Cornell University Library 
 LB2831.U5S7 
 
 3 1924 012 995 019 
 
ilJIiETlN. 491 5, NO. 5 WHOLE NUMBER 629 
 
 0RCiAmZAtI(M OF StAff E DEPiflOVTMENTS 
 OF EDUCATIQlNf^ 
 
 ;By;^ a NIDNAHAN \ 
 
 SPEClALBT JK RURAl. SeHOOLj^OMlNlSTRAtiON 
 . BIH^UOF laJUCATION 
 
 WASHINGTON .vr , 
 GOVElttlMENT t^tliiGCVFlCE, , 
 (915 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012995019 
 
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 BULLETIN, 1915, NO. 5 WHOLE NUMBER 629 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS 
 OF EDUCATION 
 
 By A. C. MONAHAN 
 
 SPECIALIST IN RURAL SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE 
 
 1915 
 
VSSl 
 
 ADDITIONAL COPIES 
 
 OF THIS PUBUCATION MAT BE PKOCUBED PKOM 
 
 THE STIPEEINTENBENT OF DOCUMENTS 
 
 GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. u. 
 
 AT 
 
 10 CENTS PEE COPY 
 V 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Letter of transmittal 5 
 
 State boards of education 7 
 
 Composition of boards 12 
 
 Digest of laws relating to State school administration boards 13 
 
 State superintendence of public instruction 27 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officers 29 
 
 State departments of education staffs 40 
 
 3 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Department or the Interior, 
 
 Bureau of Education, 
 Washington, November 17, 1914- 
 Sir: As State appropriations for education increase, the feeling of 
 need for a better organization and a more effective supervision of 
 the schools of the States grows, and with it grows also the interest 
 in the organization and functions of State boards of education and 
 the selection and duties of the chief school officers of the States and 
 the equipment of their offices. Many requests come to this office 
 for information on these subjects. To assist in answering these as 
 fuUy as possible, I recommend the publication of the accompanying 
 manuscript, Organization of State departments of education, as a bulle- 
 tin of the Bureau of Education. This manuscript has been prepared 
 at my request by A. C. Monahan, specialist in rural school adminis- 
 tration in this bureau, on the basis of studies made by WicMiffe Kose 
 while he was serving as general agent of the Peabody Education 
 Fund, and a compilation of laws made by WUliam R. Hood of this 
 bureau. 
 
 EespectfuUy submitted. 
 
 P. P. Claxton, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 The Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 5 
 
ORGANIZATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION/ 
 
 STATE BOARDS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The trend of educational development is toward the State board 
 of education as the administrative head of the educational system. 
 In 37 of the 48 States in the United States there are State boards of 
 education with functions relative to the public schools; in one other, 
 Mmnesota, there is a State board with functions relative to the 
 public high schools only. In the other 10 States, namely, Alabama, 
 Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, South 
 Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, there are no such boards. 
 Two of these 10, Nebraska and Iowa, have State boards known as 
 boards of education. The Nebraska board has charge of the State 
 normal schools and has no other functions; the Iowa board has 
 charge of the State institutions of higher education, including nor- 
 mal schools, but has no functions concerning other schools. The 
 State boards in Arkansas, Pennsylvania, and Vermont have been 
 created by laws enacted withia the last four years. During the same 
 period the boards in Arizona, Cahfornia, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, 
 Indiana, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Washington 
 have been reorganized in the interest of greater efficiency as a result 
 of State legislation. 
 
 Composition of the State hoards of education. — The composition of 
 the boards in the various States is shown in the accompanying table. 
 The ex officio members and the appointed or elected members are 
 shown separately. The present trend ia educational development is 
 toward a board composed of persons who have some knowledge of 
 the business which they are to administer. This does not mean 
 necessarily persons actually engaged in educational work; it means 
 that the tendency is away from the ex officio boards composed of 
 State officers without special educational qualifications. 
 
 It will be noted that, of the 37 States with State boards of educa- 
 tion, 8 still hold to boards made up of ex officio members, officers at 
 the State capitol. These are Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Missis- 
 sippi, Missouri, North CaroUna, Oregon, and Texas. These ex 
 officio boards are usually composed of the governor, the superin- 
 tendent of public instruction, and one or more other State officers, 
 such as the secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, auditor, 
 
 > In the preparation of the descriptive part of this bulletin free use was made of a manuscript written in 
 1913 by Wickliffe Rose, director of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Commission, to ac- 
 company the tabular exhibits (revised up to date) relative to the State boards of education and chief 
 State school officers contained in the report of the Illinois Educational Coi&mission published in 1909. 
 
 7 
 
8 STATE DEPARTMENTS OP EDUCATION OEGANIZATION. 
 
 lieutenant governor, or comptroller of. the treasury. In Colorado 
 and Kentucky the governor is not included; in Texas the State 
 superintendent is not included. Nevada has an ex officio board that 
 includes the president of the State luiiversity. In 10 other States 
 the board is composed of ex officio members at the State capitol and 
 members appointed at discretion by the governor. In 5 States the 
 boards are appointed by the governor and include no ex officio 
 members; these are California, Delaware, Massachusetts, New 
 Jersey, and Vermont. The New York board contains no ex officio 
 members, but is elected by the legislature. In 17 States the gov- 
 ernor is a member of the board. 
 
 It will be noted that in 7 States the president of the State univer- 
 sity is ex officio a member of the board of education. In 5 States 
 the president of the agricultural and mechanical college is also a 
 member, and in 4 the normal schools are represented on the board 
 ex officio by one or more members. Indiana designates the super- 
 intendents of the three largest cities of the State as ex officio members. 
 
 Appointment of the State hoard of education. — The drift is toward 
 appointment by the governor, with restrictions to guard against 
 arbitrary use or abuse of the appointing power. Of the 28 States 
 with State boards containing appointive members, 22 leave the 
 appointment with th6 governor, subject in some cases to approval 
 by the State senate; 4 States leave the matter with the State legis- 
 lature; 1 State puts it to popular vote; and in 1 State it is left to 
 the State superintendent. 
 
 The appointed or elected members are composed both of men 
 in educational work and men not in educational work. In 4 States 
 only men engaged in educational work may be appointed; in 7 
 States a certain number of men not engaged in educational work 
 must be appointed; in 12 States the laws do not specify, but leave 
 the matter with the appointing body. The tendency seems to be in 
 these States to appoint both educational men and others. These 
 appointments may be made with the view of getting men adapted to 
 the position, or the appointments may be controlled by political 
 interests. The pressure of public sentiment is growing steadily in 
 favor of appointment on the basis of fitness for the service. 
 
 Appoiatment by the governor, under proper restrictions, has a 
 threefold merit: 
 
 (a) It recognizes the executive head of the State as responsible to 
 the people for the efficiency of every department of the public service. 
 It tends to make the board responsible to the public. 
 
 (5) It centers responsibiUty where it can be definitely located. 
 When the general assembly elects it is difficult to locate responsi- 
 bility. 
 
STATE BOARDS OF EDUCATION. 9 
 
 (c) Requiring that appointments be made from an eligible list, or 
 in some other way throwing proper definite limitations around the 
 appointing power, provides against abuse and protects the board 
 from undue political interference. It is doubtful if it is ever advisa- 
 ble to make the governor a member of the board. 
 
 Size of the hoard, term of office, and mode of retiring. — ^The tendency 
 seems to be toward a board composed of from 6 to 11 members, 
 holding office from 6 to 8 years, and retiring in small groups. The 
 boards vary in number from 3 to 13; 6 States have as few as 3, and 
 1 has 13. These smallest numbers are all made up of ex officio 
 members and may be regarded as representing the passing type. la 
 14 of the 37 States the boards range from 8 to 12 members, This 
 ■ group includes a strildng number of strong boards, as in Arizona, 
 Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Tennessee, and 
 Virginia. A board of this size is not too large for working efficiency 
 and is sufficiently large to create continuity of service, provided it is 
 organized to retire in small groups. 
 
 In case of all the ex officio boards the term of office is fixed and is 
 usually 2 to 4 years. In such boards members usually retire of 
 necessity in a body. In 16 of the 37 States appointments are from 
 4 to 6 years, inclusive, with members retiring in small groups ; in 2 
 States the term is for 7 years, in 1 State 8 years, and in 1 State 12 
 years. 
 
 In several States the number of members of the board and the 
 number of years in the term are the same. In West Virginia, Penn- 
 sylvania, Arkansas, and New York there are, respectively, 5, 6, 7, 
 and 12 members, 1 retiring each year; in Maryland and Tennessee 
 there are 6 members who retire in groups of 2 every second year. 
 
 The board with a reasonably large membership (8 to 11), with 
 appointment for long term of service and so organized that its 
 members wiU retire in small groups, has two strong points in its 
 favor: 
 
 (a) It guarantees that degree of continuity in service without 
 which no business can be successfully administered. 
 
 (6) It can nob be changed to satisfy the caprice of any individual 
 or to meet the poHtical needs of any one State administration. The 
 educational service is thus protected against undue political influ- 
 ence without being relieved of responsibility to the public which it 
 serves. 
 
 Duties and powers of the State hoards of education. — The preference 
 seems to be for a State board made responsible for the efficiency of 
 the whole State system of education and clothed with full admin- 
 istrative power. In extent of duties and powers these boards as 
 now constituted vary all the way from near zero to complete control 
 
 75088°— 15 2 
 
10 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 of the State educational iaterests. The Michigan State board, out- 
 side of its duties in control of the State normal schools, has little 
 power except in granting teachers' certificates; the New York State 
 board has supervision of all educational agencies in the State. Be- 
 tween these two extremes the other State boards have all degrees 
 of responsibility and power. In 14 States, for instance, the boards 
 not only have functions concerning the elementary and secondary 
 schools, but are trustees of the State normal schools. These are 
 Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, 
 Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Ehode Island, 
 Tennessee, and Vermont. In 4 States the boards are trustees of the 
 State universities. These are Florida, Idaho, Montana, and Okla- 
 homa.^ 
 
 This diversity in the present status of boards is confusing enough, 
 but the tendency in recent legislation is overwhelmingly toward 
 centering in the State board larger responsibihty and powers. Idaho, 
 for instance, which until 1912 gave the State beard power only to 
 grant and revoke certificates, now gives to it general control of all 
 educational work in the State, even succeeding the powers and 
 duties of the trustees of the State institutions of higher education. 
 The Georgia Legislature has recently enacted a law reorganizing 
 the State board of education and giving to it greatly enlarged 
 powers. The reorganization of the Virginia State board has given 
 it almost fuU administrative power. 
 
