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 Historical sketch of the U. S. Departmen 
 
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U. S. DEPARTM'^X^OW;\G^fii^LTURE, 
 
 DIVISION OF PUBLICATOS^Bflj^ETIN ,3, S^%j tUv^^^ 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF IGRICDLTBKE 
 
 ITS objects; AND PRESENT ORGANIZATION. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 C3aAR.LBis u. &eea:th;otjsej, 
 
 , IKvision of PubliCfxiiom. 
 
 WASHINQTON: 
 
 jVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1907. 
 
Bui, 3, Division of Publications. U. S. Dept. of Agrlcultun 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
Property of the United States Governmenl 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 PITISION OF PUBLICATIONS— BULLETIN 3, Second Revision. 
 
 GEO. 'WM:. HUiU, Chief of Division. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; 
 
 ITS OBJECTS AND PRESENT ORGANIZATION. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 CHARLES H. GRKATHOTJSK, 
 
 Division of Publications. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1907. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Publications, 
 Washingtoih, D. €:,, January 2, 1907. 
 Dear Sir: A frequent demand for information regarding the 
 origin and development of the Department of Agriculture led to the 
 compilation of the accompanying historical sketch. The compiler, 
 Mr. C. H. Greathouse, of this Division, was instructed to follow as 
 closely as possible, in the selection of subjects mentioned, the annual 
 reports of the several Commissioners and Secretaries, prominence 
 being given to those features of the work of the several administra- 
 tions which the administrators themselves seem to have regarded as 
 specially worthy of attention. 
 
 This historical sketch has been supplemented by a statement of 
 the origin and duties of the several bureaus, divisions, and offices of 
 the Department, in which the several chiefs have concurred, by 
 citations from the several laws under which the Department has 
 attained its present stage of development, and by a statement of 
 appropriations and disbursements for the Department of Agriculture, 
 1839-1906, inclusive, which was furnished by the Division of Accounts 
 and Disbursements. 
 
 The original edition of this bulletin was issued in 1898. It has 
 now been revised and brought up to date, and I recommend its 
 republication without change in the number of the bulletin. 
 Eespectfully, 
 
 Geo. Wm. Hill, 
 
 Ohief. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 Page. 
 
 Origin and development 5 
 
 Early governmental aid of agriculture in America 5 
 
 Agricultural division of Patent OflBce 8 
 
 Organization and work of independent department 9 
 
 Commissioner Newton's term 9 
 
 Commissioner Capron's term .' 12 
 
 Commissioner Watts's term 14 
 
 Commissioner Le Due's term 15 
 
 Commissioner Loring's term 17 
 
 Commissioner Colman's administration .- 19 
 
 The Department raised to the first rank 21 
 
 Secretary Eusk's administration 22 
 
 Secretary Morton's administration 27 
 
 Secretary Wilson's administration 31 
 
 The Department buildings and grounds 41 
 
 Cost of the Department: Its value to the country 44 
 
 Bureaus, divisions, and offices 47 
 
 Office of the Secretary 47 
 
 Weather Bureau 47 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry 48 
 
 Bureau of Plant Industry 48 
 
 Forest Service 50 
 
 Bureau of Chemistry 50 
 
 Bureau of Soils , 51 
 
 Bureau of Entomology 51 
 
 Bureau of Statistics 51 
 
 Bureau of Biological Survey - 52 
 
 Division of Publications 52 
 
 Division of Accounts and Disbursements 53 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations 53 
 
 Office of Public Roads 54 
 
 Library 54 
 
 Legislation and expenses 57 
 
 Law creating the Department of Agriculture 57 
 
 Change in rank of the Department 58 
 
 Law creating the Bureau of Animal Industry 59 
 
 Transfer of Weather Bureau to the Department 61 
 
 Lands for agricultural colleges 62 
 
 Law establishing agricultural experiment stations 64 
 
 Endowment of agricultural colleges 66 
 
 Increase of experiment station funds 67 
 
 Transfer of forest reserves to the Department 69 
 
 Preservation, introduction, distribution, and restoration of birds 70 
 
 Appropriations and disbursements 72 
 
 Index 93 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PLA,TES. 
 
 Pag 
 
 Main building of the United States Department of Agriculture , . . .Frontispiec 
 
 Plate I. Design for Department building as proposed by Mr. Le Due 
 
 II. Justin S. Morrill and William H. Hatch < 
 
 TEXT FIGURES. 
 
 Henry L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of Patents, 1836-1845 
 
 Isaac Newton, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1862-1867 
 
 Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1867-1871 
 
 Frederick Watts, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871-1877 
 
 William G. Le Due, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1877-1881 
 
 George B. Jjoring, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1881-1885 
 
 Norman J. Colman, Commissioner and Secretary of Agriculture, 1885-1889 
 
 Jeremiah M. Eusk, Secretary of Agriculture, 1889-1893 
 
 J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture, 1893-1897 
 
 4 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 or THE 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 EARLY GOVERNMENTAL AID OF AGRICULTURE IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture had its origin in the farsighted 
 wisdom of Washington and the practical activity of Franklin. The 
 former as President suggested the organization of a branch of the 
 National Government to care for the interests of farmers, and the 
 latter, when the agent of Pennsylvania in England, sent home silk- 
 worm eggs and mulberry cuttings to start silk growing. When the 
 representatives of the new United States Government went to foreign 
 lands after the Revolution, they followed Franklin's example. The 
 number and value of their contributions increased till Hon. Henry L. 
 Ellsworth, of Connecticut, in 1839, induced Congress to make a trial 
 of a small appropriation for the distribution of the seeds, cuttmgs, 
 etc., thus collected, and for the publication of agricultural statistics. 
 The experiment was successful, and the work of the Department has 
 since had a steady growth. 
 
 Governmental aid to agriculture, however, antedated the time of 
 Washington and Franklin, though it was desultory and uncertain. 
 James I, in 1622, encouraged the. breeding of silkworms in Virginia; 
 in 1642 the general court of Massachusetts offered premiums for sheep 
 raising, and in 1657 the Virginia legislature passed an act to stimu- 
 late the raising of hops. In 1732 a parcel of government ground 
 in Georgia was allotted for growing mulberry trees in aid of silk 
 culture, and in the ten years preceding 1743 Parliament granted 
 $600,000 to promote the cultivation of indigo and other crops in 
 Georgia. In 1748 Parliament put a premium on silk culture in the 
 colonies, and in 1766 the South Carolina assembly voted £1,000 for 
 the establishment of a silk filature in Charleston. In 1775 the 
 South Carolina and Virginia legislatures were taking steps to encour- 
 age the sheep industry, but the Revolution came on, and all special 
 efforts in behalf of agriculture were lost sight of. 
 
 5 
 
6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 After American independence had been won and peace was firmly 
 establislied, strong friendships grew up between pubHc-spirited 
 EngHshmen and Americans. When the British board of agriculture 
 was established in 1793, its chief promoter, Sir John Sinclair, had his 
 friend and correspondent, President Washington, made an honorary- 
 member. To a suggestion that a similar board ought to form part 
 of the American Government Washington was favorable, but in his 
 reply to Sir John, in a letter of July 20, 1794, showed his clear under- 
 standing of the order of growth of public institutions. He said: 
 "It will be some time, I fear, before an agricultural society with 
 Congressional aids will be established in this country; we must walk, 
 as other countries have done, before we can run. Smaller societies 
 must prepare the way for greater, but with the lights before us 
 I hope we shall not be so slow in maturation as other nations have 
 been." 
 
 WASHINGTON'S VEEWS AS TO A BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 In order to bring the matter before the public, Washington, in his 
 last message to Congress, on December 7, 1796, made the following 
 statement of his views: "In proportion as nations advance in popu- 
 lation the cultivation of the soil becomes more and more an object of 
 public patronage. Institutions grow up supported by the public 
 purse. * * * Among the means which have been employed to 
 this end none have been attended with greater success than the estab- 
 lishment of boards composed of public characters charged with 
 collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and 
 small pecuniary aid to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and 
 improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to 
 the increase of improvements by stimulating to enterprise and 
 experiment and by drawing to a common center the results every- 
 where of individual skill and observation and spreading them thence 
 over the whole nation." 
 
 RECEPTION OF WASHINGTON'S SUGGESTION. 
 
 This suggestion was seconded by Col. Timothy Pickering, Secretary 
 of State, and was favorably received by public men generally. The 
 response of the Senate, drawn by Senator Read, of South Carolina, 
 was as follows: "The necessity of accelerating the establishment of 
 certain useful manufactm-es by the intervention of legislative aid and 
 protection and the encouragement due to the creation of boards 
 (composed of intelligent individuals) to patronize the primary pur- 
 suits of society are subjects which will readily engage our most serious 
 attention." 
 
 The House of Eepresentatives referred the subject to a committee, 
 which reported on January 11, 1797, recommending the creation of 
 such a society as indicated. It was to meet annually, and Congress- 
 men, Federal judges, the Secretaries of State. War. and Navv. and 
 
EAKLY GOVEENMEKT AID TO AGRICULTURE. 7 
 
 the Attorney-General were to be ex-officio members. The bill was 
 read twice and on the next Monday was taken' up for consideration. 
 But a discussion of direct taxes brought a conflict of opinion between 
 city and country members; also Jefferson opposed the recommenda- 
 tion for a military academy, which was associated with this proposal, 
 on the ground that it was not authorized by the specific powers 
 delegated to Congress by the Constitution. The friends of the 
 measure feared to allow it to come to a vote, and it was never further 
 debated. 
 
 A similar unsuccessful attempt was made in 1817. In answer to a 
 memorial from the agricultural society of Berkley, Mass., presented on 
 January 29, Mr. Hulbert, chairman of the special committee to which 
 the matter was referred, reported a bill on February 21 for the estab- 
 lishment of a board of agriculture. The bill was committed to the 
 Committee of the Whole, but got no further. Madison's Administra- 
 tion closed on March 4 following, and that time was too near at hand 
 to undertake new legislation of such importance. 
 
 WORK OF AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD. 
 
 But while Congress was waiting for an opportunity for full dehbera- 
 tion on the subject, consuls and naval officers abroad were sending 
 home seeds and cuttings for new crops and aiding in the introduction 
 of new breeds of domestic animals. During Washington's last Admin- 
 istration William Eaton, consul at Tunis, sent to Timothy Pickering, 
 Secretary of State, several Barbary sheep. They came by an armed 
 vessel in the United States service, commanded by Henry Geddes. 
 Mr. Pickering presented a pair of the sheep to the president of the 
 Philadelphia Agricultural Society, and from these the breed spread 
 throughout Pennsylvania and adjoining States. 
 
 In 1810, William Jarvis, United States consul at Lisbon, took advan- 
 tage of the Napoleonic wars to secxire thousands of Merino sheep for 
 this country. The Spanish noblemen who owned the sheep had up to 
 that time been slow to part with their pure-bred stock, as they had a 
 practical monopoly of the finest grades of merino wool, but when the 
 French armies were destroying the flocks they were glad to sell them 
 to the Americans. Also, Chinese and French hogs were introduced 
 early in the nineteenth century by such aid -of American officials. 
 
 During the Administration of President John Quincy Adams direc- 
 tions were given to all United States consuls to forward rare plants and 
 seeds to Washington for distribution, and the National Botanic Gar- 
 den was estabhshed. In 1 826 Congress authorized the publication of a 
 manual, prepared by Kichard Rush, Secretary of the Trealiiry, contain- 
 ing the best practical information that could be collected on the growth 
 and manufacture of silk. In 1828 Count Von Haggi's "Treatise on 
 Eearing Silkworms" was printed as a Congressional document. Sev- 
 eral valuable reports on the silk industry were also made and published 
 about this time. 
 
b HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUKE. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL DIVISION OF PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 In 1836 Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, of Connecticut, Commissioner of 
 Patents, received from Government representatives abroad and from 
 others considerable quantities of seeds and many plants, and dis- 
 tributed them to enterprising farmers throughout the country. This 
 he did without Government authority or aid further than the use of 
 the franks of Congressmen who were his personal friends-. He also 
 urged in his report that the Government take up the work of aiding 
 agriculture in this and other ways. 
 
 FIRST APPROPRIATION BY CONGRESS. 
 
 His suggestions and arguments led to the appropriation in 1839 of 
 $1,000 for the purpose of collecting and distributing seeds, prosecuting 
 agricultural investigations, and procuring agricultural statistics. The 
 
 money was to be taken from 
 the Patent Office fund and 
 the work was to be done under 
 the Commissioner, at that time 
 an official of the Department of 
 State. In his report, made in 
 January, 1841, Commissioner 
 Ellsworth stated that 30,000 
 packages of seeds had been dis- 
 tributed during the year and 
 that agricultural statistics, as 
 gathered in the census, were 
 being prepared for publication. 
 In 1842 these statistics were 
 •*'>«<?-*' ^_ published, with a survey of crop 
 
 „ T T~ ^ conditions and prospects. Prog- 
 
 Heney L. Ellstvoeth, _ , i 1 ^ o 
 
 Commissioner of Patents. ress in agricultural science was 
 
 ''^■*~***'' reviewed and special notice was 
 
 made of the manufacture of sugar from Indian corn and the use of 
 lard oil in place of whale oil for lighting. A firm, it was stated, was 
 seeking to make a contract to supplj^ the light-houses on the Great 
 Lakes with maize oil. 
 
 GROWTH OF THE WORK IN THE PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 The distribution of seeds and the collection and publication of agri- 
 cultural information continued under succeeding Commissioners of 
 Patents. These were Edmund Burke, of New Hampshire; Thomas 
 Ewbank, of New York; Silas II. Hodges, of Virginia; Charles Mason, 
 of Iowa; Joseph Holt, of Kentucky; William D. Bishop, of Connecti- 
 cut; Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland; S. T. Shugert; and David P. 
 Holloway, of Indiana. In 1849 the Department of the Interior was 
 established, and the Patent Office, with its agricultural work, became 
 
ORGANIZATION OF INDEPENDENT DEPARTMENT. 9 
 
 a part of it. The collection of seeds and the publication of agricultural 
 statistics and scientific articles were directly under the care of the 
 Commissioner until that time. No clerk was especially assigned to 
 the duties. In that year the name of F. G. Skinner, who had been 
 publisher of the American Farmer at Baltimore, appears in the Official 
 Register as collector of agricultural statistics, at $1,500 a year. In 
 1851 it had been found advisable to secure a man of high scientific 
 attainments, and Dr. Daniel Lee, of Georgia, was employed at $2,000. 
 In 1853 the salary was reduced to $1,500 again, and D. J. Browne, of 
 New Hampshire, was employed. In 1855 Mr. Browne's salary had 
 been made $2,000, and C. L. Alexander, at $3 a day, was assigned to 
 the same work. In 1857 the roll stood: D. J. Browne, $2,000; T. 
 Glover, New York, $2,000; H. C. Williams, Virginia, $2,000; C. L. 
 Alexander, District of Columbia, $1,200; W. H. Dietz, Pennsylvania, 
 $1,000; Thomas Donoho, District of Columbia, and Jos. Kilian and 
 C. Simmons, Maryland, each $3 a day. 
 
 Mr. Browne was succeeded, on change of Administration in 1861, by 
 Isaac Newton, of Pennsylvania. David P. Holloway, of Indiana, 
 became Commissioner of Patents at that time, and in his first annual 
 report made an earnest argument for the establishment of a separate 
 department of the Government to deal with the interests of agriculture 
 and productive arts. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND WORK OF INDEPENDENT DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The subject of an independent department was immediately taken 
 up in Congress and the necessary legislation enacted practically with- 
 out opposition. The law" was approved May 15, 1862. The United 
 States Agricultural Society, organized in 1852 and meeting in Wash- 
 ington annually from that time till 1860, was at all times active in 
 urging the establishment of the department. It was largely instru- 
 mental in creating the public opinion which made this practical 
 realization of the hopes of Washington so easily possible. It is note- 
 worthy that in this same year, June 19, 1862, was passed the first act, 
 known as the Morrill law, for the establishment of agricultural 
 colleges. 
 
 COMMISSIONER NEWTON'S TERM. 
 
 The first Commissioner of Agriculture was Hon. Isaac Newton, 
 already mentioned as chief of the section of agriculture in the Patent 
 Office. He took charge in his new capacity on July 1 , 1862, when the 
 law establishing a department went into effect. He was a native of 
 New Jersey, but early in life settled in Pennsylvania, where he 
 devoted himself to scientific farming. Under his new appointment 
 he was given full control of the property of the division in the Patent 
 Ofiice and conducted his 'work independently of the Department of 
 
 a The text of this and other laws will be found elsewhere. See p. 57. 
 
10 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OP AGBICtTLTURE. 
 
 the Interior. The propagating garden at Sixth street and Missouri' 
 avenue NW., in Washington, first mentioned in the annual report of 
 1858, was placed under his care and a tract of 40 acres in the same 
 city, lying between Twelfth and Fourteenth streets SW., and B street 
 SW. and the canal (B street NW.), the same now forming the 
 Department grounds, was assigned to him for an experimental farm. 
 The organization of the new Departnaent proceeded rather slowly 
 at first. There was delay in the transfer of the property of the 
 agricultural division from the Patent Office. Commissioner Newton 
 said in his first report, dated January 1, 1863, that he was not yet 
 formally in possession, though he had called attention to the matter 
 in the previous July. Also, on January 1, 1864, he said he had been 
 unable to use the ground at Twelfth and B streets SW. as a farm, 
 because it was needed by the War Department as a cattle yard for 
 army supplies. 
 
 Appointment of early officials. — In 1862 Commissioner Newton 
 appointed William Saunders to be superintendent of the propagating 
 
 garden, and Mr. Saunders 
 aided materially with advice in 
 organizing the departmental 
 work. It was proposed to em- 
 ploy a chemist, and Mr. Saun- 
 ders was asked what there was 
 ** » /"W^MM ij2 his branch for the attention 
 
 of such an official. He said 
 that in the experiments with 
 new varieties of grapes there 
 were analyses which could be 
 made with profit. On August 
 21, 1862, C. M. Wetherill was 
 appointed Department chem- 
 ist. He made certain analyses 
 of grapes, and also of sorghum 
 sirup, which were given to the 
 public in the second bulletixi 
 published by the Department. The first bulletin was a pamphlet by 
 Mr. Saunders on the objects and aims of the Experimental Garden, 
 with a catalogue. 
 
 This work and the distribution of plants from the propagating gar- 
 den, the collection and distribution of seeds, and the pubfication of 
 agricultural statistics and other information constituted the chief 
 activities of the Department for the first six months. 
 
 In 1863 Commissioner Newton appointed' Lewis Bollman to be stat- 
 istician and Townend Glover to be entomologist. He imported sev- 
 eral hundred bushels of choice seed wheat, corn, rye, and other cereals, 
 and several thousand dollars wort^ "^ .^ti^^-^ „„„j„ a+ 4.i,„ „.,„- 
 
 Isaac Newton, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 1862-1867. 
 
C0MMIS8I0NEB NEWTON. 11 
 
 time with these he distributed 1,500 bushels of cotton seed and a 
 large amount of tobacco seed. An especial effort was made to stim- 
 ulate the cultivation of cotton ia the Northern States. In all, Com- 
 missioner Newton distributed in 1863 1,200,000 packages of seed and 
 25,750 bulbs, cuttings, and vines. The publication of monthly 
 reports of the condition and prospects of crops was begun. A Maine 
 farmer wrote soon after this was well under way: "Your monthly 
 reports give me just the information I have wanted for years. 
 EJibwing the supply and demand, I am able to sell at my own 
 price." 
 
 Weather service and beet sugar inquiry suggested. — The study of the 
 climate and storms of this country had long been fostered by the various 
 Departments of the Government and by the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, as well as by several individual States, before the act of 1862 
 establishing the Department of Agriculture. Commissioner New- 
 ton in his first and second annual reports dwelt on the vital impor- 
 tance of the weather and climate, and in his third report (1864, 
 p. 10) said: 
 
 I would renew my suggestion of last year that if, under the direction of the Government, 
 the state of the weather at different points of the country could be daily communicated 
 by telegraph, so as to be immediately spread over the whole country, very important and 
 beneficial results might follow. 
 
 The publication of meteorological data gathered by Smithsonian 
 observers was continued in the monthly reports of the Department 
 from 1863 to January, 1872; but meantime the efforts made by 
 many to induce the Government to establish a practical service for 
 the prediction of storms and floods culminated in the organization 
 of a meteorological division in the office of the Chief Signal Officer 
 of the Army. Eventually this became the Weather Bureau of to-day. 
 
 In his third annual report Commissioner Newton also called atten- 
 tion to the beet-sugar industry as it had been developed in France 
 and suggested its adaptability to this country. 
 
 Death of Commissioner Newton. — During the summer of 1865 he got 
 possession of the land at Twelfth and B streets SW., and started the 
 experimental farm. His son, Isaac Newton, jr., was placed in charge 
 of this work. Tests were made that summer of new and promising 
 varieties of com, wheat, rye, oats, barley, rice, sorghum, peas, beans, 
 grasses, clover, cabbage, lettuce, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, and 
 melons. Seventy-seven varieties of potatoes were tried. A large 
 quantity of seed was saved from the farm and distributed during 
 the winter and spring. 
 
 In July, 1866, Commissioner Newton suffered a sunstroke while 
 in the field on the experimental farm. A large number of varieties 
 of wheat — Tappahannock, Mediterranean, and others now in gen- 
 eral use — were being tried. The grain had been cut and was lying 
 
]2 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPA.ETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 on the ground when a thunder shower suddenly appeared. Com- 
 missioner Newton was in his room at the Patent Office. He has- 
 tened over to the farm, a mile awaj^^ to instruct the workmen how to 
 save the wheat free from any injury. The sun was hot and he was 
 wearing a high silk hat. In moving hurriedly about the grounds 
 he became overheated. His son took him to the little ofhce on the 
 farm and summoned medical assistance. Restoratives were applied, 
 and he partially recovered, but was never well again. He died from 
 the effects of the injury on June 19, 1867. 
 
