gecynde, eard S'Sel- riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges at- tached to it, 2199; ace. sg. fifel- eynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; simi- larly, alwihta eard, 1 501; eard ge- ra\i.Tiie,thoughtofhisnativeground, his home, 1130; eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn, 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prcsdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard SSelwyn, land and the enjoyment GLOSSAEY. 159 of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; J;at we rondas beren eft t8 earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; ace. pi. eacne eardas, the broad ex- panses (in the fen-sea where Gren- del's home was), 1622. eardian, w. v, : \)tohavea dwelling- place, to live; to rest: pret. pi. dyre swyrd swS hie wiS eorSan fa'Sm tser eardodon, costly swords, as they hadrestedin the earth's bosom, 305 1 . — 2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wlc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590. eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life : ace. sg. eard- lufan, 693. earfoff-lice, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexa- tion, angrily, 86 ; sorrowfully, 2823 ; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935- earfoff-J^rag, st. f., time full of trou- bles, sorrowful time ."ace. sg. -t'rage, 283. earb, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne biS swylc earges si^ {tio coward under- takes thai), 2542. earni, st. m., arm : ace. sg. earm, 836, 973 ; wi'S earm gesat, supported himself with his arm, 750 ; dat. pi. earmum, 513. earm , adj .,poor, 7n is er able, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369 ; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1 118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939. — Comp. ace. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577. earm-bedg, st. m., arm-ring, brace- let : gen. pi. earm-beaga fela sear- wum gesseled, many arm-rings in- terlaced, T]i)i,. earm-hredd, st. f., arm-ornament : nom. pi. earm-hreade twd, 1 195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade) . earm-lic, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg, sceolde his ealdor-gedll earmlic wur'San, his end should be wretched, 808. earm-sceapen, pret. part, as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate"), wretched: nom. sg. 1352. earn, st . m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027. eatol. See atol. eaxi, St. f., shoulder : ace. sg. eaxle, 836) 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder [pi her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 11 18; dat.pl. sat frean eaxlum neah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Beowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wlglaf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord) , trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; ace. pi. -gesteallan, 1715. EA edc, conj., also: 97, 388,433, etc.; tc, 3132. edcen (pret. part, of a not existing e a c a n, augere), adj., wide-spread. 160 GLOSSARY. large : ace. pi. eacne eardas, broad plains, 1622. — great, heavy: eald sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pi. eac- num ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habi- tation. — great, mighty, powerful: a'Sele and eacen, of Beowulf, 198. e&cen-craftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great : jicc. sg. hord-arna sum eacen-craftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. tat yrfe eacen-craftig, idmanna gold, 3052. e&dlg, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property : nom. sg. wes, Jjenden |>u lifige, aSeling eadig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; eadig mon, 2471. — Comp. sige-, sigor-, tir-eadig. e4dig-lice, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dreamum lifdon eadigUce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100. e&9e, 6l3Fe, ^Se, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pi. gode J>ancedon )>as J>e him ylS-lSde eatSe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne was J>at 6'Se slS, no pleasant way, 2587; nas J)at y'Se ceap, no easy purchase, 2416; no l^at JSe byiS to beflednne, not easy (as milder ex- pression for in no way, not at aW), 1003. ea^e, ySe, adv., easily: ea'Se, 478, 2292, 2765. edlS-^nde, adj., easy to find: nom. sg. 138. edge, w. n., eye: dat. pi. him of eagum stSd ledht unfager, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727 ; tat ic . . . eagum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pi. eagena bearhtm, 1 767. edgor-streAm, st. m., sea-stream, sea: ace. sg. 513. ed-land, st. n., land with abundant water (of the land of the Geatas) : ace. sg. ea-lond, 2335. edm, St. m., uncle, mother^ s brother: nom. sg. 882. edstan, 2iiv., from the east, 569. edwan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove : pres. sg. III. eaweS . . . uncd'Sne niS, shows evil enmity, 276. See e6wan, ^-wau. ge-eawan, to shoii<, to offer: pret. part, him was . . . wunden gold 8s- tum ge-eawed, was graciously pre- sented, 1 195. EO eode. See gangan. eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and pro- tection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house : ace. pi. hSht eahta mearas on flet teon, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038. — 2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector : nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045 ; eodur, 664. eof off, St. n .,strength : ace . pi. eofo^o, 2535. See eafoff. eofer, st. m. : i ) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet : nom. sg. eofer trenheard, 1 1 13. — 2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O. N. iofur) : nom. pi. tonne . . . eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fS^an GLOSSARY. 161 stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. eofor-lJc, St. n. boar-image (on the helmet) : nom. pi. eofor-ltc scionon, 303- eofor-spre6t, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pi. mid eofer-spreotum heoro- hocyhtum, with hunting-sfears which were frovided with sharp hooks, 1438. eoguff, loguS'. See geogoff. BOlet, St. m. n., sea{J'): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. eorclan-st^n, st. m., precious stone : ace. pi. -stSnas, 1209. eorff-cyning, it.m., king of the land: gen. sg. eor'S-cyninges (Finn) ,1156. eorff-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth : nom. sg. 2713, 2826. eorffe, w. f. : i) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: ace. sg. al- mihtiga eortSan worhte, 92; wide geond eorSan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorlSan, 248, 803 ; on eor- «an, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eoriSan, 753. — 2) earth, ground: ace. sg. he eor^an gefeoU, fell to the ground, 2835 ; forlSton eorla gestreon eorlSan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles^ treasure, 3 1 68 ; dat. sg. bat hit on eortSan lag, 1533; under eor&n, 2416; gen. sg. wiS eor^an fa'Sm {in the bosom of the earth'), 3050. lOraT-reced, St. 11., hall in the earth, rock-hall : ace. sg. 2720. co'r^-&CTa,t,st.n.,earth-cavern,cave: dat. sg. eor'5-[scrafe], 2233; gen. pi. eor^-scrafa, 3047. eorUf-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave : ace. sg. eor^-sele, 241 1 ; dat. sg. of eor'Ssele, 2516. eorS'-weall, st. m., earth-wall : ace. sg. (Ongenbefiw) beah eft under eorlSweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; J)4 me was . . . SI'S aiyfed inn under eor^weall, then the way i7i, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 309 1 . eorff-vreard, st. m., land-property, estate : ace. sg. 2335. eorl, St. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility : nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; ace. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; ace. pi. eorlas, 2817; dat. pi. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pi. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc. — Since the king himself is from the stock of the e o r 1 a s, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. eorl-gestre6n, st. 11., wealth of the nobles : gen. pi. eorl-gestreona . . . hardfyrdne dsel, 2245. eorl-gewsede, st. n., knightly dress, armor : dat. pi. -gewsedum, 1443. eorlic (i.e. eorl-ltc), adj., xvhat it be- comes a noble born man to do, chiv- alrous : ace. sg. eorlic ellen, 638. eorl-sclpe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility : ace. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chiv- alrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. eorl-Tveorod, st. n., followers of nobles : nom. sg. 2894. eornien-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen- cynnes, 1958. eormen-grund, st. m., immejisely wide plains, the whole broad earth : ace. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. eormen-lS/f, st. f., enormous legacy: ace. sg. eormen-lafe aSelan cynnes {the- treasures of the dragon's cave), 2235. 1G2 GLOSSARY. eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. eoton, St. m. : i) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. un- inflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pi. eotenas, 112. — 2) harm- ful enemy, in general(?) : gen. pi. eotena, 421, 884, (of the Danes) 1073, (of the Frisians) 1089, 1142; dat. pi. eotenum, 1146. eotonisc, 3.Sy,gigantic, coming from giants : ace. sg. eald sweord eote- nisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (eto- nisc, MS.) 2617. e6 e6red-geatwe, st. f. pi., warlike adornments : ace. pi., 2867. eo'wan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ohwser, ecghete edwe'S, nowhere shows it- self strife, sword-hate, 1739. See edwran, ywan. e6-wer: i) gen. pi. pers. pron., ves- trum: eower sum, that one of you (namely, Beowulf), 248; f^h^e eower le6de, the enmity of the peo- ple of you (of your people), 597; nis >at e6wer sl"S . . . nefne mln Snes, 2533. — 2) poss. pron., j)/i3«>-, 251. 257. 294, etc. P g e -fandlan, -fondlan, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to expe- rience : w. gen. pret. part, tat hafde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302 ; }>onne se S.n hafalS Jjurh dei'Ses nyd dseda gefondad, no%t) theone(Yieif:hea\£)haswithdeath''s pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hse'Scyn), 2455. fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara. far an, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tS hSm faran, to go home, 124; ISton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865 ; cwom faran flotherge on Fres- na land, had come to Frieslandwith a fleet, 2^16; com leoda dugolSe on ISst faran, came logo upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wseron alSelingas eft tS leodum fftse t3 farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum f6r [)>4] ofer myrcan mor, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; ssegenga for, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid bsele for, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pi. J'at . . . scawan sctrhame tS scipe foron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896. gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. htt se mItnscealSa under faergripum ge- faran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739. fit faran, to go out: w. ace. l§t of brefistum . . . word aer him fold-wegas fagere >fthton, 867. — Comp. un-fager. fagere, fagre, adv., beatitifully, well, becomingly, according to eti- quette : fagere gej'segon medoful manig, 1015; Jii was flet-sittendurr. fagere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1789; Higelic IC-i GLOSSARY. ongan . . . fagre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. far, St. n., craft, ship : nom. sg., 33. fast, adj., bound, fast : nom. sgJai'S se slsep to fast, 1743; ace. sg. fredndscipe fastne, 2070; faste frio'SuwEere, 1097. — The prep, on stands to denote the where or wherein : was to fast on \>ixa (sc. on f^htSe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fast, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feond-grSpum fast, (^e/o') fast in his antagonists clutch, iiyj; fyrbendum fast, fast in the forged hinges, 723 ; handa fast, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fast (beorn him lan- ga^), fast {shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879. — Comp. : Sr-, bted-, gin-, s6^-, tlr-, w!s-fast. faste, zAv.,fast: 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296. — Comp. fastor, 143. be-fastan, w. v., to give over : inf. het Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweololSe befastan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1 1 16. fasten, si.n., fortified place, ot place difficult of access : ace. sg. ledda fasten, the fastness of the Gedtas (with ref. to 2327), 2334; fasten (OngenJ>edw's castle or fort) , 295 1 ; fasten (Grendel's house in the fen- sea), 104. fast-raed, 3.6.]., firmly resolved : ace. sg. fast-raedne gehoht, firm deter- mination, 611. fat, St. m., way, journey : in comp. sttS-fat. fat, St. n., vessel ; vase, cup : ace. pi. fyrn-manna fatu, the {drinking-') vessels of men of old times, 2762. — Comp. : bSn-, drync-, mSS^um-, sine-, wundor-fat. fat, St. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pi. gold- sele . . . fattum f^hne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly cov- ered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fatum befeallen (se. wesan), the gold or- .najnents shall fall away from it, 2257. fated, fatt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form : gen. sg.fattan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fattan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate : nom. sg. sweord . . . fated, 2702; ace. sg. fated wsege, 2254, 2283; ace. pi. fatte seyldas, 333; fatte beagas, 1751. fated-hle6r, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.) : ace. pi. eahta mearas fated-hledre {eight horses with bri- dles covered with plates of gold"), ^037- fat-gold, St. n., gold in sheets or plates; ace. sg., 1922. fsege, adj. : i) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate ; nom. sg. feege, 1756, 2142, 2976; fsege and ge-flymed,847; f(is and fsege, 1242; ace. sg. fsegne flaese-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fsegum, 2078; gen. sg. fseges, 1528. — 2) dead: dat. pi. ofer fsegum {over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026. — Comp. '. deaS-, un-faege. faehU {state of hostility, see fSh), St. f., hostile act, feud, battle : nom. sg. fseh'S, 2404, 3062; ace. sg. faahlSe, 153, 459,. 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bow- shot of the HrSJSling, HaeScyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore faeh'Se and fyrene, 137; nalas for faeh'Se mearn {did not recoil from the combat'), 1538; GLOSSARY. 165 gen. sg. ne gefeah he Jjsere fseh'Se, 109; gen. pi. fish'Sa gemyndig, 2690. — Comp. wal-feh^. faebiSo, st. f., same as above : nom. sg. sio fseh'So, 3000; ace. feh'So, 2490. f^elsian, w. v., io bring into a good condition, to cleanse : inf. l^at ic mote . . . Heorot faelsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. HrS^gSres . . . sele fselsode, 2353. ge-faslsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part, hafde gefselsod . . . sele HrS^gires, 826; Heorot is gefsel- sod, H77; wseron y^-gebland eal gefaelsod, 1621. faemne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta : dat. sg. faemnan, 2035; gen. sg. fsemnan, 2060, both times of HrStS- gSr's daughter Freaware. faer, st. m., sudden, unexpected at- tack : nom. sg. (attack upon Hnaf 's band by Finn's), 1069. fser-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacher- ous gripe, attack : nom. sg. fser- gripe flodes, 1517; dat. pi, under faergripum, 739. faer-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack : dat. pi. wilS fser- gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. faerlnga, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly, 1415, 1989. faer-niSf, st. m., hostility with sud- den attacks : gen. pi. hwat me Grendel hafa^ . . . f^rnl'Sa gefre- med, 476. feSfer-gear-we, st. f. pi. {^feather- equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pi. sceft fe^er-gearvpum ffls, 3120. fel, St. n., skin, hide : dat. pi. glof • • • gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, 2089. fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst. : ace. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With w r n placed before : hwat Jju worn fela . . . ymb Brecan sprsece, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530. — With gen. sg. : ace. sg. fela fyrene, Sio; wyrm- cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sor- ge, 2004; tS fela micles . . . Denigea leode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncfl^es fela, 877; fela laiSes, 930; fela leofes and ISties, 1 06 1 . — With gen. pi. : nom. sg. fela mddma, 36; fela Jiaera wera and wlfa, 993, etc.; ace. sg. fela missera, 153J fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311 ; malSISum- sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swor fela S& on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela mSISma, 1784; worna fela gfllSa, 2543. — Comp. eal-fela. II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 2951. fela-hrSr, adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very war- like, 27. fela-mSdig, adj., very courageous : gen. pi. -mSdigra, 1638, 1889. fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty : ace. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sin- nigne), 1380. felgan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self : pret. siOTan inne fealh Grendles modor (in Heorot), 1282; >sr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave) , 2227. — to come to any place, to arrive : searonWas fealh, 1201. at-felgan, w. dat., insistere, ^dhae- rere : pret. no ic him ^as georne at- i&zShfdid not hold him so fast), 969, 166 GLOSSARY. fen, St. n., fen, moor : ace. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; feri- ne, 2010. t«lSi.-ixt^QliSo,i\..i.,refuge in the fen : dat. sg. in fen-freo^o, 852. feng, St. m,, gripe, embrace : nom. sg. fyres feng, 1 765 ; ace. sg. fSra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578. — Comp. inwit-feng. fengel (probably he who takes pos- session, cf. to fon, 1756, and fon t8 rice, to enter upon the government') , St. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wisa fengel, 1401 ; snottra fen- gel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. fen-ge-l^d, st. 11., fen-paths, fen with paths : aec. pi. frSene fen- gelSd {fens difficult of access), 1360. fen-bllST, St. n., marslty precipice : ace. pi. under fen-hleo'Su, 821. fen-liSp, St. n., refuge in the fen : ace. pi. on fen-hopu, 765. ferh, St. m. n., life ; see feorh. ferli, St. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305- ferta9, st. m., heart, soul ; dat. sg. on ferh'Se, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferh'Se treowde, fiat . . ., each of them trusted to his (Hlin- fer'S's) heart, that . . ., 1 1 67; gen. sg. ferh'Ses fore-Jianc, 1061; dat. pi. (adverbial) ferh^um fagne, hap- py at heart, 1634; J>at mon . . . ferh^um fredge, that one , . . hearti- ly love, 3178. — Comp.: coUen-, sSrig-, swlS-, wlde-ferh«. te.ThiS-freo,3.&].,hamnggood courage, bold, brave: ace. sg. ferh^-frecan Fin, 1147. ferhaF-geniSIa, w. m., mortal ene- my : ace. sg. ferh'S-gent^lan, of the drake, 2882. ferian, w. v. w. aec., to bear, to bring, to conduct; pres. II. pi. hwanon ferigea^ fatte scyldas, 333; pret. pi. t3 seypum feredon eal inges- teald eor^cyninges, 1 1 55; simi- larly, feredon, 11 59, 3 114. at-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic >at hilt Jianon feon- dum atferede, 1670. ge-ferian,/o bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pi. J^onne (we) ge- ferian frean flserne, 3108; inf. geferian. ..Grendlesheafod, 1639; pret. tat hi (it geferedon dyre mSIS- mas, 3131; pret. part, her syndon geferede feorran cumene . . . Geata leode, men of the Gedtas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361. 5'S- ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. uns6fte panon feorh 6^-ferede, 2142. cf-ferian, to carry off,to take away, to tear away : pret. 8Ser swyle fit offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584. fetel-hiltj st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it : aec. (sg. or pi.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde,"pp.45,46.) fetlan, w. v., to bring near, bring : pres. subj. nSh hwE . . . fe[tige] fated wzege, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part, hra^e was to bfire Beowulf fetod, 131 1. ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hSt Jii eorla hleo in gefetian HrfiSles life, cattsed Hrf&eV s sword to be brought, 2191. E-fSdan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up : pret. part. Jiaer he SfSded was, 694, fgffa (O.H.G. fendo), w. m. : \) foot- soldiers : nom. pi. fS^an, 1328, 2545. — 2) collective in sing., band GLOSSARY. 167 of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors : nom. fStSa eal gesat, 1425; dat. on fS^an, 2498, 2920. — Comp. gum- felSa. fSffe, St. n., gait, going, pace : dat. sg. was tS foremihtig fednd on fl'Se, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. f eSe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier : nom. sg., 154s, 2854. feffe-gast, st. m., guest coming on foot : dat. pi. fSSe-gestum, 1977. f Safe-13,st, St. m., signs of going, foot- print : dat. pi. fSrdon for^ lionon fSiSe-lSstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633. f Sffe-'wig, St. m., battle on foot : gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrSmge J>orf- ton (sc. wesan) feSe-w!ges, 2365. f el (= feol), St. i.,file : gen. pi. fSla life, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033. f Sran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pi. Eer ge . . . on land Dena fufSur fSran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fSran on frean ware {to die'), 27; gewiton him }>d f§ran {set out upon their way"), 301 ; masl is me to fgran, 316; feran . . . gang sceawi- gan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1 39 1; wide feran, 2262; pret. ferdon folctogan . . . wundor scea- wian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; ferdon for^, 1633. ge-flran: i) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. I^onne eorl ende gefere lifgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part, hafde seghwa^er ende gefSred Icenan Ufes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845. — 2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about : pret. hafast jju gef^- red t>at . . ., 1222, 1856. — 3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. fr6cne gefSrdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692. feal, St. xa., fall; in comp. wal-feal. feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall head- long : inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. Jjat he on hrusan ne feol, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, 773; similarly, fedll on foldan, 2976; fedll on ffi^an (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pi. >onne walu fe611on, 1043. be-feallen, pret. part, w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: freon- dum befeallen, robbed of friends, H27; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257. ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down : pres. sg. III. Jiat se Uc-homa . . fsege gefealle^, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756. — Also, with the ace. of the place whither : pret. meregrund gefeoU, 2ioi ; he eor&n gefedll, 2835. fealu, &A]., fallow, dun-colored, taw- ny : ace. sg. ofer fealone flod {over the sea), 1951; fealwe straete (with reference to 320), 917; ace. pi. l§ton on gefllt faran fealwe mea- ras, 865. — Comp. appel-fealo. feax, St. n., hair, hair of the head : dat. sg. was be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him . . . swSt . . . sprong for'S under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968. — Comp. ; blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. ge-feA, w. ra., joy : ace. sg. Ixere fylle gefean, joy at the abundant 168 GLOSSARY. repast, 562; ic Jjas ealles inag . . . gefean habban {can rejoice at all this), 2741. fed, adj.j/^ai .■ dat. pi. nemne feaum ^xvxaa, except some few, \o%2,; gen. pi. feara sum, as one of a few, with a few, 1413; feara sumne, one of a few (some few"), 3062. With gen. following : ace. pi. fea worda cwatS, spoke few words, 2663, 2247. fe^-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. sy^an serest weariS feasceaft funden, 7 ; fea- sceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. feasceaftum nien, 2286; Ead- gilse . . . feasceaftum, 2394; nom. pi. feasceafte (the Geatas robbed of their king, HygelSc), 2374. feoli,fe6, st.n., {piopei]ycattle,herS faeh^e fed Hn- gode, 470; ic Jje JjS. ftehlSe fed leanige, 1381. ge-feohan, ge-feon, st. v., vv. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen. : pret. sg. ne gefeah he J^sere fceh^e, log; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pi. fylle gefsEgon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; t^eodnes gef^gon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628. — b) w. instr. ; niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mser^um, S28; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; ssel^ce gefeah, magen- byrSenne );ara t>e he him mid haf- de, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword- hilt) which he had with him, 1625. I'eoli-gift, -gyf t, St. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. I^aere feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pi. at feoh- gyftum, logo; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21. feoh-leds, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts : nom. sg. tat was feoh-leas gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Hse'Scyn), 2442. ge-feoht, St. 11., combat; warlike deed: nora. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hse'Scyn), 2442; dat. sg. mSce >one >ln fader t6 gefeohte bar, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 204g. ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight : inf. w. ace. ne mehte . . . wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan {could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084. feohte, w. f., combat : ace. sg. feoh- tan, 576, g6o. See were-fyhte. feor, adj., _/«?■, remote : nom. sg. nis >at feor heonon, 1362; nas him feor )janon to gesecanne sinces bryttan, 1922; ace. sg. feor eal {all that is far, past), 1702. feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 8og, 1806, 1917; feor and (olS^e) neah, far and {or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267. — b) of time : ge feor hafa'S faeh'Se gestEeled {has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341. Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fastor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542. feor-buend, pt., dwelling far away : nom. pi. ge feor-bttend, 254. feor-c^ff, St. f., home of those liv- ing far away, distant land: nom. pi. feor-cJSiSe bed 5 selran gesShte ))am \>e him selfa deah, who trusts to his own ability, for him is it better that he seek foreign lands, 1839. feorh, ferh (Goth, fairhvu-s, world). GLOSSARY. 169 St. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no Jjon lange was feorh aBelinges flses- ce bewunden, not for much longer •was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wrac, life ex- pelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the str'ength disap- peared also), 2707; ace. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehesMan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh Slegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, Jer he feorh seleB, 1371; feorh o^ferede, tore away her life, 2142 ; otS bat hie forteddan tS \>&m lindplegan swsese gesl'Sas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041 ; gif>u Kn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan {to fight for life), 439 ; was in feorh dropen, %uas wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; widan feorh, as temporal ace, through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; to widan (eore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swS geongum feore {at a so youthful age), 1844 ; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pi. buton . . . feo- rum gumena, 73 ; freonda feorum, 1307. — Also, body, corpse : \i%. was heal hroden fednda feorum {the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1 1 53; gehwearf )>% in Francna faiSm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygellc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. — Comp. geogoWeorh. feorb-bana, w. m., {life-slayer), . man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466. feorli-ben, st. f., wound thai takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pi. feorh-bennum sedc, 2741. feorb-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death : nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; ace. sg., 156. feorh-cyn, st. ii., race of the living, mankind: gen. pi. fela feorh-cyn- na, 2267. feorb-genlffla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod- feind), mortal enemy: ace. sg. -genlSlan, 1541; dat. sg. -geni^- lan, 970; ace. pi. folgode feorh- genl'Slan, 970; ace. pi. folgode feorh-genlSlan, (Ongen))e6w) pur- sued his mortal enemies, 2934. feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate : ace. sg. on mSISma hord mine (mlnne, MS.) bebohte frode feorh- lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801. feorh-13.st, st. m., trace of {vanish- ing) life, sign of death : ace. sg. feorh-lSstas bar, 847. feorh-seoc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821. feorh-sw^eng, st. m., {stroke rob- bing of life), fatal blow : ace. sg., 2490. feorh-'wuncl, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury : acc.sg. feorh-wunde hleat, 2386. feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertain- ment : ace. sg. no J>u ymb mines ne Jiearft llces feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 451. — 2) banquet : dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386. feormend-Ieds, adj., wanting the cleanser : ace. pi. geseah . . . fyrn- manna fatu feormend-Iease, 2762. 170 GLOSSAEY. feormlan, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish : pres. part, nom pi. feor- miend swefa'S (feormynd, MS.), 2257. ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat: pret. part, sona hafde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod f§t and folma, 745. feorran, w. v., w. ace, to remove : inf. sibbe ne wolde wW manna hwone raagenes Deniga feorh-bea- lo feorran, feo }>ingian, (Grendel) would not frovi friendship free any one of the race of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156. feorran, adv., from afar : a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siS&n atSelingas feorran ge- fricgean fleam eowerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fSr- don folctogan feorran and nean, frotn far and from near, 840; similarly, nean and feorran ))U nu [fri^u] hafast, 11 75; wasj>aswyr- mes wig wide ges^ne . . . nean and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318. — b) temporal: se Jie cftSe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan {since remote antiquity'), 91 ; sim- ilarly, feorran rehte, 2107. feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. feor-'weg, st. m., far way : dat. pi. midma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign lands), 37. ge-fe6n. See feohan. fe6Dd, St. m., enemy . nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; feond on helle (Gren- del), loi ; ace. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. feonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. feondes, 985, 2129, 2290; ace. pi. feond, 699; dat. pi. feon- dum, 420, 1670; gen. pi. feonda, 294, 809, 904. fe6iid-gr3e he cenoste findan mihte, 207; svi^lce hie at Finnes- hSm findan meahton sigla searo- gimma, 1 157; similarly, 2871; mag }>3er fela freonda findan, 1 839 ; wolde guman findan, 2295; sw^ hyt weorlSlicost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3 1 64 ; pret. sg. healjiegnas fand, 720; word otSer iaxiA, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrellcne grund- hyrde fond, 2137; J>at ic gSdne funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. sy'SiSan serest wearB feasceaft funden (discovered), 7. — b) with ace. and pred. adj. : pret. sg. dryh- ten slnne driorigne fand, 2790. — c) with ace. and inf. : pret. fand H Jiaer inne aMinga gedriht swe- fan, 118; fand waccendne wer wlges bldan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; 8^ )>at he fyrgen-beamas . . . hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pi. fundon b3 GLOSSARY. 171 sSwuUeasne hlim - bed healdan, 3034. — d) with dependent clause : inf. no J>y ser feasceafte findan meahton at ham alSeUnge tat he HeardrSde hlSford wsere {could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374. on-findan, to be sensible of, to per- ceive, to notice : a) w. ace. : pret. sg. landweard onfand eftst^ eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part, ^k heo onf unden was {was discovered), 1294. — b) w. depend, clause : pret. sg. \>%. se gist onfand J>at se beado- leoma bitan nolde, the stranger (fitovrnM) perceived thai the sword would not cut, 1523 ; sona J>at on- funde, l^at . . ., immediately per- ceived that . . .,751; similarly, 810, 1498. finger, st. m., finger : nom. pi. fin- gras, 761; ace. pi. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.)pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pi. fingra, 765. firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahl, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pi., men: gen. pi. fira, 91, 2742; monegumfira, 2002; fyragehwylc- ne leoda mlnra, 2251 ; fira fyrnge- weorc, 2287. firen, fyren, st. f., cunning way- laying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage : nom. sg. {yie-n,gi6; ace. sg. fyrene and faeh'Se, 153; feh^e and fyrene, 880, 2481 ; firen' on- drysne, 1933 ; dat. sg. fore fseh^e and fyrene, 137; gen. pi. fyrena, 164,629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pi., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1 745' ""^ fallaciously, with reference to Hse^- cyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. flren-dsed, st. f., wicked deed: ace. pi. fyren-dseda, 1670 ; instr. pi, fyren-dsedum, icx)2 ; both times o( Grendel and his mother, with refer- ence to their nocturnal inroads, firen-]jearf, st, f., misery through the malignity of enemies : ace. sg. fyren-j'earfe, 14. firgen-be&m, st. m., tree of a moun- tain-forest : ace. pi. fyrgen-beamas, 1415. flrgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest : ace. sg. on fyr- gen-holt, 1394. firgen-stredm, st. m., mountain- stream : nom. sg. fyrgen-strea-m, 1 360; ace. sg. under fyrgen-stream (marks the place where the moun- tain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. fisc, St. m., fish : in comp. hron-, mere-fisc, f if, num., five : uninflect, gen. flf nihta fyrst, 545; ace. fife (?), 420. fifel-cyn (O.N. flfl, stultus and gigas), St. n,, giant-race : gen. sg. fifelcynnes card, 104. f if-tene, f if-tyne, num., fifteen : ace. fyftyne, 1583; gen. flftena sum, 207. fif-tig, wOi'm., fifty : l) as substantive with gen. following; ace. ffftig wintra, 2734 ; gen, se was fiftiges f8t-gemearces lang, 3043, — 2) as adjective : ace, fiftig wintru, 2210, fl3.D, st, m., arrow : dat, sg, flSne, 3120 ; as instr., 2439, fl&n-'boga, w, m,, bow which shoots the fian, bow : dat, sg, of flSn- bogan, 1434, 1745, fiaesc, st, n., flesh, body in contrast with soul : instr, sg, no (ion lange was feorh aMinges fljesce bewun- den, not much longer was the soul 172 GLOSSAEiT. of the prince contained in his body, 2425. fleesc-taama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body : ace. sg. flassc-homan, 1569- flet, St. n. : i) ground, floor of a hall; ace. sg. heo on flet gebeah, fell to the ground, 1 541; similarly, 1569. — 2) hall, mansion: nom. sg- 1977; ace. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc. ; flett, 2035; J;at hie him 6"5er flet eal gerymdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on'flette, 1026. flet-rast, st. f., resting-place in the hall: ace. sg. flet-raste gebeag, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242. flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall : ace. pi. -sittende, 2023 ; dat. pi. -sittendum, 1789. flet-'werocl, st. n., troop from the hall : nom. sg., 476. fle&m, St. m., flight: ace. sg. on fleam gewand, had turned to flight, 1002 ; fleam eowerne, 2890. fleogan, st. v., to fly : prs. sg. III. fledge'S, 2274. fleon, St. v., to flee : inf. on heolster fleon, 756; fledn on fenh8pu, 765; fledn under fen-hleo%"u, 821 ; w. acC'. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226. be-fle6n, w. ace, to avoid, to es- cape : gerund no J^at ySe by'S to befleonne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004. ofer-fledn, w. ace., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleon fotes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526. fledtan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim : inf. no he wiht fram me flod-JISum feor fledtan meahte, hraSor on holme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542 ; pret. sasgenga fleat f^migheals forS ofer p Se, floated away over the waves, 1910. fliht. See flyht. flitme. See un-flitme. flitan, St. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate : pres. part, fli- tende fealwe sti'sete mearum mseton {rode a race), 917; pret. sg. 11. eart J^u se Beowulf, se J;e wi5 Brecan . . . ymb sund flite, art thou the Bedwulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swi7ii- ming? 507. ofer-flltan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. ace. he J>e at sunde ofer- flSt {overcome thee in a swimming- wager), 517. ge-flit, St. n., emulation: ace. sg. leton on geflit faran fealwe niearas, let the fallow horses go in emula- tion, 866. floga, w. va.., flyer; in the compounds : gttS-, lyft-, uht-, wt5-floga. flota (see fle6tan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301 ; ace. sg. flotan eowerne, 294. — Comp. wseg-flota. flot-here, st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916. fl5d, St. m., flood, stream, sea-cur- rent: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; ace. sg. flSd, 3134; ofer fealone fl8d, 1951; dat. sg. to flode, 1889; gen. pi. floda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flSda genipu, 2809. GLOSSAEY. 173 fl.6d-^l5, St. f., flood-wave : instr. pi. flSd-y'Sum, 542. fldr, St. m., floor, stone-floor : ace. sg. on fSgne fl6r (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726 ; dat. sg. gang }>i after flSre, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317. flyht, fliht, St. m., flight : nom. sg. g&res ?&A, flight of the spear, 1766. g e - flyman, w. v., to put to flight : pret. part, gefiymed, 847, 1371. folc, St. n., troop, band of warriors ; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a na- tion: ace. Sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; SttWene folc, 464 ; folc and rtce, 1 180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465 ; as instr. folce gestepte ofer S3e side, went with a hand of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125 ; folces Denigea, 1583. — The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645,2982; freawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwSn, 1933. — The pi., in Xiiese'asto(war7'iors,fightingmen: nom. pi. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pi. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pi. freo- (frea-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430 ; fritSu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018. — Comp. sige-fole. folc-Sgend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors : nom. pi. fole- ^gende, 31 14. folc-beorn, st. m., man of the mul- titude^ a common man : nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222. folc-cw6n, St. f., queen of a warlike host : nom. sg., of Wealh>eow, 642. folc-cyning, st. m., king of a war- like host : nom. sg., 2734, 2874. folc-raed, st. m., what best serves a warlike host : ace. sg., 3007. folc-rlht, st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation : gen. pi. him ser forgeaf . . . folcrihta ge- hwylc, swS his fader Hhte, 2609. folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation : dat. sg. folc- scare, 73. folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered : ace. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76 ; folcstede fSra {the battle-field), 1464. folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body ofwarriors, duke: nom. pi., power- ful liege -men of Hr6Sgar are called fole-togan, 840. fold-lbold, St. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven) : nom. sg. fa- ger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774- fold-buend, pres. part., dweller on earth, man : nom. pi. fold-bflend, 2275; fold-bQende, 1356; dat.pl. fold-bflendum, 309. folde, w. f., earth, ground : ace. sg. under foldan, 1362; feoll on fol- dan, 2976'; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1 138; fol- dan sceatas, 96; foldan fa'Sm, 1394. — Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1 197. fold-weg, St. m., field-way, road through the country : ace. sg. fold- weg, 1634; ace. pi. fold-wegas, 867. folgian, w. v. ; \) to perform vas- sal-duty, to serve, to follow : pret. pi. J>eah hie hira beaggyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, 1 103. — 2) to pursue, to follow after : folgode feorh-genllSlan (ace. pi.), 293^ 174 GLOSSARY. folm, St. f., hand: ape. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 749; ace. pi. fSt and folma, feet and hands, T^f); dat. pi. to banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993. — Comp. : beado-, gearo-folm. for, prep. \v. dat., instr., and aec. : i) w. dat. loeal, before, ante: ))at he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; for hldwe, 1:21. — b) before, eoram, in eonspeetu : no he J^re feohgyfte for sceotendum scami- gan borfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the war- riors,i02'j; forjiam werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for dugu'Se, be- fore the noble band of warriors, 2021 ; for duge^um, 2502. — Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of through, from : for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmSdlan, 2927, etc. — b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for J>reanydum, 833; for JreanSdlan, 2225 ; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrSfsele hrlnan ne mehte fser- gripe flodes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 15 16; llg- egesan wag for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mlnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for J>as hildfruman handgeweoirce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967 ; ne meah- te . . . deop gedygan for dracan ISge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic t>am godan sceal for his modJ>race mi^mas beddan, will offer hifn treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385 ; ful-oft for las- san lean teohhode, gave often re- ward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; simi- larly, 1538. Also denoting pur- pose : for Srstafum, to the assist- ance, 382, 458. — 2) vp. instr. causal, because of , for : he hine feor forwrac for J^y mine, no. — 3) w. ace, for, as, instead of: for sunu freogan, love as u son, 948; for sunu habban, H76; ne him J>as wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349. foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: si^San . . . sceawedon fedndes fingras, foran aeghwylc {each before himself), 985 ; }>at was an foran ealdgestreona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treas- ure, 1459 ; Jje him foran ongean linde baeron, bore their shields for- ward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365. be-foran: i) adv., local, before: he . . . beforan gengde, went be- fore, 1413; ttm:gm2\,before, earlier, 2498. — 2) prep. w. ace. before, in eonspeetu : msere mi^um-sweord manige gesSwon beforan beorn beran, 1025. ford, St. m., ford, water-way : ace. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. ioriS : I ) local, forth, hither, near : for'5 near 'i.'aia^,approachednearer, 746; JjS cwom Wealhheo for^gSn, GLOSSAEY. 175 1163; similarly, 613; him selejiegn for^ wtsade, led him (Be6wulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him inHeorot), 1796; hat him swSt sprong for'S under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further : gewtta'S for'S beran wsepen and gewaedu, 291 ; he to for'S gest8p, 2290; freo'So-wong bone forlS ofer- eodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904 ; fyrst for'S gewSt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210 ; me . . . foriS-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480 ; fSrdon for'S, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633 ; Jjonne he for^ scile, when he must (.?") forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god . . , ofer ealle men for'S gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719. — 2) temporal,_/Br/;4, from now on : heald forlS tela niwe sibbe, 949 ; ic sceal for'S sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furffum and furBfor. forff-gerimed, pres. part., in un- broken succession, 59. forS-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny : ace. sg. he Jji for'S-ge- sceaft forgyte'S and forg^me'S, 1 75 1 . forlS-weg, St. m., road that leads away, journey : he of ealdre ge- wdt frod on forlS-weg {upon the way to the next world'), 2626. fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: heo fore i-am werede spvac, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: no mearn fore faehlSe and fyrene, 136; fore fader dxdum, because of the father'' s deeds, 2060. — Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: tser was sang and swSg samod atgadere fore Healfdenes hildewlsan, song and musicabout Healfdene' s gene- ral (the song of Hnaf), 1065. fore-msere, adj., renowned beyond {others'), prseclarus : superl. ^at was fore-maerost foldbflendum re- ceda under roderum, 309. fore-mihtlg, adj., able beyond {others), prsepotens: nom. sg. was t8 foreraihtig fednd on fSSe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970. fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond {others), sapientissimus : nom. pi. foresnotre men, 3164. fore-]>anc, st. m., forethought, con- sideration, deliberation : nom. sg., 1061. forhty &^., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on mode wear^ forht on ferh^e, 755. — Comp. un- forht. forma, ad^y, foremost, first : nom. sg. forma SI'S {the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sl'Se, 741, 2287 ; forman dogore, 2574- fyrmest, adv. superl., _/?rri of all, in the first place : he fyrmest lag, 2078. forst, St. m., frost, cold : gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. for-}7ain, for-]jan, for-]>on, adv. and conj., therefore, on that ac- count, then : forjiam, 149; forJ>an, 418, 680, 1060; forjjon \i&, because, 503- f6n, St. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take : prs. sg. III. fSh^ oSer t6, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grSpe sceal fon wi'S feonde, 439 ; pret. sg. him togeanes f§ng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w» 176 GLOSSARY. dat. he JiSra fratwum f6ng, received the rich adornments (Ongen)>e6w's equipment), 2990. be-fSn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part, hyne sir hafa^ . . . nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977 ; had a&linga Snne hafde faste be- fangen {had seized him firmly), li^d; helm . . . befongen freawris- num {encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452 ; fenne bi- fongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fyre befongen, en- circled by fire, 2275, 2596 ; hafde landwara llge befangen, encom- fassed by fire, 2322. ge-fon, w. ace, to seize, to grasp: pres. he gef^ng slsependne rinc, 741 ; gfliSrinc gef^ng atolan clom- mum, 1502; gefSng )>%. be eaxle . . . GflSgeata leod Grendles modor, 1538; gefeng ^d fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefSng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefSng micle mid mundum magen - byrSenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091. on-fon, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take : pres. imp. sg. onfoh \r&- sum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. ))at Jjat ]:>eddnes beam . . . scolde fader-a^elum onfon, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwi +am hlaste onfSng, who re- ceived the ship's lading, 52; hleor- bolster onfeng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the noble7nan' s face, 689 ; similarly, 853, 1495 ; heal sw6ge onfeng, the hall re- ceived the loud noise, 1215 ; he onfeng hralSe inwit-))ancum, he (Beowulf) at once received him (Grendel) devising malice, 749. t>urh-fon, w.acc, to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasp- ing: inf. )>at he6 Jjone fyrd-hom >urh-f6n ne mihte, 1505. wi'S-fon, w. dat., {to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him faste wKS-fSng, 761. ymbe-fon, w. ace, to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefSng biteran banum, encircled his (Beowulf's) whole neck with sharp fo»«(teeth), 2692. fOt, St. m., foot : gen. sg. fotes trem {the measure of a foot, a foot broad), 2526 ; ace. pi. fet, 746 ; dat. pi. at fStum, at the feet, 500, 1 1 67. fSt-gemearc, st. n., measure, deter- mining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. se was flftiges fotgemearces long {fifty feet long), 3043. fOt-last, St. m., foot-print : ace. sg. (draca) onfand fedndes fot-lSst, 2290. f raced, adj., objectionable, useless: nom. sg. nas sed ecg fracod hilde- rince, 1576. fram, from,!, prep. w.dat.loc.aw^Tj' from- something: hser fram sylle ibeagmedubencmonig,776, 1716; Jianon eft gewiton ealdgesi'Sas . . . fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from Jiam holmclife hafelan bseron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat. : he hine feor forwrac . . . mancynne fram, no; similarly, 1 71 6. A]so, hither from something : Jji ic cwom . . . from fedndum, 420; Eeghwii&um was . . . brSga fram 8'Srum, 2566. — Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sagdest from his slSe, 532; no ic wiht fram J;e swylcra searo-nl'Sa secgan hyrde, 581; >at he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. GLOSSARY. 177 II. adv., away, thence : nS V) aer fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from serest cwom oru'S aglaecean fit of stSne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock, 2557. fram, from, adj.: l) directed for- wards, striving forwards ; in comp. sl^-fram, — 2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his war- like qualities : nom. sg. ic eom on mode from, 2528; nom. pi. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642,2477. Of things: instr. pi. fromum feoh-giftum, 21. — Comp. un-from ; see freme, forma. g e - f ragen. See f rignan. fratrre, st. f. pi., ornament, any- thing costly, originally carved ob- jects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 2l6 £f.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work : ace. pi. fratwe, 2920; beorhte fratwe, 214; beorhte fratwa, 897 ; fratwe . . . eorclan- stSnas, 1208 ; fratwe, . . . bredst- weor^unge, 2504, both times of Hygeldc's collar; fratwe and fat- .gold, 1922 ; fratwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621 ; dat. instr. pi. )>Sm fratwum, 2164; on frate- wum, 963; fratwum (Hea^obeard sword) hrSmig, 2055; fratwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frat- wum (Ongenjieow's armor), 2990; gen. pi. fela . . . fratwa, 37; J'Sra fratwa (drake's treasure), 2795 ; fratwa hyrde (drake), 3134. f ratwan, w. v., to supply with or- naments, to adorn : inf. folc-stede fratwan, 76. ge-fratwian,w. v., /ii adorn : pret. sg. gefratwade foldan sceatas leo- mum and leafum, 96; pret. part. \^ was hSten Heort innanweard folmum gefratwod, 993. ge-frsege, adj., known by reputa- tion, renowned : nom. sg. Ie6d- cyning . . . folcura gefixege, 55; swS hyt gefrasge was, 2481. ge-tTaege,st.n., information through hearsay : instr. sg. mine gefrsege {as I learned through the narra- tive of others'), 777, 838, 1956, etc. g e - f raegnian, v/.-v.,io become known through hearsay: pret. part, fylle gefi-segnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Aschere), 1334. f reca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a desig- nation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564. — Comp. : gfit5-,hilde-,scyld-,sweord-, . wlg-freca; ferh'S-frec (adj.). fremde, adj., properly distant, for- eign; then estranged, hostile : nom. sg. ]>aX. was fremde teod Scean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cw§n, of prySo, I933(?). fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence : i) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make : pres. subj. without an ob- ject, fremme se be wille, let hivi do [it) whoever will, 1004. With ace. : imp. pi. fremmalS ge nu leoda Jiearfe, 2801 ; inf fyrene fremman, loi ; sacce fremman, 2500; faeh^e . . . mEer'Sum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcraed fremede {did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pi. hft JjS a'Selingas ellen fremedon, 3 ; feohtan fre- medon, 960; nalles fScenstafas . . . Jienden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. Jiat ic . . . masr^o fremede, 2135. — ■ 2) to help on, to support : inf. Jjat he mec fremman wile wordum 178 GLOSSARY. and worcum (to an expedition), 1833- ge-fremman, w. ace, to do, to make, to render : inf. gefremman eorllc ellen, 637; helpan gefrem- man, to give help, 2450; after weaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work 1 change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; ge- rund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc. ; J>eah Jie hine mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men forlS gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pi. ge- fremedon, 1 188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part, gefre- med, 476 ; fem. nu scealc hafalS . . . daed gefremede, 941 ; abso-. lutely, J>u J>e self hafast daedum gefremed, J'at . . ., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955. fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume : inf. t>4 (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gled fretan wigena strengel, 31 1 5 ; pret. sg. (Grendel) sfepende frat folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582. frecne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frScne f^r-draca, 2690; feorh- bealo frecne, 2251, 2538; ace. sg. frScne daede, 890; frecne fengelad, 1360; frficne stowe, 1379; instr. sg. frScnan sprssce {through pro- voking words'), 1 1 05. frScne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692. fred, vv. m., ruler, lord, of a tempo- ral ruler : nom. sg. frea, 2286; ace. sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frean, 359,500,1167, 1681; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband : dat. sg. eode ... to hire frean sittan, 642. Of God : dat. sg. frean ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. frean, 27. — Comp. : Sgend-, llf-, sin-frea. fred-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797. fred-wine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler : nom. sg. frea-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; ace. sg. his frea-wine, 2439. fred-wrSsn, st. f., encircling orna- ment like a diadem : instr. pi. helm . . . befongen freawrSsnum, 1452; see WT^sn. f reoffu, f riffu, f., protection, asy- lum, peace : ace. sg. wel bitS l>am J>e mot ... to fader falSmum freo- So wilnian, who may obtain an asy- lum in God's arms, 188; neanand feorran J)U nu [fri'Su] hafast, 1 1 75. — Comp. fen-freo'So. freo8fo-burli, st. f., castle fity afford- ing protection : ace. sg. freotSoburh fagere, 522. freoffo-wong, st. xa., field of peace, field of protection : ace. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field. freolffo-waer, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace : ace. sg. J>S hie getrftwedon on twi healfa faste fvio'Su-wsere, 1097; gen. sg. frioUo- WEere bad hlSford slnne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquen- cy), 2283. f reoSFo-'webbe, w. f., pacis textrix, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations) : nom. sg., 1943. freo-burh, st. f., = frea-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua) : ace. sg. freo- burh, 694. freod, St. f., friendship: ace. sg, fredde ne woldon ofer heafo heal- GLOSSAEY. 179 dan, 2477; gen. sg. nas J>3er mira fyrst freode t6 friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; — favor, acknowledgement: ace. sg. ic >e sceal mine gelaestan freode (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708. Ire6-dryhten (= frea-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominusingenuus vel nobilis : nom. sg. as voc. freo-drihten mln ! 1 170; dat. sg. mid his freo-dryhtne, 2628. f redgan, w. v., to love ; to think of lovingly : pres. subj. Yi.t mon his wine-dryhten . . . ferhlSum fredge, 3178; inf. nu ic tec ... me for sunu \\7lle fredgan on ferhtSe, 949. freo-lic, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine) : nom. sg. fredllc wlf, 616; fredllcu folc-cwSn, 642. freond, st. m., friend: ace. sg. frednd, 1386, 1865; dat. pi. fredn- dum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pi. frednda, 1307, 1839. fre6iid-lal£ru, st. f ., friendly invita- tion : nom. sg. him was ful boren and frednd-laSu {friendly invita- tion to drink) wordum bewagned, II93- fre6nd-iar, st. i., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pi. frednd-lSrum, 2378. freond-lice, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly : compar. frednd- Itcor, 1028. fre6nd-scipe, st. m., friendship : ace. sg. frednd-scipe fastne, 2070. freo-'wlne, st. m. (see fredvirine), lord and friend, friendly ruler ; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus : nom. sg. as voc. fred-wine folca ! 430. fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan stnne geseldan fagre fricgean hwylce Sae-Geata stSas wseron, 1986 ; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107. ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry : pres. pi. sy'StSan hie ge- fricgeaiS frean flserne ealdorleasne, when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic Jiat gefricge, t>at . . ., 1827; pi. sy^&n atSelingas feorran gefricgean fleam edwerne, 2890. friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive Jor : inf. nas J'ser mSra fyrst fredde to friclan, 2557. friSo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirm- ing of peace, designation of the queen (see fie(iiSo-w^\ibf^,peace- bringer : nom. sg. fri^u-sibb folca, 20l8. frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to ask, to inqtiire : imp. ne frin J>u after saslum, ask not after the well- being! 1323 ; inf. ic ]>as wine Deni- ga frinan wille . . . ymb J>inne siS, 351; pret.sg.fragn,236,332; fragn gif . . ., asked whether . . ., 1320. ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge- frinan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration : pret. sg. (w. ace.) J>at fram hSm gefragn HigelSces tegn Grendles daada, 194; n3 ic gefragn heardran feoh- tan, 575 ; (w. ace. and inf.) Jia ic wtde gefragn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefragen ic \>% moegSe mSran weo- rode ymb hyra sincgyfan sel ge- bseran, I never heard that any peo^ pie, richer in warriors, conducted 180 GLOSSARY. itself better about its chief, 1012 ; similarly, 1028; pret. pi. (w. ace.) we teodcyninga Jrym gefrunon, 2 ; (w. ace. and inf.) geongne gfiiJ- eyning godne gefi-unon hringas dselan, 1970 ; (parenthetical) svvS guman gefrungon, 667 ; (after Jjonne) medo-arn micel (^greater") . . . tone yldo beam pefre gefru- non, 70 ; pret. part, hafde Hige- lUceshildegefrunen, 2953; hafdon gefrunen tat . . ., Aad learned that . . ., 695; hafde gefrunen hwanan sio fash's SrSs, 2404 ; healsbeaga msest JiSra )>e ic on foldan gefragen habbe, 1197. from. See Cram. frSd, adj.: i) setate provectus, old, gray : nom. sg. frod, 2626, 2951 ; frod cyning, 1307, 2210 ; frod folces weard, 2514; wintrum frSd, 1725,2115,2278; se froda, 2929; ace. sg. frode feorhlege {the laying down of my old life'), 2801 ; dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124. — 2) mente excellen- tior, intelligent, experienced, wise : nom. sg. frod, 1367; frod and god, 279 ; on mode frod, 1845. — Comp. : in-, un-frod. f rSfor, St. f., consolation, compensa- tion, help : nom. sg. fr8for, 2942; aec. sg. frSfre, 7, 974; fyrena fro- fre, 629; frofre and fultum, 1274; frSfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tS frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. fr6fre, 185. f ruma (see forma), w. m., the fore- most, hence: l) beginning : nom. sg. was se fruma egeslic leddum on lande, swi hyt lungre wear^ on hyra sincgifan sSre geendod {the be- ginning of the dragon-combat "was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bedwulf), 2310.— 2) he who stands first, prince ; in comp. dsed-, hild-, land-, ledd-, ord-, wlg-fruma. frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primiti- vum), descent, origin : ace. sg. nu ic eower sceal frumcyn witan, 252. frum-gar, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince : dat. sg. frumgSre (of Beo- wulf), 2857. frum-sceaft, st. f., prima ereatio, beginning: ace. sg. se t>e cft^e frumseeaft fira feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of man- kind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum- _ seeafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45. fugol, St. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelicost, 218; dat. pi. [fuglum] to gamene, 2942. ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pi. se was innan full wratta and wlra, 2413. — Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorlS-ful. ful, adv., plene, very : ful oft, 480, 952. ful, St. n., cup, beaker; nom. sg., 1 193; ace. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer ^tSa ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh t>issumfulle, 1170. — Comp.: medo-, sele-full. fulleestian, w. v. w. dat., to give help : pres. sg. ie >e fuUaestu, 2669. fultum, St. m., help, support, protec- tion : aec. sg. frofor (frofre) and fultum, 699, 1274; magenes ful- tum, 1836; on fultum, 2663. — Comp. magen-fultum. f undian, w. v., to strive, to have in view : pres. pi. we fundia^ Hige- 13.C sScan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode ofgeardum, 1138. fnrS'um, adv., primo, just, exactly; GLOSSAEY. 181 then first : Jia ic fur'Sum weold folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465 ; ^k hie tS sele furSum . . . gangan cw8mon, 323; ic J^sr fur^um cwom tS l)am hringsele, 2010; — before, previously : ic J;e sceal mine ge- Isestan fredde, swS wit fur^um spraecon, 1708. f uriS'ilr, adv., further, forivard, more distant, 254, 762, 3007. fus, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready : nom. sg. nu ic eom sKes ffls, 1476; leofra manna fQs, pre- pared for the dear men, i.e. expect- ing them, 1917; sigel s&'San ffls, the sun inclined from thesouth(raii- day sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn ffls ofer fiegum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft . . . felSer-gear- wum ffls, 3120; nom. pi. wceron ... eft to leodum fflse to farenne, 1806. — Sometimes ffls means ready for death, moribundus : ffls and faege, 1242. — Comp. : hin-, flt-ffls. fus-lic, adj., prepared, ready : ace. sg. ffls-lic f[yrd]-le6^, 1425; fyrd- searo ffls-lic, 2619; ace. pi. fyrd- searu ffls-licu, 232. fyl, St. m., fall : nom. sg. fyll cyn- inges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. >at he on fylle wear'5, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545. — Comp. hrd-fyl. fylce (collective form from folc), St. II., troop, band of warriors : in comp. al-fylce. ge-fyllan (see feal), -w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fSne gefyl- lan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pi. fednd gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707. £l-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill : pret. part. Heorot innan was fredn- dum Sfylled (was filled with irustea meii), 1019. t^W.o,&t.{., plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefraegnod, 1334; gen. sg. nas hie tsere fylle gefeanhafdon, 562J fylle gefaegon, 1015. — Comp.: wal-, wist-fyllo. fyl-werlg, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus : ace. sg. fyl-wSrigne, 963. fyr. See feor. fyrlan, w. v. w. ace. (= ferian), to bear, to bring, carry : pret. pi. \>k J)e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon J>yder to })ance, 378. fyras. See firas. fyren. See firen. fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved. — Comp. hard-fyrde. — Leo. fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in bat' He : dat. pi. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 fyrd-ham, st. ra., war-dress, coat of mail : ace. sg. Jjone fyrd-hom, 1505- fyrd-hragi, St. n., coat of mail, war-dress: ace. sg. fyrd-hragl, 1528. fyrd-h-wat, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike : nom. pi. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. fyrd-ledST, st. n., war-song, warlike music: ace. sg. horn stundum song fflslic f[yrd]leo«, 1425. fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment fo? an expedition : ace. sg. fyrd-searu fflslic, 2619 ; ace. pi. fyrd-searu fflslicu, 232. fyrd-TvyrlSFe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle : nom. sg. fyrd- wyr'Se man (Beowulf), 1317* ge-fyrffx-an (see forSF), w. v., to bring forward, to further : pret. part, ar was on ofoste, eftsiXes 182 GLOSSARY. georn, fratwum gefyrtSred, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beowulf), 2785. fyrmest. See forma. fyrn-dagas, st. m. pi., by-gone days: dat. pi. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452. fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, some- thing do7ie in old times : ace. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking- cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. fyrn-gewln, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. or fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690. f yrn - man, St. m., »/«« of ancient times: gen. pi. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. fj^rn-wlta, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years : dat. sg. frddan fyrn- witan, of Aschere, 2124. fjTSt, St. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. nas hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb Sne niht . . ., 134; fyrst for? gewSt, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; nas )>cer mSra fyrst freode to friclan, 2556; ace. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; flf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. JjJ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp . . ., within the fixed time, 76. fyr-wit^ --wet, -■wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity : nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. ge-f^san (fus), w. v., to make ready, to prepare : part, winde gaf^sed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217 ; (wyrm) f^re geifseA,provided with fire, 2310; 1)4 was hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefjsed sacce to sScanne, 2562 ; with gen., in an- swer to the question, for what? gicSe gef Jsed, ready for battle, de- termined to fight, 631. fyr, St. II., fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. f^res fatSm, 185; f^res feng, 1765.— Comp. : %i-, bael-, heaBu-, wal-fyr. fyr-bend, st. m., band forged in fire : dat. pi. duru . . . fyr-bendum fast, 723. f^r-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire- spewing dragon : nom. sg., 2690. f^r-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire : nom.pl. (eofor- 11c) fSh and fyr-heard, 305. f^r-leolit, St. -n., fire-light : ace. sg., ^1517. fyr-TPylm, st. m., wave offire,flame- wave : dat. pi. wyrm . . . f^rwyl- mum fSh, 2672. galan, st. v., to sing, to soutid: pres. sg.sorh-ledSgale1S,246l;inf.gryre- leo^ galan, 787; bearhtm ongeSton, gfl^horn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433. ^-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. Jiat hire on hafelan hringmoel Sgol grsedig gfi^leo^, that the sword ca used a greedy battle-song to sound tipon her head, 1522. gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, m .i.,tribute, interest: ace. sg. g-c-mban gyldan, II. gamen, st. n., social pleasure, re- joicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen,246o; gomen gleobeames, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; ace. sg. gamen and GLOSSARY. 183 gle6dream, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776. — Comp.heal- gamen. gamen-'w&S', st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg'. of gomen-witJe, 855- gamen-'wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp : nom. sg. )jEEr was . . . gomenwudu greted, 1066 ; ace. sg. gomenwudu grStte, 2109. gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old ; of persons, having lived many years,gray: gamol, ^8,26^; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se go- mela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793,21 06; gomela, 2932; ace. sg. t>one gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; t*^"" gomelan, 2818; nom. pi. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1 596. — Also, late, belonging to former time : gen. pi. gomelra ISfe (legacy), 2037. — Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord . . . gomol, 2683 ; ace. sg. gomele life, 2564; gomel swyrd, 261 1; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair : nom. sg., 609. gang, St. m. : l) gait, way : dat. sg. on gange, 1885 ; gen. sg. ie hine ne mihte . . . ganges ge-twseman, could not keep him from going, 969. — • 2) step, foot-step : nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel),l405; acc.sg. utonhralSe fSran Grendles mSgan gang scea- wigan, 1392. — Comp. in-gang. be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (joyar as something goes) , extent: ace. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the ex- tent of the sea, 362 ; ofer floda be- gang, 1827; under swegles begong. 861, 1774; flSda begong, 1498; sio- lelSa bigong, 2368. gangan. See under g3.li. ganot, St. m., diver, fulica marina : gen. sg. ofer ganotes baS (i.e. the sea), 1862. g^d, St. u., lack : nom. sg. ne biS {>e wilna gSd {thou shall have no lack ofdesirable [valuable] things), 661 ; similarly, 950. g&n, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gae^ a Wyrd swa hio seel, 455; gaetS eft . . . t6 medo, 605 ; ))onne he ... on flett gaetS, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gi Jjser he wille, let ' him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. gS nu tS setle, 1783; nu >u lungre geong, hord sceawian, under hSme stin, 2744; inf. in gSn, to go in,l?,6, 1645; forS %%i\,.to go forth, to go thither, 1164; Jjat hie him to mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; t8 sele . . . gangan cwomon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; "'i 6^ moton gangan . . . HroSgSr geseon, 395; ))S com of more . . . Grendel gongan, /i^r^ came Grendel{going) from the fen, 712; ongean gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; ewom ... to hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tS, let us go thither, 2649. — As preterite, serve, i) gedng or giong : he to healle gedng, 926; similarly, 2019; se l^e on orde gedng, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gidng, went in, 2215; he . . . gidng t8 J:>as Jie he eorlSsele &nne wisse, 'went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; JjS se atSeling, gidng, Jjat he^t wealle gesat, then went the prince (Bedwulf) that he might sit dovin 184 GLOSSARY. by the wall, Z'jld. — 2) gang: t6 healle gang Healfdenes sunu, loio; similarly, 1296; gang J^S after flore, went along the Jioor, along the hall, 1317. — 3) gengde (Goth, gaggida) : he . . . beforan gengde . . ., wong sceawian, ivent in p-ont to inspect the fields, 141 3; gengde, also of riding, 1402. — 4) from another stem, code (Goth, iddja) : code ellenrof, J)at he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; similar- ly, 403 ; [wi^ duru healle WulfgSr eode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; eode Wealhjjedw forS, went forth, 613; eode tS hire frean sittan, 641 ; eode yrrem6d, went with angry feeling, 727; eode . . . t6 sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode . . . >a2r se snottra bid, 1313; eode weor'S Denmn alSeling t6 yppan, the prince (Beowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; eode . . . under invrit-hrof, 3124; pi. >ser swltSferh'Se sittan eodon, 493 ; eodon him ^S to- geanes, went to meet him, 1627 ; eodon under Earna nas, 3032. S-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall : pret. part. swS hit igangen wear's eorla manegum {as it befell many a one of the earls'), 1235. full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after : pret. sg. J>onne . . . sceft nytte heold, fe^er-gearwum ffts fline full-eode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feath- ers it followed the arrow, did as the arro^, 3120. ge-gSn, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach : inf. (w. ace.) his modor . . . gegdn wolde sorhfulne sliJ, 1278 ; se J)e gryre-sltSas gegin dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mseges scyld elne geeode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pi. elne geeodon to J>as J'e . . ., went quickly thither where . . ., 1968; pret. part. syiS^an hie to-gadre gegSn hafdon, when they (Wiglaf and the drake) had come together, 263 1 ; Jiat his aldres was ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 'izy, |)Swasende- dag godum gegongen, J>at se gfliS- cyning . . . swealt, 3037. — 2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. ace.) tonne he at gtt'Se gegdn (lence'S longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceallgoldgegangan,2537; gerund, nas Jjat ^Se ceap to gegangenne gumena senigum, 2417; pret. pi. elne geeodon . . . i>at se byrnwjga bflgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part, hafde . . . gegongen ))at, had at- tained it, that . . ., 894; hord ys gesceawod, grimme gegongen, 3086. — 3) to occur, to happen : pres. sg. III. gif Jiat gegangeS ))at . . ., if that happen, that . . ., 1847; pret. sg. >at geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlammum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Geatas), 2201; pret. part. J)4 was gegongen guman unfrodum ear- foSllce J)at, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that . . ., 2822. 8^-gangan, to go thither: pret. pi. 0IS Jiat hi 8'Seodon ... in Hrefnes- holt, 2935. ofer-gangan, vt. ace, to go over : pret. sg. ofereode JjS a^elinga beam steap stin-hli^o, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pi. freo^o- wong }>one fortS ofereodon, 2960. ymb-gangan, vi.s.cc.,to go around: pret. yrab-eode H ides Ilelminga GLOSSARY. 185 dugu'Se and geogo^e dael segh- wylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621. gSr, St. m., spear, javelin, missile : nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gSre, 1076 ; blodigan gSre, 2441 1 gen. sg. g^res fliht, 1766; nom. pi. gSras, 328; gen. pi., l6l(?).— Comp. : bon-, frum-gSr. gar-cene, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959- gar-cwealm, st. m., murder, death hy the spear : ace. sg. g^-cwealm gumena, 2044. gar-holt, St. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears : ace. sg., 1835. gar-secg, st. m.(cf. Grimm, in Haupt I. 578), sea, ocean : ace. sg. on gSr- secg, 49, 537 ; ofer gSr-secg, 515. gS.r-vplga, w. m., one who fights with the spear : dat. sg. geongum gSr- wtgan, of WIglaf, 2675, 2812. gar-TTigeud, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter : ace. pi. gir-w!gend, 2642. gast, geest, st. m., ghost, demon : ace. sg. helle gist (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gistes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. '' pi. dyrnra gSsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gsesta gifrost (^flames con- suming corpses'), I124. — Comp.: ellor-, geo-sceaf-gist ; ellen-, wal- g^st-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil : nom. sg. gSst- bona, 177. gadellng, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gadelinges, 2618; dat. pi. mid his gadelingum, 2950. at-gadere, adv., together, united: 321, 1165, iigi; samod atgadere, 329. 387. 730, 1064- to-gadere, adv., together, z^'^l. gast, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gast, 1 80 1; se gast (the drake), 2313; segrimmagast (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; ace. sg. gryre-licne gist (the nixy slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pi. gistas. 1603; ace. pi. gas[tas], 1894. — Comp. : fSde-, gryre-, inwit-, niS-, sele-gast (-gyst). gast-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend their lime, guest-hall: ace. sg., 995. ge, conj., and, 1341 ; ge . . . ge . . ., as well . . .as . . ., 1865; ge . . . ge . . ., ge . . ., 1 249 ; ge swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259. ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of >u, 237, 245, etc. gegn-c'wide, st. m., reply : gen. pi. J'inra gegn-cwida, 367. gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, vifith the prep, to, ofer, giving the direction : J>at hie him to mihton gegnum gangan (Jhat they might go thither'), 314; geg- num f6r[)>d] ofer myrcan mor, away over the dark moor, 1405. gehffu, geohSTu, st. f., sorrow, care : instr. sg. gioh15o msende, 2268 ; dat. sg. on gehSo, 3096; on gioh'Se, 2794. gen (from gegu), adv., yet, again : ne vfas hit lenge J>^ gen, Jjat . . ., it was not then long again that . . ., 83; ic sceal forts sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071 ; n3 \>y jer fit fit gen . . . gongan wolde {still he would not yet go out), 2082 ; gen is eall at |;e lissa gelong {yet all m-y favor belongs to thee), 2150; J>S gen, then again, 2678, 2703 ; swS he nu gen dS^, as he 186 GLOSSARY. still does, 2860 ; fur15ur gen, fur- ther still, besides, 3007 ; nu gen, now again, ;^l6g; ne gen, no more, no farther : ne was J>at wyrd hS gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735. gena, still: cwico was Jii gena, was still living, 3094. genga, w. m., goer ; in comp. in-, sae-, sceadu-genga. gengde. Seegan(3). genge. See uS-genge. genunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872. gerwan, gyrwan, w. v. : i) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition : pret. pi. gestsele gyre- don, 995. — 2) to equip, to arm for battle : pret. sg. gyrede Mne Beowulf eorl-gewaedum (^dressed himself in the armor'), 1442. ge-gyrwan: l) to make, to pre- pare : pret. pi. him t>S. gegiredau Geata leoda 3d . . . unwicUcne, 3138; pret. part. gl8f . . . eall ge- gyrwed dedfles craftum and dracan fellum, 2088. — 2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. ceol gegyrwan hilde-wsepnum and healSowsedum, 38; h&t him ySIidan godne gegyr- wan, had {his') good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment : pret. part, sy 1S- ^an he hine to gttSe gegyred hafde, 1473. — 3) to endow, to provide, to adorn : pret. part. nom. sg. bea- do-hragl . . . golde gegyrwed, 553; ace. sg. ISfe . . . golde gegyrede, 2193; ace. pi. mSdmas . . . golde gegyrede, 1029. getan, w. v., to injure, to slay : inf., 294^1. be-g6te, adj., to find, to attain; in comp. etS-beg§te. geador, adv., unitedly, together. jointly, 836 ; geadot atsomne, 491. on-geador,adv., unitedly, together, 1596. gealdor, st. n. : i) sound: ace. sg. bjman gealdor, 2944. — 2) magic song, incantation, spell: instr. sg. Jjonne was ))at yrfe . . . galdre be- wunden {placed under a spell), 3053- gealga, w. m., gallows : dat. sg. tat his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447. gealg-m8d, adj., ^/ooOTj/.- nom. sg. glfre and galgmSd, 1278. gealg-tredw, st. n., gallows : dat. pi. on galg-tre6wu[m], 2941. geard, st. m., residence ; in Beowulf corresponding to the house-com- plex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur. : ace. in geardas {in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1 139; ser he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265. — Comp. middan-geard. gearo, adj., properly, made, pre- pared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. Jiat hit wear^ eal gearo, heal-arna masst, 77; wiht unhaelo . . . gearo s8na was, the' demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121 ; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca was on bsel gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1 1 10; t>e6d (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231 ; hralSe was at holme hJ'S-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo giiWreca, 2415; sie sid basr gearo adre ge- afned, let the bier be made ready at once, 2^06. With gen.: gearo gyrnwrace, ready for revenge for GLOSSARY. 187 harm done, 21 ig; ace. sg. gearwe stowe, 1007; nom. pi. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., com- pletely, entirely: ne ge . . . gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all . . ., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwylc {remenibers him very well), 265; wisse he gearwe l^at . . ., he knew very well that . . ., 2340, 2726; l>at ic . . . gearo sceawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are"), 2749; ic wit geare bat . . ., 2657. — Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077. — Superl. gearwost, 716. gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086. gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress ; in comp. feiSer-gearwe. geat, St. n., opening, door ; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. geato-lic, adj., well prepared, hand- some, splendid : of sword and ar- mor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv. : wisa fengel geatolic gengde, passed on in a stately manner, 1402. geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment, adorn- ment : ace. recedes geatwa, the ortiaments of the dragon' s cave (its treasures), 3089. — Comp.: eored-, gryre-, giiS-, hilde-, wig-geatwe. ge&n (from gegn), adv. in on-gean, adv. and prep., against, towards: yiX he me ongean slea, 682; raehte ongean fednd mid fol- me, 74S ; foran ongean, forward towards, 2365. With dat. : ongean gramum, against the enemy, 1035. t8-geanes, t8-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle t6geanes,/i5a:/o?-(/j Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grip Jji tSgeanes, she grasped at (Beowulf), 150Z; similarly, him togeanes f8ng, 1 543 ; eodon him ]>i tSgeanes, went towards him, 1627; h8t Jii gebeddan . . . YiX hie bsel-wudu feorran feredon g6- dum togSnes, had it ordered that they should bring the -wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the deadBe6wulflay),3ll5. gedp, adj., roomy, extensive, wide : nom. sg. raced . . . geap, the roomy hall, 1 801 ; ace. sg. under geapne hrof,837.— Comp. • horn-, sae-geap. gear, St. n., year : nom, sg., 1135 ; gen. pi. geira, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-ge3.ra. ge£lr-dagas, st. m. pi., former days : dat. pi. in(on) geir-dagum, 1, 1355. geofe. See gifu. geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood : nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geo- tende, the streaming flood, 1691 ; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362 ; gyfenes, 1395. geogoff, St. f. : 1) youth, time of youth : dat. sg. on geogo'Se, 409, 466, 2513; ongiogolSe, 2427; gen. giogu^e, 21 13. — 2) contrasted with dugu'S, the younger 'warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights) : nom. sg. geogot!, 66 ; giogotS, 1191 ; ace. sg. geogo'Se, 1 182; gen. duguSe and geogo'Se, 160 ; duguSe and iogo^e (geo- go'Se), 1675, 622. geogulff-feorh, st. n,, age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogolS : on geogotS- (geoguB-) feore, 537, 2665. geohaPo. See gehlffo. 188 GLOSSARY. geolo, adj., yellow : ace. sg. geolwe linde (Jhe shield of yellow linden bark'), 261 1. geolo-rand, st. ra., yellow shield (shield with a covering of inter- laced yellow linden bark) : ace. sg-, 438. geond, prep. w. ace, through, throughout, along, over: geond Jjisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75 ; wide geond eor'San, 266, 3100; fSrdon folctogan . . .geond wid-wegas. Iff K/ along the ways coming from afar, 841 ; similarly, 1 705 ; geond tat said, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1 281; similarly, 1982, 2265. geong, adj., young, youthful : nom. sg-, 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; ace. sg. geongne gttScyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc. ; on swS geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; ace. pi. geonge, 2019; dat. pi. geongum and eal- dum, 72. — Superl. gingest, the last : nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818. georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for : eft stSes georn, 2784. — Comp. lof-georn. georne, adv., readily, willingly: >at him wine-mSgas georne har- den, 66; georne trdwode, 670. — zealously, eagerly : sShte georne after grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295. — carefully, in- dustriously : n3 ic him tas georne atfealh (^did not hold him so fast), 969. — completely, exactly : comp. wiste t>S geomor, 822. ge6, 16, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gio, 2522; id, 2460. ge6c, St. f., help, support: ace. sg. geoce gefremman, 2675; tat him gast-bona gedce gefremede wi5 Jieod-^reaum, 177; gedce gel^fde, believed in the help (of Beowulf), 6og; dat. sg. to geoce, 1835. geocor, adj., ill, bad : nom. sg., 766. — See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. ge6-inan, iu-inan,st. m., man of for- mer times: gen. pi. id-manna, 3053- ge6-nieowle, vv. f., ^formerly a vir- gin), wife: ace. sg. io-meowlan, ' 2932. geOmor, adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled : nom. sg. him was geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 295 1 ; modes geomor, 2101 ; fem. J>at was ge8muru ides, 1076. geomore, adv., sadly, 151. geOmor-gld, st. n., dirge : ace. sg. giomor-gyd, 315 1. ge5mor-llc, adj., sad, painful : swS bi'S geomorlie gomelum ceorle t6 gebidanne )jat . . ., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that • ■ ; 2445- ge8inor-in6d, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3°l9j giSmor-mod, 2268. gedmrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. geSmrode gid- dum, 1 1 19. ge6-sceaft, st. f., {fixed in past times), fate: ace. sg. geoseeaft grnnme, 1235. ge6sceaft-gS;St, st. m., demon sent by fate : gen. sg. fela gedsceaft- g^ta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. ge6tan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream : pres. part, gifen gedtende, 169 1. glcel, St. m., icicle : in comp. hilde- gicel. gid, gyd, St. li., speech, solemn allir GLOSSARY. 189 teratizie song: nom. sg. Jj^r was . . . gid oft wrecan, 1066 ; leo^ was Ssungen, gleomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman' s lay, 1 161; }i£er was gidd and gled, 2lo6; ace. sg. ic J)is gid iwrac, 1724; gyd ^wrac, 2109; gydafter wrac, 2155; honne he gyd wi'ece, 2447; dat. pi. giddum, 151, 1 1 19; gen. pi. gydda gemyndig, 869. — Comp.: ge6mor-, word-gid. glddlan, w. v,, to speak, to speak in alliteration : pret. gyddode, 631. glf, conj.: i) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1 105, etc. — 2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. gifa, geofa, w. m., giver ; in comp. gold-, sine-, wil-gifa (-geofa) . gifan, St. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [m^'Smas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pi. geSfon (hyne) on g^rsecg, 49; pret. part, ti was Hr8Sgare here-sp8d gyfen, 64; JjS was gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; sytS^an aerest wear's gyfen . . . geon- gum cempan {given in marriage'), 1949. S-gifan, to give, to impart: inf andsware . . . Sgifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sona him se froda fader Ohtheres . . . ondslyht Hgeaf (gave him a counter-blow'), ihand-blow'i), 2930. for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him Jias lif-frea . . . worold-Sre forgeaf, 17; Jjam tS hSm forgeaf HrSSel Geata ingan dohtor {gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lend forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 102 1, 2607, 2617; magen-rses forgeaf hil- de-bille, he gave with his battle- sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520. of-gifan, (Jo give up), to leave: inf. J>at se maera maga Ecgl^eowes grund-wong J)one ofgyfan wolde {was fated to leave the earth- plain), 2589; pret. sg. tSs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1 682 ; sim- ilarly, gumdream ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pi. nas ofgeifon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; ]?at J^S hildlatan holt ofgefan, that the cow- ards left the wood (into wjiich they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pi. Jj^ra J)e ))is [Itf] ofgeaf, 2252. gifeSe, adj., given, granted : Gfl^- fremmendra swylcum gife^e biS J^at . . ., to such a warrior is it granted that . . ., 299; similarly, 2682; swS me gife'Se was, 2492; ]:>£Er me gife^e swS senig yrfeweard after wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731. — Neut. as subst. : was J>at gife'Se t8 swl^, Jje bone [Jiedden] Jjyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeSe, 555, 820. — Comp. un-gife^e. gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall : ace. sg. ymb b^ gifhealle, 839. gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value : ace. pi. gif-sceattas, 378. glf-st51, St. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne : nom. sg., 2328; ace. sg., 168. gift, St. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift. gifu, geofu, St. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885' 190 GLOSSARY. ace. sg . gimfaste gife l>e him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfastan gife {>e him god sealde, 2183; dat. pi. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pi. gifa, 1931 ; geofena, 1 1 74. — Comp. : mS'SISum-, sinc-gifu. glgant, St. m., giant : nora. pi. gi- gantas, 113; gen. pi. giganta, 1563, 1691. gild, gyld, St. n., reparation : in comp. wi'Ser-gyld (?). gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do some- thing in return, to repay, to re- ward, to pay : inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, II; he mid gode gyl- dan wille uncran eaferan, 1 185; we him \% gfi%eatwa gyldan wol- don, 2637; pret. sg. hea'Sorsesas geald mearum and mi'Smum, re- paid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald Jjone gftlSrses . . . Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermi'Smum, repaid Eofor and Wulfthe battle with ex- ceedingly great treasures, 2992. an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sSre angeald sefeniaste, one (Aschere) paid for the evening- rest with death's pain, 1252. S-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. )>k me S£el ageald, when the fa- vorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, \)^ him rftm Sgeald, 2691. for-gildan, to repay, to do some- thing in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda Jiec gode for- gylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 9^^; inf. Jjone aenne h§ht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; he . . . wolde Grendle for- gyldan gfl^raesa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se li^a lige forgyldan drinc- fat d^re, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him l^as lean forgeald, he gave them the reward therefor, 114; simi- larly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraSe wyrsan wrixle walhlem tone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969. gllp, gylp, St. m., speech in which one promises great things for him- self in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech : ace. sg. hafde . . . Geat-meega leod gilp gelaested (Jiad fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleS fatte beagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; Jiat ic wilS \ioT\t gfltSflogan gylp ofer- sitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wi'Sgrlpan {^fulfil my prom- ise of battle), 2522. — Comp. dol- gi'P- gllpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., aec, and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently : pres. sg. I. no ic J'Ss gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morlSres gylpe^, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swS ne gylpan J^earf Grendles magasenig. . . uhthlem Jjone, 2007; nealles folc-eyning fyrdgestealluni gylpan )jorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warriors, 2875; pret. sg. hrSSsigora ne gealp goldwine Geita, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584. gllp-cwlde, St. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself GLOSSARY. 191 for a coming combat, speech of de- fiance : nom. sg., 641. gilp-hladen, pret. part., laden with, boasts of (fefiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory : nom. sg. guma gilp-hladen, 869. gilp-sprsec, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech : dat. sg. on gylp-spraece, 982. gUp-word, St. n., defiant word be- fore the coming combat, vaunting word : gen. pi. gesprac . . . gylp- worda sum, 676. gim, St. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. gimme-rtce, adj., rich in jewels : ace. sg. gimme-rlce hord-burh ha- le«a, 466. gin (according to Bout., glnne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: ace. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552. gin-fast, adj., extensive, rich . ace. sg. gim-faste gife (gim-, on account of the foUowingy"), 1272; in weak form, gin-fastan gife, 2183. glnnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready ; in on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake : pret. o^ (jat in ongan fyrene frem- manfe6ndonhelle,loo;secgefton- gan sKS Beowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872 ; ))4 hat sweord ongan . . . wa- nian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; HigelSc ongan sinne gesel- dan . . . fagre fricgean, began with propriety to question his compan- ion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pi. no her cfi^licor cuman ongun- non lindhabbende, no shield-bear- ing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 245 ; pret. part, habbe ic mEer& fela ongunnen on geogo^e, have in my youth under- taken many deeds of renown, 409. gist. See gast. gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran vC-AA, yesterday night, 1335. git, pron., ye two, dual of J>u, 508, 512, 513, etc. git, gyt, adv., yet; then still, 536, H28, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957; nasfre git, never yet, 853; still, 945, 1059, 1 135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 105 1, 1867. gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in be -gitan, w. acc, to grasp, to seize, to reach : pret. sg. begeat, 1 147, 2231; Jj^ hine vi'Ig beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pi. hit £er on Jie gode be-geSton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pi. t>at was HroSgilre hreowa tornost jjira }ie leodfruman lange begeite, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the peo- ple's chief, 2131. for-gitan, w. ace, to forget: pres. sg. III. he ha for^gesceaft forgyte'S and forgj^me'S, 1752. an-gitan, on-gitan, w. ace. : l) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. )>e hine se br6ga ^Ti^^2X,whom terror seized, 1292. — 2) to grasp intellectually, to compre- hend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres, subj. I. Jjat ic ferwelan . . . ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sal 192 GLOSSARY. timbred . . . ongytan, 308, 1497; Geata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-Jjearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat . . . grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 15 19; pret. pi. bearhtm ongeSton, gfl'Shorn gi^Kr^, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syOTan hie HigeUces horn and bjman gealdor ongeSton, 2944. gSfre, adj., greedy, eager : nom. sg. glfre and galgmod, of Grendel's mother, 1278. — Superl. ; Ug . . ., gjestaglfrost, 1 124. — Comp.heoro- gifre. gitsian, w. v., to be greedy : pres. sg. JII. g^tsa-S, 1750. glo-, glo-. See geo-, ge6-. gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pi. III. on him gladiatJ go- melra life, upon him gleams the legacy of the m-en of ancient times (armor), 2037. glad, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes) : nom. sg. bed vvitSGeatas glad, 1 174; ace. sg. gladne Hroi5gSr, 864; gladne Hrot5ulf, 1 182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frodan, 2026. glade, adv., iri a gracious, friendly way, 58. gladnian, w. v., to rejoice : inf. w. gen., 367. glad-mdd, adj ., joyous, glad, j 786. gled, St. f., fire, flame : nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pi. gl§- dum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. glSd-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror : nonj. sg. gl§d- egesa grim (the ^re-spewing of the drake), 2651. gledw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., con- siderate, well-bred, of social con- duct; in comp. mi-gleaw. gle6, St. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest) : nom. sg. (lasr was gidd and gleo, 2106. gled-be&m, st. m., {tree of social entertainment, of music), harp : gen. sg. gleo-beames, 2264. gleo-dredm, st. xa., joyous carrying- on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety : ace. sg. gamen and gled-dream, 3022. gleo-man, m., (gleeman, who enli- vens the social entertainment, es- pecially with music) , harper : gen. sg. gleomannes gyd, 1161. glitinlan (O.H.G. glizinon), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter : inf. geseah }>S . . . gold glitinian, 2759. glldan, St. v., to glide : pret. sg. syS- ISan heofones gim glid ofer grun- das, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pi. glidon ofer girsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515. t6-glidan (Jo glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder : pret, gftlS-helm to-glM (OngenJ)e6w's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488. gldf, St. f., glove : nom. sg. glof han- gode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086. gnediSF, adj., niggardly : nom. sg. f. nas hid . . . t6 gneaS gifa Geata leddum, was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gedtas, 1931- gnorn, st, m., sorrow, sadness : ace. sg. gnorn J^rowian, 2659. gnornlan, w, v., to be sad, to com- plain : pret. sg. earme . . . ides gnornode, 11 18. be-gnornian, w. ace, to bemoan, to mourn for : pret. pi. begnor- GLOSSARY. 193 nodon . . . hlSfordes [hryjve, be- moaned their iord's fall, 3180. god, St. m., god : nom. sg., 13, 72, 47S, etc.; haiig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; ace. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181 ; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. gold, St. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1 108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring- form, 1 1 94, 3136; ace. sg. gold, 2537. 2759, 2794, 3169; hEetSen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; br^d gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fattan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden gol- de, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrvved (gegyrede), pro- vided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fShne (hrof ), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fattan goldes, 1094, 2247; selran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. — Comp. fat-gold. gold-aeht, st. f ., possessions in gold, treasure : ace. sg., 2749. gold-f^h, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold : nom. sg. reced . . . gold-fdh, 1801; ace. sg. gold- fahne helm, 2812; nom. pi. gold- fSg scinon web after wagum, va- riegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, 995. gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, desig- nation of the prince : ace. sg. mid mtnne goldgyfan, 2653. gold-hroden, pret. part., {covered with gold) , ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026 ; epithet of women of princely rank. gold-liwat, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold : nas he goldhwat, he (Beowulf) was jiot greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.), 3075- gold-maffm, St. m., jewel of gold : ace. pi. gold-mS'Smas (the treas- ures of the drake's cave), 2415. gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was dis- tributed, ruler's hall : aec. sg., 7*6, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084. gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, de- fender of the gold : aec. sg. (of the drake), 3082. gold-wine, st. m., friend who dis- tributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince : nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gu- mena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geata, 24^0, 2585. gold-Yirlanc, adj., proud of gold : nom. sg. gu'Srinc goldwlanc (Beo- wulf rewarded with gold by Hro 5- glr on account of his victory), 1882. gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen. gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. gdd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frod and gSd, 279 ; w. dat. cyning aSelum god, the king noble in birth, 1871 ; gumcystum g8d, 2544 ; w. gen. wes tu ds lirena god, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in 194 GLOSSARY. weak form, se gSda, 205, 355, 676, 1 191, etc.; ace. sg. g8dne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum g3dne, 1487; neut. god, 1563; dat. sg. g8dum, 3037, 31 15; }>am g6dan, 384, 2328 ; nom. pi. g8de, 2250; J>i godan, 1 164; ace. pi. g6de, 2642; dat. pi. godum dsedum, 2179; gen. pi. g6dra g&Srinca, 2649. — Conip. ser-god. gdd, St. n. : i) good that is done, ben- efit, gift : instr. sg. g6de, 20, 957, 1 185; gSde msere, renowned on account of her gifts (prySo), 1953; instr. pi. godum, 1962. — 2) ability, especially in fight : gen. pi. nSt he J)ira goda, 682. gram, adj., hostile : gen. sg. on gra- mes grSpum, in the gripe of the enemy (Beowulf), 766; nom. pi. JjS graman, 778; dat. pi. gramum, ''424, 1035. gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile : nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683. gram-hydlg, adj., with hostile feel- ing, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750. ^ grSp, St. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grSpe, 438; ongrSpe, 555; gen. sg. eal . . . Grendles grSpe, all of Gren- del's claw, the whole claw, 837; dat. pi. on grames giSpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grSpum, with grim claws, 1543. — Comp.: feond-, hilde-grSp. gr&pian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize : pret. sg. J>at hire wilS halse heard grSpode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; he . . . grSpode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, 2086. gras-molde, w. f., grass-plot : ace. sg. grasmoldan trad, went over thl grass-plot, 1882. • grsedig, adj., greedy, hungry, vora- cious : nom. sg. grim and gnedig, 121,1500; ace. sg. grsedig gttlSleo'S, 1523- gri£g, z.i^]., gray : nom. pi. asc-holt ufan grseg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points), 330; ace. pi. grasge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334. graeg-mael, &A].,having a gray color, here = iron : nom. sg. sweord Bed- wulfes gomol and grsegmael, 2683. graepe. See at-grsepe. grStan, w. v. w. ace. : l) to greet, to salute : inf. hine sw4 g8dne grStan, 347 ; Hro^Sr gretan, 1 647, 201 1 ; eowic grStan hSt {bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. gr^tte Geata leod, 626; gr^tte >k guma StSerne, 653; HrSSgir grStte, 1817. — 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstol grStan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, j68; nas se folccyning EEnig . . . ];e mee g&'Swinum grStan dorste {attack with swords^, 2736; Wyrd . . . se J>one gomelan grStan sceolde, 2422; tat Jione sin-scatSan gflSbilla n^n grStan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. gr6tte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men iti the hall, 615; n8 he mid hearme . . . gastas grette, did not approach the stran- gers with insults, 1894; gomenwu- du grStte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. Jiat ))u Jjone walgsest wihte ne grStte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirU GLOSSARY. 195 (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. J)at he ne grStte goldweard tone, 3082; pret. part. J;ser was . . . go- menwudu grSted, io56. ge-grStan, w. ace. ; i) to gt'eet, to salute, to address : pret. sg. holdne gegrStte meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrStte \>^ gumena ge- hwylcne . . . hindeman siSe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517. — 2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal . . . manig 8'Serne godum gegrStan ofer ganotes ba'5, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862. greot, St. m., grit, sand, earth : dat. sg. on gre6te, 3169. gredtan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se Jie after sincgyfan on sefan greoteS, loho laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1343. grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hos- tile : nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gast, 102; ace. sg. m. grimne, 1 149, 2137; fem. grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grim- re gMe, 527; instr. pi. grimman gripum, 1543. — Comp.: beado-, hea^o-, heoro-, searo-grimra. grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086. grim-Hc, adj., grim, terrible : nom. sg. grimlic gry[re-gast], 3042. grimmaii, st. v., (properly to snort') , to go forward hastily, to hasten : pret. pi. grummon, 306. grindan, st. v., to grind, in for-grindan, to destroy, to riiin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramura, destroyed the enemy, killed them (_}), 424; pret. part. w. ace. hafde lig- draca leoda fasten . . . glSdum for- grunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; \>k his dgen (scyld) was glSdum forgrun- den, since his own {shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678. gripe, St. m., gripe, attack : nom. sg. gripe mSces, 1766; ace. sg. grimne gripe, 1 1 49. — Comp. : foer-, mund-, ntS-gripe. grima, w. m., mask, visor : in comp. beado-, here-grlma. grim-Iielin, st. m., mask-helmet, hel- met with visor: ace. pi. grlm-hel- mas, 334. grtpan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp : pret. sg. grip Jii togeanes, then she caught at, 1502. for-gripan {to gripe vehemently') , to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. at gft^e forgrSp Grendeles msegum, 2354. wi^-grlpan, w. dat., {to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect : inf. hd wiS tarn aglaecean elles meahte gylpe wilS-gripan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522. grSwan, st. v., to grow, to sprout : pret. sg. him on ferhBe gredw bredsthord blodredw, 1719. grund, St. m. ; l) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands ; earth in contrast with heaven : dat. sg. sohte . . . after grunde, sought along the grou-nd, 2.1<)^', ace, pi. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074. — 2) bot- tom, the lowest part : ace. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund {bottom of the sea), 1552; dat. sg. t8 grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) . getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766. — Comp. : eormen-, mere-, sse-grund. 196 GLOSSARY. grund-buend, pres. part., inkabi- tant of the earth : gen. pi. grund- bflendra, 1007. grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137. grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea) : dat. sg. in J>am [grund]sele, 2140. grund-wang, st. m., ground sur- face, lowest surface : ace. sg. hone grund-wong (bottom of the sea"), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589. grund-'wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's moth- er), 1519. gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinacu- lum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), St. n., net, noose, snare : gen. pi. fela . . . grynna, 931. See gym. gryre, st. m., horror, terror, any- thing causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; ace. sg. wi'S Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forswedp on Gren- dles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478 ; dat. pi. mid gryrum ecga, 483 ; gen. pi. swS fela gryra, 592. — Comp. : fser-, wtg-gryre. gryre-ftrdga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement : nom. sg. [gryre-]br[6]g[a], 2229. gryre-fSih, adj., gleaming terribly : ace. sg. gryre-fShne {the fire-spew- ing drake, cf. also [draca] fyr- wylmum fSh, 2672), 2577. gryre-gast, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror : nom. sg. grimlic gry[regast], 3042; dat. sg. wi^ tam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. gryre-geatwe, st. f. pi., terror-ar- mor, warlike equipment : dat. pi. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. gryre-le68', st. n., terror-song,fear- ful song-: ace. sg. gehyrdon gryre- leo'Sgalan godes and-sacan (Jieard Grendel's cry of agony), 787. gryre-lic, adj., terrible, horrible : ace. sg. gryre-licne, 1442, 2137. gpyre-siff, st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedi- tion: ace. pi. se J)e gryre-stSas gegSn dorste, 1463. guma, w. m., man, human being : nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; ace, sg. guman, 1 844, 2295 ; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom. pi. gu- man, 215, 306, 667, etc.; ace. pi. guman^ 615; dat. pi. gumum, 127, 321 ; gen. pi. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc. — Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. guin-cyn, st. n., race of men, people, nation : gen. sg. we synt gum- cynnes Geata leode, people from the nation of the Gedtas, 260; dat. pi. after gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945. gum-cyst, St. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: ace. sg. (or pi.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pi. as adv., excellently, preeminently : gum- cystum godne beaga bryttan, 1487 ; gumcystum god . . . hilde-hlemma (Bedwulf), 2544. gum-dredm, st. m., joyous doings of men : ace. sg. gum-dream of- geaf (died), 2470. gum-dryMen, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643. gum-f eSfa, w.m., troop of men going on foot : nom. sg., 1402. gmn-man, st. m., man: gen. pi. gum- manna fela, 1029, gum-stdl, St. m., man's seat K«f GLOSSARY. 197 liox'fiv, ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumstole, 1953. gfiS', St. f., combat, battle : nom. sg., 1 1 24, 1659, 2484, 2537; ace. sg. gfttSe, 604; instr. sg. gftBe, 1998; dat. sg. tS (at) g(i«e, 438, 1473, "536,2354, etc.; gen.sg.gfl«e,483, 527,631, etc.; dat. pi. gftlSum, 1959, 2179; gen. pi. gfl«a, 2513, 2544. guff-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen. pi. gd^-beorna sum {the strand- guard on the Danish coasi), 314. gulff-bll, St. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. gfl^bill, 2585 ; gen. pi. gft'S-billa nSn, 804. guff-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet : nom. sg., 321. guff-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings : dat. sg. after gfi^- ceare, 1259. guBT-craft, st. m., warlike strength, power in battle : nom. sg. Grendles gfl'S-craft, 127. guff-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle : nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc. guS-de43f, St. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 2250. gu9'-floga, w. m., flying warrior : ace. sg. wi'S Jjone gfitSflogan (the diake), 2529. gulff-freca, w. m., hero in battle, ■warrior (see freca) : nom. sg. gearo gfi^-freca, of the drake, 2415. guaf-fremmend, pres. ■gzxt.,fighiing a battle, warrior : gen. pi. g&'S- fremmendra, 246; gfl'S- (gSd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a ■warrior (meaning Beowulf), 299. guff-gewsede, st. n., battle-dress, ar- mor : nom. pi. gfl^-gewjedo, 227; ace. pi. -gewaedu, 2618, 2631 (?), 2852,2872; gen. pi. -gewseda, 2624. guff-ge'weorc, st. n., battle-work. warlike deed: gen. pi., -geweoica, 679, 982, 1826. gflff-geat-we, st. f. pi., equipment for combat: ace. Jjd gft^-geatwa (-getawa, MS.),2637; dat. inefiw- rum gdtS-geatawum; 395. ^iS-^Ava.,i,\..-ca.,battle-helmet : nom. sg., 24S8. guS-horn, st. n., battle-horn: ace. sg-. 1433- guff-hreS, st. f., battle-fame : nom. sg., 820. guS'-le63', St. n., battle-song: ace. sg-, 1523- guff-mSd, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle: nom. pi. gft^-mode, 306. guff-raes, st. m., storm of battle, at- tack : ace. sg., 2992; gen. pi. gft^- TKsa, 1578, 2427. guS-redw, adj., fierce in battle : nom. sg., 58. guff-riiic, St. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior : nom. sg., 839, IH9, 1882; ace. sg., 1502; gen. pi. g&IS-rinca, 2649. gujf-r6f, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609. gflS-scealSa, w. m., battle-foe, en- emy in combat : nom. sg., of the drake, 2319. guS-scearu, St. f., decision of the bat- tle : dat. Sg. after gfi'S-sceare, 1214. guff-sele, St. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place : dat. sg. in Jjam gOTsele (in Heorot), 443. guSf-searo, st. n. pi., battle-equip- ment, armor : ace., 215, 328. guff-sweord, st. n., battle-sxaord : ace. sg., 2155. gulff-wSrig, adj., wearied by battle, dead: aec. sg. gft'S-wSrigne Gren- del, 1587. guiS-wine, st. m., battle-friend, com- rade in battle, designation of the 198 GLOSSARY. sword: ace. sg., 1811; instr.pl. Jie mec gftlS-winum grStan dorste, who dared to attack me with his war- friends, 2736. guS-wIga, w. m., fighter of battles, warrior : nom. sg., 21 12. gyd. See gid. gyfan. See gifan. gyldan. See gildan. gylden, adj., golden : nom. sg. gyl- den hilt, 1678; ace. sg. segen gyl- denne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beage, 1164. — Comp. eal-gylden. gylp. See gUp. gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace : pret. part, gyrded eempa, the {sword-') girt warrior, 2079. gym, St. ii., sorrow, harm . nom. sg., 1776. gyrn-'wracu, st. f., revenge for harm : dat. sg. t8 gyrn-wrace, "39; gsn. sg. t>S was eft hra'Se gearo gyrn-wrace Grendeles m8dor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 21 19. gyrwan. See gerwan. gystran. See gistran. g^man, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about : pres. III. gJme'S, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. ofer- hyda ne gym ! do not study arro- gance (despise it), 1761. for-gyman, w. ace, to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. he >d forS- gesceaft forgyteS and forg^me'S, 1752- g^tsian. See gttsian. H babban, w. v., to have : i) w. ace. : pres. sg. I. tas ic wen habbe (as I hope'), 383; J>e ic geweald habbe, 95 1 ; ic me on hafu bord and byr- nan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2^2^; hafo, 3001; sg. II. ))U nu [fri'Su] hafast, 1175; pi. I. habba^ we . . . micel aerende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. J^at he Jjrittiges manna magencraft on his mund- gripe habbe, 381. Blended with the negative : pi. III. ^at J^e Sse- Geatas sSlran nabben t6 geceosen- ne cyning aenigne, that the Sea- Gedtas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hflsa sSlest, 659; inf, habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hafde, 79, 518, 554; pi. hafdon, 539. — 2) used as an aux- iliary with the pret. part. ; pres. sg. I. habbe ic . . . ongunnen, 408; habbe ic . . . geShsod, 433; II. ha- fast, 954, 1856; III. hafa'S, 474, 596; pret. sg. hafde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pi. hafdon, "7. 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part, inflected: nu scealc hafa^ dffid gefremede, 940; hafde segoda . . . cempan gecorene, 205. With the pres. part, are formed the com- pounds : bord-, rond-habbend. for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wafre mod forhabban in hreSre, the ex- piring life could not hold itself back in the breast, 1152; ne mihte \'% for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610. wiS-habban, to resist, to offer re- sistance : pret. ^at se winsele wi'5- hafde heaSo-deorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773. liafela, taeafola, w. m., head : ace. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1 781 ; n4 Jju minne Jjearft hafalan hydan, 446; >onne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our GLOSSARY. 199 heads, defended ourselves, 1328 ; se hwlta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 26S0 ; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pi. hafelan, 1 121. — Comp. wig-heafola. hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift : pret. sg. waspen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1575. hafoc, St. m., hawk . nom. sg., 2264. haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure : dat. sg. to hagan, 2893, 2961. haga, w. m. See S.B-haga. hania, homa, w. m., dress : in the comp. flaesc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, sclr- ham (adj.). hamer, st. m., hammer : instr. sg. hamere, 1286 ; gen. pi. homera ISfe (swords), 2830. band, bond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138 ; sio swKSre . . . hand, the right hand, 2100 ; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; ace. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 83s, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721 ; be honda, 815; dat. pi. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. band-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand com- bat : dat. sg. to hand-bonan (-ba- nan), 460, 1331. band-gemOt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle : gen. pi. (ecg) J)0- lode aer fela hand-gemota, 1527; no >at lasest was hond-gem6ta, 2356. band-gesella, w. m., hand-compan- ion, man of the retinue; dat.pl. hond-gesellum, 1482. band-gestealla, w. m., {one whose position is near at hand'), comrade. companion, alilndant : dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170 ; nom. pi. hand-gesteallan, 2597. band-geweorc, st. a., work, done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle : dat. sg. for J)as hild-fruman handgeweorce, 2836. baud-gewriafen, pret. part., liand- wreathed, bound with the hand : ace. pi. walbende . . . hand-gewri- ^ene, 1938. band-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand : nom. sg. (gd'S- byrne, llc-syrce) handloceu (be- cause the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551. band-rses, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands : nom. sg. hond-rjES, 2073. band-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue : dat. sg. mid his hand- scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. hand-spere, St. n., yf«j»?- (on Gren- del's hand) , under the figure of a spear : nom. pi. hand-speru, 987. band-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork : gen. pi. hond-wundra msst, 2769. bangan. See bdn. bangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. Jjonne his sunu hanga'S hrefne to hr615re, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448 ; pi. III. ofer J>am (mere) hongialS hrinde bearwas, over which rustling for- ests hang, 1364 ; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086. batian, w. v. w. ace, to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt : inf. he bone hea'So-rinc hatian ne meahte ISiSum dsedum (could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. hft se gu'S- scea'Sa Geata ledde hatode and h^nde, 2320. 200 GLOSSARY. h^d, St. m., form, condition, posi- tion, manner : ace. sg. J>urh hsestne hdd, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesl'Ses hSd, z» the position of follower, as follower, 1 298 ; on sweordes hSd, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on. hador, st. m., clearness, brightness : ace. sg. under heofenes h&dor, 414. hS.dor, adj., clear, fresh, loud.- nom. sg. scop hwllum sang hSdor on Heorote, 497. hSdre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572. h^l, adj., hale, whole, sound, un- hurt: nom. sg. h^l, 300. With gen. hea^o-lices h^l, safe from battle, 1975. ^'^ form of saluta- tion, wes . . . hil, 407 ; dat. sg. hilan lice, 1504. hSilig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hilig god, 381,1554; Mlig dryhten, 687. h^m, St. m., home, residence, estate, land : ace. sg. hSm, 1408; HroS- g^res \Ava, 718. Usually in ad- verbial sense : gewSt him hSm, betook himself home, \b02; to hSm, 124, 374, 2993; fram h^m, from home, 194; at h^m, at home, 1249, 1924,1157; gen.sg. hames, 2367; ace. pi. hSmas, 1128. — Comp. Finnes-hSm, 11 57. ham-'weorlS'ung, st. f., honor or ornament of home : ace. sg. ham- weor'iSunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelic, given in mar- riage to Eofor), 2999. liar, adj., gray : nom. sg. \Ax hilde- rinc, 1308, 3137; ace. sg. under (ofer) hirne stSn, 888, 1416, 2554; hare byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of r'ail), 2154; dat. sg. hSrum hild- fruman, 1679; f. on heSre hseSe (onheaw. . .h . . . «e, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hSres, of the old man, 2989. — Comp. un-hSr. h&t, adj., hot,glowing, flaming ■ nom. sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; ■viyrra hilt gemealt, the drake hot (of his ovpn heat) melted, 898; aec. sg., 2282 (?); inst. sg. hStan heolfre, 850, 1424; g.sg.hea^u-f^res hates,2523; aec. pi. hSte heaiSo-wylnias, 2820. — Sup.: hatost heatSo-swita, 1669. h&t, St. n., heat, fire : ace. sg. geseah his mondryhten . . . hit Jirowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606. bata, w. m., persecutor : in comp. dsed-hata. h&tan, St. V. : \) to bid, to order, to direct, with ace. and inf., and ace. of the person : pres. sg. I. ic magu- )3egnas mine hSte . . . flotan eower- ne Srum healdan, / bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hSt in gin . . . sibbe- gedriht, 3S6; pi. II. hitaS heaSo- niEere hltew gewyrcean, 2803 ; inf. J^at healreced hitan wolde . . . men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edi- fice, 68. Pret. sg. hght : heht . . . eahtamearas . . . on flat te6n,_j-a!y« command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; J>onne senne hSht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; h?ht \>s. tat hea'So-vi'eorc to hagan biodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge{l!), 2893; swi se snottra hSht, as the wise (HrolSgir) directed, 1787; so, 1808,1809. hgt: hethim^Slidan gSdne gegyrvifan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, hit, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish : hSt hine wel brftcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. \%. was hiten hraiSe Heort innan-weard folmum gefratwod, forthwith was GLOSSARY. 201 ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside(\.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992. — 2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pi. Jiat hit sseliSend . . . hStan Biowulfes biorh, that mari- ners may call it Bedivulf's grave- mound, 2807; piet. part, was se giimma gast Grendel hfiten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603. ge-hStan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten : pres. sg. I.ic hit J)e gehSte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me m6de gehSt, prom- ised me reward, 2135; him fagre geh^t leana (gen. pi.), promised them proper reivard, 2990; wean oft geh^t earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pi. gehSton at harg- trafiim wig-weor'Sunga, vmved of- ferings at the shrines of the gods, 175; bonne we geheton (issum hlaforde J?at . . ., when we prom- ised our lord that . . ., 2635 ; pi-et. part, sid geh^tan [was] . . . gladum suna Frodali, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025. h&tor, St. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hStor. haft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409 ; ace. sg. helle haftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789. haft-mece, st. m., sword with fetters ing wi'S J>yrse (^shall alone decide the ?natter with Gren- del), 425. hel, St. f., hell: nom. sg., 853 ; ace. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg.helle, 101,589; (asinstr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. hel-bend, st.ra.i., bond of hell : instr. pi. hell-bendum fast, 3073. bel-runa, w. m., sorcerer : nom. pi. helrfinan, 163. be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide : pret. part, be-holen, 414. helm, St. m. : l) protection in gen- eral, defence, covering that protects: ace. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746. — 2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; ace. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brCln-fagne, gold-fShne helm,26l6, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; ace. pi. helmas, 240, 2639. — 3) defence, protector, designation of the king : nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hr6t5- gar), 371,456, 1322; aec. sg.heo- fena helm {the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scyl- finga, 2382. — Comp. : grim-, gflti-, heaiSo-, niht-helm. of er-helinian, w. v. w. ace, to cov- er over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helma^, 1365. helm-berend, pres. part., helm- loearing (warrior) : ace. pi. helm- berend, 2518, 2643. helpan, st. v., to help : inf. J>at him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wi'S llge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a Hidden shield against flame, 2341 ; >at him fren- na eege mihton helpan at hilde, 2685; vvutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. on- gan , . . mseges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. 'f^x he his masges (MS. mage- nes) healp, 2699. belp, helpe,' f., help, support: in strong form. : ace. sg. heipe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. tS helpe, 1831. In weak form : ace. sg. helpan, 2449. hende, ad].,-kanded : in comp. Idel- hende. her, adv., here, 397, 106?, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hith- er, 244, 361, 376. here (Goth, harji-s), St. m., army, troops : dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348. — Comp. : flot-, scip-, sin-here. here-br6ga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war : dat. sg. for here-brogan, 462. here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444. here-grima, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor) : dat. sg. -grl- man, 396, 2050, 2606, here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings) : nom. sg-, 1554. here-niff, st. m., battle-enmity, bat- tle of armies: nom. sg., 2475. here-p3,d, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor : nom. sg., 2259. here-rlnc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior : ace. sg. here- rinc (MS. here ric), 1177. here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear : gen. pi. here-sceafta heap, 335- here-sp6d, st. f., {war-speed'), luck in war : nom. sg., 64. GLOSSARY. 203 here-stral, st. m., war-arrow, mis- sile : nom. sg., 1436. here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail : ace. sg. heie-syrcan, 1512. here-Tvsed, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor : dat.pl. (as instr.) here-w^dum, 1898. hcre-waesma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle : dat. pi. an here-WEESmum, 678. — Leo. liere-wisa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the . Christian a wicked place (?): dat. pi. hergum ge- hea^erod, confinedinwicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fast), 3°73- herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army : pres. sg. I. ic J>e wel herige, 1834. — Leo. hete, St. m., hate, enmity : nom. sg. 142,2555. — Comp. : ecg-, mor'Sor-, wlg-hete. hete-lic, adj., hated: nom.sg., 1268. hetend, hettend, (pres. part, of hetan, see batian), enemy, hostis : nom. pi. hetende, 1829 ; dat. pi. wi'S hettendum, 3005. hete-niSF, st. m., enmity full of hate : ace. pi. hete-nl'Sas, 152. hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate : ace. pi. hete-swengeas, 2226. hete-Jjanc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design .