 This movement toward centralization has come to its most com- 
 plete expression in the New York board. Of the powers of this board 
 the Illinois educational commission, in its report issued in 191], 
 says: 
 
 The board of regents of the University of New York is composed of 12 members, 
 who are elected by the legislature to serve for a period of 12 years. No officers of any 
 of the incorporated educational institutions of the State are eligible to membership. 
 There are no ex oflBcio members, but the commissioner of education acts as its execu- 
 tive officer. The University of the State of New York is a corporation created in 1784. 
 It includes all the incorporated higher educational institutions of the State. The 
 State library and the State museum are departments of the university, and the board 
 may establish other departments if they are deemed necessary to the discharge of its 
 duties. It has power to exclude from membership any institution failing to comply 
 with the law of the State or the rules of the board. It has charge of private acade- 
 mies and in some measure of the public secondary schools, as well as of all the higher 
 institutions. All the powers and duties of the board in relation to the supervision of 
 elementary and secondary schools, including all schools except colleges, technical 
 and professional schools, are devolved upon the commissioner of education, who is 
 elected by the board. The board of New York has power to establish such rules and 
 regulations as are necessary to carry into effect the statutes of the State relating to 
 education. It cooperates with other agencies in bringing within the reach of the 
 
 1 The principal function of the Montana board is control of the State university, the State agricultOTal 
 and mechanical college, and the State normal school. See p. 18. 
 
STATE BOARDS OF EDUCATION. 11 
 
 people of the State, young and old, tie largest educational opportunities by stimu- 
 lating interest, recommending methods, designating suitable teachers and lecturers, 
 and by lending books and apparatus. It establishes in the academies of the uni- 
 versity examinations in studies, furnishes a suitable standard for graduation from 
 academies and of admission to colleges, and grants certificates and diplomas to those 
 who pass such examinations. It controls the whole matter of granting honorary 
 degrees and diplomas. The board has power to incorporate any university, college, 
 academy, library, museum, or other institution for the promotion of science, litera- 
 ture, art, history, or other departments of knowledge. 
 
 Commenting on this tendency to centralize responsibility and 
 power in the State board of education, President Butler, of Columbia 
 UniTersity, says: 
 
 There can be no doubt about the general tendency being strongly toward greater 
 centralization. Not only are its advantages quite apparent, but the overwhelming 
 current of legislation and of the decisions of the coiu-ts is making it imperative. These 
 are practically in accord, and are to the effect that in each State the school system is 
 not local, but general; not individual schools controlled by separate communities, 
 but a closely related system of schools which has become a State system and is entirely 
 under State authority. Local school officials are now uniformly held to be agents of 
 the State for the administration of a State system of education.' 
 
 It has been urged that the New York State board is going too far in 
 exercising supervision over private institutions. But it should be 
 definitely understood that in a very important sense there is no such 
 thing as a private educational institution; an educational institution 
 is by the natm-e of its function essentially public and should be respon- 
 sive to the needs of the public which it serves. Every educational 
 agency in the State is a part of the State's educational system and 
 should be under the general administrative supervision of the State 
 board of education. 
 
 Summary of tendencies. — In the gradual development of a more and 
 more effective agency for administering the State's educational 
 affairs the trend is toward a State board of education as the adminis- 
 trative head of the educational system; a board composed of men who 
 have some knowledge of the business which they are to administer; 
 a board appointed by the governor of the State with restrictions to 
 guarantee fitness for the service and to guard against arbitrary 
 use or abuse of the appointing power; a board composed of from 
 8 to 11 members, appointed for a term of from 6 to 11 years, and 
 retiring in small groups — this to guarantee that degree of continuity 
 in service and freedom from political interference that are necessary 
 for effective service; a board made responsible for all the educational 
 interests of the State and clothed with full power to administer the 
 business. 
 
 ' Education in the United States, vol. 1, p. 21. 
 
12 STATE DEPAETMEJiirTS OP EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Composition of State boards of education. 
 
 
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 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
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 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
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28 STATE DEPARTMENTS OP EDUCATION OEGANIZATION. 
 
 education. Some of the serious disadvantages of his election by 
 popular vote are reasonably clear: 
 
 (a) This method of appointment limits the field from which it 
 selects the man for the position; he must be a citizen of the given 
 State. In States where the superintendent is appointed by the 
 State board of education, and in some States where he is appointed 
 by the governor, he may be selected from the country at large. The 
 city board of education selects its superintendent of schools from the 
 country at large. Trustees of colleges and universities, even of State 
 universities, select executive heads of these institutions from the 
 country at large. Boards of directors in control of large business 
 interests select their executive officers from the country at large. 
 In Germany many towns and cities, when there is a vacancy in the 
 office of mayor, advertise the fact throughout the Empire and invite 
 applications for the position; and a similar method of selecting the 
 city manager is being adopted in cities in the United States with the 
 commission form of government. Such freedom of selection is clearly 
 in the interest of better service. 
 
 (6) Where the State superintendent is elected by popular vote the 
 salary is fixed beforehand by law; the salary can not be adjusted to 
 fit the man desired, but a man must be found to fit the salary. It is 
 clearly in the interest of better service that city school boards, trustees 
 of colleges and universities, and boards of business directors have 
 authority to adjust the salary of executive officers to the needs and 
 effectiveness of the service. 
 
 (c) Where the State superintendent is selected by popular vote the 
 term of office is short, two to four years, and reappointment is un- 
 certain. The superintendent can not count on winning reappoint- 
 ment by rendering good service. Lack of continuity in the service, 
 lack of basis for making and working out far-reaching plans, is a seri- 
 ous handicap to the superintendent, however capable. 
 
 {d) This method of appointment makes the office a, political one and 
 subjects it to all the fluctuations of party and factional politics. 
 Under these conditions the position is not attractive; no one can look 
 to it as a career. 
 
 These serious objections to the selection of the State superintendent 
 by popular vote hold true in part at least when the appointment is 
 left to the governor. In a few States the governor is authorized to 
 select the State superintendent from within or without the State. In 
 five States, as previously mentioned, the State superintendent is 
 appointed by the State board and is the executive officer of the board, 
 performing such duties as directed by it. If the State board is to be 
 made responsible for the State's educational business, it would seem 
 that it ought to have the selection of its own executive officer; it 
 
STATE SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 29 
 
 should be free to select him from the country at large; it should have 
 power to determine his compensation, and should keep him at his post 
 as long as he is eifective. 
 
 Relation of the State superintendent to the State hoard. — The trend 
 both in practice and opinion is strongly in favor of the State superin- 
 tendent as chief executive officer of the board. In those States which 
 have no State board of education the superintendent is sole executive, 
 and in many of the States which have State boards the position of 
 State superintendent was created first, and the board has been made 
 advisory; in many States where the relation of superintendent to the 
 board has not been clearly defined by law, practice has made the State 
 superintendent chief executive. In West Virginia the superintendent 
 appoints the board; in New York he is appointed by the board, he is 
 its chief executive officer, and in addition has many powers and duties 
 not altogether subject to the approval of the board. This is indicated 
 by the powers and duties conferred upon him by State law contained 
 in the foUowiag pages. 
 
 Summary. — The trend in our present development is toward a 
 strong working State board organized on a nonpartisan basis; the 
 best interests of the service woidd seem to require that this board 
 when thus constituted be given the power to appoint the State super- 
 intendent; that it be free to select him from the country at large, that 
 it h'ave authority to pay whatever salary is n ecessary to get the best 
 man for the position; that it make the man appointed a member of 
 the board and its chief executive officer; that it keep him in the serv- 
 ice as long as he proves to be effective, and supply him a staff of assist- 
 ants needed to do the work.' With the State department of education 
 organized on this basis, the position of State superintendent stands 
 first in responsibility and in the opportunity to render effective service. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer. 
 
 State; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 office, 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 AlEibamB 
 
 M 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $3,000 
 
 Has general supervision over tlie educational inter- 
 
 Superintendent of 
 education. 
 
 ests of the State ; apportions school funds to coun- 
 ties; requires reports from school officers; prepares 
 necessary report blanks and furnishes to school 
 officers; keeps accounts with townships and school 
 districts; shall visit annually, if practicable, every 
 county in the State; has general supervision of 
 teachers' institutes; has school Jaws published; re- 
 ports to governor; is ex officio a member of boards 
 of trustees of State educational institutions; is 
 member of normal school board. State textbook 
 commission, and commission to locate county high 
 schools. 
 
 1 The staffs of the various departments of education are given in the following pages. 
 * Not eligible to succeed himself. 
 
30 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 state; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 of 
 
 m 
 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $3,000 
 
 ....do.. 
 
 3,000 
 
 Galifomia 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 (Connecticut 
 
 Secretary of State 
 board of educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Commissioner of 
 education. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public Instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 .do.. 
 
 .do.. 
 
 3,000 
 
 Appointed by 
 State board 
 ofeducation. 
 
 Appointed by 
 governor. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 3,500 
 
 2,000 
 3,600 
 
 Is a member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; is chairman of State board of examiners; su- 
 perintends the public schools; under supervision 
 of State board apportions school funds to counties; 
 prepares and distributes course of study prescribed 
 by State board; publishes and distributes pam- 
 phlets regarding the observance of special days; 
 prepares and furnishes report blanis; makes a re- 
 port to governor; has school laws printed and sup- 
 plies them to school officers and libraries; holds 
 annual meetings of county superintendents. 
 
 Is member and chairman of State board ofeducation ; 
 is general executive officer of the State board; has 
 general supervision of the public schools; appor- 
 tions school funds; furnishes questions to county 
 examiners of teachers; issues State teaching cer- 
 tificates under supervision of State board; makes 
 armual report to governor; publishes school laws; 
 prescribes uniform system of keeping school 
 accounts. 
 
 Is secretary and executive officer of State board of 
 education; is member and secretary of joint nor- 
 mal school board; has general supervision of the 
 schools of the State; apportions Stateschool funds; 
 prepares and furnishes blanks and forms for mak- 
 ing uniform reports; visits normal schools, the sev- 
 eral orphan acylums to which State appropria- 
 tions are mado^ and public schools, ana niquires 
 into their condition; may hold aimual convention 
 of county and city superintendents ; reports to gov- 
 ernor; has school laws printed and furnishes copies 
 to officers and libraries. 
 