 During Commissioner Newton's time the foundations were laid 
 for the Department library and museum. The first appropriation 
 for the library was $4,000, in 1864, for the library and laboratory 
 jointly. The Glover collection was bought for the museum in 1867 
 for $10,000. 
 
 After Mv. Newton's death Mr. J. R. Dodge, who had succeeded 
 Professor Bollman as statistician, became very prominent in Depart- 
 ment work and so remained 
 for twenty-five years. He 
 edited the Annual Reports 
 and the Monthly Reports and 
 wrote much of the most val- 
 uable matter that appeared iu 
 them. 
 
 COMMISSIONER CAPRON'S TERM. 
 
 John W. Stokes, chief clerk 
 of the Department, was acting 
 Commissioner after Mr. New- 
 ton's death till December 4, 
 1867, when Gen. Horace Cap- 
 ron, of Illinois, who was ap- 
 pointed on November 29, took 
 charge. He was a native of 
 New York, but in early life re- 
 moved to Maryland, where he 
 became a farmer on an extensive scale, applying scientific principles 
 to his operations. In 1847 his receipts amounted to more than 
 $36,000. In 1854 he removed to Illinois. There he continued farm- 
 ing, especially as a breeder of Devon cattle, till the civil war broke 
 out, when he enlisted in the armj^, where he rose to be a brigadier- 
 general. After the war he returned to his farm, and at the death of 
 Mr. Newton was selected by President Johnson to succeed him. 
 
 Commissioner Capron in his first report paid much attention to 
 steam plowing, beet-sugar making, and the problem of silk culture. 
 He established a system of exchanges of seeds and infants with many 
 
 Horace Capron, 
 ComiiiisKioner of Agriculture. 
 
 1S67-1S71. 
 
COMMISSIONER CAPRON. 13 
 
 of the Governments of Europe, Asia, and South America. He had 
 the chemical laboratory fitted up and -made a large collection- of 
 native grasses and forage and fiber plants from Colorado, Texas, New 
 Mexico, and Arizona. In 1868 the Commissioner was asked by Hon. 
 Seth Green, then fish commissioner in New York, by United States 
 Treasurer Spinner, and others to bring the possibilities of fish cul- 
 ture to the attention of Congress. A number of articles published 
 at this time and in the years immediately succeeding made way for 
 the United States Fish Commission. 
 
 The maia building of the Department was completed and occupied 
 during Commissioner Capron's term. There was favorable comment 
 upon the fact that the cost was kept within the amount appropriated. 
 This was the first instance of the kind in case of so important a work. 
 
 An investigation of Texas cattle fever was made and Mr. Capron 
 recommended the establishment of a division of veterinary surgery. 
 The propagation of cinchona plants was begun with a view to intro- 
 duce the cultuie in the warmer sections of the country. 
 
 Expetimental farm given up — Division of Botany. — From the outset 
 it had been recognized that the experimental farm at Twelfth and B 
 streets was too small because of the mixing of varieties of seeds when 
 cultivated close together. Mr. Stokes, in' his report accompanying 
 General Capron's, recommended that the farm be converted into an 
 American arboretum. This suggestion was adopted the more readily 
 because the new Department building was being erected on the 
 grounds. 
 
 The Division of Botany had its origin in 1868 in the suggestion 
 of Prof. Joseph Henry, of the Smithsonian, who stated that con- 
 siderable quantities of botanical specimens were lying at the 
 Smithsonian unmounted and that they could be made available 
 to the Department of Agriculture if there were a botanist. The 
 collection came from the Hayden and other explorations in the West 
 and from the Japan Expedition. It was agreed upon further con- 
 ference of those interested that a herbarium should be established 
 in charge of the Department of Agriculture. C. C. Parry was ap- 
 pointed Botanist to arrange and care for the specimens and to do 
 other work in that line as it should arise. 
 
 The high standing of the Department before the world, as well as 
 the leading position already attained by American agriculture, is 
 indicated by the selection of the second Commissioner to direct the 
 inauguration of improved methods of farming in Japan. That 
 people was then at the threshold of the development which has 
 placed it among the great nations. A commission had been ap- 
 pointed by their Government to develop agriculture, and they chose 
 General Capron as chief adviser. He resigned the commissioner- 
 ship on June 27, 1871. 
 
14 HISTOEIGAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 COMMISSIONER WATTS 'S TERM. 
 
 Judge Frederick Watts, of Carlisle, Pa., was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Grant to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Commis- 
 sioner Capron. He had been on the bench in the ninth Pennsylvania 
 district before the war, but in 1858 abandoned the laAV for farming. 
 He was a native of Carlisle, and a graduate of Dickinson College. 
 He was the first president of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, 
 and for twentj^-seven years was president of the Cumberland Valley 
 Railroad Companjr. 
 
 Commissioner Watts found in operation the Divisions of Chem- 
 istry, Garden and Grounds, Entomology, Statistics, and Botany. 
 
 This brief roster affords an in- 
 teresting comparison with that 
 which represents the Depart- 
 ment organization at the date 
 of the issue of this publication 
 shown on pages 47-55. 
 
 In his first report the Commis- 
 sioner recommended that the 
 number of copies of the annual 
 report for gratuitous distribu- 
 tion be greatly reduced, and that 
 the remainder be deposited with 
 the Public Printer for sale at the 
 cost of printing and postage. 
 feedekick Watts, The cultivation ' of ramie on 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. an cxteusive scale had bccu un- 
 
 under taken in the South, and 
 Commissioner Watts urged that planters should push this industry 
 together with the raising of jute. 
 
 New work undertaken. — The Division of Microscopy was estab- 
 lished in 1871 bjr the appointment of Thomas Taylor, Microscopist. 
 Early among his services was an investigation of the cranberry rot 
 in New Jersey. He also soon made a study of mushrooms, and 
 suggested the cultivation of them as a profitable business. Other 
 subjects investigated by him were mildews on grapes, j^ellows in 
 peaches, and black knot on plums. 
 
 Commissioner Watts was the first to give much attention to tim- 
 ber interests. He had sections of the most valuable trees of the 
 country on exhibition at the Centennial Exposition, and in 1877 
 secured an appropriation for a forestry investigation. Mr. Franklin 
 B. Hough, of Pennsylvania, was appointed special agent in charge 
 of the work. This was a beginning of the Forestry Division which 
 was fully organized several years later. 
 
COMMISSIONER LE DUO. 15 
 
 The Centennial Exposition brought large donations from foreign 
 governments for the museum, so that the space allotted to it had to 
 be nearly doubled. Contributions were received from Great Britain, 
 Australia, Japan, Egypt, Norway and Sweden, the Netherlands, 
 Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Large additions were also 
 made about this time to the herbarium. Charles Richards Dodge, 
 then assistant entomologist, estimated that the museum collections 
 were worth $100,000. Models of fruits and water-color drawings 
 formed an interesting part of the display. 
 
 Weather reporting transferred to the War Department. — Commis- 
 sioner Watts stopped the publication in the monthly reports of the 
 meteorological summary and notes furnished by the Smithsonian 
 observers without analysis and explanation, and suggested that 
 the work be turned over to the Signal Service of the Army. In 
 response Congress, on June 10, 1872, made an appropriation with 
 which the War Department was directed to collect and publish meteo- 
 rological information for the benefit of agriculture. 
 
 The Division of Statistics at this time had about 3,000 voluntary 
 correspondents. Commissioner Watts in his report for 1876 called 
 attention to the fact that the appropriation for this division had 
 been cut from $15,000 to $10,000, declaring that the work had been 
 thereby greatly crippled. The appropriation was restored to the 
 usual amount the following year. Commissioner Watts complained 
 of delay in the publication of his annual report. He was also ham- 
 pered by the abolition of the franking privilege for the distribution 
 of the report. 
 
 The ravages of the grasshoppers in the West began about this time 
 and the Department sent out $30,000 worth of seeds to the devas- 
 tated districts. This was under a special appropriation. 
 
 COMMISSIONER LE DDC'S TERM. 
 
 Hon. Wm. G. Le Due, of Hastings, Minn., was appointed Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture by President Hayes, and assumed control 
 on July 1, 1877. He took strong ground against the indiscriminate 
 distribution of common seeds. In his first annual report he cited 
 the sections of the Revised Statutes bearing upon the subject, and 
 pointed out in italics that the distribution "shall be confined to 
 such seeds as are rare and uncommon to the country." It was 
 plain, he urged, that the la'wT did not contemplate the sending out 
 of such seed as may be bought of seedsmen generally. He made 
 a comparison of the small appropriations for the Department with 
 the sums given other branches of the Government, and asked for 
 more liberal treatment. He also pointed out the need of a general 
 index for the annual reports of the Department. Such an index, 
 
 5365— No. 3—07, 2 
 
16 
 
 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGEICULTUKB. 
 
 completing earlier indexes, was prepared in 1895-96 in the Division 
 of Publications by George F. Thompson. 
 
 Investigation of animal diseases. — Under a special appropriation of 
 $10,000 in 1878 Commissioner Le Due directed an mvestigation of 
 diseases among hogs and other domestic animals, and in his annual 
 report called attention at length to pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, 
 which had already secured a wide foothold in this country. The 
 inquu-y into animal diseases was kept up during his term with in- 
 creasing energy. A careful study was made of glanders and farcy. 
 At the same time an investigation of the history and habits of insects 
 important in agriciilture was maintained under a special appropria- 
 tion of $10,000, renewed by succeeding Congresses. 
 
 An international exposition 
 at Paris took place at this 
 time and the Department re- 
 ceived $15,000 with which to 
 make its exhibit. Professor 
 Mc]\Iurtrie, the Department 
 chemist, was placed in charge. 
 A creditable s h o w in g w a s 
 made, though, as Commissioner 
 Le Due stated, the money was 
 available too late to secure the 
 best results. 
 
 Experiments with sorghum, and 
 other work. — The production of 
 sugar, both from sorghum and 
 from beets, received much at- 
 tention, and under a special 
 appropriation for machinery, 
 etc., considerable experiments with sorghum were conducted at 
 Washington. Commissioner Le Due was unable to obtain there a 
 supply of properly grown canes, and asked for the purchase of 1,000 
 acres of ground in the vicinity upon which the Department might 
 grow its own material for the experiments, and conduct an experi- 
 mental farm. He also wished that auxiliary experimental farms 
 should be established in each of the States. 
 
 Irrigation, which had received some attention in the report of 
 1874, was begimiing to enlist much mterest, and $20,000 was appro- 
 priated by Congress in 1880 for experiments with artesian wells. 
 
 Commissioner Le Due got an appropriation of $15,000 for investi- 
 gation of tea culture, and leased a farm in South Carolina for the 
 purpose of experimenting, and to propagate plants for general distri- 
 bution. He believed that a few years would develop a large industry 
 of tea growing in the Southern .States. 
 
 Wm. G. Le Due, 
 
 Commissionor of Agriculture. 
 
 1877-1881. 
 
Bui. 3, Division of Publications U, S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate I 
 
COMMISSIONER LOEING. 17 
 
 In spite of his opposition to the distribution of common seeds, Mr. 
 Le Due sent out, in 1877,. 2, 333,474 packages, of which 943,530 went 
 to the district ravaged by grasshoppers. He also distributed 156,862 
 plants, cuttings, etc., from the propagating gardens, of which 70,000 
 were tea plants, 3,000 olives, 1,000 coflFee, and 500 date palms. 
 
 Commissioner Le Due recommended the erection of a larger De- 
 partment building on the same site. The plans approved by him 
 were for a structure in the form of a rectangular parallelogram 500 
 feet by 1,000 feet, with an inclosed court for a display of agricul- 
 tural implements. The view of the front of the proposed building 
 here (PI. I) presented was published in the report of 1880. 
 
 COMMISSIONER LORHrG'S TERM. 
 
 Dr. George B. Loring, of Massachusetts, was appointed Commis- 
 sioner of Agricultm-e by President Garfield,' and took charge on July 
 1, 1881. He was educated as a physician, but was postmaster at 
 Salem, Mass., for four years ending in 1857, and from that time 
 devoted his time to scientific farming and politics. He was presi- 
 dent of the New England Agricultural Society for twenty-seven years 
 prior to his death in 1891. 
 
 In his first report he stated the work of the Department as he found 
 it as follows: Investigations of tea planting, of sugar making from 
 sorghum, of vegetable and animal fibers, of economic insects, of irri- 
 gation by the use of artesian wells, of diseases of domestic animals, 
 and of the agricultiu'al condition of the Pacific coast. 
 
 The tea farm, as shown in a report by Mr. Saunders, the Horti- 
 culturist, gave little promise, and Commissioner Loring cut down .the 
 outlay in that direction as much as practicable under- the lease 
 already made. The attempt to sink an artesian well at Fort Lyon, 
 Colorado, midertaken under Commissioner Le Due, was abandoned. 
 Two other wells were started on railroad lines in the plains east of 
 Denver. The sorghum experiments were brought to a close with 
 disappointing results as to the production of sugar. A report was 
 secured from the National Academy of Science on the history of sor- 
 ghum experiments for twenty-five years. Experiments with sor- 
 ghum sirup were continued by the chemist. The distribution of 
 sugar-beet seed on a large scale was begun and the Division of Chem- 
 istry began a series of analyses to deternune the possibilities of pro- 
 ducing sugar from beets. 
 
 Origin of Bureau of Animal Industry. — Commissioner Loring gave 
 especial attention to the diseases of domestic animals, and the 
 appropriation for investigations in that line was more than doubled. 
 A veterinary experiment station was established at Washington under 
 D. E. Salmon. Inquiries were carried on in Maine, Connecticut, 
 
18 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTVEE. 
 
 New York, New Jersey, Pennsj'lvania, MarYland, Virginia, Tennes- 
 see, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, 
 and Texas. The study of inoculation, which resulted in the discov- 
 ery and use of mallein and other foims of vaccine made and dis- 
 tributed by the Department, was suggested in the report for 1883. 
 The control of rpiarantine against diseased animals was transferred 
 to the Commissioner from the Treasury- Department. In 1884 the 
 Bureau of Animal Industry was established by act of Congress with 
 $150,000 to prosecute the crusade against pleuro-pneumonia and 
 other diseases. 
 
 The problem of silk culture was taken up anew with an appropria- 
 tion of $15,000 in 18S4. A special agent was appointed to conduct 
 experiments under the direction of the entomologist. 
 
 The United States Entomo- 
 logical Commission was trans- 
 ferred to the Department of 
 Agriculture from the Depart- 
 ment of the Interior in ISSl 
 and continued its reports on 
 injurious insects. 
 
 Development of the work in 
 statistics. — The Division of Sta- 
 tistics was reorganized, with a 
 view to a more complete and 
 perfect system of crop report- 
 ing. The appropriation was 
 raised in 1882 to $80,000. 
 
 "The design is," wrote Doc- 
 tor Loring in his report, "by 
 establislring a permanent sys- 
 tem of efficient and prompt col- 
 lection of current statistics to be able to present instantly and accu- 
 rately the current changes in crop areas and conditions and in the 
 production of breadstuffs, meats, industrial products, and all the 
 results of agricultural labor." 
 
 The publication of transportation rates was begun in the monthly 
 reports by the direction of Congress, and a European agency was 
 established for the collection of statistics showing the prospective 
 demand for American produce, especially grain and meats. E. J. 
 Moffat was appointed as agent at $2,500 a yeai\ He had his office 
 with the American consul-general in London. 
 
 The Bahia seedless oranges were propagated extensivel}' in the 
 conservatories at Washington at this time, and young plants were 
 sent to Cahfornia and other States. Mr. Saunders estimated that 
 the Division of Gardens and Grounds was sending out yearly 100,000 
 
 Geoege B. Loeing, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 lSSl-1885. 
 
SECRETARY COLMAN. 
 
 19 
 
 plants of all kinds. Increasing quantities of seeds were distributed, 
 reaching in 1883 a total of 2,467,230 packages, of which 76,232 pack- 
 ages were tobacco seed. 
 
 COMMISSIONER COLMAK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, of Missouri, was appointed Commissioner 
 by President Cleveland, and took his place on April 3, 1885. 
 
 Norman J. Colman was born near Richfield Springs, N. Y., Ma}' 16, 
 1827. He obtained an academic education, then went to Louisville, 
 Ky., where he taught school, attended the Louisville Law University, 
 took the degree of bachelor of law and his license to practice, and 
 located at New Albany, Ind., where he began the practice of his pro- 
 fession in partnership with M. C. Kerr (his former room ajfl.d class 
 mate), who became Speaker of . ' 
 
 the House of Representatives 
 of the United .States and died 
 while holding that office. They 
 soon obtained a fine practice, 
 and Mr. Colman was elected dis- 
 trict attornej-, which office he 
 held one year, and then removed 
 to St. Louis, Mo., continuing the 
 practice of his profession. But 
 having a strong love for rural 
 pursuits, he purchased a country 
 home, and began the publication 
 of an agricultural paper under 
 the name of Colman's Rural 
 World. In the civil wai' he was 
 a Union man, and lieutenant- 
 colonel of the Eighty-fifth Regi- 
 ment of EnrolledMissouri Militia. 
 In 186.5 he was elected to the Missouri legislature. In 1868 ho was 
 nominated by his party (Democratic) for lieutenant-governor, but 
 with his entu-e party ticket was defeated. In 1874 he was again 
 nominated for lieutenant-governor and was elected. He was a mem- 
 ber of the board of curators of the State University for sixteen years. 
 He was president of the State Horticultural Society, of the State 
 Live Stock Breeders' Association, of the State Board of Agriculture, 
 and of many other State and National associations organized to 
 advance the interests of the farmer. In 1885, when aiDpointed 
 by President Cleveland to be United States Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture, he enlarged the sphere of the Department, adding several 
 important divisions. Under his adnrinistration it became one of the 
 Executive Departments of the Government on February 9, 1889, 
 
 NuRMAN J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner and Secretary of Agrieiilture. 
 
 1885-1889. 
 
20 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPABTMENT OP 'AGEICTJLTURE. 
 
 and he was appointed by the President the first Secretary of Agri- 
 • culture. On his retirement from the office Mr. Colman received from 
 the President of the Repubhc of France, through its minister of 
 agriculture, the Cross of " Officier du Merite Agricole," accompanied 
 by a gold medal and the decoration of the order. 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations. — Mr. Colman took a deep interest in 
 the plan being pushed at this time by Representative Hatch for the 
 establishment of agricultural experiment stations in all the States. 
 He called a meeting of the leading men of the agricultural colleges and 
 existing experiment stations, at which the need of Federal aid for 
 experiments and a central office in the Department with advisory 
 duties was made prominent. In accordance with the opinions 
 expressed at this convention the Hatch bill, which became a 
 law in 1887, made it a part of the duty of the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture "to furnish forms for the tabulation of results of 
 investigations or experiments; to indicate, from time to time, 
 such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in 
 general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote 
 the purposes of this act." For this purpose an office was 
 established, known in the Department as the Office of Experi- 
 ment Stations, under a chief who is styled director. The publica- 
 tion of a periodical, such as the present Experiment Station Record, 
 was recommended. 
 
 New divisions established. — The Division of Pomology and the 
 Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy were established under 
 Commissioner Colman. The latter was in response to a demand for 
 an investigation of the damage done to crops and fruits by birds, 
 especially the English sparrow and bobolink, or rice bird. 
 
 The section of vegetable pathology was formed in the Division of 
 Botany. A station was established at Aurora, 111., for the study of 
 apiculture. The irrigation inquiries were continued and a report was 
 made on what had already been done. The study of public highways 
 was begun. 
 
 The question of reeling silk from the cocoons at a cost sufficiently 
 low to permit competition with cheap foreign labor was taken up, and 
 reeling rooms were established at New Orleans, La., Philadelphia, Pa., 
 and Piedmont, Cal. These were discontinued after a year, and the 
 work was carried on at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Commissioner Colman, in his reports, suggested the commercial cul- 
 tivation of medicinal and similar plants, naming rhubarb, licorice, 
 arnica, belladona, digitalis, poppy, ginger, cinchona, vanilla, jalap, 
 and sarsaparilla. He called attention to the possibilities of agri- 
 culture in Alaska, the rapid inroad upon the forests for supplying 
 railroad ties, and the planting of trees in the plains. 
 
8ECEETAET COLMAN. 21 
 
 Scientific discoveries. — The sale of counterfeit butter was arousing the 
 interest of farmers, and prosecutions under the law forbidding it were 
 in progress. Doctor Taylor, the Department microscopist, reported 
 the discovery of characteristic differences between the crystals of lard, 
 beef fat, and butter, as seen under the glass. This discovery was 
 recognized in a report of the American Association of Microscopists as 
 a valuable factor in the determination of the genuineness of butter 
 offered for sale. The application of scientific methods to sugar mak- 
 ing was successfully carried out, the diffusion process was tried in 
 making sugar from cane, and a resultant increase in the yield of 40 
 pounds of sugar to the ton of cane was reported. 
 