- dat. pi. mid his hete->ancum, 475. hedan, ge-h6dan, w. v. w. gen.: i) to protect: pret. sg. ne hSdde he bas heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698. — 2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehSdde, 505. hSrian, w. v. w. ace, to praise, to commend; with reference to God, to adore : inf. heofena helmhSrian ne cflSon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; ne hfiru Hildeburh hSrian horfte eotena tre6we, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Jutes, 1072; pres. subj. hat mon his wine- dryhten wordum hSrge, 3177. g e - heatyerian, w. t., to force, to press in : pret. part, ge-hea^erod, 3073- heaff o-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553. heaSfo-dedr, adj., bold in battle, brave : nom. sg., 689 ; dat. pi. hea'So-deorum, 773. heaffo-fyr, st. u., battle-fire, hostile fire : gen. sg. hea'Su-f^res, 2523 ; instr. pi. heatSo-fJrunl, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. heaffo-grim, adj., gritn in battle, 548. IieaSFo-helin, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet : nom. sg., 3I57(?). heaffo-iac, st. n., battle-play, battle : dat. sg. at hea^o-lSce, 584 ; gen. sg. hea"So-lSces hSl, 1975. heaffo-maire, adj., renowned in battle : ace. pi. -msere, 2803. heaffo-raes, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force : nom. sg., 557; ace.pl. -rsesas, 1048; gen. pi. -rassa, 526. heaffo-redf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle : ace. sg. \z?i&o-x&i.i\i&a\&or^{kept the equip- 7nents^, 401. heaSfo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war- rior : ace. sg. Jjone hea^o-rinc (HreSel's son, HseScyn), 2467 ; dat. pi. Ji^m hea^o-rincum, 370. heaffo-r5f, adj., renowned in battle : nom. sg., 381 ; nom. pi. hearo- rofe, 865. heaaro-scearp, adj., sharp in battle. 204 GLOSSARY. bold: nom. pi. (-scearde, MS.), 2830. liea8?o-se6Cj adj., battle-sick : dat. sg. -siocum, 2755. heaffo-steAp, adj., Mgk in battle, excelling in battle : nom. sg. in weak form, hea'So-steapa, 1 246 ; ace. sg. hea&-steapne, 2154, both times of the helmet. liea3fo-S'wS,t, st. m., blood of battle : dat. sg. healSo-swSte, 1607 ; as instr., 1461; gen. pi. hStost hea'So- sw^ta, 1669. heafifo-s'weng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword) : dat. sg. after hea'iSu-swenge, 2582. heaffo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle : nom. sg. stefn . . . healSo- torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554. heaffo-'waed, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr.pl. hea'60- wsedum, 39. healS'o-'weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle : ace. sg., 2893. heaff o-wylm, st. m., hostile (aflame-") ■wave : ace. pi. hite hea'So-wylmas, 2820; gen. pi. hea'So-wylma, 82. heaf, St. n., sea : aec. pi. ofer heafo, 2478. heafola. See hafela. heal, St. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting- hall) : nom. sg. heal, 1 152, 1215 ; heaU, 487; aec. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, loio, 1927, etc. ; gen. sg. [healle], 389. — Comp. : gif-, meodo- heal. heal-arn, st. n., hall-building, hall- house : gen. sg. heal-arna, 78. beal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy : nom. sg., 1067. heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: aec. sg., 68. heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet) : dat. pi. heal-sittendum, 2869 ; gen. pi. heal- sittendra, 2016. lieal-Jjegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal->egnes, of Grendel, 142; ace. pi. heal-))egnas, of BedwulPs band, 720. heal-tvudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood : nom. sg., 1318. healdan, st. v. w. ace.: \) to hold, to hold fast; to support : pret. pi. hd J)S st^nbogan . . . See eor'Sreced innan heoldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as olyect : hedld hine to faste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. he hinr fredndlarum hedld, supported him with friendly advice, 2378. — 2) /o hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal J>u hit gejiyl- dum healdest, magen mid m6des snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, i']o6; III. healde^ hige- meiSum heafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forS tela niwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the newrelationship,e holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 220; 80,705; nacan . . . Srum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlSton eorla gestredn eor^an heal- dan, 3168; pres. part. dre£m heal- GLOSSARY. 205 dende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heold hine sy^San fyr and faster, hept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; segwearde hedld, / have (hitherto') kept watch on the sea, 241; 30,305; Hold heah- lufan wis hale'Sa brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfastan gife . . . hedld, 2184; gold-mi^mas hedid, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; heold rcLinte[B.,protected zaell mine own, 2738; J^onne . . . sceft . . . nytte hedld, had employment, was employed, 3 1 1 9 ; hedld mec, protect- ed, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pi. heaSo-reaf heoldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pi. heafodbeorge . . . walan dtan heold, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032. — Related to the preced- ing meaning are the two following : 3) to rule and protect the father- land: inf. gif >u healdan wylt maga rice,l853; pret. heold, 57, 2738. — 4) to hold, to have, to possess, to in- habit : inf. ISt )>one brego-sfSl Beo- wulf healdan, 2390; gerund, to healdanne hledburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heold, 103, 161,466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hedld nihtes hwi- lum, at night-time had the enjoy- ment of the air, 3044; pret. pi. Geata ledde hreSwtc heoldon, the Gedtas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1 21 5; pret. sg. J'Eer hed ser mseste hedld worolde Wynne, in which she formerly pos- sessed the highest earthly joy, 1080. — '^ to win, to receive : pret. pi. I. heoldon heah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085. be-healdan, w. ace: i) to take care of, to attend to : pret. sg. J>egn nytte behedld, a thane discharged the fl^«, 494; so, 668. — 2) to hold: pret. sg. se Jie fl8da begong . . . behedld, 1499. — 3) to look at, to behold: Jiry^swy^ beheold mseg HigelSces hfi . . ., gj'eat woe saw H.'s kinsman, how . . ., 737. for-healdan,w. ace, (to hold bad- ly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part, hafdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382. ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. se J>e waldendes hyldo gehealde'S, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294 ; pres. subj. fader alwalda . . . edwic gehealde sKa gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 2i^'j ; inf. ne meahte he ... on Jiam frum- gSre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857. — 2) to take care, to pre- serve, to watch over; to stop : imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hfisa s8- lest, 659; inf. gehealdan h§t hilde- geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fratwe gehedld fela missera, 2621; (;one J>e sr gehedld wiS hettendum hord and rice, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004. — .^) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehedld tela (brSde rice), 2209. healf, St. f., half, side, part: ace. sg. on J)S healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. hale^um be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; ace. pi. on tw^ healfa, upon two sides, mu- tually,iog(>; on bS healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306 ; on two sides, on both sides, 2064 ; gen. pi. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801. 206 GLOSSARY. healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. heals, St. m., neck : ace. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wis halse, 1567; be healse, 1873. — Comp.: the ad- jectives fdmig-, wunden-heals. Iieals-beAh, st. m., neck-ring, collar: ace. sg. );one heals-beah, 2173 ; gen. pi. heals-beaga, 1196. heals-gebedda, w. m., beloved bed- fellovj, wife : nom. sg. healsge- bedda (MS. healsgebedda), 63. healsian, w. v. w. ace., to entreat earnestly, to implore : pret. sg. \>%. se teoden mec . . . healsode hredh- mod J?at . . ., entreated me sorrow- ful, that . . ., 2133. heard, adj. : i) of persons, able, efficient in war, strotig, brave : nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda ]-egn, 2978; J>es heai'da heap, 432 ; nom. pi. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pi. heardra, 989. Compara- tive : ace. sg. heardran hale, 720. With accompanying gen. : wlges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nlSa heardum, 2171. — 2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gft^-byrne, lie-syree) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-stral hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; ace. sg. (swurd, waepen) , heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pi. hearde . . . homera lUfe, 2830; heard and hring-mael HeaSobeardna gestredn, 2038 ; ace. pi. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: nom. sg. hreSer-bealo hearde, 1344 ; wroht . . . heard, 2915; here-ntS hearda, 2475 ; ^'^'^• sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591 ; instr. sg. heardan ceape, 2483 ; instr. pi. heardan, heardum clam- mum, 964, 1336; gen. pi. heardra hyn'Sa, 1 66. Compar. : ace. sg. heardran feohtan, 576. — Comp.: f^r-, iren-, nllS-, regen-, sefir-heard. hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439. heard-ecg, st. f., sharp sword, sword good in battle : nom. sg., 1289. heard-f yrde, adj ., hard to take away, heavy : ace. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246. — Leo. heard-hycgend, pres. part., of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pi. -hiegende, 394, 800. hearg-traf, st. ii., tent of the gods, temple : dat. pi. at harg-trafum (MS. hrEerg trafum), 175. hearm, st. m., harm, inju.y, insult : dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. hearm-sceaffa, w. m., enemy caus- ing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-sea'Sa, 767. hearpe, w. f., harp : gen. sg. hear- pan swSg, 89, 3024; hearpan Wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263. hed'S'u, St. f., sea, waves: ace. sg. heaSu, 1863. heAffu-lIffend, pres. ■^2x\..,sea-farcr, sailor: nom. pi. -ll'Sende, 1799; dat. pi. -li^endum (designation of the Geatas), 2956. he^fod, St. n., head: aec. sg., 48, ' 1640; dat. sg. heafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pi. heafdum, 1243. hedfod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: aec. sg. heafod-beorge, 1031. hedfod-maeg, st. m.,head-kinsman, near blood-relative : dat. pi. hea- fod-mssgum {brothers'), 589; gen. pi. heafod-mSga, 2152. hedfod-segn, st. n., head-sign, ban- ner : ace. sg., 2153. he&fod-weard, st. f., head-watch ■ GLOSSAEY. 207 ace. sg. healdetS . . . heafod-wearde leofes and \&Xes, for the friend and the foe (Be6wulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910. hedh, bed, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus) : nom. sg. heah Healfdene, 57; hea (Hi- gelS.c), 1927; heah (sele), 82; heah hlsew, 2806, 3159; ace. sg. heah (segn), 48, 2769; heahne (MS. heanne) hrSf, 984; dat. sg. in (to) sele tam heac, 714, 920; gen. sg. hean h&ses, 116. — high, heavy : ace. heah gesceap (a« a«- usual, heavy fate), 3085. bed-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country : ace. sg., 1128. heAb-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of HroiSg^), 1040. be4b - gestre6n, st. n., splendid treasure : gen. pi. -gestredna, 2303. bedb-lufe, \v. f., high love ; ace. sg. heah-lufan, 1955. bedb-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall iji the land, hall of the ruler : dat. sg. heah-sele, 648. bedb-setl, st. n., high seat, throne : ace. sg., 1088. hedb-stede, st. m., high place, rul- er^ s place: dat. sg. on heah-stede, 285. bedn, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409. hedp, St. m., heap, crowd, troop : nom. sg. Jjegna heap, 400; Jjes hearda heap, this brave band, 432; ace. sg. here-sceafta heap, the crowd of spears, 'il'i't mago-rinca heap, 731; dat. sg. on heape, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597. — Comp. wig- heap. bedwan, st. v., to hew, to cleave : inf., 801. ge-heawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge- heawe, 683. beoffu, St. f ., the interior of a build- ing : dat. sg. J)at he on heo^e ge- stod, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404. beofon, st. m., heaven : nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pi. heofena, 182; dat. pi. under heofenum, 52, 505. beolfor, st. n., putrid or festering blood: dat. instr. sg. hStan heol- fre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; un- der heolfre, 1303. beolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place : ace. sg. on heolster, 756. beonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. heor, St. m., door-hinge : nom. pi. heorras, 1000. beorde, adj. See wunden-beorde. heorff-geneAt, st. m., hearth-com- panion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his liveli- hood: nom. pi. heor^-geneatas, 261, 3181 ; ace. pi. heor'S-geneatas, 1581,2181; dat. pi. heor^-genea- tum, 2419. beorotj st. m., stag : nom. sg., 1370. beorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. at heortan, 2271 ; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508. — Comp. : the adjectives bli6-, grom-, rflm-, stare-heort. beoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bindan), 1286. In some of the following com- pounds heoro- seems to be con- founded with here- (see here) . beoro-bl&c, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded : nom. sg. [heoro-]bllc, 2489. 208 GLOSSAKY. ]ieoru-at hedru st6w, that is no secure place, 1373. — Corap. un-hedre (-hjre). hlder, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. ofer-Wglan, w. -i. (according to the connection, probably), /(7^.i:«^a', 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant^ hUd, St. f., battle, combat : nom. sg.. 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru- grimme, 1848; ace. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, through the combat, 2917; dat. sg. at hilde, 1461. hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword : nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557. 1521- Ixilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: ace. pi. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pi. -bor- dum, 3140. hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr.pl. -cystum, 2599- hilde-deor, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle : nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-dior, 3112; nom.pl. hilde-deore, 3171. hilde-f reca, w. m., hero in battle : nom. pi. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367. Mlde-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment for battle, adornment for combat : ace. hilde-geatwe, 675 ; gen. -geat- wa, 2363. hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles : instr. pi. hilde-gicelum, 1607. Mlde-grap, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508. hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in Battle, warrior, fighter : nom. sg-, 2352, 2545 ; dat. pi. eft }>at ge-eode . . . hilde-hlammum, it happened to the warriors (the Geatas), 2202. bilde-Ie6ina, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence : l) the fire- spewing of the drake in the fight : nom. pi. -ledman, 2584. — 2) the gleaming sword : ace. sg. -leoman, 1 144. hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pi. hilde-mecgas, 800. GLOSSARY. 209 hilde-mece, st. m., battle-sword : nom. pi. -m8ceas, 2203. hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield : ace. pi. -randas»l243. hUde-raes, st. m., storm of battle : ace. sg., 300. hilde-riuc, st. m., man of battle, loarrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125. 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinees, 987. bilde-sadjadj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more : ace. sg. hilde-sadne, 2724. hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: ace. sg., 2156. hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle) : nom. sg., 1040. hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: ace, 21 14. hilde-swatj st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hit hilde-swit (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. hilde-tux, st. m., battle-tooth : instr. pi. hllde-tuxum, 1512. hilde-waepen, st. m., battle-weapon : instr. pi. -waspnum, 39. hjlde-wisa, w. m., leader in battle, general : dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewisan, of Healfdene's general (Hnaf), 1065. hild-freca. See hilde-freca. hild-f ruina, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650 ; gen. sg. Jias hild-fruman, 2836. hild-lata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pi. ]?t hUd- latan, 2847. hilt, St. n., stuord-hilt: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; ace. sg. >at hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; ace. td hilt, 1615; dat.pl. be hiltum, 1575. — Comp. : fetel-, wreo'Sen-hilt. hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: ace. sg., 1023. hilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle : ace. sg. heard swyrd \&i^&, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988. hin-fus, adj., ready to die : nom. sg. hyge was him hinffls (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756. hindema, adj. superl., hindmost, last ; instr. sg. hindeman siSe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518. hlrde, hyrde, st. m., {herd") keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 29825 rices hyrde, 2028 ; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory. Cod, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506 ; folces hyrde, 1850; fratwa hyrde, 3134; rices hyrde, 3081; acc.pl. hdses hyrdas, 1667. — Comp. : grund-hyrde. hit (O.N. hita), st. f.( ?), heat : nom. sg. benden hyt s^, 2650. hladan, st. v.: \) to load, to lay: inf. on bael hladan leofne man- nan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan anddiscas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part, tser was wunden gold on wasn hla- den, laid upon the wain, 3135. — 2) to load, to burden : pret. part. J)i was . . . szegeap naca hladen herewaedum, loaded with armor, 1898. — Comp. gilp-hladen. ge-hladan, w. ace, to load, to bur- den : pret. sg. saebat geU3d (MS. gehleod), 896. 210 GLOSSARY. hiaford, St. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., 2376; ace. sg., 267; dat. sg. hUforde, 2635; S^"- ^S' hlafordes, 3181. — Comp. eald-hlaford. hlaford-le^s, adj., without a lord: nom. pi. MSford-lease, 2936. hlS.'vr, lilaew, st. ra.,hill, grave-hill: ace. sg. hlsew, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hltvve, 1 121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: ace. sg. hltw [under] hrusan, 2277; htew under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlsewe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. hlast, St. n., burden, load : dat. sg. hlaste, 52. hleiii, St. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack : in the compounds, uht-, wal-hlem. hlenima, w. m., one raging, one who calls ; see hilde-hlemma. S-hleblian, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult : pret. sg. his m8d ahlog, his mood exulted, 731. hleahtor, st. ra., laughter : nom. sg., 612; ace. sg., 3021. hledpan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hleapan ISton . . . feal- we mearas, 865. a-hleapan, to spring up: pret. ihleop, 1398. hleoffu. See Wlff. hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over : inf. o'S )>at he . . . fyrgen- beamas ofer hirne stin hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, 1416. hleo, St. m., shady, protected place ; defence, shelter; figurative desig- nation of the king, or of powerful nobles : wigendra hied, of HroiS- gSr, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hleo, of Hro-Sgar, 1036, 1867; of Beo- wulf, 792; of HygelSc, 2191. Iileo-burh, st. &, ruler's castle or city : ace. sg., 913, 1732. hledSor-cwydc, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980. lUeor, St. n., cheek, jaw : in comp. fated-hleor (adj.). hieor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: ace. pi. oferhledr-beran (visorl), 304- hleor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow : nom. sg., 689. hle6tan, st. v. w. ace, to obtain by lot, to attain, to get : pret. sg. feorh- wunde hleat, 2386. hlifian, w. v., to rise, to be promi- nent: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hli- fade, 81, 1800, 1899. MIS', st. n., cliff, precipice of a moun- tain: dat. sg. on hliSe, 3159; gen. sg. hli'Ses, 1893 ; pi. hlilSu in com- position, stSn-hli^u; hleoSuinthe compounds fen-, mist-, nas-, wulf- hleo^u. hlin-bed(Frisian hlen-bed, Richt- hofen 206''', for which another text has eronk-bed), St. n., kKi- piSwv, bed for reclining, sick-bed : ace. sg. hlim-bed, 3035. to-Uidan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst : pret. part. nom. pi. t6-hli- dene, 1000. Mud, adj., loud: ace. sg. dream . . . hlfldne, 89. blyn, St. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612. hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. GLOSSARY. •211 hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash : pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. hlytm, St. m., lot: dat. sg. nas J)4 on hlytme, hw^ hat hord sti-ude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its posses- sion was decided, 3127. hnah, adj. : l) lo%a, inferior : comp. ace. sg. hnSgran, 678; dat. sg. hn&hran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953. — 2) famil- iarly intimate: nom. sg. nas hio linih sw4 Jieah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (witli the Geatas, i.e. preserved lier royal dig- nity towards tliem), {niggardlyVj , 1930. hnsegan, w. v. w. ace, (for nsgan), to speak to, to greet : pret. sg. J)at he Jjone wisan wordum hn^gde frean Ingwina, 1319. ge- hnsegan, w. ace, to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell : pret. sg. ge-hnsegde helle g^st, 1275 ; t>ser hyne Hetware hilde gehnsegdon, 2917. hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands : pret. pi. Jjonne hni- ton (hnitan) fSSan, 1328, 2545. hoSFma, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave : dat. sg. in hodman, 2459. hof, St. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: ace. sg. hof (Hro%Rr's residence), 312; dat. sg. to hofe sinum (Grendel's home in the 3ea), 1508; to hofe (Hyge- lac's residence), 1975 ; ace. pi. beorhthofu,23l4; dat.pl. to hofum Geata, 1837. hogode. See hycgan. hold, adj., inclined to, attacked to, gracious, dear, true : nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frean Scyldinga, a band well dis' posed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hy- gelSce was . . . nefa swj^ hold, to H, was his nephetv (Beowulf) very much attached, 2171 ; ace. sg. l^urh holdne \\\^s,from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1 980; gen. pi. holdra, 487. hold. See healdan. holm, St. m., deep sea : nom. sg., 519, 1132,2139; ace. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 191 5 ; ace. pi. holmas, 240. — Comp. waeg-holm. holm-clif, St. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg.. on Jjamholm-clife, 1422; fromj^am holmclife, 1636 ; ace. pi. holm- eUfu, 230. holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea : dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. holt, St. n., wood, thicket, forest: ace. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847. — Comp. : asc-, fyrgen-, gSr-, Hrefnes-holt. holt-wudu, St. Tn., forest-wood : i) of the material : nom. sg., 2341. — 2) = forest : ace. sg., 1370. hord, St. m. and n., hoard, treasure : nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beaga hord, 2285; miSma hord, 3012; ace. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 274s. 2774, 2956, 3057; siwle hord, 2423; Jpat hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1 109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782 ; has'Snum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888. — Comp. : beah-, breost-, word-,wyrm- hord. r hord-arn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room : dat. hord-arne, 2832; gen.pl. hord- aina, 2280. hord-burh, st. f., city in which ii 212 GLOSSARY. the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle : ace. sg., 467. hord-gestreon, st. n., hoard-treas- ure, precious treasure: dat. pi. hord-gestreonum, 1900; gen. pi. magen-byr^enne hord - gestreona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093- hord-m&S^d'uin, st. m., treasure- jewel, precious jewel: ace. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1 199. hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance 0/ treasures : ace. sg. hord-vvelan, 2345. hord-weard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden : i) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; ace. sg., 1853. — 2) of the drake : nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594. hord-TveorSung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ortiament : ace. sg. -weor^unge, 953. hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy- giving treasure : ace. sg. hord- Mfynne, 2271. horn, St. m., horn: i) upon an ani- mal : instr. pi. heorot hornum trum, 1370. — 2) wind-instrument : nom. sg., 1424; ace. sg., 2944. — Comp. gft'S-horn. horn-boga, w. m., bow made of - horn : dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. horn-geAp, adj ., of great extent be- tween the (stag-)horns adorning the gables (?) : nom. sg. sele . . . heah and horn-geap, 82. horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?) : ace. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44. bors, St. n., horse : nom. sg., 1400. tadcibt, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hociht. b e - hdflan, w. v. w. gen., /o need, to want: pres. sg. III. nu is se dag cumen Jiat dre man-dryhten mage- nes beh8fa^ godra gfl'Srinca, now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, 2648. on- hdbsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. \>'i.t onh6hsnode Heminges mseg (on hobsnod, MS.), 1945. bOIlnga, adv., in vain, without rea- soti, 1077. be- bdn, st. v., to hang with : pret. part, helmum behongen, 3140. bdp, St. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment,'\a. the compounds fen-, mor-hop. h5s (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompany- ing troop, escort : instr. sg. magiSa hose, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, 925. braS'e, adv., hastily, quickly, imme- diately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hra'Se, 1438; hrelSe, 992; compar. hralSor, 543. bran-fix, st. m., whale : ace. pi. hron-fixas, 540. bran-rad, st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea : dat. sg. ofer hron-rSde, 10. bra, St. n., corpse : nom. sg., 1589. bra-f yl, St. m., fall of corpses, kill- ing, slaughter : aec. sg., 277. bradlice, adv., hasty, quick, imme- diate, 356, 964. brilfn, hrefn, st. m., raven : nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025 ; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. bragl, St. n., dress, garment, armor : nom. sg., 1196 ; gen. sg., hragles, 1218 ; gen. pi. hragla, 454. — Comp. ; beado-, fyrd-, mere-hragl. hreate. See braffe. breffer, st. m,, breast, bosom ■ nom. sg. hre'Ser inne weoll (// surged in GLOSSARY. 213 his breast^, 2114; hre'Ser Ee'Sme wedll, 2594 ; dat. sg. in hrelSre, 1 1 52; of hreiSre, 2820. — Breast as the seat of feeling, heart : dat. sg. Jjat was . . . hre'Sre hygeml'Se, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hse^cyn), 2443 ; on hre'Sre, 1879, 2329; gen. pi. Jiurh hre&a gehygd, 2046. — Breast as seat of life : instr. sg. hrelSre, parallel with aldre, 1447. hreffer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt : ace. sg., 1344. hrefn. See hrafn. hreSf, St. f., glory ; in composition, gM-hr&5 ; renown, assurance of victory, \n sige-hre^. hrelSfe, adj., renowned in battle; nom. sg. hreS (on account of the following at, final e is elided, as wSn ic for wine ic, 442; frofor and fultura for frofre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576. hreS-sigor, st. m., glorious victory : dat. sg. hrS^-sigora, 2584. hremig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hfl^e hremig, 124; since hremig, 1883; fratwum hrSmig, 2055 ; nom. pi. nealles Hetware hrSmge Jjorfton (sc. we- san) fe'Se-wiges, 2365. on-hreran, w. v., to excite, to stir up : pret. part. on-hr8red, 549, 2555- hreSi-wic, st. n., place of corpses : ace. sg. Geata ledde hrei-wic hedl- &on, held the place of corpses, 1215 hreAd, st. f., ornament{l'), in comp. earm-hread. See hre69an. hredm, st. m., noise, alarm : nom. sg-, 1303- hredd'a, w. m., cover, in the com- pound bord-hre6&. hreoffan, ge-hre6afan, st. v., to cover, to clothe ; only in the pret. part, hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned : hroden, 495, 1023 ; \>t ^^'as heal hroden fednda feorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, H52; ge- hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304. — Comp. : beag-, gold-hroden. hre6h, hre6'w, hreo, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging ; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Beowulf) hredh and heoro-grim, 1565; J^at t>am godan was hreow on hretSre, {that came with violence upon him, paitted his hearty, 2329 ; hreo waeron y'5a, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; nas him hreoh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2 1 81; dat. sg. on hreon mode, of sad heart, \T,o%; on hreoum mode, angry at heart, 2582. hre61i-ni6d, adj ., of sad heart, 2133; angry at heart, 2297. hredsan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush : pret. hreas, 2489, 2832 ; pret. pi. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, 143 1; hruron him tearas, tears burst from him, 1873. be-hredsan, to fall from, to be di- vested of: pret. part. ace. pi. fyrn- manna fatu . . . hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. hreow, st. f., distress, sorrow : gen. pi. Jj^t was Hro'SgIre hreowa tor- nost, that was to Hrb'&gdr the bit- terest of his sorro-ws, 2130. bring, St. m. : i) ring : ace. sg. bone bring, 1203 ; bring gyldenne, 2810; ace. pi. bringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen.pl.hringa,i5o8,2246.— 2).t/H>/ o/';«a27 (of interlaced rings) : nom 214 GLOSSARY. sg. bring, 1504; byrnan bring, 2261. — Comp. bSn-hring. hrlngan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle : pret. pi. byrnan hringdon, 327. hring-l>oga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen.sg. hring- bogan (of tbe drake, bending bim- self into a circle), 2562. hringed, pret. part., made of rings : nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; ace. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. liringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stent is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea- going ships (cf. Fri'S-)>iofs saga, i : }>orsteinn ltd skip )>at er EUidi h§t, . . . borlSit war spengt iarni) : nom. sg., 32, 1898 ; ace. sg. hringed- stefnan, 1132. hrlng-tren, st. n., sword ornament- ed with rings : nom. sg., 322. hring-msel, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring- form : nom. ace. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(7) ; nom. pi. heard and hring-masl Hea'Sobeardna ge- stre6n {rich armor'), 2038. hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship : nom. sg., 1863. hrlng-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings : ace. sg., 2755; ace. pi. hring-net, 1890. hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. ball in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed : ace. sg., 2841 ; dat. sg., 201 1, 3054. hrlug-TveorSung, st. f., ring-or- nament: ace. sg. -weor^unge, 3018. hrinan, st. v. w. dat. : i) to touch, lay hold of: inf. t>at him heardra nin hrlnan wolde Iren Krg8d {that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on /«'ffz), 989; him for brof-sele hrlnan ne mebte fsergripe fl8des {the sud- den grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof) , 1 5 1 6 ; ))at >am hring-sele hrlnan ne moste gumena senig {so that 7ione might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. silSfen he hine fol- mum [hr]Sn {as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723 ; 8^ J;at dea^es wylm hrSn at heortan {seised his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. Jjeah l^e him wund hrlne {al- though he was wounded), 2977. — 2) (O.N. hrtna, sonar e, clamare), to resound, rustle : pres. part. nom. pi. hrlnde bearwas (for hrtnende), 1364. hroden. See Ta.red'Sa.n. hron-fix. See hran-fix. hrOffor, St. Tn.,joy, beneficium. : dat. sg. hrefne to hroiSre, 2449; gen. pi. hroSra, 2172. brdf, St. m., roof, ceiling of a house : nom. Sg., 1000 ; ace. sg. under Heoroteshrof, 403; under geapne hrof, 838; geseah steapne hrof (here inner roof, ceiling), 927 ; so, ofer heahne hrof, 984 ; ymb >as helmes hr6f, 1031 ; under beorges hrof, 2756. — Comp. inwit- hrof. hrOf-sele, st. m., covered hall : dat. sg. hrSf-sele, 1516. hrOr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous : dat. sg. of )jam hroran, 1630. — Comp. fela-hr6r. hruron. See hre6san. hruse, w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; ace. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832 ; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. hrycg, st. m., back : ace. sg. ofet GLOSSARY. 215 wateres hrycg (jiver the "water's back, surface), 471. hryre, st.xa.,fall, destruction, ruin : acc.sg., 3181 ; dat. sg., 1681, 3006. — Comp. : leod-, wlg-hryre. hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pi. syrcan hrysedon (^corselets rattled, of men in mo- tion), 226. hund, St. m., dog: instr. pi. hundum, 1369- hund, num., hundred: ]>ie6 hund, 2279; w. gen. pi. hund missera, 1499; hund Jjflsenda landes and locenra beaga, 2995. hu, adv., how, quoinodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. hu3', St. f., booty, plunder : dat. (instr.) sg. hfi^e, 124. tauru, adv., at least, certainly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, i^T,; now, 31 21. hus, St. 11., house: gen. sg. hftses, 116; gen.pl. hflsa selest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936. hwan, adv., whither : to hwan syOTan wear's hondrses hale'Sa (what issue the hand-to-hand Jight of the heroes had), 2072. hwanan, h^vanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. hwa, interrog. and indef. ^xan.,who : nom. sg. m. hwS, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwat, 173; aheshwat (apart only), 301 1; hwat J)S men wasron (who the men were), 23;^, etc.; hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra (what armed men are ye ?), 237 ; ace. sg. m. wi^ manna hwone (from{ 1) any man), 155; neut. ))urh hwat, 3069; hwat wit ge6 sprascon, 1477; hwat . . . h^n'So (gen.), fser-nlSa (what shame and suddeit woes), 474; so, hwat W worn fela {how very much , 530; swylces hwat, 881 ; hwat . . . 4rna, 1 1 87 ; dat. ni . hwam, 1697. — Comp. seg-hwS. hwat, interj., what! lo ! indeeat I, 943. 2249. ge-hwS, w. part, gen., each, each one : ace. sg. m. wi^ fednda ge- hwone, 294; nllSa gehwane, 2398; mSca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem. on healfa gehwone, 8oi ; dat. sg. in. dogora gehwam, 88; at nl'Sa gehwam, 883; Jjegna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehwam, 1421 ; fem. in mseg^a gehwsere, 25; nihta gehwam, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwas, 2528; fem. daeda gehwas, 2839. hw^^r. See hwaer. h-wader. See liTrider. hwaSfer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwa^er . . . uncer twega, 2531 ; swd hwa^er, utcrcunque : ace. sg. on swS hwa'Sere hond swS him gemet J>ince, 687. — Comp. teg- hwa'Ser. ge-hwaSer, each of two, either- other : nom. sg. m. was gehwa'Ser S'Srum lifigende IS^, 815; was . . . gehwaSer o'Srum hro&a gemyn- dig, 2172; ne gehwa'Ser incer (?zor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwa'Ser J>Sra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwa'Srum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwa'Sres, 1044. h-waffer, h-waSfere, h-waffre, i) adv., yet, nevertheless : hwEfSre, 555. 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc. ; hwa&e swS J>eah, however, notwithstanding, 2443; hwa&re, 574. 578. 971. 1719- — 2) conj., = utrum, whether : hwa&e, 1315; hwatSer, 1357, 2786. hTrat, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: 216 GLOSSARY. noni. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nora. pi. hwate, 1602, 2053 ; ace. pi. hwate, 2643, 3006. — Comp. : fyrd-, gold-hwat. hwat. See ta'w&. hwaer, adv., where : elles hwaer, elsewhere, 1 38; hwaer, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question : wun- dur hwSr })onne . . ., is it a wonder when .. .? 3063. — Comp. 6-hw£er. ge-hwasr, everywhere: i>eah J'u hea^o-rsesa gebwser dohte {every- where good in battle'), 526. h-welc. See h^yylc. hT^ergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, 2591. hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge : pres. subj. swi J)tn sefa hwette {as thy mind urges, as thou likest"), 490; pret. pi. hwetton higerofne (they whetted the brave one), 204. h'wSne, aiv. , a little, paululum, 2700. hwealf, St. f., vault: ace. sg. under heofones hvi'ealf, 576, 2016. h'weorfan, st. v., to stride deliber- ately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pi. hira Jie cwice hwyrfaiS, 98; inf. hwllum he on lufan Ise- telS hworfan monnes mSd-gelJonc {sometimes on love (?) posses- sions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), lyzg; londrihtes • m6t . . . monna seghwylc Idel hweorfan {0/ rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fader ellor hwearf ... of earde {died), 55; hwearf t)S hradltce Jiaer Hr815gir sat, 356; hwearf J>4 bl bence {turned then to the bench), 1 189 ; so, hwearf I'd be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond hat reced, 1982; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf {went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles after lyfte IScende hwearf {not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg. ser he on weg hwurfe ... of gear- dum {died), 264. and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. 8^ Jjat . . . nor^an wind hea'So-grira and-hwearf {till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548. at-hweorfan, to go to : pret. sg. hwllum he on beorh at-hwearf {at times returned to the mountain), 2300. ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf Jii in Fvancna fa^m feorh cyninges, 121 1; hit on aeht gehwearf. . . Denigea frean, 1680J so, 1685, 2209. geond-hweorfan, to go through from 'end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018. hwlder, adv., whither : hwyder, 1 63 ; hwader (hwa'Ser, MS.), 1332. li"wil, St. f., time, space of time : nora. sg. was seo hwll micel {it was a longtime), 146; ))& was hwll dages {the space of a day), 1496; ace. sg. hwlle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwlle, a long while, 16, 2781; Sne hwlle, a while, 1763; lytle hwlle, brief space, 2031, 2098; jenige hwlle, any while, 2549; lassan hwlle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ser da- ges hwlle, before daybreak, 2321 ; dat. pi. nihtes hwllum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often : hwllum, 175,496,917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwilum . . . hwllum, 2108-9-10. — Comp.: dag-, gescap-, orleg-, sige-hwll. hwit, adj., brilliant, flashing : nom. sg. se hwlta helm, 1449. bworfan. See hTreorfan. hwdpan, St. v., to cry, cry out mourn : pret. sg. hwedp, 2269.. GLOSSARY. 2i: hwyder. See hwlder. hwylc, ^roT\., which, what, any : i) adj.: nom. sg. m. scealSa ic nSt hwylc, 274; fern, hwylc orleghwfl, 2003; nom. pi. hwylce Ssegeata sliSas wseron, 1987. — 2) subst., w. gen. pi. nom. m. : Frisna hwylc, 1 105 ; fem. efne swS hwylc mag^a swd tone magan cende {whatever woman brought forththis son), onne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swi hwylcum manna sw4 him gemet Jjfthte, 3058. — Comp. : seg-, nSt-, wel-hwylc. ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pi., each : nom. sg. m. ge- hwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; ace. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; ge- hwelcne, 148; fem. gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dogra gehwylce, 1091 ; so, 2058, 2451 ; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem. ecga gehwyl- cre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwyl- ces, 733, 1397, 2095. hvpyrft, St. m., circling movement, turn: dat.pl.adv.hwyrftumscrllSalS {wander to and fro"), 163. — Comp. ed-hwyrft. bycgan, w. v., to think, resolve ttpon : piet. sg. ic Jiat hogode Jiat . . . (my intention was that . . .), 633. — Comp. w.pres. part. : bealo-, heard-, svi-IS-, {>anc-, wis-hycgend. for-hycgan,/ip despise, scorn, reject with contempt : pres. sg. I. ic J>at Jionne for-hicge Jiat . . ., reject with scorn the proposition that . . ■,435- ge-h,ycgan, to think, determine upon : pret. sg. J^i }>u . . . feorr ge- hogodest sacce sScean, 1989. ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode J;S hringa fengel l^at he >one widflogan weorode ges8hte (scorned to seek the wide-Jlier with a host), 2346. hydlg (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. Sn-, bealo-, grom-, HI'S-, Jirtst-hydig. ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: ace. sg. >urh hre'Sra gehygd, 2046. — Comp. i breost-, m8d-gehygd, won-hyd. hyge, taige, st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; ace. sg. Jjurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat.pl. higum, 3149. hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band : instr. pi. hyge-bendum fast, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879. hyge-ge6mor, adj., sad in mind:: nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409. hyge-meafe, adj. : l) sorrowful]^ soul-crushing : nom. sg., 2443. 2) life-weary, dead : dat. pi. hyge- - melSum (-mEeSum, MS.), 2910. hyge-r5f, adj., brave, valiant, vig-- orous-minded : nom. sg. [hyger8f], 403; ace. sg. hige-rofne, 204. hyge-sorli, st. f ., heart-sorrow : gen. pi. -sorga, 2329. hyge-]jylitlg, adj., doughty, courage- ous : ace. sg. hige-Jiihtigne (of Be6wulf),^47. See ]>yhtig. liyge-]>rym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness : dat. pi. for hige-. Jjrymmum, 339. hyht, St. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich) : nom. sg., 179. g e - hyld (see healdan), st. n., sup- port, protection : nom. sg., 3057, — Leo. hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self lie down to sleep : pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down. 218 GLOSSARY. hyldo, St. I., inclinaiion, friendli- ness, grace: ace. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. 4-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. S-hyrded, 1461. hyrde. See hirde. hyrst, St. f., accoutrements, orna- ment, armor : ace. sg. hyrste (On- gen))e6w's equipments and arms), 2989; ace. pi. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pi. hyrstum, 2763. hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn : pret. part, hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256. hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be em- boldened : pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord- weard {the drake took heart ; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. hyse, St. m., youth,young man ; nom. sg. as voe., 1218. hyt. See hit. hydan, w. v., to hide, conceal, pro- tect, preserve: pres. subj. h^de [hine, himself^ se Jie wylle, 2767; inf. w. ace. no Jju mlnne l>earft ha- falan hjdan, 446; sr he in wUle hafelan [hjdan] {ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head) , 1373. ge-hy'dan, w. ace., to conceal, pre- serve : pret. sg. geh^dde, 2236, 3061. h^ff, St. f., haven : dat. sg. at hJ'Se, 32- h^ff-^veard, st. m., haven-warden : nom. sg., 1915. hynan (see he&n), w. v. w. ace., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. h^nde, 2320. hynSa, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: ace. sg. h^niSu, 277; gen. sg. hwat . . . h^nlSo, 475 ; fela . . . h^ntSo, 594; gen. pi. heardra h^n- Sa, 166. h^ran, w. v. : i) to hear, perceive, learn : a) w. inf. or ace. with inf. : I. pret. sg. h^rde ic, 38, 582, 1347^ 1843, 2024; III. sg. t>at he fram Sigemunde secgan h^rde, 876; I. pi. swS we so'Sllee secgan h^rdon, 273. b) w. ace. : nsenigne ic . . . s81ran hjrde hordm^^Sum {I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1 198. c) w. dependent clause; I.sg. pret. hjrde ic Jiat . . ., 62, 2164, 2173. — 2) w. dat. of person, to obey : inf. o'5 ))at him seghwile J>Sra ymbsitten- dra hyran scolde, lo; hjran healSo- sioeum, 2755; pret. pi. >at him winem^gas georne harden, 66. ge-h^ran, to hear, learn: a) w. ace. : II. pers. sg. pres. mtnne ge- h^ra^ infealdne gejjoht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehjrde on Eeowulfe fast- i-£edne gejjoht, 610. b) w. aee. and inf. : III. pi. pret. geh^rdon, 786. e) w. depend, clause : I. pres. sg. ic Jjat geh^re Yii. . . ., 290. ic, pers. pron. /.• aee. mec, dat. me, gen. mm; dualnom. wit, acc.uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pi. nom. we, ace. flsic, fts, dat. fis, gen. ftser. ic omitted before the verb, 470. icge, gold (perhaps related to Sans- krit I5, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. ght, wealth, opes), treas- urel, sword (edge) ?, 1 108. — KOr- NER. Ides, St. f., woman, lady, queen : nom. Sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother : nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352. In. See inn. in: I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i) vr. dat. (local, indicating rest), in : in geardmn, 13,, 2460; in Jjam g(i«- sele, 443; in beorsele, 2636; so, 89. 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, GLOSSAEY. 219 etc.; in mseg^a gehwsere, 25; in JjJstrum.S;; inCaines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their ac- coutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe {in battle), 2506 ; hiora in Snum (Jn one of them), 2600. Prep, postpositive : Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on : in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstole, 1953; in J)am wongstede {on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; inbselstede, 3098. Temporal : in geSr-dagum, I. — 2) w. ace. (local, indicating motion), in, into : in woruld, 60; in fyres falSm, 185; so, 121 1 ; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, to-aiard: in J>S tide (in watide, MS.), 2228. II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091. incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge ISfe {with the costly sword'} or with mighty sword"}), 2578. — [^Edge : incge life, edge of the sword. — K. Korner?] m-£r8d, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. pi. in-fr8dum, 1875. in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to : ace. sg., 1550. in-genga, ■v. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. In-gesteald, st. m., house-proferty, possessions in the house : ace. sg., 1 156. Inn, St. n., apartment, house : nom. sg. in, 1 301. Innan, adv., within, inside, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720;. on innan {in the interior), within, 1741, 2716; JjEer on innan {in there), 71; bur- gum on innan {within his city), 1969. Also, therein: ^ter on in- nan, 2090, 2215, 2245. Innan-'weard, adv., inwaids, in- side, within, 992, 1977 ; inne- vi'eard, 999. inne, adv.; i) inside, within, 6^^, 1282,1571,2114,3060; wordinne ahead {called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; )j^r inne {therein), 118, 161 8, 21 16, 2227, 3088. — 2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867. inwit, St. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in in'wit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe : nom. sg., 1448. inwlt-gast, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger : nom. sg., 2671. iUTFlt-hrSf, St. m., hostile roof, hid- ing-place of a cunning foe : ace. sg. under inwit-hrof, 3124. inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cun- ning snare : ace. sg., 2168. inwit-nilS, St. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pi. invrit- nltSas {hostility through secret at- tack), 1859; gen. pi. inwit-nl'Sa, 1948. ivcvi\t-%<:ii^T,'iX.ra.,massacre through cunjting, murderous attack : ace. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue : ace. sg. hurh inwit-searo, 1 102. See searo. inwlt-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing fro^n hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; ace. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. in"wit-l»anc, adj., ill-disposed, mali- cious : dat. sg. he onfSng hra& inwit-J>ancum {he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749- irnan(for rinnan), st. v., to run ; so be-irnan, to »-«»' vt> '0, occur : pret. 220 GLOSSARY. sg. him on mod be-arn {j:ame into his mind), 67. on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. daru sona onarn, 722. iTTe-mOd, adj. See yire-mdd. idel, adj., empty, bare ; deprived of : nom. sg., 145,413; w. gen. lond- rihtes Jiaere maegburge Idel {de- privedofhis land-possessions among the people [of the Geatas]), 2889. idel-hende) adj., empty-handed, 2082. iren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. drihtllc Iran {the doughty, lordly sword), 893; iren ser-god, 990; ace. sg. leofliclren, 1810; gen.pl. Irena cyst {choicest of swords), 674; irenna cyst, 803; Irenna ecge {edges of swords), 2684. tren, adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg was Iren, 1460. ireu-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet : instr. pi. tren-bendum fast (bold), 775, 999. Sren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: ace. sg. lien-byrnan, 2987. See Isern- byrne. tren-heard, adj., hard as iron : nom. sg., 1 1 13. Irenne, adj., of iron : in comp. eall- Irenne. Iren-JjreAt, st. m., iron troop, ar- mored band : nom. sg., 330. is, st. n., ice : dat. sg. Ise, 1609. Isern-byrne, vv. f., iron corselet: ace. sg. Isern-byrnan, 672. See Iren-byrne. Isern-scur, st. f , iron shawer,shower of arrows : gen. sg. jjone J)e oft gebSd Isem-scQre, 31 17. Is-gebtnd, st. ix., fetters of ice : instr. sg. Is-gebinde, 1 134. tsig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass) : nom. sg. Isig (said of a vessel covered with plates (?) of metal), 33. — Leo. 10 lU Ifi. See geo. ifi-man. See geo-man. io-meoTC^le. See geo-medtv^Ie. laSTu, St. f., invitation. — Comp. : freond-, neod-la^u. ge-lafian, w. v. w. ace. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave : pret. sg. wine-dryhten his watere gelafede, 2723. lagu, St. m., lake, sea : nom. sg., 1 63 1 . lagu-craftig, adj., acquainted with the sea : nom. sg. lagu-craftig mon {pilot), 209. lagu-straet, st. f ., path over the sea : ace. sg. ofer lagu-straste, 239. lagu-streAm, st. m., sea-current, flood: ace. pi. ofer lagu-streamas, 297. land, St. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198 ; ace, sg. land, 221, 2063 ; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521 ; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande {in the land), 231 1, 2837; '^l> near, land, shore, 1914; to lande {to the land, ashore), 1 624 ; gen. sg. landes, 2996 ; gen. pi. ofer landa fela {over m-uch country, space; afar), 311. — Comp. : el-, ea-land. land-bflend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pi. lond-bftend, 1346; dat. pi. land- bftendum, 95. land-f ruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country : nom. sg., 31. GLOSSARY. 221 land-gemyrcu, st. n. pi., frontier, land-mark : ace. pi., 209. land-geweorc, st. n., land-zvork, fortified place : ace. sg. leoda land- geweorc, 939. See weorc, ge- weorc. land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to pos- sess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes Idel, 2887. land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, popu- lation : ace. pi. land-wara, 2322. land-weard, st. m., guard, guar- dian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891. lang, long, adj., long: l) temporal : nom. sg. to lang, 2094 ; nas >S long (lang) to ton {not long after), 2592, 2846 ; ace. sg. lange hwlle {for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781 ; longe (lange) kage, 54, 1 14, 1258; lange tld, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134. — 2) local, nom. sg. se was flftiges fotge- mearces lang, 3044. — Comp. : and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang. lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31. 1995. 2131. 2345. 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109 ; t3 lange (too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065 ; no >^ leng (none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest {longest), 2009, 2239. ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared: nfl is rsed gelang eft at J)e dnum {novj is help \coun- sel'\ at hand in thee alone), 1377; gen is eall at {>e lissa gelong {all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine) ,2151. See ge-lenge. lang-ge-streon, st. n., long-lasting treasure : gen. pi. long-gestreona, 2241. — Leo. langlan, w. v., reflex, w. dat., to long, yearn ; pres. sg. III. him . . . after de6rum men dyrne langa'5 beorn {Oie hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880. lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, con- tinuing : nom. sg. longsum, 134,' 192, 1723 ; ace. sg. long-sumne, 1537- lang-twldlg, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709. lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-Iata. 13., interj., yes! indeed ! 1701, 2865, 13.C, St. n. : i) measured movement, play : in comp. beadu-, hea'So-lSc. — 2) gif^ offering : ace. pi. ISc, 1864; laSllcu Uc {loathly offer- ing, prey), 1585; dat. pi. licum, 43, 1869. — Comp. SK-lSc. ge-l^c, St. n., sport, play : ace. pi. sweorda gelSc {battlt), 1041 ; dat. pi. at ecga gelScum, 1 1 69. Mean, St. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc. : inf. dare^um IScan {fight), 2849; part. pres. after lyfte IScende {flying through the air), 2833. for-l^can,^!? deceive, betray : part, pret. he wearS on feonda geweald for^ forlScen {deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904. l&d, St. f., street, way, journey : dat. sg. on lade, 1988; gen. sg. lide, 569. — Comp. : brim-, s«-lad. ge-14d, %i.n., way, path, road: ace. sg. uncfl^ geUd, 141 1. \&'S, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hos- tile : nom. sg. la^S, 816; ia« lyft- floga, 2316; li^ {enemy), 440; ne leof ne 13^, 511; neut. UIS, 134, 192; in weak form, se IdlSa (of the dragon), 2306 ; ace. sg. IS^ne (wyrm), 3041 ; dat. sg. ISIJum, 222 GLOSSARY. 440, 1258; gen. sg. lllSes (of the enemy), 842 ; fela lalSes {niuch evil), 930; so, 1062; IS^an llges, 83 ; l^iSan cynnes, 2009, 2355 ; J;as li^an (of the enemy), 132 ; ace. pi. neut. ISS gewi&u {hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pi. wK IS^um, 550 ; li'Sum scuccum and scynnum, 939 ; 1^'Sum daedum {with evil deeds), 2468; litSan fingrum, 1506; gen. pi. Id^ra manna, spella, 2673, 3030 ; Id'Sra {the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. li^ra . . . beorn, 2433. 13,ff-bite, St. m., hostile bite ; dat. sg. IS^-bite llces {the body's hostile bite = the wound), 0023. l&Sf-geteona, w. m., evil-doer, in- jurer : nom. sg., 975 ; nom. pi. li'S-geteonan, 559. 13,8f-lJc, adj., loathly, hostile : ace. pi. ia«-Hcu, 1585. \%,t, St. f. : l) what is left, relic; in- heritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. HrS^lan ISf (Beowulf's corse- let), 454; nom. pi. fSla Itfe {the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera life, 2830; on him gladialS gomelra ISfe, heard and hringmasl Hea'Sobeardna ge- stredn {on him gleams the fore- father's bequest, hard and ring- decked, the Hea^obeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Hea^obeardas), 2037; ace. sg. sweorda life {leav- ings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937. — 2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom : nom. sg., 2629; ace. sg. lafe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge ISfe, 2578. — Comp. : ende-, eormen-, wea-, yrfe-, fS-li{. I3.r, St. f., lore, instruction, prescrip- tion: dat. sg. be fader lare, 1951; | gen. pl. lira, 1221; lirena, 269. — Comp. freond-lar. ISiSt, St. m., footstep, track : ace. sg. list, 132, 972, 2165 ; on list {on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. listas, 1403; ace. pl. listas, 842. — Comp. -. fg«e-, feorh-, f6t-, wrac-list. lager. See leger. lager-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. las, adv., less, 1947; t^las {the less), 487; quominus {that not, lest), 1919- lassa, adj., less, fewer; nom. sg. lassa, 1283; ace. sg. m. lassan, 43 ; fem. lassan hwlle, 2572; dat. sg. for lassan {for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. no Jiat lasest was hond-gemot[a], 2355. lat, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen. : nom. sg. elnes lat, 1530. Isedan, w. v. w. ace. : to lead, guide, bring: inf. Itedan, 239; pret. pl. Iseddon, 1160. for-l£edan,^<; mislead: pret. pl. for- Iffiddan, 244o(?). ge-lsedan,^D lead, bring .• part. pret. ge-laeded, 37. Isefan, w. v. : l), to bequeathe, leave : imper. sg. >lnum magum lasf folc and rice, 1 179; pret. sg. eaferum Isefde _ . . lond and leddbyrig, 2471. — 2) spare, leave behind : iht cwices Izefan {to spare aught liv- ing), 2316. Isen-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly exist- ence as contrasted with the heav- enly, unending) : ace. pl. laen- dagas, 2592; gen. pl. Isen-daga, 2342. Isene, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction : nom. sg., 1755, 3179; GLOSSARY. 223 of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; ace. sg. )jSs Isenan gesceaft {this fleet- ing life), 1623 ; gen. sg. laenan llfes, 2846. Iseran, w. v., to teach, instrttct ; imper. sg. J>u J>e laer be bon {learn this, take this to heart), 1723. ge-lseran, to teach, instruct, give instruction : inf. ic (las Hro'Sg^r mag . . . rsed gelseran (/ can give H. good advice abotU this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pi. \>%. me bat ge- laerdon leode mine {gave me the advice), 415. laestan, w.v. : l) to follow, to sustain, serve : inf. Jiat him se lic-homa laestan nolde {that his body would not sustain him), 813. — 2) per- form : imper. laest eall tela {do all well), 2664. ge-lsestan : i) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) ViX mec ser and oft gelacste, 2501. — 2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pi. Jjat . . . wilgesiSas, Jjonne wig cume, leode gelaestan {render war service), 24; inf. ic J)e sceal mine gelsestan fredde {shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. beot . . . gelESte {fulfilled his boast), 524; gelaeste swS {kept his word), 2991 ; pres. part, hafde East-De- num . . . gilp gelassted {had ful- filled for the East Danes his boast), 830. Isetan, st. v., to let, allow, w. ace. and inf. : pres. sg. III. Isete'S, 1729; imper. pi. II. Iseta^, 397; sg. II. liEt, 1489 ; pret. sg. l§t, 2390, 2551,2978,3151 (?); pret.pI.lSton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. ISte, 1997; sg. III. lete, 3083. 4-lastan: \) to let, allow : subj. pres. sg; II. bat )>u ne iljete . . . dom ge- dredsan, 2666. — 2) to leave, lay aside : inf. Sltetan lasn-dagas {die), 2592; so, Slsetan lif and leodscipe, 2751- for-lastan : i) to let, permit, w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. for-lSt, 971 ; pret. pi. for-l^ton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted : inf nolde eoria hied . . . Jjone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlastan {would not let the murderous spirit go alive),. 793. — 2) to leave behind, have: pret. sg. in Jiara wong-stede . . . J>aer he hine asr forlSt {where he had previously left him), 2788. of-l£Etan, to leave, lay aside : pres. sg. II. gyf I'u asr J>onne he worold oftetest {leaves t the world, diest), 1 1 84; so pret. sg. oflSt lif-dagas and JpSs laenan gesceaft, 1623. on-l£Etan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. fionne forstes bend fader on-lseteS {as soon as the Father looseth the frosts fetters), 16 10. S-lecgan, w. V. : i) tolay,laydown : pret. sg. sylS'San hilde-dedr hond d-legde . . . under geapne hrof, 835; J>at he on Bedwulfes bearm ^-legde {this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195 ; pret. pi. 4-ledon \>^ ledfne J>edden ... on bearm scipes, 34; S-legdon \>%. t6 middes mserne Jed- den {laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142. — 2) to lay aside, give up : si^^an ... in fen-freoSo feorh S-legde {laid down his life, died), 852; nu se here-wisa hleahtor S-legde, gamen and gled-dream {^tow the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021. leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair : dat. sg. on legere, 3044. lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, op- press: pret. sg. (for pi.) hine sorh- wylmas lemede to lange, 906. 224 GLOSSARY. leng. See lang. lenge, adj., extending along or to, near (of time) : nom. sg. neut. ne was hit lenge J>^ gen (nor was it yet long), &-i. g'e- lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging : nom. sg. yrfe-weard . . . lice gelenge (an heir belong- ing to one's body), 2733. let, St. m., place of rest, sojourn : in comp. eo-let iyoyageT). lettan, w. v., to hinder : pret. pi. (ace. pers. and gen. thing), J>at sylSSan nS . . . btim-lKSende ISde ne letton {might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569. S-ISdon. See d-lecgau. 16g, St. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonnalSg](//4f lurid flame), 3116; swogende ISg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan ISge, 2550. See lig. ISg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flam- ing dragon: nom. sg., 3041. leahan, ledn, st. v. w. ace, to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyh^, 1049; pret. sg. log, l8l2; pret. pl.lSgon, 203, 863. be-lean, to dissuade, fr event : inf. ne inc senig mon . , . beleSn mihte sorhfullne slS (no one might dis- suade you twain from your diffi- cult journey), 511. leahtre. See or-leahtre. ledf, St. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pi. leafum, 97. leAfnes-w^ord, st. n., permission, leave : ace. pi., 245. ledn. See leahan. ledn, St. 11., reward, compensation : ace. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. leane, 1022. Often in the pi.: ace. JjS lean, 2996; dat. )>lm leanum, 2146; gen. lea- na, 2991. — Comp.: and-, ende- lean. lean (for Uen, O.H.G. lehan), st. n., loan, 1 8 10. lednian, w. v., to reward, compen- sate : pres. sg. I. ic J)e J>4 fsehtSe fe6 leanige (repay thee for the con- test with old-time treasures), 1381; pret. sg. me J>one wal-rses wine Scyldinga fiittan golde fela leanode (the friend of the Scyldings re- warded me richly for the combat with plated gold), 2103. leds, aA]., false : nom. pi. lease, 253. leds, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen. i nom. sg. dreama leas, 851 ; dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665. — Comp. : dom-, dream-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlSford-, sSwol-, sige-, sorh-, tir-, heoden-, wine-, wyn-leas. ledsig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-leasig(?). leoliFo-craft, st. m., the art of weav- ing or working in meshes, wire, etc. : instr. pi. segn eall-gylden . . . gelocen leoSo-craftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770. leoffo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark) : ace. sg. locene leo'So- syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; ace. pi. locene leo'So-syrcan, 1891. leomum. See lim. leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan : pret. him Jias gd^-cyning . . . wrace leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337. Ie6d, st. m., prince : nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; ace. leod, 626. leod, St. f., people: gen. sg. leode, 597,600,697, 1 2 14. In pi. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen : nom. pi. leode, 362, 415, 1 214 (gen. sg. ?), 2126, etc.; gum-cynnesGeataledde (people of the race of the Gedtas), GLOSSAEY. 225 260 ; ace. pi. lefide, 24, 192, 443, 1337. '34^1 etc.; dat. pi. Ie6dum, 389, 521, 619, 698,906, 1 160, etc.; gen. pi. leoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. Ie6d-beaIo, st. n., {mischief, misfor- Hme affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity : ace. sg., 1723; gen. pi. Ie6d-bealewa, 1947- le6d-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city : ace. pi. -byrig, 2472. leod-cyning, st. m., king of the peo- ple : nom. sg., 54. leod-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler : ace. sg. ledd-fru- man, 2131. leod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince : ace. sg. -gebyr- gean, 269. leod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler : dat. sg. after leod-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Hea'&obeardas, Fr6da, cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. t>as ledd- hryres (of the fall of Heardied, ef. 2389), 2392. Ie6d-scea8fa, w. m., injurer of the people : dat. sg. )>am leod-scea'San, 2094. Ie6d-sclpe, st. m., the whole nation, people : ace. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on bam ledd-scipe, 2198. leoff, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1160. — Comp. : fyrd-, gryre-, gtt'S-, sorh-led^. leof, adj., lief, dear : nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., ledfa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; ace. sg. m. ledfne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. ledfes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 291 1; dat. pi. ledfum, 1074; gen. pi. ledfra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut, led- fre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. ledfost, 1297; ace. sg. J>one ledfe- stan, 2824. Ie6fllc, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. ledfllc lind-wlga, 2604; ace. sg. neut. ledflte iren, 1810. Ie6gaii, St. v., to lie, belie, deceive : subj . pres. nafne him his wlite ledge {unless his looks belie him), 250; pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda ne worda, 3030. S-ledgan, to deceive, leave unful- filled: pret. sg. he bedt ne S-lSb {he left not his promise unful- filled), 80. ge-ledgan,i'o deceive, betray : pret. sg. him sed wSn geleah {hope de- ceived him), 2324. Ie6ht, St. n., light, brilliance : nom. sg-. 569, 728, 1751 (?) ; ace. sg. sunnanledht, 649; godes ledht ge- ceas {chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. to ledhte, 95. — Comp. : Eefen-, fjr-, morgen-ledht. leoht, adj., luminous, bright : instr. sg. ledhtan sweorde, 2493. Ie6ina, w. m. ; l) light, splendor : nom. sg., 311, 2770; ace. sg. led- man, 15 18; sunnan and monan led- man {light of sun and moon), 95. — 2) (as beadu- and hilde-ledma), the glittering sword : nom. sg. lixte se ledma {the blade-gleam fiashed), 1571- leosan, st. v., = amitti, in be-ledsan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part, (hed) weartS be- loren ledfum bearnum and broB- rum {was deprived of her dear children ajid brethren), 1074. for-ledsau, with dat. instr., to lose something : pret. sg. Jjser he dome for-leas, ellen-mser^um {there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic 226 GLOSSARY. deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pi. JjSin J>e aer his elne for-leas {to him who, before, had lost his valoi-), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic )>llra leanum for-loren hafde (not at all had I lost the rewards'), 2146. libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifaiS, 3169; lyfalS, 945; leofa'S, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part, lifi- gende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be Jje lifigendura {in thy life- time), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret.pl. lifdon, 99. See unllfigende. licgan, St. v.: l) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nu seo hand lige^ {now the hand lies low), 1344; nu se wyrm lige^, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. lag, 40, 552, 2078; sytJSan Heardred lag {after Heardrid had fallen), 2389; pret. pi. ISgon, 3049; Isegon, 566. — 2) to lie pros- trate, rest, fail: pret. sg. nasfre on ore lag wid-cft^es wig {never failed the far-famed onis valor at the front), 1042; sySfen wi'Ser-gyld lag {after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052. ii-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield : inf. 2887 ; pret. sg. t>at his dom S-lag {that its power failed it), 1529. ge-licgan,/(? rest, lie still : pret. sg. wind-blond gelag, 3147. lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion) ; in comp. : sund-, ^1S-Iida. lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor : gen. pi. lid-manna, 1624. llm, St. n., limb, branch : instr. pi. leomum, 97. limpari, st. v., to succeed, befall (well or ill) ; impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hfi lomp eow on ISde {haw went ii with you on the journey ?), 1988. i-limpan, to come about, offer it- self: pret. sg. 6'S Jiat sasl S-lamp {till the opportunity presented itself), 623 ; pret. part. J;d him d-lumpen was wistfylle w8n {since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734. be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sid sSr belamp, 2469. ge-limpan,/2cct,, provided with a shield, i.e. warrior : nom. pi. -habbende, 245; gen. pi. habbenr dra, 1403. lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle : dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040. lind-'wiga, w. m., shield-fighter, war- rior: nom. sg., 2604. linnau, st. v., to depart, be deprived GLOSSARY. 227 of: inf. aldre linnan {depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. Us, St. f., favor, affection : gen. pi. eall . . . lissa, 2151. list, St. m., art, skill, cleverness, cun- ning : dat. pi. adverbial, listum {cunningly), 782. llxan, w. v., to shine, flask : pret. sg. lixte, 311, 4S5, 1571. lie, St. n. : l) dody, corpse : noni. sg., 967 ; ace. sg. He, 2081 ; J^at He (the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lices, 451, H23.— 2) form, figure : in comp. eofor-, swln-lle. g e - 1 1 c , adj ., like, similar : nom. pi. m. ge-ltce, 2165. Superl. ge-licost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. Uc-baina, -homa, w. m. {body-home, garment), body : nom. sg. lic-homa, 813, 1008, 1 755 ; ace. sg. llc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lie-haman, 3179. lician, w. v., to please, like (impers.) : pres. sg. III. me Kn mod-sefa li- catS leng sw^ wel, 1855; pret. pi. Jjam wife J)S word wel licodon, 640. Itcnes. See on-liones. lic-sar, St. n., bodily pain : ace. sg. Itc-sSr, 816. lic-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body : nom. sg., 550. llSran, St. v., to move, go : pres. part, nom. pi. t^ liSende {navigantes, sailors), 221 ; ]>d was sund liden {the water was then traversed), 223. — Comp. : hea'Su-, mere-, wseg- ItSend. , liSfe (O.H.G. lindi), ad}.,gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lara IKSe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. IKSost, 3184. Uff-vraege, st. n., can in which It^ (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained : ace. sg., 1983. Uf, St. n., life : ace. sg. llf, 97, 734, 1537. 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. life, 2572; tS life {in one's life, ever), 2433 ; gen. sg, llfes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lifes {of the earthly life), 1388, 2344. — Comp. edwit-Iif. llf-bysig, adj. {striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death : nom. sg., 967. lif-dagas, St. m. pi., lifetime : ace. -dagas, 794, 1623. llf-fred, w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., 16. lif-gedS.1, St. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842. Uf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny : gen. pi. -geseeafta, 1954, 3065. lif-Trraffu, st. f., protection for one's life, safety : ace. sg. lif-wra^e, 2878; dat. sg. to lif-wra'Se, 972. lif-wyn, St. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life) : gen. pi. lif-wynna, 2098. ISg, St. m., flame, fire : nom. sg., 1 1 23 ; dat. instr. sg. llge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. llges, 83, 782. See Igg. llg-draca, w. ra.., fire-drake, flaming dragon : nom. pi., 2334. See leg- draca. llg-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror : ace. sg., 2781. llge-torn, st. xa., false, pretended in- sult or injury, fierce anger { ?) : dat. sg. after lige-torne {on account of a pretended insult ? or fierce anger ? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. Ug-^Sf, St. m., wave of fire : instr, pi. lig-^ura, 2673. lihan, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. tat 228 GLOSSARY. him on Jiearfe ISh )>yle Hr6%llres (which ff.'s spokesman lent him in need^, 1457. on-llhan, to lend,grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. )>lt he Jias wsepnes on-lih sSlran sweord-frecan, 1468. Idea, w. m., holt, lock : in comp. bSn-, burh-loca. locen. See lucan. lond, long. See land, lang. lof, St. m., f raise, repute : ace. sg. lof, 1537. lof-dsed, St. f., deed of praise : instr. pi. lof-dEedum, 24. lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious : superl. nom. sg. lof- geornost, 3184. loga, w. m., liar ; in comp. tredw- loga. losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losa'S, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade [fled away), 2097. Idcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sae-ldc . . . )je J>u her t3 16- cast (booty of the sea that thou lookestoti), 1655- ge-ldme, adv., often, frequently, SS9- lufe, w. f., love: in comp. heah-, mod-, wif-lufe. lufa (of. and-leofa, big-leofa, nour- ishment), w. m., food, subsistence ; property, real estate : ace. sg. on lufan (on possessions), 1729. — Comp. eard-lufa. [ufen, St. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment!) : nom. sg. lufen (parallel with S^el- wyn), 2887. luf-t^cen, St. n., love-token : ace. pi. luf-tScen, 1864. lufian, w. v., to love, serve affection- ately : pret. sg. III. lufode J>4 ledde (was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983. lungre, adv.: i) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 231 1, 2744. — 2) quite, very, fully : fedwer mearas lungre gelice (four horses quite alike), 2165. lust, St. m., pleasure, joy : dat. pi. adv. lustum (joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600. Ifican, St. v., to twist, wind, lock, in- terweave : pret. part. ace. sg. and pi. locene leoSo-syrcan (shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1^06, i8qi; gen.pl. locenra beaga (rings wrought of gold wire), 2996. be-lflcan: l) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter J^e be- leac Is-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133. — 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect : pret. sg. I. hig wige beleac mane- gum msegtSa (I shut them in, pro- tected them, from, war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. me wige belftc wr^i5um fedndum (protect me against m ine enemies), Ps. 34, 3. ge-lftcan, to unite, link together, make : pret. part, gelocen, 2770. on-lttcan, to unlock, open : pret. sg. word-hord on-leac (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259. t6-lftcan,(fe twist, wrench, in two), to destroy : inf., 782. lyft, St. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. after lyfte (along, through, the air), 2833. lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914. lyft-VFyn, st. f., enjoyment of tht air : ace. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. GLOSSARY. 229 lyhS'. See leaban. Xystan, w. v., to hist after, long for : pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste (^tke Gedt [Bedwulf] longed, sorely to rest), 1794. lyt, adj . neut. (= parum), little, very little, few : lyt eft becwom . . . hSmes niosan (jfef escaped home- ward'), 2366; lyt Eenig {none at alt),j,\2p; usually with gen. : win- tra lyt, 1928; lyt . . . heafod-mSga, 2151; wergendra to lyt {toe few defenders'), 2883; lyt swigode niwra spella (Jie kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tid- ings), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna {too few of men), 2837. lytel, adj., small, little : nom. sg. neut. to lytel, 1749; ace. sg. f. lytle hwlle {a little while), 2031, 2098; Itf-wra^e lytle {little protection for his life), 2878. — Comp. un-lytel. lyt-h'won, adv., little = not at all : lyt-hwon 13gon, 204. lyfe, St. n., leave, permission, {life"!) : instr.sg. \A-ne l^fe (life, MS.), 2132. — Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Mobius' Glossary, p. 266. I^fan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trus^ in i-iyfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. nsefre ic ^negum men ^r Slffde . . . >ry^-arn Dena {never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), 656; pret. part, {y^ me was) SI'S . . . Sl^fed inn under eor'S-weall {the way in imder the wall of earth was allowed me), Z°9°- ge-l^fan, w. v., to believe, trust: i) w. dat. : inf. Jiaer geljfan sceal dryhtnes dome se \>e. hine dea'S flimeS {whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judg- ment of God, i.e. in the contest between Beowulf and Grendel), 440. — 2) w. ace. : pret. sg. gedce geljfde brego Beorht-Dena {be- lieved in, expected, help, etc.), 609; tat heo on Eenigne eorl geljfde fyrena frofre {that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; se J>e him bealwa to bote geljfde {who trusted in him. as a help out of evils), 9 10; him t3 anwaldan 4re gel^fde {relied for himself on the help of God), 1273. a-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. JjS was of J^am hroran helm and byrne lungre S-lJsed {helm and corselet were straight- way loosed from him), 1631. M maicFellan, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk : pret. sg. ma^elode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; ma'Selade, 2426. maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man : nom. sg. maga Healf- denes (Hro%ir), i8g, 1475,2144; maga Ecgjjedwes (Beowulf), 2588; maga (Grendel), 979 ; se maga geonga (WlglSf), 2676; Grendles maga {a descendant of Grendel), 2007; ace. sg. Jjone magan, 944. magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able : pres. sg. I. III. mag, 277, 478, 931. 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht Jju, 2048; subj. pres. masge, 2531, 2750; Jjeah ic eal masge {even though I could), 6Zi; subj. pi. we m£egen, 2655 ; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207,462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 230 GLOSSAEY. 1497, 15 16, 1878; pi. meahton,649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mih- ton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mag, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. raago (Goth, magu-s), st. m., male, io» .■ nom. sg. mago EcglSfes (Hun- ferB), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hro«gar), 1868, 2012. mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men : nom. sg. mago- driht, 67. mago-rlnc, St. m., hero, man (pre- eminently) : gen. pi. mago-rinca, heap, 731. inagu-]jegn, mago-J>egii, st. m., vassal, ivar-thane : nom. sg. 40S, 2758; dat. sg. magu-)>egne, 2080; ace. pi. magu-J>egnas, 293; dat.pl. mago-)>egnum,i48l; gen.pl.mago- Jjegna . . . Jjone sSlestan (^l/ie best of vassals^, 1 406. man, mon, st. m.: i) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049. 1354, 1399. 1535. 1877, etc.; mon,209,5io,i56i,i646,2282,etc.; ace. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128,2775; wld-c&^ne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, I195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1 730; nom. pi. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; ace. pi. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pi. mannum, 3183; gen. pi. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888. — 2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (fltrm. man") : man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177. — Comp. : fyrn-, gleo-, gum-, id-, lid-, sse-, wsepned- man. man. See mnnan. man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, no; gen. sg. man- cynnes, 164, 2182 ; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. man-dreAm, st. m., human joy, viundi voluptus : ace. sg. man- dream, 1265; dat. pi. mon-diea- mum, 1 716. man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men'), ruler of the people, prince, king : nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436 ; mon-dryhten, 2866; ace. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man- dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man- dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150- ge-mang, st. m., troop, company : dat. sg. on gemonge {in the troop [of the fourteen Geatas that re- turned from the sea]), 1644. manian, w. v., to warn, admonish : pres. sg. III. manalS swS and mynd- gaS . . . sHrum wordum {so warn- eth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058. manig, monlg, adj., many, many a, much: i) adjectively: nom. sg. line manig, 399 ; geong manig {many a young man), Zi,^; monig snelllc sae-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 151 1, 2763, 3023, etc. ; ace. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016 ; dat. sg. m. Jiegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mmgSe, 75; ace. pi. man- ige men, 337; dat. pi. manegum mSISmum, 2104; monegum maeg- •Sum, 5; gen. pi. manigra mSda, 1 1 79. — 2) substantively : nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pi. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; ace. pi. monige, 1599; gen. pi. manigra, 2092. — 3) with depend, gen. pi. : dat. manegum mseg^a, 1772; mone- GLOSSARY. 231 gum fira, 2002; hale'Sa monegum bold-Sgendra, 31 12; ace. pi. rinca manige, 729; (mSSm)-Eehta monige, 1614. manig-oft, adv., very often, fre- quently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected]. man-Iice, adv., man-like, manly, 1047. inan-]>w8ere, adj., kind, gentle to- ward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-))WiErust, 3183. mS, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. maSfum, ina,92Fuin, St. m., gift, jewel, cbject of value: ace. sg. maOTum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mSSme, 1529, 1903; nom. pi. mi^mas, 1861 ; ace. pi. mSdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pi. mSSmum, mddmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pi. mS'Sma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; midma, 36, 41. — Comp. : dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sine-, wundor-mS^um. inSiS'm-seht, st. f., treasure in jew- els, costly objects : gen. pi. mS'Sm- ffihta, 1 614, 2834. ina9'!£ruin-fat, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406. maffm-gestreoii, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pi. mi'Sm-gestredna, 1932. niaSPum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure : dat. sg. after mSSSum-gife, 1302. maSTum-slgl, St. n., costly, sun-shaped ornavient, valuable decoration : gen. pi. miS'Sum-sigla, 2758. maSFum-STreord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels) : ace. sg., 1024. maS'iim-'wela, w. m., wealth of jew- els, valuables : dat. sg. after-m&'S- ^um-welan {after the sight of the wealth of jewels'), 2751. magas. See mseg. mage, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles niSgan {mother"), 1392, man, St. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. mine, no, 979; SlAy., crimi- nally, 1056. man-for-dsedla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal : nom. pi. mSn-for-daed- lan, 563. man-scaS'a, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis ntfastus : nom. sg- 713. 738, 1340; man-scea«a, 2515. mara (comp. of micel), zS!y, greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mSra, 1354, 2556; neut. mSre, 1561 ; ace. sg. m. mSran, 2017; mund-gripe mSran {a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pi. maran . . . eorla {a more powerful earl), 247; fem. mSran, 533, 1012; neut. mSre, 518; with gen. pi. moriS-beala mSre {tnore, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. mSran, 1824. msest (superl. of micel, xa%xz), great- est, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), msest, 78, 193; fem. m^st, 2329; ace. sg. fem. fseh^e mseste, 459 ; mseste . . . worolde ^^ynne (the highest earthly pleas- ure), 1080; neut. (with partitive gen.) msEst maer^a, 2646; hond- wundramaest, 2769; b«l-f^a msest, 3144; instr. sg. m. mseste crafte, 2182. macg. See mecg. magSf, St. f., wife, maid, womaii : nom. sg., 3017; gen. pi. magfSa h6se {accompanied by her maids of honor), gzy, mag^a, 944, 1284. magen, st. n. : i) might, bodily 232 GLOSSAEY. strength, heroic power: ace. sg. magen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. ma- gene, 780(7), 2668; gen. sg. ma- genes, 418, 1271, 1535, I7i7,etc.; magnes, 671, 1762; magenes Strang, strangest (^greatin strength"), 1845, 196 ; magenes rof (id.), 2085. — 2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: ace. sg. swi he oft (i.e. etan) dyde magen HreSmanna (the best of the Hre%- men), 445 ; gen. sg. wi'5 manna hwone magenes Deniga (from (?) any of the forces of the Danes), 155. — Comp. ofer-magen. magen-agend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pi. -Sgendra, 2838. magen-byrffen, st. f., huge burthen : aec. sg. magen-byr^enne, 3092 ; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626. magen-craft, st. m., great, hero- like, strength: ace. sg., 380. magen-ellen, st. n. (the same), ace. sg., 65o. magen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pi. nas ^at Jjonne mastost magen-fultuma {that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456. magen-rses, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: ace. sg., 1520. magen-strengOjSt. f., main strength, heroic power : aec. sg., 2679. magen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance : aec. sg., 236. mast, St. m., mast : nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be maste (beside the mast), 36; to the mast, 1906. mseiiruin. See va.h'Svcta., byge- maeaFum. mseg, St. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. msg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc.; (brother), 468, 2605? ace. sg. maeg (son), 1340 ; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat sg. msege, 1979 ; gen. sg. masges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pi. mSgas, 1016; ace. pi. mSgas, 2816; dat. pi. mSgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1 1 68; masgum, 2354; gen. pi. mSga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743. — Comp. : faderen-, heafod-, wine-mseg. msBg-burh, st. f., borough of blood- kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation : gen. sg. lond- rihtes . . . Jiaere mseg-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Geatas), 2888. msegS', St. f., race, people : ace. sg. meegtSe, 1012; dat. sg. maegBe, 75; dat.pl. msegSum, 5; gen. pi', maeg- «a, 25, 1772. mseg-wine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480. msel, St. 11. : l) time, point of time : nom. sg. 316; J)^ was sael and msel (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009 ; aec. sg. mael, 2634; instr. pi. ffirran maalum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pi. ma;la, 1250; ssela and msela, 161 2; maela ge- hwylce (each time, without inter- mission), 2058. — 2) sword, weap- on : nom. sg. broden (brogden) mael (the drawn sword), 1 61 7, 1668 (ef. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156). — 3) mole, spot, mark. — Comp. : graeg-, hring-, sceatSen-, wunden-mael. msel-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: aec. sg. msel-ceare, 189. mael-gesceaft, st. i.,fate, appointed time : ape. pi. ie on earde bid mael- gesceafta (awaited the timeallotted for me by fate), 2738. in8enan, w. v., with ace. in the sense GLOSSARY. 233 of (l) to remember, mention, pro- claim : inf. msenan, 1068 ; pret. part. Jjger was Bedwulfes msertSo maened, 858. — 2) to mention sor- rowfully, mourn : inf. 3173; pret. sg. gioh^o msendq {mourned sor- rowfully), 2268 ; pret. pi. msendon, 1150. 3150- ge-maenan (see man), w. v. with ace, to injure maliciously, break : subj. pret. pi. ge-m£Enden, 1 102. ge-maene, adj., common, in com- mon : nom. sg. gemjene, 2474; Jjser unc hwile was hand gemaene (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal flrum ))at sweord and helm bSm gemasne (i.e. wesan), 2661 ; nom. pi. ge- msne, 1S61; dat. pi. )jat J>4m fol- cum sceal... sib gemasnum (at- traction for gemsene, i.e. wesan), 1858J gen. pi. unc sceal (i.e. we- san) fela mi'Sma gemasnra {we two shall share many treasures to- gether), 1785. mserS'u, st. f. : i) glory, a herd's fame: nom. sg. 858 ; ace. sg. mser^o, 6oo(?), 688; ace. pi. m£er&, 2997; instr. pi. mEer'Sum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pi. m2er«a, 504, 1531. — 2) deed of glory, heroism : ace. sg. mser'So, 2135; gen. pi. masr^a, 408, 2646. — Comp. ellen- maerSu. insere, adj., memorable ; celebrated, noble; wellknown,notorious : nom. sg. m.maere, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se msera, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se masra, 1475; nom. fem. masru, 201 7 ; msere, 1953; neut. maere, 2406; acc.sg. m. mjerne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. maere, 1024; dat. sg. maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; to tarn maeran, 270; gen. sg. maeres, 798; maeran, 1 730; nom. pi. maere, 3071 ; superl. mserost, 899. — Comp. : fore-, hea'So-maere. maest. See m^ra. msete, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. maetost, 1456. mecg, macg, s\..\n.,son, youth, man : in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wrac- macg. media. See on-medla. medu, St. m., mead : ace. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605. medo-arn, st. n., mead-hall: ace. sg. medo-arn (Heorot), 69. medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall : nom. sg. medu- benc, 777 ; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053 ; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903. medu-dredm, st. m., mead-joy, joy- ous carousing during mead-drink- ing : ace. sg. 2017. medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup : ace. sg. 625, 1016. medo-Iieal, st. f., mead-hall : nom, sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639- medu-scenc, st.m,, mead-can, ves- sel : instr. pi. meodu-scencum, 1981. medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead- house: ace. sg., 3066. medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking : gen. pi. meodo-setla, 5. medo-stig, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: ace. sg. medo- stlg, 925. medo - wang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood) : ace. pi. medo-wongas, 1644. meffel, st. n., speech, conversation : dat. sg. on me'Sle, 1877. meffel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also. 234 GLOSSARY. 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or con- vention) : dat. sg. on )>am me'Sel- stede, 1083. tneSel-vrord, st. n. , words called forth at a discussion ; address : instr. pi. me^el-wordum, 236. melda, w. m., finder, informer, be- trayer : gen. sg. Jias meldan, 2406. meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away : inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pi. multon, 1 1 21. ge-meltan, thesame: pret.sg. ge- mealt, 898, 1609, 1616; negemealt him se mod-sefa {his courage did not desert him'), 2629. men. See man. mene, st. m., neck ornament, neck- lace, collar : ace. sg., 1200. ra^T\^a,ii,v.\.,to mingle, unite,with, ■VI. ace. of thing : inf. se })e niere- grundas mengan scolde, 1450. ge-mengan, to mix with, commin- gle : pret. part., 849, 1594. menigu, st. f., multitude, many : nom. and ace. sg. mSSma menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents'), 2144; so, manigo, 41. mercels, st. m., mark, aim : gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. mere, st. m., sea, ocean : nom. sg. se mere, 1363; ace. sg. on mere, 1 131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. mere-deor, St. n., sea-beast: ace. sg., 558. mere-fara, v^. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish : gen. pi. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540), 549. mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom : ace. sg., 2101; ace. pi. mere-grundas, 1450. merc-hrugl, st. u., sea-garment, i.e., sail : gen. pi. mere-h: agla sum, 1906. mere-liffend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pi. mere-ll- ^ende, 255. mere-strset, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea : ace. pi. mere-striEta, mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea : ace. sg., 533. mere-vrff, st. n., sea-woman, mer- woman : ace. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520. mergen. See morgen. met, St. n., thought, intention (cf. nietian = raeditari) : ace. pi. onsasl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Die- trich, Haupt's Zeits. 1 1, 41 1 ; Kor- ner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). g e - met, St. •a.,an apportioned share ; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis bat . . . gemet mannes nefne min ^nes {nobody, myself excepted, can do thai), 2534; ace. sg. ofer mln gemet {beyond my power'), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780. ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swi him gemet })ince (bdhte), {as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. metan, st, v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pi. fealwe strsete mearum mston {measured the yel- low road with their horses), 918 ; so, 514, 1634. ge-metan, the same : pret. sg. xafi&Xi.-?!a.°%e.xosX{measured,walked over, the road to the mead-halt), 925. metod, St. m. (the measuring, ar- ranging) Creator, Cod: nom. sg., no, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scit metod, 980; sSiSmetod, 1612; ace. GLOSSARY. '235 sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. raetodes, 671. — Comp. eald-metod. metod-sceaft, st. f. : i) ike Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate : ace. sg. -sceaft, 1078. — 2) the Creator's glory: ace. sg. metod- sceaft seon (i.e. die), 1 181; dat. sg. t^ metod-sceafte, 2816. Iii6ce, St. m., sword: nom. sg., 1939; ace. sg. mSce, 2048; br&dne mSce, 2979; gen. sg. mSces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pi. instr. mScum, 565 ; gen. pi. mSca, 2686. — Comp. : beado-, haft-, hilde-mfice. mSd, St. f., meed, reward : ace. sg. mSde, 2135; dat. sg. mSde, 2147; gen. pi. mida, 1179. ge-mSde, st. n., approval, permis- sion (Grain) : ace. pi. ge-m§du, 247. inSiSre, adj., tired, exhausted, de- jected: in comp. hyge-, sse-mS'Se. mStan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with ace, pret. pi. sy'S^an Aescheres . . .hafelan m§tton,l422; subj. pret. sg. l>at he ne mStte . . . on elran man mundgripe mSran {that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), 752. ge-m8tan, with ace, the same: pret. sg. gemStte, 758, 2786; pi. nas J)d long t8 hen, J>at J)i aglaecean hy eft gemStton {it was not long after that the warriors again met each other"), 2593. ge-mSting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together : nom. sg., 2002. meagol, adj., mighty, immense; for- mal, solemn : instr. pi. meaglum wordum, 1 98 1. mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end : dat. sg. tS mearce {the end of life), 2385. — Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. ge-mearc, st.n., measure, distance .• comp. f8t-, mll-ge-mearc. mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain : pres. ind. sg. mearca'iS m8rh8pu {will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450. ge-mearcian, the same: pres. part. (Cain) mortSre gemearcod {murder-viarked [cf. i Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265 ; swS was on l^Eem scennum . . . gemearcod . . . hwam Jjat sweord geworht waere {en- graved for whom the sword Jiad been wrought), 1696. mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Gren- del and his mother) : nom. sg., 103; ace. pi. mearc-stapan, 1349. mearh, st. m., horse, steed : nom. pi. mearas, 2164 ; ace. pi. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pi. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and mitSmum, 1049, 1 899 ; gen. pi. meara and mi^mai 2167. mearn. See murnan. meodn. See medu. meoto. See met. meotud. See metod, meo'wle, w. f., maiden : comp. ged^- meowle. micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time) : nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; ace. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem. micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mire must be supplied before J>one in: medo-arn mice! . . . (mire) J>one yldo beam sefre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; m\Ae{bym.uch,much); micle leofre {far dearer), 2652; efne swi micle (lassa), ([fej] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle {much oflener), 1580; dat. sg. weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. 236 GLOSSARY. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = muck, very : micles wyrSne ged3n {deem worthy of »i«t,4, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; to fela micles (Jiir loo much, many'), 69s; ace. pi. micle, 1349. Compar., see inS,ra. mid, I. prep. vif. dat., instr., and ace, signifying preeminently union, community, with, hence : l) w. dat. : a) with, in cotnfany, com- munity, with: mid Finne, 1129; mid Hro'Sgare, 1593; mid scip- herge, 243; mid gesiSum {jioith his comrades), 1 3 14; so, 131 8, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freo- drihtne, 2628; mid taem IScum {with the~~^ifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hsele (with good luck .')., 1218; mi&\y^& lor {sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep, postponed : him mid {with him, in his compa- ny), ^i; with him, 1626; ne was him Fitela mid {was notwithhim), 890. b) with, among: mid Gea- tum {among the Gedtas), 195, 2193,2624; midScyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; miA'b.\m{with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ser-dage {at dawn), 126. — 2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid Sr-stafum {through his grace) ,317; 50,2379; vd\^%t^'^& {with the fist), 438; so, 1462,2721; midhishete- J;oncum {through his hatred), 475 ; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877 ; mid gemete {through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid g6de {with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid >sere sorge (^ith [through}'] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr. : midt>^wlie {through {mar- riage with] the woman), 2029. — 3) w. ace, with, in community, company, with : mid his eorla ge- driht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid minne gold- gyfan, 2653. II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1650. middan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: ace. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on mid- dan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan- geardes, 504, 752. midde, w. f,, middle = medius : dat. sg. on middan {through the middle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) to- middes {in the midst), 3142. middel-niht, st. f., midnight : dat. pi. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. miht, St. f., might, power, authority : ace. sg. t>urh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), 941 ; instr. pi. selfes mihtum, 701. mibtig, adj. : i) physically strong, powerful: nom. sg. mihtig mere- deor, 558; mere-wlf mihtig, 1520. — 2) possessing authority, mighty : nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399. — Comp. : al-, fore-mihtig. milde, adj., kind, gracious, gener- ous : nom. sg. modes milde (kind- hearted), 1230; instr. pi. mildum ■vio-ci\xin{graciously),iiTi. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (a king most liberal to men), 3183. milts, St. f., kindness, benevolence : nom. sg., 2922. missan, v^. v. with gen., to miss, err in : pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), 2440. missere, st. n., space of a semester, half a year : gen. pi. hund missera GLOSSARY. 237 (Jifly winters), 2734, 2210; gen- erally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; felamissera, 153,2621. mist-hliff; St. n., misty cliff, cloud- capped slope : dat. pi. under mist- hleo'Sum, 711. mlstig, adj., misty : ace. pi. mistige mSras, 162. mil-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles : gen. sg. mll-gemearces, 1363- mm: l) poss. pvon., my, niine, 255, 345, etc. ; HygelSc min {my lord, ox king, H>i, 2435.-2) gen. sg. of pars. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc. molde, w. f., dust; earth, field : in corap. gras-molde. mon. See man. g e - mong. See g e - mang. morS'-bealu, st. n., m.urder, deadly hale or deed of murder : gen. pi. morlS-beala, 136. morff or, st. n., deed of violence, mur- der : dat. instr. sg. mor^re, 893, 1265,2783; gen. sg.mor^res, 2056; mor'Sres scyldig (victim of a violent death), 1684. moraCor-bed, st. u., bed of death, murder-bed: ace. sg. was ])am yldestan . . . mor^or-bed .stred (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death- bed was prepared), 2437. niorlSor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder : ace. sg. mor^or-bealo, 1080, 2743. njorSor-liete, st. m., murderous hale : gen. sg. J>as mor'Sor-hetes, 1 106. morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon ; also morrow : nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; {morrow), 2104; ace. sg. on mor- gen {in the morning), 838; d.it. sg. on morgne, 2485 ; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pi. morna ge- hwylce (every morning), 2451. morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold : nom. sg. gSr morgen- ceald {spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023. morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: ace. sg. morgen- longne dag (the whole forenoon), 2895. morgen-leoht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918. morgen-sweg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn : nom. sg., 129. morgen-tid, st. f., morning-tide : ace. sg. on morgen -tide, 484, 8i8(?). morn. See morgen. mSd, St. n. : i) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking : nom. sg., 50, 731; wafre mod (the flickering spirit, the fading breath) , 1151; ace. sg. on mod (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg, mode gej>ungen (of mature, lofty spirit) , 625; on mode {in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282, 2528; on hredum m8de (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. m6des, 171, 811, 1707; modes bllSe (gracious - minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, mSdes milde 1 230; modes seoce {depressed in mind), 1604. — 2) boldness, cour- age : nom. and ace. sg., 1058, 1 1 68. 3) passion, fierceness : nom. sg. 549. — Comp. form adj.: galg- geomor-, glad-, gd'S-, hreoh-, irre- sSrig-, stiS-, swl'S-, wlrig-mSd. mOd-cearn, st. f., grief of heart ace. sg. m6d-ceare, 1993, 3150. mOd-gehygd, st. f., thought of thi heart ; mind : instr. pi. mod-ge- liygdum, 233 r.-." .^-~e-J7;ino, st. n., inood-thotfg^:t ; 238 GLOSSARY. meditation : ace. sg. m8d-ge-])onc, 1730- mOd-giSmor, ai]., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895. inOdig, adj., courageous : nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758 ; he Jjas (l)am, MS.) modig was (Jiad the courage for it), 1509; se modega, 814; dat. sg. mid J^am m8digan, 3012; gen. sg. modges, 502; mo- diges, 2699 ; Geata leod georne trClwode mSdgan magnes (trusted firmly in his hold strength), 671; nom. pi. modge, 856 ; m8dige, 1877 ; gen. pi. modigra, 312, 1889. — Comp. fela-modig. mSdig-llc, adj., of bold appearance : compar. ace. pi. modigllcran, 337. mSd-lufe, w. f., heart's affection, love: gen. pi. Jjinre m8d-lufan, 1824. mOd-sefa, w. m., thotight of the heart ; brave, bold temper ; cour- age : nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; ace. sg. mod-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mod-sefan, 180. in6d-]»racu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind : dat. sg. for his- m6d-J)race, 385. mddor, f., mother : nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 21 19; aec. sg. m8dor, 1539, 2140, 2933. mOna, w. m., moon : gen. sg. m8- nan, 94. mdr, St. m., moor, morass, swamp : ace. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406; dat. sg. of more, 711; ace. pi. moras, 103, 162, 1349. in5r-li5p, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp : ace. pi. m8r-h8pu, 450. ge-mOt, St. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-m8t. niOtan, pret.-pres. v. : i ) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can : pres. sg. I., III. mot, 186, 442, 604; II. most, 1672; pi. moton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj.ie mote, 431; III. se )je m8te, 1388; pret. sg. moste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1^488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pi. moston, 1629, 1876,2039,2125,2248; pres. subj. sg. II. hat Im hine selfne gesedn moste (mightest see), 962. — 2) shall, must, be obliged : pres. sg. m8t, 2887; pret. sg. m8ste, 1940; J-aer he Yj fyrste forman dogore wealdan moste, sw^ him Wyrd ne gescr^f, hrSS at hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victo- rious, as Fate had denied him vic- tory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be vtindful ; remember, think of, w. ace. : pres. sg. hine gearvve geman witena wel-hwyle {each of the knowing ones still re- members him well), 265 ; ic )je )jas lean geman (/ shall not forget thy reward for this), I22I ; ie tat eall gemon (/ remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he Jiat eall gemon hwat . . . (if he is mindful of all that which . . .), 1 186; ie ]>at mael gemon hwasr . . . (/ remenber the time when . . .), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde . . . asfen-sprsEce (recalled his evening speech), •^'l^^; 50,871, 1 130, 1260, 1271, 1291,2115,2432,2607,2679; se tas leod-hryres lean ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; hat he Eotena beam inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Jutes), 1 142; so, bond gemunde fseh^o genSge (his hand remem- bered sti'ife enough), 2^^; ne ge- GLOSSAKT. 23!) munde mago Ecgldfes ()at . . . {re- membered not that which . . .), 1466; pret. pi. helle gemundon in m8d-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, re- membered, hell), 179. on-munan, w. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ftsic msertSa {ex- horted us to deeds of glory), 2641. inund, St. f., hand : instr. pi. mun- dum, midmundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092. vi\}xaA-\)0V2t,^.xa., protector, guardi- an,preserver ; nom. sg., 1481, 2780. mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure : ace. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 28o(?), 1535; after mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939. murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. no mearn fore faehfe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life) , 1443. — 2) to mourn, grieve : pres. part, him was . . . murnende mod, 50; pres. subj., Jjonne he fela murne (than that he should mourn mttch), 1386. be-murnan, be-meornan, with ace., to mourn over: pret. be- mearn, 908, 1078. muru-lice. See un-mum-Ilce. muff-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer : dat. sg. to mfi'S-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080. muSTa, w. m., mouth, entrance : ace. sg. recedes mftlSan (mouth of the house, door), 725. ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance : dat. pi. t6 gemyn- dum, 2805, 3017. See •weorlff- mynd. myndian, w. v., to call to mind, remember : pres. sg. myndga^, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif t>onne Fresna hwylc . . . Jjas morSor- hetes myndgiend wsere (were to call to m ind the bloody feud ) , 1 1 06. ge-myndian, w. V. w. ace, to re- member : bi'S gemyndgad . . . ea- foran elIor-si6 (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451. ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc. myne, st. m. ; i) mind, wish : nom. sg., 2573. — 2) loveCi): ne his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), 169. ge-mynian, w. v. w. ace, to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mser'So ! 660. myntan, w. v., to intend, think of resolve : pret. sg. mynte . . . man- na cynnes sumne besyrwan (»«fa«? to entrap all(f) [see sum], some one of(T), the men), 713; mynte l^at he gedaelde . . . (thought to' sever), 732; mynte se msera, J)aer he meahte swS, widre gewindan (intended to fiee) , 763. myrce, adj., murky, dark : ace. sg. ofer myrcan m8r, 1406. mypff, St. f., joy, mirth : dat. (instr.) sg. m6des myrlSe, 811. N naca, w. m., vessel, ship: ace. sg. nacan, 295 ; gen. sg. nacan, 214. — Comp. : bring-, ^'5-naca. nacod, adj., naked : nom. and ace. sg. swurd, gflB-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nitS-draca, 2274. nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. nama, w. m., name : nom. sg. Bed- 240 GLOSSAEY. ■wulf is mm nama, 343 ; was J^am haft-mSce Hrunting nama, 1458; ace. sg. scop him Heort naman (^gave it the name Hart'), 78. Hi (from ne-i), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, S67,'I537. nah, from ne-ah. See S^gan. uftn (from ne-^n), indef. pron., none, 710 : with gen. pi. gil'S-billa nSn, 804; adjectively, nSn . . . Iren £er- god, 990, n^t, from ne-wat : I know nol^ ne- scio. See wltan. nat-hTvylc (nescio quis, ne-wSt- hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, u, certain one, some or other : i) w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. gumena nSt-hwylc, 2234; gen.sg.n^t-hwylces (J^Sra banana), 2054 ; nitia nSt-hwylces ( ?) , 22 1 6 ; nSt-hwylces hale'Sa bearna, 2225. — 2) adjectively : dat. sg. in niS- sele n^t-hwylcuni, 1514. nabben, from ne-habben (subj. pres.). See habban. nafne. See nefne. nagel, st. m., nail : gen. pi. nagla (of the finger-nails) , 986. nagled, part., nailedl, nail-likel, buckledl : ace. sg. neut. nagled (MS. gled) sine, 2024. nas, St. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory : ace. sg. nas, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. nasse, 2244, 2418; ace. pi. windige nassas, 1412; gen. pi. nassa, 1361. nas, from ne-was (was not'). See wesan. nas, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263. nas-hliST, st. ii., declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea : dat. pi. on nas-hleo^um, 1428. naefre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne ; nsefre ne, 1461. g e - naegan, w. V. w. ace. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press : pret. pi. ntec (have no 7iear kin but thee), 2152; nis >at eower (gen. pi.) stS . . . nefne min Snes, 2534. — 2) Prep, with dat., except: nemne feaum Snum, 1082. g e - nehost. See g e - nealLhe. nelle, from ne-wille (I will not). See ■willan. nemnan, w. v, w. ace. : l) to name, call : pres. pi. hone yldestan oret- mecgas Beowulf nemna'S (the war- riors call the most distinguished one Bedwulf), 364; so inf. nem- nan, 2024; pret.pl. nemdon, 1355. — 2) to address, as in be-nemnan,i^o pronounce solemn- ly, put under a spell : pret. sg. Fin Hengeste . . . SlJum be-nemde )'at (fisserted, promised under oath that . . .), 1098; pret. pi. swi hit SIS d3mes dag didpe benemdon Jieod- nas mtere (put under a curse), 3070. nemne. See nefne. uerlan, g e - nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate : pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereS unfsegne eorl, 573; pret. part, hafde , . . sele Hro^gSres ge- nered wi'S nttSa (saved from hos- tility), 828. ge-nesan, st.«. : i) intrans., to re- main over, be preserved : pret. sg, hrof ana genas ealles ansund (the roof alone was 'quite sound), 1000. — 2) w. ace, to endure successfully, survive, escape from . pret. sg. se W sacce ge-nas, 1978; fela ic . . , gd'S-rsesa ge-nas, 2427; pret. part, swa h6 nitSa gehwane genesen haf- de, 2398. net, St. n., net: in comp. breost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net. nSdla, w. m., dire necessity, distress : in comp. J>rea-n6dla. n6ffau (G. nan>jan), w. v., to ven- ture, undertake boldly : pres. part, nearo n&^ende (encountering per- il), 235 1; pret. pi. J'ser git ... on deop water aldrum nStSdon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538. ge-ne'San, the same : inf. ne dorste under fiSa gewin aldre ge-nS^an, 1470. With depend, clause : nas- nig tat dorste gen^^an J>at (none durst undertake to . . .), 1934; pret. sg. he under hirne stSn Sna genS^de frecne dsede (he risked alone the bold deed, venturingunder the grey rock), 889; (ic) wlge under watere weorc genS^de ear- fo'S-lice (/ with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 242 GLOSSARY. 1657; ic genS'Sde fela g&^a {ven- tured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pies. pi. (of majesty) we . . . frScne genS'iSdon eafolS uncQ- 'Ses {we have boldly risked, dared, the monster' s power") , 961. neh. See nedb- g e - neabhe, adv., enough, sufficient- ly, 784, 3153; superl. genehost bragd eorl Beowulfes ealde ISfe {many an earl of B^s"), 795* nealles (from ne-eaRes), adv., om- nino non, not at all, by no means : nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 181 2. nearOy st. n., strait, danger, distress : ace. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. nearo, adj., narrow: ace. pi. f. nearwe, 1410. near we, adv., narrowly, 977. nearo-craft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access"}, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.) : instr. pi. nearo- craftum, 2244. nearo-fSh, m., foe that causes dis- tress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo- fSges, 2318. iiearo-]»earf, st. f., dire need, dis- tress: ace. sg. nearo-Jiearfe, 422. g e - nearvrian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon : pret. part, genearwod, 1439. ne&li, ngh: i) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. neah, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = last : instr. sg. njh- stan sl'Se {for the last time), 1204; niehstan si^e, 2512. 2) adv., near : feor and (oOTe) neah, 1222, 2871; w. dat. sfe- grunde neah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-viTlme nSh, 2412. Compar. near, 746. ne^n, adv., near by, {front) close at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105 ; feorran and nean, 840; nean and feorran, 11 75, 2318. ge^nedt, st. m., comrade, cojnpanion: in comp. beod-, heor'S-geneat. nioiiror. See nilffer. neOTVol, adj., steep, precipitous : ace. pi. neowie, 1412. neod, St. f ., polite intercourse regu- lated by etiquette^, hall-joy"} : ace. sg. niode, 21 17. neodu ?, 2216. neod-laiSu, st. f., polite invitation ; wish . dat. sg. after nedd-latSu {ac- cording to his wishes), 1321. ne6saii, ne6siaii, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for ; to attack : inf. neosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niosan, 2389, 2672; neo- sian, 115, 1 126; nidsian, 3046; pret. sg. nidsade, 2487. neotan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. nedt, 1218. be-neotan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-nedtan, 68l ; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat {de- prived the king of life), 2397. nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea- monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197) : ace. pi. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pi. nicera, 846. nicor-hfls, st. n., house or den of sea- monsters: gen.pl. nicor-hflsa, 1412. niS', St. m., man, human being: gen. pi. ni'SISa, 1006; nilSa? (passage corrupt), 2216. niffer, nyffer, neoffor, adv., down, downward: ni^er, 1361; nio^or, 2700 ; ny«er, 3045. nlff-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein) : dat. sg. [in] nilS- sele nUt-hwylcum, 1 5 14. GLOSSARY. 243 nigon, num., nine ; ace. sg. nigene, 575- niht, St. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; ace. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht {yester-nighi), 1 335; dat. sg. on niht, 575,684; onwanreniht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwllum {sometimes nt night, in the hoars of the night'), 3045 ; as adv. = f/a night,by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; clages and nihtes, 2270; ace. pi. seofon niht {se'niiight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ. 11), 517; dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167; deoreumnihtum,275, 221; gen. pi. nihta, 545, 136O. - Comp. : middel-, sin-niht. nitt-bealu, st. n., night-bale, de- struction by night: gen. pi. niht- bealwa, 193. niht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790. niht-long, adj., lasting through the night : ace. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst {space of a night), 528. iiilit--weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht- weorce, 828. niman, st. v. w. ace. : l) to take, hold, seize, undertake : pret. sg. nam >^ mid handa hige->ihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pi. we . . . niode nSman, 2117. — 2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. se Jje Mne deals nimeB {Jie whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; ny- me«, 1847; nymeS n^d-bide, 599; subj. pres. gif mee hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongen- l^io Iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he . . . ma"om-Dehta m^ (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. )>S was . . . se6 cw§n numen {the queen carried off), 1154- be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. 81S Jiat hine yldo benam magenes M^nnum {till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887. for-niman, to carry off : pres. sg. Jje 'f^ dea"S for-nam {whom death rarr:.d off), 488: =0, 557, 696, 1081, 1 124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for ace. ; pret. pi. him Irenna ecge fornimon, 2829. ge-niman: i) to take, seize : ^t&t.sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam {clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873. — 2) to take, take away : pret. on reste genam Jritig Jjegna, 1 22; heo under heolfre ge- nam cdlSe folme, 1303; segn eac genom, 2777; J^i raec sinca bal- dor ... at minum fader genam {took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part, ge- numen, 3167. ge-nip, St. n.fdarkness, mist, cloud : ace. pi. under nassa genipu, 1361; ofer floda genipu, 2809. nis, from ne-is {is not) : see wesan. niwe, niowe, adj., new, novel ; un- heard-of: nom. sg. swSg up S.-stSg niwe geneahhe {a vionstroiis hub- bub arose), 784; beorh . . , niwe {a newly-raised{l) grave-mound), 2244; ace. sg. niwe sibbe {the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. nlwan stefne (properly, novi voce; here = dc novo, itevum, again), 2595; niowanstefne {again), 1790; gen. pi. nivvra spella {new tidings) , 2899. ge-ni'wiaii, w. v., to renew: pret part, ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geni- wad, 2288. Eiw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly- tarred: ace. sg. niw - tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295. nllff, St. m., properly only zeal, en- deavor ; then hostile endeavor, hos- 244 GLOSSARY. iiliiy, battle, war : nom. sg., 2318; ace. sg. nl^, 184, 276; Wedera nlS {enJiiity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders'), 423; dat. sg.wW (at) nli?e, 828, 2586; instr. nl«e, 2681; gen. pi. nl«a, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also 'vas,'a. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 21 71, 2207. — Comp. : bealo-, fer-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wal-nt^. nlff-draca, w. m., battle-dragon : nom. sg., 2274. nlff-gast, St. m., hostile alien, fell demon : ace. sg. Jjone nl'S-gast {the dragon), 2700. niS'-ge'weorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil : gen. pi. -geweorca, 684. nlff-grlm, adj., furious in battle, savage : nom. sg., 193. nils' -heard, adj., valiant in war : nom. sg., 2418. nlff-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pi. nl'S-hydige men, 3167. ge-nS31a, w. m., foe, perseeutor, waylayer : in comp. ferh'5-, feorh- genl'Sla. nllS'-'wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil : ace. sg., 1366. nipan, st. v., to veil, cover over, ob- scure ; pres. part, nlpende niht, 547. 650. nolde, from ne-wolde {would noi) ; see ■willan. norff, adv., northward, 859. norffan, s.&v.,from the north, 547. nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape : dat. sg. of hlKes nosan, 1893; ^' brimes nosan, 2804. no (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755. 842,969. 1736, etc.; strength- ened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; no . . . nS {neither . . . nor), 541-543; so, n6 . . . ne, 168. See ne. n5?fer (from nfi-hwalSer), neg., and not, nor, 2125. ge-n6h, &&\., sufficient, enough : ace. sg. f^hlSo genoge, 2490; ace. pi. gen8ge . . . beagas, 3105. ndn, St. f., [Eng. noon^ ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afte?'- noon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; ef. Bouterwek Screa- dunga, 24 2 : we hata^5 senne dag fram sunnan upgange 6S sefen) ; nom. sg. n6n, 1601. nu, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254. 375. 395. 424, 426, 489. etc. : nu gyt {up to now, hitherto), 957; nu gen {now still, yet), "zZ^; {now yet, stilt), 3169. — 2) con']., since, inasmuch as : nu )?u lungre geong . . . nu se vi'yrm ligeiS {go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; [jat ))u me ne forwyrne . . . nu ic Jjus feorran com {that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476 ; nu ic on mS'Sma hord mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, fremmaiS ge nu {as I now . . ., so do ye), 28CXJ; so, 3021. nymlSe, conj. w. subj., if not, unless, 'j'ii; nyni'Se mec god scylde {if God had not shielded me) , 1659. nyt, St. f., duty, service, office, em- ployment: ace. sg. Jjegn nytte be- heold {did his duty), 494; so, 31 19. — Comp.; sund-, sundor-nyt. nyt, adj., useful: ace. pi. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. g e - nyttian, w. v., to tnake use of, enjoy : pret. part, hafde eor'5- scrafa ende ge-nyttod {Jiad enjoyed, made use of) , 3047. GLOSSARY. 245 n^d, St. f., force, necessity, need, pain : ace. sg. Jmrh dealSes n^d, 2455; instr. sg. n^de, 1006. In comp. (like njd-maga, consangui- neus, in ^thelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nSd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258) ; a\&o,tie of blood. — Comp.Jrea-nJd. ge-n^dan, w. v.: i) io force, com- pel: pret. part. ntSe ge-n^ded (^forced by hostile power'), 2681. — • 2) to force upon: pret. part. ace. sg. f. njde genjdde . . . gearwe stowe {the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. n^d-bS/d, St. f ., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force : ace. pi. njd- bjtde, 599. n^d-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood : nom. pi. n^d-gesteallan, 883. n^d-gripe, st. m., compelling grip : dat. sg. in n^d-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977. nyd-'wracu, st. f., distressful perse- cution, great distress : nom. sg., 193- nyhst. See nedb. O olffffe, conj. : i) or ; otherwise, 283, 437> 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc. — 2) and{T), till{T), 650, 2476 ij.vhilsfi'). of, prep. w. dat., from, off from : l) from some point of view : ge- seah of wealle {from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene sclnefi {shineth from heaven), 1572; of hli^es nosan gastas grStte {from the cliffs projection), 1893; of Jiam ledma stod {from which light streamed), 2'T;o; ))Eer was md'Sma fela of feorwegum . . . geljeded {_ from distant lands),'},'}; hS com of m8re {from the moor), 711, 922. — 2) forth from, out of : hwearf of earde {wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; ))i ic of searwum com {when I had escaped from, the persecutions of the foe), 419; J)^ him HrofgSr gewSt . . . dt of healle {out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084,2744; wudu-r§c S-stShsweart of (ofer) swio&Ie {black wood- reek ascended from the smoking fi^e), 3145; (icge gold) a-hiifen of horde {lifted from the hoard), 1 109; let )>^ of bredstum . . . word flt faran {from his breast), 2551; dyde . . . helm of hafelan {doffid his helmet), 673; so, 11 30; seal- don win of wunder-fatum {pre- sentedwinefromwondrous vessels), 1163; siS&n hyne Hse^cyn of horn-bogan . . . flSne geswencte {with an arrow shot from the hornedbow),2\2,%; so, 1434. Prep, postponed : J;S he him of dyde isern-byrnan {doffed his iron corse- let), 672. ofer, prep. w. dat. and ace, over, above: i) w. dat., over (rest, lo- cality) : Wigiaf site's ofer Bio- wulfe, 2908; ofer aSelinge, 1245; ofer eor^an, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-l'eode {over the earth, among mankind), goo; ofer ^Sum, 190S; ofer hron-rSde {over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealo- wsge {over the beer-cup, drink- ing), 481. — 2) w. ace. of motion : a) over (local) : ofer JlSe {o/ver the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rSde {over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wiegholm, 217; ofergeofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 246 GLOSSARY. 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan {over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (jiver many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer heahne hiof {along upon (under!)' the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund {over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle {over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; 50,1718; — 606,900,1706; ofer borda gebriic {over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer \>&. niht {through the night, by night), "j^l- ^^ '^'■ verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: he ofer benne sprac, 2725. c) beyond, over; ofer tnln ge-met {beyond my power), 2880; — hence, against, contrary to : he ofer vvillan giong {went against his will), 2410; oferealde riht {against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331; — also, without : wig ofer wospen {juar sans, dispensing with, weap- ons), 686; — temporal -= after : ofer eald-gewin {after long, an- cient, suffering), 1782. ofei--hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit : gen. pi. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1 761. ofer-maBFum, st. m., very rich treas- ure : dat. pi. ofer-mdtSmum, 2994. ofer-magen, st. n., over-might, su- perior numbers : dat. sg. mid ofer- magene, 2918. ofer-]»earf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] );ea[rfe], 2227. oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572,858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [116] seldan, 2030; oft nalles aene, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664. om-, on-. See am-, an-. ombiht. See ambiht. oncer. See ancor. oud. See and. ons^n. See ans^n. on, prep. w. dat. and ace, signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat. : a) on, tipon, in at (of exterior surface) : on lieah- stede {in the high place), 285; on minre fitJel-tyrf {in my native place), 410; on >am meSel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on t>am holm- cUfe, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan {on earth), II97; so, 1533,2997; on J>aere medu-bence {on the mead- bench), 1053; beornas on blancum {the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc. ; on raste {in bed), 1299; on stapole {at, near, the pillar), 927; onwealle, 892; on wage (o« the wall), 1663; on >am wal- stenge {on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle {on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breos- tum, 552; ou hafelan, 1522; on handa {in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scin {on him shone the corselet) , ^ot,; on ore {at the front), 1042; on cor'Sre {at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre {the ship at anchor), 303; Jjat he on hea^e ge-stod {until ke stood in the hall), 404; on fader stale {in a father's place), 1480; on ^um {on the waves, in the water), 210, 421. 534. 1438; on holme, 543; on §g-streamum, 577; on segl-rSde, 1438, etc.; on flSde, 1367. The prep, postponed : Freslondum on, 2358. — b) in, inside of (of inside surface) : secg on searwum {a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wlg-geatwum, 368; (re- ced) on Jjam se rica bid {in which the mighty one abode), 310; on GLOSSAEY. 247 Heorote (in Heoro(), 475, 497, 594, 1303 ; on be6r-sele, 492, 1095 ; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the tities, boroughs), 53; on helle, loi; on sefan mlnum (in my mind), 473; on m6de, 754; so, 755. 949, 1343. 