 Is member and president of State board ofeducation; 
 has general supervision of public schools; at>por- 
 tions school funds to counties; has supervision of 
 county superintendents; has school laws printed 
 in pamphlet form; decides all points regarding the 
 construction of theschool laws; prepares questions 
 for use of county superintendents iu examining 
 teachers; furnishes blanks and registers to school 
 officers for making reports; reports to governor 
 with suggestions; visits schools m counties if prac- 
 ticable; prepares and furnishes test cards for the 
 physical examination of pupils; apportions normal 
 mstitute fund; is member and president of State 
 board of examiners; is member of board of trustees 
 of State normal school. 
 
 Is executive officer of the State board of education 
 and performs such duties as State board directs; 
 determines whether districts are conducting school 
 according to law; reports to the State comptroller 
 the list of towns and districts forfeiting State aid 
 for failure to comply with the law and the amount 
 of forfeitures; furnishes blanks and registers for 
 returns from private schools; draws order for 
 school-library money. 
 
 Is secretary and executive officer of the State board 
 of education; performs such duties as the board 
 may direct; keeps record of official acts of State 
 board and conducts its correspondence. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board ofeducation; 
 has oversight of all matters pertaining to public 
 schools and to school buildings and grounds; ap- 
 portions State schoolfunds to counties; hasprinted 
 and distributes school laws to schools officer and 
 teachers; decides appeals or refers them to board of 
 education; holds meetings of county superintend- 
 ents; holds teachers' institutes and employs in- 
 structors for them; prepares questions for county 
 examinations; holds examinations for and issues 
 State certfficates; may grant life certificates; pre- 
 serves certified copies of lists of persons paying poll 
 
STATE SUPEBINTKNDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Contmued. 
 
 31 
 
 state; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 of 
 
 office, 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Georgia , 
 
 State superintend- 
 ent of schools. 
 
 Idahoi 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 ?iublic instruc- 
 ion. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Manner of s 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 .do. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 By vote of the $3,000 Ismemberandchief executive officer of State board 
 people. of education; apportions public school funds; ap- 
 
 points with consent of board three State super- 
 visors; appoints an expert accountant to audit 
 books of school officers; institutes suits to recover 
 misapplied funds; prepares blanks for reports from 
 subordinate school olncers; may suspend a cormty 
 superintendent for cause; visits all counties as far 
 as practicable; makes aimual report. 
 
 .do 2,400 Is member and executive officer of State board of 
 
 education; superintends generally the public 
 schools; apportions State school funds; holds con- 
 ventions of county and city superintendents and 
 district principals; prepares and furnishes neces- 
 sary blaiiks to officers and teachers; has school laws 
 Brinted and furnishes them to school officers and 
 braries; makes biennial report to governor; visits 
 all counties if practicable; is member of summer 
 normal school commission and visits such schools 
 annually; prepares questions for examination of 
 teachers. 
 
 7,500 Has general supervision of public schools; advises 
 county superintendents as to conduct of theschools, 
 construction of schoolhouses, etc.; designates sta- 
 tistics to be reported to county superintendents 
 and may require reports from such superintend- i 
 ents; is legal adviser of school officers; hears and 
 determines controversies; grants State certffi- 
 cates; may remit forfeited school funds to districts; 
 requires auditor to withhold funds from counties 
 until necessary reports are made; requires county 
 superintendents towithhold funds from delinquent 
 districts; is member of trustees of all State normal 
 schools and of State university; visits charitable 
 institutions of an educational nature; requests re- 
 ports from private educational institutions. 
 
 5, 000 Is member and president of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of thepublic schools; 
 visits each county at least once durmg his term to 
 examine auditor's books; has supervision of the 
 school funds with special reference to their safe in- 
 vestment; may require reports from school officers 
 and for such purpose furnishes blanks; prescribes 
 forms of bookkeeping; has school laws printed; in- 
 terprets school laws to school officers; mdorses_ ap- 
 proved certificates issued in other States; appoints 
 a deputy superintendent in charge of industrial 
 education. 
 Appointed by 4, 000 Has general supervision and control over all public 
 thegovemor. schools; ascertains needs of schools and suggests 
 
 needed changes; classifies the various schools and 
 formulates courses of study; promotes vocational 
 education ; prescribes reports to be made by officers 
 and teachers and prepares forms therefor; reports 
 annually school census to State auditor; prepares 
 plans and specifications for schoolhouses; provides 
 for county teachers' institutes; prepares questions 
 for applicants to teach and for eighth-grade exam- 
 inations; has school laws published; hears and 
 determines appeals ; designates training schools for 
 rural teachers. 
 
 2, 500 Is member of State board of education; has general 
 supervision of the public schools ; distributes State 
 school funds to counties; publishes school laws 
 and distributes to persons entitled to receive 
 them; decides controversies submitted through 
 county superintendents; prescribes and furnishes 
 blank forms ; visits each county of the State at least 
 once in 2 years; is member of textbook commis- 
 sion which is authorized to prepare and publish 
 textbooks to be sold to schools at cost ; files and pre- 
 serves reports made to him; reports biennially to 
 governor. 
 
 > Idaho has also a ' ' State commissioner of edncation " appointed by the State board of education, at 
 t salary of 86,000 per year, who acts as an adviser to the board on educational policies. 
 
32 STATE DEPABTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 State; title of oITtcer. 
 
 Term 
 
 o( 
 office, 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instrac^ 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $4,000 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public education. 
 
 .do.. 
 
 5,000 
 
 ( Maine 
 
 I Superintendent of 
 public scliools. 
 
 Appointed by 
 tne governor. 
 
 4,000 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public education. 
 
 -do.. 
 
 1,000 
 
 Massachusetts... 
 
 Commissioner 
 
 education. 
 
 of 
 
 Appointed by 
 me State 
 board of ed- 
 ucation. 
 
 6,500 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 4,000 
 
 Is member and chairman of State board of educa- 
 tion; is member of State board of examiners; ap- 
 portions State school funds; inspects fiscal affairs 
 and conduct of the offices of all school officials who 
 handle public-school money and sees that all 
 laws and regulations are enforced; visits and 
 inspects all schools if practicable; prepares blanks, 
 etc., for reports and furnishes them to school 
 officers; colleots and publishes general informa- 
 tion in his biennial report regarding institutions 
 for deaf, dumb, blind, and feeble-minded; edits 
 school laws bieimially and publishes them with 
 instructions, etc.; on request hears and deter- 
 mines appeals. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; is ex officio a member of each of the boards 
 of trustees of educational institutions controlled 
 by the State; has general supervision of parish 
 (county) school boards and of all elementary, 
 high, and normal schools; visits' parishes as often 
 as practicable; makes biennial report with recom- 
 mendations; reports subordinate officers to 
 State board of education for neglect of duty, mis- 
 use of school funds, etc. 
 
 Has general supervision over public schools and ad- 
 vises and directs town committees and superin- 
 tendents; ascertains number of children 5 to 21 
 years old to be used as basis of distribution of 
 school funds; prescribes studies to be taught in 
 the common schools, but town committees may 
 prescribe additional studies; prepares and fur- 
 nishes blanks, etc., for making reports to his of- 
 fice and designates facts to be reported; holds an- 
 nual conferences for the instruction of superin- 
 tendents; has school laws printed and distributed 
 to school officers; prescribes examinations for 
 teachers and issues State certfficates; keeps list 
 of approved candidates in his office; makes rules 
 governing administration of teachers' pension 
 laws; holds summer training schools for teachers; 
 classifies high schools and causes State-aided 
 schools to be inspected; is member of board of 
 trustees of normal schools. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; performs such duties as directed by board; 
 receives reports from county boards and exam- 
 ines their accounts; inspects and classifies high 
 schools; has printed and distributes such matter 
 as wiU encourage the work of public instruction 
 and promote its uniformity; diffuses information 
 as to the best methods of instruction; may in- 
 dorse normal-school diplomas from other States; 
 arranges dates for teachers' Institutes and assists 
 in preparing programs; appoints an assistant 
 superintendent. 
 
 Is executive officer of State board of education; per- 
 forms such duties as the board may direct; ims 
 supervision of all educational work supported in 
 whole or in part by the State and reports thereon 
 to the board; visits different parts of the State to 
 assist educational work and diffuse information; 
 publishes and distributes matter for the promo- 
 tion of public-school education;* conducts such 
 teachers'" institutes as are designated by the State 
 board; collects information for annual report of 
 board; is one of commissioners to invest and man- 
 age State school fund; is member of State teach- 
 ers' retirement board. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; is member of other boards having control of 
 State educational institutions, with the right to 
 speak but not to vote; has general supervision of 
 public instruction, including State mstitutions: 
 apportions prunary school interest fund; prepares 
 and has printed a course of study for district 
 schools except city districts; directs supervision 
 of county normal training classes; requires board 
 
STATE SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 33 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 State; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 oflce 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 MicMgan (contd) . 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Superintendent of 
 education. 
 
 Appointed by 
 the governor. 
 
 $4, 500 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public education. 
 
 Ulsiouri 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public schools. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 .do. 
 
 3,000 
 
 Ifontana 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 .do. 
 
 of education to observe school laws; wheu neces- 
 sary, examines school district accounts and may 
 require report; requires districts to conductschools 
 for term required by law; fixes time and place 
 and appoints instructors for State teachers' msti- 
 tute and for county institutes; removes for cause 
 any member of aschool board except in city school 
 districts; prepares rules for township and district 
 libraries; prescribes form for takiiig school census; 
 
 Erepares questions for examination of teachers; 
 ears and determines appeals; approves schools 
 for accredited list; grants permission to districts 
 to establish schools for the deaf; approves courses 
 of study for rural high schools; approves teachers 
 and courses of study of county schools of agricul- 
 ture. 
 
 Has general supervision of public schools; appor- 
 tions school funds to schools entitled to State aid; 
 meets county and other superintendents for dis- 
 cussion of educational matters; prepares and dis- 
 tributes blanks, etc., for reports; enforces textbook: 
 law; provides for teachers' mstitutes in the several 
 counties: conducts examinations for teachers and 
 issues all certiiicates; indorses normal-school cer- 
 tificates to teacB and may issue special certificates 
 for music, drawing, etc.; hears and determines 
 appeals; enforces a uniform system of accounts 
 and reports; examines and approves plans and 
 specifications for schoolhouses; is member of State 
 normal-school board; is member of State high- 
 school board; is member of State library board. 
 