 War on contagious diseases. — The Bureau of Animal Industry lacked 
 State cooperation in exterminating contagious diseases, because the 
 whole burden of destroying infected animals was thrown upon the 
 State. In 1887 legislation was secured remedying this defect in the 
 law and appropriating $500,000 for the Bureau, with a provision that 
 any part of the money might be used to pay for animals it was found 
 necessary to kill. Good progress was at once made in stamping out 
 pleuro-pneumonia. Within the first year 35,451 herds, over 300,000 
 head, were inspected, and 8,139 animals were slaughtered and paid 
 for. The total expenditures of the Bureau for 1888 were $499,975.32, 
 against $99,985.56 in 1887. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT RAISED TO THE FlJtST RANK. 
 
 On February 9, 1889, the Department was raised to the first rank in 
 the executive branch of the Government.'* This was largely due to the 
 efforts of the National Grange, an organization founded in 1868 by 
 gentlemen connected with or specially interested in the Department. 
 
 At the meeting of the National Grange in Chicago, in 1876, resolu- 
 tions were passed asking the recognition of the work as of equal 
 importance with any branch of the service. In part these resolutions 
 were as follows : 
 
 Whereas the agricultural masses compose one-half of the population of the free States of 
 Americauponwhomultimately rest the taxes which sustain the Government. * * * 
 
 Resolved, That American agriculturists demand that they shall be recognized as a real 
 factor in the Government by the establishment of a bureau of agriculture, to be presided 
 over by a Cabinet officer, who shall organize the same upon a plan to be devised by the 
 wisdom of Congress, which shall embrace to the fullest the agricultural interests of 20,000,000 
 of people. * * * 
 
 The resolutions were passed on November 25, when the result of 
 the Presidential election of that year was still in doubt. All members 
 of the organization pledged themselves in support of the movement, 
 irrespective of political affiliations. 
 
 The work of the Department was at this time treated slightingly by 
 many Congressmen, and was considered merely as a means to reach 
 
 a See page 58 for text of law. 
 
22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 many constituents with small favors by the distribution of seeds and 
 books. The clerkships and other positions in the Department were 
 regarded as patronage to be given to political adherents, with little 
 regard for fitness. So notorious was this condition that the Grange 
 leaders at one time seriously discussed the propriety of asking that the 
 Department be abolished entirely. 
 
 But Commissioner Le Due, when appointed by President Hayes, 
 took up the duties with such earnestness and vigor that the Grange 
 rallied to Imsupport. Congressmen were impressed with the serious- 
 ness of the work for which the Commissioner asked appropriations, 
 and at the close of his term the supply of money was made more 
 liberal. 
 
 The demand that the head of the Department be given a place at 
 the President's council table was pressed persistently by the National 
 Grange, and was finally taken up by the Farmers' Congress and other 
 influential bodies and by so many persons interested in public affairs 
 that public opinion became fixed in favor of the change, and it was 
 made. 
 
 The ofiice of Commissioner having been abolished, Mr. Colman was 
 appointed Secretary, and held the position a little less than a month. 
 
 SECRETARY RUSK'S ADMIOTSTRATION. 
 
 Hon. Jeremiah M. Rusk was selected by President Harrison as his 
 Secretary of Agriculture and took control on March 7, 1889. The 
 sketch of his life in the Congressional Directory of that year says: 
 "General Rusk was born in Morgan County, Ohio, in 1830. He was 
 educated in the common schools of the neighborhood, which he 
 attended winters, working on the farm in summer. He continued to 
 reside on the farm until his removal to Wisconsin in 1853, since which 
 time — with the exception of a short time — he has been engaged in 
 farming. He held several. county offices in Wisconsin ; was a member 
 of the legislature of that State in 1862; was commissioned major of 
 the Twenty-fifth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry in July, 1862, and was 
 soon after promoted to the colonelcy. He served with General 
 Sherman from the siege of Vicksburg till mustered out at the close of 
 the war, and was brevetted brigadier-general for bravery at the battle 
 of Salkehatchie. He was elected bank comptroller of the State of 
 Wisconsin in the year 1866, and reelected in 1868; was elected to the 
 Forty-second, Forty-third, and Forty-fourth Congresses, and was 
 chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions in the Forty-third 
 Congress. He was a member of the Republican Congressional Com- 
 mittee for several years, and was a delegate to the National Repub- 
 lican Convention in 1880. He was appointed by President Garfield 
 and confirmed by the Senate as minister to Paraguay and Uruguay, 
 which appointment he declined and was also tendered by President 
 
SECRETARY RUSK. 
 
 23 
 
 
 Garfield a mission to Denmark and tlie position of Cliief of the 
 Bureau of Printing and Engraving, both of which he declined. He 
 was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1881, reelected in 1884, and 
 reelected for a third term in 1886. He was appointed Secretar}^ of 
 Agriculture on March 4, 1889." 
 
 In reorganizing the Department Secretary Rusk divided the work 
 into two main classes: Executive, under the immediate charge of the 
 Secretary; and scientific, under the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Willits, 
 that office having been just then created. 
 
 Edwin Willits was born at Otto, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., on 
 April 24, 18.30. His family removed to Michigan in 18.36, and there he 
 grew up and received his education in the public schools. He gradu- 
 ated from the State university at Aim Arbor in 18.55, and returning to 
 his home at Monroe took up the 
 study of law. He was admitted 
 to the bar in 1857 and immedi- 
 ately began practice. While 
 studying law he was editor of 
 the Monroe Commercial, and 
 continued that work till 1861. 
 He was county prosecuting at- 
 torney in 1860-62, a member of 
 the State board of education 
 from 1860 to 1872, and post- 
 master at Monroe from 1863 to 
 1866. Another important pub- 
 lic service was as member of the 
 commission to revise the State 
 constitution in 1873. He was 
 the Representative in Congress 
 from the Monroe district in the 
 Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh Congresses. He became 
 president of the Michigan Agricultural College in 1885, and entered 
 upon the duties of that office upon the close of his third term in Con- 
 gress. From this work he was called by President Harrison to be the 
 first Assistant Secretary of the Department. After he retired from 
 office in 1893 he was engaged m literary work in Washington till his 
 death in 1896. 
 
 First of the Farmers' Bulletins. — Mr. Rusk urged the neccssit}^ of 
 placing the information gathered by the Department more generall}^ 
 in the possession of farmers and established the Division of Records 
 and Editing, now the Division of Publications, under Mr. George 
 William Hill, its present chief, to edit and supervise publications and 
 administer the printing fund. He recommended the publication of 
 the Farmers' Bulletins' which have since become so popular. The 
 
 Jekemiah M. Rusk, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 1889-189.3. 
 
24 HISTOKICAIi SKETCH OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGKICULTUEE. 
 
 work to be done in these he summarized as follows : Frequent publi- 
 cation of the results of scientific work and the circulation of the 
 information among practical farmers, insuring its direct application 
 to actual farming operations. He insisted that the language 
 employed in the bulletins should be intelligible to farmers generally. 
 In addition he planned the publication by press associations, news- 
 papers, and agricultural periodicals of advance reports of the impor- 
 tant conclusions reached by experiment and research. In this way he 
 believed the great majority of the farmers of the country would be 
 promptly reached. The demand for Farmers' Bulletins grew rap- 
 idly from the start. Several have run over 700,000 in their distri- 
 bution, and one has exceeded 1,000,000. 
 
 Investigation of foreign markets. — Mr. Rusk began the systematic 
 investigation of foreign markets for American products, procured a 
 special appropriation for the purpose, and for some years a special 
 agent was maintained in Europe. This gentleman. Col. Charles J. 
 Murphy, gave particular attention to the introduction of corn meal 
 for bread among the people of Europe and in the armies of the 
 Continent. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia eradicated. — The Bureau of Animal Industry 
 grew steadily. Complaints were made by foreign Governments that 
 American meats came very frequently from diseased animals. 
 Restrictions were put upon their importation and in some cases abso- 
 lute prohibition was enforced. The meat was generally subjected to 
 Government inspection on its arrival in Europe, and as there was no 
 inspection on this side no reply could be made to assertions that it was 
 diseased. Secretary Rusk obtained authority to make inspections 
 and money to pay for them. Soon after this system of inspection was 
 fully in operation the prohibition against American pork in Germany 
 was withdrawn. The number of animals inspected in 1892 was 
 5,076,929. The total expenses of the bureau were increased from 
 $469,113.35 to $649,980.91. The bureau was reorganized at this 
 time and its work assigned to subdivisions as follows: Animal pathol- 
 ogy, field investigations and miscellaneous work, and quarantine. 
 The fight against infectious diseases was energetically pushed, and on 
 September 26, 1892, Secretary Rusk announced that the country was 
 entirely free from contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Inspection of American cattle in England. — In 1890 inspection of 
 American cattle by American inspectors stationed in Great Britain 
 was inaugurated. This was necessary in order to check reports of 
 disease in cattle arriving in that country from the United States. 
 With the aid of Minister Robert Lincoln arrangements were made to 
 have all cases of disease examined by American as well as English 
 veterinarians. This led to animated discussions between the two sets 
 of inspectors as to the nature of the malady discovered. Many cases 
 
SEOEETARY RUSK. 25 
 
 reported by the English officials as pleuro-pneumonia were shown 
 by the American inspectors to be only broncho-pneumonia, a non- 
 contagious form of lung disease. In every case, moreoTer, by a system 
 of tagging the cattle for identification, it was shown that the cattle so 
 condemned had never been exposed to pleuro-pneumonia. The con- 
 demnations soon ceased. 
 
 Improvement in transportation of cattle by sea. — In 1891 Mr. 
 Plimsoll, whose work for the English sailor had established his reputa- 
 tion as a philanthropist, came to this country to lecture against the 
 inhumanities attending the transportation of American cattle to Eng- 
 land. That such inhumanities existed was notorious, and Mr. Plim- 
 soll's crusade was greatly encouraged from selfish and interested 
 motives by British stockmen who believed that the effect of the agita- 
 tion would be unfavorable for the marketing of American cattle. A 
 bill was quickly drawn at the Department after a consultation between 
 members of Congress interested and the Department authorities. 
 This was pushed through at the close of the session and approved on 
 March .3, 1891. It placed the supervision of the cattle quarters of all 
 vessels engaged in the trade under the control of the Secretary of 
 Agriculture. So effectual did this legislation seem to be that Mr. 
 Plimsoll was satisfied and gave up his self-imposed mission. The 
 results have been found so satisfactory that insurance rates on cattle 
 have been reduced from $8 to $1 per head. Basing the calculation 
 upon average annual shipments, this represents a saving of millions 
 of dollars yearly. 
 
 Texas fever. — Texas fever among cattle was got under control. The 
 disease had occasioned heavy losses and had baffled all efforts at pre- 
 vention except by strict quarantine against Texas cattle at certain 
 seasons and under certain conditions. Its appearance was attended 
 with considerable mystery. Stockmen and veterinarians alike had 
 been watching it closely for more than twenty years, and all were 
 puzzled by some of the facts observed. The solution of the most 
 important question in the connection is told in the report of the 
 Bureau of Animal Industry for 1890, as follows: 
 
 It has long been suspected by cattle owners that the appearance of the disease in North- 
 ern cattle was in some way connected with the ticks distributed by Southern cattle. This 
 hypothesis has, however, been generally discredited by scientific men, and indeed the 
 evidence in favor of it was very slight and intangible. It seemed, however, worthy of 
 investigation, and the result has been to obtain indisputable evidence that the disease is 
 produced by ticks from Southern cattle. 
 
 Ticks taken from Southern animals and placed upon pastures which could have been 
 infected in no other way so infected these grounds that susceptible cattle placed upon 
 them contracted the disease in the same length of time and were as seriously affected as 
 were other susceptible cattle placed upon pastures in company with Southern cattle. 
 Again, young ticks that were hatched from the eggs of large ticks picked from Southern 
 cattle were placed upon susceptible animals and produced the disease. 
 
26 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGEICULTUEB. 
 
 Establishment of the Weather Bureau. — The Weather Bureau was 
 estabhshed as a part of the Department service in 1891 by transfer 
 of the work, with men, buildings, and apparatus, from the War 
 Department. Prof. Mark W. Harrington was appointed chief, and 
 organized the new branch in its present quarters at Twenty-fourth 
 and M streets NW., Washington, D. C. The necessary substations 
 of the War Department Signal Service throughout the country were 
 turned over to him. Six' hundred new stations were added within 
 a short time, bringing the total up to 1,200, and in three months the 
 cooperative observers had increased to 2,200. Plans were made and 
 put in execution as rapidly as possible for increasing the usefulness 
 of the Bureau to commerce and agriculture by extending the system 
 of frost, flood, and storm warnings and otherwise reaching all classes 
 of the people. Local forecast officials were appointed in more than 
 twenty cities, and they were directed to give out forecasts and warn- 
 ings for their localities based on their information as related to local 
 conditions. The cost of the service for the first year was 1861,840.83. 
 
 Experiments and improvements. — In the Fifty-first Congress $70,000 
 was appropriated for irrigation experiments in the region from Dakota 
 to Texas along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Hundreds 
 of artesian wells were sunk, and the problem of the use of the under- 
 flow was considered, though not investigated, and a report on the 
 whole subject was made in 1892. 
 
 Experiments in sugar production were continued by the distribu- 
 tion of 15,000 packages of sugar-beet seed to 8,000 farmers and by 
 the examination of varieties of sorghum with a view to securing that' 
 which would yield the largest amount of sugar. The experiments 
 with beets were not successful chiefly because of a lack of care by 
 farmers in cultivation and in taking samples for analysis. 
 
 The importation of parasite enemies of scale insects was begun, 
 and the citrus-fruit groves of California were saved from threatened 
 destruction by the scale pests through the successful introduction of 
 a ladybird (Vedalia cardinalis). An effort was also made to intro- 
 duce parasites for the destruction of the Hessian fly. 
 
 Experiments in rain making by use of explosives in the arid regions 
 were made under a special appropriation by Congress, but were unsuc- 
 cessful. 
 
 The investigation of silk reeling was continued for a time, but in 
 1891 the experiments were discontinued. The industry was found 
 hopeless except with constant aid. The destruction of live-forever as 
 a troublesome weed in some of the Eastern States was accomplished 
 by means of a parasitic fungus. Valuable botanical investigations 
 were made, and 12,000 specimens were added to the herbarium. 
 
SECRETARY MORTON. 27 
 
 SECRETARY MORTON'S ADMIOTSTRATION. 
 
 Hon. J. Sterling Morton became Secretary of Agriculture on March 
 7, 1893. He was born April 22, 1832, in Jefferson County, N. Y., 
 of Scotch-English origin. His ancestors came to this country in the 
 first vessel after the Mayflower, one of them, Nathaniel, being sec- 
 retary of the colony. His parents removed to Michigan when he was 
 2 years old, and he was educated in the public schools of Albion, the 
 State University at Ann Arbor, and Union College, from which latter 
 institution he was graduated. He was connected editorially with the 
 Detroit Free Press and Chicago Times; located in Nebraska Novem- 
 ber 10, 1854, at Bellevue, and April 12 of the following year issued 
 the first number of the Nebraska City News; was elected to the 
 Territorial legislature and reelected in 1857; was appointed secretary 
 to fiJl the vacancy caused by the death of Governor Thomas B. 
 Cuming in 1858, and served till May, 1861; in 1860 was nominated 
 for Congress and was given the certificate of election, but was unseated 
 by contest; in 1866 was nominated for governor and was defeated 
 by 145 votes, and was afterwards the nominee of his party for that 
 office three times; was the favorite candidate of his party several 
 times for United States Senator ; was a practical agriculturist and 
 horticulturist, and contributed largely to the best literature on those 
 subjects. He was the author of the Nebraska Arbor Day legislation, 
 which provides that one day in each year be made a public holiday 
 and be devoted to tree planting, and which has been adopted in 
 forty- two States. He was appointed Secretary of Agriculture by 
 President Cleveland and confirmed by the Senate on March 6, 1893. 
 He died on April 27, 1902. 
 
 President Dabney, of the University of Tennessee, was appointed 
 Assistant Secretary of Agriculture on January 1, 1894, and held the 
 place until March 22, 1897, when he became a special agent. He 
 remained in the Department till December 31, 1897. 
 
 Charles W. Dabney was born at Hampden-Sidney, Va,, on June 
 19, 1855. He received his early education in his native town and 
 graduated from Hampden-Sidney College in 1873 and from the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia in 1877. He then went to Germany and studied 
 at the University of Berlin and the University of Goettingen in 
 1878-80 and received the degree of doctor of -philosophy. He also 
 received the honorary degree of doctor of laws successively from 
 Yale and Johns Hopkins in 1901 and 1902. "Soon after his return 
 from his studies in Europe he was made professor of chemistry in 
 the University of North Carolina and State chemist. Later he 
 became director of the North Carolina experiment station, and when 
 the Cotton States Exposition was held at New Orleans in 1884-5 he 
 was chief of the department of Government and State exhibits. 
 
28 
 
 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
 
 
 Doctor Dabney discovered the phosphate deposits in eastern Xorth 
 Carolina and tin deposits in western North Carohna, and took part 
 in the establishment of the North Carolina College of Agricultural 
 and Mechanical Arts. He was made director of the Tennessee Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station and president of the University of Ten- 
 nessee in 1SS7, and held that place till called to his present position 
 as president of the University of Cincinnati in 1904. 
 
 Development and reorganization of work. — The Secretary called atten- 
 tion in his first report to the need of a closer supervision of the State 
 experiment stations and better control of the Federal money appro- 
 priated for them. In response a law was passed directing an inspec- 
 tion of the stations and their accounts of the use of Government 
 money. This was welcomed hj most of the station authorities and 
 
 was accomplished with good 
 results. The law gave the Sec- 
 retary power to prescribe the 
 form of annual statements and 
 directed him to ascertain 
 w h e t h e r expenditures con- 
 formed to the requii-ements of 
 the law of 1SS7. 
 
 Secretary Morton reorganized 
 the Division of Illustrations as 
 a section of the Division of Rec- 
 ords and Editing. Subsequently 
 the latter became the Division 
 of Publications, and the docu- 
 ment and folding room was 
 also reorganized and made a 
 section of this division. Dur- 
 ing this administration, also, 
 the first special appropriation was made for the printing and distri- 
 bution of Farmers' Bulletins, with a provision that two-thirds of the 
 total number of these bulletins printed are to be distributed by 
 Members of Congress. The number of publications issued, which 
 had increased 300 per cent during Secretary Rusk's administra- 
 tion, again increased over 200 per cent under Mr. Morton, while 
 the increase in the aggregate number of copies printed was still 
 greater. Considerable attention was given to enlarging the Depart- 
 ment librai'y, and the suggestion was made hj Secretary Morton that 
 the Librarian of Congress should transfer to the Department 
 library one of the duplicate volumes furnished him under the copy- 
 right law whenever on agricultural subjects. 
 
 The Division of Statistics was organized into three sections as fol- 
 lows: Compilation and foreign statistics; answers to Congressional 
 
 J. Steeling Morton, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 1893-1897. 
 
8B0EBTABY MORTON. 29 
 
 inquiries and verification of agricultural statistics; records, files, and 
 comparison of crop reports. 
 
 The Diyision of Agrostology was formed, and consular agents 
 throughout the world were requested to send to the Department seeds 
 of new forage plants whenever found. The Handbook of Grasses of 
 the United States was its first important publication. 
 
 The Division of Soils was formed as part of the Weather Bureau. 
 The special need for it was ia the demand for information in regard to 
 the relation of soils to meteorological conditions. The Office of Eoad 
 Inquiry was also established at this time in answer to a general de- 
 mand for the study of public roads and their improvement. The 
 development of the use of the bicycle contributed notably to this 
 demand. The Division of Microscopy was abolished and its work 
 distributed to the other divisions. A Dairy Division in the Bureau 
 of Animal Industry was established on July 1, 1895, with H. E. Alvord 
 as chief. 
 
 The special agents ia Europe employed under the special appropria- 
 tion for extending the demand ia foreign markets for agricultural 
 products of the United States were withdrawn, and a new departure 
 made by the organization of a separate section under the Secretary's 
 personal direction for the collection and diffusion of information in 
 regard to the requirements and productions of foreign countries. 
 
 The irrigation inquiries were brought to a close and the office dis- 
 continued. 
 
 Columbian Exposition — Discoveries and advances. — The Columbian 
 Exposition came just at the beginning of this administration. The 
 preparation of the Department exhibit had been placed in the hands of 
 Assistant Secretary Willits under Secretary Rusk, and he was subse- 
 quently appointed by President Harrison chairman of the Govern- 
 ment Board. He was continued in charge till the Exposition closed 
 and the work was wound up. Of the total expenditures by the 
 National Government for representation at this Exposition the 
 Department's share, as reported by Mr. Willits, was $1.31,707.71. 
 
 The Bureau of Animal Industry devoted considerable time to the 
 study of Texas fever, sheep scab, and tuberculosis; the protection of 
 human life from the dangers of tuberculous diseases was undertaken 
 actively. Inspections of beef and milk were made for this purpose, 
 and directions for the sterilization of milk were sent out for general 
 information. It was at this time decided that inspectors in the 
 Bureau service must pass a civil-service examination, and must be 
 veterinary graduates. 
 
 The Weather Bureau made arrangements with the Mexican Govern- 
 ment Observatory for exchange of data, and also established a cyclone 
 service in the West Indies. Provision was also made for daily 
 reports by cable from islands of the North Atlantic Ocean and points 
 
30 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGKICULTURE. 
 
 in Western Europe. The period covered by forecasts was consider- 
 ably extended, and large additions were made to the number and 
 efficiency of weather observers. 
 
 Under the special appropriation for the purpose, nutrition investi- 
 gations were undertaken in connection with the Office of Experiment 
 Stations under the direct supervision of W. O. Atwater. 
 
 Incidentally to these investigations large profits were disclosed in 
 the baking and supply of bread. It was shown that whUe flour had 
 fallen much in price bread had not changed, and for a time in many 
 cities a reduction was secured in the price of the loaf. 
 