1719. etc.; on aldre (in his vitals'), 1435; ^"^ middan (in medio), 2706. — c) among, amid: on searvvum (among the arms), 1558; ongemonge (among the troop), 1644; on ))am leod- scipe (among the people), 2198; nymlSe Uges fa'Sm swulge on swa- ■Sule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in sTnoke), 783; — in, with, touched by, possessing something: }>& was on s^lum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; was on hreon mode, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; heo was on ofste (she was in haste) , 1293; so, 1736, 1870; jjS was on blode brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (he) was on sunde (was a- swimming), 1619; was to fore- mihtig feond on feSe (too powerful in speed), 971; J>3er was swigra secg ... on gylpspraece (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982; — in ; full of, representing, something: on weres wastmum (in man's form), 1353. — d) attaching to, hence pro- ceeding from; from something : ge-h^rde on Beowulfe fast-rsedne ge-jjoht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; J)at he ne mSt- te . . . on elran men mund-gripe mSran, 753 ; — hence, with verbs of taking: on raste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987 ; hit aer on }>e g6de be-gedton (took it before from thee), 2249. — e) with : swS hit lungre wearlS on hyra sinc-gifan sire ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312. — f) by: mag Jjonne on J>am golde ongitan Geata dryhten (the lord of the Gedtas may per- ceive by the gold), 1485. — g) to, after weortSan : t>at he on fylle wearS (thathe came to a fall) , 1545. With ace. : a) w. verbs of mov- ing, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in : &-l§don J)i ledfne teoden ... on bearm scipes, 35 ; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225 ; JjS him mid scoldon on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; se >e wi3 Brecan wunne on sidne saa (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; Jjat ic on holma ge-)jring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on feonda geweald sMian,- 809; >Sra be on svi^lc staraS, 997; so, 1 781; on lufan laete^ hvvorfan (lets him turn his thoughts to lovel, to possessions'!), 1729; him on mod beam (came into his mind, oc- curred to him), 67; rsEsde on J>one r6fan (rushedon the powerful one), 2691; (cwom) on worSig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253. 512, 539, 58°, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 143 1, 2097. — 'b) against (= wiS) : gode gewyrcean ... on fader wine (pi.), 21. — c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on : on Jjearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan J>earfe, 2850; wrS^um on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; 248 GLOSSAEY. HrS^gSr ma'Kelode him on and- sware {said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca was on bael gearu {on the pyre ready), 11 10; wlg- heafolan bar frean on fultum {for kelp), 2663; wear^ on bid wrecen {forced to wait) , 2963. — d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with : rodera raedend hit on ryht gescSd {decided it in accordance with right), 1556; ne meswor fela H'Sa on unriht {swore no oaths un- justly, falsely), 2740; on sp8d(j/f2V- fully), 874; nallas on gylp sale's fatte beagas {giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on sinne selfes d8m {boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeSon willen {according to his will), 1740. — e) w. verbs of buy- ing, for, in exchange for : me ic on mitSma hord mine be-bohte frode feorh-lege {for the hoard of jewels), 2800. — f) of, as to: ic on HigelSce wSt, Geata dryhten (/ know with respect to, as to, of, II.), 1831; so, 2651; ^at heo on senigne eorl ge-l^fde fyrena fr6fre {that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628 ; J>^ hie ge-trttwedon on twS healfa {on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; hat Jju him ondrsedan ne J>earft . . . on JjS healfe {from, on this side), 1676. — g) after super- latives or virtual superlatives = among: nas . . . sinc-ma'SiSum sSlra (=Jjatwassinc-mStSmas61est) on sweordes hSd {there was no bet- ter jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se was Hr6'SgSie hale& ledfost on ge-slSes hSd {dearest of men as, in the charac- ter of, follower, etc.), 1298. II. Of time : a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste {in time, within the time appoint- ed), 76; on uhtan {at dawn), 126; on mergenne {at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogo'Se (j»_j'i7»/,4), 409, 466; on geogolS-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege {in, during, battle), 1327; hft lomp eow on lide {on the way), 1988; on gange {in going, en route), 1885; on sweo- fote {in sleep), 1582. — b) w. ace, towards, about: on undern-masl {in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-tld, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-staf {toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle Jjonne on aenne slS {far oftener than once), 1580. III. With particles : him on efn {beside, alongside of, him), 2904; oninnan {inside, within), 71, 1 741, 1969, 2453, 2716; J)ser on innan (2»/,4ff«),2ogo, 22:5, 2245. With the relative Jie often separated from its case : Jie ic her on starie {that I here look on, at), 2797; Jie ge Jjser on standatS {that ye there stand in), 2867. on-c^l5 (of. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), St. f., pain, suffer- ing: nom. sg., 1421; ace. sg. or pi. on-c^e, 831. on-tlrysne, 0.5^., frightful, terrible: ace. sg. fireii on-drysne, 1933. onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten : pret. pi. onetton, 306, 1804. on-llcues, st. f ., likeness, form, fig- ure : nom. sg., 1352. on-medla, w. \a., pride, arrogance : GLOSSARY. 249 dat. sg. for on-mSdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. on-saege, adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. >a was HondsciS (dat.) hild on-saege, 2077; Hse'Scynne wear's . . . gfi« on-saege, 2484. on-weald, st. m., power, authority : ace. sg. (him) bega ge-hwa^res . . . onweald ge-teah {gave him power over, possession of, both'), 1044. open, adj., open: ace. sg. hord- ^vynne fond . . . opene standan, 2272. openlan, w. v., to opeti, w. ace. : inf. openian, 3057. ore (O.S. ore, Goth, adrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pi. orcas, 3048; ace. pi. orcas, 2761. orcnS, St. m., sea-monster : nom. pi. orcnSas, 112. ord, St. n. point : nom. sg. o^ t>at wordes ord breost-hord J>urh-brae (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utter- ance), 2792; ace. sg. ord {sword- point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde {at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263. oret-mecg, st. m., champion, war- rior, military retainer : nom. pi. oret-meegas, 363, 48 1; ace. pi. oret-mecgas, 332. oretta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. or-leg, St. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408. or-leg-hwil, st. f , time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg] -hwil, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwile, 2912; gen. pi. orleg-hwila, 2428. or-Ieahtre, adj., blameless : nom. sg. 1887. or-}>anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-))ance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orjiancmn = maehina- mentis, ibid. ,^']'] ; or->anc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., mechani- cal art, skill : instr. pi. or-|joncum, 2088; smi'Ses or-J)aneum, 406. or-w^6na, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen. : aldres or- wSna {hopeless of life), 1003, 1566. or-wearde, adj., unguarded, with- out watch ot guard: nom. sg., 3128. oruUf, St. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. orelSe, 2840. O fS (Goth, und, O.H.G. unt, unz) : i) prep. w. ace, to, till, up to, only temporal: 6S)>oneSnne dag, 2400; oiS domes dag, 3070; 0% woruld- ende, 3084. — 2) 6'5 Jiat, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, un- til, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145, 219, 296, 307, etc. Offer (Goth, anjjar), nrmi. : i) one or other of two, a second, = alter : nom. sg. subs. : se 6'Ser, 2062; o'Ser {one, i.e. of my blood-relations, Hae'Scyn and Hygelae), 2482; olSer . . . o5er {the one . . . the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: oSer . . . mihtig mSn-scea'5a {the second mighty, fell foe, refer- ring to 1350), 1339; se 6«er . . . hale, 1816; fem. niht o'Ser, 2118; neut. oSer geSr {the next, second, year), 1 134; ace. sg. m. 8^erne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; Jienden reafode rinc QSerne {whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen^eow), 2986; neut. 8'Ser swylc {another such, an equal 250 GLOSSARY. «azK^«>-), 1584; instr. sg. 8&e sWe (^for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. o^rura, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. 6^ies dogores, 219, 606; neut.6'Sres,i875. — ■z)another, a different one, = alius : nom. sg., subs. 6^er, 1756; 8^ei" njenig {jio other), %(so. Adj.: Eenig 6Ber man, 5°3. 534; so, 1561; oSer in {a different house or room), 1301; ace. sg. oBer flet, 10S7; gen. sg. 8Sres . . . yrfe-weardes, 2452; ace. pi. ealo drincende S^er sEedan {ale drinkers said other things), 1946; ace. pi. neut. word 6^er, 871. 6fer, St. m., shore : dat. sg. on 6fre, 1372- fifost, St. f., haste : nom. sg. 6fost is sMest t6 gec^^anne (Jiaste is best to make known, best to say at once'), 256; so, 3008 ; dat. sg. beo J)u on ofeste (ofoste) (be in haste, hasten"), 386, 2748; on 6fste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091. 6fost-Iice, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131- d-hw^aer, adv., anywhere, 1 738, 2871. Omig, adj., rusty : nom. sg., 2764 ; nom. pi. omige, 3050. 6r, St. n., beginning, origin ; front : nom. sg., 1689; ace. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on 8re, 1042. 8-vribt, anything, aught: instr. sg. 6-wihte {in any way), 1823, 2433. p3.d, St. f., dress; in comp. here- pad. paiiT, St. m., path, road, way; in comp. fin-pa^. plega, w. m., play, emulous contest ; lind-plega, 1074. R valSe:,&Av.,quickly,i>Hmediatdy,'j2^. Cf. hraare. rand, rond, st. m., shield : ace. sg. rand, 683 ; rond, 657, 2567, 2610 ; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; underrande, 1210; blronde,2539; ace. pi. randas, 231 ; rondas, 326, 2654. — Comp. : bord-, hilde-, sld- rand. rand-habbend, pres. part., shield- bearer, i.e. man at arms, war- riot'': gen. pi. rond-habbendra, 862. rand-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior : nom. sg., 1299; ace. sg. rand-wigan, 1794. r§,d, St. f., road, street ; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rSd. ge-rad, adj., clever, skilful, ready: ace. pi. neut. ge-rSde, 874. rap, St. m., rope, bond, fetter : in comp. wal-rSp. rasian, w. v., to find, discover : pret. part. >a was hord rSsod, 2284. rast. See rest. rsecan, w. v., to reach, reach after : pret. sg. rsehte ongean feond mid folme {reached out his hand toward the foe), 748. ge-rsecan, /o attain, strike, attack : pret. sg. hyne . . . wsepne ge-raehte {struck him with his sword) , 2966 ; so, 556. rsed, St. m. : l) advice, counsel, res- olution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nu is rffid gelong eft at Jje Snum {now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; ace. sg. rsed, 172, 278, 3081. — 2) advantage, gain, use : ace. sg. Jjat rsed talatS {counts that a gain), 2028; Scne ned {the eternal gain, everlastinglife"), 1 202 ; ace. pi. See raedas, 1 761 . — Comp. .- folc-raed, and adj., Sn-, fsest-rsed. GLOSSARY. 251 rsedftn, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess : pres. part, rodera riedend (the ruler of the heavens'), 1556; inf. Jjone l^e J>u mid rihte rsedan sceoldest (that thou shouldst pos- sess by rights), 2057; wolde dom godes dEedum rssdan gumena ge- hwylcum (^God's doo7?i would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-raedend. raed-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser : nom. sg., 1326. rseden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: ace. sg. rEedenne(?), 51; comp. worold-raeden. a - rseran, w. V. : l) to raise, lift up : pret. pi. )jS wasron monige J>e his maeg . . . ricone S-rserdon (there ■were many that lifted up his brother^ quickly), 2984. — 2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate ; pret. part, bised is S-rsered (thy renown is far-spread), 1704. raes, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm : ace. sg. g&^e rtes (the storm of bat- tle, attack), 2627; instr. pi. gflSe r3esum,2357. — Comp. : g(l'S-,hand-, heaSo-, magen-, wal-rses. rsesan, w. v., to rush (upon) : pret. sg. rsesde on Jjone rofan, 2691. rseswa, w. m., prince, ruler : dat. sg. weoroda raeswan, 60. reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate : inf. frum-sceaft fira feor- ran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91 ; gerund. t6 lang is to reccenne, hu ic . . . (too long to tell how I , . .), 2094; pret. sg. sylllc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so mtrans. feorran rehte (told of olden limes), 2107. reced, st. u., building, house; hall (complete in itself) : nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; ace. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pi. receda, 310. — Comp.: eorlS-, heal-, horn-, win-reced. regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm : ace. pi. rondas regn-hearde, 326. regnian, rgnlan, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about : inf. dea^ rSn[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169. ^e-i&%xi\&TX, to prepare, deck out, adorn : pret. part, medu-benc mo- nig . . . golde ge-regnad, 778. regn-, r6n-weard, st. m., mighty guardian : nom. pi. rSn-weardas (of Beowulf and Grendel contend- ing for the possession of the hall), 771. rest, rast, st. f. : i) bed, resting- place: ace. sg. raste, 139; dat. sg. on raste (genam) (from his resting- place), 1299, 1586; t8 raste (to bed), 1238. Comp. : flet-rast, sele- rest, wal-rest. — 2) repose, rest; in comp. aefen-rast. ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., rest- ing-place : in comp. wind-gereste. . restan, w. v. : \) to rest: inf. res- tan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex, reste- hine \>%. rfim-heort, 1800. — 2) te on ancre rid, 1884; him t5-geanes rid {rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pi. ymbe hlsew riodan {rode round the grave-mound), 3171- ge-rldan, w. ace, to ride over: pret. sg. se ))e nas ge-rid {who rode over the promontory), 2899. rim, St. n., series, number : in comp. dag-, un-rlm. ge-rim, st. n., series, number: in comp. dogor-ge-rtm. ge-riman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part, in comp. for^-gerlmed. i - rtsan, st. v., to arise, rise : imper. sg. i-rls, 1391; pret. sg. i-rSs >i se rlca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; i-ris J>i bi ronde {arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan sio faehS i-ris {whence the feud arose), 2^0^. rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius'i, Bugge) : gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pi. roderas, 1377; dat. pi. under rode- rum, 310; gen. pi. rodera, 1556. rdf, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong : nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. magenes rof {strong in might), 2085; so, J>eah Jie he rof sie niS-geweorca, 683; ace. sg. rofne, 1794; on J>one r6fan, 2691. — Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, healSo-, hyge-, sige-rof. rOt, adj, glad, joyous ; in comp. un- rot. rd^van, st. v., ^0 row (with the arms) , swim : pret. pi. redu (for reowon), 512. 539- rum, St. m., space, room : nom. sg., 2691. rum, adj. : l) roomy, spacious : nom. sg. Jjflhte him eall to rflm, wongas andwic-stede {fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462. — 2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-heart- ed: ace. sg. J>urh rflmne sefan, 278. rum-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble- spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 211 1. ge -rflm-lice, adv., commodiously, comfortably : compar.ge-rfim-llcor, 139- run, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sat rice to rflne, 172. — Comp. beado-r&n. run-staf, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter .• ace. pi. J>urh r&n-stafas, 1 696. ruD-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser : nom, sg., 1326. g e - rysue. See g e - risne. ge - r^man, w. v. : \)to make room for, prepare, provide room. : pret. pi. J)at hie him 8iSer flet eal ge- r^mdon, 1087; pret. part. J)i was Geat-macgum . .' . bene gerjmed, 492; so, 1976. — -2) to allow, grant, admit : pret. part. l>i me ge-r^ed was (sUS) {as access was permitted me), 3089; }ii him gerf med wear^, t>at hie wal-stowe wealdan moston, 2984. S g e - saca, w. m., opponent, antago- nist, foe : b.cq. sg. gt-S3.can, 1774. sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. ge-sacan, to attain, gain by con- tending (Grain) : inf. gesacan sceal siwl-berendra . . . gearwe stowe {gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005. 254 GLOSSARY. on-sacan: i) (originally in a law- suit), to nvithdraw, take away, de- prive of: pres. subj. Jiatte freotSu- webbe feores on-sace . . . leofne mannan, 1943. — 2) lo contest, dis- pute, withstand : inf. tat he sse- mannura on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, beam, and brjde), 2955. Bacu, St. f., strife, hostility, fetid: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; ace. sg. sace, 154; sacce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. at (to) sacce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687 ; gen. sg. secce, 6oi ; gen. pi. sacca, 2030. ge -sacu, St. f., strife, enmity : nom. sg., 1738- sadol, St. m., saddle : nom. sg., 1039. sadol-beorht, adj., with bright sad- dles ( ?) : ace. pi. sadol - beorht, 2176. ge-saga. See secgan. samne, somne, adv., together, uni- ted; in at-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. t6-somne {together), 3123; hi se wyrm ge-beah snflde to -somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together'), 2569. samod, somod : I. adv., simultane- ously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod at-gadere, 387, 730, 1064. — II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with : samod £er-dage {with the break of day), 1312; somod aer-dage, 2943. sand, St. n., sand, sandy shore : dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); after sande {along the shore), 1965 ; wit5 sande, 213. sang, St. m., song, cry, noise : nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang sco- pes, 90; ace. sg. sige-leasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sS- rigne sang (HrStSel's dirge fol Herebeald), 2448. sS.1, St. m., rope : dat.isg. sSle, 1907; on sSle (sole, MS.), 302. s3.I. See ssel. s3r, st.n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual) : nom. sg. sSr, 976; si(5 sSr, 2469; ace. sg. sSr, 788; sSre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sSre, 1252, 2312, 2747. — Comp. llc-sSr. s3.r, adj., sore, painful: instr. pi. s^rum wordum, 2059. s ^ r e , adv., sorely, heavily, ill, gravi- ter : se )je him [s^]re gesce6d {who injured him sorely), 2224. sS.rig, ^di)., painfuljWoeful : ace. sg. sSrigne sang, 2448. sSirlg-ferff, adj., sore - hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sSrig-fer^ (Wig- laf ), 2864. s3,rlg-iiidd, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pi. s^rig-modum, 2943- sar-Uc, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; ace. sg; neut., 2H0. sSiWOl, s^wl, St. f., soul (the immor- tal principle as contrasted with lif, the physical life) : nom. sg. siwol, 2821; ace. sg. sSwle, 184, 802; hae&ne sSwle, 853; gen. sg. sS- wele, 1743; sSwle, 1743. sawl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pi. siwl-berendra, ICX35. sawul-dre6r, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul- gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. s&wul-driore, 2694. s3.wul-leds, adj., soulless, lifeless : ace. sg. siwol-leasne, 1407 ; sSwul- leasne, 3034. sace, sacce. See sacu. sad, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-sad. sal, St. II., habitable space, houstf GLOSSARY. 255 hall; dat. sg. sel, 167; sal, 307, 2076, 2265. said, St. n., kail, king's hall or pal- ace : ace. sg. geond l^at said (Heo- rot), 1281. sae, St. m. and f., sea, ocean : nom. Eg., 579, 1224; ace. sg. on sidne sse, 507; ofer sje, 2381 ; ofer see side, 2395; dat. sg. t8 sae, 318; on SEE, 544; dat. pi. be stem tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. sae-bat, St. m., sea-boat: ace. sg., 634, 896. ■ sse-cynlng, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea : gen.pl. sJE-eyninga, 2383; sae-de6r, st. n., sea-beast, sea-mon- ster : nom. sg., 15 1 1. sse-draca, w. m., sea-dragon : ace. pi. s£E-dracan, 1427. ge-saegan, w. v., to fell, slay : pret. part, hafdon eal-fela eotena eynnes sweordum ge-sseged (^felled with the sword'), 885. saege. See on-ssege. sae-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea- going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. sae-gedp, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea) : nom. sg. sse- geap naca, 1897. sae-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean- bottom : dat. sg. sas-grunde, 564. Bael, sai, sel, st. f . : l) favorable opportunity, good ox fit time : nom. sg. sasl, 623, 1666, 2059; sosl and msel, 1009; ace. sg. sele, 1136; gen. pi. saela and msela, 1 61 2. — 2) FateiT) : gen. sg. s61e rsedenne, 51. — 3) happiness, joy : dat. pi. on silum, 608; sslum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sel, adj. ge-saelan, w. v., to turn out favor- ably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge- sselde J>at . . . (Jie was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylee ma;la, swylce hira man-dryhtne J>earf ge-saelde {at such times as need disposed it for their lord"), 1251. saBlan (see s3.1), w. v., to tie, bind : pret. sg. saelde . . . sl^-falSme scip, 1918 ; pi. sse-wudu sjeldon, 226. ge-sa2lan,;(7 bittd together, weave, interweave : pret. part, earm-beaga fela searwum ge-sseled (many cu- riously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to- Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. on-sselan, with ace., to unbind, unloose, open : on-ssel meoto, sige- hrSS secgum {disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage ; or, thy presage of victory'!'), 489. sae-iac, St. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sae-Uce, 1625 ; ace. pi. t>Ss sse-lSc, 1653. sae-iad, St. f., sea-way, sea-journey : dat. sg. s£e-ltde, 1 140, 1158. sae-liSend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pi. SEE-li^end, 411, 1819, 2807; SEE-U'Sende, 377. sae-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior : dat. pi. S£e-mannum, 2955 ; gen. pi. s£e-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geatas). ssemra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom.sg. ssemra, 2881; dat. sg. ssmran, 954. sae-m6ffe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pi. saa-mSSe, 325- sae-nas, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naae : ace. pi. sse-nassas, 223, 571. ssene, adj., careless, slow : compar. sg. nom. he on holme was sundes 1)8 sasnra, >e hyne swylt fornam {was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away^, 1437- 256 GLOSSARY. sse-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero : nom. sg., 691. sse-siff, St. in., sea-way, path, jour- ney : dat. sg. after sae-slfie, 1 1 50. sse-wang, st. m., sea-shore or beach : ace. sg. SK-wong, 1965. sae-weal, st. m., (jea-wair), sea- shore: dat. sg. sse-wealle, 1925. flse-'wudu, st. m., {sea-wood), vessel, ship : aec. sg. sse-wudu, 226. sae-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow : aee. pi. ofer sse-wylmas, 393. scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass alongor away : pres. sg. J>onne mln sceace'S llf of lice, 2743; inf. J>S com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields') , 1 804 ; pret. sg. dugu'S ellor scoc {the ehiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255 ; >onne strasla storm . . . scoc ofer scild-weall {when the storm of arrows leapt ever the wall of shields), 31 19 ; pret. part, was hira blsed scacen {their strength {breath ?) had passed away), 1 1 25; }>& was winter sca- cen {the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. scadu, sceadu, st. m., shadow, con- cealingveil of night : ace. sg. under sceadu bregdan- (i.e. kill), 708. ecadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel) : nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704. Bcadu-heli^, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness : gen. pi. scadu- helma ge-sceapu {shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651. scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force) ; in comp. hand- scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond- scole), 1318, 1964. scamlan, w. v., to be ashamed: pres, part. nom. pi. scamiende, 2S51; n8 he baere feoh-gyfte . . . scami- gan Jjorfte {needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving) , 1027. scawa (see scedTplan) , w. m., obser- ver, visitor : nom. pi. scawan, 1896. g e - scS.d, St. u., difference, distinc- tion : ace. Sg. £Eg-hwa&es gescSd, worda and worca {difference be- tween, of, both words and deeds), 288. ge - scddan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera rsedend hit on ryht • gescSd {decided it in accordance with right), 1556. scanan, redupl. verb?, to shine: pret. pi. scionon, 303. Cf. O.S. pret. an-skian, from an-skSnan (Heliand, 5800). ge-scap-hwtle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death {appointed rest}) : dat. sg. to gescap-hwile {at the fated hour), 26. sce99'an, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre scelS- &n {hurt her life), 1525; Jiat on land Dena IS&a nsenig mid scip- herge sceOTan ne meahte {injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. [jasr him nsenig water wihte ne sce'Sede, 1515. ge-sce'SISan, the same: inf. }>athim . . . ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceS^an, 1448. scene, st.m., vessel, can : in comp. medu-scenc. scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out : pret. sg. scencte sclr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer) . scenne, w. f.?, sword-guardl : dat. pi. on J>asm scennum sciran goldes, 1695. sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces : pres. sg. Jjonne heoru bunden . . . swin ofer helme and' GLOSSARY. 257 weard scire'S (hews off the boar- head on the helni), 1288. ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two : pret. sg. helm oft ge-scar {often clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. BCerwen, st. f. ?, in cotnp. ealu-scer- wen {ale-scare or ^anic}), 770. scSt. See sce6tan. sceadu. See scadu. sceaSa, w. m. : i") scatheri/be: gen. pi. scea^ena, 4. — 2) fighter, war- rior : nom. pi. scatian, 1804. — Comp. -. Attor-, dol-, fe6nd-, gft^-, hearm-, leod-, m^n-, sin-, Jiedd-, uht-scea'Sa. ecead'an, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, in- jure, crush : pret. sg. se J'e oft manegum scod {which has oft op- pressed many), 1888. ge-scea^an, w. dat., the same : pret. sg. swi him ser gescod hild at Heorote, 1588; se te him sSre ge- sceod {who injured him sorely), 2224; no tj asr in gescod hSlan lice, 1503; bill sr gescod eald- hlSfordes l^am J>ira mS'Sma mund- bora was {the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treas- ure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ser and gescQd form compound) . sceS-lSen-inael, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940. sceaft, St. m., shaft, spear, missile : nom. sg. sceft, 31 19. — Comp.: here-, wal-sceaft. ge-BCeaff^ st. f. : l) creation, earth, earthly existence : ace. sg. t>Ss las- nan ge-sceaft, 1623. — 2) fate, des- tiny : in comp. fortS-, lif-, msel- gesceaft. Bcealc, St. m., servant, military re- tainer : nom. sg., 919; (of Bed- wulf ), 940. — Comp. bedr-scealc. ■ ge-sceap, st. n. ; 1) shape, creature : nom. pi. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 65 1 . — 2) fate, providence : ace. sg. heah ge-sceap {heavy fate), 3085. sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part, scyppend {the Creator), 106; pret. sg. sc8p him Heort naman {shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part, was sid wroht scepen heard wiS Hugas, syOTan HygelSc cwom {the contest with the Hugas became sharp after H. had come), 2915. ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. lif ge-sce6p cynna gehwylcum, 97- scear, st. m., massacre: in comp. gfl^-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wlga, 288. — Comp. : beadu-, heaiSo-scearp. scearu, st. f., division, body, troop : in comp. folc-scearu; that is de- cided ar deterviined, in gfi'5-scearu {overthrotvT), 1214. sceat, St. m., money ; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415) : ace. pi. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see J>flsend). — Comp. gif-sceat. scedt, St. m., region, field : ace. pi. gefratwade foldan sceatas leomum and leafum, 96; — top, surface, part: gen. pi. eor^an sceata, 753. sce^TFere, st. m., observer, spy: nom. pi. sceaweras, 253. scedwian, w. v. w. ace, to see, look at, observe : inf. sceawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. )>at ge genSge nean sceawia'S beagaa 258 GLOSSARY. and brSd gold, 3105; subj. pres. t>at ic . . . sceawige swegle searo- gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scea- wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pi., 844; pret. pi. sceawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1 44 1. ge-sceawian, to see, behold, observe : pret. part, ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085. Bceorp, St. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp. sceotan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles : pres. sg. se be of flSn-bogan fyre- num sce6te^, 1745; pres. part, nom. pi. scedtend (the warriors, bowmen), 704, 1155; dat. pi. for sceotendum(MS.scotenum), 1027. ge-sceotan, w. ace, to shoot off, hurry : pret. sg. hord eft gesceat {the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320. of -seed tan, to kill by shooting .-pret. sg. his mffig of-scet . . . blodigan gSre {killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440. Bcild, scyld, st. m., shield : nom. sg. scyld, 2571 ; ace. sg. scyld, 437, 2676 ; acc.pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 285 1 . scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect : pret. subj. nym^e mec god scylde {if God had not shielded me), 1659. soild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield) : nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034. scild-'wean, st. m., wall of shields : ace. sg. scild-weall, 3119. scild-wlga, w. m., shield-warrior : nom. sg. scyld-wlga, 288. scinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pi. scynnum, 940. scip, St. n., vessel, ship : nom. sg., 302; ace. sg., 1918; dat. sg. to scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat. pi. t8 scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155. sclp-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis), armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip- herge, 243. ge-scife (for ge-sc^e), adj., ad- vancing (of the dragon's move- ment), 2571. scSnan, st. v., to shine, flash : pres. sg. sunne . . . sd^an scineS, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blicne led- man beorhte scinan, 1518; pret. sg. (gfl^-byrne, woruld - candel) scfin, 321, 1966; on him byrne scSn, 405 ; pret. pi. gold-fSg sclnon web after wagum, 995; scionon, 303; of. Bc^nan. selPj adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-Iren scir, 322; sclr me- ted, 980; ace. sg. n. sclr wered, 496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695. sclr-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pi. sclr-hame, 1896. scoten. See sce6ten. g e - scdd, pret. part., j/zO(/(calceatus) , covered : in comp. ser-ge-sc6d(?). See ge-scealffan. sc5p, St. m., singer, simper, poet: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. sco- pes, 90. scraf, St. n., hole in the earth, cav- ern : in comp. eor^-scraf. scrlffau, St. v., to stride, go : pres. pi. scrKa'S, 163; inf. scrKSan, 651, 704; scrKSan to, 2570. scrlfan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment) : inf. hft him (Gren- del) sclr metod scrlfan wille, 980. for-scrifan, w. dat. pers., to pro- scribe, condemn : pret. part. si'S- ^an him scyppend for-scrifen haf- de, 106. ge-scrlfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swi him Wyrd ne ge-scrSf {as Weird did not permit hini), 2575- GLOSSAET. 259 Bcrud, St. m., clothing, covering; or- nament : in comp. beadu-, byrdu- scrfld. scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, de- mon : dat. pi. scuccum, 940. sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: i) shall, w«ri (obligation) : pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440,978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; seel, 455, 2805, 301 1; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceol- dest, 2057; pi. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709. — 2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will; pres. sg. I., III. sceal beodan {shall offer'), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 106 1, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pi. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069. — 3) sculan sometimes forms a peri- phrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or ne- cessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall {he inhabits; is said to in- habitf), 2Zl(i; pret. sg. se Jje water- egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wac- nan scolde {was to awake), 85; se )>one gomelan grStan sceolde {was to, should, approach), 2422; )-at se byrn-wlga bflgan sceolde {the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pi. tS l^e beado-gri- man b^wan sceoldon {they that had to polish or deck the battle- masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068. — 4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan : unc sceal worn fela mStSma ge-msenra (i.e. wesan), 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm . . . fatum befeallen (i.e. we- san), 2256; ic him after sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. J)onne Jju for^ scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an ante- cedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gse^ S Wyrd swS hid seel ( Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; g&^- bill ge-swSc swS hit n5 sceolde (i.e. ge-swiean), 2586. soiia, w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. dea^-scda. scufan, St. v. : 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten : pret. part. ))S was morgen-ledht seofen and scyn- ded, 919. — 2) w. ace., to shove, push: pret. pi. gumau iit scufon . . . wudu bundenne {pushed the vessel from the land), 21^; dracan scufun . . . ofer weall-clif {pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See vrid-scofen. be-scfifan, w. ace, to push, thrtist down, in : inf. wS bit! J)am Jje sceal . . . sSwle be-scfifan in fyres faSm {■woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184. suur, St. m., shower, battle-shower : in comp. tsern-scQr. scur-heard, adj., fight-hardened'i {file-hardenedT) : nom. pi. scfir- heard, 1034. scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan . scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for ; guilty of, w. gen. and instr. : ealdres (mor^res) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig {guilty of evil deeds), 3072. scyndan, w. v., to hasten : inf. scyn- dan, 2571 ; pret. part, seynded, 919 scynna. See scinna. scyppend. See sceapan. 260 GLOSSARY. scyran, w. v., (o arrange, decide : inf. J>at hit scea^en-msel scyran moste {that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide. sc^ne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beau- tiful: nom. sg. mag's scjne, 3017. Be, pron. dem. and article, the : m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem. sed, 66, 146, etc. ; neut. Jiat ; — relative : se {who) , 1 6 1 1 , 2866; se be {he who), 2293; sad te {she who), 1446; se )>e (for seo )>e), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for se6, 2422; dat. sg. >am (for >am t>e), 2780. secce. See sacn. secg, St. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?) : nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beo- wulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (WulfgSr), 402; (Hanfer«), 981; (Wigiaf), 2864; ace. sg.- synnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pi. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl.secgum,490; gen. pi. secga, 634, 843, 997. 1673. secg, St. i., sword {s.tige'i) : ace. sg. secge, 685. secgan, w. v., to say, speak : i) w. ace. : pres. sg. gode ic J>anc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swS se secg hwata secgende was l^iSra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sagde him )>as leanes Jianc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwat J)u worn fela . . . sagdest from his sKe, 532. — 2) without ace. : inf. swS we sotSlIce secgan h^don, 273; pret, sg. sagde, 2633, 2900. — 3) w. de- pend, clause : pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pi. III. secga^, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. t3 sec- ganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sagde, 90, 1176; pi. sagdon, 377, 2188; sasdan, 1946. 4-secgan (edicere), to say out, de- liver : inf. wille ic S-secgan suna Healfdenes . . . mln aerende, 344. ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; jpai ic his [or] aerest te eft ge-sagde {^that I should first tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part, gesagd, 141 ; ge- saed, 1697. sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; ace. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473. 1343. 1738.— Comp.m8d-sefa. ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen. segl, St. n., sail : nom. sg., 1907. segl-rad, St. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-ride, 1430. segn, St. n., banner, vexillum : nom. sg., 2768, 2959; ace. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777, 2959; dat. sg. under segne, 1205. — Comp. hea- fod-segn. sel, St. n., hall, palace. See sal. seld, St. n., dwelling, house : in comp. medu-seld. ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, com- panion : ace. sg. geseldan, 1985. seldan, adv., seldom : oft [no] sel- dan, 2030. seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home- stayer {J); common manl, house- carll : nom. sg., 249. sele, St. m. and n., building consist- GLOSSARY. 261 ing of one apartment ; apartment, room : nom. sg., 8i, 411; ace. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. t6 sele, 323, 1641; in (on, to) sele >am hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele {in the den of the dragon), 3129. — Comp.: beah-,be(5r-,dryht-, eorS-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gfiS-, heah-, bring-, hr8f-, HI'S-, win-sele. sele-dre&m, st. in., hall-glee, joy in the hall : ace. sg. >Sra )>e J)is IJf of- geaf, gesiwon sele-dream (refer- ring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. sele-f ul, St. n., hall-goblet : ace. sg., 620. sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house : ace. sg. J>one sele- gyst, 1546. sele-raedend, pres. part., hall-ruler, guardian or possessor of the hall : ace. leode mine sele-raedende, 1347. sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall : ace. sg. sele-reste, 6911 sele-J>egn, st. m., retainer, hall- thane, chamberlain : nom. sg., 1795. sele-weard, st. ra., hall-ward, guar- dian of the hall: ace. sg., 668. self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? sel- fa) ; W self, 595 ; >u ]?e. self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, loii; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, 1734; tam te him selfa deah {that can rely upon, trust to, him- self), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he syl- fa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; ace. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne {him- self), 962; hyne selfne {himself, reflex.), 2876; wi'S sylfne {oppo- site), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on slnne sylfes dom {at his own will), 2148; sylfcj, 2224, 2361, 2640, 271 1, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 11 16; nom. pi. selfe, I9(?) ; SfllS-Dene sylfe, 1997. ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade : in comp. hand-gesella. sellan, syllan, w. v. : i) w. ace. of thing, dat. oi feis.,'to give, deliver; permit, grant, present : pres. sg. III. sele^ him on SSle eoriSan Wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995 ; nefne god sylfa sealde ham J>e he wolde hord openian {unless Cod himself gave towhom he wouldtoopenthe hoard),Tfi<^(i; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483. — 2) to give, give up (only w. ace. of thing) : asr he feorh sele^ {he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp sele^ fatte beagas {giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1 750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pi. byrelas sealdon win of wunder- fatum, 1 162. ge-sellan, w. ace. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge- sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902,2143, etc. sel-lic, syl-llc (from seld-llc), adj., strange, wondrous : nom. sg. glof . . . sylllc, 2087; ace. sg. n. syllic spell, 21 10; ace. pi. sellice sas-dra- can, 1427. Compar. ace. sg. syl- lleran wiht (the dragon), 3039. semninga, adv., straightway, at once, 645, 1641, 1768. sendan, w. v. w. ace. of thing and dat. of pers., to send : pret. sg. J>one god sende folce to frofre {whom God sent as a comfort to the peo- ple), 13; so, 471, 1843. for-sendan, to send away, drive off • pret. part, he wearS on fednda ge- weald . . . snftde for-sended, 905. 262 GLOSSARY. on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. ace. of thing and dat. of pers. : imper. sg. on-send,452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pi. J^e hine . . . fat's on-sendon senne ofer J^e {who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part, bealo-cwealm hafa'S fela feorh-cynna feorr on- sended, 2267. " eendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda=: ferculorum, epularura, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sende'S, 601. — Leo. fierce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; iiom. pi. syrcan, 226; ace. pi. grsege syr- can, 334. — Comp. : beadu-, heoro- serce; here-, leo&-, lic-syrce. sess, St. m., seat, place for sitting : dat. sg. sesse, 2718; I'd he bisesse gedng {by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. ^eX\,A.rv., seat, settle : ace. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pi. set- lum, 1290. — Comp. : heah-, hilde-, meodu-setl. eettan, w. v., to set : pret. sg. setton sae-mSISe side scyldas . . . wi'5 Jias recedes weall {the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the halt) , 325; so, 1243. d-settan, foset,place, appoint : pret. pi. hie him d-setton segen [gyl]- denne heah ofer heafod, 47 ; pret. part.hafde kyninga wuldor Grendle to-geanes . . .sele-weardi-seted,668. be-settan, to set with, surround : pret. sg. (helm) besette swin-Iicum {set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454. ge-settan: i) to set, set down: pret. part, swd was . . . }>urh rCln- stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-ssed {thus was . . .in rune- staves rightly marked, set down and said^, 1697. — 2) to set, or- dain, create : pret. sg. ge-sette . . . sunnan and monan ledman to leohte land-bflendur.i, 94. — 3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. bat he mid J>J wife wal-fsehtSa . . . dasl . . . ge-sette, 2030. BScan, w. v., to follow after, hence : i) to seek, strive for, w. ace. : pret. sg. sine-fat s6hte {sought the cosily ctip), 2301 ; ne s8hte searo-nlSas, 2739; so, 3068. Without ace. : Jjonne his myne s6hte {than his wish demanded), 2573; hord- weard sohte georne after grunde {the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294. — 2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. ace. : pres. sg. III. se be . . . biorgas sgceS, 2273; subj. beah be hselS-stapa holt-wudu s§ce, 1370; imper. sic gif bu dyrre {look for her, i.e. Gren- del's mother, if thou dare), 13S0; inf. s8cean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 25I4(?), 3103, etc.; sScan, 665, 145 1; drihten sicean {seek, go to, the Lord), 187; s&ean ■«7n-Ieas vvie ( Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, s6ean deofla gedrag, 757; sdwle s%csLn {seek the life, kill), 802; so, secean sdwle hord, 2423; gerund, sacce to sSceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. s8hte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. s8htest, 458; pi. sohton, 339- — 3) '" seek, attack: be fis sScea^ to Sweona leode, 3002; pret. pi. hine wrac-macgas ofer sa; sohtan, 2381. ge-sSean : i) toseek, w. ace. : inf. gif he gesecean dear wig ofer wa;pen, 685. — 2) to look for, come 01 go to GLOSSARY. 263 aliain, w. ace. : inf. ge-slcean, 693; gerund. tS ge-sScanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-s5hte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. ace. pi. feor-cy^e be6B sSlran ge-s6hte tam )>e hine selfa deah, 1840. — 3) to seek with hos- tile intent, to attack : pres. sg. ge- s8ce^ 2516; pret. sg. ge-s6hte, 2347; pl- ge-s6hton, 2927; ge- s6htan, 2205. ofer-s§ean, w. aec., to surf ass, outdo (in an attack) : pres. sg. was sio hond t6 strong, se J^e mSca gehwane . . . swenge ofer-sohte, Jjonne he t6 saece bar waspen wnndrum heard (too strong was the hand, that sur- passed every sword in stroke, when he [Beowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687. s61, St. f. See ssel. Bel, ssel, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar. : nom. sg. m. sSlra, 861, 2194; Jiasm Jiser sllra was {to the one that was the better, i.e. Hy- gelSc), 2200; dea'S bi'S sSlIa >onne edwit-llf, 2S91; neut. sSlre, 1385; ace. sg. m. s81ran J^e (« better than thee), 1851; Shiran, 1198; neut. ViX sSlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sSlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl.fem. sSlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sSlest, 173, 1060 ; hftsa sSIest, 146, 285, 936; 6fost is sSlest, 256; bolda s&lest, 2327; ace. sg. neut. hragla sSlest, 454; hfisa sSlest, 659; billa sSlest, 1145; — weak form : nom. sg. m. reced s6- lesta, 41 2 ; ace. sg. m. Jjone sSlestan, 1407, 2383; (J-as, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. Jjamsllestan, 1686; nom.pl. sSlestan, 416; ace. pi. \>t sSlestan, 3'23- sel, compar. adv., bette; fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531 ; ne bylS him wihte J)8 sfil (Jie shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688. sealma(rrisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place : ace. sg. on sealman, 2461. sealt, adj., salty : ace. sg. neut. ofer sealt water {the sea), 1 990. searo (G. sarwa, pi.), st. n. : i) ar- mor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pi. sse-manna searo, 329; dat. pi. secg on searwum (a man, war- rior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pi. searwum, 1814. — 2) insidiae, ambuscade, zvaylaying, deception, battle : J>4 ic of searwum ewom, f^h from feondum, 419. — 3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pi. sadol searwum fSh (saddle cun- ningly ornamented), lo^g; earm- beaga fela, searwum ge - sailed (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765. — Comp. fyrd-, gfl^-, inwit- searo. searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship : instr. pi. searo-bendum fast, 2087. searo-f&h, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold : nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sid and searo-fih, 1445. searo-ge-J»rac, st. n., heap of treas- ure-objects : ace. sg., 3103. searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: ace. pi. searo- gimmas, 2750; gen. pi. searo-gim- ma, 1158. searo - grim, adj., cunning and fierce : nom. sg., 595. searo-habbend, pres.part. as subst., arms-bearing, vMrrior with his trappings : gen. pi. searo-habben- dra, 237. 264 GLOSSARY. searo-net, st. n., armor-net, skirt of mail, corselet : nom. sg., 406. searo-nlS', st. m. : l) cunning hos- tility, plot, wiles: ace. pi. searo- hiSas, 1201, 2739. — 2) also, only hostility, feud, contest : ace. pi. searo-nKas, 3068; gen. pi. searo- niSa, 582. Searo-Jjanc, st.m., ingenuity : instr. pi. searo-Jioncum, 776. searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder : ace. sg., 921. seax, St. n., shorts-word, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546. — Comp. wal-seax. seax -ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pi. siex-bennum, 2905. seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. ace. syfone, 3123. seomian, w. v. ; l) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302. — 2) w. ace, to put in bonds, entrap, catch : pret. sg. dugu^e and geo- go% seoraade (cf. 2086-2092) ,161. seonn, st. f., sinew: nom. pi. seo- nowe, 818. se6c, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill : nom. sg. feorh-bennum se6c (of Beowulf, sick unto death"), 2741 ; sie.x-bennum sedc (of the dead dragon), 2905 ; nom. pi. m8des se6ce(^siciofsoul'), 1604. — Comp. : ellen-, feorh-, hea'So-sedc. seotlan, st. v. w. ace, to seethe, boil; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic JjSs mod-ceare sorh- wylmum sea^ (J pined in heart- grief for thai), 1994; so, 190. seoloS, St. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Die- trich in Haupt XI. 416) : gen. pi. siole^a bi-gong {the realm of bights = the [surface Of the] sea?), 2368. Be6n, s^n, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sefin, an-s^n. seon, St. v., to see : a) w. ace. ; inf, searo-wunder se6n, 921; so, 387, 1 181, 1276, 3103; Jjser mag nihta ge-hwaem ntS-wundor seon {there may eve^'y night be seen u repul- sive marvel), 1-366; pret. sg. ne seah ic . . . heal-sittendra medu- dream m^ran, 2015. — b) w. ace. and predicate adj. : ne seah ic el- Jieddige l>us manige men modig- llcran, 336. — c) w. prep, or adv. ; pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leofe, 2864; pi. folc t8 saegon {looked on), 1423- ge-seon, to see, behold: a) w. ace: pres. sg. III. se te beah ge-syh'S, 2042; inf ge-seon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247.927- 1558. 1614; pl-ge-sSwon, 1606, 2253. — -b) w. ace. and pred- icate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syh'S . . . on his suna bflre vpin-sele wSstne {sees in his son's house the wine- hall empty ; or, hall of friends!) , 2456. — c) w.inf. : pret. sg. ge-seah . . . beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas {saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pi. maere mS^Sum-sweord monige ge- sSwon beforan beorn beran, 1024. — d) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. ge- seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pi. ge-sSwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-s8gan, 3039; ge-s8gon, 3129. — e) w. depend, clause: inf. mag >onne . . . gesedn sunu Hre^- les, Jiat ic {may the son of H. see that I . . .), i486; pret. pi. ge- sSwon, 1592. geond-sedn, to see, look through, over, w. ace. : pret. sg. (ic) hat eall geond-seh, 3088. ofer-sedn, to see clearly, plainly. pret. pi. ofer-slwon, 419. GLOSSARY. 265 on-se6n, io look on, at, w. ace: pret. pi. on-sSwon, 1651. seo'wian, w. v., io sew, put together, link : pret. part, searo-net sedwed smKes or-))ancum {the corselet woven by the smith's craft), 406. sib, St. i., peace, friendship, relation- ship : nom. sg., 1 165, 1858; sibb, 2601 ; ace. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace}), 154. — Comp. : dryht-, frKo-sib. sib-affeling, st. m., nobilis consan- guineus, kindred prince or noile- man : nom. pi. -a^elingas, 2709. sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors : ace. sg.sibbe- gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geatas), 730. sIS'S'an, syiSSFan : 1) adv. : a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176,2703,2807, 2921; seo^an, 1876. — b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoOTan, 1938; ser ne silSBan {neither before nor after"), 719. 2) Conj. : a) w. ind. pres.,, as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912. — b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357. 2961, 2971,3128; seo«- ^an, 1776; — since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202; — after, either with pluperf. : siOTan him scyppend forscrifen hafde {after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf. : syOTan niht becom {after night had come on) , 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1 149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104- 2105. slex. See seas. sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of vic- tory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige- drihten, 391. sige-eddlg, adj., blest with victory, victorious : ace, sg. neut. sige-ea- dig Ml, 1558. sige-folc, St. n., victorious people, troop : gen. pi. sige-folca> 645. sige-hrSff, st. f., confidence of vic- tory {}) : ace. sg., 490. sige-hrSSflg, adj., victorious : nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. sige-hwil, St. f., hour or day of vic- tory : gen. sg. sige-hwlle, 271 1. sIge-leAs, adj., devoid of victory, <^«- y^aZ'fi/.-acc.sg.sige-leasnesang,78S. sige-rSf, adj., victorious : nom. sg., 620. sige-]>e6d, st. f., victorious warrior troop : dat. sg. on sige-Jje6de, 2205. sige-wsepen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pi. sige-w^pnum, 805. sigl, St. n. . I ) sun : nom. sg. sigel, 1967. — 2) sun-shaped ornament .■ ace. pi. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracte- ates of a necklace), 1201; gen.pl. sigla, IJ58. — Comp. mS'S^um- sigl. sigor, St. m., victory : gen. sg. sigo- res, 1022; gen. pi. sigora, 2876, 3056. — Comp. : hrS^-, wlg-sigor. slgor-eddlg, adj., victorious : nom. sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf), 1312, 2353. sin. See syn. sine, St. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765; ace. sg. sine, 81, 1205, i486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 145 1, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pi. sinca, 2429. sinc-f3>h, adj., treasure-decked : ace. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fSge sel, 167. slnc-fat, St. n., costly vessel : ace. sg., 2232, 2301 ; — a costly object : ace. 266 GLOSSARY. sg., I20I (i.e. mene) ; ace. pl.sinc- fato, 623. Binc-ge-stre6n, st. n., precious treas- ure, jewel of value : instr. pi. -ge- strednum, 1093; gen. pi. -gestred- na, 1227. sinc-gifa, w. m., jewel-giver, treas- ure-giver = prince, ruler : ace. sg. sine-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc- gifan (of Beowulf), 2312; (of Aschere), 1343. slnc-in3;9'ffuin, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194. sinc-Jjego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels : nom. sg., 2885. sin-dolh, St. n., perpetual, i.e. in- curable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 81S. sin-fred, w. m., loedded lord, hus- land : nom. sg., 1935. Bin-gal, adj., continual, lasting: ace. sg. fem. sin-gale sace, 154. sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continu- ally, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136. s i n g a 1 a , adv. gen. pi., the same, 1 90. slngan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-lren sclr song in sear- wum {the ringed iron rang in the armor), 323; horn stundum song f6s-lic f[yrd]-le61S {at times the horn rang forth a ready battle- son^, 1424; scSp hwllum sang {the singer sang at whiles), 496. S-singan, to sing out, sing to an end : pret. part, led^ was i-sungen, 1 1 60. sin-here, st. m., {army without endT), strong army, host : instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937. sin-nlht, st. {., perpetual night,night after night: ace. pi. sin-nihte {night after night) , 161. sln-scea3?a, w. m., irreconcilnble foe : nom. sg. syn-sca^a, 708; acc.^ sg. syn-sca^an, 802. sin-snaed, st. f., {continuous biting), bite after bite : dat. pi. syn-snsedum swealh {swallowed bite after bite, in great. bites), 744. slttan, St. V. : l) to sit : pres. sg. Wigiaf site^ ofer Eiowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu tS symle, 489; inf. Jser swlWerh'Se sittan eodon {whither the strong-minded went and sat), ^gy, eode. ..t6 hirefrean sittan {went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sat {sat on the horse), 286; at f8tum sat {sat atthe_feet), 500, 11 67; Jiaer Hr3S gdr sat {where H. sat), 356; so, iigi, 2895; he gew§rgad sat . . frean eaxlum neah, 2854; pret. pi, saeton, 1 1 65; gistas sStan (MS sScan) . . . and on mere staredon {the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603. — 2) to be in a cer- tain state or condition {quasi cop- ula) : pret. sg. msere Jjeoden . . . unblltSe sat, 130. — Comp. : flet-, heal-sittend. be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. ace. : besat JjS sin-herge sweorda life wundum wSrge {then besieged he with a host the leav- ings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937- for- sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail : pres. sg. eagena bearhtm for- siteB {the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768. ge-sittan: i) to sit, sit together : pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sat rice to rfine {very often sat the king delib- eratingwith his council{ste rice)), 1 71; wi'S earm ge-sat {supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arml), 750; fSISa eal ge-sat {the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge- sat J>i wits sylfne {sat there beside, opposiie1,him,\.e. Hygelic), 1978; GLOSSAEY. 267 ge-sat J;Son nasse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (sy'StSan) ... we to symble ge-seten hafdon, 2105. — 2) w. ace, to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. fiS ic . . . sae-bdt ge-sat, 634. of-sittan, w. ace, to sit over or upon : pret. sg. of-sat J)i hone sele- gyst, 1546. ofer-sittan, w. ace, to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]) : pres. sg. I. Jiat ic wiiS >one g&IS-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685. on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled^ , w. ace, to fear : inf. J>^ fsh^e, eatole ecg-])race eower le6de swliSe onsittan {to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people'), 598. ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. ace : pret. pi. (tat hie) . . . symbel ymb- SEeton {sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-slttend. sld, adj.; l) wide, broad, spacious, large : nom. sg. (here-byrne, glof ) sld, 1445, 2087; ace sg. m. sidne scyld, 437; onstdnesae, 507; fern, byrnan side (of a corselet extend- ing over the legs), 1292; ofer sx side, 2395; neut. side rice, 1734, 2200 ; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348; ace. pi. side sae-nassas, 223; side scyldas, 325; gen. pi. sldra sorga {of great sorrows), 149. — 2) in moral sense, great, noble : ace sg. Jjurh sidne sefan, 1727. s t d e , z.6.v.,far andivide, afar, 1 224. std-fal^me, adj., broad-bosomed: ace sg. sId-falSme scif, 1918. sid-faffmed, quasi pret. part., the same : nom. sg. sld-fa^med scip, 302. sid-rand, st. m., broad shield : nom. sg., 1290. siSf (G. seijiu-s), adj., late : superl. nom. sg. sKast sige-hwile {the last hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat. sg. at sWestan {in the end, at last) , 3014. sis, adv. compar., later : asr and sK {sooner and later, early and late), 2501. silS (G. sin>-s), st. m. : l) road, way, journey, expedition ; esp., road to battle : nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; nas Jjat SSe sM {that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, hatwas geo- cor sKS, 766; ace sg. stS, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. stSe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. si«es, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return : nom. sg., 1972. — 2) un- dertaking, enterprise ; esp., battle- work : nom. sg. nis t)at eower stS, 2533; ne bi'5 swylc earges sK5 {such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; ace sg. sKS, 873. In pi. = adventures: nom. siiSas, 1987; ace sK5as, 878; gen. sliSa, 318. — 3) time (as iterative) : nom. sg. nas tat forma sis {that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; ace sg. oftor micle Jjonne on ^nne sis, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, 8Sre, firiddan) slSe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287,2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102. — Comp. : cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, SS-, wil-, wr£ec-sIS. ge-slS, St. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-slSes, 1298; nom. pi. ge-slSas, 29; ace pi. ge-siSas, 2041, 2519; dat. pi. ge-slSum, 1314,1925,2633; gen. pi. ge-slSa, 1935. — Comp.: eald-, wil-gesIS. siS'-fat, St. m., way, journey : ace sg. Jjone slS-fat, 202; dat. sg. slS- fate, 2640. siiSP-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey : nom. pi. slS-frome, 1814. 268 GLOSSARY. stfflan, w. v., to journey, march : inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sKode, 2120. for-si^ian, iter fatale inire (Grein) : pret. sg. hafde J)S for- sKod sunu Ecg-Jjeowes under gyn- ne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551. sie, s^. See Tvesan. stgan, St. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pi. sigon at-somne {descended together), 307; sigon \>% to slaepe {they sank to sleep), 1252. ge-slgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge- sigan atsacce {fall in battle), 2660. sin, poss. pron., his : ace. sg. m. slnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sinum, 1508. slsep, St. m., sleep : nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. to slaep-;, 1252. slsepan, St. v., to sleep : pres. part, nom. sg. slspende, 2220; ace. sg. he gef§ng . . . slaependne rinc {seized a sleeping warrior) , 742; ace. pi. slsepende frat folces Denigea fif- tyne men {devoured, sleeping, fif- teen of the people of the Danes'), 1582. sleac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., 2188. sleahan, sle&n : 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans. : pres. subj. sg. )>at he me ongean slea {that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrrin- ga sloh {struck angrily), 1566; so, sloh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans. : pret. sg. t>at he j^one ntS-gast nio- ■Sor hwSne sloh {that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700. — 2) w. ace: to slay, kill: pret. sg. t>as t'e he Abel slog {be- cause he slew A.), 108; so, slog, 421, 2180; sloh, 1582, 2356; pi. sl8gon, 205 1; pret. part. }>S was Finslagen, 1 153. ge-slean, w.acc: l) tofighta bat- tle : pret. sg. ge-slSh bin fader faeh^e mseste, 459. — 2) to gain by fighting: syOTan hie J>^ m^r'Sa ge- slogan, 2997. of-slean, to ofslay, kill, w. ace: pret. sg. of-sloh, 574, 1666, 3061. sliS'e (G. sleib-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous : ace. sg. >urh sltSne ni^, 184; gen. pi. slKra ge-slyhta, 2399- sliSPen, z.Sy, furious, savage, deadly : nom. sg. sweord-bealo slKSen, 1 148. slitan, St. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. ace. : pret. sg. slit (stependne rinc), 742. Blyht, St. m., blow: in comp. and- slyht. ge-slyht, St. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pi. slfSra ge-slyhta, 2399- smid', St. m., smith, armorer : nom. sg. waepna smiS, 1453; gen. sg. smilJes, 406. --Comp. wundor- smi'S, be- smid'lan, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc. ; pret. part, he (the hall Heorot) )jas faste was innan and fifan Iren-bendum searo- Jjoncum besmi'Sod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively ; of martial temper : nom. sg. se snella, 2972. snelllc, adj., the same : nom. sg., 691 . snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1 3 14, 1476, 1787; sno- tra, 2157, 3121; nom. pi. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592. — Comp. fore-snotor. Bnotor-llce, adv., intelligently, wise- • ly: compar. snotor-lfcor, 1483. GLOSSARY. 269 enude, adv., hastily, quickly, soo?i, 90s, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. be- snySlan, w. v., lo rob, deprive of: pret. sg. tatte OngenHo eal- dre be-snylSede Hse^cyn, 2925. snyrlan, w. v., to hasten, hurry : pret. pi. snyredon at-somne (Jiur- ried forward together'), 402. snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom : ace. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat.pl. mid m3des snyttrum, 1707; J>e we ealle £er ne meahton snyttrum be-syr- wan {a deedwhich all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), <)i,'},. Kis.,wisely, 873- soinne. See samne. sorgian, w. v.: \) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385. — 2) to care for, trouble one's self about : inf. no \>u ymb mines ne Jiearft lices feorme leng sorgian {thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] suste- nance), 451. sorh, St. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323 ; sorh is me tS sec- ganne {pains me to say), 473; ace. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid >sere sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. woma fela . . . sorge, 2005; dat. pi. sorgum, 2601 ; gen. pi. sorga, 149. — Comp. : hyge-, in- wit-, J>egn-sorh. Borh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken : nom. sg., 2456. sort-fill, adj., sorrowful, trouble- some, difficult: nom. sg., 2120; ace. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sKS, 512, 1279, 1430. 60rh-leds, S.A]., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., 1673. BOrh-Ie63', st. n., dirge, song of sor- row : ace. sg., 2461. sorh-wylm, st. m,, wave of sorrow : nom. pi. sorh-wylmas, 905. sdcn, St. f ., persecution, hostile pur- suit or attack (see sScan) : dat, (instr.) Jjsere socne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. s98F, St. n., sooth, truth : ace. sg. so'S, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. t8 so'Se (in truth), 51, 591, 2326. s63', adj., true, genuine: nom. sg. Jiat is s81S metod, 1612; ace. sg. n. gyd dwrae s815 and s^r-lic, 21 10. so^e, adv., truly, correctly, accu- rately, 524; so'Se gebunden (of alliterative verse : accurately put together), 872. s6S-cyning, st. m., true king : nom. sg. sigora s8^-cyning (^God), 3056. sOS'-fast, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs) : gen. pi. s3^-fastra dora {_glory, realm, of the saints), 2821. s58f-lice, adv., in truth, truly, truth- fully, 141, 273, 2900. sSf te, adv., gently, softly : compar. J>J> seft (fhe more easily), 2750. — Comp. un-s8fte. sdna, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc. on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on- speon {loosed his helm), 2724. spel, St. n., narrative, speech: ace. sg. spell, 21 10; ace. pi. spel, 874; gen. pi. spella, 2899, 3030. — Comp. wea-spel. sped, St. f . : i) luck, success : in comp. here-, vpig-spSd. — 2) skill, facility: ace. sg. on spSd {skil- fully), 874. Bptwan, St. v., to spit, spew, w. instr. : inf. glSdum spiwan {spitfire) , 23 1 3, 270 GLOSSARY. Bpor, St. II., spur : in comp. hand- spor. spOwan, St. v., io speed well, help, avail : pret. sg. him witt ne spe6w {availed him naughf), 2855; hfl him at sete speow {how he sped in the eating), 3027. sprsec, St. f., speech, language: instr. sg. frScnan spisece {through bold, challenging, discourse'), 1105. — Comp. : sefen-, gylp-sprsec. sprecan, st. v., io speak : inf. ic sceal for^ sprecan gen ymbe Grendel {I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. ace. se Jie wyle s6^ spre- can {he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. t8 Geatum spree (spraec, MS.), 11 72; pret. sg. III. sprac, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word after sprac, 341; n6 ymbe )>4 fseh^e sprac, 2619; II. hwatbu worn fela . . . ymb Brecan sprsece {how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pi. hwat wit geo sprsecon {what we two spoke of be- fore), 1477; gomeleymb gSdne on-geador sprsecon, }>at hig . . . {the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they . . .), 1596; swS wit fur'Sum sprsecon {as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. )>^ was . . . }>ry1S- word sprecen, 644. ge-sprecan, w. ace, to speak: pret. sg. ge-sprac, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095- spreot, St. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-spreot. sprlngan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash : pret. sg. hri wide sprong {the body bounded far), 1589; swit sedrum sprong for'5 under fexe {the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pi. wtde sprungon hilde - ledman {flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: Used widesprang {his repute spread afar), 18. at-springan, to spring forth. pret. sg. sw4 \>'it bl8d ge-sprang {as the blood burst forth), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong after dea'S-dage dom un-lytel, 885. on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder : pret. pi. seonowe onsprungon, burston bSnlocan 818. standan, st. v. : l) absolutely or with prep., to stand : pres. III. pi. edred- geatwe )>e ge tser on standalS {the •warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah . . . orcas stondan {saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. at hJSe stod hringed-stefna {in the harbor stood the curved-prowed"^, metal' coveredl, ship), 32; stod on sta- pole {stood near the \_middle'] col- umn), 927; so, 1914, 2546; tat him on aldre st8d here-stral hearda {that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pi. giras st6don . . . samod at-gadere {the spears stood together), 328; him big stodan bunan and orcas {by him stood cans and pots) , 3048. Also of still vi'ater: pres. sg. III. nis ^at feor heonon . . . Jiat se mere standees, 1363. — 2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state : subj. pres. t>at hes sele stande . . . rinca ge-hwylcum Idel and unnyt {that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-scea'Sa opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. 6'5 bat Mel stod hflsa s§- lest, 145; so, 936; water under stod dredrig and ge-drSfed, 1418. GLOSSARY. 271 — 3) to belong or attach to; issue : pret. sg. NorlS-Denum stod ateltc egesa (great terror clung to, over- came, the North Danes'), 784; hiva Smim stSd sadol searwum fih {on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously- inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-ledma eldum on andan {burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; le6ht inne stod {a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571 ; him of ea- gum stod . . . leoht unfager {an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, }>at [fram] ham gyste [gryre-] br6ga stod, 2229. 6-standan, to stand up, arise : pret. sg. i-stSd, 760, 1557, 2093. at-standan, to stand at, near, or in : pret. sg. >at hit (i.e. Jiat swurd) on wealle at-stod, 892. for-standan, to stand against or before, hence •.\)to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (breost-net) wi15 ord and wiS ecge in-gang for-stSd {the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; snbj. nefne him witig god wyrdfor-stSde {if the ■wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057. — 2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom : inf. Jjat he . . . mihte hea^o- llSendum hord for-standan, beam and br^de {that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea - farers), 2956. ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-stod, 358, 404, 2567; pi. nealles him on heape hand-ge- steallan . . . ymbe gestodon {not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him), 2597. Etapa, w. m., stepper," strider : in comp. hse^-, mearc-stapa. stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go for- ward: pret. sg. eorl fur&r stGp, 762; gum-fS& st8p lind-habben- dra {the troop of shield-warriors strode on), 1402. at-stapan,/o stride up or to : pret. sg. forlS near at-st6p {strode up nearer), 746. ge-stapan,^i) walk, stride: pret. sg. he t8 for'S gest6p-dyrnan crafte, dracan heafde neah {he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290. stapol, St. m., (= Picris), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, col- umn : dat. sg. st8d on stapole {stood by or near the wooden mid- dle column of Heoroi), 927; instr. pi. fiS stin-bogan stapulum faste {the arches of stone upheld by pil- lars), 2719. starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at : pres. sg. I. (jat ic on J>one ha- felan . . . eagum starige {that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; tSra fratwa . . . J>e ic her on starie {for the treasures . . . that I here look upon), 2797; III. );onne he on J;at sine stara'5, i486 ; sg. for pi. ]>h:a. i>e on swylc staraS, 997; pret. sg. J>at (sin-frea) hire an dages eagum starede, 1936; pi. on mere stare- don, 1604. st^n, St. m. : 1) stone : in comp. eorclan-st^n. — 2) rock : ace. sg> under (ofer) h&ne stSn, 888, 141 6, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stine, 2289, 2558- st&n-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain : ace. sg. stSn- beorh steapne, 2214. stSin-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock : dat. sg. stSn- 272 GLOSSAEY. bogan, 2546; nom. pi. stSn-bogan, 2719. stSiii-clif, St. n., rocky cliff: ace. pi. stSn-cleofu, 2541. 6t&i\-taiiy,&ii].,stone-laid,favedwith stones of different colors : nom. sg. strset was stSn-flh {the street was of different colored stones'), 320. etSiii-hliSP, St. 11., rocky slope : ace. pi. stSn-hli'So, 1410. 8t3.f, St. m. : i) staff: in comp. rfin- staf. — 2) elemetitiim : in comp. Sr-, ende-, fScen-staf. etal, St. m., place, stead: dat. sg. J>at \>w. me S wzere for^-gewitenum on fader stale {that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father'' s place to rue'), 1480. stselan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. \i% ic on morgne ge-fragn m«g 8'Serne billes eegum on bonan stselan (then I learned that on the morrow one brother in- stigated the other to murder with the sword' s edge ; ox, one avenged the other on the murderert, ef. 2962 seqq.), 2486. ge-stselan, to place, impose, insti- tute : pret. part, ge feor hafa^ ffeh'Se ge-stseled {GrendeV s m.other has further begun hostilities against us), 1341. stede, St. ra., place, -stead : in comp. bsel-, burh-, folc-, heah-, me'Sel-, wang-, wic-stede. etefn, st. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (nidwan) stefne (properly novS voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1790. fitcfn, St. m., prow of a ship : ace. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna. on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about : pret. sg. se J^as or-leges 8r on-stealde, 2408. steng, St. m., pole, pike : in comp, wal-steng. g e - steppan, w. v., to stride, go : pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer SDe side sunu Ohtheres (O.'s son, i.e. Eadgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), 2394. stede (O.H.G. stSti, M.H.G. staete), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. was stSde nagla ge-hwylc st^le ge-licost {each nail-place was firm as steel), 986. stSpan, w. V. w. ace, to exalt, honor : pret. sg. Jjer.h te hine mihtig god . . . eafelSum stSpte, 1718. ge-steald, st. n., possessions, prop- erty : in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, njd-ge- stealla. stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Beowulf), 2553. stedp, adj., steep, projecting, tower- ing : ace. sg. steapne hrof, 927; stSn-beorh steapne, 2214; witS steapne rond, 2567 ; ace. pi. m. beor- gas steape, 222; neut. steap stSn- hliSo, 1410. — Comp. hea'So- steap. stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wid-floga wundum stille, 2831. stille, adv., quietly, 301. stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stone ))a after stSne {snuffed along the stone) , 2289. sti'S, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wun- den-msel (swurd) . . . stIS and st^l- ecg, 1534. stiff -in5d, adj., stout-hearted, un- flinching: nom. sg., 2567. stig, St. m., way, path : nom. sg., 320, 2214; ace. pi. stige nearwe, 1410, — Comp. meda-sltg. GLOSSARY. 273 stigan, St. v., to go up, ascend : pret. sg. J>a he t8 holme [st]ag {when he plunged forward into the sea), 2363; pi. beornas ... on stefn sti- gon, 212; Wedera leode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ser he on bed stige, 677. &-stlgan , io ascend : pres. sg. J>o- non y^-geblond up S-sttge'S won to wolcnum, 1374; gfl^-rinc S-stlh {the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rSc] ascendedT), 11 19; ga- men eft S-stdh {joy again went up, resounded), 11 61; wudu-r§c S-stSh sweart of swio'Sole, 3145 ; swSg up a-st4g, 783. ge-stlgan,^o ascend, go up : pret. sg. >i ic on holme ge-stSh, 633. storm, St. m., storm : nom. sg. strsela storm {storm of missiles'), 31 18; instr. sg. holm storme we61 {the sea billowed stormily), 1132. 8t51, St. m., chair, throne, seat : in comp. brego-, S^el-, gif-, gum-stol. etSw, St. f., place, -stow : nom. sg. nis tat heoru st8w {a haunted spot), I'i'jy, ace. sg. frScne stowe, 1379; grund-bflendragearwest6we {the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge- n^dan), 1007 : comp. wal-stow. Etrang, strong, adj., strong; val- iant ; mighty : nom. sg. was J>at ge-win t6 Strang {that sorrow was too great), 133; J>u eart magenes sttaxig {strong of body), iS^^; was sio bond t8 strong {the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wl- gena strengest {strongest of war- riors), 1544; magenes strengest {strongest in might), 196; magene strengest, 790. etrSidan (cf. straede = passus, gres- sus), to tread, {be)-stride, stride over (Grein) : subj. pres. se j^one wong stride, 3074. strael, st. m., arrow, missile : instr. sg. biteran strsele, 1747; gen. pi. straela storm, 31 18. street, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; ace. sg. strsete, 1635; fealwe strsete, 917. — Comp.: lagu-, mere-strset. strengel, st. m., {endowed with strength), ruler, chief: ace. sg. wigena strengel, 31 1 6. strengo, st. f,, strength, power, vio- lence : ace. sg. magenes strange, I27i;dat.sg.strenge,l534;strengo, 2541 ; — dat. pi. strengum = OTO- lently, powerfully {loosed from the strings?^, 3118: in comp. hilde-, magen-, mere-strengo. stregan (O. S. strowian), w. v., to strew, spread : pret. part, was jp'im yldestan . . . morlSorbed stred {the death-bed was spread for the eld- est one), 2437. stredm, st. m., stream, flood, sea : ace. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pi. streamas, 212; ace. pi. streamas, 1 262 : comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-, lagu-stream. g e - streon (cf . streon = robur, vis) , St. Ti., property, possessions ; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels : nom. pi. HeatSo-beardna ge-streon {the costly treasure of the Heathobear- das, i.e. the accoutrements belong- ing to the slain H.), 2038; ace. pi. aSelinga, eorla ^-streon, 1921, 3168. — Comp.: Eer-, eald-, eorl-, heah-, hord-, long-, miiSm-, sine-, };edd-ge-stre6n. striidan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. nas \>k on hlytme hwS t>at hord strude, 3127. ge-str^nan, w. v. w. ace, to ac- quire, gain : inf. J;as he {because) 274 GLOSSARY. ic m8ste minum leodura . . . swylc ge-str^nan, 2799. Btund, St. f., time, space of time, while : adv. dat. pi. standum (jit times), 1424. styrlan, w. v. w. ace: l) to ar- range, put in order, tell : inf. secg eft on-gan sW Beowulfes snyttrum styrian (^t^e poet then began to tell B's feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873. — 2) to rouse, stir up : pres. sg. III. Jjonne wind sty- reS I^^ ge-wi^ru {when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375. — 3) to more against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. Jiat he . . . hring-sele hondum styrede {that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841. styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. st^lCj St. n., steel: dat. sg. st^le, 986. st^l-ecg, adj., steel-edged ; nom. sg., 1534- be- st^man, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part, (wseron) eal benc-^elu blode be-st^med, 486. Buhtor-ge-faderan (collective), vp. m. pi., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother^s son : nom. pi., 1 165. gum, pron. : l) indef., one, a, any, a certain ; neut. something : a) with- out part. gen. : nom.sg.sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal Jjaer dyrne sum wesan {naught there shall ^e hidden), 271 ; ace. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde {by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pi. sume, 400, 11 14; ace. pi. sume, 2941. b) with part, gen. : nom. sg. gumena sum {one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere- hragla sum, 1906; tat was wundra sum, 1608; ace. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardi- nals or notions of multitude : nom. sg. f Iftena sum {one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feara sum {one of few, with a few), 1413; ace. sg. manigia sunrne {one of many, with many), 2og2; manna cynnes sum- ne {one of the men, i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; feara sumne {some few, one of fe^o ; or, one of the foesT), 3062. — 2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned : nom. sg. eower sum {a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Beowulf), 248; gfi'S-beorna sum {the afore-men- tioned warrior, i.e. who had shown thewayto HrS'SgSr's palace), 314; eorla sum {the said knight, i.e. Beo- wulf), 1313; ace. sg. hord-arna sum {a certain hoard-hall), 2280, sund, St. m. ; i) swimming: ace sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. at sun- de {in swimming), 517; on sunde {a-swimming), 1619; gen.sg. sun- des, 1437. — 2) sea, ocean, sound : nom. sg., 223; ace. sg. sund, 213, 512,539, 1427, 1445. ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, un- impaired: ace. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pi. ge-sunde, 2076; ace. pi. w. gen. fader al- walda . . . eowic ge-healde sISa ge-sunde {the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey f), 318. — Comp. an-sund. sund-ge-bland, st. n., {the commin- gled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave : ace. sg., 145 1. sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimviiiig: ace. sg. sund-nytte dreah {swam through the sea), 2361. sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in GLOSSARY. 275 twain : sundur gedselan (to sepa- rate, sunder), 2423. sundor-nyt, St. f., special service (service in a special case) : ace. sg. sundor-nytte, 658. sund-'wudu, st. m., {sea-wood'), ship : nom. ace. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907. sunne, w. f., sun : nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. sunu, St. m., son : nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, i486, etc.; ace. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2i5i, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279) ; nom. pi. suna, 2381. 6u9', adv., south, southward, 859. suS^an, adv., from the south, 607; sigel s&iSan fds {the sun inclined from the south), 1967. STS'affrian, vi'. v., to sink to rest, grow calm : brimu swa&edon {the waves became calm), 570. See s^velffrian. swaSu, St. f ., trace, track, pathway : ace. sg. swaSe, 2099. — Comp. : swit-, wald-swa^u. STvaSuI, St. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215) : dat. sg. on swalSule, 783. See sweo- Sol. sTivancor, adj., slender, trim: ace. pi. trio wicg swancor, 21 76. sivan-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea : ace. sg. ofer swan-rdde, 200. and-swarian, w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swa- rode, 258; so, 340. swk : i) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus : svifS. sceal man don, 1 1 73, 1535; swi \>k driht-guman dreamumlifdon,99; J)at ge-afndon sw4 {that we thus accomplished), 538; >3er hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559. 763. "04. 1472. 1770. 2058. 2145, 2178, 2991; svvdmanlice {so like a man), 1047; swS fela {so many), 164, 592; swa deorllce dsed {so valiant a deed), 585; hine sw4 godne {him sq good), 347 ; on svit geongum feore {in so youthful age),\%iA> ge-dSIShim swS ge-wealdene worolde djelas t>at . . . {makes parts of the world so subject to him that . . .), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.) : me J>In m8d-sefa licatS leug swS wel {thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so : svi'd me Higelic sle . . . mSdes bliSe {so be Higelac gracious -minded to me!), 435; sw^ Jjeah {neverthe- less, however), 973, 1930, 2879; svi'4 J>Sh, 2968; hwa'Sre swi J^eah {yet however), 2443. — 2) : a) conj., as, so as : o^ ^at his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan svei his ^rfader {until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft swi £er {again as before), 643; — with indie. : swi he selfa bad {as he himself requested), 29; swi he oft dyde {as he often did), 444; gselS i Wyrd swi hio sceal, 455; swi gum an gefrungon, 667; so, 273. 352. 401. 561, 1049, 1056, 1059. "35. 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.; — with subj. : swi Hn sefa hwette {as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1 143 ; swi hie i wasron . . . n^d-gesteallan {as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swihitdi6pe . . . be-nemdon >e6dnas msere {as, \}iowT\ tht mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; swi he manna was wi- 276 GLOSSARY. gend weorSfuUost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when : swd J)at bifid gesprang, 1668. d) so that ; swS he ne mihte no {so that he might not . . .), 1509; so, 2185, 2007. — 3) = qui, quae, quod, Ger- man so : worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swS water bebflgeS {wrought the beauteous plain whichl (ace.) water surrounds), 93. — 4) swS . . . swS = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swS . . . swS (even so . . . as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swi hwylc mag^a swS (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swi hwylcum manna swS (even so to each man as), 3058. for-sw^fan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for- sweofmlnemSgastometod-sceafte, 2815. for-swapan, st. v., to sweep off, force : pret. sg. hie Wyrd forswedp on Grendles gryre, 477. svfat, St. m., (sweat), wound-blood : nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. SM'ite, 1287. — Comp. hea'So-,hilde- swSt. S'wS.t-fah, adj., blood-stained : nom. sg., 1 1 12. swatig, s.A}.,gory : nom. sg., 1570. STvat-STraffu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947. be- s'wselan, w. v., to. scorch : pret. part, was se 18g-draca . . . glSdum beswaeled, 3042. swaes, adj., intimate, special, dear : ace. sg. swsesne StJel, 520; nom. pi. swsese ge-sKSas, 29; ace. pi. Ie6de sw^se, 1869; swjese ge- sKSas, 2041, 2519; gen. pi. swsesra ge-stSa, 1935. 6^vaes-llce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090. s-webban, w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (abso- lutely) swefetS, 601. d - s w e b b a n , to kill, slay : pret. part. nom. pi. sweordum S-swefede, 567. swelffrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish : inf. >at Jiat fyr ongan swe^rian, 2703; pret. si'SSan Heremodes hild swe'Srode, 902. STvefan, st. v. : i) to sleep : pres. sg. III. swefe?;, 1742; inf. swefan, 119. 730, 1673; pret. sg. swaf, 1801 ; pi. swsefon, 704; swsefun, 1281. — 2) to sleep the death-sleep, die : pres. sg. III. swefelS, 1009, 2061, 2747; pi. swefa'S, 2257,2458. swegel, St. n., ether, clear sky : dat, sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774- swegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear : ace. pi. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750. swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl- wered, 607. swelgan, st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snsedum swealb (swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nym'Se liges faSm swulge on swaSule, 783. for-swelgan, w. ace, to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1 123, 2081. svieX\3.-a,%\i.v.,to swell : inf. >a sio wund on-gan . . . swglan and swel- lan, 2714. sweltan, st. v., to die, perish : pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca mor- tSre swealt (died a violent death), 893. 2783; wundor-deaSe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359. swencan, w. v., to swink, oppress, strike : pret. sg. hine wundra Jias GLOSSARY. 277 fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sun- de, 1511. ge-swencan,& of press, strike, in- jure: pret. sg. syWan hine Hse'5- cyn . . . flSne geswencte, 2439; pret. part, synnum ge-swenced, 976 ; hse'Sstapa hundum ge - swenced, 1369. — Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. sweng, St. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. sweDge, 1521, 2967; swenge (jvith its stroke), 2687; instr. pi. sweordes swengum, 2387. — Comp. : feorh-, hete-, hea'Su-, heoro-sweng. swerian, st. v., to swear : pret. w. ace. I. ne me swor fela SBa on unriht {swore no false oaths), 2739; he me S'Sas sw6r, 472. for-swerian,w. instr., to forswear, renounce (^protect with magic for- mulaf) : pret. part, he sige-w«p- num for-sworen hafde, 805. s\F6g, St. m., sound, noise, uproar : nom. sg. sw§g, 783 ; hearpan sweg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca s\v§g, 645; sang and swSg, 1064; dat. sg. sw6ge, 1215. — Comp.; bene-, morgen-sw8g. B\ir61an, w. v., to burn (here of wounds) : inf. swelan, 2714. See swselan. STreart, adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-ric sweart, 3146; dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167. BTV^eolSol (of. O.H.G. suedan, sue- than=:cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt v., 215), St. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, sfnoking flame : dat. sg. ofer swio- iSole (MS. swic 'Sole), 3146. See STvaffnl. BTveofot, St. m., sleep : dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. Bweoloff, St. m., heat, fire, flame : dat.sg.sweolo'Se, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizttnga = ardor, cavima. sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken .■ pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceiS {darkens his soul), 1738- f or-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim : pres. sg. III. eagena bearhtm for-siteS and for-sworce^, 1 76S. ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to dark- en : pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. sweord, s-wurd, s^wyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; ace. sg. sweord, 437, 673. 1559. 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 261 1, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; ace. pi. sweord, 2639; swyrd, 3049; instr. pi. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pi. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962. — Comp. : gft^-, malS^um-, waag- sweord. sweord, st. f ., oath : in comp. k'S- sweord {sword-oathT), 2065. sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale^ death by the sword : nom. sg., 1 148. STveord-freca, w. m., sword-war- rior : dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. STyeord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giv- ing of swords : nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885. BW^eotol, STVutol, adj.: i) clear ^ bright: nom. sg. swutol sang sc6- pes, 90. — 2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, S18; tScen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweo- tolan tdcne, 141. swedf, STreop. See Bw^fan, bwS.- pan. B'wllff, St. n.? (O.N. swiSi), burning pain : in comp. J)r3rS-swi'S(?). swiSt, adj., swift : nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. 278 GLOSSARY. swlmman, swymman, st. v., to swim : inf. swymman, 1625. ofer-swimman, w. ace, to swim over or through : pret. sg. ofer- swam siole^a bigong (swam over the sea) , 2368. S'wlncan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend : pret. pi. git on wateres seht seofon niht swuncon, 517. g e - swing, st. n., surge, eddy : nom. sg. atol ^a geswing, 849. swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne g8d hafoc geond sal swinge'5, 2265. S'wiean, st. v. : i) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon : pret. sg. nsfre hit {the sword") at hilde ne sw^c manna sngum, 1461. — 2) to escape: subj. pres. bfltan his lie swicg, 967. ge-swlcan, to deceive, leave in the lurch : pret. sg. gtt^-bill ge-swic nacod at nllSe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seo ecg ge-swSc Jieodne at J>earfe (Jhe sword failed the prince in need), 1525. swiiSf, sw^at (Goth. swinj)-s), adj., strong, mighty : nom. sg. was I'at ge-win t8 swj^, 191. — Comp. nom. sg. sio swi&e hand {the right hand), 2099. swlSe, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; sw^e, 2171,2188. Compar. swllSor, OTor^, rather, more strongly, 961, 1 140, 1875, 2199. — Comp. un-swllSe. ofer-swriffian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. ace. of person : pres. sg. III. ofersw^etS, 279, 1769. B'wilS'-ferlilS, adj., (^fortis animd), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swJIS-ferh'5, 827; gen. sg. swl'S- ferhBes, 909 ; nom. pi. swl^-ferh^e, 493; dat. pi. swl^-ferh'Sum, 173. swilif-hycgend, pres. part, {strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swl^-hycgende, 920; nom. pi. swi^-hycgende, 1017. Bwtl8f-in6d, adj., strong-minded : nom. sg., 1625. on-s\rIfan, st. v. w. ace., to swing, turn, at or against, elevate : pret. sg. biorn (Beowulf) bord-rand on- swSf wi'S Jjam gryre-gieste, 2560. swigian, w. v., to be silent, keep silent : pret. sg. lyt swlgode niwra spella {kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pi. swlgedon ealle, 1700. s\vigor, adj., silent, taciturn : nom. sg. weak, \>k was swlgra secg . . . on gylp- spruce gil'S - ge-weorca, 981. STtin, sw^n, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm) : nom. sg. sw^n, III2; ace. sg. swln, 1287. svrin-lic, St. n., swine-image or body: instr. pi. swin-Ucum, 1454. swOgan, St. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. sw6gende ISg, 1346. STPutol. See sweotol. swylc, STrilc (Goth, swa-leilc-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a ; relative = qualis, as, which : nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc . . . swylc = talis . . . qualis, 1329; ace. sg. swylc, 2799; call . . . swylc {all . . . which, as), 72; 6Ser swylc {such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc {on such things), 997; dat. sg. gft^-frem- mendra swylcum {to such a battle- worker, i.e. Beowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwat {some such), 881 ; acc.pl. swylce, 2870; eall swylce . . . swylce, 3166; swylce twegen {two such), 1348; ealle hearfe swylce {all needs that), 1798; swylce hie . . . findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as tkey GLOSSAEY. 279 might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1 157; efne swylce meela swylce {at just such times as), 1250; gen. pi. swylcra searo-nt^a, 582; swylcra fela . . . ser-gestredna, 2232. swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908,921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (and like- wise), 2259; swilce, 1153. swylt, St. m., death : nom. sg., 1256, 1437- swylt-dag, st. m., death-day: dat. sg. mr swylt-dage, 2799. swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. swyrd. See sweord. swySf. See swiff. SYi^^n. See swin. syUafan (se^ian. Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. ace: inf. Jjonne hit sweordes ecg sylKan scolde {then the edge of the sword should avenge it), 1107. syffffan. See siSd'aii. syfan-vrintre, adj., seven-winters- old : nom. sg., 2429. syhff. See se6n. syl (O.H.G. swella), st. i.,sill, bench- support : dat. sg. fram sylle, 776. sylfa. See selfa. syllan. See sellan. syUic. See sellic. eymbel, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: ace. sg. symbel, 620, ion; geaf me sine and symbl (gave me treasure and feast- ing, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; J>at hie . . . symbel ymbsseton (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009 ; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pi. sym- bla, 1233. symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle was J)^ sasmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881. symbel-Tryn, st. f., banqueting- pleasure, joy at feasting: ace. sg. symbel-wynne dreSh, 1 783. syn, St. f., sin, crime : nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pi. syn- nura, 976, 1256, 3072. syn. See sin. syn-byslg, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guiltl (Kiegei), guilt-hauntedl : nom.sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. g e - syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime : pret. part, tat was feohleas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. synnlg, adj., sin-laden, sinful : ace. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380. — Comp. : fela-, un-synnig. ge-synto, f., health: dat. pi. on gesyntum, 1870. syrce. See serce. syrwan, w. v. w. ace., to entrap, catch unawares : pret. sg. dugu'Se and geogo'Se seomade andsyrede, i5i. be-syrwan:l)/o compass or accom- plish by finesse; effect: inf. dffid Jie we ealle ser ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. — 2) to en- trap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se minscatSa manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (alU, see sum) of the men), 714. s^n, f., seeing, sight, scene : comp. an-s^n. ge-s^ne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160. — Comp.: gS-ge-s^ne, f&- ge-s8ne. 280 GLOSSARY. taligean, w. v. : i) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. no ic me . . . hnSgran gftS-ge- weorca J^onne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle- works'), 678; w§n ic talige . . . ))at (/ count on the hope . . . thai), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. Jiat rsed tala^' J>at {counts it gain thai), 2028. — 2) to tell, relate: so^S ic talige (/ tell facts), 532 ; swi Jju self talast {as thou thyself sayst), 595- tacen, st. n., token, sign, evidence : nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tScne, 141; tires to tScne, 1655. — Comp. luf- tScen. tan, St. in., twig: in comp. iter-tSn. g e - tsecan, ■w. w., to show, point out : prat. sg. him ]>k hilde-deor hof modigra torht ge-taehte {the war- rior pointed out to them, the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign : pret. sona rae se maera mago Healf- denes . . . wi'S his sylfes sunu setl getaehte {assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014. tsele, adj., blameworthy : in comp. un-tsele. ge -tsese, adj., quiet, still : nom. sg. gif him waere . . . niht ge-tsese {whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321. tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. telge. See talian. tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem : pret. sg. ne his llf-dagas gumena senigum nytte tealde {nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; hat ic me Knigne under swe- I gles begong ge-sacan ne tealde {1 believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwa^ he Jjone gfiS-wine godne tealde {said he counted the war-friend good), 181 1; he flsic gir-wlgend g6de tealde {deemed us good spear^war- riors), 2642; pi. sw^ {so that) hine Geata beam godne ne teal- don, 2185. — 2) to ascribe, count against, impose : pret. sg. (prylSo) him walbendeweotode tealde hand- gewri^ene, 1937. ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on : w. dat. gold . . . grunde ge- tenge, 2759. te&r, St. m., tear: nom. pi. tearas, 1873- teoh, St. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. (g e ?) - teohhiau, w. v., to fix, de- termine, assign : pret. sg. ic for lassan lean teohhode . . . hnihran rince, 952; pres. part, was o'Ser in asr geteohhod {assigned) . , . mae- rum Geate, 1301. teon, St. v., to draw, lead: inf. hSht . . . eahta mearas ... on flet teon {bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. me to grunde teah f^h feond-sceatSa {the many- hued fiend-foe drew me to the bot- tom), 553; eft-siSas teah {with- drew, returned), 1333; sg. for pi., £Eg-hwylcum , . . J>Sra >e mid Beo- wulfe brim-lSde teah {to each of those that crossed the sea with B.), 1052 ; pret. part, fji was . . . heard- ecg togen {then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearlS ... on nas- togen {was drawn to the promon- tory), 1440. i-teon, to wander, go, intrans. : pret. sg. 18 Heorute S-teah {dirat. to Heorot), 767. GLOSSARY. 281 ge-te6n: i) io draw; pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teah, 2611; w. instr. and ace. hire seaxe ge-teah, brad brfln-ecg, 1546. — 2) to grant, give, lend : imp. n6 ))U him wearne getedh f>inra gegn-cwida gladnian {refuse not to gladden the?ii with thy answer'), 366; pret. sg. and \>i. Beowulfe bega gehwa'Sres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teah {and the frince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, he him est geteah (gave possession of), 2166. of-te6n,/i3 deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret. sg. Scyld Scefing . . . monegum mjegiSum meodo-setla of-teah, 5 ; w. ace. of thing, hond . . . feorh- sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of- teah, 1521. burh-teon, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gemSt J)urh-tedn mihte, 1141. te6n (of. teoh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. V. w. ace, to make, work : pret. sg. tedde, 1453; — to fur- nish out, deck : pret. pi. nalas hi hine lassan IScum teodan {pro- vided him with no less gifts'), 43- ge-te6n,/o provide, do, bring on : pres. sg. unc sceal weorlSan . . . sw3 unc Wyrd ge-ted'S, 2527; pret. sg. he him . . . s&re ge-te6de {who had done him this harm), 2296. g e - te6na, w. m., injurer, harmer : in comp. IStS-ge-teona. til, adj., good, apt, fit : nom. sg. m. Hilga til, 61 ; begn ungemete till (of Wiglif), 2722; fem. was sed J'edd tilu, 1 25 1; neut. ne was >at ge-wrixle til, 1305. tUlan, w. V. w. gen., to gain, win : inf. gif ic . . . owihte mag Hnre mod-lufan mSran tilian {ifl . . , gain), 1824. tiinbrian, w. v., to build : pres. part, ace. sg. sal timbred {the well-built halt), 307. be-timbrian, (eonstruere), /ij^w- ish building, complete: pret. pi. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu- rofes bSen, 3161. tld, St. f., -tide, time : ace. sg. twelf wintra tid, 147; lange tld, 1916; in \>% tide, 2228. — Comp.: fin-, morgen-tld. ge-tlffian (from tigtSian), w. v., to grant : pret. part, impers. was . . . bSne (gen.) ge-tKSad feasceaftum men, 2285. tir, St. m., glory, repute in war : gen. sg. tires, 1655. tir-eddig, adj., glorious, famous : dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of Beo- wulf), 2 1 go. tir-fastj adj., famous, rich in glory : nom. sg. (of Hr8%ir), 923. tir-Ie&s, adj., without glory, infa- mous : gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. toga, w. m., leader : in comp. folc- toga. torht, adj., bright, brilliant: ace. sg. neut. hof . . . torht, 313.— Comp. : wuldor-torht, hea^o-torht {loud in battle) . torn, St. n. ; l) wrath, insult, dis- tress : ace. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pi. torna, 2190. — 2) anger : instr. sg. tome ge-bolgen, 2402. — Comp. llge-torn. torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg. hredwa tornost, 2130. torn-ge-mSt, st. n., {wrathful meet- ing), angry engagement, battle : ace. sg., 1 141. to, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direc- tion or tending to, hence : i) local = whither after verbs of motion. 282 GLOSSARY. io, up to, at : com tS recede (/o tAe hall), 721; eode to sale, 920; eode to hire frean sittan, 642; gae^ eft ... to medo {goeth again to mead), 605; wand to wolcnum (wound to the welkin) , 1 1 20 ; sigor to slsepe (sank to sleep) , 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553. 926, loio, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lifS-wsege bar halum t8 handa {bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men"! athandT), 1984; 6S J)at nibt becom oSer to yldum, 2ii8; him tS bearme cwom mStS^um-fat maere (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; sselde to sande sid-fatSme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; J>at se harm- sca'Sa to Heorute S-teah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan : sitte nu t3 symble (sit now to the meat), 489; Bi"S^an ... we t6 symble geseten hafdon, 2105; t8 hSm (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking : jaaiSglode t6 his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; t6 Gea- tum spree, 1172; so, hlht )jat hea- •So-weorc to hagan biodan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893. — 2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d) : hra'Se was to bflre Beowulf fetod (B, was hastily brought to the hall), 131 1; si^&n Hima at-wag t8 Jjsere byrhtan byrig BrSsinga mene (since H. carried the Brosing- Hecklace off to{T) the bright city), 1200; wean Shsode. fseh^o t8 Fry- sum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208. — 3) = end of motion, hence : a) to, for, as, in : Jjone god sende folce to frofre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette . . . sunnan and mSnan leoman to leohte (as a light), 95; ge-sat . . . t8 rilne (satin counsel), 172; wear^ he HeaiSo-life t8 hand-bonan, 460; bringe . . . tS helpe (bring to, for, help), 183 1; Eofore forgeaf angan dohtor . . . hyldo t8 wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 5o8(?), 666, 907,972,1022, 1 187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1 71 2, 2080, etc.; secgan t8 soBe (to say in sooth), 51 ; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: he tS gyrn-wrace swltSor Jjohte Jjonne tS sse-ISde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea- voyage), 1 139; sacce ne wSne'S to GSr-Denum (nor weeneth of con- flict with the Spear-Danes), 602; Jjonne wgne ic t8 J)e wyrsan ge- >inges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; ne ic to Sweo- Jieode sibbe o^^e treowe wihte ne wSne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes . . .), 2923; wiste ham ahlsecan tS t>am heah-sele hilde ge->inged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wel bilS Jiam Jjc m8t to fader fa'5- mum freo'So wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; J>4ra Jie he ge-worhte t8 West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes) , 1579- — 4) with the gerund, inf.: t8 gefremmanne (to do), 174; to ge-cJ>Sanne (to makeknown), 257; t8 secganne (to say), 473; to be- fleonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923. 1942, etc With inf.: to fSran, 316; t8 friclan, 2557.— 5) temporal: gewSt him t6 ge- scap-hwfle (went at(T) the hour of fate; or, to his fated restf), 26 ; GLOSSARY. 283 t3 wMan feore {ever, in their lives), 934; Swa tS aldre {for life, forever'), 956; so, tS aldre, 2006, 2499; t6 life {during life, ever), 2433- — 6) with particles: wod under wolcnum to has t>e . . . {went under the welkin to the point where . . .), 715; so, elne ge-eodon t6 i>as tie, 1968 ; so, 241 1 ; he him J>as lean for-geald ... to bas >e he on reste geseah Grendel licgan {he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; was >at bl3d t6 has hSt {the blood was hot to that degree), 1 61 7; niis long t8 Jjon Jiat {'twas not long till), 2592, 2846; was him se man to t)on leof \iz!i {the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; to hwan si^'San wearlS hond-rfes ha- le^a {up to what point, hoiv, the hand-contest turned otit) , 2072; t8 middes {in the viidst), 3142. II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as piep. postponed] : i) to, towards, up to, at: gedng s8nat8, 1786; 30,2649; fShlS 66er to, 1756; sae-lSc . . . Jjc Jju her to I8cast {upon which thou here loo/t- est), 1655; folc to sasgon {the folk looked on), 1423; )jat hi him t3 mihton gegnum gangan {might proceed thereto), 313; se )>e him bealwa t8 b8te gel^fde (ivho be- lieved in help out of evils from him, i.e. Beowulf), 910; him t8 anwal- dan ire ge-lyfde {trusted for hivi- selftothe Almighty's help), I2y;}; J)e fis s§ceaiS t8 Sweona leode {that the Swedes will come against us), 3002. — 2) before adj. and adv., too : t8 Strang {too mighty), 133; tS fast, 137; tS sw^«, 191; so, 789, 970. 1 337. 1 743. 1 749, e'c- ; to fela micles {far too much), 695 ; he to forS ge-st8p {he had gone too far), 2290. tOff (G. tunl>u-s), St. m., tooth: in comp. bl8dig-tS'S (adj.). tredan, st. v. w. ace, to tread: inf. S£E-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tre- dan, 3020; pret. sg. wrac-lSstas trad, 1353; medo-wongas trad, 1644; gras-moldan trad, 1882. treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go : pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle {strode about with a strong troop), 923. trem, st. n., piece, part : ace. sg. ne . . . fotes trem {not a foot's breadth), 2526. treoTT, St. f., fidelity, good faith : ace. sg. tredwe, 1073; sibbe cSSe treowe, 2923. tre6w, st. n., tree : in comp. galg- treow. treo^an. See truwian. tre6w-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker : nom. pi. tre6w- logan, 2848. trodu, St. f., track, step : ace. sg. or pi. trode, 844. ge-trum, st. n., troop, band : instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. truxn, adj., strong, endowed with : nom. sg.heorothorniim trum, 1370. ge-trfiwan, w. v. w. ace, to con- firm, pledge solemnly : pret. sg. }>£ hie getrftwedon on twi healfe faste frio^u-ware, 1096. truwian, treoTvan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: i) w. dat. : pret. sg. sMe ne trflwode leofes mannes (/ trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), 1994; bearne ne trflwode >at he . . . {she trusted not the child that . . .), 2371 ; ge- hwylc hiora his ferhSe treowde 284 GLOSSAKY. J>at he . . . {each trusted his heart that . . .), 1 167. — 2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geata leod georne tift- wode m8dgan magnes, 670; wK- res ne trflwode, 2954. ge-trftwian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat. : pret. sg. strenge ge-tr&- wode, mund-gripe magenes, 1534; — w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge- trflwode, wiges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-tr&wode Snes mannes, 2541. tryddlan. See treddlan. tr^we, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg- \>^ gyt was . . . seghwylc oSrum tr^we, 1 166. ge-tr^we, adj., yfriV/i/a/.* nom. sg. her is sghwylc eorl olSrum ge- ti'^we, 1229. turf, St. f., sod, soil, seat : in comp. 61Sel-turf. tux, St. m., tooth, tusk : in comp. hilde-lux. ge - twsef an, w. v. w. ace. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder : pres. sg. III. J>at liec Ml olS^e ecg eafotSes ge- twasfeti {robs of strength'), 1764; inf. god ea'Se mag >one dol-scatSan dseda ge-twaefan ( God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gea- ta leod . . . feores getwaefde {cut him off from life), 1434; n6 Jjsr wseg-flotan wind ofer ^Sum slSes ge-twaefde {the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), 1909; pret. part, at- rihte was gftlS ge-twsefed {almost had the struggle been ended), 1659. ge-twaeman, w. v. ace. pers. and gen. thing, to hinder, render inca- pable of, restrain : inf. ic hine ne mihte . . . ganges getwaeman, 969. twegen, f. neut. twS, num., twain. two: nom. m. twegen, 1164; ace. m. twegen, 1348; dat. twasm, 1 192; gen. twega, 2533; ace. f. twS, 1096, II95- twelf, num., twelve: gen. twelfa, 3172- t'weone (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two : dat. pi. be ssem tweo- num, 859, 1298; 1686. twidlg, adj., in comp. lang-twidig {long-assured), 1709. tyder, st. m., race, descendant : in comp. un-tyder. III. tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly : nom. pi. tydre, 2848. tyn, num., ten : uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161 ; inflect, nom. tyne, 2848. tyrwian, w. v., to tar : pret. part. tyrwed in comp. ; niw-tyrwed. on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice : pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. pafian, w. v. w. ace, to submit to, endure: inf. })at se teod-cyning Jia- fian sceolde Eofores dnne dom, 2964. }>anc, St. m.: l) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-Jianc; inwit- >anc (adj.). — 2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; ace. sg. }>anc, 1998, 2795. — 3) con- tent, favor, pleasure : dat. sg. \>%. >e gif-sceatlas Geata fyredon J>yder t6 hance {those that tribute for the Gedtas carried thither for favor), 379- ge-J>anc, St. m., thought: instr. pi. >e6strum ge - ))oncum, 2333. — Comp. mSd-ge-}>anc. panc-hycgende, pres. part., thought- ful, 2236. GLOSSARY. 285 pancian, w. v., to thank : pret. sg. gode J>ancode . . . JjSs }pt hire se willa ge-lamp (thanked God that her wish was granted), 626; so, 1398; pi. Jiancedon, 627(?). ^anon, ]7onon, >onan,adv.,Mf»f;.- I ) local : J)anon eft gewit (Jie went thence back'), 123; tanon up . . . stigon (went up thence), 224; so, tanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; >anan, 188 1; J>onon, 520, 1374, 2409; >onan, 820, 2360, 2957. — 2) personal: Jianon un- tydras ealle on-w6con (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), iii; so, t>anau, 1266; Jjonon, 1961; uns6fte tonon feorh 6B-ferede (i.e. from Gren- del's mother), 2141. J»a, adv.: i) tJicre, then, 3, 26, 28, 34. 47. 53. etc. With Jjaer: ta \^x, 331. With nu : nu JjS (now then), 658. — 2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indie, 461, 539, 633, etc.; — because, whilst, during, since, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc. })at, I. demons, pron. ace. neut. of se : demons, nom. Jiat (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. J>y, 1798, 2029; J>at ic \if wsepne ge-t>rad (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon!), 1665; \>^ weor^ra (the more honored), •903; J^ sSft (the more easily), 2750; Yj las hym J^e J>rym wudu vvynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), 1919; no \^ ssr (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; n6 J)^ leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. Jjy' =z.is ., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; }>6 . . . J>6 = on this account ; for this reason . . . that, because, 2639- 2642; wiste J.? geornor (knew but too well), 822; he . . . was sundes J)S saenra he hine swylt fornam (hi was the slower in swimming as [whoml'] death carried him off), 1437; 1^ ^™ wihte J>S s61 (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. ]>as = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 1 5, 114, 35°. 589, 901. 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. J>as ]»e, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798; — also = secun- dum quod : JjSs J)e hie gewisllcost ge-witan meahton, 1 35 1 ; — there- fore, accordingly, 1342, 3CXDI; t5 J>as (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; Jias georne (so firmly), 969; ac he Jias faste was . . . besmilSod (it was too firmly set), 774; no J)as frod leo- fa^ gumena bearna Jiat j)one grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bot- tom), 1368; he >as (t>am, MS.) modig was (had the courage for it), 1509. _ II. conj. (relative), that, so thai, IS, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc. ; 8'S tat (up to that, until) ; see dar. >atte (from J>at te, see ^ti),' that, 151. 859, 1257. 2925. etc.; )>at >e (that), 1847. J>aer : l) demons, adv., there (where), 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; mor^or- bealo mSga, J>£Er he6 ser mjESte heold worolde wynne (the death- bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), 1080. With ))S: JjS Jjser, 331; )wr on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.; — then, at that time, 440 ; — thither: >aer swKS-ferh^e sittan eodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc. 286 GLOSSARY. — 2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc. ; eode . . . ]?ser se snotera bSd {went where the wise one tarried) , 1314; so, 1816; — if, 763. 798, 1008, 1836, 2731, etc. ; — whither : gS )>ser he wille, 1395- J>e, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated vpith se, sed, J>at : HunferlS ma^e- lode, he at f6tum sat (^H., who sat at his feet, spake"), 500; so, 138, etc.; was \>a!i gewin to swJ'S J)e on J)S leode be-com {the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille . . .\it J)S and-sware adre ge-cj&n he me se goda J-gifan J>ence15 (/ will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), 355; 6'5 tone Snne dag be he . . . {till that very day that he . . .), 2401 ; heo \>k faeh^e wrac be bu . . . Grendel cwealdest {the fight in which thou slewest G.), 1335; mid Jjaere sorge be him sio sSr belamp {with the sorrow wherewith the pain had vis- ited him), 2469 ; pi. bonne bS dydon be . . . {than they did that . . .), 45; so, 378, 1 136; b^ mS'Smas be he me sealde {the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, gimfastan gife J>e him god sealde {the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. id\sx\%.fa.\e:{ofthosethat), the depend, verb often takes sg. instead of pi. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.) : wundor-siona fela sec- ga ge-hwylcum b^ra be on swylc stara'S {to each of those that look on such), g^T, so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, se6, bat : sagde se be cft'Se {said he that knew), 90 ; was se grimma gast Grendel haten, se be moras heold {the grim stranger highl Grendel, he that held the moors), 103; here-byrne . . . seo be bSn- cofan beorgan cfilSe {the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; bser ge-l^fan sceal dryhtnes dome se Jie hine deaS nimelS {he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), 441 ; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308). ]>as ]>e. See Jjat. >edli ]>e. See peAh. for]>amJ>e. See for-J^am. Tff, ]>g, the, by that, instr. of se : dhte ic holdra b^ las ... he dea'5 for- nam (/ had the less friends whom death snatched away), 48S; so, 1437- J>eccan, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. b^ sceal brond fretan, aled beccean {fire shall eat, fiame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pi. bser git eagor- stream earmum behton {in swim- ming), 513. Jjegn, St. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710 ; (Beo- wulf), 194; (Wlgiaf ), 2722; ace. sg. begen (Beowulf, MS. begn), 1872; dat. sg. begne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (WiglSf), 2811; gen. sg. begnes, 1798; nom: pi. begnas, 1231; ace. pi. )>egnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pi. begnum, 2870; gen. pi. begna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc. — Comp. : ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele- begn. >egniaii, ]>enlaii, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him bSnode dedran sweorde (/ served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560. GLOSSARY. 287 J>egii-sorh, st. f., tkane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman : ace. sg. J>egn- sorge, 131. ]>egu, St. f., taking: in comp. : beah-, bedr-, sinc-Jjegu. J>el, St. n., deal-board, board for benches : in comp. benc-J>el, 486, 1240. ]7encan, w. v. : 1) io think : abso- lutely : pres. sg. III. se {)e wel Jjen- ce'5, 289; so, 2602. With depend, clause : pres. sg. nsnig heora Jjohte Jiat he . . . {itone of them thought that he), 692. — 2) w. inf., to in- tend: pres. sg. III. )ji and-sware . . . ))e me se goda i-gifan J>encetS {the ajiswer thai the good one in- tendeth to give me'), 355; (bl6dig wal) byrgean Jience^, 448; Jjonne he . . . gegSn J>enceS longsumne lof {if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. ne )>at aglseca yldan JjShte (the monster did not mean to delay that), 740; pret. pi. wit unc wi^ hronfixas weiian Jjohton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heawan }>6hton, 8oi. S-Jiencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (he) J>is ellenweorc Ina S-t>6hte t6 ge-fremmanne, 2644. ge-J>encan, w. ace: l) to think of: (jat he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge-Jpencean (so that he him- self may not think of, know, its limit), 1735. — 2) to be mindful : imper. sg. ge-Jjenc nu . . . hwat wit geo spraecon, 1475. I^enden : i) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fScen-stafas Jiedd- ' Scyldingas Jienden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyl- dings done foul deeds), 1020 (re- ferring to 1 1 65; cf. WldsIS, 45 seqq.) ; J>enden reafode rinc 8tSer- ne {whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen- }>e6w), 2986. — 2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, i860, 2039, 2500, 3028; — whilst, 2419. With subj., whilst, as long as: J^enden i>\x mote, 1 1 78; >enden Jju lifige, 1255; Jienden hit s^ (whilst the heat lasts), 2650. ]>engel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler : ace. sg. hringa Jiengel (Beowulf),. 1508. pes (m.), J>e6s (f.), ]j1s (n.), de- mons, pron., this: nom. sg. 411,. 432, 1703; f,, 484; nom. ace- neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; bys, 1396; ace. sg. m. Jiisne, 75; f. J>as, 1682; dat. sg. neut. >issum, 1 170; hys- sum, 2640; f. })isse, 639; gen. m> }>isses, 1217; f. Jjisse, 929; neut.. Jiysses, 791, 807; nom. pi. and ace. J>^s, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641 ; dat.- ))yssuin, 1063, 1220. J>e. See J>at. }>61i. See }>e&h. J>earf, st. f., need : nom. sg. J^earf,. 1251, 2494, 2638; J>S him was manna hearf (as he was in need of men), 201 ; aee. sg. hearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmaS ge nu ledda Jiearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2801 ; dat. sg . at );earfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; ace. pi. se for andrysnum ealle be- weotede Jjegnes ^earfe (who would' supply in courtesy all the thane's- needs), 1798 (cf. sele-Jjcgn, 1795). — Comp. : firen-, nearo-, ofer-)>eai f.. ]>earf. See ]>urfaii. ge-J»earfiaii, w. v., = necessitatem imponere : pret. part. JiS him swS. ge-hearfod was (since so they found it necessary), 1104. JyearlC) adv., very, exceedingly, 560. ]7edh,}>Sh, conj., though, even though- or if: l) with subj. J)eah, 203,. 288 GLOSSARY. 526, 588, 590, 1 168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by i>e : }>eah >e, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; ))eah . . . eal {although'), 681. — 2) with indie. : Jjeah, 1 103; J>8h, 1614. — 3) doubtful: J^eah he fl^e wel, 2856; swS >eah {never- theless), 2879; no . . . swS J;eah {not then hffwever), 973; nas J?e forht swd ))eh (/zf ttiaj not, though, afraid), 2968; hwa'Sre swS )>eah {yet however), 2443. I>e4w, St. m., custom, usage : nom. sg., 178, 1247; ace. sg. beaw, 359; instr. pi. Jjeawum {in accordance with custom), 2145. J>e6cl, St. f. : \)war-troop, retainers : nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251. — 2) na- tion, folk : nom. sg., 1692; gen. pi. ))e6da, 1 706. — Comp. : sige-, wer-t'eod. J>e6d-cynlng, st. m., (= folc-cy- ning), warrior-king, king of the people : nom. sg. (Hro'SgSr), 2145 ; (Ongen>edw), 2964, 2971; Hod- cyning (Bedwulf), 2580; ace. sg. J>e6d-cyning(Be6wulf), 3009; gen. sg. )'e6d-cyninges(Be6wulf),2695; gen. pi. (jedd-cyninga, 2. |>e6deii, st.m., lord of a troop, war- chief, king; ruler : nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; Hoden, 2337, 281 1 ; ace. sg. Jieoden, 34. 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; tioden, 2789; dat. sg. J>e6d- ne, 345. 1526, 1993. 2573, 2710, etc.; Redden, 2033; gen. sg. J>e6d- nes, 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; >i6dnes, 2657; nom. pi. Kodnas, 3071. ijteoden-leds, adj., without chief or king : nom. pi. Redden - lease, 1 104. J»e6d-gestre6ii, st. n., people's- jewet, precious treasure : instr. pi, J)edd-ge-strednum, 44; gen. pi J)edd-ge-stredna, 1219. ]>e6dlg, adj., appertaining to a Jiedd : in eomp. el->eddig. J»e6d-scaffa, w. -ax., foe of the people, general foe : nom. sg. J)edd-seea& {the dragon), 2279, 2689. ]je6d-]jre4, st. f., popular misery, general distress : dat. pi. wi^ J»edd- )reaum, 178. \>e6t, St. ni., thief: gen. sg. tedfes crafte, 2221. J>e6n, St. V. . \) to grow, ripen, thrive : pret. sg. weorSmyndum J)Sh {grew iti glory), 8. — 2) to thrive in, succeed : pret. sg. hftra Jiat on lande lyt manna (.Sh {that throve to few), 2837. ge-\>e6n,to grow, thrive ; increase in power and influence : imper. ge-)!edh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dzedum sceal . . . man gejiedn, 25 ; Jpat J>at J;eddnes beam ge-Jiedn scolde, 911. on-l^edn, to begin, undertake, w. gen. : pret. he Jias ser on))Sh, 901 (O.H.G. inthlhan, w. gen., Otfrid I, I, 30- Jjeon (for Jjeowan), w. v., to op- press, restrain : inf. nas se fole- cyning ymb-sittendra zenig J>ira J>e mec . . . dorste egesan bedn {thai durst oppress 7ne with terror), 2^^^. Jjeostor, adj., dark, gloomy : instr. pi. Jjedstrum ge-Jjoncum, 2333. ]>icgan, St. v. w. ace., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate : inf. t>at he (Gren- del) mS mSste manna cynnes Ae- gean ofer };a niht, 737 ; symbel >icgan {take the meal, enjoy the feast), loii ; pret. pi. ))at hie me J>Sgon, 563; >£er we medu JiSgun, 2634. ge-))iegan, w. ace, to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-J.eah, 619, 629; Bedwulf ge- GLOSSAEY. 289 J>ah ful on flette, 1025 ; pret. pi. (medo-ful manig) ge-t>aegon, 1015. |>ider, J»yder, adv., thither ; )>yder, 3087. 379. 2971. ]>ihtlg, Jjyhtlg, adj., doughty, vigor- ous, firm : ace. sg. neut. sweord . . . ecgum hyhtig, 1559. — Comp. hyge-J)ihtig. ]7incan. See ])yiicaii. ]>lng, St. n. : i) thing: gen. pi. senige jiinga (k//o modo), 792, 2375, 2906. — 2) affair, contest, controversy : nom. sg. me wear's Grendles Hug . . . undyrne ctcS ( Grendel's doings became known to me), 409. — 3) judgment, issue, judicial assem- bly (J") : ace. sg. sceal . . . Sna ge- hegan J)mg wW J>yrse (^shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant : see began), 426. ge-J>ing,st. n. : l) terms, covenant: ace. pi. ge-Hngo, 1086. — 2) fate, providence, issue : gen. sg. ge- Hnges, 398, 710; (ge-Jimgea,MS.), 525. g e - }>ingaii, st. v., to grow, m-ature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430) : pret. part. cwSn mode ge-Jjungen {ntature - minded, high - spirited, queen'), 625. See ■wel-]jungen. ge-}>ingan (see ge-]>ing), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty : w. refl. dat., enter into a treaty : pres. sg. III. gif him >onne HrS'Sric to hofum Geata ge-Jiinge^ ijf H. en- ters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Gedtas, refer- ring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo. — 2) to prepare, appoint : pret. part, wiste [at] j'am ahlsecan . . . hilde ge-Hnged, 648; hra^e vi'is . . . m?ce ge-];inged, 1939. ]>ingiail, w. V. : 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne h^rde ic snotor-llcor on swS geongum feore guman Hngian {1 never heard a man so young speak so wisely), \%i^ — 2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh- bealo . . . fed ))ingian {would not compound the life-bale for m-oney), 156; so, pret. sg. \>&. fsehtSe fed Hngode, 470. }>ihaii. See }>e6n. J»tn, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353. 367. 459, etc. ge-]»5ht, St. m., thought, plan : ace. sg. in-fealdne ge-JiSht, 256; fast- rffidne ge-Jioht, 611. ]>oIlan, w. V. w. ace. : \) to endure, bear : inf. (inwid-sorge) tolian, 833; pres. sg. III. jirea-njd [.olalS, 284; pret. sg. >olode J.ry'Sswy^, 131. — 2) to hold out, stand, sur- vive: pres. sg. (intrans.) jienden )jis svifeord }>ola1S {as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (seo ecg) (.olode a;r fela hand-ge- m8ta, 1526. ge-))olian: l) to suffer, bear, en- dure: gerund. tS ge-Jiolianne,i420; pret. sg. earfo'S-llce trage ge->olpde . . ., Jj^t he . . . dream geh^rde {bore ill that he heard the souna of joy), 87 ; torn ge-^olode {bore the misery), 147. — 2) to have pa- tience, wait: inf. J.aer he longe sceal on {>as waldendes wsre ge- Jjolian, 31 10. ]jon (Goth. Jian) = turn, then, now, 504; after >on {after that), 725; ser l;on dag cwome {ere day came), 732 ; no J.on lange {it was not long till then), 2424; nas \>% long to J>on {it was not long till thm), 2592, 2846 ; vifas him se man to ).on ledf j^at . . . {the man was to that degree dear to him that . . .), 1877. 290 GLOSSARY. ]>onne: i) adv., there, then, now, 377. 435. 525. "OS. US^. 1485. 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?). — 2) C0Ti}.,if,whe7t,while : a) w. indie, 573. 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; J)at ic gum-cystum godne funde beaga bryttan, breac Jionne moste {that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1 180, 3065; J>onne . . . Jjonne (Jhen . . . when), 484-85, 2447-48 ; gif J.onne . . . Jjonne (i/ then . . . then), 1105- 1107. c) CiizB after comparatives, 44. 248, 469. 505. 534. 679, 1 140, 1 1 83, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, 1. 70, before Jione : )>at he . . . h&tan wolde medo-am micel men ge-wyrcean bone yldo beam sefre ge-frunon (a great mead- house (greater) than men had ever known) . ]>racu, St. f., strength, boldness : in comp. mod-J>racu ; = impetus in ecg-J)racu. ]7rag, St. f., period of time, time : nom. sg. \i%L hine si6 J>rag be-cwom {when the \hzXi\e\-hour befell him), 2884; ace. sg. Jirage {for a time), 87; longe (lange) J>rage, 54, 114. — Comp. earfolS-Jirag. ge-J'rac, st. u., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-brac. ]>rec-'wudu, st. ra., {might-^ood), spear (cf. magen-wudu) : ace. sg., 1247. ]>reA, St. f., misery, distress : in comp. J)e6d-J)rea, Jirea-nSdla, -n^d. ]jre4-n6dla, w. m., crushing dis- tress, misery: dat. sg. for brea- nSdlan, 2225. }>red-n^d, st. f., oppression, distress : ace. sg. J>rea-n^d, 284; dat. pi. jirea-n^dum, 833. j^re&t, St. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on )jam Create, 2407 ; dat. pi. scea'Sena breatum, 4. — Comp . iren- breat. ]7re&tian, w. v. w. ace, to press, op- press : pret. pi. mec . . . Jireatedon, 560. Jjreot-teoffa, num. adj. w. m., thir- teenth : nom. sg. J'reot-teo'Sa secg, 2407. ]7re6, num. (neut.), three : ace. J>rid wicg, 217s ; Jireo hund wintra, 2279. ]>ridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr. hriddan sl^e, 2689. ge-J»ring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, crush: ace. onholmage-Jiring,2l33. ]7ringan, st. v., to press : pret. sg. wergendra to lyt Jrong ymbe beo- den {too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pi, sy^'San Hre'Slingas t8 hagan jirun- gon {after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge), 2961. for-Jringan,^!? press out; rescue, protect: inf. t>at he ne mehte . . .\i% wea-lSfe wige for-^ringan beddnes begne {that he could not rescue the wr^hed remnant from the king's thane by war), 1085. ge-^ting&Tijto press : pret. sg. ceol up ge^rang {the ship shot up, i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. ]»rltlg, num., thirty (neut. subst.) : ace. sg. w. partitive gen. : britig Jjeg- na, 123; gen. J>rittiges (XXXtiges, MS.) manna, 379. J»rlst-hydig, adj., bold-minded, val- orous : nom. sg. bioden brist-hydig (Beowulf), 281 1. Jjro'wian, \v. v. w. ace, to suffer, endure : inf. (hit, gnorn) browian, 2606, 2659 ; pret. sg. Jjrowade, 1590, 1722; Jirowode, 2595. JryffUjSt.f., abundance, multitude. GLOSSARY. 201 excellence, power : instr.pl. J>ry^um {excellently, extremely ; excellent in strengthT), 494. (>ryff-arn, st. n., excellent house, royalhall: acc.sg. (of Heorot), 658. I>ry?flic, adj., excellent, chosen : nom. sg. Jry^-lic Jiegna heap, 400, 1628; superl. ace. pi. >rytS-llcost, 2870. l>Ty9-B\r§iS,st. n.?, great pain{'i') : ace, 131, 737 [? adj., very power- ful, exceeding strong"] . JryS'-'wordj st. n., bold speech, choice discourse ; nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk : of. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 161 2; Klgsmdl, 29, 7, in Mobius, p. 79 b, 22.) J»ryin, st. m. ; 1) power, might,force : nom. sg. ySa Jrym, 1919; instr. pi. = adv. Jjrymmum {powerfully'), 235. — 2) glory, renown : ace. sg. Irym, 2. — Comp. hyge-Jirym. J»rym-llCj adj., powerful, mighty: nom. sg. Jjrec-wudu Jirym-llc {the mighty spear), 1247. J>u, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.; ace. sg. Jiee (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; he, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. saelran J>e {a better one than thee), 1851. See ge, e6w. )>unca, w. m. See af-Jjunca. ge-}>ungen. See ]7ingan. ]>urfaii, pret.-pres. v., to need : pres. sg. II. no Jju ne >earft . . . sorgian {needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne Jiearf . . . onsittan {need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. tat he . . . sSeean Jpurfe, 2496; pret. sg. Jiorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pi. nealles Hetware hrSmge borfton (i.e. we- san) fS^e-wiges {needed not boast of their foot-fight), 2365. ge-]»uren. See Jj-weran. ]>urh, prep. w. ace. signifying mo- tion through, hence : I. local, through, throughout : w6d JjS liurh Jjone wal-r§c {went then through the battle-reek), 2662. — II. causal : 1) on account of, for the sake of, owing to : )>urhsltSne niS {through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; turh holdne hige {from friendli- ness), 267; so, Jjurh rflmne sefan, 278; J>urh sidne sefan, 1727; eo- we^ Jjurh egsan uncft^ne ntS {shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), 276; so, 1 102, 1336, 2046. 2) by means of, through : hea'So-rses for-nam mihtig mere-dedr Jjurh mine hand, 558; ))urh Snes craft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. l»us, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430. }>nnian, w. v., to din, sound forth : pret. sg. sund-wudu J>unede, 1907. ]>Q8end, num., thousand: i) fem. ace. ie ^e }>fisenda (legna bringe to helpe, 1830. — 2) neut. with meas- ure of value (seeat) omitted : aec. seofon ))(isendo, 2196; gen. hund- )>fisenda landes and locenra beaga (100,000 sceattas' worth of land and rings), 2995. — 3) uninflected : ace. bClsend wintra, 3051. Jjwsere, adj., affable, mild: in comp. man-Jjwasre. ge-J)waere, ai]., gentle, mild : nom. pi. ge-t>wsere, 1231. ge-J>waeran, St. v., to forge, strike: pret. part, heoru . . . hamere ge- )>uren (for ge-J)Woren) {hammer- forged sword), 1286. J>ylitig. See pihtig. ge-]>yld (see J»oliaii), st. f . : i) patience, endurance : aec. sg. ge-t>yld, 1396. — 2) steadfastness : instr. pi. = adv. : ge->yldum {stead fastly, patiently) , 1 706. 292 GLOSSARY. ]>yle, St. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court: nom. sg., 1 1 66, 1457. ]>yiican, ]>incean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear : pres. sg. III. >ince^ him to lytel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne J>ynce^ me gerysne, J>at we {it seemeth to me not fit that we ...'), 2654; pres. pi. hy . . . wyr'Se J>incea'S eorla ge- sehtlan (Jhey seem worthy contend- ers with{T) earls; or, worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swS him ge-met Jiince, 688; inf. Jiin- cean, 1342; pret. sg. J>tthte, 2462, 3058 ; nS his llf-gedSl s2r-lic >flhte secga aenigum {his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pi. \'sx him fold-wegas fagere l-ahton, 867. of-J)incan, to displease, offend: inf. mag tas Jjonne of-Jjyncan >e6- den (dat.) HealSo-beardna and t>egna gehwam }>Sra ledda, 2033. J»yrs, St. m., giant: dat. sg. wiS hyrse (Grendel), 426. Jiys-llc, adj., such, of such a nature : nom. sg. fem. }>ys-llcu l^earf, 2638. [>^. See ^p&t. l»ywan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. dfihan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif |3ec ymb-sittend egesan Vj- walS {if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), 1828. \^str\y,s\..i.,darkness : dat. pi. in J)^strum, 87. ge-J>^\^re, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swi him ge-J^e ne was {as was not his custom), 2333. U afan, s.d.\.,from aiove, 1501; above, 330- ufera (prop, higher), adj., later: dat. pi. ufaran dogrum, 2201. ufor, adv., higher, 2952. uhte, w. f., twilight or dawn : dat, or ace. on uhtan, 126. uht-floga, w. m., twilight- flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon) : gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. uht-hlem, st. m., twilight-cry, dawn- cry : ace. sg., 2008. uht-sceaUa, w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe : nom. sg., 2272. umbor, st. n. , child, infant: nom. sg., 46, 1 188. un-bliUfe, adv.(?), unblithely, sor- rowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pi.?), 3032. un-byrnende, pres. part., unburn- ing, without burning, 2549. unc, dat. and ace. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, 1784, 2138, 2527 ; gen. hwalSer . . . uncer twega {which of us two) , 2t,2,y, uncer Grendles {of us two, G. and me), 2003. uncer,poss. pron., o/iw too.- nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pi. un- cran eaferan, 1 186. nn-cuS, adj.; i) unknown: nom. sg. stig . . . eldum uncfllS, 2215; ace. sg. neut. uncft^ ge-lSd {un- known ways), 141 1 . — 2) unheard- of, barbarous, evil: ace. sg. un- cft'Sne rX&, 276; gen. sg. un-cft^es {of the foe, Grendel), 961. under, I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i) w. dat., answering question where ? = under (of rest), contrasted with over : bit (was) under beorge, 211; >S cwom Wealhjjeo foriS gSn under gyldnum beage ( W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), 1164; si^'San he under segne sine ealgode {under his banner), lioc,; he under rande ge-cranc {sank under his shield). GLOSSARY. 29$ laio; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404 ; under here - griman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1 198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.— 2) w. ace. : a) answering question whither? = under (of motion) : \i% secg wisode under Heorotes hrof, 403; si'S^an sefen-leoht under heo- fenes hidor be-holen weor^elS, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; ileon under fen-hleo'Su, 821 ; hond Slegde . . . under geapne hr8f, 837; tefin in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745 ; so, hafde >4 for-slSod sunu Ecg-J>eowes under gynne grand, 1552 (for-siSian requires ace), b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with ace. of object had in view : he under hirne st&n . . . Sna ge-nSISde fricne daade, 888; ne dorste under ^5a ge-win aldre ge-n8^an, 1470. c) indicating extent, with ace. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles be- gong {as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf {as far as heaven's vault reaches'), 2016. II. Adv., beneath, below: stig under lag {a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214. nndern-mael, st. n., midday: ace. sg., 1429. un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear : nom. sg., 127, 2001 ; un-derne, 2912. un-dyrne, 3.iy., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne eft's, 150, 410. un-fager, adj., unlovely, hideous : nom. sg. ledht un-fager, 728. un-faecne, adj., without malice, sin- cere : nom. sg., 2069. nn-fsege, adj., not death-doomed or "fey": nom. sg., 2292; ace. sg. un-fsegne eorl, 573. un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontest- ably : Finn Hengeste elne unflitme ifSum Ijenemde (JF. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor'], 1098. iin-forbt, s.i]., fearless, bold : nom. sg'., 287; ace. pi. unforhte (adv.?), 444. un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., 2189. un-fr5d, adj., not aged, young: dat. sg. guman un-fr6dum, 2822. nn-gedSfellce, adv., unjustly, con- trary to right and custom, 2436. nn-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729. un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. un-ge^ra, adv., {not old), recently, lately, 933; soon, 603. un-gifeffe, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922. un-gle4'w, adj., regardless, reckless: ace. sg. sweord . . . ecgum un- gleaw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. un-har, adj., very gray : nom. sg., 357- un-liselo, St. i., mischief, destruction : gen. Sg. wiht un-hselo {the demon of destruction, Grendel), i20. un-lie6re, un-h^re, adj., monstrous,, horrible : nom. sg. m., weard un- hiore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wlf un-h^re (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pi. neut. hand-speru . . . unheoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. un-hlytme, un-Mltme, adv. (of. A.S. hlytm= lot; O.N. hluti =part, division), undivided, unseparated. 294 GLOSSARY. united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. un-Ieof, adj., hated: ace. pi. seah on un-leofe, 2864. un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless : nom. sg. un - lifigende, 468; ace. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-Iifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745. un-lytel, adj., not little, very large : nom. sg. dugu'S un-lytel (a great band of warriors'! or great joyT), 498; d6m un-lytel {no little glory) , 886; ace. sg. torn un-lytel {very great shame, misery"), 834. nn-murnlice, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757. unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will : pret.-pres. sg. I. ic te an tela sine-gestredna, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. filSe ie swl^or tat t>u hine selfne ge-seon moste, 961 ; III. he ne fiSe Jjat . . . {he granted not that . . .), 503; him god flISe Jjat ... he hyne sylfne ge-wrac {God granted to him that he avenged himself), 2875; Jieah he dtSe wel {though he well would), 2856. ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif he ds ge-unnan wile J;at we hine . . . grStan moton, 346 ; me ge-fi^e ylda waldend, J^at ic . . . ge-seah hangian {the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging , . .), 1662. . un-nyt, adj., useless : nom. sg., 413, 3170- un-rUit, St. 11., unright, injustice, wrong: ace. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr.sg. un-rihte {unjustly, wrong- ly), 3060. iin-rim, st. n., immense number : nom. sg., 1239, 3136; aec. sg., 2625. un-rime, adj., countless, measure- less : nom. sg. gold un-rlme, 3013. un-r5t, adj., sorrowing: nom. pi. un-r8te, 3149. un-snyttru, f., lack of wisdom: dat., pi. for his un-snyttrum {for his unwisdom), 1735. un-softe, adv., unsoftly, with vio- lence {hardly ?), 2141 ; scarcely, 1656. un-s-w^aCe, adv., not strongly or powerfully : compar. (eeg) b&t unswfSor Jjonne his J)i6d-cyning tearfe hafde {the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed), 2579; f^r unswi- «or wedll, 2882. un-synnig, adj., guiltless, sinless: ace. sg. un-synnigne, 2ogo. un-synnum, adv. instr. pi., guilt- lessly, 1073. un-teele, adj., hlam-eless : ace. pi. un-taele, 1866. un-tyder, st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pi. un-tydras. III. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.] un-waollc, adj., that cannot be shaken; firm, strong: aec. sg. Sd . . . un-wScUene, 3139. un-wearnuin, adv. instr. pi., una- wares, suddenly; {unresistinglyl), 742. un-wrecen, pret. part., unavenged, 2444. np, adv., up, upward, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), ]>k was . . . w8p up Shafen, 128; so, 783. up-lang, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 760. nppe (adj., fife, ftffe) , adv., above, 566. up-riht, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 2093. uton. See Truton. GLOSSAEl. 295 u fiff-genge, adj., transilory, evanes- cent, ready to depart, (^fledT) : Jjser was Asc-here . . . feorh fiS-genge, 2124. fis, pers. pron. dat. and ace. of we 'see we), us, to its, 1822, 2636, ^643, 2921, 3002, 3079 ; ace. (poetic), fisic, 2639, 2641, 2642; — gen. Are : dre seg-hwilc {each of a-f). 1387; ^ser, 2075. 6ser, possess, pron. : nom. sg. fire man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. fissum hiaforde, 2635; gen. sg.neut. ftsses cynnes, 2814 ; dat. pi. drum . . . bSm {to us both, two) (for unc bim), 2660. fit, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. fitan, adv., from without, without, 775. 1032, 1504, 2335- fit-fus, adj., ready to go: nom. sg. hringed-stefna tsig and dt-ffls, 33. ut-weard, adj., outward, outside, free : nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) was flt-weard, 762. fitan-weard, adj., without, out- ward, from without : ace. sg. hlssw . . . ealne Cltan-weardne, 2298. W ^vacan, st. v., to awake, arise, origi- nate : pret. sg. tanon (from Cain) w6c fela ge6-sceaft-g£lsta, 1266 ; so, 1961; pi. Jiam fedwer beam ... in worold wocon, 60. on-wacan: i) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. )>i se wyrm on-woc {when the drake awoke), 2288. — 2) to be born : pret. sg. him on-w6e heah Healfdene, 56; pi. on-w6eon, III. tvacian, w. v., to watch ; imper. sg. waca wis wrS^um I 56 1. I wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle), to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. w6d huih Jjone wal-r8c, 2662; wod under wolcnum {stalked beneath the clouds'), 715. ge- wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach : pret. part. 8'S \>z.t . . .wunden-stefna ge-waden hafde, \>3.\. i>i liSende land ge-sSwon {titl the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), 220. on-wadan, w. ace., to invade, be- fall: pret. sg. hine fyren on- w8d(?), 916. J>urh-wadan,;o penetrate, pierce : pret. sg. J>at swurd hurh-wod wrat- licne wyrm, 891 ; so, 1568. •wag, St. m., wall: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pi. after wagum {along the walls), 996. wala, w. m., boss : nom. pi. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.). walda, w. m., wielder, ruler : in eomp. an-, eal-walda. wald-STFa8fu, st. f., forest-path : dat. pi. after wald-swa'Sum {along the wood-paths), 1404. warn, worn, st. m., spot, blot, sin .- ace. sg. him be-beorgan ne con worn {cannot protect himself from, evil or from the evil strange orders, etc. ; worn = wogum 'i= ct ookedT) , 1748; instr. pi. wommum, 3074. wan, "won, adj., wan, luria dark: nom. sg, ^^-geblond . . . won {the dark waves), \21S'> sewonnahrefn {the black raven), 3025; wonna l?g {lurid flame), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pi. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu . . . wan, 652. wang, St. m., mead,field; place: ace. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; 296 GLOSSAET. wonge, 2243, 3040; ace. pi. wongas, 2463. — Comp.: freo'So-, grund-, medo-, sae-wang. ■wang-stede, st. m., (locus campes- tris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong- stede, 2787. wan-h^d (for hygd), St. f., heedless- ness, recklessness : dat. pi. for his won-hydum, 434. wanian, w. v. : i) intrans., to de- crease, wane: inf. JjS tat sweord ongan . . . wanian, 1608. — 2) w. ace, to cause to wane or lessen: pret. sg. he t6 lange leode mine wanode, 1338. ge-wanian,/i> decrease, diminish : pret. part, is min flet-werod . . . ge-wanod, 477. Tran-ssellg, adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-sselig wer (Grendel), 105. ^van-sceaft, St. f., misery, want: ace. sg. won-sceaft, 120. ^varian, w. v. w. ace, to occupy, guard, possess : pres. sg. III. J>aer he h^'Sen gold wara'S {where he guards heathen gold'), 2278; pi. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) djgel land warigea^, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) westen warode, 1266. ■waroS, St. m., shore: dat. sg. to warolSe, 234; ace. pi. wide waro- ■Sas, 1966. TO^aru, St. f., inhabitants, (collec- tive) population : in comp. land- waru. wa, interj., woe I w3 bi^ J>am }>e . . . (woe to him thai . . .), 183. w^Su, St. f., way, journey: in comp. gamen-w&'Su. W&nlan, w. v., to weep, whine, hvivl, w. ace. : inf. geh^rdon . . . s&r wS- nigean helle haftan {they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain), 788; pret. sg. [wSnode], 3IS2(?). wS.t. See 'wltan. waccan, w. v., to watch : pret. part waccende, 709, 2842; ace. sg. m. waccendne wer, 1269. See wa- cian. wacnan, w. v., to be awake, come forth : inf., 85. tvad, St. n., (the moving) sea, ocean : ace. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581 ; gen. pi. wada, 508. wafre, adj., wavering (like flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form : nom. sg. wal-gsest wafre (of Grendel's mother), 1332; — flick- ering, expiring: nom. sg. wafre m8d, 1 15 1; him was geomor sefa, wafre and wal-ffls, 2421. be-wagnan, w. v., to offer : piet. part, him was . . . frednd-la^u wor- dum be-wagned, 1 194. wal, St. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle : ace. sg. wal, 1213, 3028; blodig wal, 448; o'S^e on wal crunge {or in battle, among the slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume on wale crungon {some fell in the slaughter), 1 1 14; dat. sg. in Fr . . . es wale (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071 ; nom. pi. walu, 1043. wal-bed, st. n., slaughter-bed, death- bed: dat. sg. on wal-bedde, 965. "wal-bend, st. f., death-bond : ace. sg. or pi. wal-bende . . . hand-ge- wri^Sene, 1937. Tfral-bledt, adj., deadly, deadly- pale{T) : ace. sg. wunde wal-bleate, 2726. TFal-deAU, st. m., death in bat'le : nom. sg., 696. wal-dre6r, st. ra., battle-gore : instr, sg. wal-dreore, 1632. GLOSSARY. 297 wal-fah, adj., slaughter - stained, blood-stained : ace. sg. wal-fSgne winter, 1 1 29. wal-f selifif, St. f., deadly feud : gen. pi. wal-fseh^a, 2029. wal-feall, st. m., (^/all of the slain), death, destruction : dat. sg. to wal- fealle, 1712. wal-fus, adj., ready for death, fore- boding death : nom. sg., 2421. wal-fyllo, s,t.i.,fill of slaughter: dat. sg. mid )>3ere wal-fuUe (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wal- fylla? 3155.' VFal-:^r, st. n. : l) deadly fire : instr. sg. wal-fjre (of the fire-spew- ing dragon), 2583. — 2) corpse- consuming fire, funeral pyre : gen. pi. wal-f^a masst, 11 20. wal-gsest, St. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother) : nom. sg. wal-gaest, 1332; ace. sg. J>one wal-gaest, 1996. wal-hlem, st. m., death-stroke : aee. sg. wal-hlem }>one, 1996. walm, St. ra., flood, whelming water: nom. sg. tsere burnan walm, 2547; gen. sg. \>3S walmes {of the surf), 2136. — 'Comp. cear-walm. ■vi'aXrvSSS, St. m., deadly hostility : nom. sg., 3001 ; dat. sg. after wal- nlSe, 85; nom. pi. wal-ntSas, 2066. wal-rS.p, St. in., flood-fetter , i.e. ice: ace. pi. wal-rSpas, 161 1; (of. wall, wel, viy]i.= well, flood : leax sceal on wale mid sceote scrilSan, Gnom. Cott. 39). wal-raes, st. m., deadly onslaught : nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wal-reese, 825, 2532. wal-rest, st. f., death-bed: ace. sg. wal-reste, 2903. wal-rSc, St. m., deadly reek or smoke : ace. sg. wod Jii )'urh Jione wal-r8c, 2662. ■wal-reAf, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder : ace. sg., 1206. xval-redTV, adj., hold in battle : nom. sg., 630. wal-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: ace. pi. wal-sceaftas, 398. 'wal-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war- knife : instr. sg. wall-seaxe, 2704. ■wal-stenge, st. m., battle-spear : dat. sg. on ))am wal-stenge, 1639. ■wal-stOw, St. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wal-st6we, 2052, 2985. Tirastin, st. \a., growth, form, figure : dat. sg. on weres wastmum {in man^s form), 1353. w^ater, st. n., water : nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; ace. sg. water, 1365,1620; deop water (//^ffltf/), 509, 1905; ofer wid water {over the high sea), 2474; dat. sg. after watere {along the Grendel-sea) , 1426 ; under watere {at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. watere, 2723; watre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wateres hrycg {over the surface of the sea), 471 ; on wateres aeht, 516 ; t>urh wateres wylm {through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. wa- teres weorpan {to sprinkle with water), 2792. water-egesa, st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea : ace. sg., 1261. •water-^ff, st. f., water-wave, bil- low : dat. pi. water-^^um, 2243. wsed, St. f., {weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wfed. ge-wsede, st. n., (r/o^/5;»f, especially battle - equipments : ace. pi. ge- wsedu, 292. — Comp. eorl-gew;ede. •waeg, St. m., wave : ace. sg. weeg, 3133- ■waeg-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling 298 GLOSSAEY. the waves before him) : nom. sg. wundorltc wseg-bora (of a sea- monster), 1441. waeg-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship : ace. sg. w§g-flotan, 1908. ■W8Bg-liolin, St. m., the wave-filled sea : ace. sg. ofer wseg-holm, 217. waege, st. n., cup, can : ace. sg. fated wsege, 2254, 2283. — Comp. ': ealo-, llS-wsege. wseg-liSend, pres. part., sea-farer : dat. pi. WEeg-liSendum (et lliSen- dum, MS.), 3160. wseg-sweord, st. n., keazy sword: ace. sg., 1490. waen, st. m., wain, wagon : ace. sg. on wsn, 3135. wsepen, st. n., weapon ; sword : nom. sg., 1661 ; ace. sg. wjepen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688 ; instr. wsepne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes, 1468 ; ace. pi. wsepen, 292 ; dat. pi. WEepnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. — Comp. : hilde-, sige-waspen. waepned - man, st. m., warrior, man : dat. sg. waepned-men, 1285. waer, st. f., covenant, treaty : ace. sg. wEEre, I loi ; — protection, care : dat. sg. on frean (on ]>as walden- des) WEere {into God's protection'), 27,3110. — Comp.: frio'So-weer. ■WBesma, w. m., fierce strength, war- strength : in comp. here-waesma, 678. we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. web, St. n., woven work, tapestry : nom. pi. web, 996. webbe, w. f ., webster, female weaver: in comp. frecSu-webbe. weccan, weccean, w. v. w. ace, to wake, rouse; recall : inf. wig-bealu weccan (Jo stir up strife), 2047 ; nalleshearpanswSg (sceal) wigend weccean {the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors'), 3025 ; ongunnon J)i . . . bsel-ffra msest wigend weccan {the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), 3145 ; pret. sg. wehte hine watre {roused him with water, i.e. WiglSf recalled Beowulf to consciousness), 28551 to-weccan,/o stir up, rouse : pret. pi. h& >S folc mid him {with one another), faeh& tQ-wehton, 2949. wed, St. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge : dat. sg. hyldo t3 wedde {as a pledge of his favor), 2999. weder, st. n., weather: nom. pi. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pi. wedera cealdost, 546. ge-Tvef, St. n., woof, weaving: ace. pi. wIg-spSda ge-wiofu {the woof of war -speed: the battle -wool woven for weal or woe by the Wal- kyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698. weg, St. m., way : ace. sg. on weg {away,off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf J)U on weg cymest {if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383. — Comp.: feor-, fold-, fovIS-, wld-weg. wegan, st. v. w. ace, to bear, wear, bring, possess : subj. pres. nSh hw^ sweord wege (/ have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mSOTum to ge-myndum {no earl shallwear a memorial jewel), 3016; pret. ind. he >& fratwe wag . . . ofer J^a ful {bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), 1208; wal-seaxe... J)at he on byrnan wag, 2705 ; heortan sorge wag {bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932,2781. 'a.t--w eg3.n = auferre, to carry off: sylS'San Hflma at-wag t3 }>£ere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene GLOSSARY. 299 {since H. bore from (JoT) the bright city the Brosing-collar"), 1 199. ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight : inf. he he wiS Jiam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401. wel, adv. : i) well : wel bi^ J>am |je . . . {well for him that ...!), 186; se Jje wel hence^ (Jte that well thinketh, judgetii), 289 ; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1S34, 1952, 2602 ; well, 2163, 2813. — 2) very, very much : Geat ungemetes wel . . . restan lyste {the Geat longed sorely to rest^, 1793. — 3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856. w^ela, w. m., wealth, goods, posses- sions : in comp. asr-, burg-, hord-, matSISum-wela. wel-livp^lc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all) : gen. pi. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266; — substantively; * ace. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. welig, adj., wealthy, rich : ace. sg. wie-stede weligne Waegmundinga, 2608. Tvel-]»ungen, pres. part., well-thriv- en (in mind) , mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (was) swKSe geong, wis, wel-J)ungen, 1928. wenian, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor : subj. pret. J>at . . . Fole- waldan sunu . . . Hengestes heap hringum wenede {honored'), 1092. be- (bi-) wenian, /o entertain, care for, attend : pret. sg. magmas Jjonne of-Jjyncan Redden Hea'So-beardna . . . tonne he mid fsemnan on flat gae^, dryht-bearn Dena dugu'Sa bi-wenede {may well displease the prince of the H. . . . when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. 494 seqq.; or, a nolle scion of the Danes should attend on herT), 2036; pret. part. nom. pi. wajron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. •wendan, w. v., to turn : pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendetS on willan {all the world turns at his will), 1740. ge-wendan,w. ace.: i) to turn, turn round: pret. sg. wicg ge- wende {turned his horse), 315. — 2) to turn (intrans.), change : inf. wH bK ))am Jie sceal . . . fr8fre ne wSnan, wihte ge-wendan {woe to him that shall have 710 hope, shall not change at all), 186. on-wendan, to, avert, set aside : 1) w. ace. : inf. ne mihte snotor bale's wean on-wendan, igi. — 2) intrans. : sibb sefre ne mag wiht on-wendan J^am J^e wel J^ence^ {in, to, hivt that is well thinking friend- ship can not be set aside), 2602. wei", St. m., man, hero : nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; ace. sg. wer (Bed- wulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wastmum {in man's form), 1353 ; nom. pi. weras, 216, 1223,. 1234, 1441, 1651 ; dat. pi. werum, . 1257; gen. pi. wera, 120, 994,, 1732,3001; (MS. weora), 2948. ■vrered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients) : ace. sg. scir wered, 496. were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence : dat. pi. for were- fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. werhSo, st. f., curse, outlawry, con- demnation : ace. sg. t>u in helle scealt werh^o dredgan, 590. ■werian, to defend, protect: w. ace., pres. sg. III. beaduscrfid . . . (jSI mine bredst weretS, 453; ijif. wit unc wiS hron-fixas werian I>8hton, 300 GLOSSARY. 541 ; pres. part. w. gen. pi. wer- gendra to lyt (too few defenders), 2883 ; pret. ind. wal-reaf werede (guarded the battle- spoil), 1206; se hwita helm hafelan werede (Jhe shining helm protected his head), 1449; pi. hafelan weiedon, 1328 ; pret. part. nom. pi. ge . . . byrnum werede (ye . , . corselet-clad), 238, 2530. be-werian,A> protect, defend: pret. pi. tat hie . . . ledda land-geweorc ISSum be-weredon scuccum and scynnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from mon- sters and demons, might defend), 939- werig, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gSstes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748. werod, ■weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior- troop : nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; ace. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347 ; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pi. wereda, 2187; weo- roda, 60. — Comp.: eorl-, flet-we?od. wer-J'eod, st. f., people, humanity : dat. sg. ofer wer->e6de, 900. Wesan, v., to be : pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335. 407; II- J"i eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc. ; nu is J>tnes magenes blsed Sne V-^Visithe prime \_fameT\ of thy powers lasteth now for a while), 1 762; ys, 291 1, 3000, 3085 ; pi. I. we synt, 260, 342 ; II. syn- don, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sle, 435, 683, etc.; sj, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. was- sailj wes hsel), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, i860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied : nalles Hetware hrSmge >orfton (i.e. we- san) fS'Se-wIges, 2364 ; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part, we- sende, 46 ; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. was, II, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; was on sunde (xvas a-swimvnng), 1619; so, 848, SSoC?). 97°. 981. 1293; progres- sive, was secgende (for saede), 3029 ; II. waere, 1479, etc.; pi. wseron, 233. 536, 544. etc. ; wEeran (w. reflex, him), 2476 ; pret. subj. waere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wasre (for myndgie), 1 106. — Contracted neg. forms: nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; nas = ne + was, 134, 1300, 1922,2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted : ne was, 890, 1472) ; naeron = ne + wffiron,2658; naere = ne -f wsere, 861, 1 168. See cnlht-wesende. w6g. See vvaeg. • wSn, St. f ., expectation, hope ; nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leSdum win orlSg-hwile (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 291 1; ace. sg. J>as ic wSn habbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, Jpas )>e ic [w6n] hafo, 3001; w8n ic talige, 1846; dat. pi. bega on wenum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Be6wulf), 2896. See br-vrena. 'wenan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope : l) absolutely: pres. sg. I. JjSs ic wgne (as I hope), Z']2 ; swS ic >e wSne t8 (^as I hope thou wilt : Beo- wulf hopes HrS'Sgir -will now suffer no more pain), 1397. — 2) w. gen. or ace. pres. sg. I. t>onne w8ne ic t8 J)e wyrsan ge->inges, 525 ; ic Jj^r healSu-f^res hStes wSne, 2523; III. sacce ne wine's t8 GSr- GLOSSARY. 301 Denum (^veeneih not of contest with the Gar-Danes), 6oi ; inf. (beorhtre bSte) wSnan (Jo expect, count on, u. brilliant [ ? o lighter penalty^ atonement), It,"]; pret.pl. lias ne w6ndon aer witan Scyldinga, Jiat . . . (the wise men of the Scyl- dings weened not of this before, that.. .),779; }>at hig ()as alSelinges eft ne w6ndon J;at he . . . sScean cwome (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek . . .), 1597. — 3) w. ace. and inf.: pret. sg. wSnde, 934. — 4) w. depend, clause : pres. sg. I. w6ne ic >at . . ., 1185; w6u' ic J>at . . ., 338, 442 ; pret. sg. wSnde, 2330; pi. wSndon, 938, 1605. wSpan, St. v., to weep : pret. sg. [wedp], 3iS2(?)- werig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen. : nom. sg. sl'Ses wSrig (weary from the journey, way-weary), 579; dat. sg. stSes wSrgum, 1795; — w. instr. : ace. pi. wundum wSrge (wound-weary), 2938. — Comp. : deai5-, fyl-, gfi15-wSrig. ge-w6rlgean, w. v., to weary, ex- haust: pret. part, ge-wergad, 2853. "werig-indd, adj., weary -minded (animo defessus) : nom. sg., 845, 1544- ■w6ste, adj.jZfrtjfe, uninhabited : ace. sg. win-sele westne, 2457. westen, st. n., waste, wilderness: ace. sg. wSsten, 1266. w § s t e n, St. f., waste, wilderness: dat. sg. on >aere wSstenne, 2299. weal, St. m. i i ) wall, rampart : dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308. — 2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; ace. pi. windige weal- las, 572, 1225. — 3) wall of a build- ing: ace. sg. wis J>as recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock- walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay : Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324. — Comp. : bord-, eorB-, sse-, scyld-weal. ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: ace. sg. ofer'^a ge-wealc, 464. g e - weald, st. n., power, might : ace, sg. on fe6nda ge-weald (into the power of his foes), 809, 904; so, 1685 ; geweald Sgan, habban, i-beodan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have power over, 79, 655. 765. 951. 1088, 161 1, 1728. See on--weald. wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: i) absolutely or with depend, clause : inf. gif he wealdan m6t (if he may prevail), 442; Jjser he . . . wealdan m8ste swS him Wyrd ne ge-scrSf (if [where?'] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him) , 2575; pres. part, waldend (Jiod), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 31 10. — 2) with instr. or dat.: inf. JjSm wsepnum wealdan (to wield, pre- vail with, the weapons), 2039; Geatum wealdan (to rule the Ged- tas), 2391 ; beah-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; vval-stowe weal- dan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; tenden wordum we61d wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pi. we(51don, 2052. — 3) with gen.; pres. sg. I. Jienden ic wealde widan rices, i860; pres. part, wuldres wealdend (waldend), 17,183, 1753; 302 GLOSSARY. yida waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (des- ignations of God) ; pret. sg. weold, 703. 1771- ge- wealdan, iowield, have power over, arrange: i) w. ace. ; pret. sg. h^lig god ge-weold wlg-sigor, 1555.^ — 2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weold his ge-witte {the kiitg possessed his senses) , 2704. — 3) w. gen. ; inf. he ne mihte no . . . wsepna ge-wealdan, r5 10. ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, mbjecied : ace. pi. gedSIS him swS gewealdene worolde dselas, 1733. weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agi- tated (of the sea) : pres. part. nom. pi. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581 ; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. weol, 515, 850, 1 132; wedll, 2139. — 2) figura- tively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pi. III. syWSan Ingelde weal- la's wal-nlSas {deadly hate thus agitates IngeW), 2066; pres. part, weallende, 2465 ; pret. sg. hrelSer inne weoll {his heart was moved within hini), 21 14; hrelSer ae^Sme wedll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), 2594; breost innan weoll l^eostrum ge-J;oncum, 2332; so, weoll, 2600, 2715, 2S83. vveall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. weallian, w. v., to wander, rove about : pres. part, in comp. heoro- weallende, 2782. Iveard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner : nom. sg. weard Scyldinga {the Scyldings' warden of the march"), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sSwele hyrde, 1742; the king is called beah-horda weard, 922; rices weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061 ; weard un-hidre, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; ace. sg. weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beor- ges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067. — Comp. : bSt-, SSel-, gold-, hea- fod-, hord-, h^lS-, land-, r§n-, sele-, yrfe-weard. weard, st. m., possession (Dietrich in HauptXI.,415) : in comp.eor'S- weard, 2335. weard, st. f., watch, ward: ace. sg. weardehealdan,3i9;weardehe61d, 305. — Comp. aeg-weard. ■weard, adj., -ward: in comp. and-, innan-, fit-weard, 1288, etc. ■weardlan, w. v. w. ace. : l) to watch, guard, keep : inf. he his folme for- l^t to lif-wra^e, ISst weardian ( Grendel left his hand behind as a life-support, to guard his track [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sio swlSre swa'Se weardade hand on Hiorte {his right hand kept guard for him in H,, i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pi. h^rde ic Jiat Jj3m fratwum feower mearas lungre gelTce ISst weardode (/ heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor"), 2165. — 2) to hold, possess, inhabit : pret. sg. fifel-cynnes eard . . . weardode {dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), 105; raced wear- dode un-rim eorla {an immense number of earls held the hall), 1238; pi. }«r we gesunde sal wear- dodon, 2076. ■wearh, st. m., the accursed one ; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268. wearn, st. f. : l) resistance, refusal, 366. — 2) warning!, resistance?. See un-T(rearnuiii, 742. ^veaxan, st. v., to wax, grow : pres, sg. III. 8'5 Jiat him on innan ofer- GLOSSARY. 303 hygda dsel weaxeiS {till within him pride waxeth'),\li,i; inf. weaxan, 31 16; pret. sg. we6x, 8. ge-weaxan, ^o^OTW «/.■ pret. sg. 8^ tat sei5 geogo^ ge-we8x, 66. ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-weox he him t8 willan {grew not for their benefit'), 1 71 2. we&, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune : nom. sg., 937; ace. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pi. weana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. weA-l^f, St. f., wretched remnant: ace. pi. tS wea-lSfe {the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost anni- hilated band), 1085, 1099. wed-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tid- ings : dat. sg. wea-spelle, 1316. ge--weoldum. See ge-vrild. ■weorc, St. n. : i) work, labor, deed : ace. sg., 74; {war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pi. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, lioi, 1834; gen. pi. wor- da and worca, 289. — 2) work, trouble, suffering : ace. sg. J>as ge- winnes weorc {misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pi. adv. weorcum {with labor), 1639. — Comp.: beado-, ellen-,hea'So-,niht- weorc. ge-weorc, St. n.; i) work, deed, labor: nom. ace. sg., 455, 1563, 16S2, 2718, 277s; gen. sg. ge- weorces, 2712. Comp. : ser-, fym-, gfi^-, hond-, nKS-ge-weorc. — 2) fortification, rampart: in comp. land-geweorc, 939. ■weorce, adj., painful, bitter : nom. Sg., 1419. TreorSP, st. n., precious object, valu- able : dat. Sg. weorce, 2497. weorUf, adj., dear, precious : nom. sg. weortS Denum alSeling {the atheling dear to the Danes, Bei5- wulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. \p'i.t he sy^^an was . . . mS^me \>f weor'Sra {tnore honored from the jewel), 1903; cf. wyrffe. weorSFan, st. v. : l ) to become : pres. sg. III. beholen weorlSelS {is con- cealed), 414; underne weortieS {becomes known), 2914; so, pi. III. weortSa15, 2067; wur'SalS, 282; inf. weor^an, 3179; wur%n, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wear«, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555. 754> 768, 819, 824, etc.; pi. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732. — 2) inf. to frofre weor^an {to become a help), 1 708; pret. sg. wear's he Hea'Solafe 16 hand-bo- nan, 460; so, wearS, 906, 1262; ne wear's Heremod sw^ (i.e. td frofre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pi. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588. — 3) pret. sg. Jiat he on fylle wear'S {that he came to a fall), 1545. — 4) to happen, befall : inf. une sceal weor'San . . . swi unc Wyrd ge-ted^ {it shall be- fall us two as Fate decrees), 2527; Jjurh hwat his worulde gedSl weor- Ban sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. >a J)Eer sSna wearS ed-hwyrft eorlum {there was soon u renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), 1 28 1 . ge- weorSan : i)to become:^ret.sg. ge-wear^, 3062; pret. part, cearu was geniwod ge-worden {care -was renewed), 1305; swi fts ge-wor- den is, 3079. — 2) to finish; com- plete!: inf. Vii tu . . . Igte SQ'S- Dene sylfe ge-weor'San gft^e wi'S Gvendel {that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war witk Grendel), 1997. — 3) impersonally with ace, to seem, appear : pret. sg. J'S has monige ge-wear'S Jjat . . . {since it seemed to many that . . .), S04 GLOSSAEY. '599; pret- part. hafa'S J>as ge- worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyr- ■de, and >at rsed talaiS >at he . . . {therefore hath it so appeared'^, happened!, to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that . . .), 2027. ■weorff-ful, adj., glorious, full of worth : nom. sg. weortS - fullest, 3100. weorfflan, w. v., to honor, adorn : pret. sg. (jasr ic . . . Jilne le6de weor- •Sode vi'eorcum {there honored I thy people by my deeds'), 2a<)T, subj. pret. (J)at he) at feoh-gyftum . . . Dene weor'Sode (Jhat he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure- giving), 109 1. ge-weor^ian, ge-wur'Sian, to deck, ornament: pret. part, hire sylSISan was after beah-Jiege bredst ge-weorSod, 2177; wsepnum ge- vveor'Sad, 250; since ge-weor'Sad, 1451; so, ge-wur«ad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weor'5ad {known, honored, afar), i960. ■weorff-lice, adv., worthily, nobly : superl. weor^-llcost, 3163. %veor8f-inynd, st. f., dignity, honor, glory : nom. sg., 65 ; ace. sg. ge- seah JiS eald sweord . . ., wigena weor'Smynd {saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), 15 60; dat. instr. pi. weorlS-myndum, 8; to wor'S-myndum, 1187; gen. pi. weor'5-mynda dsel, 1753. vpeorffung, st. f., ornament : in comp. bre6st-, hdm-,heor^-,hring-, wjg-weor^ung. weorod. See werod. weorpan, st. v.: l) to throw, cast away, w. ace. : pret. sg. wearp >S wunden-mael wrattum gebunden yrre oretta, Jiat hit on eor'San lag {the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sivord, that it lay on the earth), 1532. — 2) to throw around or about, w. instr. : pret. sg. beorges weard . . . wearp wal-f^re {threw death-fire around), 2583. — 3) to throw upon : inf. he hine eft ongan wateres (instr. gen.) weorpan {began to cast water upon him again), 2792. for-weorpan, w.acc, to cast away, squander: subj. pret. l^at he ge- nunga g&B-gewsedu wrdiSe for- wurpe {that he squandered useless- ly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp J)^ . . . wigena strengest, 1544. vireotian, w.v., to provide with, ad- just{ ?) : pret. part. ace. pi. wal- bende weotode, 1937. be-weotian,be-witian,w. V. w. ace, to regard, observe, care for : pres. pi. III. be-witialS, 1136; pret. sg. ^egn . . . se ]ie . . . ealle be- weotede Jjegnes J'earfe {who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca se J^e . . . hord be- weotode {the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213; — to carry out, undertake : pres. pi. III. JjS . . . oft be-witiga'S sorh-fulne slS on segl- rSde, 1429. wicg, St. n., steed, riding -horse : nom. sg., 1401; ace. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on vricge, 286; ace. pi. vricg, 2175; gen. pi. wicga, 1046. ge--wldor, st. n., storm, tempest: ace. pi. laS ge-widru {loathly weather), 1376. wia', prep. w. dat. and ace, with fundamental meanings of division and opposition : l) w. dat., against, with{m hostile sense),_/9-at hire wiS healse heard gripode {that the sharp sword bit against her neck) , 1567. — 2) w. ace: a) against, ■towards: wan wiS Hro'SgSr {fought against H.), ie,2; wi^ feonda ge- hwone,294; wi'S wriiSwerod,3i9; so, 540, 1998, 2535 ; hine hSlig god fis on-sende wi^ Grendles gryre, 384; }>at ic wiS J>one gfi'S- flogan gylp ofer-sitte {that I re- frain front boastful speech against the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde if^ manna ge-hwone . . . feorh- bealo feorran {would not cease his life - plotting against any of the men ; m, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man . . ., mortal bale with- i/raie/?, Kemble), 155; ic J)d le6de w4t ge wit5 feond ge vviS frednd faste geworhte {towards foe and friend), 1 865; hedld heah-lufan wi'S hale'Sa brego {cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wi'S ord and wiS ecge in- gang forstod {prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), 1550* b) against, on, upon, in : setton side scyldas . . . wi'S J)as re- cedes weal {against the wall of the hall), 326; witS eor'San fa'Sm (eardodon) {in the bosom of the earth), 3050 ; wi'S earm ge-sat {sat on, against, his arm), 750; so, stl^-mod ge-st6d wi'S steapne rond, 2567 ; [wi'S duvu healle code] {ivent to the door of the hall) , 389; wi'S Hrefna-wudu {over against, near, H.), 2926; wiB his sylfes sunu setl ge-t^hte {showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) towards, with (of contracting parties) : Jiat hie healfre ge-weald wilS eotena beam Sgan moston {that they power over half the hall with the enemies' (Jutes ?) sons were to possess), 1089; J^en- den he wi'S wulf wal reafode {whilst with the wolf he was rob- bing the slain), 3028. — 3) Alter- nately with dat. and ace, against : nu wi'S Grendel sceal, wi'S J;am agl^can, Sna gehegan >ing wi'S Jjyrse, 424-426; — with, beside: ge-sat )pS wiB sylfne . . ., mzeg wi'S maege, 1978-79. ■wlffer-gyld, st. n., compensation : nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. 30e GLOSSARY. wiffer-rahtcs, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040. wiffre, St. n., resistance : gen. sg. wi'Sres ne trflwode, 2954. wig--weorlSung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols : ace. pi. -weor'Sunga, 176. Wiht, St. f. : l) wight, creature, demon : nom. sg. wiht unhselo {the demon of destruction, Grendel), 120 ; ace. sg. sylllcran wiht (the dragon), 3039. — 2) thing, sovie- thing, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dwele'S {nor does aught check hirn),\']2,t; him wiht ne spe6w {it helped him naught), 2855; ace. sg. ne him >as wyrmes wig for wiht dyde {nor did he count the worm^s warring for aught), 2349 ; ne meahte ic . . . wiht gewyrcan (/ could not do aught . . .), l66l; — w. partitive gen. i n8 . . . wiht swylcra searo- iii"5a, 581; — the ace. sg. = adv. like Germ, nicht : ne hie hflru wine-drihten wiht ne logon {did not blame their friendly lord aught), S62> so,ne -wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858 ; no wiht, 541 ; instr. sg. wihte {in aught, in any way), 1992; ne . . . wihte {by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924. — Comp. : S-wiht (iht = aught), al-wiht, o-wiht. wH-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit) : nom. pi. wil- cuman Denigea leddum {welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cu- man, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leo- dum {welcome to the Gedtas), 1895. ge-ivUd, St. f, free-will 1 dat. pi. nealles mid ge-weoldum {sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), 2223. ■wll-deor (fcr wild-dedr), st. n., wild beast : ace. pi. wil-dedr, 143 1. •wil-gesi3f, st. m., chosen or willing companion : nom. pi. -ge-sltSas, 23. ■wil-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor : princely designation),/^)'- giverl : nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra ledda, 2901. wlUa, w. m. : l) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; ace. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. Snes willan {for the sake of one), 3078 ; so, 2590 ; dat. sg. tS willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pi. willum {according to wish), 1822; sylfes wyllum, 2224, 2640; gen. pi. wilna, 1345. — 2) desirable thing, valuable: gen, pi. wilna, 661,951. ^Ilan, aax. v., will : in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend, on one's free will) : pres. sg. I. wille ie S-secgan {I will set forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427; ic t6 sse wille {I will to sea), 318J wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. J>u wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; Efir he in wille {ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pi. I. we . . . wylla'S, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; n8 ic fram him wolde (i.e. fle6tan), 543; so, swfl he hira ma wolde (i.e. i-cwellan), 1056; pret. pi. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730. — Forms con- tracted w. negative : pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + vrille, T will not, nolo), 680, 2525(7); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. tjSmetod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519. GLOSSARY. 307 Tvilnian, w. v., to long for, beseech : inf. wel biS J>am J^e mot . . . t6 fa'Ser fa'Smum freo^o wilnian (well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms), l88. wll-siff. St. m., chosen journey : ace. sg. wil-sIS, 216. ge-Tvln, St. n. : i) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: ace. sg., 878; Jid hie ge-win drugon {endured strife), 799; under f&& ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), 1470; gen. sg. l^as ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), 1722. — 2) suffering, oppression : nom. sg., 133) 191 ; ^cc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782. — Comp.i fyrn-, ^^-ge-win. Trln-arn, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall (wine-halll) : gen. sg. win- ames, 655. vrlnd, St. m., wind, storm : nom. sg., 547. 137s. 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wi'S winde, 1 133. Trindan, st. v. : i) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand to wolcnum wal-fjra mssst, 11 20. — 2) w. ace, to twist, wind, curl: pret. pi. strea- mas wundon sund witS sande, 212; pret. part, wunden gold (twisted, spirally-twined, ^o/a? ) , 1 1 94, 3 1 35 ; instr. pi. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383. at-windan,Z'o wrest one's self from, escape : pret. sg. se Yixa fednde at- wand, 143. be-windan,^o wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (invol- vere) : pret. sg. Jie hit (the sword) mundumbe-wand, 1462; pret. part, wlrum be-wunden (wound with wires), 1032; feorh . . . flaesce be- wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gSr . . mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), 3023; id-manna gold galdre be- wunden (spell -encircled gold), 3053; (astah . . .) ISg wSpe be- wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), 3147. ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape: inf. widre ge-windan (to flee further), 764; pret. sg. on fleam ge-wand, 1002. on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (Jjonne fader) on-windelS wal-rSpas, 1611. wln-dag, St. m., day of struggle or suffering: dat. pi. on Jjyssum win- dagum (in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind- roar : nom. sg., 3147. ■wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds : ace. sg., 245^. wlndig, adj., windy : ace. pi. vvin- dige (weallas, nassas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weal- las, MS.), 1225. wine, St. m., friend, protector, es- pecially the beloved ruler : nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, ledf land-fru- ma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hro'Sgar), 148, 1184. As voca- tive : mln wine, 2048; wine min, Beowulf (HunferlS), 457, 530, 1 705 ; ace. sg. holdne wine (HrolS- gSr),376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen- sg. wines (Beowulf), 3097; ace. pi. wine, 21; dat. pi. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pi. winigea leasum, 1665 ; winia bealdor, 2568. — Comp. : frea-, fred-, gold-, gft^-, masg-wine. w^ine-dryBten, st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: ace. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360. 308 GLOSSARY. wine-geSmor, adj., friend-mourn- ing : nom. sg., 2240. wine-leAs, adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-leasum, 2614. wine-maeg, st. m., dear kinsman : nom. pi. wine-mSgas, 65. g e - TTinna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe : comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. Tvinnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan Sna wiS eallum, 144; Grendel wan . . . wK Hv81S- gSr, 151 ; holm . . . won wWwinde {the sea fought with the wind : cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1 1 33; II. eart hu se Beo- wulf, se Jie wK Brecan wunne, 506; pi. wi'S gode wunnon, 113; tser ))4 graman wunnon (where the foes: fought"), 778. ■wln-reced, st. n., friend-hall, guest- hall, house for entertaining guests {wine-hallT) : ace. sg., 715, 994. win-sele, st. n., the same {wine- hallT) : nom. sg., 772; ace. sg. win-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]). winter, st. m. : i) winter: nom. sg., 1 1 33, 1 1 37; ace. sg. winter, 1 1 29; gen. sg. wintres, 516. — 2) year (counted by winters) : acc. pi fiftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pi wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pi. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. wintre, adj., so many winters (old) : in comp. syfan-wintre.i ge-'wislice, adv., certainly, un- doubtedly: superl. gewisllcost,l35l. wist, St. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence : 1 ) good condi- tion, happiness, abundance: dat. sg. wuna^ he on wiste, 1 736. — 2) food, subsistence, booty : dat. sg. ■ W was after wiste wop up S-hafen (3 cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128. wist-fyllo, St. f., fulness or fill of food, rick meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735- ■wit, St. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., 590. — Comp. : fyr-, in- wit. ge-wit, St. n. i l) consciousness: dat. sg. ge-weold his ge-witte, 2704. — 2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fjr unswlSor wedll {the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breasi), 2883. wit, pers. pron. dual of we, we two, 535. 537. 539. 54°. 544, 1 187, etc. See unc, uncer. wita, ■weota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser ; pi., the king's coun- cil of nobles: nom.pl. witan, 779; gen. pi. witena, 157, 266, 937 ; weotena, 1099. — Comp. ; fyrn-, rfin-wita. ■witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know : i) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. w4t, 1332, 2657; ic on Hige- lice wit Jiat he . . . (/ know as to H., that he . . .), 1831; so, god wSt on mec Jjat . . . ( God knows of me, that . . .), 2651 ; sg. II. t>u wSst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pi. wiston, 799, 1605 ; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520. — 2) w. ace. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wit, 1864. — 3) w. object, predicative part, or adj. ; pret. sg. III. t3 J>as he win- reced . . . gearwost wisse, fattum fShne, 716; so, 1310; wiste ))am ahlsecan hilde ge-Jjinged, 647. — 4) w. ace, to know : inf witan, 252, 2S8 ; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grSpum, 765; pi. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. • GLOSSARY. 309 n St= ne + wdt, I know not : i) ellip- tically with hwilc, indef. pronoun = some or other : sceatSa ic nSt hwilc. — 2) w. gen. and depend, clause : nSt he tSra g6da, )jat he me on-gean slea, 682. ge-witan, to know, perceive : inf. Jjas Jje hie gewis-Ucost ge-witan meahton, 1 35 1. be-'witlan. See be-Treotian. witig, adj., wise, sagaciotts ' -aom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057 ; witig drihten (God),l555; wittigdrihten, 1842. ge-wittig, adj., consciotis : nom. sg- 3095- ge -'wltnian, w. v., to chastise, pun- ish ; wommum gewitnad {punished with plagues'), 3074. wic, St. n., dwelling, house : ace. sg. wlc, 822, 2590; — often in pi. be- cause houses of nobles were com- plex : dat. wicum, 1 303, 1 6 1 3, 3084 ; gen. wica, 125, 1126. g e - \ylcan, st. v., to soften, give way, yield (here chiefly of swords)-: pret. sg. ge-wSc, 2578, 2630. ■wic-stedc, St. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. 2463; ace. sg. wic-stede, 2608. wid, adj., wiV^, extended : i) space: ace. sg. neut. ofer wid water, 2474 ; gen.sg. widan rices, i860; ace. pi. wide sKSas, waroSas, 878, 1966. — 2) temporal : ace. sg. wldan feorh (ace. of time), 2015 ; dat. sg. to wldan feore, 934. wide, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, i960, etc.; wide cfl^ {widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924 ; so, underne wide, 2914; wide geond eor&n {over the whole earth, widely), 3100 ; — modifier of superl. : wreccena wide maerost {the most famous of wan- derers, exiles), 899. — Compar widre, 764. wld-cflff, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; ace. sg. m. wid-cft^ne man (Be6- wulf), 1490 ; wid-ctt'Sne wean, 1992; wid-cOTes (Hro^gSr), 1043. ^vide-ferhS', st.m., {long life), great length of time : ace. sg. as ace. of time : wlde-ferh'S {down to distant times, always), 703, 938 ; ealne wide-ferh'5, 1223. wld-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon) : nom. sg., 2831; ace. sg. wid-flogan, 2347. wid-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide ? 937. ■wid-weg, St. m., wide way, long journey : ace. pi. wld-wegas, 841, J70S- wlf, St. n., woman, lady, wife : nom. sg. fred-llc wlf (Queen Wealh- Jje6w), 616 ; wif un-hjre (Gren- del's mother), 2121 ; ace. sg. driht- llce wlf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid Vj wife (Hro^Sr's daugh- ter, Freaware), 2029; dat. sg. Jiam wife (Wealhjjeow), 640; gen. sg. wifes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pi. wera and wlfa, 994. — Comp. : aglsc-, mere-wif. ■wif-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love : nom. pi. wlf- lufan, 2066. Tplg, St. m. : i) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc.sg., 686, 1084, 1248 ; dat. sg. wige, 1338,2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. wiges, 65, 887, 1269. — 2) valor, warlike prowess : nom. sg was his mod- sefa manegum ge-cj^ed, vtig an(J wisd6m, 350; wig, 1043; wig . . . eafolS and ellen, 2349 ; gen. sg; wiges, 2324. — Comp. f^'Se-wig. 310 GLOSSARY. %vSga, w.m., warrior, fighter : nom. sg., 630; dat. pi. wigum, 2396; gen. pi. wlgena, 1544, 1560, 31 16. — Comp. : asc-, byrn-, gSr-, gel's-, lind-, rand-, scyld-w!ga. iivigan, St. v., to fight : pres. sg. III. __wlgeS, 600; inf., 2510. wlgeTrd, pres. -paxi., fighter, war- rior : nom. sg., 3100 ; nom. pi. wlgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc.pl. wlgend, 3025 ; gen. pi. wigendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.— Comp. gSr- wlgend. Trig-I>ealu, St. n., war-bale, evil con- test: ace. sg., 2047. Tvlg-bll, St. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608. ■wlg-bord, St. 11,, war-board or shield: ace. sg., 2340. Tfig-craft, St. m., war-power : aec. sg., 2954. wlg-craftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: ace. sg. wlg- craftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. wig-freca, w. m., war-wolf, war- hero : ace. sg. wlg-frecan, 2497; nom. pi. wlg-frecan, 1213. •wlg-fruina, w. m., war-chief or king: nom. sg., 665; aec. sg. wlg- fruman, 2262. ^vlg-geatwe, st. f. pi., war-orna- ments, war -gear: dat. pi. on wlg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368. 'wig-ge-'weorlSad, pret. part., war- honored, distinguished in war, 1784.. wig-gryre, st. m., war-horror or terror : nom. sg., 1285. Mrlg-hete, St. m., war-hate, hostility : nom. sg., 2121. ^yig-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet . aec. sg. wig-heafolan, 2662. — Leo. wlg-hedp, St. m., war-band : nom sg., 447- Tvig-hryre, st. m., war -ruin, slaugh- ter, carnage: aec. sg., 1620. wig-slgor, St. m., war-victory : aec. sg-, 1555- wig-sped, St. f. ?, war-speed, success in war : gen. pi. wlg-sp8da, 698. win, St. ii., wine: aec. sg., 11 63, 1234; instr. wine, 1468. \»'lr, St. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pi. wlrum, 1032; gen. pi. wlra, 2414. WIS, adj ., wise, experienced, discreet : nom. sg. m. wis (J.n his mind, con- scious'), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w. form, se wlsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; ace. sg. Jjone vvisan, 1 319 ; gen. pi. wlsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis wordewida {wise of speech), 1846. wlsa, w.m., guide, leader : nom. sg. werodes wlsa, 259. — Comp. : brim-, here-, hilde-wlsa. wlscte. See -w^scan. wls-ddm, St. m., wisdom, experi- ence : nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wls- dome, i960. w^ise, w. f., fashion, wise, custom : aec. sg. (instr.) ealde wlsan {after ancient custom), 1866. ■wls-fast, adj., wise, sagacious (sa- pienti^ firmus) : nom. sg. f., 627. Tvls-hycgende, pres. part., wise- thinking, wise, 2717. wlsian, w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out : l) w. ace.: inf. hean wong wlsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wlsade land-gemyrcu, 208. — 2) w. dat. : pres. sg. I. ic ^&^ wlsige (/ shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se J>8em heaSo- rincum hider wlsade, 370; s8na him sele-fiegn . . . forS wlsade {the hall-thane led him thither forth- with, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stig GLOSSARY. 311 wlsode gumum at-gadere, 320; so, 1664. — 3) w. prep.? : pret. sg. \>i secg wlsode under Heorotes hrof {when the warrior showed thetn the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hr8f depends rather on snyredon atsomne]), 402. witan, St. v., properly to look at ; to look at with censure, to blame, re- proach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and ace. of thing: inf. for-ham me witan ne Jiearf waldend fira mor- ■Sor-bealo mSga, 2742. at-wltan, to blame, censure (of. 'twit), w. ace. of thing: pret. pi. at-witon weana dsel, 1151. ge-witan, properly spectare ali- quo ; to go (most general verb of motion) : I ) with inf. after verbs of motion : pret. sg. J>anon eft ge- wSt ... to hSm faran, 123; so, 2570; pi. J>anon eft gewiton . . . mearum ridan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat. : pres. sg. him }ja Scyld ge-wSt . . . fSran on frean ware, 26; gewSt him . . . ridan, 234; so, 1964; pi. ge-witon, 301. — 2) associated with general infin- itives of motion and aim : imper. pi. ge-wltat$ foi^ beran wsepen and gewsedu, 291 ; pret. sg. ge-wdt \%. neosian hean hfises, 115; he )>%. fSg ge-wat . . . man-dream fleon, 1264; ny'Ser eft gewSt dennes nio- sian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reffex. dat. : him eft ge- wSt . . . hSmes niosan, 2388; so, 2950; pi. ge-witon, 1 126. — 3) with- out inf. and with prep, or adv. : pres. sg. III. J'jer firgen-stream under nassa genipu niSer ge-witeS, 1361 ; ge-witeiS on sealman, 2461; inf. on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; pret. sg.ge-w^t, 217; himge- wSt, 1237, 1904; of life, ealdre ge-wSt {died), 2472, 2625; fyrst forts ge-wit {time went on), 210; him ge-wSt (It of healle, 663; ge- wSthimhSm, 1602; pret.part.dat. sg. me forts ge-witenum {me de- functo, I dead), 1480. otS-wItan, to blame, censure, re- proach : inf. ne ^orfte him td lean otS-wItan man on middan-gearde, 2996. wlanc, vrlonc, adj., proud, exult- ing : uom. sg. wlanc, 341 ; w. instr. £ese wlanc ( proud of, exulting in, her prey, 7neal), 1333; wlonc, 331 ; w. gen. mS^m-£Ehta wlonc {proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954. — Comp. gold-wlanc. wl&tiaii, w. v., to look or gaze out, forth : pret. sg. se J^e £er . . . feor wlStode, 191 7. ■wienco, St. f., pride, heroism : dat. sg. wienco, 338, 1 207 ; wlence, 508. wllte, St. m.,form, noble form, look, beauty : nom. sg., 250. wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, bril- liant in aspect: ace. sg. wlite- beorhtne wang, 93. ■wllte-se6n, st. n., sight, spectacle: ace. sg., 1 65 1. wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair inform : ace. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663. >vlitaii, St. v., to see, look,gaze : pret. sg. he after recede wl4t {looked along the hall), 1573; pret. pi. on holm wliton {looked on the sea), 1593; wlitan on WIglaf, 2853. geond-wlItan,w. ace, /o exam- ine, look through, scan : inf. wrate giond-wlitan, 2772. ■woh - bogen, pret. part., {benl crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrin woh-bogen, 2828. vvolcen, st. n., cloud (cf. welkin) : 312 GLOSSARY. dat. pi. under wolcnum {under the clouds, on earth) ,8, 652, 715,1771; t3 wolcnum, 1120, 1375- ■wollen-teAr, adj., tear-floiiuing,with flowing tears: nom. pL woUen- teare, 3033. worn. See ivaiu. won. See wan. wore. See w^eorc. word, St. n. : i) word, speech : nom. sg., 2818; ace. sg. >at word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg.worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pi. i>i word, 640; word, 613; ace. pi. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pi. wordum, 176, 366, 627,875, iioi, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum {tell them in words, expressly'), 388. The instr. wordum accom- panies biddan, )>ancian, be-wag- nan, secgan, hSrgan, to empha- size the verb, 176, 627, 1 194, 2796, 3177; gen. pi. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.— 2) com- mand, order : gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban {to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pi. wordum wedld, 30. — Comp. : bedt-, gylp-, me'Sel-, ^ryS-word. word-owide, st. m., (word-utter- ance), speech : ace. pi. word-cwy- das, 1842; dat. pi. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pi. word-cwida, 1846. word-gld, St. m., speech, saying: ace. sg. word-gyd, 3174. word-hord, st. n., word -hoard, treasury of speech, mouth : ace. sg. word-hord on-leac (unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259. word-riht, st. n., right speech, suit- able word: gen. pi. WlglSf maSe- lode word-rihta fela, 2632. worUf-mynd. See weorff-mynd. worffig (for w^eorSJlg), st. m., pal- ace, estate, court: ace. sg. on wor- ■Sig (into the palace), 1973. worn, St. n., multitude, number: ace. Sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; -vAwlix&^oxn (many years), 264 ; tonne he wintrum frod worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), 21 15. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning : nom. ace. sg. worn fela, 1 784 ; hwat Jju worn fela . . . sprtece (how very much thou hast spoken .') , 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pi. worna fela, 2004, 2543. woruld, ■worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth : nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; ace. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold oflsetan, of-gifan (die), 1 1 84, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dil (his separation from the world, death), 3069; worolde brflean (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712. worold-S,r, st. f., worldly honor at dignity : ace. sg. worold-dre, 1 7. %voruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun : nom. sg., 1966. worold-cynlng, st. m., world-king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pi. worold-cyninga, 1685. woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: ace. sg., 3084. worold-raeden, st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate : dat. sg. worold-nedenne, 1143. wOp, St. m., (whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., 128; ace. sg. wop, 786; instr. sg. wope, 3147. wracu, St. i., persecution, vengeance, revenge : nom. sg. wracu (MS, GLOSSARY. 313 uncertain), 2614; ace. sg. wrace, 2337. — Comp. : gym-, n^d-wracu. wraffn, st. f., protection, safety : in comp. lif-wralSu. wvhfS, adj., wroth, furious, hostile : ace. sg. neut. wrd^, 319; dat. sg. wrd'Sum, 661, 709; gen. pi. wri- ISra, 1620. wrd^e, adv., contemptibly, disgrace- fully, 2873. wraff-llce, adv., wrathfully, hos- tilely (in battle), 3063. wr^sn, St. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. frea-wrSsn. wrac-last, st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: aec. sg. wrac-lSstas trad {trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), 1353. wrac-macg, st. m., exile, outcast : nom. pi. wrae-macgas, 2380. Tvrac-slBF, St. m., exile-journey, ban- ishment, exile, persecution : ace. sg., 2293; dat. Sg. -sKSum, 338. wrat, St. f., ornament, jewel: ace. pi. vcrate (wrsece, MS.), 2772, 3061 ; instr. pi. wrattum, 1532; gen. pi. viratta, 2414. ■wrat-lSc, adj. : l) artistic, orna- mental; valuable: aec. sg. virat- licne vfundor - mitS^um, 2174; wrat-lic vfaeg-sweord, 1490; wlg- bord wrat-lie, 2340. — 2) won- droui, strange : aec. sg. wrat-licne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-se6n wrat-lle, 1651. wraec, st. f., persecution ; hence, wretchedness, misery .• nom. sg., 170; ace. sg. wrsec, 3079. Wrecan, st. v. w. ace. . 1) to press, force : pret. part. Jjaer was Ongen- Jied ... on bid wrecen, 2963. — 2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wrac, 2707. — 3) to wreak or utter : gid, spel wrecan {to utter words or songs) ; subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rSde, 874; word- gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd after wrac, 2155; pres. part. >S was . . . gid wrecen, 1066. — 4) to avenge, punish : subj. pres. ^at he his freond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mseg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part, wrecend {an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wrac Wedera nKS, 423; so, 1334, 1670. S-wreean, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic J)is gid be J)e S-wrac {I have told this tale for thee), 1725; so, 2109. for- wrecan, w. ace., to drive away, expel ; carry away .•■ inf. Jj^ las him ^a J^rym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte {lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wrae . . . man-eynne fram, 109. ge-wreean, w. ace., to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish : pret. sg. ge-wrac, 107, 2006; he ge-wrac (i.e. hit, this) eealdum cear-sKSum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wrac {avenged himself), 2876; pi. ge-wraeean, 2480; pret. part, ge-wrecen, 3063. wrecca, w. m., {wretch), exile, ad- venturer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1 138; gen. pi. wreceena wide mserost (Sigemund), 899. wreoffen-lillt, a6.}.,wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt : nom. sg., 1 699. 'wrldlan, w. v., to flourish, spring up : pret. sg. III. wrida^, 1 742. ivriaCa, w. m., band: in comp. beag- writSa {bracelet), 2019. wrixl, St. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle {in a worst 314 GLOSSARY. ivay, with a worse exchange), 2970. ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, ar- rangement, bargain : 110m. sg. ne was Jjat ge-wrixle til {it was not a good arrangement, trade"), 1305. wrlxlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan {to exchange words, converse), 366; 875 {tell). wriffan, st. v. w. ace. : 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wal-bedde wrMan J)8hte, 965. — 2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound) : pret. pi. ]>&. wffiron monige }>e his mseg wriSon, 2983. See hand- geTrrld'en. Tvritan, st. v., to incise, engrave : f)ret. part, on >am (hilte) was 6r writen fyrn-gewinnes {on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle), 1689. for-wrltan, to cut to pieces or in two : pret. sg. for-wrdt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706. wrflht, St. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: noni. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. wudu, St. m., wood: i) material, timber: nom. pi. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear : ace. pi. wudu, 398. — 2) forest, wood: ace. sg. wudu, 141 7. — 3) wooden ship : nom. sg. 298; ace. sg. wudu, 216, 1920. — Comp. : bsel-,bord-,gamen-, heal-, holt-, magen-, sje-, sund-, Kec-wudu. wudu-r6c, St. m., wood-reek or smoke : nom. sg., 3145. wuldor, St. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor {God), 656; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (desig- nations of God). wruldor-cyning,st.m.,/!7'Kf ^^&?-_j'. God: dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796. wuldor-torbt, adj., glory -bright, brilliant, clear : nom. pi. wuldor- torhtan weder, 1 1 37. wiilf, St. m., wolf: ace. sg., 3028. TV'ulf-hlilS', St. n., wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house : ace. pi. wulf-hleotSu, 1359. ^vund, St. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; ace. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907 ; dat. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pi. wundum, 1 1 14, 2831, 2938. — Comp. feorh-wund. wund, adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pi. wunde, 565, 1076. Tvunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane) : nom. sg., 1401. wunden-heals, adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow : nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals {the ship), 298. ^vunden-heojrde?, curly-hairedl : nom. sg. f., 3153. TTunden-mael, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments{'i) : nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword). wunden-stefna, w. ra.,curved prow, ship : nom. sg., 220. ^vundor, st. n. : l) wonder, wonder- work: nom. sg., 772,1725; wundur, 3063; ace. sg. wundor, 841 ; wun- der, 932; wundur, 2760, 3o83(?), 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pi. wundrum {wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pi. wundra, 1608. — 2) portent, monster : gen. pi. wun- dra, 1 5 10. — Comp.: hand-, ntS-, searo-wundor. wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pi. -bebodum, 1748. ^vundor-deAff, st. m., wonder-death, strange death : instr. sg. wundor dea'Se, 3038. wundor-fat, st. n., wonder-vat. GLOSSARY. 315 strange vessel : dat. pi. of wundur- fatum (^from wondrous vessels'), 1 163. wundor-llc, adj., wonderlike, re- markable: nom. sg., 1441. wundor-maUFffum, st. m., wonder- jewel, wonderful treasure : ace. sg., 2174. wundor-smiS, st. m., wonder-smM, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things : gen. pi. wundor-smKa ge- weorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. wundor - se6n, st. f., wondrous sight : gen. pi. wunder-sidna, 996. wunlan, w. v. : l) to stand, exist, remain : pres. sg. III. Jienden }>ser wuna'S on heah-stede hftsa sSlest {as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), 284 ; wuna^he on wiste (Jives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian {to re- main in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode midFinne {remained with F.), 1 1 29. — 2) w. ace. or dat., io dwell in, to inhabit, to possess : pres. sg. III. wuna'S wal-reste {holds his death-bed), 2903; inf. water-egesan wunian, cealde streamas, 1261 ; wicum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. HigelSc ))ser at him wu- na'S, 1924. ge-wunian, w. ace: l) io inhabit: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276. — 2) to retnain with, stand by : subj. pres. J>at hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-stSas, 22. wurffan. See ■weorlffan. wuton, V. from witan, used as interj., let us go^ tip I w. inf. : wutun gangan to {let us go to him !), 2649; uton hra^e fSran! 1391; uton nu Sfstan, 3102. wylf, St. f., she-wolf: in comp. brim- wy If. ■wylm, St. m., surge, surf, billow: nom. sg. fl6des wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme {with winter's flood), 516; ace. sg. J;urh Wateres wylm, 1694; ace. pi. heortan wyl- mas, 2508. — Comp. : bredst-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, f^r-, hea^o-, holm-, see-, sorh-wylm. See 'walm. ^vyn, St. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment : ace. sg. mseste . . . worolde wynne {the highest earthly joy), 1081; eor'San Wynne {earth- joy, the delightful earth), 1731 ; heofenes wynne {heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne {harp -joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; Jiat he . . . ge-drogen hafde eorSan wynne {that he had had his earthly joy), 2728 ; dat. sg. weorod was on wynne, 201 5 ; instr. pi. magenes wynnum {in joy of strength), 1 7 1 7 ; so, 1 888. — Comp. : S'Sel-, hord-, Ilf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. ■wyn-leAs, adj., joyless : ace. sg. wyn-leasne wudu, 141 7; wyn-leas wic, 822. ■wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant : ace. sg. wudu wyn-suraan {the ship), 1920; nom. pi. word waeron wyn-sume, 613. ■\vyrcan, v. irreg. : 1) to do, effect, w. aec. ; inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931. — 2) to make, create, w. ace. : pret. sg. Jjat se al-mihtiga eor'San worh[te], 92; swi hine {the hel- met) worhte waepna smiS, 1453. — 3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen. : subj. pres. wyrce, se Jie mote, dfimes ser dea«e, 1388. be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pi. bronda betost wealle be- worhton, 3163. ge-wyrcan: l) intrans., io act, be- have : inf. swS sceal geong guma g6de gewyrcean ... on fader wine, 316 GLOSSARY. J>at ... (a young man shall so act ■with benefits towards his father's friends that . . .), 20. — 2) w. ace, to do, make, effect, perfortn : inf. ne meahte ic at hilde mid Hrun- tinge wiht ge-wyrcan, l65i ; sweorde ne meahte on 'paxa aglse- j can . . . wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907 ; f~yceC' sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. ^rt. ace. ic >S leode wSt . . . faste ge-worhte. 1865. — 3) to make, construct : inf. (medo- arn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wlg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338 ; (hlaew) ge- wyrcean, 2803; pret. pi. II. ge- woihton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part, ge-worht, 1697. — 4) to win, acquire : pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dom ge-wyrce, 1492. Wyrd, St. f.. Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = fate, providence) : nom. sg., 455, 477, 572. 735. I2°6, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; ace. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pi. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, de- stroy: pret. sg. he t6 lange ledde mine wanode and wyrde, 1338. S- wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part. : a'Seling monig wun- dura S-wyrded, 1 1 14. TFyrffe, adj., nolle; worthy, honored, valued : ace. sg. m. wyr'Sne (ge- don) {to esteem worthy), 2186 ; nom. pl.wyrtie, 368; compar. nom. sg. rices wyrlSra {worthier of rule), 862. — Comp. fyrd-wyrtSe. See weorS. Vvyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf ; in comp. grund-wyr- gen. ge-wypht, St. n., work; desert : in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. ■wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake : nom. sg., 898, 228S, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; ace. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; ace. pi. wyrmas, 1 431. wynn-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons : gen. sg. wyrm- cynnes fela, 1426. ■wyrm-fah, adj., dragon-ornament- ed, snake - adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc. : cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278) : nom. sg. sweord . . . wreo- ^en-hilt and wyrm-fah, 1699. wyrm-hord, st. n., dragon-hoard : gen. pi. wyrm-horda, 2223. for-TvjTnan, w. v., to refuse, re- ject: subj. pres. II. J^at J>u me no for-wyrne, Jiat . . . {that thou re- fuse me not that . . .), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-vvyrnde worold-rse- denne, 1 143. ge-vryrpan, w. v. reflex., to raise one's self, spring up : pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpt'e, 2977. wyrpe, st. m., change: ace. sg. after wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman {after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), 1316. wyrsa, compar. adj., worse: ace. sg. neut. })at \vyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan gejiinges, 525; nom. ace. pi. wyrsan wig-frecan, 1 21 3, 2497. vpyrt, St. f., [-wort], root: instr. pi. wudu wyrtum fast, 1365. wyscan, w. v., to wish, desire : pret. sg. wiscte (rihde, MS.) J>as yldan {wished to delay that or for thii reason), 2240. GLOSSARY. 317 J^el, St. n., evil : gen. pi. yfla, 2095. yldan, w. v., lo delay, put off: inf. ne J>at se aglseca yldan t>6hte, 740; weard wine-geomor wiscte J>as yl- dan, )>at he lytel fac long-gestre6na brfican mSste, 2240. ylde, St. m. pi., men : dat. pi. yldum, 77, 706, 21 18; gen. pi. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde. yldest. See eald. yido, St. f., age (senecius), old age : nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22. — 2) age (aeias), time, era : gen. sg. yldo beam, 70. See eldo. yldra. See eald. ylf, St. f ., elf (incubus, alp) : nom. pi. ylfe, 112. ymb, prep. w. ace. : i) local, around, about, at, upon : ymb hine {around, with, him), 399. With prep, post- poned: hine ymb, 690; ymbbront- ne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb >4 gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), 839; ymb}>as helmes hrof (around the helmes roof, crown), 1031. — 2) temporal, about, after: ymb Sn- tid otSres dogores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb Sne niht (after a night), 135. — 3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to : (frinan) ymb J>inne sIS (on account of, concerning'!, thy journey), 353; hwat J>u . . . ymb Brecan spraece (hast spoken about ^.), 531; 50,1596,3174; naymb his lif cearatS (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheSld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), 507, ymbe, I. prep. w. ace. = ymb: i) local, 2884, 3171; hlsew oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619. — n. adv., around : him . . . ymbe, 2598. ymb-slttend, pres. part., neighbor : gen. pi. ymb-sittendra, 9. ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pi. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pi. ymbe-sittendra, 2735. yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne : dat. sg. eode . . . t8 yppan, 181 6. yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy : nom. sg., 3052. yrfe-laf, st. f., sword left as a be- quest : ace. sg. yrfe-ldfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lSfe, 1904. yrfe-'weard, st. m., heir, son : nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. yrmffo, st. f., misery, shame, wretch- edness : ace. sg. yrm'Se, 1260, 2006. yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement T ace. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg. on yrre, 2093. yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious : nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf), 1533; tegn yrre (the same), 1576; gast yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pi. yrre, 770. See eorre. yrringa, adv., angrily,fiercely, 1566, 2965. yrre-md^ adj., wrathful-minded, wild : nom. sg., 727. ys, he is. See wesan. ^tS (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea : nom. pi. ytSa, 548; ace. pi. ^tSe, 46, 1 133, 1910; dat. pi. J^um, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; JtSum weal- lan (to surge with waves), 515, 2694; gen. pi. ytSa, 464, 849, 1209, 318 GLOSSARY. 1470, igig. — Comp: flod-, llg-, \vater-J'5. SiSstn, w. v., io ravage, devastate, de- stroy : pret. sg. ^Me eotena cyn, 421 (cf. l^ende = depopulating, Bosworth, from ^Ifric's Glossary; pret. t'Sde, Wanderer, 85). ySe. See e&a^e. yffe-lice, adv., easily : J'Se-lice he eft S-stod {he easily arose after- wards'), 1557. ^ST-gebland, st. n., mingling or surging waters, water - tiimult : nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pi. -gebland, 1621. ^ff-gewin, St. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water : dat. sg. JS-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. Sa-IHA, St. {., water-journey, sea- voyage : nom. pi. ^S-lSde, 22S. ^ff-iaf, St. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water {undarum reli- quiae'), shore : dat. sg. be ^tS-lSfe, 566. yff-llda, w. m., wave-traverser, ship: ace. Sg. ^^-lidaii, 198. ^ff-naca, w. m., sea-boat: ace. sg.. [y^-]nacan, 1904. ^ff-gesene. See 6ff-ges^ne. ^■wan, w. V. w. ace, to show : pret. sg. an-sjn ^wde {showed itself, ap- peared), 2835. S^^ edwan, eo- wan. ge-^wan, w. ace. of thing, dat. of pevs., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150. GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. abrecan, st. v., to shatter : part, his byrne Sbrocen wsere {his byrniewas shattered). anyman, st. v., to take, take away. ban-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull, \shield, Bosw.]. buruh-}>elu, st. f., castle-Jloor. celod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat- shaped or hollow. dagian, w. v., to dawn : ne \\% ne dagia'S eastan {this is not dawning from the east). de6r-m5d, adj., brave in mood: dedr-mod hale'S. driht-gestiy, st. m., companion, associate. edstan, aiw.,from the east. eorff-buend, st. m., earth-dweller, man. f fer, St. m., fear, terror. f^ren, adj., flaming, afire : nom. f. svvylce eal Finns -buruh fyrenu wasre {as if all Finnsburh were afire) . gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult. gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound) : pres. sg. gylleS graeg- hama {the gray garment [byrnie] rings). geuesan, st. v., to survive, recover from : pret. pi. fiS wigend hyra wunda geiiseson {the warriors were recovering from their wounds). gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments). gi'seg-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat. guS-wudu, St. m., war-wood, spear. GLOSSARY. 319 bag-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl. heaffo-geong, aA]., young in war. here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail. hleoSFrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim : pret. sg. hleo'Srode . . . cyning (Jhe prince exclaimed) . hraew, st. n., corpse. brdr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hror {strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.). lac (lalff?)? for QSiCov, fluttering ? oncweffan, st. v., to answer : pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwy^S {the shield answers the spear). onwacnlan, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pi. onwacnigea^ . . ., wlgend mine {awake, my warriors .'). sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft. sealo-brun, adj., dusky-brown. slge-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior. swaSer (swi hwaiJer), pron., which of two, which. swS.n, St. m., swain, youth; war- rior. sweart, adj., swart. Hack. sw6t, adj., sweet: ace. m. swStne medo . . . forgyldan {requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). swurd-le6ina, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords. Jjyrl, &i]., pierced, cloven. undearnlnga, adv., without con- cealment, openly. Ttrandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover : pret. sg. hrafn wandrode {the raven hovered). walffol, St. m., the full moon [Grein] ; [adj., wandering, Bosw.]. ■wal-sliht (-sleabt), st. m., combat, deadly struggle : gen. pi. wal- slihta gehlyn {the din of combats), we3--daed, st. f., deed of woe : nom. pi. SrisalS we^-dasda. witian (■weotlan), w. v., to appoint, determine : part, ^e is . . . witod. ■wurlSlice (■weorffllce), adv., wor- thily, gallantly: compar. wurlS-lIcor. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. LIST OF NAMES. EjCg-]'e6w, end, for arranges the strife, read terminates the strife. Heaffo-rsemas, for reaches Breca, read reached by Breca. GLOSSARY. Under aglseca read seglseca for aglseca, and eikileihhi for egileihhi; insert (?) after trouble. an-drisno, omit parenthesis (fr. rlsan, etc.). aglaec-wif, read demon in the form of woman for demoniacal, etc. an-sund, add anforht (after and- wllta) adj., timid: ace. pi., 444. — Kluge (see "List of Recent Readings ") . an--wealda, add = sole ruler ? an-wealda, add anwig-gearn (af- ter an-walda) : adj., ready for single combat, nom.pl., 1248 (see " List of Recent Readings "). adre, read sedre; aled, read seled, and put O.N. for O.H.G.; same under al-fylce. appel-fealu, for dappled, etc., read apple-fallow, or apple-yellow : apple-yellow steeds, 2166. ge-sehtan, ge-aehtla read ge- abtan, etc. eerest, ... 2) history, origin : omit parenthesis, and read that I its history should tell thee, 2158. bsedan and bsel, for O.H.G. read O.N. g e -baeran, in first citation, for troop bore itself read people bore them- selves, 1013. at-beran, add, at the end, to bear away, 2128. g e - b e r a n, at the end, for better born read born of the better, 1704. brand, brond, translate second citation could not burn him with fire, 2\Tj. bregdan, 1. 1017, broden-msel ir; now regarded as a comp'd noun = inlaid or damasceened sword. — Wiilker, Holder, etc. breme, read brgme. bringan, in first citation, for c thousand read thousands of. brOffor, insert braden-mael : st. n., inlaid or damasceened sword: nom. sg., 1 61 7. brun, add brown. brun-ecg, add brown-edged. brun-f^g, add brown-hued. bfian, insert bflan after onfunde in first citation. bunden-stefkia, foi sterntes.dprow. burh-loca, add city-lock. cuman and its comp'ds read com, cw8m, etc., in pret. dag-hwil, for day-time read day^s time; " days," lifetime. COERECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 321 dscd-hS^ta, add instigator; dsed- hwata. — Kluge. dei<$-scfia, for death bringing, ghostly being, read death shadow, deadly being. dedgan, add to dye. — Thorpe (see "List," etc.). dol-gilp, omit second definition, and read idle boasting. d6n, add " reduplicated v." drincan, druncne dryhtguman, "joyous from, elate with, wine." — Sievers. ge-drag, add tumult. dreogan, second citation (15), read " For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured" — Sievers. dryht-lic, omit parenthesis, and read lordly. dryht-sclpCj for warrior-ship read lord-ship. dugan, pret. pres. v. durran, in first citation, for expect read await. eges-full, for terribleness Tts.d.fear. egsian, add io terrify. eald-fader, for father who lived long ago read ancestor. ed-land, add island. eolet, add voyage^T), hasty jour- neyiy). — Groschopp. — Grein. faro9, add shore. tsds,for{'>'), read terror, dread. fader-aa^elo, z-AA father's honors. fated, etc., read faeted, etc. faes, omit (?), and read horror, dread. felgan, at the end, for to come to any place, to arrive, read to fall into. — Cosijn reads fealh = fleab. feor-cfff, at the end, instead of for him is it better, etc., read for him are far countries better (when) sought. &&, add barb. findan, add = Impetrare. — Cosij n . folc-riht, &Ai folk-right. folc-scearu, zA& folk-share. freme, read fremu = frScnu. — Cosijn. frScne, add 1933. freoffo-TFebbe, add peace-weaver. frlgnan and its compounds mark u in pret. fus, zAA furnished with. S-^llan should stand before. g e - f yllan. full-gangan, at the end, for fol- lowed the arrow, did as the arrow, re&i followed the barb(^ ?). gar-holt, omit forest of spears, etc., read spear-shaft. gast, gist, gyst, for stranger read demon. ge^pron.,fprge,etc.-|j^j,^pl^^^^ *, ' f after getan. gena, J geato-lic, add ready, agile. b e-- gSte, for to find, to attain, read attainable. at-gifan (after fi-gifan), to render, to afford : inf., 2879. gold-maSFm, ioxjewelxt&A treasure. gryn, add sorrow. hand-sper, read hand-sporu = claw, hand-spur. hata, for persecutor read ruler. haft-mSce, for sword with fetters read sword with hilt. herian, read herian, and place after herg. he read h§, and place after hete- ]>anc. heard-ecg, add ace. sg., 1491. ge-hegan, read ge-h6gan, and place after hedan; omit O.H.G. hagjan. heaf, add (haef, Sievers), heafu, 1863 (Kluge). 322 CORKECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. heard-ecg, for sharp sword read hard-edged, and for st. f. read adj. : ace. sg., 1491. beaLfor, for putrid or festering blood read gore, blood. hild, in citation 2917, for through read in. heals-beah, add dat. (?), 1215. — Cosijn. heals-gebedde, read -a, w. m. f. hediaru, Kluge reads heafu (pi. of heaf, sea) ; hset. — Sievers. hdp, read hop; so in compounds of hop. hradlice, for hast/, guick, imme- diate, read hastily, quickly, imme- diately. hreffer, read hrgffer, and add in third line from top of p. 213, on hrSiSre, 1746. hring-iren, add ring-mail, hruse, read hrfise. g e ■■ lafian, read cheer for lave. lassa, read Isessa. let(?), insert (?) after sojourn. Groschopp omits let as a separate word. leoffo-craft, add skill. leod {people), put 24 before 362, and omit 24 before 192 (ace), for-ledsan, add destroy. liinpan, read happen for succeed. Ug, add n. Idea, read loca. lof, add n. lufa, add (?); and after eard- Iufa(?). lyft>wyn, add after of, or in, etc. lyt-h'won, read lyt-hwOn (neut.) . Ta.%, omit adv. msest, add (7th line) subs. medu, add meodu. inedu-scenc, read mead-pourer for mead-can, etc. medo-setl, read mead-hall for mead-seat, etc. meSel, read council, assembly, for speech, etc. indd-ge-}>anc, add m. in5r-h0p, read mSr-hop. myndian, ge-myndian, read myndglan, etc. myrff, read sorrow ior joy, etc. naca, add nom. sg., 1897. nefne, read ne-gif-ne for (ni-iba-ni). g e - near-nrian, add adj. = infen- sus? nedh: 2), add, after 2871, prep. neod, add zeal, desire. neod-laS'u, add 1321 = nedd- ia3'u[m] = deadly hostility? — Cosijn. niff-wundor, read niff-, and won- der of the sea. nose, read nSse. rand, add edge of shield. raedeu, add 5i(?) (see "List"). reced, add m. ge-rum-ltce, read abundantly, far, afar, for commodiously, etc. sael, read sele-rjedende = hall-pos- sessors. — Sievers. o n - s ae 1 a n, read sige-hrS^secgum = loose the restraints of etiquette, be- fore disclose thy views to, the vic- torious heroes. — Kluge. scadu, for m. read f. ? n. pi. ? scaTra, read spy for observer; scatSa? — Cosijn. scene, read cup-bearer for vessel, etc. scerwen, read part, of scerwan, to waste, squander, seOp, read scop. se, read sS (>aem, etc.). segn, add m. sele-raedend, omit guardian or. sele-rest, add rest. sendan, read to despatch (a meal). — Bright. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 323 sige-hreff, read 8lge-hr6ffsecg(?), victorious hero. — Kluge. si9, read arrival for journey ; (?) after 501 and 353. snotor-lice, add -ly. springan, add at-springan, to spring forth, arise: pret. sg. at-spranc, 1 1 22. at-springan, the references be- long to ge-springan. st3,n-£^h, add (?) after colors and stones. stigan, omit up, and read walk for ascend, and walked for plunged. strSidan, read stTidan(?), stride(?), 3074. — Sievers; and omit straede, etc. strengo, add st. f.; and (?) before strengum. twegen, add m. tweone should be treated under be as a separable prep. )>e6d-J>re&, add m. >ingiaii, add intercede far, ask par- don for. ]>olian, 4th line, read pret. for instr. )>rag, read Jr&g (also in comp'ds) . }>re&, add m. Jritig, read ]>ritig. ]>ryff-swyief, read J>r^ff-swf »(?). JryS-word, read nom. for ace. J»n, read ]jfl, J>e. un-forht, an-forht = timid, 444. — Kluge. un-h&r, read bald. un-hlytme, add for un-flitme = with whom none can contend. un-snyttru, add st. un-'wearnum, read irresistibly for ■ unresistingly. lip, read up. wag, read TrSg. vvarlan, 1266, read f^rode, to ravage ?. — Wulker. hergode ? wad, read nom. pi. for ace. wal-fyllo, add st. we, read 'W© w^erian, add w. v. ■werig, read ■wSrlg. w S s t e n, add st. weaxan, add to eat (= vescor? — Cosijn)? 31 16. ■weorff-mynd, add n. wtg-weorffung, read acc.pl. for nom. ■winter, add n. ■wltan, omit 1 605. wlde-ferff, add n. ■wig-ge-weorffad, read wlgge- [ge-] w^eorSfad. — Cosijn. wllte-se6n, add f. wolcen, add m. ■wrecon, 5th line, read e[a]lliie for ellen. — Kluge. wrdht, add m. ge-^vyrpan, read to recover, get well, for to raise, etc. ■w^scan, add 1605. — Cosijn. APPENDIX TO GLOSSARY, THIRD EDITION. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 115, read ond (and) for and through- out. (The Ms. usually has T.) 122, under ge-'bsedan read violently lox from the strings. 126, for cyne-beald read cyning- beald. 137, under buan insert bfian after beorge. 138, read b^sgu for bysgu. 324 COKRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 149, read drusian for drusian. 1 64, insert fec-ivord before feffer- gearwe. 16^, dele faes, etc.; under faer in- sert 2231. 178, dele circumflex over vpilnlan (under f reoffu) . 1 79, mark frinan, gefrtnan, ge- frfiuen. 183, gSn and gangan are distinct. 191, add 2879 to on-ginnan, pret. part. 208, read oferMgean or of erhigan = Goth, ufarhauhjan, part. ufarbauhlds (Bugge, Tids. 8, 60) ; Kluge (Beit. IX. 192) sug- gests oferh^dian = to render arrogant, to infatuate, from oferh^d (oferhygd). 212, horn is m. 224, asterisk leahan. 227 and 228, read leon for lihan. 234, read menigu for menigeo. 237, under mdd add ace. sg., 1932. 237, insert (?) after air of morn, 245, under offffe add 3007 = and. 247, right-hand col., 8 11. from bottom, read towards(y). 249, under oru8P insert acc.(?), 2524. 251, under raesan insert geraesan, 2840. 252, under be-reofan dele ace. pi. n. 256, under sceran see Beit. IX. 210, 282. 258, dele ge-scod, etc., and cf. ge- sceaffan, 2778. 258, see Skeat (Prin. of Eng. Etymol., 179-80) for a defense of scop (not 8c6p). 273 and 322, under strengo, read f. 288, insert ]>e6w(?), 2225, after Jjeostor. 288 and 289, dele Jiihan after }>e6n. 289, under \oa insert ]>on m^, 504 = the more ? 291, }>uniaii should come under ge- ]>ungeii. 300, for werig read werg = ■wearg(h). 302, read wearg(h) for wearh. 319 (Finnsburh), for lacra Bugge (Beit. XII. 27) suggests flacra = fluttering. See Appendix of Corrections. APPENDIX OF CORRECTIONS TO TEXT, THIRD EDITION. 2017, destroy period mark. 2132, life; Bugge (Beit. XII. 369). 2158, cf. 2166, and see Sievers, Beit. X. 222. 2246, hordTrynne (gen. sg.) or hard-fyndne; Bugge, Beit. XII. 102. 2247, change to fee-word (Ms. has fee). 2386, change to orfeorme (Ms. has or). 2394, change to frednd (Ms.). 219, for ^n-tSd read an-t!d = ond- tid. Cosijn (Beit. VIII. 568). 524, for Bednst^nes read BS,nstdn (Kluge, Beit. IX. 573). 601, Ms. has ond = and in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); elsewhere it uses abbrev. ~\ = and, 1288, read anwlg-, and cf. Beit. IX. 210, 282. 1631, read drusade. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 325 2650, Bugge suggests hat, Beit. XII. 105. 26S8, Bugge suggests wundum (Ms.). Page 101 (Fiimsburh), note, 11. 33-4, new reading and punctuation; cf. Socin's Heyne's Bed., and Bugge, Beit. XII. 27, TEXT. SOME RECENT READINGS AND SUGGESTIONS. 15, J>a (ace. f.) for ]>at. — (Bout- erwek) Sievers. 31, laen-dagas for lange. — Kluge. 51, sele-raedende. — Kemble and Cosijn. 106, destroy period, and read in Caines, etc., with J^onne . . driliten in parenthesis. — Sievers. 120, ■wera[s]. — Sievers. unfselo. — Rieger. 146, destroy period after sSlest; put was . . . micel in paren- thesis, and insert colon after tid. — Sievers. 159, ac se for atol. — Rieger. 240, supply hringed-steftiaii for helmas bseron. — Wulker. 254, supply comma after feor- buend. — Sievers. 259, supply comma after 'wlsa Sievers. 280, edwenden for edwendan. — Bugge. 322, comma after sclr. — Sievers. 443. gold- for guS-sele. — Bugge. 444, anforhte {timid) for un-. — Kluge. 447, colon after nimeff. — Sievers. 489, destroy comma after meoto, and read sige-lir6ffsecgum. — Kluge. 499, [HJunferff. — Rieger (on account of alliteration). 516, ■wylmum. — Kluge. 524, Bedbst^nes. — Bugge. 525, ge]>inges. — Rieger. 574, swa Jjaer for hwaBfere. — Bugge. 586, supply geflites before ]>as, and blend the two broken lines. — Kluge. 648, supply period after ge]>iiiged. — Kluge. 695, read hiera after ]>at. — Kluge. 723, [ge]hran. — Zupitza. 759, modega for gdda. — Rieger (alliteration). 851, destroy semicolon after weol, and read de6p for de6g. — Sievers. 898, hate. — Scherer. 901, aron = arum J>ah. — Cosijn. 992, hroden for haten. — Kluge. 1005, supply geh'wa after s. . . . b. — Kluge. 1084, wiff for wiht. — Rieger. 1 1 1 7, destroy period after dSn, and insert semicolon after eaxle. —Kluge. 1 1 52, [h]roden (= reddeti). — Sievers. 1 20 1, semicolon after sine-fat; fealh = fleah. — Cosijn. 1213, insert nsefre before wal. — Holtzmann. SOME RECENT READINGS. 1215, hrae-wlc. — Kluge; heals- b6ge. — Cosijn. 1229, si. — Kluge. 1231, s^u[doii]. — Kluge. 1235, gea-sceaft. — Kluge. 1 248, anwIg-gearTve {ready for single combat). — Cosijn. 1254, f3,rode {ravaged'). — Wiilker, Kolbing, etc., hergode? i3oi,lilm . . . Bern. — Cosijn. 1321, nedd-l^ffain {crushing hos- tilily) . — Cosijn. 1 364, hrimde (= frosty) . — Cosijn ; hrlmige.— Sweet andMorris. 1460, ater-tedrum. — Cosijn. 1490, wal-. — Kluge. 1538, feaxe. — Rieger. 1542, [ta]and-le&ii. — Holder. 1 546, seax[e] . — Sweet, etc. 1556, destroy comma after gesced, and insert one after ^Sellce. — Sweet and Sievers. 1605, ■w'istoji.=wiscUiu{=wished). — Cosijn. 1 748, w6 [u] m. — Kluge. 1784, wigge-[ge-]weorffad. — Cosijn. i8io, Irenes. — Miillenhoff. 1832, dryhtne. — Kluge. 1858, gemsene. — Sievers. 1863, heafu (= seas). — Kluge. 1896, scaSPan. — Cosijn. 1904, -naca. — Rieger. 1914, insert )>at he before on lande. — Sievers. 1924, wunade. — WUlker, Holder, etc. 1927, on hedn. — Kluge. 1933, frgcnu. — Cosijn. 1936, and-eges. — Bugge. 1943, onsece. — Rieger. 2025, Is for was. — Kluge. 2030, insert semicolon after gesette, destroy nO, and read Iiytle, etc. — Holder and Kluge. •waere for hwser. — Kluge. -beorn. — Kluge. ealdor. — Kluge. serist. — Rieger. seah. — Wiilker. earff-huse. — Zupitza. supply instead of wide, etc., sw^ffe ondraedaff . — Zupit- za; ges@cean for gewun- lan. — Holder, read bord on brusan. — Zupitza (Kemble). read sum for bopd. — Cosijn. read [f]orfeorme. — MoUer. ©Iffel-wynne. — Sievers. b^wdu. — Bugge. read ]>& ]>at. — Sievers. read gefylde. — Sievers (Thorpe) ; e[a]llne. — Kluge. read gebwone on same line with cynnes; gum-cynnes for gumena. — Holder; in- sert bord before ofer-hlgian. — Grein. 2776, bladon. — Ettmiiller. 2871, 5wSr. — Sievers and Wiilker. 2873, Sievers divides : wraffe for- wurpe, J^a, etc. 2910, bige-mgffe. — Sievers. 2959, read sacc for segn. — Sievers ; Higeiaces. — Thorpe. 3039, insert Jjaer before ges@gan. — Wulker and Holder. 3042, gryre-fah. — Bugge. 3057, gebybt manna. — Grundtvig and Kluge. 3063, ]70nne belongs to next line. — Wiilker and Holder. 3074, stride. — Sievers. 3075. gold-hwaetes. — Sievers. 2030, 2036, 2153, 2158, 2232, 2233, 2276, 2277, 2285, 2386, 2494, 2661, 2702, 2707, 2767, NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION. The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition of Bedwulf (1883), that, in spite of its many short- comings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text, — errors in single letters, accents, and punctu- ation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and translar tion, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very small space, they have been corrected in the plates ; where they are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wiilker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt passages. The objectionable a and se, for the short and the long diphthong, have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibil- ity of removing them without entirely recasting the plates. In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebt- edness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided in the correction of the text, — particularly to Profs. C. P. G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J. M. Hart ; to Prof. J. W. Bright ; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English throughout the land. Juke, 1885. I^OTE II. THE editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beowulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the cooperation of distinguished schol- ars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors P. A. March of Lafayette College, T. E. Price of Colum- bia College, and W. M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrovm several of his ren- derings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verifica- tion, having {o be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifpng them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted vnth entire cer- tainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words ; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J. M. Gamett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added; X NOTE II. and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-trans- lators of a translation : the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was vrrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places, — " Beowulf " is a most difficult poem, — but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly con- sulted. A good many cognate Modern English words have been intro- duced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parentheti- cal marks. It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems wiU do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. James A. Harrison, Washington and Lee Univereiiy, Lexington, Ya. April, 1883. Robert Sharp, University of Louisiana, New Orleant, The responsibility of the editors is as follows : H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from hrtnan on; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrinan. OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH. [ANGLO-SAXON.] Beowulf : An Anglo-Saxon Poem. (Vol. I. of the Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.) Contains also the Fight at Finnsburh. With Text and Glossary on the basis of Heyne's fourth edition, edited, corrected, and enlarged by James A. Harrison, Professor of English and Modern Languages, Washington and Lee University, and Robert Sharp, Professor of Greek and English, Tulane University of Louisiana. Second Edition, revised. 12mo. Cloth. x + 325 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25 ; Introduc- tion, $1.12. rpmS edition is designed primarily for college classes. It has been recommended by Professors Dowden and NicoU to their classes in the Universities of DubMn and Glasgow. Hiram Corson, Prof. Eng., Cornell Univ. : Altogether the one best adapt- ed to the wants of American students. F. A. March, Prof, of Anglo-Saxon, Lafayette College : The best there is for class use. (N'ov. 2, 1885.) Ccedmon's Exodus and Daniel. (Vol. II. of the Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.) Edited from Grein, with Notes and Glossary, by Theodore W. Htjnt, Professor of Rhetoric and English Language in Princeton College. Second Edition, revised. 12mo. Cloth. 121 pages. Mailing Price, 65 cents; Introduction, 60 cents. See also the Annovn cements. rPHIS edition is designed mainly for college classes, and includes 589 lines of the Exodus and 765 of the Daniel. F. A. March, Lafayette College ■■ It I American publish a neat and conven- is a matter of honest pride to see an | ient edition of it. Andreas : A Legend of St. Andrew. (Vol. III. of the Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.) Edited, with Critical Notes, by W. M. Baskervill, Professor of English Language and Literature in the Vanderbilt University. Text and Notes, viii + 78 pages. Paper. 25 cents. To be issued soon in Cloth, with Glossary. Sec the Announcements. 24 OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH. Carpenter's Anglo-Saxon Grammar and Reader. By Stephen H. Caepenter, late Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Wisconsin. 12mo. Cloth. 212 pages. Mailing Price, 70 cents ; Introduction, 60 cents. Carpenter's English of the XIV. Century. By Stephen H. Cakpenter. 12mo. Cloth. 313 pages. Mailing Price, $1.00; Introduction, 90 cents. TLLUSTKATED by Notes, Grammatical and Philological, on Chaucer's Prologue and Knight's Tale, and so forming an excel- lent introduction to that author. Beowulf, and The Fight at Finnsburh. Translated by James M. Garnett, M.A., LL.D., Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University of Virginia. With Facsimile of the Unique Manuscript in the British Museum, Cotton. Vitellius A XV. Second Edition, revised. 12mo. Cloth. 146 pages. Mailing Price, $1.10; Introduction, $1.00. Francis A. March, Prof, of Com- parative Philology, Lafayette Col- lege : This is the hest translation so far in our language, and will do honor to American scholarship. J. Earle, Prof, of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford, Eng. : It is a very complete piece of work, bring- ing the whole subject up to the very front line of its progress. An Old English Grammar. By Edxiaed Sievers, Ph.D., Professor of Germanic Philology in the University of Tiibingen ; translated and edited by Albert S. Cook, Ph.D. (Jena), Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University of California. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo. Cloth. XX + 273 pages. Mailing Price, $1.25 ; for Introduction, $1.12. TT is hoped that this version will be found not only to present in English the most approved text-book on the subject, but to present it in a form better adapted for the use of students, and in some respects more in accord with the views of the best authorities. F. J. Child, Prof, of Eng., Harvard Dartmouth College : No more impor- TJniv. : It is an absolutely masterly tant work is now accessible to the book, as would be expected of those student of the early grammatical who have made it. (Feh. i, 1888.) forms of our twelve-hnndred-year-old C. J. Eichardson, Prof of Eng., English language. (Feb. 28, 1888.) GINN & COMPANY, BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND CHICAGO HISTORY. Outlines of Mediceual and Modern History. By P. V. N. Myers, A.M., President of Belmont College, Ohio; Author ef Outlines of Ancient History, and Remains of Lost Empires. 12mo, Half Morocco, xii + 740 pages. With colored maps, reproduced, by permission, from Freeman's Historical Atlas. Mailing Price, fl.65) for introduction, $1.50. rpmS work aims to blend in a single narrative accounts of the social, political, literary, intellectual, and religious developments of the peoples of mediaeval and modern times, — to give in simple outline the story of civilization since the meeting, in the fifth century of our era, of Latin and Teuton upon the soil of the Roman Empire in the West. The author's conception of History, based on the definitions of Ueberweg, that it is the unfolding of the essence of spirit, affords the key-note to the work. Its aim is to deal with the essential elements, not the accidental features, of the life of the race. Unity and cohesion are secured by grouping facts according to the principles of historic development, and while the analysis is rigid and scientific, the narrative will be found clear, continuous. interesting, and suggestive. W. F. Allen, Prof, of History, University of Wisconsin ; Mr. Myers' book seems to me to be a work of high exceUenoe, and to give a re- markably clear and vivid picture of mediaeval history. E. B. Andrews, Prof, of ^History and Political Economy, Brown Uni- versity, Providence, S.I. : It seems certain to take its place as one of the most serviceable books of its kind before the school and college public. (Jan. 6, 1887.) Geo. W. Knight, Prof, of History, Ohio State University : The author seems to have gotten hold of the active principle, the leading motives and tendencies of each age; to have taken a comprehensive view of the development of man's ideas, of na- tions, and of governments. Then he has grouped the various events in such a way as wiU bring clearly to view these different phases of the world-development without ignoring what may be called the collateral events. HISTOKY. 99 Anson D. Morse, Prof, of History and Political Economy, Amherst College : I find in it many good feat- ures, and shall recommend it to our students. (Feb. 1, 1887.) Julius H. Seelye, Pres. of Amherst College : The book is clearly written and with a comprehensive outlook. (March 12, 1886.) E. B. Buggies, Prof, of Modern Languages, Chandler Scientific De- partment, Dartmouth College ■• The work impresses me very favorably. {March 8, 1886.) Arthur Latham Perry, Prof, of History and Political Economy, Wil- liams College: I find proofs of un- usual diligence and studious investi- gation, and a happy skill in narration. (Feb. 27, 1886.) A. Bittenhouse, Prof, of History, Dickinson College, Pa. : I am much pleased with the work. If present plans are carried out with reference to the history course, it will be intro- duced next fall term. This is my best indorsement. (March 3, 1886.) Alfred S. Boe, Prin. of High School, Worcester, Mass..- It cer- tainly is an exceedingly valuable book. (Jan. 6, 1887.) Henry Ferguson, Prof, of History and Political Sci^ce in Trinity Col- lege, Hartford, Conn. : I think it can be thoroughly recommended as a well arranged and interesting manual. It has the unusual charm for a manual of being extremely readable. (Jan. 8, 1887.) £. J. Colcord, Teacher of History, Vermont Academy, Saxton's River : I think it is the best text-book on history yet published. My class is very enthusiastic over it. (Oct. 11,1886.) II. S. Snow, Prof, of History, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. : I like its plan, and the plan is well executed. It is sure to be liked by teachers and pupils and by the general reader. It seems to me to be more interesting than such books usually are, and that is a very impor- tant point. (Oct. 20, 1886.) James B. Angell, Pres. of Univer- sity of Michigan : The volume seems to me well adapted to its purpose. The proportions of the work are good, the style is simple and lucid, and the significance of events is fairly judged. The maps and the typographical execution of the book are excellent. (March 20, 1886.) C. W. Pearson, Prof, of History, Northwestern University, Evanston, III. : The author has succeeded in making a clear, substantially accu- rate, and very readable narrative ; one in very refreshing contrast to the wearisome and disconnected compendiums that sometimes go under the name of histories. (JuTie 21, 1886.) J. D. Cox, Pres. of University of Cincinnati : The author has been surprisingly successful in preserving the interest of the narrative in the great condensation which the limits of the work imposed, and has shown great judgment in his methods oi selection. (March 22, 1886.) F. A. HUl, Prin. of English High School, Cambridge, Mass. : It is a triumph to secure vividness, point, and freshness in handling the world's history for a school or college text- book. Such a triumph President Myers has achieved. (Jvne 12, 1886.) H. M. Willard, Prin. of Vermont Academy, Saxton's River : We are using it, and like it very much. (Oct. 26, 1886.) 100 HISTOEY. Ancient History for Colleges and High Schools. Pabt I. THE EASTEBN NATIONS AND GREECE. By P. V. N. Myers, President of Belmont College, Ohio. 12mo. Cloth, x + 369 pages, with iUustiations and colored maps. Until Allen's Borne is ready, the publishers will bind with this book the history of Rome from Myers' Ancient History. Introduction Price, $1.40. rPHIS is a revision and expansion of the corresponding part of the author's Outlines of Ancient History. It embraces the his- tory of the Egyptians, Assyrio-Babylonians, Hebrews, Phcenioians, Lydians, Medes and Persians, and Greeks. The chapters relating to the Eastern nations have been written in the light of the most recent revelations of the monuments of Egypt and Babylonia. The influence of Oriental civilization upon the later development of the Western peoples -has been fully indi- cated. It is shown that before the East gave a religion to the West it had imparted many primary elements of art and general culture. This lends a sort of epic unity to series of events and historic developments too often regarded as fragmentary and un- related, and invests the history of the old civilizations of the Orient with fresh interest and instruction. In tracing the growth of Greek civilization, while the value of the germs of culture which the Greeks received from the older nations of the East is strongly insisted upon, still it is admitted that the determining factor in the wonderful Greek development was the peculiar genius of the Greek race itself. The work is furnished with chronological summaries, colored maps, and numerous illustrations drawn from the most authentic sources. For Part II., Rome, by Prof. W. F. Allen, see Announcements. Historia do Brazil. Resume da Historia do Brazil, para uso das escolas primarias Brazileiras. Pela Professora Mabia G. L. de Andrabe. 12mo. Cloth, x + 231 pages. Illustrated. Mailing price, 85 cents ; for introduction, 75 cents. fpHIS is a history of Brazil from the earliest times to the year 1848, written in the Portuguese language. It is believed to be the best work of its kind extant, and would be found also an excel- lent reading book for students of Portuguese. HISTORY. 103 English History Reader. By D. H. MoNTGOMBET. 12mo. Cloth, xxxiv + 254 pages, with a colored map. Mailing Price, 85 cents; for introduction, 75 cents. T^HIS is the first edition of Montgomery's Leading Facts of Eng- lish History. The book has clearly demonstrated its value for reading purposes, and the price has been reduced to make it gen- erally available for this use. ous, and the references seem to me very well selected. I cordially rec- ommend it to all students and teach- ers of English history. (.Jan. 3, 1886.) W. P. Atkinson, Prof, of English and History, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston: It is that uncommon kind of book, a readable short sketch. It is fresh and vigor- Pilgrims and Puritans. By Miss N. Moore. Square 16mo. Cloth, viii + 197 pages. Illustrated. Mailing Price, 70 cents ; for introduction, 60 cents. rpmS is a book of easy reading, containing sketches of the early days of Massachusetts,^ — Massachusetts Indians, the Pilgrims of Plymouth, English Boston, William Blackstone, John Winthrop, Extracts from Wood''s New England's Prospect, with notes and appendix. It is intended for children who have not yet begun or are .just beginning the study of United States History, and to supplement or prepare the way for the ordinary text-book. It has already been used by children under ten years of age. It is provided with maps and illustrations. 77?e Reader's Guide to English History. By William Francis Allen, A.M., Professor in the University of Wisconsin. Long 8vo. Paper. 50 pages. Mailing Price, 30 cents ; Introduction, 25 cents. The Supplement can be had separately; Mailing Price, 10 cents. fT^HE arrangement is that of four parallel columns upon two opposite pages : the first column giving the English sovereigns ; the second, histories, biographies, and essays; the third, novels, poems, and dramas illustrating that period of English history ; the fourth, the same class of works, illustrating contemporary history. 33 Washington and His Country. By Washington Ikting and John Fiske. 654 pages, including 13 maps. 12mo. Cloth. Mailing price, $1.10 ; for introduction, $1.00. QUESTIONS, prepared to facilitate the use of the work as a text-book of United States history will be published in April. rPHIS consists of Irving's Life of Washington, judiciously abridged by John Fiske, and supplemented with an Introduction and a Continuation by Mr. Fiske that make the work in effect a His- tory of the United States. It is anticipated that this History will be cordially welcomed and will exert a great influence upon present methods and courses of study. It will be found to com- bine many peculiar excellences. 1. History is taught through biography. This secures the great- est interest, unity, and clearness, and, at the same time, the greatest moral value. 2. The history is presented in a readable outline. The salient points are fully and vividly set forth, and cannot fail to impress the memory and the imagination. 3. The pupU has before him in this book the thought and lan- guage of an acknowledged master of English. 4. The abridging and the supplementing have been done by one exceptionally competent. The Introduction and the Continuation are masterly sketches, unequalled by anything hitherto published. Thus, while acquiring a knowledge of facts and events, the pupil is gaining a love for history and literature, moulding his diction by a classic author, and ennobling his character by contemplating one of the grandest types of humanity. There will be less of mechani- cal study and more of the real, less committing to memory of trivial facts, and a firmer grasp of the important ones. W. E. Buck, Supt. of Schools, Manchester, N.H. : I cannot think of another book so desirable for col- lateral reading by pupils studying history in the common schools. E. H. EuBsell, Prin. of Normal School, Worcester, Mass. : I have ordered a supply for class use. It seems to me the most noteworthy book that has appeared in this field for years. I recommend it right and left without reserve. Thomas M. Balliet, Supt. of Schools, Sprinfffleld, Mass. : It can be used as a text-book on U. S. History; and as a book for supple- mentary reading on the subject, I don't know of anything else equal to it. (Jan. 20, 1888.) 34 S. T. Sutton, Supt. of Schools, New Haven, Ct. : One of the greatest of Irving's works, it is indeed a clas- sic, and this handy edition judi- ciously condensed and extended will rank as one of the hest school histo- ries and one of the most suitable reading-books in the market. J. A. Graves, Prin. of South School, Hartford, Ct. : We feel sure that it will be a valuable and impor- tant addition to the list of books for supplementary work in history. Albert C. Perkins, Prln. of Adel- phi Acad., Brooklyn, N. Y. : As a book to keep within reach of classes in American history it seems to me excellent. Indeed, if used as a text- book in that branch, I believe it must bring the best results in impressing on the minds of pupils a sense of the spirit and genius of our history as well as the leading facts of it. Henry P. Emerson, Frin. of High School, Buffalo, N. Y. : Uniting the grace of Irving with the strength of Piske is a good thought. F. B. Palmer, Prin. of State Nor- mal School, Fredonia, N. Y. : I should thiuk the work of abridgment ad- mirably done and the additions judi- cious, and heartily welcome the work as likely to revive interest in one of our best authors and one of the noblest themes that can be placed before the young. (Dec. 22, 1887.) E. T. Tomlinson, Headmaster of Bulgers Coll. Gram. School, New Brunswick, N.J. : To my mind it will prove a valuable book for school purposes. {Jan. 3, 1888.) 0. D. Bobinson, Prin. of High School, Albany, N.Y. : I believe that it is admirable in every respect for the objects which the author had in riew when preparing it. It is his- tory, biography, and literature of the very best, all combined. John G. Wright, Pri7i. of Union School, Cooperstown, N. Y. : It is the happiest thought yet in the way of an abridged history. {Dec. 20, 1887.) C. B. Wood, Prin. of High School, Pittsburgh, Pa. : The book is a gem. I have placed it in the hands of the teacher of history, and recommended it as a book of reference. E. C. Delano, Ass't Supt. of Schools, Chicago, HI. : It is a charming book, well fitted for historical and supple- mentary reading in the advanced grades of our public schools. Lewis H. Jones, Supt. of Public Schools, Indianapolis, Ind. : It seems to be admirably adapted to secure two of the most important aims that are ever reached in historical teach- ing — love of country and love of good historical reading. 0. T. Bright, Supt. of Public Schools, Knglewood, III. . It seems to me very valuable as an adjunct in teaching United States history. I have seen no other book to compare with it in value as supplementary to the study named. {Jan. 23, 1888.) J. B. Young, Supt. of Public Schools, Davenport, la. : It sets forth in a simple and captivating style all the important facts of our country's history, without burdening its pages or the mind with valueless detail wherever it is used. {Feb. 2, 1888.) E. Stanley, Supt. of Public Schools, Lawrence, Kan. : It is a volume of remarkable merit, written in an ad- mirable style, full of interest, and attractive beyond ordinary books. F. M. Draper, Supt. of Public Schools, Atchison, Kan.: Something must be done to correct the faulty methods of teaching history. I be- lieve this a step in that direction. 106 HISTOEi. Ocesar's Army. A etudy of the military art of the Romans in the last days of the Re- public. By Hakby Pkatt Judson, Professor of History, University of Minnesota. With illustrations and colored maps. 12mo. Cloth, x + 108 pages. Mailing price, 11.10 ; to teachers and for introduction, $1.00. rpmS little book is an attempt to reconstruct Csesar's Army so as to give a clear idea of its composition and evolutions. It is hoped that students of Csesar's writings and students of military science alike may find interest in such a study. The Commentaries of CsRsar are the story of his wars. They are military history. It is true that they, were intended largely for civilian readers at Rome. Still, they imply throughout a certain amount of military knowledge that all Roman citizens were sup- posed to have. The modern student can hardly be said to read understandingiy, unless the text conveys to his mind the same idea that it conveyed to the intelligent Roman reader to whom Csesar addressed it. War is barbarism. But the story of man has no epoch in which war has not existed. The history of war is the history of the development of the human mind. The military science of each age is almost the exact reflex of the civilization of that age. And no study of the achievements of man can be complete unless we understand the method of the hostile collision of nations. Summary of Contents. I. The Organization. II. The Legionary. m. Tactics of the Legion. rV. Tactics of the Cavalry. V. Tactics of the Army : A. The battle; B. themarcb; C. the camp; D. the siege. VI. Ships and Sea-fights. VII. The Enemy: A. The Gallic array and arms; B. defence of forti£ed towns; C. the British chariots. Halsey's Genealogical and Chronological Chart of the Rulers of England, Scotland, France, Germany, and Spain. By C. S. HAiSET, Principal of Schenectady (N.Y.) Classical School. Revised edition, brought down to 1884. Printed on tough rope paper. 33 X 50 inches. Introduction and Mailing Price, 25 cents. HISTORY. 107 The American Journal of Archasology and of the History of the Fine Arts. Royal 8vo. Published quarterly, forming a yearly volume of about 500 pages. With colored, heliotype, and other plates, and numerous figures. Subscription Price, $6.00. Vol. I., unbound or bound in cloth, 489 pages, 11 plates, and IB figures. Mailing Price, 14.00. Vol. II., 521 pages, 14 plates, and 46 figures; bound, $5.00; unbound, $4.50. Vol. III., 500 pages, 32 plates, and 20 figures; bound for $5.50; unbound for $5.00. Vol. IV., includes numbers' issued the present year. Advisory Editor : Prof. Charles Eliot Norton, of Harvard University. Literary Editor : Mr. Arthur L. Frothingttam, of Baltimore. Managing Editor : Prof. Arthur L. Frothinqham, Jr., of Princeton College. Editorial Contributors : Prof. Alfred Emerson, of Miami University ; Dr. Harold N. Fowler, of Harvard University; Prof. Allan Marquand, of Princeton College; Prof. Arthur R. Marsh, of Kansas University; Prof. Augustus C. Merrlam, of Columbia Col- lege ; Dr. Charles Waldstein, of Cambridge University, England ; Mr. Justin Windsor, of Harvard University; Prof. John Henry Wright, of Harvard University. Agents: London, Triibner & Co.; Paris, E. Leroux; Turin, Florence, and Rome, E. Loescber; Berlin, Mayer & MiiUer. rPHE JOURNAL is the organ of the Archseological Institute of America, and treats of all branches of Archaeology and Art — Oriental, Classical, Early Christian, Mediaeval, and American. It is intended to supply a record of the important work done in the field of Archaeology, under the following categories : 1. Origi- nal Articles ; 2. Correspondence from European Archaeologists ; 3. Archaeological News, presenting a careful and ample record of discoveries and investigations in all parts of the world ; 4. Reviews of Books ; 5. Summaries of the contents of the principal Archaeo- logical Periodicals. The coming year, 1888, will be distinguished by important papere connected with American research and collections, while the pres- ent policy of making the Journal a complete record of contem- porary archaeological work, by its correspondence, book-reviews, news, and summaries, will be continued. London Athenaeum: We have no hesitation in saying that no other periodical in the English language is so well fitted to keep the student who lacks time or opportunity to read all the foreign journals abreast of the latest discoveries in every branch of archaeology. AUG 28 l9Ji APH 23 1§02 KAV 1 i^02. f MAY' 13 bLk