 Is member and president of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of the public schools; 
 apportions State school ftmd to counties and sepa- 
 rate districts; prepares questions for county 
 teachers' examinations; visits and inspects 
 county agricultm-al high schools and reports 
 thereon to board of education; is member of board 
 of trustees of higher educational institutions; is 
 member of State textbook commission. 
 
 Is member and president of State board of educa- 
 tion; has supervision of school funds; apportions 
 school funds to counties; requires copies of records 
 and such other information from county and dis- 
 trict officers as he may deem important; prepares 
 and furnishes blanks, etc., for reports; has school 
 laws printed and distributed; confers with and 
 advisesschool officers; visits and inspectsschools; 
 attends and assists in teachers' meetings; grants 
 State teachers' certificates; visits and inspects 
 high schools and publishes classified list; pre- 
 scribes minimum course of study for each class; 
 fixes time and place of county superintendents' 
 convention; furnishes to county superintendents a 
 list of publishers who have complied with text- 
 book law; designates first-class high schools in 
 which teachers' training courses may be offered; 
 receives reports from State educational institu- 
 tions; controls distribution of State aid to high 
 schools and to ruralschools. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of education; 
 has general supervision of the public schools; 
 apportions Stateschoolfund to counties; prepares 
 courses of study for elementary and high schools 
 and prescribes to what extent they shall be used; 
 prepares and furnishes to school officers blanks, 
 etc.; prescribes rules for holding teachers' insti- 
 tutes and summer schools, prepares list of in- 
 structors and attends and assists at such insti- 
 tutes; advises county superintendents; furnishes 
 copies of school laws; hears and determines ap- 
 peals; prepares questions for county teachers' 
 examinations; may grant temporary State cer- 
 tificates; prepareslist of books for school libraries. 
 
34 STATE DEPABTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 State: title of ofllcer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 oflice 
 
 in 
 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By voteoftbe 
 people. 
 
 12,000 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 .do.. 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 New Jersej; 
 
 Commissioner of 
 education. 
 
 Appointed by 
 tbe gover- 
 nor; an in- 
 deflni te 
 term. He 
 may be re- 
 moved by 
 governor 
 and council 
 for cause. 
 
 Appointed by 
 the gover- 
 
 4,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 Has general supervision of the public schools; appor- 
 tions State school funds; has supervision of State 
 aid to weak districts; has supervision of State- 
 aided high schools, designatrag those to give 
 courses in agriculture, manual training, and home 
 economics, also those to conduct teacher-training 
 courses; decides disputed points in school law; 
 prescribes forms for reports and makes rules for all 
 proceedings under the school laws; organizes and 
 attends institutes; organizes and manages junior 
 normals; issues State certificates and prepares 
 questions for all teachers' examinations, both 
 county and State, grades the answer papers and 
 makes rules for the conduct of such exammations; 
 approves city school certificates; furnishes ap- 
 proved price lists of textbooks to school districts; 
 IS member of State normal school board. State 
 library commission. State dental board, and State 
 board of embahners. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; apportions State school fund; apportions 
 county school funds to districts; visits counties at 
 least once in each year to conduct institutes, visits 
 schools, etc.; prescribes rules for making reports 
 and furnishes blanks, etc. ; has school laws prmted 
 andfumished to school officers; holds State teach- 
 ers'institutes biennially and district institutes on 
 other years; may call county institutes; calls meet- 
 ings of State board of education; nominates deputy 
 superintendents to State board; requires reports 
 from deputy superintendents; is curator of State 
 museum; is director of orphans' home; appoints 
 census marshals in new districts; fills vacancies on 
 coimty boards for unexpired terms; makes ar- 
 rangements for care of deaf, dumb, and blind; de- 
 cides appeals from teachers and school boards; 
 determines county school tax when county board 
 fails so to do; sets apart fxmd for district school 
 libraries. 
 
 Has general supervision and control of educationa 
 interests of the State; may appoint three deputies 
 at least one of whom shaU be a woman; prescribes 
 form of school registers and blanks for reports; 
 compiles and publishes school laws; visits as many 
 towtis as practicable; organizes and holds at least 
 one teachers' institute in each county annually and 
 may employ instructors; assists school boards and 
 superintendents in the introduction and develop- 
 menit pf vocational training; inspects and rates 
 
 , highschools; appoints inspectors of chlldlabor; has 
 authority to enforce attendance laws and laws re- 
 lating to child labor; examines teachers and issues 
 certificates; is member of State normal school 
 boai^d and official inspector of such schools; is re- 
 gent: of State board of medical examiners; approves 
 hospital training schools. 
 
 Under State board of education has general super- 
 vision of public schools; designates a clerk to serve 
 as secretary of State board of education; appoints 
 four assistant commissioners; apportions State 
 funds to counties; may prescribe courses of study 
 for elementary and high schools; prescribes meth- 
 ods olascertaming whatohildren are below normal; 
 directs coimty collector to withhold State funds 
 from delinquent districts; is one of the trustees of 
 the school f und ; is a member of all boards of exam- 
 iners; appoints county superintendents; holds an- 
 nual meetings of city and county superintendents; 
 instructs city and county superintendents as to 
 their duties In conduct of schools, construction of 
 sohoolhouses, etc.; directs withholding salary of 
 teacher not complying with law; requires reports 
 from mstitutions receiving State aid; prepares 
 blanks for making all reports and conducting pro- 
 ceedings under school laws; causes school lavra to 
 be prmted; decides controversies subject to appeal 
 to board of education; loans plans forschoolhouses 
 to districts and may require abandonment of unfit 
 building; is member of public library commission 
 
STATE SUPEKINTENDBNT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. S5 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 state; title of officer. 
 
 Maimer of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $3,000 
 
 New York 
 
 President of the 
 university and 
 commissioner of 
 education. 
 
 (') 
 
 Elected by the 
 regents. 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 4,000 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of education 
 has general supervision of public education; 
 apportions current school fund to counties; dis- 
 tributes State-aid fund to weak districts; has 
 supervision over records and accounts of school 
 boards; may-suspend coimty superintendent for 
 neglect of duty; visits counties as often as practi- 
 cable to hold teachers' meetings, advise with 
 county superintendents, etc.; appoints State 
 director of industrial education; has printed and 
 distributes blanks for reports; receives reports 
 from school ofBcers; has school laws printed; hears 
 and decides controversies; enforces law relating to 
 building of schoolhouses. 
 
 As president of the university, in addition to such 
 omer duties and functions as may otherwise be 
 devolved upon him with the power and duty of 
 general supervision over all educational work and 
 activities in this State, it is his duty also to devote 
 himself to educational research, to the study of the 
 educational work of the systems of other jurisdic- 
 tions and, with the approval of the regents, to 
 introduce and orimnate so far as possible better 
 methods of education and especially to endeavor 
 in every feasible way to bring about the improved 
 development and greater usefulness of the common 
 schools of the State. He may attend al 1 meetings 
 of the board and its committees, submit matters 
 for their consideration and participate in their 
 discussion. The commissioner of education is 
 alone eligible for election to the office of president. 
 As commissioner of education, he is the chief 
 executive officer of the State system of education 
 and of the university. In case of vacancy the 
 chancellor succeeds to and has the power of the 
 commissioner, or if his office be vacant the suc- 
 cession devolves upon the' vice chancellor or the 
 senior regent or a deputy appointed by the same 
 if he be at the same time a university officer or 
 regeiit. The general powers and duties of the 
 commissioner prescribed by the law comprise: 
 Enforcement of all general and special laws rela- 
 ting to the educational system of the State and the 
 execution of all educational policies determined 
 by the regents; the general supervision over all 
 schools and institutions, examinations, and inspec- 
 tions; general supervision of industrial schools, 
 trade schools, and schools of agriculture, mechanic 
 arts and home maldng; the general supervision of 
 the State normal schools; membership on the 
 boards of trustees of Cornell University, of Syra- 
 cuse State College of Forestry, of Cobleskill Agri- 
 cultural School, of the State College for Teachers; 
 responsibility for the safe-keeping,proper use of the 
 seal, the books, the records of the university and 
 for the proper administration and discipline of t 
 various offices and divisions of the department; 
 the annulment of teachers' certificates and normal 
 diplomas; the preparation and preservation of 
 teachers' records; me preparation of registrars, 
 blanks, forms and regulations affecting the com- 
 mon schools and their officers; the administration 
 of oaths and affidavits relating to the duties of his 
 office or the schools of the State; authority to 
 furnish visual instruction through the schools, 
 institutions, and organizations of the university; 
 and the execution of such other powers and duties 
 as he is charged with by the regents. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educatio 
 signs all orders paid by State treasurer for school 
 purposes; publishes school laws and sees to their 
 enforcement; instructs school officers, who must 
 obey his instructions and interpretation of the 
 school law; has supervision of loaning of literary 
 fund for construction of schoolhouses; prepares 
 blanks, etc., for reports;prescribes courses of study 
 
 1 During the pleasure of the regents. 
 
36 STATE DEPAETMENTS OF EDUCATION OEGANIZATION. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 State; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 offloe, 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 North Carolina|(con. ), 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $3,000 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 ti6n. 
 
 Appointed by 
 the governor. 
 
 4,000 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 -do. 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 for public hi^h schools; is secretary of textbook 
 commission; is chairman of State board of exam- 
 iners; is member of boards of trustees of certain 
 State educational institutions; makes rules for 
 rural libraries and furnisheslists of books ; Is trustee 
 of State library. 
 
 Is member and president of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of public schools, 
 preparing and prescribing course of study for 
 them; furnishes blanks for records and reports; 
 holds meetings of county superintendents; has 
 school laws printed and distributed to school 
 officers; decides appeals; keeps sample copies and 
 price lists of books furnished by publishers to dis- 
 tricts; appoints inspector of State graded schools 
 and high-school inspector; approves plans for 
 schoolhouses; inspects agricultural and training 
 schools; is member of board of university and 
 school lands; is member of normal school board; 
 is member of board of trustees of teachers' retire- 
 ment fund; approves books for district libraries. 
 