 A valuable discovery was made in the Forestry Division, viz, that 
 boxing the pine tree for turpentine does not injure the lumber. The 
 knowledge of this fact is estimated to be worth $2,000,000 to the tim- 
 ber interests. During the course of the timber-test work the longleaf 
 pine was found to be much stronger than had been previously sup- 
 posed. 
 
 Civil Service — Savings. — Secretary Morton greatly encouraged the 
 extension of civil-service regulations throughout the Department, and 
 in two notable cases adopted the method of competitive examinations 
 to fill important places which were expressly excepted. The number 
 of persons in the classified service increased notably under him. 
 
 In his last report Secretary Morton makes the following summary, 
 showing the amounts saved by him from the appropriation bills : 
 
 "Thus there will have been covered back into the Treasury since 
 March 7, 1893, two million sixty-six thousand six hundred and sixty- 
 one dollars and nineteen cents ($2,066,661.19) out of a total amount of 
 eleven million one hundred and seventy-nine thousand four hundred 
 and fifty-five dollars and forty-five cents ($11,179,455.45) on hand 
 and appropriated." 
 
 Mr. Morton strongly recommended that the amount so saved be 
 applied to the erection of a new and suitable Department building. 
 
 Secretary Morton was strongly opposed to the distribution of seeds, 
 and recommended that the practice be abandoned. He succeeded in 
 changing the method of distribution, so that the packages were no 
 longer sent out from Washington by a force of Department employees, 
 but from the warerooms of the seedsmen holding the contracts. 
 
 Yearbook — Expositions.— Beginning with that of 1894, the form 
 of the Annual Report of the Department was radically changed in 
 accordance with the act governing the public printing and binding, 
 approved January 12, 1895, so as to appear in two parts. The second 
 and most important part is known as the Yearbook, and the first and 
 two succeeding Yearbooks were edited by Doctor Dabney, who, like his 
 .predecessor, Mr. Willits, was specially charged with the supervision 
 of the scientific work. Succeeding Yearbooks have been issued under 
 the supervision of the Department Editor, Geo. Wm. Hill. 
 
SECRETARY WILSON. 31 
 
 To the Columbian Exposition in Chicago succeeded an Interstate 
 Exposition at Atlanta, Ga., in 1895, and an Exposition at Nashville, 
 Tenn., in 1897. At both of these Doctor Dabney was the representa- 
 tive of the Department of Agriculture and was also appointed chair- 
 man of the Government Board. 
 
 SECRETARY WILSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 James Wilson, of Traer, Iowa, became Secretary on March 5, 1897, 
 by appointment of President McKinley, and has held the position 
 nearly four years longer than any of his predecessors. Congress has 
 shown its appreciation of his services by constantly increasing appro- 
 priations which have encouraged a large and well-ordered extension 
 of the Department activities. The appropriation for the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, 1907, is $9,932,940, against 12,448,332 for that ended 
 Jvme 30, 1897, while the number of employees on July 1, 1906," was 
 6,242, against 2,043 on July 1, 1897. 
 
 Col. J. H. Brigham, of Delta, Ohio, was appointed Assistant Secre- 
 tary on March 22, 1897, and continued in office till his death on June 
 29, 1904. 
 
 Joseph Henry Brigham was born at Lodi, Ohio, on December 12, 
 1838. He was educated in the common schools of the State with one 
 term each at Berea University near Cleveland and at the normal school 
 at Lebanon, Ohio. He served through the civil war, rising from a 
 private to be colonel of the Twelfth and Sixty-ninth Ohio regiments. 
 After the war he engaged continuously in farming until his death. 
 He held several county offices and was in the State senate. He was 
 for six years a member of the Ohio State board of agriculture and one 
 year its president, and he was appointed by William McKinley when 
 governor of Ohio to be president of the State board of managers of 
 the penitentiary. He was an early member of the Patrons of Hus- 
 bandry and for nine years master of the National Grange. 
 
 Colonel Brigham was the Department representative at many pub- 
 lic meetings in the interest of agriculture and was chairman of the 
 Government board at the national expositions occurring during his 
 term of office. These were the Pan-American at Buffalo in 1901, 
 the Louisiana at St. Louis in 1904, and the Lewis and Clark at Port- 
 land, Oreg., for which preparations were actively progressing at the 
 time of his death. 
 
 Prof. W. M. Hays, of the University of Minnesota, was appointed 
 Assistant Secretary of Agriculture by President Roosevelt on Decem- 
 ber 19, 1904. 
 
 Willet Martin Hays was bom in Hardin County, Iowa, on October 
 19, 1859. In boyhood he attended a country school near Gifford in 
 
 a Appointments since that date number nearly 1,283, making the total about 7,525 
 on December 31, 1906. Many of the new appointees are meat inspectors. 
 
 5365— No. 3—07 3 
 
32 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 his native county. He was in Oskaloosa College, 1878-1880; Drake 
 University, 1882-83; and Iowa Agricultural College, 1883-1886. He 
 received the degrees of bachelor and master of agriculture frona the 
 Iowa school in 1885 and 1895. He was assistant professor of agri- 
 culture in Iowa Agricultural College in 1886; assistant editor of the 
 Prairie Farmer, 1887; 1888-1891, professor of agriculture. University 
 of Minnesota, and agriculturist, Minnesota Experiment Station; held 
 the same positions in North Dakota Agricultural College and Exper- 
 iment Station in 1892-93; and in 1894 returned to his former place in 
 Minnesota, where he remained till selected for Assistant Secretary by 
 the President. Part of this time he was resident director of the 
 Experiment Station. 
 
 Professor Hays devised methods of breeding wheat, corn, flax, 
 alfalfa, and other field crops now widely used by breeders throughout 
 the world; he also devised methods of studying and teaching the 
 subject of farm management; and aided in the establishment of 
 education in dairyuig and live stock husbandry. He has been a 
 pioneer in urging the introduction of the elements of agricultural 
 science early in the courses of study in the rural schools, and was 
 one of the first to move for the establishment of the Minnesota sys- 
 tem of agricultural high schools. 
 
 He is a member of the American Association of Agricultural Col- 
 leges and Experiment Stations, of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, and is on the industrial education com- 
 mittee of the National Education Association. In 1900 he organized 
 the American Breeders' Association, of which he is secretary. 
 
 Changes in organization. — Very notable changes have been made 
 within the Department of Agriculture since 1897. The naturally 
 allied services of plant-disease and plant-breeding investigations, 
 botanical investigations, pomological investigations, horticultural 
 investigations, and seed and plant testing and distribution were 
 brought into a well-proportioned unity in 1900 as the Bureau 
 of Plant Industry, and to these lines several kindred branches of 
 work have since been added. Important among these latter are 
 the branches of farm management and drug and poison plant 
 investigations. 
 
 The Bureau of Forestry was about the same time organized from 
 the division of the same name, and under a new chief put itself in com- 
 munication with owners of wooded lands, large and small, all over the 
 country. More recently this service has been greatly augmented by 
 the transfer of the national forest reserves and other forested lands 
 to its control. With these enlarged duties the Forester's corps of 
 workers under the new name of the Forest Service has spread over 
 the entire country, and he has an income from the reserves which is 
 
SECKETARY WILSON. 33 
 
 expected eventually to pay for the entire service under his direction. 
 In 1905-6 it amounted to about $700,000, of which 10 per cent goes 
 to the States where the reserves lie. This office has also been called 
 to aid in an advisory way in the management of the iinportant forest 
 interests of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Other branches of the Department which have been changed within 
 the period indicated from a divisional to a bureau organization with 
 large increase of activities are the Bureau of Chemistry, Bureau of 
 Soils, Bureau of Entomology, Bureau of Statistics, and Bureau of 
 Biological Survey. The present organization and lines of work of 
 these and other divisions pf the Department may be found on page 47. 
 
 The work of the Bureau of Animal Industry has been much 
 enlarged by the addition of a butter-inspection service, and that of 
 the chemist by putting in his charge the inspection of imported food 
 products. 
 
 The Office of Fiber Investigations was discontinued in 1898 and the 
 work was transferred to the Division of Botany. 
 
 The Division of Foreign Markets was organized separately from 
 the Division of Statistics in 1898, with Frank H. Hitchcock as chief, 
 and in 1904 was joined with that division to form the Bureau of Sta- 
 tistics. 
 
 A Soficitor for the Department was first provided for in the appro- 
 priation bill approved on March 3, 1905. 
 
 The museum was put in storage in 1904, when the house in which 
 it was kept was torn down to make room for the new Department 
 building. 
 
 New industries. — Secretary Wilson in his first report announced 
 it as his policy "to encourage the introduction of what will enable 
 our people to diversify their crops and keep at home money that is 
 now sent abroad to buy what the United States should produce." 
 His attention was early called to the large purchases of sugar from 
 regions no better adapted to sugar production than are parts of the 
 United States. He at once imported a supply of beet seed and set 
 the chemist, with the aid of a special agent, to determine what sec- 
 tions of the country will grow beets of a high sugar content. This 
 was followed by the systematic encouragement of sugar-beet grow- 
 ing. From this beginning beet-sugar production in the United 
 States has increased from 37,536 tons in 1897 in only four States to 
 312,920 tons in 1905 in twelve States. This, of course, means the 
 eightfold increase of the manufacturing industry hand in hand with 
 the growth of beet farming. 
 
 Also from the beginning renewed interest was taken in the tea- 
 culture experiments in South Carolina which had been abandoned by 
 Commissioner Loring early in his term, but had been continued by 
 
34 HISTOKICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGBICULTUEE. 
 
 private efforts of Dr. Charles U. Shepard at Summerville, S. C. In 
 a like manner in 1903 the silk investigations, which had been discon' 
 tinued under Secretary Rusk in 1891, were again begun with the hope 
 that new developments in the production of the cocoons and in reeling 
 the silk with the aid of French experts might open a profitable field 
 for American enterprise. In both these cases the great popular 
 interest continuously manifested furnished a warrant for Government 
 activity. 
 
 New crops. — Agricultural explorations for the purpose of discover- 
 ing new crops, new varieties of old crops, new methods of cultivation 
 and farm management, new species of desirable domestic animals, 
 and new means of combating diseases of animals and plants and 
 injurious insects, formed an important feature of the period from 
 1897 to 1905! Early in this was the examination of Russian fields 
 for new kinds of wheat suited to the arid west. As a result durum 
 wheats were introduced in the Northwest and now yield 25 million 
 bushels a year for macaroni making and other special uses. In the 
 South, Egyptian cottons were introduced and have proved valuable, 
 especially in crossing for superior new breeds; while in Arizona and 
 California date growing and fig production were placed on a com- 
 mercial basis. In the latter the problem was solved by the importa- 
 tion of the fig fertilizing insect to which the Smyrna fig industry 
 largely owes its success. Rice production was established in the 
 tide lands of Louisiana and Texas by the importation of Kiushu 
 rice from Japan and the use of irrigation in growing it. In Arkansas, 
 rice growing has since been made successful on the upland prairies 
 by use of wells for irrigation. In addition many other successful 
 innovations have been spread among progressive farming commu- 
 nities all over the country. Such are alfalfa, emmer, millet, new 
 varieties of oats and barley, new fruits, and new breeds of animals, 
 such as Angora and milch goats. Special work has just begun looking 
 to the establishment of a breed of carriage horses of a high grade of 
 excellence, with the stallion Carmon as the founder of the line. The 
 growing of alfalfa has been actively encouraged and very wide 
 interest awakened east of the Mississippi, where this important forage 
 plant had been neglected for many years. 
 
 Plant breeding. — At no time in the history of this country probably 
 has there been such activity both in the Department and in private 
 hands in the production and improvement of economic plants of 
 special value by selection of seed and scion and by hybridization. 
 The citrus fruits have received particular attention in the Bureau of 
 Plant Industry. Among the new productions in that line are three 
 citranges, originated by crossing the sweet orange and the trifoliate 
 orange; two new tangerines, and a tangelo, the latter a hybrid of 
 the pomelo and the tangerine; a large blood orange, and two seedling 
 
SECBETAEY WILSON. 35 
 
 limes of superior merit. Two new pineapples have also been pro- 
 duced, and, by grafting on hardy stocks, fine wine-making grapes of 
 southern Europe have been successfully grown in Florida and North 
 Carolina. 
 
 But perhaps the most important of plant breeding has been in 
 cotton. After study of the habits of the plant and working out 
 methods of breeding, experiments were begun in 1899 in hybridizing 
 sea-island cotton with standard short-staple varieties, and in selection 
 of promising short-staple kinds with a view of securing greater length 
 of staple in combination with productiveness and qualities desirable 
 in ginning and manufacture. Also experiments for the production 
 of early weevil-resisting and wilt-resisting kinds have met with 
 encouraging success. 
 
 Soil study. — The fertility of the soil has long been recognized as of 
 first importance in farming, but only eight years ago a careful study 
 of the various soils of the country began. Certain areas have now 
 been examined and mapped in nearly every State and a very large 
 amount of information gathered indicating the nature of the soils and 
 classifying them, and also showing their present uses and products. 
 The facts thus ascertained have been widely scattered through the 
 publications of the Bureau of Soils, and in some cases have led to the 
 introduction of valuable new methods and management for crops, 
 notably of tobacco in parts of North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, 
 Texas,' Ohio, and Wisconsin, and rice in South Carolina, Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, and Texas. 
 
 Special studies were made of soils adapted to particular crops and 
 uses. Among these were apple, grape, citrus-fruit, sugar-beet, 
 alfalfa, rice, sugar-cane, corn, grass, oats, buckwheat, trucking, and 
 tobacco lands. The study of cotton soils showed that the problems 
 in the lands now devoted to this crop are how to meet the inundations 
 in the lowlands and at the same time keep the renewal of fertility 
 accompanying, and how in the uplands to prevent erosion and retain 
 fertility by rotation of crops and other means. 
 
 Alkali soils and the effect on them of irrigation were studied begin- 
 ning in 1902, and reclamation by underdrainage and by use of alkali- ^ 
 resistant plants was proposed. Experiments in this direction were 
 undertaken in several States, including Montana, Washington, Cali- 
 fornia, and Utah, and success in them assured. 
 
 The study of soil physics developed the relation of productiveness 
 to the mechanical condition of the ground, and the importance of 
 proper drainage and tillage as related to crop rotation and fertiliza- 
 tion was recognized and studied. 
 
 An expeditious method of testing the fertilizer requirements of a 
 soil was devised and in practice was found to work satisfactorily. 
 
36 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEEAETMENT OF AGRICXILTTJEE. 
 
 Tobacco investigations. — The study of tobacco-producing areas in 
 the soils work suggested a consideration of how some of the high- 
 priced foreign tobaccos, such as Sumatra and Cuban, might be pro- 
 duced in this country. An experiment was made in the tobacco 
 region of the Connecticut Valley in growing Sumatra tobacco under 
 canvas, and later the work was taken up on a large scale by private 
 enterprise. Successful experiments were also made in growing Cuban 
 and other fine tobaccos in several tobacco regions, and these are now 
 in progress in Virginia, Ohio, Texas, and other States. A chemical 
 study of tobacco was made in 1899 by which important improve^ 
 ments in the method of fermentation of tobacco in bulk were discov- 
 ered, and this introduced better methods of handling in warehouse 
 and factory. 
 
 Special attention was given by the Bureau of Plant Industry for 
 two years to improvement of cultural methods, and to selection of 
 seed and crossing of varieties with the view of developing types of a 
 uniform high quality. 
 
 Food inspection and study. — Discussion of foods and their adultera- 
 tion led to the establishment of two inspection services in the past 
 six years. Butter is now subjected to a close watch and only a pure 
 article can go on the market under that name. Oleomargarine and 
 renovated butter must be sold as such, and a corps of inspectors in 
 the' Bureau of Animal Industry is expected to guarantee that result. 
 Along with this the Bureau of Chemistry, in cooperation with the 
 Treasury Department, undertakes to inspect importations and 
 exportations of foods to maintain their purity and genuineness. 
 The same Bureau in 1902 began the investigation into the effect of 
 preservatives on foods. This was a natural outgrowth of the exami- 
 nation of preserved meats for the War Department in connection 
 with the Spanish American -war. Th£ first study was of borax and 
 boracic acid. An experimental table was maintained for many 
 months and the effect of carefully weighed quantities of borax mixed 
 with the food was scientifically noted. A large amount of data was 
 thus obtained and the results made conclusive and published as a 
 guide for health authorities in dealing with the use of boracic preser- 
 vatives. 
 
 Nutrition investigations to determine the food values of diifferent ■ 
 substances ordinarily used and to gain a more intimate knowledge 
 of the digestive and metabolic action of the vital forces of the human 
 system in relation to foods have been continued. 
 
 Market and storage. — Experimental shipments of various commodi- 
 ties have been made to determine how farm products can be best 
 marketed abroad. Early among these were shipments of butter to 
 London; and these with the exhibit at the Paris Exposition in 1900 
 
SECRETARY WILSON. 37 
 
 showed that no nation is more skillful in bringing butter and other 
 dairy products to the consumer fresh and in attractive form. Apple.s, 
 peaches, and other fruits were sent in experimental shipments, and 
 better markets secured in England and France. By this means a 
 way has been provided to relieve any glut of the American markets 
 with these fruits. 
 
 Fruit losses in cold storage and in transport are minimized as a 
 result of facts determined in the Department. Better methods of 
 growing and handling fruit were found out and a beginning at least 
 made in their use. The saving that will eventually follow will alone 
 many times repay the expense of the investigation of domestic han- 
 dling of fruit; and the safe marketing of pears and apples abroad in 
 time of a large surplus here promises almost an equal advantage. 
 
 Forest development and management. — A change in the methods of 
 the forestry work was made soon after the service was reorganized 
 under Mr. Wilson's administration, with the purpose of making it 
 more directly useful to owners of forest lands both in small lots and in 
 large areas. Plans for cooperation with both classes of owners in 
 managing forest lands were formed and were promptly accepted both 
 by farmers and lumber companies generally. As a result improved 
 methods of wood-lot and forest management have come into use in 
 nearly every State in the Union. At the same time the scientific 
 study of trees and improved methods of forest planting have received 
 attention, along with experiments in timber preservation and tests 
 of the strength and value of different woods. The high character of 
 this work won recognition, and within the past year the management 
 of the national forests, including millions of acres of forest reserves, 
 have been placed in the hands of this Bureau, now known as the 
 Forest Service. This practical forest management has saved millions 
 of the wealth of the nation and of private citizens. 
 
 Agricultural education and farmers' institutes. — Advances were 
 made in general agricultural education by school garden work and by 
 prize competition between boys' clubs in the growing of corn and other 
 crops. Gardening in connection with city schools became very popu- 
 lar and familiarized thousand of city children with the processes of 
 plant life and gave them some idea of the cultivation of crops on the 
 farm. The organization of boys' clubs on the farms in several States 
 aroused an interest in the selection of superior seed and the adoption 
 of improved processes of cultivation. 
 
 Practical and direct relations were established in 1903 with farm- 
 ers' institutes throughout the country by the appointment of a 
 special agent of the Office of Experiment Stations to cooperate with 
 the State and county ofl&cials interested in this line of agricultural 
 education. 
 
38 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP DEPAETMEKT OP AGKICULTTJEE. 
 
 An unexpected result of the investigation of the cotton-boll weevil 
 has been the establishment of experimental farms in the cotton region 
 and a consequent wide introduction of improved and diversified 
 farming. 
 
 Weather study and forecasting. — Instruments and apparatus for 
 recording weather data were improved and standardized, and climatic 
 statistics gathered, compared, and used in making forecasts, then put 
 in form for future use. The number of stations was increased, includ- 
 ing points on the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, in Bermuda, 
 the Bahamas, and the Azores, until the real direction of important 
 progress has changed from practical extension of this kind to a study 
 of scientific problems, such as the study of the movements of the 
 atmosphere at much higher altitudes than heretofore commonly 
 reached. For this purpose the establishment of a great national 
 observatory for weather study has been begun at Mount Weather, 
 Virginia, a suitable point ih the Blue Ridge Mountains, 50 miles from 
 Washington. 
 
 The study of wireless telegraphy was taken up soon after successful 
 transmission of messages without wires was achieved ; but this branch 
 was turned over to the Navy Department, and the meteorological 
 observations of that Department were taken in exchange. 
 
 The watching of storms and floods was continued and efforts were 
 made to render more efficient service to seafaring interests and to 
 farmers and business men in overflowed districts. It has been impos- 
 sible of course to prevent losses by floods, ice gorges, and hurricanes, 
 but the known saving effected has repaid several times over the cost 
 of the entire weather service. 
 
 Crop reporting has been continued and improved and the issue of 
 frost warnings extended. 
 
 Game protection and study of birds and mammals. — The passage of 
 bills by Congress in 1900 and subsequently for the regulation of the 
 importation and killing and sale of birds and animals led to the estab- 
 lishment of a service in the Biological Survey for the enforcement of 
 these laws. Through its efforts the public was made famihar with the 
 Federal laws, also with the State laws on hunting, the importation of 
 harmful species of animals was reduced to almost nothing, and the 
 useful species, especially game, were protected from indiscriminate 
 slaughter and probable extinction. Along with this the Biological 
 Survey continued its study of animals to determine their relation as 
 useful or harmful to the farmer, and its determination of life zones 
 and crop zones in the United States. 
 
 Prices of farm products. — The function of the statistical service 
 of the Department was clearly defined as the rendering of assist- 
 ance to the farmer in receiving a fair price on his products. The 
 reporting of crop prospects was improved and the spread of the 
 
SECRETAET WILSON. 39 
 
 information when gathered, studied, and printed was made more 
 effective, especially by a system of posting card announcements of 
 results in the 92,000 post-offices of the country. 
 