 Has general supervision of public education; has 
 supervision of State school funds; requires reports 
 from school officers and prescribes forms; makes 
 an annual statistical report to the governor; has 
 school laws printed and' distributes to school 
 OiBcers; requires reports from private schools: on 
 application by 3 taxpayers, appoints an examiner 
 to audit a school district's account; submits ab- 
 stract of enumeration of youth to State auditor for 
 apportionment of school fund; requires reports of 
 high schools and grades such schools; furnishes to 
 districts names of publishers of textbooks with 
 prices, etc.; prepares questions for examinations 
 tor county teacher's certificates; approves colleges 
 granting degrees; appoints State board of exam- 
 iners and countersigns all certificates issued by 
 them; appoints a sufBcient number of assistants; 
 appoints high-school inspectors and supervisors 
 of agricultural education; approves applications 
 for State aid and rules of county examiners: 
 standardizes the elementary schools of the State, 
 furnishing suitable placards for same; issues pro- 
 visional certificates and renews all professional 
 (that is, 5 and 8 year) certificates; establishes 
 teacher training courses in high schools; receives 
 reports of city, county, and State school exam- 
 iners. 
 
 Is member and president of State board of educBr 
 tion; has general supervision of educational inter- 
 ests; apportions State school fund to counties: 
 publishes school laws; hears and decides contro- 
 versies; furnishes blanks, etc., for reports; pre- 
 serves records and school documents; appoints 
 State school inspector; is member of commission 
 on asricultural and industrial education. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of county and dis- 
 trict school officers and of the public schools; pre- 
 pares questions for examinations of graduates of 
 eighth grade; prescribes 2 years of course of study 
 for high schools; visits, if practicable, every comity 
 annually; attends county institutes and assists in 
 their organization and development; keeps statis- 
 tics of schools; prepares blanks, etc., for uniform 
 reports; compiles and annotates school laws- 
 decides appeals or may submit them to State 
 board ; issues letters and circulars to school officers 
 relative to the conduct of the schools ; holds annual 
 State teachers' association; appoints a board of 
 9 eicammers to prepare questions for State exami- 
 nations of teachers; appoints professional teachers 
 to grade papers; issues State certi cates; is mem- 
 ber of State library commission; is member and 
 sscretary of trustees of State school for deaf mutes- 
 classifies correspondence schools; prepares readine 
 circle course and rules. 
 
STATE SUPERIHrTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTETJCTION. 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 37 
 
 State; title of officer. 
 
 Manner of se- 
 lection. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 ?ublic iQstruc- 
 ion. 
 
 Appointed by 
 xhe governor. 
 
 «5,000 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Commissioner of 
 public scbools. 
 
 Elected by 
 State board 
 of education. 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Superintendent of 
 education. 
 
 By vot-eofthe 
 people. 
 
 1,900 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 ?ublic instruc- 
 ion. 
 
 -...do. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Appointed by 
 the governor, 
 
 3,000 
 
 Is member and president of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of public schools; 
 apportions State appropriation; signs order of 
 payment of State school fmids to districts; pre- 
 scribes minimum course of study for puolic 
 schools; issues commissions to superintendents 
 and assistant superintendents and fills vacancies 
 in the county superintendencies; prepares blanks 
 for reports from school officers; interprets school 
 laws and advises relative to their enforcement; 
 classifies high schools- and prescribes rules for 
 admission of pupils; may condemn school build- 
 ings imfit for use; issues State teachers' certifi- 
 cates and indorses normal school diplomas; ap- 
 points board of normal school examiners; holds 
 meeting of normal school principals to make 
 course of study. 
 
 Is secretary of fctate board of education; apportions 
 State appropriation for public schools; hears and 
 decides apjteals and prescribes rules for making 
 appeals; visits towns to inspect schools; assists in 
 securinguniformity of textbooks in aU towns; pre- 
 pares programs for Grand Army flag day and for 
 Rhode Island independence day and other special 
 days; ajjproves unions of towns for employment 
 of superintendents and draws order on treasurer 
 for one-half of salaries; approves consolidation of 
 schools; is one of managers of Rhode Island State 
 Colleee; holds teachers' institutes; is member of 
 boara of trustees of State normal school. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of educa- 
 tion; has general supervision of public schools; 
 visits counties to inspect schools and diffuse infor- 
 mation; with advice of State board, secures uni- 
 formity of textbooks; prepares and luinishes reg- 
 isters, forms, etc., to countv superintendents for 
 making reports; has school laws printed; receives 
 reports from State institutions of higher learning; 
 is member of board of trustees of institute for deaf, 
 dumb, and blind; is member of board of trustees 
 of State imiversity ar d fctate college for women. 
 
 Has general supervision of all coimty and high 
 schools and of city and countjr superintendents; 
 meets county superintendents in annual conven- 
 tion to secure uniform administration of the school 
 laws; inspects high schools* renders opinions re- 
 garding school laws; furnishes blanks for reports 
 of county and city superintendents; attends 
 teachers' mstitutes and prescribes rules for holding 
 county normal institutes; furnishes list of insti- 
 tute conductors; holds annual meetings of insti- 
 tute conductors, holds examinations of teachers 
 and issues fctate certificates; prepares questions 
 for countj' examinations; is member of teachers' 
 reading cncle board of managers; is president of 
 free library commission. 
 
 Is member and secretary of State board of education; 
 is chairman of State board of examiners; is member 
 of all other educational bodies or associations; is 
 treasurer of the Peabody Normal College fimd; 
 collects and disseminates statistical and other 
 information regarding the public schools; makes 
 inspection of public schools; holds county confer- 
 ences of teachers; prepares and distributes blanks 
 for reports of officers and teachers; has school laws 
 printed and distributed and sees tiiat they are 
 carried out; may appoint persons in each county 
 to examine schools and report thereon; requires 
 county superintendents to report annually ; reports 
 scholastic population to State comptroller annual- 
 ly; has general supervision of county high schools; 
 is member of State textbook commission; is mem- 
 ber of free library commission; supervises work of 
 the director of library extension. 
 
38 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — Continued. 
 
 State; title of ofiicer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 office, 
 
 Id 
 
 years. 
 
 Manner of s 
 lection. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 32,600 
 
 Utah 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Superintendent of 
 education. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Supermtendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 -do.. 
 
 3,000 
 
 Elected by 
 State board 
 of education. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 -do.. 
 
 3,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 Is secretary of State board of education; apportions 
 State school funds; has general su;pervision of pub- 
 lic schools and of the administration of the school 
 laws; hears and determines appeals from sub- 
 ordinate officers, but his decisions may be reversed 
 by State board; prescribes forms for reports; ap- 
 proves accounts to be paid from school fund by 
 State treasurer; issues mstructiens to school oin- 
 cers, which instructions are binding; has school 
 laws printed and distributed; requires reports 
 from county, city, and district officers; appoints 
 State board of teachers* examiners ana issues 
 State certificates on their recommendation; pre- 
 
 Eares questions for county examinations; is mem- 
 er of State textbook commission; supervises sum- 
 mer normal institutes; has supervision of school 
 census. 
 
 Is member and chairman of State board of education; 
 has general supervision of publicinstruction;appor- 
 tions State school funds ; requires reportsfrom coun- 
 ties and cities and withholds apportionment from 
 those not reporting; prepares and furnishes forms, 
 blanks, etc., for makmg reports; visits each county 
 in the State at least once a year; may examine 
 officers' accounts relative to school funds; holds 
 annual conventions of county and city superin- 
 tendents; with principal of State normal school 
 and county superintendent constitutes governing 
 board of teachers' institutes; is member of State 
 textbook commission; is member of teachers' re- 
 tirement commission for State at large; is member 
 of commission to fix course of study; is member of 
 juvenile court commission. 
 
 Is executive officer of the State board of education; 
 has generalsupervision of public schools; prepares 
 course of study for elementary schools as requisite 
 for admission to high schools; issues circulars of 
 information to officers and teachers; conducts 
 summer schools for teachers in eacboounty, ormay 
 combine two or more counties for such purpose; 
 makes regulations governing the examination and 
 certification of teachers; furnishes blanks, etc., 
 for reports; prepares test cards for testing sight 
 and hearing of pupils. 
 
 Is member and president of the State board of educa- 
 tion; is member of boards of visitors of State edu- 
 cational institutions; sees to execution of school 
 laws; interprets school laws to school officials and 
 his decisions are final unless reversed by State 
 board; furnishes blanks and requires reports from 
 division superintendents; may appoint persons to 
 inspect schools in counties; makes inspection 
 throughout the State; prepares scheme lor appor- 
 tioning State school funds; prescribes forms of con- 
 tracts with teachers; signs warrants of Stats board 
 issues teachers' certificates. 
 
 Is member and president of State board of education 
 has general supervision of the public schools; ap 
 
 Eortions State school funds to counties; has 
 lanks, etc., printed for reports and for the admin 
 istration of the school laws; attends educationa 
 meetings and visits counties; has school law 
 printed and distributed; hears and determines 
 appeals; holds aimual conventions of county 
 superintendents; requires annual reports from 
 educational institutions and county superintend- 
 ents; keeps directory of regents and acuities of 
 State educational institutions and of all teachers 
 receiving certificates; issues State certfflcates; pre- 
 pares a State manual; is member of board of 
 visitors of State College; is member of commis- 
 sion on community welfare; is member of trus- 
 tees of teachers' retirement fund. 
 
STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 39 
 
 Digest of laws relating to chief State school officer — ■Continued. 
 
 State; title of officer. 
 
 Term 
 
 of 
 ofl5cej 
 
 in 
 years. 
 
 Maimer of s 
 lection. 
 
 Salary, 
 
 Powers and duties. 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Superintendent of 
 free schools. 
 
 By vote of the 
 people. 
 
 $4,000 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .5,000 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Superintendent of 
 public instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 .do. 
 
 3,000 
 
 Is member of State board of education and appoints 
 the other five members; has general supervision of 
 public schools; apportions State school funds; is- 
 sues manual of course of study prescribed by com- 
 mittee of State board on course of study; has con- 
 trol of matters relating to the issuance of teachers' 
 certificates; sees that school laws are executed; 
 furnishes blanks, etc., for reports and to secure 
 uniformity in the school system; has school laws 
 
 f)rinted; bears and determines appeals; publishes 
 ists of books suitable for school libraries; ismem- 
 
 ■^ ber of regents of State normal schools and of all 
 State educational institutions; appoints institute 
 instructors; draws orders for county superintend- 
 ents' salaries; provides for the examination and 
 graduation of pupils who complete the course of 
 study; inspects and classifies high schools and dis- 
 tributes State funds to such schools; distributes 
 supplementary State aid to needy districts. 
 