 The study of foreign markets was continued, and reports of our 
 trade relations with important nations, based on a study and analysis 
 of Treasury reports of exports and imports, were published. 
 
 The Crop Reportfer, an eight-page quarto monthly paper, was estab- 
 lished in 1899 as a means of communication between the Bureau and 
 its thousands of correspondents. A special agent was maintained 
 in London chiefly for the purpose of reporting European crop condi- 
 tions and prospects to this paper. 
 
 Control of disease and crop pests. — A large share of the atten- 
 tion of the Bureaus of Animal and Plant Industry and of the Bureau 
 of Entomology was devoted to the suppression of diseases of animals 
 and plants and the extermination of insects harmful in the several 
 fields of agricultural activity. No other pest approached the cotton- 
 boll weevil in the damage done and in the amount of time and money 
 spent in seeking means of control. The cotton-boll worm also occa- 
 sioned notable loss, as did corn worms, the Hessian fiy, tobacco worms 
 and many other well-known insects and insect larvae; and in these 
 cases measures adopted for control were found useful. The same is 
 true of the Texas-fever ticks, sheep and cattle scab mites, and other 
 insects injurious to animals. Investigations continue, however, and 
 the measure of success attained in the case of sheep scab encourages 
 a hope that in time these losses may be prevented. Scale insects were 
 studied and remedies provided for their control; so also forestry 
 insects, while a large share was taken in the study of insects that 
 spread human diseases. 
 
 The prompt and complete suppression of an outbreak of foot-and- 
 mouth disease in New England in 1902-3 commanded general com- 
 mendation and also showed that such diseases and pests may be 
 successfully combated. The manner in which the result was brought 
 about proved that American farmers are coming to recognize the 
 necessity of radical measures, even when accompanied by consider- 
 able immediate loss, in meeting such an emergency as an epidemic 
 among live stock. The Bureau of Animal Industry was able to wipe 
 out the foot-and-mouth-disease contagion only by the ready and 
 intelhgent cooperation of owners of diseased cattle. The expense 
 incurred was only about half the amount appropriated by Congress 
 for the purpose. 
 
 Publication and distribution of information for farmers. — The edit- 
 ing, illustration, and publication of results reached by the several 
 branches of the service grew with the extension of the Depart- 
 ment's activities. No effort has been spared to present facts of 
 practical value in actual farming in terms perfectly plain to farmers 
 
40 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 
 
 of every position in life, so that all may receive the benefits paid for 
 by all. At the same time statements of progress in scientific research 
 were issued in technical language in limited number for the benefit 
 of persons associated more or less directly with Department scientists 
 in their investigations. The illustration of these books was directed 
 to making clear the statements of the text. The Yearbook series 
 of the Department, which had recently been started when Mr. Wilson 
 came into office, was continued and improved. It has received the 
 commendation of American farmers and farm journals as well as 
 European authorities. 
 
 The distribution of Department publications to farmers consti- 
 tuted an important feature in connection with their publication. 
 Press notices, lists of new and of all available publications were issued 
 to keep the people informed as to what information and aid could 
 be obtained. At the same time methods of keeping record of where 
 valuable books have been sent as well as of inquiry as to where they 
 are needed were combined to secure the greatest usefulness of these 
 books to the farming world. 
 
 The demand for these publications has so far exceeded the supply 
 that it has been necessary practically to do away with all free distri- 
 bution, except to persons who contribute by service rendered to the 
 Department work, Sales of them have increased notably in recent 
 years. 
 
 Special efforts by indexing were made to keep easily in reach of 
 farmers and students such information as has been secured by the 
 Department. 
 
 Expositions. — The several important expositions of the past eight 
 years received due consideration. The Department has been fitly 
 represented at Nashville, at Omaha, at Bufl'alo, at Paris, at St. 
 Louis, and at Portland. What is being done for the farmer and 
 farming was put before the world and had a wide influence in increas- 
 ing the knowledge of the American public as to their opportunities 
 for informing themselves regarding progressive farming and in the 
 same degree as the spread of this knowledge was accomplished the 
 usefulness of the Department was increased. 
 
 Work in new territory.— The discovery of gold in Alaska and the 
 addition of the several island possessions to the United States in 
 1897-98 presented new fields for Department operations, and they 
 were promptly occupied. Explorations and preliminary surveys 
 were made with the purpose of determining the agricultural products 
 and possibilities of all, and experts were set to work to introduce new 
 methods, to improve old methods of work, and to find where new 
 crops and industries could be established. Tropical and subtropical 
 crops were carefully studied, and the problem of live-stock production 
 was investigated. Experiment stations were established in Alaska, 
 
BEPABTMENT BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 41 
 
 Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and aid was given in the organization of a 
 department of agriculture in the Philippines. 
 
 Study in the Department. — The library of the Department affords 
 a means for the study by persons fitted for independent investigation 
 of what has already been done in the leading agricultural problems 
 that is hardly equaled anywhere else in the world. Its growth has 
 been steady and well regulated. In 1897 there were 58,000 volumes; 
 in 1905 the number had grown to 81,000. 
 
 The need of specially trained assistants in the Department work 
 and the existence of unusual opportunities for study joined to make 
 practicable a system of admission of young men and women into 
 certain branches of Department work at low salaries with the purpose 
 of continuing their studies along their chosen lines. From these 
 student assistants the Department has selected a number of capable 
 officials, whose service has justified the establishment of the system. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 
 
 With the establishment of a new department of Government in 
 1862 it was expected that separate offices would be provided, but 
 this was not done till six years later. Reservation 2, at Washington, 
 D. C, a square of ground between Twelfth and Fourteenth streets 
 SW., B street SW., and the canal (B street NW.), containing about 
 40 acres, was given to Commissioner Newton as an experimental 
 farm. The ground was broken, a supply of water was carried from 
 the city waterworks, and considerable planting was done, but there 
 was little building during his time. 
 
 The first Department building. — In 1867 Congress appropriated 
 $100,000 for the erection on the reservation of an office building 
 for the Department. The contract was let to Francis Gibbons, jr., 
 of Baltimore, and on September 1, 1868, the house was ready for 
 occupancy. The frontispiece of this bulletin shows this building. 
 About the same time houses for use in the propagation of plants for 
 distribution were erected, along with conservatories, and a grapery 
 for tests of foreign grapes. The total cost of these buildings was 
 $140,000. 
 
 Afterwards some additions were made, but nothing considerable 
 was done till after the Atlanta Exposition in 1880. The Centennial 
 Exposition at Philadelphia added a large amount of material to the 
 Department museum, but it was thought sufficient to provide space 
 for this by putting up a gallery around the large room on the second 
 floor of the main building. This was then occupied by the museum, 
 as it is now by the library. But after the Atlanta Exposition other 
 additions to the museum were made, and it was then found necessary 
 to have more room. Accordingly $10,000 was appropriated in 1881 
 
42 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 for the construction of a building for its use. The bill called it a 
 "building for display of agricultural implements." It was intended 
 by Commissioner Le Due that this should be of brick, and it was to 
 be located some distance north of the southeast corner of the reserva- 
 tion. Excavations for the foundation were dug on this proposed 
 site, but Mr. Le Due was succeeded by Commissioner Loring and the 
 plans were changed. The extreme southeast corner of the grounds 
 was chosen, and the frame structure long used as a museum and for 
 offices for several divisions of the Department was erected. 
 
 Erectioa of smaller structures. — Immediately after this an appro- 
 priation of $25,000 for a building for the storage and distribution of 
 seeds was made, and the brick structure just southeast of the main 
 building was put up. It was occupied by the Seeds Division on the 
 first floor and the Division of Statistics on the second; but when, 
 under Secretary Morton, the distribution of seed was taken away 
 from Washington, the lower story of the building was given to the 
 Divisions of Entomology and Biological Survey. In 1879 an appro- 
 priation of $1,500 was made for the building of the stable and in 
 1883 $2,500 for an additional greenhouse. In 1897 provision was 
 made for the erection of a fireproof building at a cost not to exceed 
 $3,000. This was put up near the south entrance to the grounds at 
 a cost of $1,650.66. It furnished safe storage for important books 
 and records. The majority of the other structures on the ground 
 were built by the carpenter, Mr. Halley, from the Department con- 
 tingent fund. In all not more than $210,000 appears to have been 
 expended for the Department buildings up to the beginning of 
 Secretary Wilson's administration. 
 
 Weather Bureau buildings. — The buildings for the Weather Bureau 
 at Twenty-fourth and M streets NW. were purchased, along with 
 the site, in 1888 for $112,000. The service was then still in the War 
 Department. Additions were made to adapt the place for its use at 
 a cost of $38,000. The grounds contain 54,000 square feet. 
 
 The buildings occupied by Weather Bureau stations at several 
 points are owned by the Department, and several of the more impor- 
 tant have been erected in recent years. In 1903 it was determiaed 
 to establish a meteorological observatory similar to the great institu- 
 tions maintaiaed by the leading nations of the world, and a high 
 point on the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia, about 50 miles from 
 Washington, was chosen as the site. The place was called Moimt 
 Weather and is the highest elevation within easy reach of the Capital. 
 Its elevation is 1,800 feet. The erection of suitable buildings was 
 begun promptly in 1903, and as soon as one was completed it was 
 equipped and scientific work was commenced. Already buildings 
 which cost $150,000 have been erected and equipped, and construc- 
 tion and equipment are still steadily progressing. 
 
DEPARTMENT BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 43 
 
 New Department building. — The buildings occupied hj the Depart- 
 ment wei'e found to be constantly more inadequate as the work grew 
 rapidly in many directions, and the number and cost of rented build- 
 ings greatly increased. In 1901 an appropriation of $5,000 was 
 made for the selection of architect and plans for a new building. 
 Under the direction of the Supervising Architect, Treasury Depart- 
 ment, a commission, consisting of Messrs. D. H. Burnham, C. F. 
 McKim, Augustus St. Gaudens, F. L. Olmsted, jr., and James K. 
 Taylor, was named to pass upon architects and drawings. 
 
 On February 9, 1903, Congress appropriated $1,500,000 for the 
 new building and made $250,000 available for the commencement 
 of work. In September, 1903, Rankin, Kellogg & Crane, of Phila- 
 delphia, were selected as architects and a contract for plans and 
 specifications was made with them. At that time the Department 
 was occupying about 3 acres of floor space, over half of which was 
 rented. A building committee, consisting of B. T. Galloway, D. E. 
 Salmon, and A. C. True, was appointed to supervise the work on 
 behalf of the Secretary. They worked out a scheme for a series of 
 buildings, ten in all, as originally planned, connected by pavilions 
 and constiucted so as to make a harmonious whole. Nine of these 
 were to be laboratory buildings, grouped about a central structure 
 designed for administrative uses. The two principal laboratory 
 buildings are now in course of construction and it is expected that 
 they will be completed within the contract time, November 14, 1907. 
 
 Experimental grounds -and Arlington farm. — The reservation at 
 Twelfth and B streets SW. continued to be used as an experimental 
 garden till after the erection of the Department buildings. It was 
 then agreed that for anything in the way of an experimental farm a 
 much larger tract ought to be provided, and that Mr. Saunders, then 
 the Department horticulturist, should be directed to lay out and 
 improve the grounds as an arboretum, to contain all the trees and 
 shrubs which will grow without protection in this climate. They 
 were to be grouped according to their families. The old canal was 
 still in existence in front of the grounds and had to be filled. At the 
 same time Mr. Saunders was converting the swampy reaches of the 
 reservation into the present handsomely rolling grounds, covered with 
 fine trees and surmounted at the front of the building by a terrace, 
 with a beautiful display of flowers. The work of filling the canal and 
 laying out and beautifying the grounds was completed in 1871. 
 
 The rich lands lying on an island in the Potomac opposite Wash- 
 ington, known as the Potomac Flats, were turned over to the Depart- 
 ment in 1898 for use in seed testing and experiments with crops. A 
 number of tests were made there and some unusual results in crop 
 production were secured. But soon after the Bureau of Plant Indus- 
 try was organized the part of the Arlington estate in Virginia, border- 
 
44 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 ing immediately on the river, about 300 acres, was given to the 
 Secretary by act of Congress to be used as an experiment farm, and 
 an appropriation of $10,000 was made in the bill of 1901 to provide 
 for its maintenance. This farm is under the control of the Bureau 
 of Plant Industry, but space is allowed to other branches of the 
 Department whenever they have farming experiments to make. The 
 land was originally barren but it is being brought up to a high state 
 of fertility and cultivation. 
 
 COST OF THE DEPARTMENT; ITS VALUE TO THE COUNTRY. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture up to May 1, 1906, cost the people 
 of the United States, all told, $60,110,836. This is much less than 
 $1,500,000 a year. The question naturally presents itself: In what 
 mannerand to what extent has it made a return for this outlay? For 
 in this respect does the Department of Agriculture differ from all the 
 other departments of the Government; namely, that its services are 
 more susceptible of being measured in actual money value. Its 
 duties. are not confined to the collection of taxes nor to police protec- 
 tion; it spreads information by which the people are better able to 
 pay taxes and to protect their property and increase its value. About 
 the time the work of the Department began it was necessary to import 
 considerable quantities of agricultural products. This was partly due 
 to bad crop seasons, but partly also to careless and ignorant methods 
 of culture. Fertilizers were little known, barnyard manure was still 
 regarded in many places as a nuisance to be got rid of, and rotation of 
 crops was little practiced. Planting according to the phases of the 
 moon was still in vogue in some sections. 
 
 Increase in cereals. — The production of corn and wheat, shown by 
 the census, affords some proof of the increasing effectiveness of cultiva- 
 tion and, by just inference, of the assistance given by the Department. 
 In 1839 the production of corn was 23 bushels for each person in the 
 United States; in 1859 it was 27 bushels; in 1899, 34 bushels. This ' 
 does not of course show with certainty that there was a corresponding 
 increase in the production for each acre cultivated, but a comparison 
 of the crop of 1879 with that of 1889 justifies that inference. In 1879 
 there were 35 bushels of corn raised for every person in the country, in 
 1889 only 34 bushels, but the production per acre increased from 28.1 
 bushels in 1879 to 29.5 in 1889. It may be supposed that a similar 
 increase in product per acre would be found for the other decades if a 
 record of the acreage planted had been made. 
 
 The comparison of the production of wheat gives a similar result. 
 The quantity raised for each person in 1839 was 5.3 bushels; in 1890 
 it was 7.4. 
 
 Other manifest gains. — ^Through its Division of Statistics the Deparir- 
 
VALUE OF THE DEPAETMENT TO THE PEOPLE. 45 
 
 ment seeks to place in the hands of farmers such information as will 
 enable them to estimate wisely the value of their crops and avoid 
 deception and loss from speculative information spread abroad in the 
 interest of buyers. Through the Bureau of Animal Industry it not 
 only seeks to discover the causes and remedies of animal diseases, but 
 also to maintain measures of control and prevention that will hinder 
 the spread of contagion. Further, the diseases of plants are the sub- 
 ject of study of one division, and injurious insects receive the special 
 attention of another. Also, the introduction of new and valuable eco- 
 nomic plants has been a most important feature of Department work, 
 and many improved varieties have resulted from its efforts. 
 
 Now, while it is manifestly impossible to express the results of all 
 this work exactly in money returns, yet it is quite possible to do so in 
 some cases, and in others to assure ourselves that they are too far- 
 reaching and too great to be easUy made the subject of exact reckon- 
 ing. For instance, no one can venture upon an accurate estimate of 
 the money saved to the country by the suppression and utter eradica- 
 tion of contagious pleuro-pneumonia by the Bureau of Animal Indus- 
 try, nor of the value of the inspection of animals and meats by which 
 European markets are kept open to these products; yet, as has 
 already been stated, our actual saving, as the result of vessel inspec- 
 tion, is shown very closely by the reduction of the rate of insurance 
 on export animals, which averages in the aggregate over $2,100,000 
 yearly. In like manner the money returns of the increased yield of 
 sugar per ton of cane, secured through the Division of Chemistry, can 
 be shown by actual calculation, but no one can estimate the value of 
 the introduction of the beet-sugar industry and its gradual extension 
 until the entire consumption of sugar in this country shall be met by a 
 home supply. Still no one doubts, who knows anything about the 
 subject, that any one of the services mentioned will return to the Gov- 
 ernment in actual money value many times over what the entire cost 
 of the Department has been. Many instances have been supplied of 
 carefully estimated savings effected by the remedies or prevention 
 secured as a result of investigation by the Department both in the case 
 of injurious insects and of plant diseases, but in the main the gains 
 thus effected are quite beyond calculation. 
 
 Who, for instance, can estimate the value of the rescue from anni- 
 hilation of the California orange industry through the introduction of 
 the Australian parasite of the scale insect which was devastating the 
 citrus orchards in that State ? Equally beyond accurate estimate is 
 the value of the introduction of the Bahia or navel orange by the for- 
 mer horticulturist of the Department, Mr. William Saunders. 
 
 Specific examples of money saved through the warnings of the 
 Weather Bureau are numerous and easily established. In 1894 the 
 
46 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
 
 Weather Bureau, by its warnings, saved from the rocks, at the 
 entrance of Chesapeake Bay, the ship RappaJiannoclc, with a cargo 
 worth over 1600,000. Furthermore, it is estimated that in the fall of 
 that year 2,305 vessels, valued at $36,283,913, but for the Weather 
 Bureau warnings would have put to sea in approaching storms and 
 heavy losses would have followed. 
 
 Frequently throughout the year minor savings, through the services 
 of this Bureau, are reported from all sections of the country, aggregat- 
 ing a sum far in excess of its annual expenditures. 
 
 The discovery by the Division of Forestry of the real value of pine- 
 tree timber, after the trees had been boxed for turpentine, has been 
 estimated by reliable authorities as worth not less than $2,000,000 to 
 the Southern States. 
 
 Secretary Rusk's estimate. — Instances of the money value of services 
 actually rendered by the Department might be enumerated indefi- 
 nitely. Ample and sufficient grounds exist for the confidence that 
 the new work undertaken from year to year will result in valuable 
 returns in the future similar to those instanced. One-tenth has not 
 been told, but enough has been said, without touching at all on the 
 work of many of the divisions of the Department, to justify to the 
 most skeptical the statement of a former Secretary, the Hon. J. M. 
 Rusk, who, in his annual report for 1891, said: 
 
 In concluding the review of the work done under the several divisions of this Department 
 since the date of my last annual report, it gives me pleasure to state, and I say this advisedly, 
 that each one of more than a dozen divisions whose work I have reviewed has returned in 
 actual value to the country during the past year far more than the entire annual appropria- 
 tion accorded to this Department. 
 
BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 
 
 The Office of the Secretary includes the Assistant Secretary, the 
 Chief Clerk, the Solicitor, the Appointment Clerk, and the Chief of 
 the Supply Division. 
 
 The Secretary is charged with the supervision of all public business 
 relating to the agricultural industry. He makes such regulations for 
 interstate traffic in live stock as may be necessary to prevent trans- 
 mission of contagious diseases, and has charge of all interstate quaran- 
 tine. He directs the admission or exclusion of live animals from for- 
 eign countries, and has charge of quarantine stations for importing 
 cattle. He conducts the inspection and regulates the conditions of 
 shipment of live stock and of meat products in interstate trade and 
 for export. He is also charged with the execution of the pure food 
 law. He exercises advisory supervision over the agricultural experi- 
 ment stations deriving support from the National Treasury. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary performs such duties as may be required 
 by law or prescribed by the Secretary. He also becomes Acting Sec- 
 retary of Agriculture in the absence of the Secretary. 
 
 The Chief Clerk has the general supervision of clerks and employ- 
 ees; is charged with thie enforcement of Department regulations, and 
 is superintendent of the buildings. 
 
 The Solicitor is the legal adviser of the Secretary, and is charged 
 with the preparation of all legal papers . and the supervision of all 
 legal business of the Department. 
 
 The Appointment Clerk prepares all papers involved in making 
 appointments, transfers, etc., decides civil-service questions, has 
 charge of correspondence with the Civil Service Commission, and 
 keeps the personal records. 
 
 The Supply Division has charge of purchases of supplies and mate- 
 rials paid for from the general funds of the Department. 
 
 WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 The Weather Bureau had its origin in the collection and publication 
 of meteorological data by the Smithsonian Institution and several 
 Departments,, beginning early in the nineteenth century. The recom- 
 mendation by Commissioner Newton that daily weather reports 
 by telegraph, under the direction of the Government, be distributed to 
 the country was made in 1864 ; and this service was authorized by an act 
 
 47 
 5365— No. 3—07 i 
 
48 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 of Congress of February 4, 1870, and was conducted by the Chief Sig- 
 nal Officer of the Army for twenty years. By the act « of October 1 , 
 1890, the Weather Bureau as such was officially recognized, and was 
 transferred to the Department of Agriculture, the general details of its 
 organization being defined in that act. On July 1, 1891, the actual 
 transfer took place. 
 
 The Bureau now has 164 fully equipped meteorological stations 
 for weather observation, many of which issue local forecasts, 308 
 stations specially equipped for the display of danger warnings to 
 mariners, 286 stations for the taking of telegraphic reports of tem- 
 perature and rainfall in the growing fields, 423 river gaging stations, 
 107 special river rainfall stations, and over 3,600 stations where volun- 
 tary observers make records of temperature and rainfall with standard 
 instruments. Mark W. Harrington was the first chief, and was suc- 
 ceeded on July 1, 1895, by Willis L. Moore, the present chief. 
 