 Has general supervision of the public schools; ap- 
 portions school-fund income; attends educational 
 meetings and malces investigation of educational 
 systems and the condition of the public schools 
 and disseminates educational information; pre- 
 pares course of study for public schools; furnishes 
 blanks for reports and requires reports from school 
 officers; publishes school laws and hears and deter- 
 mines appeals; exercises general supervision over 
 county schools of agriculture, manual training 
 schoofe, county normal schools, and schools for 
 the deaf; formulates comse of study for such 
 schooLs; holds annual county superintendents' 
 convention; prescribes course of study for com- 
 mercial schools and coUegesj issues State teachers' 
 certificates; makes regulations for the manage- 
 ment of township and district libraries; is member 
 of board of regents of the State university; is mem- 
 ber of board of regents of board of trustees of 
 teachers' retirement fund. 
 
 Has general supervision of the public schools; ap- 
 portions school funds to counties; prepares course 
 of study for elementary schools; prepares and fur- 
 nishes suitable forms, etc. , for reports; makes rules 
 ana regulations for carrying school law into effect; 
 appoints State board of examiners; issues certifi- 
 cates on recommendation of examiners; furnishes 
 to districts price lists of textbooks. 
 
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION STAFFS. 
 
 The following data were compiled from reports from the various 
 State departments relative to the personnel of the State departments. 
 In some instances the salaries paid were not given and in several 
 States the number of persons employed in clerical positions was not 
 reported. 
 
 Alabama: 
 
 State superintendent of education $3, 000 
 
 Secretary State board of examiners 2, 400 
 
 Two rural school agents each. . 2, 500 
 
 High-school inspector paid by State university 
 
 High-school inspector paid by Alabama Polytechnic Institute 
 
 Member State board of examiners 1, 200 
 
 Seven clerks total. . 8, 280 
 
 Arizona: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 2, 000 
 
 Two clerks total. . 2, 100 
 
 Arkansas: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Deputy 
 
 Assistant deputy 
 
 Professor of secondary education 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools 2, 500 
 
 State organizer of school improvement 
 
 Two clerks 
 
 Associate supervisor of rural schools 2, 500 
 
 California: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 5, 000 
 
 Deputy 2, 400 
 
 Statistician 2, 400 
 
 Commissioner of secondary schools... 4, 000 
 
 Commissioner of elementary schools 4, 000 
 
 Commissioner of industrial and vocational education 4, 000 
 
 Chief clerk of State board of education 2, 400 
 
 Four clerks total. . 4, 580 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Colorado: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Deputy State superintendent 1^ 800 
 
 Three clerks total. . 3, 600 
 
 Connecticut: 
 
 Secretary of State board of education ^ 500 
 
 Eight attendance agents 
 
 Thirty supervising agents 
 
 Two supervisors of agriculture 
 
 Sixteen clerks 
 
 40 
 
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION STAFFS. 41 
 
 Delaware: 
 
 Commissioner of education $2, 000 
 
 One clerk (part time) 
 
 Florida: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 3, 600 
 
 Two rural school inspectors 2, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,800 
 
 Statistician 1,200 
 
 Stenographer 900 
 
 Georgia: 
 
 State superintendent of schools 3, 000 
 
 Rural school agent , 2,500 
 
 Special supervisor (for negroes) 2,500 
 
 Three State supervisors of rural schools each.. 2,000 
 
 Three clerks total.. 3,300 
 
 Idaho: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 2, 400 
 
 Assistant State superintendent 1, 750 
 
 Auditor 2,100 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Commissioner of education 6, 000 
 
 Illinois: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 7, 500 
 
 Department of law 
 
 High-school inspector 
 
 Two inspectors of country and village schools 
 
 Two statisticians 
 
 Publicity agent 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Indiana: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 5, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 2, 500 
 
 Deputy superintendent 1, 800 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 500 
 
 Two vocational supervisors each. . 4,250 
 
 Clerk of State board of education and head of manuscript department 
 
 Chief clerk 1,400 
 
 Four other clerks 
 
 Iowa: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 4, 000 
 
 Deputy superintendent 2, 500 
 
 Inspector normal training in high school 2, 000 
 
 Inspector rural and consolidated schools 2, 000 
 
 Two inspectors State graded and high schools each . . 2, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,500 
 
 nsas: 
 
 State superintendent of public iustruction 2, 500 
 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruction 1, 600 
 
 Chief clerk 1,200 
 
 Statistical clerk. 1, 000 
 
 Two clerks each. . 900 
 
42 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Kentucky: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction $4, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 
 
 Two inspectors of schools 
 
 Supervisor of secondary schools 
 
 Two supervisors of rural elementary schools 
 
 Six clerks 
 
 Louisiana: 
 
 Superintendent of public education 6, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 3, 000 
 
 Three rural school inspectors total.. 7,500 
 
 Chief clerk total.. 1,800 
 
 Two clerks total.. 2,700 
 
 Chairman examination committee total. . 3, 000 
 
 Maine: 
 
 State superintendent of public schools 4, 000 
 
 Clerk and deputy 1, 500 
 
 State inspector of high schools 1, 350 
 
 General agent for schools in unorganized townships 1, 350 
 
 Supervisor of practical arts 2, 000 
 
 Supervisor of household arts 1, 500 
 
 Four clerks 
 
 Maryland: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Assistant State superintendent 2, 000 
 
 Clerk 1,000 
 
 Supervisor of secondary agriculture (State Agricultural College) 
 
 Massachusetts: 
 
 Commissioner of education 6, 500 
 
 Two deputy commissioners of education each. . 4, 500 
 
 Eight agents of board of education total. . 20, 700 
 
 Chief clerk 1, 500 
 
 Eleven clerks 
 
 Michigan: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 4, 000 
 
 Deputy superintendent 2, 500 
 
 Assistant superintendent 1, 800 
 
 Chief clerk 1, 200 
 
 Statistician 1, 100 
 
 Twelve clerks 
 
 Minnesota: 
 
 Superintendent of education 4, 500 
 
 Assistant superintendent 2, 800 
 
 Assistant 2, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 3, 000 
 
 Graded-school inspector 3, 000 
 
 Director teachers' employment bureau 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor teacher's training departments 2, 000 
 
 Eural school commissioner 2, 400 
 
 Commissioner of school buildings 1, 500 
 
 Supervisor school libraries 1, 200 
 
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION STAFFS. 43 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction $2, 500 
 
 ' Rural-school supervisor 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor school improvement 2, 000 
 
 Two clerks each . . 900 
 
 Missouri: * 
 
 State superintendent of schools 3, OOO 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 400 
 
 Statistician 1^ 800 
 
 Teacher-training inspector 2, 200 
 
 Two high-school inspectors each. . 1, 800 
 
 Rural-school inspector 1 800 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Montana: 
 
 State superintendent 3^ 000 
 
 Deputy superintendent 2 100 
 
 Rural-school inspector 2 100 
 
 Two clerks each. . 1, 200 
 
 Nebraska: 
 
 State superintendent 2 000 
 
 Deputy superintendent 1 800 
 
 Assistant superintendent 1 800 
 
 Normal-training inspector 2, 000 
 
 Rural-school inspector 1 800 
 
 Secretary and compiler 1, 800 
 
 Six assistant total . . 6, 000 
 
 Nevada: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 600 
 
 Five deputies total. . 10, 000 
 
 One clerk 900 
 
 New Hampshire: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 4, 000 
 
 Deputy State superintendent in charge of practical arts work 
 
 Deputy State superintendent in charge of office 
 
 Deputy State superintendent in charge of high-school inspection 
 
 Registrar and chief clerk 
 
 Two factory inspectors, child-labor service 
 
 Inspector in compulsory attendance service 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 New Mexico: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 3, ooO 
 
 Asaistant supfcrintendent 2, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,500 
 
 State director of industrial education 1, oOO 
 
 Clerk ." 900 
 
 New Jersey: 
 
 Commissioner of education '. 10, 000 
 
 Deputy commissioner of education 4, 500 
 
 Three assistant commissioners each. . 4, 500 
 
 Chief clerk 3, 000 
 
 Secretary State board of examiners '. . . 3, 000 
 
 Inspector buildings 2,"000 
 
 Inspector of accounts 2, 000 
 
 Twelve clerks total. . 10, 650 
 
44 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION ORGANIZATION. 
 
 New York: 
 
 Commissioner of education *-'-^i """^ 
 
 Three assistant commissioners each.. 5,000 
 
 Director State library 5> 000 
 
 Chiefs of divisions of history, law, public records and science each. . 4, 500 
 
 Chiefs of divisions of examination, vocational scliools -V 4, 000 
 
 Secretary board of medical examiners 4, 000 
 
 Chiefs of divisions of administration, attendance, and inspections, .each. . 3, 500 
 Chiefs of divisions of educational extension, school libraries, visual 
 
 instruction, and statistics each.. 3,000 
 
 Secretary pharmacy board 3, 000 
 
 Specialist in agriculture 2, 750 
 
 Vice director library school 2, 500 
 
 Secretary teachers retirement fund board 2, 000 
 
 Specialist in vocational education for girls 1, 800 
 
 Seventeen inspectors total.. 42,300 
 
 Three hundred and thirteen assistants and clerks 
 
 North Carolina: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Two State agents for rural schools each. . 2, 500 
 
 Inspector of high schools 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor teacher training 2, 000 
 
 Statistical secretary 1> 500 
 
 Chief clerk 1, 800 
 
 Two clerks total . . 1, 500 
 
 North Dakota: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction , 3, 000 
 
 Deputy 2,400 
 
 Bural-school inspector 2, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 000 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Ohio: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 4, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 2, 500 
 
 Chief clerk 1,750 
 
 Examination clerk ^ 1, 800 
 
 Statistician 1, 500 
 
 Supervisor of normal schools 3, 600 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools 2, 000 
 
 Four agricultural supervisors each.. 2,000 
 
 Two high-school inspectors (full time) each.. 2,000 
 
 Five high-school inspectors (half time) each. . 1, 000 
 
 Four clerks total.. 5,040 
 
 Oklahoma: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 2, 500 
 
 Assistant superintendent 1, 800 
 
 Statistician 1, 600 
 
 Secretary State board of education 2, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,600 
 
 Three clerks .total.. 3,400 
 
STATE DEPAETMENTS O? EDUCATION STAFFS. 46 
 
 Oregon: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction $3, 000 
 
 Two assistant State superintendents total. . 4, 300 
 
 Two field workers total.. 3,800 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Pennsylvania: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 5, 000 
 
 /Two deputy superintendents each. . 2, 000 
 
 Pour high-school inspectors each. . 2, 000 
 
 Expert, agricultural education 2, 000 
 
 Expert, industrial education 2, 000 
 
 Expert, drawing 2, 000 
 
 Pour clerks ^ each.. 1,400 
 
 Five stenographers each.. 1,000 
 
 Three examiners and school visitors, bureau of professional education. . 
 
 Rhode Island: 
 
 Commissioner of public schools 5, 000 
 
 Assistant commissioner 
 
 Pour clerks 
 
 South Carolina: 
 
 State superintendent of education 1, 900 
 
 Assistant State superintendent 
 
 State high-school inspector : 
 
 State supervisor of elementary rural schools 
 
 South Dakota: 
 
 State superintendent 1, 800 
 
 Deputy superintendent 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Tennessee: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 2,000 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 500 
 
 Head clerk 1,200 
 
 Three clerks 
 
 Supervisor of industrial work 2, 100 
 
 Supervisor of elementary schools 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of elementary schools for negroes 2, 500 
 
 Texas: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 2, 500 
 
 Assistant to State superintendent 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Statistician 
 
 Auditor 
 
 Pour clerks 
 
 Utah: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 State high-school inspector 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Pive clerks 
 
 Vermont: 
 
 State superintendent of education 2, 500 
 
 Chief clerk 900 
 
 Chief statistician 700 
 
46 STAa?E DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION — ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Virginia: 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction $3, 500 
 
 Chief clerk and secretary to State board of education 2, 750 
 
 Three inspectors for white schools each. . 2, 000 
 
 Inspector for colored schools 2, 500 
 
 Statistical clerk 2, 000 
 
 Six clerks total.. 6,000 
 
 Washington: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 1, 800 
 
 Deputy superintendent 1, 800 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 000 
 
 Secretary State board of examiners 1, 200 
 
 Field organizer for agricultural and industrial work 
 
 Four clerks, total 3, 900 
 
 West Virginia: 
 
 State superintendent 4, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,800 
 
 Supervisor of high schools 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of examinations 1, 800 
 
 Secretary State board of regents 2, 500 
 
 Chief statistician 1, 200 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education (part time) 600 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools for negroes (part time) 600 
 
 Four clerks total . . 4, 120 
 
 Wisconsin: 
 
 State superintendent 5, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent 
 
 Assistant for industrial education 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Two high-school inspectors 
 
 Two rural-school inspectors 
 
 Five school inspectors 
 
 One inspector of domestic science 
 
 One inspector of schools for deaf 
 
 Two library clerks 
 
 Certificate clerk 
 
 Other clerks 
 
 Wyoming: 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction 3, 000 
 
 Deputy State superintendent of public instruction 1, 500 
 
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 
 
 pTOTE. — Witli the exceptions indicated, the documents named below will be sent free of charge upon 
 application to the Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C. Those marked with an asterisk (*) 
 are no longer available for free distribution, but may be had of the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- 
 ment Printing Oifice, Washington, D. C, upon payment of the price stated. Remittances should be made 
 in coin, currency, or money order. Stamps are not accepted. Documents marked with a dagger (t) are 
 out of print.] 
 
 1906. 
 
 tNo. 1. Education bill of 1906 for England and Wales as it passed the House of Commons. A. T. Smith. 
 fNo. 2. German views of American education, with particular reference to industrial development. 
 
 William N. Hailmarm. 
 *No. 3. State school systems: Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 1904, 
 
 to Oct. 1, 1906. Edward C. Elliott. 15 cts. 
 
 1907. 
 
 tNo. 1. The continuation school in the United States. Arthur J. Jones. 
 
 tNo. 2. Agricultural education, including nature study and school gardens. James E. Jewell. 
 
 tNo. 3. The auxiliary schools of Germany. Six lectures by B. Maennel. 
 
 tNo. 4. The elimination ofpupils from school. Edward L. Thomdike. 
 
 1908. 
 
 tNo. 1. On the training of persons to teach agriculture in the public schools. Liberty H. Bailey. 
 
 *No. 2. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, 1867-1907. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 3. Bibliography of education for 1907. James Ingersoll Wyer, jr., and Martha L. Phelps. 10 cts. 
 
 tNo. 4. Music education in the United States; schools and departments of music. Arthur L. Manchester. 
 
 *No. 6. Education in Formosa. Julean H. Arnold. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 6. The apprenticeship system in its relation to industrial education. Carroll D. Wright. 15 cts. 
 
 *No. 7. State school systems: II. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 
 
 1906, to Oct. 1, 1908. Edward C. Elliott. 30 cts. 
 *No. 8. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the 
 
 State, 1907-8. 5 cts. 
 
 1909. 
 
 *No. 1. Facilities for study and research in the offices of the United States Government in Washington. 
 
 Arthur T. Hadley. 10 cts. 
 *No. 2. Admission of Chinese students to American colleges. John Fryer. 25 cts. 
 *No. 3. Daily meals of school children. Caroline L. Hunt. 10 cts. 
 
 tNo. 4. The teaching staff of secondary schools in the United States; amount of education, length of expe- 
 rience, salaries. Edward L. Thomdike. 
 No. 5. Statistics of public, society, and school libraries in 1908. 
 *No. 6. Instruction in the fine and manual arts in the United States. A statistical monograph. Hemy 
 
 T. Bailey. 15 cts. 
 No. 7. Index to the Reports of the Commissioner of Education, 1867-1907. 
 *No. 8. A teacher's professional library. Classified list of 100 titles. 5 cts. 
 *No. 9. Bibliography of education for 1908-9. 10 cts. 
 No. 10. Education for efficiency in railroad service. J. Shirley Eaton. 
 
 *No. 11. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by 
 the State, 1908-9. 6 cts. 
 
 1910. 
 
 *No. 1. The movement for reform in the teaching of religion In the public schools of Saxony. Arley B. 
 
 Show. 6 cts. 
 No. 2. State school systems; III. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 
 
 1908, to Oct. 1, 1909. Edward C. Elliott. 
 tNo. 3. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, 1867-1910. 
 *No. 4. The biological stations of Europe. Charles A. Eofoid. 50 cts. 
 *No. 6. American schoolhouses. Fletcher B. Dresslar. 75 cts. 
 tNo. 6. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by 
 
 the State, 1909-10. 
 
 1 
 
II BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 
 
 1911. 
 
 *No. 1. Bibliography of science teaching. 5 cts. 
 
 *No. 2. Opportunities lor graduate study in agriculture in the United States. A. C. Monahan. 5 ota. 
 
 *No. 3. Agencies for the improvement of teachers in service. William C. Euediger. 15 cts. 
 
 *No. 4. Report of the commission appointed to study the system of education in the public schools of 
 
 Baltimore. 10 cts. 
 *No. 6. Age and grade census of schools and colleges. George D. Strayer. 10 cts. 
 *No. 6. Graduate work in mathematics in universities and in other institutions of like grade in the United 
 
 States. 5 cts. 
 tNo. 7. Undergraduate work in mathematics in colleges and universities. 
 tNo. 8. Examinations in mathematics, other than those set by the teacher for his own classes. 
 No. 9. Mathematics in the technological schools of collegiate grade in the United States. 
 tNo. 10. Bibliography of education for 1909-10. 
 tNo. 11. Bibliography of child study for the years 1908-9. 
 tNo. 12. Training of teachers of elementary and secondary mathematics. 
 *No. 13. Mathematics in the elementary schools of the United States. 15 cts. 
 *No. 14. Provision for exceptional children in the public schools. I.E. Van Sickle, Lightner Witmer, 
 
 and Leonard P. Ayres. 10 cts. 
 *No. 15. Educational system of China as recently reconstructed. Harry E. King. 10 cts. 
 tNo. 16. Mathematics in the public and private secondary schools of the United States. 
 tNo. 17. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, October, 1911. 
 *No. 18. Teachers' certificates issued under general State laws and regulations. Harlan Updegrafl. 20 cts. 
 No. 19. Statistics of State imiversities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by 
 the State, 1910-11. 
 
 1912. 
 
 *No. 1. Acourseofstudyforthepreparationofrural-schoolteachers. F. MutchlerandW. J. Craig. Sets. 
 tNo. 2. Mathematics at West Point and Annapolis. 
 *No. 3. Report of committee on uniform records and reports. 6 cts. 
 *No. 4. Mathematics in technical secondary schools in the United States. 5 cts." 
 *No. S. A study of expenses of city school systems. Harlan UpdegrafE. 10 cts. 
 *No. 6. Agricultural education in secondary schools. 10 cfs. 
 *No. 7. Educational status of nursing. M. Adelaide Nutting. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 8. Peace day. Fannie Fern Andrews. Sets. [Later publication, 1913, No. 12. 10 cts.] 
 *No. 9. Country schools for city boys. William S. Myers. 10 cts. 
 tNo. 10. Bibliography of education in agriculture and home economics. 
 tNo. 11. Current educational topics. No. I. 
 
 tNo. 12. Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial New York. William H. Kilpatrick. 
 *No. 13. Influences tending to improve the work of the teacher of mathematics. 5 cts. 
 *No. 14. Report of the American commissioners of the international commission on the teaching of mathe- 
 matics. 10 cts. 
 tNo. 15. Current educational topics. No. II. 
 tNo. 16. The reorganized school playground. Henry S. Curtis. 
 *No. 17. The Montessori system of education. Anna T. Smith. 5 cts. 
 *No. 18. Teaching language through agriculture and domestic science. M. A. Leiper. 5 cts. 
 *No. 19. Professional distribution of college and university graduates. Bailey B. Burritt. 10 cts. 
 tNo. 20. Readjustment of a rural high school to the needs of the community. H. A. Brown. 
 tNo. 21. Urban and rural common-school statistics. Harlan UpdegrafE and William R. Hood. 
 