 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Bureau of Animal Industry had its origin in investigations of 
 diseases of domestic animals. The first appropriation for this purpose, 
 $10,000, was made in 1878, and the Bureau was established in 1884. 
 Dr. D. E. Salmon, whose vigorous policy of killing all suspected 
 animals led to the suppression of pleuro-pneumonia, was made chief. 
 He held the position till 1905, when he was succeeded by Dr. A. D. 
 Melvin, the present head of the Bureau. 
 
 This Bureau now comprises separate branches of work as follows: 
 Inspection, Quarantine, Pathology, Biochemic, Dairy, Zoology, 
 Experiment Station, Editorial, and Animal Husbandry.. It makes 
 investigations as to the existence of dangerous communicable dis- 
 eases of live stock, superintends the measures for their control and 
 extirpation, makes original investigations as to the nature and pre- 
 vention of such diseases, and reports on the condition and the means 
 of improving the animal industries of the country. It also has charge 
 of the inspection of import and export animals, of the inspection of 
 vessels for the transportation of export cattle, and of the quarantine 
 stations for imported neat cattle, supervises the interstate movement 
 of cattle, and inspects live stock and their products when offered for 
 food consumption; has supervision of manufacture, interstate com- 
 merce, and export of renovated butter. 
 
 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Bureau of Plant Industry was formed in 1901 by the Secretary, 
 who brought the work of the Divisions of Agrostology, Botany, 
 Gardens and Grounds, Pomology, and Vegetable Physiology and 
 Pathology under one control, with B. T. Galloway in charge. This 
 
 o See page 61 for text. 
 
BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. 49 
 
 step was partly due to the death, in the fall of the previous year, of 
 William Saunders, whose work as horticulturist was at once turned 
 over to Professor Galloway. 
 
 A brief notice of the branches thus consolidated is proper in this 
 place. The Division of Gardens and Grounds originated in the 
 propagating garden, which was started in 1858 while the whole agri- 
 cultural service of the Government was a section of the Patent Office, 
 in the Department of the Interior. Mr. Saunders, just mentioned, 
 was put in charge in July, 1864, and conducted the work, including 
 the care of the Department grounds and the propagation and distri- 
 bution of.rare and useful plants, till his death, a period of over thirty- 
 eight years. The Division of Botany was established in March, 1869, 
 with C. C. Parry as chief, who was succeeded by Dr. George Vasey. 
 Frederick V. Coville, who continues in charge of the work as a branch 
 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, was appointed chief on March 9, 
 1893. This Division maintained the United States National Her- 
 barium until July, 1896, when it was turned over to the Smithsonian 
 Institution, still remaining, however, in charge of the Department 
 Botanist. The Division of Pomology was established in 1886 with 
 H. E. Van Deman as chief, who was succeeded by S. B. Heiges. 
 After Mr. Heiges's resignation in 1897, Mr. W. A. Taylor was in 
 charge till the appointment of G. B. Brackett, on August 1, 1897. 
 He still conducts the work as a branch of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 
 The Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology originated in 
 1886 as the section of mycology, in the Division of Botany, in charge 
 of F. Lamson-Scribner, changed in name the next year to the section 
 of vegetable pathology. In 1891 it became a separate division with 
 B. T. Galloway as chief from November 1, 1888, till his appointment 
 as Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, when the work passed to the 
 hands of his assistant, A. F. Woods, who is still in charge. The 
 Division of Agrostology was established July 1, 1895, with F. Lamson- 
 Scribner as chief and continued under his control as part of the 
 Bureau until 1901, when he was succeeded by W. J. Spillman, who 
 continues in charge under the title of Agriculturist in charge of 
 ■Farm Management Investigations. 
 
 The establishment of the Bureau by the Secretary was confirmed 
 by Congress in the agricultural appropriations bill of 1901, and 
 Doctor Galloway has continued in charge as chief till the present time. 
 
 The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant life in all its relations 
 to agriculture. Its work is classified under the general subjects of 
 Pathological Investigations, Physiological Investigations, Taxonomic 
 Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural Investiga- 
 tions, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. 
 
50 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 FOREST SERVICE. 
 
 The Bureau of Forestry was organized from the Division of Forestry 
 by authority of the appropriations act approved March 2, 1901, with 
 Gifford Pinchot as chief. The Division of Forestry was estabUshed 
 by the Commissioner in 1877, and reorganized under act of Congress 
 in 1886. N. H. Egleston was the first chief, and was succeeded by 
 B. E. Fernow, who resigned in 1898, and was succeeded by Professor 
 Pinchot. In 1905 the name was changed to the Forest Service, and 
 work greatly extended by the transfer to it from the General Land 
 Office of the management of the national forest reserves, with 
 authority to establish a large corps of wardens, inspectors, etc., to 
 conserve this important national asset. 
 
 The Forest Service has charge of the administration of the national 
 forest reserves, and conducts examinations on the public lands to 
 determine the propriety of making changes in the boundaries of 
 existing national forest reserves and of withdrawing other areas suit- 
 able for new reserves; gives practical assistance in the conservative 
 handling of State and private forest lands; investigates methods of 
 planting and kinds of trees for planting, and gives practical assistance 
 to tree planters ; studies commercially valuable trees to determine the 
 best means of using and reproducing them; tests the strength and 
 durability of construction timbers, railroad ties, and poles, and 
 determines the best methods of extending their life through preserva- 
 tive treatment; and studies forest fires, the effects of grazing on 
 forest land, turpentine orcharding, and other forest problems. 
 
 BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. 
 
 The Division of Chemistry was established in 1862, and chiefs were 
 in succession C. M. Wetherill, Henry Erni, Thomaa Antisell, R. T. 
 Brown, William McMurtrie, and Peter Collier, who was succeeded by 
 Harvey W. Wiley, appointed on April 9, 1883. In the appropriation 
 bill of March 2, 1901, the bureau organization was provided for and 
 Dr. Wiley has continued in office as Chief of the Bureau till the present 
 time. A large expansion of this work began with the incorporation in 
 the agricultural appropriation bill approved March 1, 1899, of a 
 paragraph providing for the inspection by the Secretary of Agricul- 
 ture, with the aid of the Secretary of Treasury, of imported food 
 products to determine their wholesomeness. 
 
 The Bureau of Chemistry investigates methods proposed for the 
 analysis of plants, fertilizers, and agricultural products, and makes 
 such analyses as pertain in general to the interests of agriculture. 
 The work on foods includes the analysis of adulterated products, 
 experiments to determine the effect of adulterants on the human 
 
BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. 51 
 
 organism, and the investigation of food products imported into the 
 United States. The Bureau does chemical work for some of the other 
 Bureaus and Divisions of the Department, and for other Departments 
 of the Government which apply to the Secretary of Agriculture for 
 such assistance. 
 
 BUREAU OF SOILS. 
 
 The Division of Soils, formerly a branch of the Weather Bureau, was 
 established as an independent division of the Department in 1894, 
 with Milton Whitney as chief. The Bureau organization was effected 
 under the appropriation bill of March 1, 1901, and Professor Whitney 
 has continued in control of the work to the present time. A general 
 survey of the soils of the United States by field agents of the Bureau 
 was begun in 1900, and has extended to nearly every State. 
 
 The Bureau of Soils is intrusted with the investigation, survey, and 
 mapping of soils ; the investigation of the cause and prevention of the 
 rise of alkali in the soil, and the drainage of soils; and the investiga- 
 tion of the methods of growing, curing, and fermentation of tobacco 
 in the different tobacco districts. 
 
 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 The Division of Entomology was established in 1863, and Townend 
 Glover was the first chief. He was succeeded in turn by C. V. Riley, 
 J. K. Comstock, C. V. Riley, and L. O. Howard, the present chief, who 
 was appointed in 1894. The Bureau organization was effected under 
 the agricultural appropriation act approved April 23, 1904. 
 
 The Bureau of Entomology obtains and disseminates information 
 regarding injurious insects affecting field crops, fruits, small fruits, 
 and truck crops, forests and forest products, and stored products; 
 studies insects in relation to diseases of man and other animals and 
 as animal parasites; experiments with the introduction of beneficial 
 insects and with the fungous and other diseases of insects; and con- 
 ducts experiments and tests with insecticides and insecticide machin- 
 ery. It is further charged with investigations in apiculture and seri- 
 culture. The information gained is disseminated in the form of gen- 
 eral reports, bulletins, and circulars. A good deal of museum work is 
 done in connection with the Division of Insects of the National 
 Museum, and insects are identified for experiment stations and other 
 public institutions -and for private individuals. 
 
 BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 
 
 Almost the earliest direct service of the Government for farmers 
 was the collection and publication of agricultural statistics, and in 
 1863, soon after the Department obtained an independent position. 
 
52 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 the Division of Statistics was established, but it was not until 1904 
 that a bureau organization was provided for by Congress. The 
 chiefs have been in order Lewis Bollman, J. R. Dodge, Charles 
 Worthington, J. R. Dodge, reappointed. Henry A. Robinson, and 
 John Hyde. After the resignation of Mr. Hyde in 1905 the work 
 was in charge of the Assistant Secretary, W. M. Hays, until the 
 appointment on June 16, 1906, of Victor H. Olmsted, the present 
 Statistician. 
 
 The Statistician collects information as to the condition, produc- 
 tion, etc., of the principal crops, and the status of farm animals 
 through State agents, each of whom is assisted by a corps of local 
 reporters, through separate corps of county, township, and cotton 
 correspondents, through traveling agents, and through a special 
 foreign correspondent, assisted by consular, agricultural, and com- 
 mercial authorities. He records, tabulates, and coordinates statistics 
 of agricultural production, distribution, and consumption, the 
 authorized data of governments, institutes, societies, boards of trade, 
 and individual experts; prepares special statistical bulletins upon 
 domestic and foreign agricultural subjects; and issues a monthly 
 crop report for the information of producers and consumers. Special 
 bulletins are published giving information of domestic and foreign trade 
 and of the conditions under which foreign trade may be extended. 
 Investigations are made of land tenures, country life, education, 
 transportation, and other lines of rural economics. 
 
 BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 The Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy was established on 
 July 1, 1886, with C. Hart Merriam as chief. On July 1, 1896, the 
 name was changed to Biological Survey, and on July 1, 1905, a 
 bureau was formed under the act approved on March 3, 1905. C. 
 Hart Merriam has been chief of the service from the beginning. 
 
 The Bureau of Biological Survey studies the geographic distribu- 
 tion of animals and plants, and maps the natural life zones of the 
 country; it also investigates the economic relations of birds and 
 mammals, and recommends measures for the preservation of bene- 
 ficial and the destruction of injurious species. It is charged with 
 carrying into effect the provisions of the Federal law for the importa- 
 tion and protection of birds and certain provisions of the law for the 
 protection of game in Alaska., 
 
 DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 The Division of Publications originated in 1889 as a section of 
 the Division of Statistics, which had in the early days of the work 
 been charged with the editing of the Department reports. In 1890 
 
StJilEAUS, DIVISIONS, AND Oi'iTCES. 53 
 
 it was organized separately as the Division of Records and Editing. 
 It became the Division of Publications in 1895. Geo. Wm. Hill, 
 made Editor in 1889, has been chief of the Division from the begin- 
 ning. 
 
 The Division of Publications exercises general supervision of the 
 Department printing and illustrations, edits all publications of the 
 Department (with the exception of those of the Weather Bureau), 
 has charge of the printing and Farmers' Bulletin funds, and distributes 
 all Department publications with the exception of those turned over 
 by law to the Superintendent of Documents for sale at the price 
 affixed by him ; it issues, in the form of press notices, official informa- 
 tion of interest to agriculturists, and distributes to agricultural pub- 
 lications and writers notices and synopses of Department publications, 
 and has charge of all correspondence with the Government Printing 
 Office. 
 
 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 The Division of Accounts and Disbursements originated as a 
 branch of the Secretary's office. It was made a separate division in 
 1889. B. F. Fuller, the first chief, was succeeded by Frank L. Evans 
 on July 13, 1893. A. Zappone, the present chief, succeeded Mr. Evans 
 on May 1, 1906. 
 
 The Division of Accounts and Disbursements audits, adjusts, and 
 pays all accounts and claims against the Department; decides ques- 
 tions involving the expenditure of public funds; prepares advertise- 
 ments, schedules, contracts for annual supplies, leases, agreements, 
 bonds, and letters of authority; writes, for the signature of the 
 Secretary, all letters to the Treasury Department pertaining to fiscal 
 matters and air letters to the Department of Justice; attends to liti- 
 gation in which the Department is interested ; issues requisitions for 
 the purchase of supplies and requests for passenger and for freight 
 transportation; prepares the annual estimates of appropriations; 
 and transacts all other business relating to the financial interests 
 of the Department. 
 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 The Office of Experiment Stations was established in 1888. The 
 first director was W. O. Atwater, who was succeeded in 1891 by A. W. 
 Harris. A. C. True, the present director, was appointed September 
 26, 1893, to succeed Mr. Harris. 
 
 The Office of Experiment Stations represents the Department in 
 its relation to the experiment stations which are now in operation 
 in all the States and Territories, and directly manages the experiment 
 stations in Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii. It seeks to promote the 
 interests of agricultural education and investigation throughout the 
 United States. It collects and disseminates general information 
 
54 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTITEE. 
 
 regarding agricultural schools, colleges, and stations, and publishes 
 accounts of agricultural investigations at home and abroad. It also 
 indicates lines of inquiry for the stations, aids in the conduct of coop- 
 erative experiments, reports upon their expenditures and work, and 
 in general furnishes them with such advice and assistance as will best 
 promote the purposes for which they were established. In a similar 
 way it aids in the development of the farmers' institutes throughout 
 the United States. It is charged with investigations on the nutritive 
 value and economy of human foods. It conducts investigations of 
 the laws and institutions relating to irrigation in different regions, 
 the use of irrigation waters, the removal of seepage and surplus waters 
 by drainage, and the use of different kinds of power and machinery 
 for irrigation and other agricultural purposes. 
 
 OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS. 
 
 The Office of Public Roads was established in 1893, with Roy 
 Stone as its first chief. There have been some minor variations in 
 the title of the office, but the object of the work has remained the 
 same. General Stone was succeeded as chief by Martin Dodge in 
 1900. The present chief, Logan Waller Page, was appointed in 1905. 
 
 The Office of Public Roads collects and disseminates information 
 concerning systems of road management throughout the United 
 States; conducts investigations and experiments regarding road- 
 building materials and methods of road construction ; makes chem- 
 ical and physical tests of road materials and materials of construction 
 relating to agriculture; gives expert advice on road administration 
 and road construction, and demonstrates the best methods of con- 
 struction; and prepares publications on these subjects. 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 The library of the Department was first officially recognized by the 
 appointment of J. B. Russell as librarian in 1871. The collection of 
 books had its origin in the transfer in 1869 of the works on agriculture 
 from the library of the Patent Office. Additions have been made 
 from time to time by exchange and purchase. The library now con- 
 tains 92,000 volumes, and is undoubtedly the best separate collection 
 on agriculture and allied subjects in the United States— probably 
 the best in the world. It comprises complete sets of State agricul- 
 tural publications and files of many of the agricultural journals from 
 the beginning; a large collection of the official reports on agricultural 
 subjects issued by foreign governments; important collections in 
 botany, chemistry, horticulture, forestry, zoology, and entomology, 
 particularly in their relations to agriculture; numerous sets of scien- 
 tific serials; a well-selected collection of encyclopedias, atlases, and 
 other general reference works, and a small collection of biography. 
 
BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES. 55 
 
 history, and general literature. A quarterly list of the additions to 
 the library is published, and several lists of books on agricultural sub- 
 jects have been issued. Succeeding Mr. Russell as librarian were 
 Mrs. Ernestine H. Stevens, who served from November 1, 1877, and 
 William Parker Cutter, who was appointed August 28, 1893. The 
 present librarian, Miss Josephine A. Clark, was appointed on Decem- 
 ber 31, 1900, to succeed Mr. Cutter. 
 
 The librarian has charge of the library and supervises the arrange- 
 ment and cataloguing of books, the preparation of bibliographies and 
 similar publications, and the purchase of new books. The mailing 
 lists for the distribution of Department publications to foreign coun- 
 tries are under the supervision of the librarfan. 
 
LEGISLATION AND EXPENSES. 
 
 LAW CREATING THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture was established by an act of Con- 
 gress approved by President Lincoln, May 15, 1862. The full text of 
 the act is as follows: 
 
 AN ACT to establish a Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in.Congress assembled. That there is hereby established at the seat of the government of the 
 United States a Department of Agriculture, the general designs and duties of which shall 
 be to acquire and to diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on 
 subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that 
 word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds 
 and plants. 
 
 Sec. 2. And le it further enacted, That there shall be appointed by the President, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, a "Commissioner of Agriculture,'' who shall be 
 the Chief Executive officer of the Department of Agriculture, who shall hold his office by a 
 tenure similar to that of other civil officers appointed by the President, and who shall receive 
 for his compensation a salary of three thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 Sec. 3. And he it further enacted. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture to acquire and preserve in his Department all information concerning agriculture 
 which he can obtain by means of books and correspondence and by practical and scientific 
 experiments (accurate records of which experiments shall be kept in his oflSce), by the 
 collection of statistics, and by any other appropriate means within his power; to collect, 
 as he may be able, new and valuable seeds and plants; to test by cultivation the value of 
 such of them as may require such tests; to propagate such as may be worthy of propa- 
 gation, and to distribute them among agriculturists. He shall annually make a general 
 report in writing of his acts to the President and to Congress, in which he may recommend 
 the publication of papers forming parts of or accompanying his report, which report shall 
 also contain an account of all moneys received and expended by him. He shall also make 
 special reports on particular subjects whenever required to do so by the President or either 
 House of Congress, or when he'shall think the subject in his charge requires it. He shall 
 receive and have charge of all the property of the agricultural division of the Patent Office 
 in the Department of the Interior, including the fixtures and property of the propagating 
 garden. He shall direct and superintend the expenditure of all money appropriated by 
 Congress to the Department and render accounts thereof, and also of all money heretofore 
 appropriated for agriculture and remaining unexpended. And said Commissioner may 
 send and receive through the mails, free of charge, all communications and other matter 
 pertaining to the business of his department, not exceeding in weight 32 ounces. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint a 
 chief clerk, with a salary of two thousand dollars, who in all cases during the necessary 
 
 57 
 
58 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPAETMBNT OF AGEICULTUKE, 
 
 absence of the Commissioner, or when the said principal oflHce shall become vacant, shall 
 perform the duties of Commissioner, and he shall appoint such other employees as Congress 
 may from time to time provide, with salaries corresponding to the salaries of similar officers 
 in other departments of the Government; and he shall, as Congress may from time to time 
 provide, employ other persons, for such time as their services may be needed, including 
 chemists, botanists, entomologists, and other persons skilled in the natural sciences per- 
 taining to agriculture. And the said Commissioner, and every other person to be appointed 
 in the said Department, shall, before he enters upon the duties of his office or appointment, 
 make oath or affirmation truly and faithfully to execute the trust committed to him. And 
 the said Commissioner and the chief clerk shall also, before entering upon their duties, 
 severally give bonds with sureties to the Treasurer of the United States, the former in the 
 sura of ten thousand dollars and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditional 
 to render a true and faithful account to him or his successor in office quarter-yearly accounts 
 of all moneys which shall be by them received by virtue of the said office, with sureties to 
 be approved as sufficient by the Solicitor of the Treasury; which bonds shall be filed in the 
 office of the First Comptroller of the Treasury, to be by him put in suit upon any breach 
 of the conditions thereof. (12 Stat. L., 387.) 
 
 CHANGE IN RANK OF THE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Department was made an Executive office of the first rank 
 under the law approved by President Cleveland February 9, 1889. 
 By that act the title of the head of the Department was changed from 
 Commissioner to Secretary, and he became a member of the Presi- 
 dent's Cabinet. 
 
 AN ACT to enlarge the powers and duties of the Department of Agriculture and to create an Executive 
 Department to he known as the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate amL House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assembled, Tliat the Department of Agriculture be an Executive Department 
 under the supervision and control of the Secretary of Agriculture, who shall be appointed 
 by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and section one hun- 
 dred and fifty-eight of the Revised Statutes is hereby amended to include such Department, 
 and the provisions of title four of the Revised Statutes, including all amendments thereto, 
 are hereby made applicable to said Department. 
 
 Sec. 2. That there shall be in said Department an Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to 
 be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall 
 perform such duties as may be required by law or prescribed by the Secretary. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall receive the same salary as is paid to the 
 Secretary of each of the Executive Departments and the salary of the Assistant Secretary 
 of Agriculture shall be the same as that now paid to the First Assistant Secretary of the 
 Department of the Interior. 
 
 Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws relating to the Department of Agriculture now in 
 existence, as far as the same are applicable and not in conflict with this act, and only so far, 
 are continued in full force and efTect. (25 Stat. L., 659.) 
 
 Several other changes have been made in the law, including an 
 amendment which repeals the requirement that the Commissioner 
 (Secretary) and chief clerk give bond. Neither is now charged with 
 any Government property or money. 
 
LEGISLATION IN KEGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 59 
 
 LAW CREATING THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 The Bureau of Animal Industry was established as an integral 
 branch of Department activity by a law approved on May 29, 1884. 
 The text of that law is as follows : 
 
 AN ACT Jor the establishment of a Bureau ol Animal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased 
 cattle, and to provide means for the suppression and extirpation of pieuro-pneumonia and other 
 contagious diseases among domestic animals. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of ike United States of America 
 in Confess assembled, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall organize in his depart- 
 ment a Bureau of Animal Industry, and shall appoint a chief thereof, who shall be a com- 
 petent veterinary surgeon, and whose duty it shall be to investigate and report upon the 
 condition of the domestic animals of the United States, their protection and use, and also 
 inquire into and report the causes of contagious, infectious, and communicable diseases 
 among them, and the means for the prevention and cure of the same, and to collect such 
 information on these subjects as shall be valuable to the agricultural and commercial 
 interests of the country; and the Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized to 
 employ a force suflBcient for this purpose, not to exceed twenty persons at any one time. 
 The salary of the chief of said bureau shall be three thousand dollars per annum; and the 
 Commissioner shall appoint a clerk .for said bureau, with a salary of one thousand five 
 hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the Commissioner of Agriculture is authorized to appoint two competent 
 agents, who shall be practical stock raisers or experienced business men familiar with 
 questions pertaining to commercial transactions in live stock, whose duty it shall be, under 
 the instructions of the Commissioner of Agriculture, to examine and report upon the best 
 methods of treating, transporting, and caring for animals, and the means to be adopted 
 for the suppression and extirpation of contagious pieuro-pneumonia, and to provide against 
 the spread of other dangerous contagious, infectious, and communicable diseases. The 
 compensation of said agents shall be at the rate of ten dollars per diem, with all necessary 
 expenses, while engaged in the actual performance of their duties under this act when absent 
 from their usual place of business or residence as such agent. 
 
 Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to prepare such rules 
 and regulations as he may deem necessary for the speedy and effectual suppression and 
 extirpation of said diseases, and to certify such rules and regulations to the executive 
 authority of each State and Territory, and invite said authorities to cooperate in the execu- 
 tion and enforcement of this act. Whenever the plans and methods of the Commissioner 
 of Agriculture shall be accepted by any State or Territory in which pieuro-pneumonia or 
 other contagious, infectious, or communicable disease is declared to exist, or such State 
 or Territory shall have adopted plans and methods for the suppression and extirpation of 
 said diseases, and such plans and methods shall be accepted by the Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture, and whenever the governor of a State or other properly constituted authorities 
 signify their readiness to cooperate for the extinction of any contagious, infectious, or 
 communicable disease in conformity with the provisions of this act, the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture is hereby authorized to expend so much of the money appropriated by this act 
 as may be necessary in such investigations, and in such disinfection and quarantine meas- 
 ures as may be necessary to prevent the spread of the disease from one State or Territory 
 into another. 
 
 Sec. 4. That in order to promote the exportation of live stock from the United States 
 the Commissioner of Agriculture shall make special investigation as to the existence of 
 pieuro-pneumonia, or any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease, along the divid- 
 ing lines between the United States and foreign countries, and along the lines of transporta- 
 tion from all parts of the United States to ports from which live stock are exported, and 
 
60 HISTORIC AI, SKETCET OF DEPARTMENT OJF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 make report of the results of such investigation to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall, 
 from time to time, establish such regulations concerning the exportation and transportation 
 of live stock as the results of said investigations may require. 
 
 Sec. 5. That to prevent the exportation from any port of the United States to any port 
 in a foreign country, of live stock affected with any contagious, infectious, or communicable 
 disease, and especially pleuro-pneumonia, the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, 
 authorized to take such steps and adopt such measures not inconsistent with the provisions 
 of this act, as he may deem necessary. 
 
 Sec. 6. That no railroad company within the United States, or the owners or masters of 
 any steam or sailing or other vessel or boat, shall receive for transportation or transport, 
 from one State or Territory to another, or from any State into the District of Columbia, or 
 from the District into any State, any live stock affected with any contagious, infectious, or 
 communicable disease, and especially the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia; nor shall 
 any person, company, or corporation deliver for transportation to any railroad company, 
 or master or owner of any boat or vessel, any live stock, knowing them to be affected with 
 any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease; nor shall any person, company, or 
 corporation drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one State or Territory 
 to another, or from any State into the District of Columbia, or from the District into any 
 State, any live stock, knowing them to be affected with any contagious, infectious, or com- 
 municable disease, and especially the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia: Provided, That 
 the so-called splenetic or Texas fever shall not be considered a contagious, infectious^ or 
 communicable disease within the meaning of sections four, five, six and seven of this act, as 
 to cattle being transported by rail to market for slaughter, when the same are unloaded 
 only to be fed and watered in lots on the way thereto. 
 
 Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty qf the Commissioner of Agriculture to notify, in writing, 
 the proper officials or agents of any railroad, steamboat, or other transportation company 
 doing business in or through any infected locality, and by publication in such newspapers 
 as he may select, of the existence of said contagion; and any person or persons operating 
 any such railroad, or master or owner of any boat or vessel, or owner or custodian of or 
 person having control over such cattle or other live stock within such infected district, who 
 shall knowingly violate the provisions of section six of this act, shall be guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred nor 
 more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Seo. 8. That whenever any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease affecting 
 domestic animals, and especially the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia, shall be brought 
 into or shall break out in the District of Columbia, it shall be the duty of the Commissioners 
 of said District to take measures to suppress the same promptly and to prevent the same 
 from spreading; and for this purpose the said Commissioners are hereby empowered to 
 order and require that any premises, farm, or farms where such disease exists, or has 
 existed, be put in quarantine; to order all or any animals coming into the District to be 
 detained at any place or places for the purpose of inspection and examination; to pre- 
 scribe regulations for and to require the destruction of animals affected with contagious, 
 infectious, or communicable disease, and for the proper disposition of their hides and car- 
 casses; to prescribe regulations for disinfection, and such other regulations as they may 
 deem necessary to prevent infection or contagion being communicated, and shall report to 
 the Commissioner of Agriculture whatever they may do in pursuance of the provisions of 
 this section. 
 
 Sec. 9. That it shall be the duty of the several United States district attorneys to prose- 
 cute all violations of this act which shall be brought to their notice or knowledge by any 
 person making the complaint under oath ; and the same shall bo heard before any district 
 or circuit court of the United States or Territorial court holden within the district in which 
 the violation of this act has been committed. 
 
LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 61 
 
 Sec. 10. That the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be immediately 
 avaUablo, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any 
 moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to carry into effect the provisions of 
 this act. 
 
 Sec. 11. That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall report annually to Congress, at the 
 commencement of each ses.sion, a hst of the names of all- persons employed, an itemized 
 statement of all expenditures under this act, and full particulars of the means adopted and 
 carried into effect for the suppression of contagious, infectious, or communicable diseases 
 among domestic animals. (23 Stat. L., 31.) 
 
 TRANSFER OF WEATHER BUREAU TO THE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The Weather Bureau was transferred from the War Department to 
 the Department of Agriculture under a law approved October 1, 1890. 
 The principal sections of this law are given here. 
 
 AN ACT to increase the efflciency and reduce the expenses ol the Signal Corps ol the Army, and to 
 transfer the weather service to the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Bepresentaiives of the United States of America in 
 Congress assembled, That the civilian duties now performed by the Signal Corps of the 
 Army shall hereafter devolve upon a bureau to be known as the Weather Bureau, which, 
 on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, shall be established in and attached 
 to the Department of Agriculture, and the Signal Corps of the Army shall remain a part of 
 the military establishment under the direction of the Secretary of War, and all estimates 
 for its support shall be included with other estimates for the support of the military estab- 
 lishment. 
 
 ******* 
 Sec. 3. That the Chief of the Weather Bureau, under the direction of the Secretary of 
 Agriculture, on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, shall have charge of 
 the forecasting of weather, the issue of storm warnings, the display of weather and flood 
 signals for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, the gauging and reporting 
 of rivers, the maintenance and operation of sea-coast telegraph lines and the collection and 
 transmission of marine intelligence for the benefit of commerce and navigation, the report- 
 ing of temperature and rain-fall conditions for the cotton interests, the display of frost and 
 cold-wave signals, the distribution of meteorological information in the interests of agri- 
 cidture and commerce, and the taking of such meteorological observations as may be neces- 
 sary to establish and record the climatic conditions of the United States, or as are essentia! 
 for the proper execution of the foregoing duties. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Weather Bureau shall hereafter consist of one Chief of Weather Bureau 
 and such civilian employees as Congress may annually provide for and as may be neces- 
 sary to properly perform the duties devolving on said bureau by law, and the chief of said 
 bureau shall receive an annual compensation of four thousand five hundred dollars, and be 
 appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate : Provided, 
 That the Chief Signal Officer of the Army may, in the discretion of the PresidenL, be detailed 
 to take charge of said bureau, and in like manner other ofiicers of the Army, not exceeding 
 four, expert in the duties of the weather service, may be assigned to duty with the Weather 
 Bureau, and while so serving shall receive the pay and allowances to which they are entitled 
 by law. 
 
 Seo. 5. That the enlisted force of the Signal Corps, excepting those hereinafter provided 
 for, shall be honorably discharged from the Army on June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-one, and such portion of this entire force, including the civiUan employees of the 
 Signal Service, as may be necessary for the proper performance of the duties of the Weather 
 Bureau, shall, if they so elect, be transferred to the Department of Agriculture, and the 
 compensation of the force so transferred shall continue as it shall be in the Signal Service 
 
62 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 on June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, until otherwise provided by law: Pro- 
 vided, That skilled observers serving in the Signal Service at said date shall be entitled to 
 preference over other persons not in the Signal Service for appointment in the Weather 
 Bureau to places for which they may be properly qualified until the expiration of the time 
 for which they last enlisted. 
 
 Seo. 9. That on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, the appropria- 
 tions for the support of the Signal Corps of the Army shall be made with those of other staff 
 corps of the Army, and the appropriations for the support of the Weather Bureau shall be 
 made with those of the other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture, and it shall be the 
 duty of the Secretary of Agriculture to prepare future estimates for the Weather Bureau 
 which shall be hereafter specially developed and extended in the interests of agriculture. 
 (26 Stat. L., 653.) 
 
 LANDS FOR AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 
 
 The day following the establishment of the Department the law 
 granting public lands for the establishment of agricultural colleges 
 was approved by President Lincoln. The original bill for this purpose 
 was introduced in the House in 1857 by Hon. Justin S. Morrill. It 
 was passed, but was vetoed by President Buchanan. In December, 
 1861, Mr. Morrill introduced his bill again, but on May 2, 1862, Sena- 
 tor Wade offered a similar bill in the Senate, and in June it passed 
 both Houses. 
 
 The act passed through the efforts of Hon. William Hatch, the 
 Morrill law of 1890, the Adams law of 1906 (p. 67), and this act con- 
 stitute the largest Government aid to education in the history of this 
 country. 
 
 AN ACT donating public lands to the several States and Territories wiiich may provide colleges for 
 the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes herein- 
 after mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State a quantity 
 equal to thirty thousand acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which 
 the States are respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen 
 hundred and sixty: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under 
 the provisions of this act. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the land aforesaid, after being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several 
 States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one-quarter of a section; and 
 whenever there are public lands in a State, subject to sale at private entry at one dollar 
 and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be 
 selected from such lands within the limits of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior 
 is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public 
 lands subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which 
 said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act, land scrip to the amount in 
 acres for the deficiency of its distributive share; said scrip to be sold by said States and 
 the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no 
 other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That in no case shall any State to which land 
 scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State, 
 or of any Territory of the United States, but th^ir assignees may thus locate said land 
 scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of the United States subject to sale at private 
 entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, ner acre: And provided further, That not 
 
Bui. 3. Division of Publications, U. S. Dept. of Agricuitu 
 
 Plate II 
 
 o 
 
 S I 
 
 o X 
 
LEGISLATION IN KEGAED TO THE DEPAETMENT. 63 
 
 more than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: 
 And provided further, That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage 
 of this act. / 
 
 Sec. 3. That all the expenses of management, superintendence, and taxes from date of 
 selection of said lands, previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management 
 and disbursement of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by the 
 States to which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, so that the entire 
 proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied without any diminution whatever to the 
 purposes hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 Sec. 4. That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid bj' the States to 
 which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided 
 for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe 
 stocks, yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that 
 the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain 
 forever undiminished (except so far as may be provided in section fifth of this act), and 
 the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and 
 claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one 
 college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical 
 studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related 
 to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may 
 respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the Indus-' 
 trial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the 
 following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained the 
 previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts: 
 
 First. If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing section, or any 
 portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, 
 it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall 
 remain forever undiminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without 
 diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, 
 not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions 
 of this act, may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, 
 whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States. 
 
 Second. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall bo applied, directly or 
 indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair 
 of any building or buildings. 
 
 Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act 
 shall provide, within five years, at least not less than one college, as described in the fourth 
 section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound 
 to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the 
 title to purchasers under the State shall be valid. 
 
 Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each college, recording 
 any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other 
 matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; 
 one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges 
 which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary 
 of the Interior. 
 
 Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the 
 minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they shall bo computed to the States 
 at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionately diminished. 
 
 Sixth. No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the Government 
 of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act. 
 
 Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its 
 acceptance thereof by its legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the 
 President. 
 
 5365— No. 3—07 5 
 
64 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Sec. 6. That land scrip issued under the provisions of this act shall not be subject to 
 location until after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three. 
 
 Sec. 7. That the land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued 
 under the provisions of this act as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land 
 warrants under existing laws: Provided, Their maximum compensation shall not be thereby 
 increased. 
 
 Seo. 8. That the governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued imder 
 this act shall be required to report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until 
 the whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation 
 has been made of the proceeds. 
 
 (12 Stat. L., 503.) 
 
 LAW ESTABLISHING AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 
 
 The agricultural colleges felt the need of experimental work early 
 in their liistory and their active men urged the establishment of an 
 experiment station in connection with each college. Following a 
 national meeting of agricultural college men, presided over by Com- 
 missioner Colman, the law for this purpose known as the Hatch Act 
 was passed and became law on March 2, 1887. 
 
 AN ACT to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in 
 the several States under the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty 
 two, and of the acts supplementary thereto. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assembled, That in order to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of 
 the United States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, 
 and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and appli- 
 cations of agricultural science, there shall be established, under direction of the college or 
 colleges or agricultural department of colleges in each State or Territory established, or 
 which may hereafter be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act approved 
 July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled "An act donating public lands to 
 the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
 and the mechanic arts," or any of the supplements to said act, a department to be known 
 and designated as an "agricultural experiment station:" Provided, That in any State or 
 Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation 
 hereinafter made to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, 
 unless the legislature of such State or Territoiy shall otherwise direct. 
 
 Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct 
 original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the 
 diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical 
 composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advan- 
 tages of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new 
 plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition 
 of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative 
 effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; 
 the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the 
 scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and 
 such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the 
 United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying 
 conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. 
 
 Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of methods and results 
 in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of 
 Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of results of inves- 
 tigation or experiments; to indicate from time to time such lines of inquiry as to him 
 
LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 65 
 
 shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will 
 best promote the purpose of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, 
 on or before the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in 
 which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of 
 receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, 
 to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United 
 States. 
 
 Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be pubUshed at said stations at least 
 once in three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or 
 Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged 
 in farming as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. 
 Such bulletins or reports and the armual reports of said stations shall be transmitted in 
 the mails of the United States free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the 
 Postmaster-General may from time to time prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of conducting investi- 
 gations and experiments and printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore pre- 
 scribed, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars per annum is hereby appropriated to each 
 State, to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, 
 and to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any 
 money in the Treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quar- 
 terly payments on the first day of January, April, July, and October in each year, to the 
 treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive 
 the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of October, eighteen hundred and 
 eighty-seven: Provided, however, That out of. the first annual appropriation so received 
 by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended m the erection, enlarge- 
 ment, or repair of a building or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such station; 
 and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation 
 may be so expended. 
 
 Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the Treasury from the annual 
 statement of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations that a portion of the pre- 
 ceding annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount shall be deducted from 
 the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of 
 money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily 
 required for its maintenance and support. 
 
 Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or modify the legal rela- 
 tion existing between any of the said colleges and the government of the States or Terri- 
 tories in which they are respectively located. 
 
 Sec. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this section to the benefits of this 
 act and havmg also agricultural experiment stations established by law separate from said 
 colleges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations 
 so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established under the pro- 
 visions of said act of July second, aforesaid, an agricultural department or experimental 
 station, in connection with any university, college, or institution not distinctively an 
 agricultural college or school, and such State shall have established or shall hereafter estab- 
 lish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an 
 experimental farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part 
 the appropriation by this act made to such separate agricultural college or school, and no 
 legislature shall by contract, express or implied, disable itself from so doing. 
 
 Sec. 9. That £he grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legis- 
 lative assent of the several States and Territories to the purposes of said grants: Provided, 
 That payment of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shaU become 
 due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of its legislature meeting 
 next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof 
 duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
66 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE. 
 
 Sec. 10. Nothinfc in this act shall be held or construed as binding the United States to 
 continue any payments from the Treasury to any or all the States or institutions men- 
 tioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all the 
 provisions of this act. (24 Stat. L., 440.) 
 
 ENDOWMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 
 
 The work of the agricultural colleges established under the land 
 grant of 1862 so commended them to favor that in 1890 Mr. Morrill 
 secured for them a further appropriation which now provides $25,000 a 
 year for each college. The act was approved on August 30, 1900. 
 
 AN ACT to apply a portion of the proceeds ot the public lands to the more complete endowment and 
 support of the colleges for the benefit ot agriculture and the mechanic arts established under the 
 provisions of an act of Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Be-presentatives of the United Slates of America 
 in Congress assembled, That there shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of 
 any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, arising from the sales of public 
 lauds, to be paid as hereinafter provided, to each State and Territory for the more com- 
 plete endowment and maintenance of colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts now established, or which may be hereafter established, in accordance with an act of 
 Congress approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the sum of fifteen thou- 
 sand dollars for the year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety, and an annual 
 increase of the amount of such appropriation thereafter for ten years by an additional sum 
 of one thousand dollars over the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid there- 
 after to each State and Territory shall be twentj'-five thousand dollars, to be applied only 
 to instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various 
 branches of mathematical, physical, natural, and economic science, with special reference 
 to their applications in the industries of life, and to the facilities for such instruction: Pro- 
 vided, That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State or Territory for the 
 support and maintenance of a college where a distinction of race or color is made in the 
 admission of students, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges separately 
 for white and colored students shall be held to be a compliance with the provisions of this 
 act if the funds received in such State or Territory be equitably divided as hereinafter set 
 forth: Provided, That in any State in-which there has been one college established in pur- 
 suance of the act of July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and also in which an 
 educational institution of like character has been established, or may be hereafter estab- 
 lished, and is now aided by such State from its own revenue, for the education of colored 
 students in agriculture and the mechanic arts, however named or styled, or whether or 
 not it has received money heretofore under the act to which this act is an amendment, 
 the legislature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary of the Interior a 
 just and equitable division of the fund to be received under this act between one college 
 for white students and one institution for colored students established as aforesaid, which 
 shall be divided into two parts and paid accordingly, and thereupon such institution for 
 colored students shall be entitled to the benefits of this act and subject to its provisions, 
 as much as it would have been if it had been included under the act of eighteen hundred 
 and sixty-two, and the fulfillment of the foregoing provisions' shall be taken as a compli- 
 ance with the provision in reference to separate colleges for white and colored students. 
 
 Seo. 2. That the sum hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the further 
 endowment and support of colleges shall be annually paid on or before the thirty-first day 
 of July of each year, by the Secretary of the Treasury ,'upon the warrant of the Secretary 
 of the Interior, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the State or Territorial treas' 
 urer, or to such officer as shall be designated by the laws of such State or Territory to receive 
 the same, who shall, upon the order of the trustees of the college, or the institution for 
 
LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 67 
 
 colored students, immediately pay over said sums to the treasurers of the respective col- 
 leges or other institutions entitled to receive the same, and such treasurers shall be required 
 to report to the Secretary of Agriculture and to the Secretary of the Interior, on or before 
 the first day of September of each year, a detailed statement of the amount so received and 
 of its disbursement. The grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the 
 legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purpose of said grants: Pro- 
 vided, That payments of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become 
 due to amy State before the adjournment of the regular session of legislature meeting next 
 after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly 
 certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of the State 
 or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of 
 colleges, or of institutions for colored students, as provided in this act, shall, by any action 
 or contingency, be diminished or lost, or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by the State or 
 Territory to which it belongs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shaU bo 
 apportioned or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys shall be 
 applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, 
 preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. An annual report by the president of 
 each of said colleges shall be made to the Secretary of Agriculture, as well as to the Secretary 
 of the Interior, regarding the condition and progress of each college, including statistical 
 information in relation to its receipts and expenditures, its library, the number of its students 
 and professors, and also as to any improvements and experiments made under the direction 
 of any experiment stations attached to said colleges, with their costs and results, and such 
 other industrial and economical statistics as may be regarded as useful, one copy of which 
 shall be transmitted by mail free to all other colleges further endowed under this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That on or before the first day of July in each year, after the passage of this act, 
 the Secretary of the Interior shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as 
 to each State and Territory whether it is entitled to receive its share of the annual appro- 
 priation for colleges, or of institutions for colored students, under this act, and the amount 
 which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. It the Secretary of the Interior 
 shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of its appropriation the facts and 
 reasons therefor shall be reported to the President, and the amount involved shall be kept 
 separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, in order that the State or 
 Territory may, if it should so desire, appeal to Congress from the determination of the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid it shall be 
 covered into the Treasury. And the Secretary of the Interior is hereby charged with the 
 proper administration of this law. • 
 
 . Sec. 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall annually report to Congress the disburse- 
 ments which have been made in all the States and Territories, and also whether the appro- 
 priation of any State or Territory has been withheld, and if so, the reasons therefor. 
 