 No. 22. Public and private high schools. 
 *No. 23. Special collections in libraries in the United States. W. Dawson Johnston and Isadore G. 
 
 Mudge. 10 cts. 
 tNo. 24. Current educational topics. No. III. 
 
 tNo. 25. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, 1912. 
 tNo. 26. Bibliography of child study for the years 1910-1911. 
 
 No. 27." History of public-school education in Arkansas. Stephen B. Weeks. 
 *No. 28. Cultivating school grounds in Wake County, N. C. Zebulon Judd. 5 cts. 
 
 No. 29. Bibliography of the teaching of mathematics, 1900-1912. D. E. Smith and Chas. Goldziher. 
 
 No. 30. Latin- American universities and special schools. Edgar E. Brandon. 
 *No. 31. Educational directory, 1912. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 32. Bibliography of exceptional children and their education. Arthur MacDonald. 6 cts. 
 tNo. 33. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by 
 the State, 1912. 
 
 1913. 
 
 No. 1 Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1913. 
 *No. 2. Training courses for rural teachere. A. C. Monahan and R. H. Wright. 5 cts. 
 *No. 3. The teaching of modem languages in the United States. Charles H. Handschin. 15 cts. 
 *No. 4. Present standards of higher education in the United States. George E. MacLean. 20 cts. 
 tNo. 6. Monthly record of current educational publications. February, 1913. 
 
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. HI 
 
 ♦No. 6. Agricultural instruction in high schools. C. H. Robisou and F. B. Jenlcs. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 7. College entrance requirements. Clarence D. Kingsley. 15 cts. 
 
 *No. 8. The status o£ rural education in the United States. A. C. Monahan. 15 cts. 
 
 tNo. 9. Consular reports on continuation schools iu Prussia. 
 
 tNo. 10. Monthly record o£ current educational publications, March, 1913. 
 
 fNo. 11. Monthly record of current educational publications, April, 1913. 
 
 *No. 12. The promotion of peace. Fannie Fern Andrews. 10 cts. 
 
 *No. 13. Standards and tests for measuring the efficiency of schools or systems of schools. 5 cts. 
 
 *No. 14. Agricultural instruction in secondary schools. 10 cts. 
 
 tNo. 15. Monthly record of current educational publications, May, 1913. 
 
 *No. 16. Bibliography of medical inspection and health supervision. 15 cts. 
 
 *No. 17. A trade school for girls. A preliminary investigation in a typical manufacturing city, Worcester, 
 
 Mass. 10 cts. 
 *No. 18. The fifteenth international congress on hygiene and demography. Fletcher B. Dresslar. 10 cts. 
 *No. 19. German industrial education and its lessons for the United States. Holmes Beckwith. 15 cts. 
 *No. 20. Illiteracy in the United States. 10 cts. 
 
 fNo. 21. Monthly record of current educational publications, June, 1913. 
 *No. 22. Bibliography of industrial, vocational, and trade education. 10 cts. 
 *No. 23. The Georgia club at the State Normal School, Athens, Ga., for the study of rural sociology. B.C. 
 
 Branson. 10 cts. 
 *No. 24. A comparison of public education in Germany and in the United States. Georg Kerschenstemer. 
 
 5 cts. 
 *No. 25. Industrial education in Columbus, Ga. Roland B. Daniel. 5 cts. 
 fNo. 26. Good roads arbor day. Susan B. Sipe. 
 tNo. 27. Prison schools. A. C. Hill. 
 
 ♦No. 28. Expressions on education by American statesmen and publicists. 5 cts. 
 ♦No. 29. Accredited secondary schools in the United States. Kendric C. Babcock. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 30. Education in the South. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 31. Special features in city school systems. 10 cts. 
 
 No. 32. Educational survey of Montgomery County, Md. 
 tNo. 33. Monthly record of current educational publications, September, 1913. 
 ♦No. 34. Pension systems in Great Britam. Raymond W. Sies. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 36. A list of books suited to a high-school library. 15 cts. 
 ♦No. 36. Report on the work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska, 1911-12. 10 cts. 
 
 No. 37. Monthly record of current educational publications, October, 1913. 
 ♦No. 38. Economy of time in education. 10 cts. 
 
 No. 39. Elementary industrial school of Cleveland, Ohio, W. N. Eallmann. 
 ♦No. 40. The reorganized school playground. Henry S. Curtis. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 41. The reorganization of secondary education. 10 cts. 
 
 No. 42. An experimental rural school at Winthrop College. H. S. Browne. 
 ♦No. 43. Agriculture and rural-life day; material lor its observance. Eugene 0. Brooks. 10 ots. 
 ♦No. 44. Organized health work in schools. E. B. Hoag. 10 cts. 
 
 No. 45. Monthly record of current educational publications, November, 1913. 
 ♦No. 46. Educational dhectory, 1913. 15 cts. 
 
 ♦No. 47. Teaching material in Government publications. F. K. Noyes. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 48. School hygiene. W. Carson Ryan, jr. 15 ots. 
 
 No. 49. The Farragut School, a Tennessee country-life high school. A. C. Monahan and Adams Phillips. 
 
 No. 50. The Fitchburg plan of cooperative industrial education. M. R. McCann. 
 ♦No. 51. Education of the immigrant. 10 cts. 
 ♦No. 52. Sanitary schoolhouses. Legal requirements in Indiana and Ohio. 5 cts. 
 
 No. 53. Monthly record of current educational publications, December, 1913. 
 
 No. 54. Consular reports on industrial education in Germany. 
 
 No. 55. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to education, October 1, 1909, t o October 1 , 1912. James 
 
 C. Boykin and William R. Hood. 
 tNo. 56. Some suggestive features of the Swiss school system. William Knox Tate. 
 
 No. 67. Elementary education in England, with special reference to London, Liverpool, and Manchester. 
 I. L. Kandel. 
 
 No. 68. Educational system of rural Denmark. Harold W. Foght. 
 
 No. 69. Bibliography of education for 1910-11. 
 
 No. 60. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by 
 the State, 1912-13. 
 
 1914. 
 
 *No. 1. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1914. 5 cts. 
 
 No. 2. Compulsory school attendance. 
 *No. 3. Monthly record of current educational publications, February, 1914. 6 cts. 
 
 No. 4. The school and the start in life. Meyer Bloomfield. 
 
IV BULLETIN OF THE BUKEAXJ OF EDUCATION. 
 
 No. 6. The folk high schools of Denmark. L. L. Friend. 
 
 No. 6. Kindergartens in the United States. 
 
 No. 7. Monthly record of current educational publications, March, 1914. 
 
 No. 8. The Massachusetts home-project plan of vocational agricultural education. E. W. Stimson. 
 
 No. 9. Monthly record of current educational publications, April, 1914. 
 *No. 10. Physical growth and school progress. B. T. Baldwin. 25 cts. 
 
 No. 11. Monthly record of current educational publications. May, 1914. 
 *No. 12. Rural schoolhouses and grounds. F. B. Dresslar. 50 cts. 
 
 No. 13. Present status of drawing and art in the elementary and secondary schools of the United States. 
 Royal B. Famum. 
 
 No. 14. Vocational guidance. 
 
 No. 15. Monthly record of current educational publications. Index. 
 
 No. 16. The tangible rewards of teaching. James C. Boykin and Roberta King. 
 
 No. 17. Sanitary survey of the schools of Orange County, Va. Roy K. Flannagan. 
 
 No. 18. The public school system of Gary, Ind. William P. Burris. 
 
 No. 19. University extension in the United States. Louis E. Eeber. • 
 
 No. 20. The nn-al school and hookworm disease. J. A. Ferrell. 
 
 No. 21. Monthly record of crurent educational publications, September, 1914. 
 
 No. 22. The Danish folk high schools. H. W. Foght. 
 
 No. 23. Some trade schools in Europe. Frank L. Glynn. 
 
 No. 24. Danish elementary rural schools. H. W. Foght. 
 
 No. 25. Important features in rural school improvement. "W. T. Hodges. 
 
 No. 26. Monthly record of current educational pubUcations, October, 1914. 
 
 No. 27. Agricultural teaching. 
 
 No. 28. The Montessori method and the kindergarten. Elizabeth Harrison. 
 
 No. 29. The kindergarten in benevolent institutions. 
 
 No. 30. Consohdation of rural schools and transportation of pupils at public expense. A. 0. Monahan'. 
 
 No. 31. Report on the work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska. 
 
 No. 32. BibUography of the relation of secondary schools to higher education. R. I. WaUdey. 
 
 No. 33. Music in the pubhc schools. "Will Earhart. 
 
 No. 34. Library instruction in universities, colleges, and normal schools. Henry R. Evans. 
 
 No. 35. The training of teachers in England, Scotland, and Germany. Charles H. Judd. 
 
 No. 36. Education tor the home— Part I. General statement. B. R. Andrews. 
 
 No. 37. Education for the home— Part II. State action, schools, agencies. B. E. Andrews. 
 
 No. 38. Education for the home— Part III. Colleges and universities. B.R.Andrews. 
 
 No. 39. Education for the home — Part IV. Bibliography, lists of schools. B. R. Andrews. 
 
 No. 40. Care of health of boys in Girard College, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 No. 41. Monthly record of current educational publications, November, 1914. 
 
 No. 42. Monthly record of current educational pubUcations, December, 1914. 
 
 No. 43. Educational directory, 1914-15. 
 
 No. 44. County-unit organization for the administration of rural schools. A. C. Monahan. 
 
 No. 45. Curricula in mathematics. J. C. Brown. 
 
 No. 46. School savings banks. Mrs. Sara L. Overholtzer. 
 
 No. 47. City training schools for teachers. Frank A. Manny. 
 
 No. 48. The educational museum of the St. Louis public schools. C. G. Eathman. 
 
 No. 49. EfBciency and preparation of rural school teachers. H. W. Foght. 
 
 No. 50. Statistics of State universities and State colleges. 
 
 1915. 
 
 No. 1. Cooking in the vocational school. Iris P. O'Leary. 
 No. 2. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1915. 
 No. 3. Monthly record of current educational pubUcations, February, 1915. 
 No, 4. The health of school children. W. H. Heck. 
 
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