 Sec. 6. Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all of the provisions 
 of this act. (26 Stat. L., 419.) 
 
 INCREASE OF EXPERIMENT STATION FUNDS. 
 
 Early in the new century the need of more money for the State 
 experiment stations began to be urgent. After conference with Pro- 
 fessor Henry and other station leaders, Representative H. C. Adams, 
 of Wisconsin, drew a bill which was indorsed by the American Asso- 
 ciation of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. This was 
 introduced by Mr. Adams, and by his persistent efforts, aided by 
 the association executive committee and leaders, was perfected and 
 became law by the approval of President Eoosevelt on March 16, 1906. 
 
68 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 AN ACT to provide for an increased annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations and 
 regulating the expenditure thereof. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
 Congress assembled, That there shall be, and hereby is, annually appropriated, out of any 
 money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid as hereinafter provided, to 
 each State and Territory, for the more complete endowment and maintenance of agricul- 
 tural experiment stations now established or which may hereafter be established in accord- 
 ance with the Act of Congress approved March second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, 
 the sum of five thousand dollars in addition to the sum named in said Act for the year end- 
 ing June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six, and an annual increase of the amount of such 
 appropriation thereafter for five years by an additional sum of two thousand dollars over 
 the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State and Territory 
 shall be thirty thousand doUars, to be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of 
 conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry 
 of the United States, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective 
 States or Territories. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Territories for the further 
 endowment and support of agricultural experiment stations shall be annually paid in equal 
 quarterly payments on the first day of January, April, July, and October of each year by 
 the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the warrant of the Secretary of Agriculture, out of the 
 Treasury of the United States, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the gov- 
 erning boards of said experiment stations to receive the same, and such officers shall be 
 required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture on or before the first day of September 
 of each year a detailed statement of the amount so received and of its disbursement, on 
 schedules prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The grants of money authorized by 
 this Act are made subject to legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the 
 purpose of said grants : Provided, That payment of such installments of the appropriation 
 herein made as shall become due to any State or Territory before the adjournment of the 
 regular session of legislature meeting next after the passage of this Act shall be made upon 
 the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Sec. 3. That if any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of any State 
 or Territory for the further and more complete endowment, support, and maintenance of 
 agricultural experiment stations as provided in this Act shall by any action or contingency 
 be diminished or lost or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by said State or Territory to 
 which it belongs, and until so replaced no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned 
 or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys exceeding five per centum 
 of each annual appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense 
 whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings, 
 or to the purchase or rental of land. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, 
 on or before the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in 
 which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of 
 receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to 
 the Secretary of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4. That on or before the first day of July in each year after the passage of this Act 
 the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury as 
 to each State and Territory whether it is complying with the provisions of this Act and is 
 entitled to receive its share of the annual appropriation for agricultural experiment stations 
 under this Act and the amount which thereupon each is entitled, respectively,, to receive. 
 If the Secretary of Agriculture shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of 
 its appropriation, the facts and reasons therefor shall be reported to the President and the 
 amount involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress 
 in order that the State or Territory may, if it shall so desire, appeal to Congress from the^ 
 determination of the Secretary of Agriculture. If the next Congress shall not direct such 
 
LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 69 
 
 sum to be paid, it shall be covered into the Treasury; and the Secretary of Agriculture is 
 hereby charged with the proper administration of this law. 
 
 Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall make an annual report to Congress on the 
 receipts and expenditures and work of the agricultural experiment stations in all of the 
 States and Territories, and also whether the appropriation of any State or Territory has 
 been withheld; and if so, the reason therefor. 
 
 Sec. 6. That Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all of the pro- 
 visions of this Act. (Stat. 59th Cong., 1st sess., chap. 961.) 
 
 TRANSFER OF FOREST RESERVES TO THE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The work of Gifford Pinchot as Forester of the Department of 
 Agriculture gave confidence that the National forest reserves could 
 be best managed in that Department, and the transfer was made 
 under a law approved February 1, 1905. 
 
 AN ACT providing for the transfer ol forest reserves from the Department of the Interior to the 
 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 
 Be it e-nacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assemhled, That the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture shall, from 
 and after the passage of this Act, execute or cause to be executed all laws affecting public 
 lauds heretofore or hereafter reserved under the provisions of section twenty-four of the 
 Act entitled "An Act to repeal the timber-culture laws, and for other purposes," approved 
 March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and Acts supplemental to and amendatory 
 -thereof, after such lands have been so reserved, excepting such laws as affect the survey- 
 ing, prospecting, locating, appropriating, entering, relinquishing, reconveying, certifying, 
 or patenting of any of such lands. 
 
 Sec. 2. That pulp wood or wood pulp manufactured from timber in the district of 
 Alaska may be exported therefrom. 
 
 Sec. 3. That forest supervisors and rangers shall be selected, when practicable, from 
 qualified citizens of the States or Territories in which the said reserves, respectively, are 
 situated. 
 
 Sec. 4. That rights of way for the construction and maintenance of dams, reservoirs, 
 water plants, ditches, flumes, pipes, tunnels, and canals, within and across the forest 
 reserves of the United States, are hereby granted to citizens and corporations of the United 
 States for municipal or mining purposes, and for the purposes of the millmg and reduc- 
 tion of ores, during the period of their beneficial use, under such rules and regulations as 
 may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior, and subject to the laws of the State or 
 Territory in which said reserves are respectively situated. 
 
 Sec. 5. That all money received from the sale of any products or the use of any land or 
 resources of said forest reserves shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States 
 and for a period of five years from the passage of this Act shall constitute a special fund 
 available, until expended, as the Secretary of Agriculture may direct, for the protection, 
 administration, improvement, and extension of Federal forest reserves. (33 Stat. L., 628.) 
 
 The law under which forest reserves have been established during 
 the past fifteen years is section 24 of the act repealing the timber- 
 culture law which was approved on March 3, 1891. The section is 
 as follows : 
 
 Sec. 24. The President of the United States may, from time to time, set apart and 
 reserve, in any State or Territory having puMio lands bearing forests, any parts of the 
 public lands wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial 
 value or not, as public reservations, and the President shall, by public proclamation, declare 
 the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof. (26 Stat. L. 1103.) 
 
70 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 
 
 PRESERVATION, INTRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RESTORATION OF 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 Legislation for protection of game was encouraged by a Connecticut 
 decision in 1896, that game is the property of the State. After much 
 discussion, beginning in 1897, a law introduced by Hon. John F. 
 Lacey, of Iowa, was finally passed by Congress and approved by 
 President McKinley on May 25, 1900. 
 
 AN ACT to enlarge the powers of the Department ot Agriculture, prohibit the transportation by 
 interstate commerce of game killed in violation of local laws, and for other purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted ly the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
 in Congress assemlled, That the. duties and powers of the Department of Agriculture are 
 hereby enlarged so as to include the preservation, distribution, introduction, and restora- 
 tion of game birds and other wild birds. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized 
 to adopt such measures as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act and to 
 purchase such game birds and other wild birds as may be required therefor, subject, how- 
 ever, to the laws of the various States and Territories. The object and purpose of this 
 Act is to aid in the restoration of such birds in those parts of the United States adapted 
 thereto where the same have become scarce or extinct, and also to regulate the introduc- 
 tion of American or foreign birds or' animals in localities where they have not heretofore 
 existed. 
 
 The Secretary of Agriculture shall from time to time collect and pubhsh useful informa- 
 tion as to the propagation, uses, and preservation of such birds. 
 
 And the Secretary of Agriculture shall make and publish all needful rules and regulations 
 for carrying out the purposes of this Act, and shall expend for said purposes such sums as 
 Congress may appropriate therefor. 
 
 Sec. 2. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to import into the United 
 States any foreign wild animal or bird except under special permit from the United States 
 Department of Agriculture: Provided, That nothing in this section shall restrict the impor- 
 tation of natural history specimens for museums or scientific collections, or the importation 
 of certain cage birds, such as domesticated canaries, parrots, or such other species as the 
 Secretary of Agriculture may designate. 
 
 The importation of the mongoose, the so-called "flying foxes" or fruit bats, the English 
 sparrow, the starling, or such other birds or animals as the Secretary of Agriculture may 
 from time to time declare injurious to the interest of agriculture or horticulture is hereby 
 prohibited, and such species upon arrival at any of the ports of the United States shall be 
 destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner. The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby 
 authorized to make regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of this section. 
 
 Sec. 3. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to deliver to any common 
 carrier, or for any common carrier to transport from one State or Territory to another 
 State or Territory, or from the District of Columbia or Alaska to any State or Territory, 
 or from any State or Territory to the District of Columbia or Alaska, any foreign animals 
 or birds the importation of which is prohibited, or the dead bodies or parts thereof of any 
 wild animals or birds, where such animals or birds have been killed in violation of the 
 laws of the State, Territory, or District in which the same were killed: Provided, That 
 nothing herein shaU prevent the transportation of any dead birds or animals killed during 
 the season when the same may be lawfully captured, and the export of which is not pro- 
 hibited by law in the State, Territory, or District in which the same are killed. 
 
 Sec. 4. That all packages containing such dead animals, birds, or parts thereof, when 
 shipped by interstate commerce, as provided in section one of this Act, shall be plainly 
 and clearly marked, so that the name and address of the shipper and the nature of the con- 
 tents may be readily ascertained on inspection of the outside of such packages. For each 
 
LEGISLATION IN REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT. 71 
 
 evasion or violation of this Act the shipper shall, upon conviction, pay a fine of not exceed- 
 ing two hundred dollars; and the consignee knowingly receiving such articles so shipped 
 and transported in violation of this Act shall, upon conviction, pay a fine of not exceeding 
 two hundred dollars; and the carrier knowingly carrying or transporting the same shall, 
 upon conviction, pay a fine of not exceeding two hundred dollars. 
 
 Sec. 5. That all dead bodies, or parts thereof, of any foreign game animals, or game or 
 song birds, the importation of which is prohibited, or the dead bodies, or parts thereof, 
 of any wild game animals, or game or song birds transported into any State or Territory, 
 or remaming therein for use, consumption, sale, or storage therein, shall upon arrival in 
 such State or Territory be subject to the operation and efl'ect of the laws of such State or 
 Territory enacted in the exercise of its police powers, to the same extent and in the same 
 manner as though such animals and birds had been produced in such State or Territory, 
 and shall not be exempt therefrom by reason of being introduced therein in original pack- 
 ages or otherwise. This Act shall not prevent the importation, transportation, or sale of 
 birds or bird plumage manufactured from the feathers of bamvard fowl. (31 Stat. L., 
 187-189.) 
 
 Other acts of Congress make further provision for the preserva- 
 tion and importation of game. The essential parts of these laws are 
 as follows: 
 
 * * * the Secretary of Agriculture shall have the power to authorize the importa- 
 tion of eggs of game birds for purposes of propagation, and he shall prescribe all necessary 
 rules and regulations governing the importation of eggs of said birds for such purposes. 
 .(32 Stat. L., 285.) 
 
 * * * the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized whenever he shall deem it 
 necessary for the preservation of game animals or birds to make and publish rules and 
 regulations which shall modify the close seasons hereinbefore estabUshed, or provide difi^er- 
 ent close seasons for different parts of Alaska, or place further restrictions and limitations 
 on the killing of such animals or birds in any given locality, or to prohibit killing entirely 
 for a period not exceeding five years in such locality. 
 
 * * * And the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make and publish such 
 further restrictions as he may deem necessary to prevent undue destruction of wild game 
 animals or wild birds. 
 
 * * * nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent the collection of specimens 
 for scientific purposes, the capture or shipment of live animals and birds for exhibition 
 and propagation, or the export from Alaska of specimens and trophies, under such restric- 
 tions and limitations as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe and publish. (32 Stat. 
 L., 327.) 
 
 * * * it shall be unlawful for any person to hunt, trap, capture, wilKiilly disturb, or 
 kill any bird of any kind whatever or take the eggs of such birds on any lands of the United 
 States which have been set apart or reserved as breeding grounds for birds by any law, 
 proclamation, or Executive order, except under such rules and regulations as may be pre- 
 scribed from time to time by the Secretary of Agriculture. (Stat. 59th Cong., 1st sess., 
 chap. 3565.) 
 
 The meat and food inspection laws now in force are parts of the 
 appropriation bill of the Department for the current year, and can 
 there be found. Also there are several laws and parts of laws which 
 govern the Department activities but are not here cited because they 
 are deemed to be of minor importance. 
 
72 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 The following statement of appropriations and disbursements, whichi 
 is furnished by the Disbursing OiBcer, shows in detail all moneys 
 expended by the Department of Agriculture since its earliest begin- 
 nings: 
 
 Staiemerd of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended talances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture from the fiscal year 1839 to the fiscal year 1906, inclusive. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta- 
 tistics, etc ' 
 
 Chemical analyses of vegetable 
 substances 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta- 
 tistics, etc 
 
 Chemical analyses of vegetable 
 substances 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta-/ 
 tistics \ 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta-j 
 tistics and purchase of seeds. I 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta-' 
 tistics and purchase, etc. 
 
 3ta-l 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Mar. 3,1839 
 Aug. 26, 1842 
 Mar. 3,1843 
 June 17, 1844 
 Mar. 3,1845 
 Mar. 3,1847 
 Aug. 12,1848 
 
 .do. 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta- 
 tistics, etc., and purchase, 
 etc., of seeds. 
 
 Information in relation to con- 
 sumption of cotton 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta- 
 tistics, etc., and purchase,- 
 etc., of seeds 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta/- 
 tistics, etc., and purchase, 
 etc., of seeds, including a de- 
 flciency appropriation of 
 $20,000, made March 3, 1863. . 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collection of agricultural sta- 
 tistics, etc., and purchase, 
 etc. , of seeds 
 
 Culture of cotton and tobacco. . 
 
 Investigations with flax and 
 hemp 
 
 Purchase of sorghum seed 
 
 To rebuild shop in propagat- 
 ing garden 
 
 Postage 
 
 Furniture, carpets, fuel, etc. . . 
 
 Salaries i 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Furniture, carpets, etc 
 
 Library and laboratory 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 To pay a debt incurred in pre- 
 paring the Agricultural Re- 
 port for 1861 
 
 Rent, etc., of Commissioner's 
 office 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Mar. 3,1849 
 
 do.. 
 
 Sept. 30, 
 Mar. 3, 
 Aug. 31, 
 Mar. 3, 
 May 31, 
 Aug. 4, 
 Mar. 3, 
 May 15, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Mar. 3, 
 
 1850 
 1851 
 1862 
 1853 
 1854 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1856 
 1857 
 
 do 
 
 June 12, 1858 
 Mar. 3,1859 
 June 25, 1860 
 Mar. 2,1861 
 Feb. 13,1862 
 
 Mar. 1, 1862 
 Feb. 25,1863 
 
 .do... 
 .do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 14,1864 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 25, 1864 
 July 2,1864 
 June 25, 1864 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 July 2,1864 
 
 July 4,1864 
 Mar. 2, 1865 
 
 ,154 
 
 9 
 
 533 
 
 26 
 
 642 
 
 
 687 
 
 
 7S7 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 285 
 
 
 285 
 
 
 364 
 
 
 364 
 
 
 .541 
 
 
 615 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 208 
 
 
 292 
 
 
 567 
 
 
 664 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 226 
 
 
 226 
 
 
 321 
 
 
 427 
 
 
 1118 
 
 
 217 
 
 
 338 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 6'Jl 
 
 
 691 
 
 
 691 
 
 
 691 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 155 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 1.55 
 
 
 1.55 
 
 
 155 
 
 
 155 
 
 
 155 
 
 
 .350 
 
 2 
 
 381 
 160 
 455 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1839 
 1842 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 1860 
 1851 
 1852 
 1853 
 1854 
 
 ■1855 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 
 1868 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 
 ■1862 
 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 1864 
 1864 
 
 ■1865 
 
 1865 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 1865 
 
 1865 
 
 1865 
 
 1865 
 
 1865 
 1-1866 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 3,600.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 3,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 4,500.00 
 5,500.00 
 5,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 50,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 75,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 3,500.00 
 60,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 64,000.00 
 
 80,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 
 87,000. 
 3,000. 
 
 20,000. 
 2,000. 
 
 1, 320. 
 650. 
 
 38,300. 
 
 3,500. 
 
 20,000. 
 
 800. 
 
 4,000. 
 
 61,000. 
 
 15,800. 
 
 3,704.05 
 
 3,500.00 
 46,726.59 
 
 $1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 3,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 3,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 4,500.00 
 5,500.00 
 5,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 50,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 75,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 3,157.25 
 60,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 63,704.21 
 
 80,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 
 87,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 9,600.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 800.00 
 
 1,320.00 
 
 650.00 
 
 38,300.00 
 
 3,500.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 800.00 
 
 4,000.00 
 
 61,000.00 
 
 15,800.00 
 
 3,696.66 
 
 3,600.00 
 46,726.59 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- . 
 
 pended. 
 
 $342.75 
 
 10,500.00 
 
 107.60 
 
APPEOPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 73 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, cte.— Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Collecting' agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase, etc, of seeds 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds, etc 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase of seeds 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds, etc 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 CoUeoting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase, etc., of seeds 
 
 Museum 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 To erect a building for the De- 
 partment of Agriculture 
 
 For certain goods and services 
 furnished the Department . . . 
 
 Salaries •. 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Contingent expenses : 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Purchase, etc., of seeds 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Investigations of cattle disease. 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Purchase, etc. , of seeds 
 
 Salaries \ 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis 
 tics 
 
 Purchase, etc., of seeds 
 
 Experimental garden 
 grounds 
 
 and] 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Collecting and modeUng speci- 
 mens of fruit 
 
 Library 
 
 Herbarium 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Folding room 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics - 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc - ■ 
 
 Experimental garden a n dl 
 grounds J 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Collecting and modeling speci- 
 mens of fruit 
 
 Herbarium 
 
 Library 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1865 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 do. 
 
 July 23,1806 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Mar. 30, 1867 
 
 July 23, 1866 
 Mar. 2, 1867 
 do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 July 13,1868 
 July 20, 1868 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 July 12,1870 
 July 15,1870 
 
 July 12, 1870 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 July 15,1870 
 
 July 12,1870 
 do.. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Mar. 3,1871 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do ^ 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reference 
 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 
 at 
 
 Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 year. 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 =) 
 
 
 > 
 
 Ph 
 
 m 
 
 
 13 
 
 465 
 
 
 1866 
 
 13 
 
 4.55 
 
 
 1866 
 
 113 
 113 
 
 160 
 466 
 
 
 |l866 
 
 113 
 
 lis 
 
 160 
 455 
 
 
 }l866 
 
 14 
 
 201 
 
 
 1867 
 
 14 
 
 201 
 
 
 1867 
 
 14 
 
 201 
 
 
 1867 
 
 lit 
 
 201 
 
 
 
 202 
 
 
 [l867 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 202 
 
 
 1867 
 
 14 
 
 461 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 451 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 451 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 462 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 452 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 452 
 
 
 1868 
 
 14 
 
 464 
 
 
 1868 
 
 15 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 105 
 
 
 1869 
 
 16 
 
 106 
 
 
 1869 
 
 15 
 
 196 
 
 
 1869 
 
 15 
 
 106 
 
 
 1869 
 
 15 
 
 106 
 
 
 1869 
 
 15 
 
 106 
 
 
 1869 
 
 (15 
 
 its 
 
 297 
 298 
 
 
 }l870 
 
 16 
 
 298 
 
 
 1870 
 
 16 
 
 298 
 
 
 1870 
 
 16 
 
 29S 
 
 
 1870 
 
 15 
 
 . 298 
 
 
 1870 
 
 15 
 
 298 
 
 
 1870 
 
 15 
 
 298 
 
 
 1870 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 245 
 314 
 
 
 |l871 
 
 16 
 
 245 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 
 116 
 16 
 
 :m 
 
 
 ll871 
 
 .303 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 Ifi 
 
 246 
 
 
 1871 
 
 16 
 
 489 
 
 
 1872 
 
 16 
 
 489 
 
 
 1872 
 
 16 
 
 489 
 
 
 1872 
 
 (16 
 '16 
 
 489 
 509 
 
 
 1872 
 
 116 
 16 
 
 489 
 490 
 
 
 k872 
 
 16 
 
 490 
 
 
 1872 
 
 16 
 
 490 
 
 
 1872 
 
 Ifi 
 
 490 
 
 
 1872 
 
 16 
 
 490 
 
 
 1872 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $7,500.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 70,165.90 
 
 23,396.33 
 
 39,600.00 
 11,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 116,200.00 
 
 22,800.00 
 38,020.00 
 13,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 85,200.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 22,800.00 
 
 100,000.00 
 
 37,604.70 
 65,368.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 31,090.00 
 
 23,500.00 
 20,000.00 
 22,635.00 
 
 69,240.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 13,200.00 
 2,500.00 
 
 21,500.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 71,980.00 
 
 15,000-00 
 30,000.00 
 
 8,100.00 
 4,700.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,700.00 
 500.00 
 75,170.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 45,000.00 
 36,800.00 
 
 12,900.00 
 4,700.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 2,050.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 S7,600.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 70,165.90 
 
 23,395.33 
 
 39,600.00 
 11,600.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 115,200.00 
 
 22,800.00 
 38,020.00 
 13,000.00 
 
 8,406.34 
 86,200.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 22,800.00 
 
 99,668.00 
 
 37,604.70 
 65,368.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 31,090.00 
 
 23,500.00 
 20,000.00 
 22,635.00 
 
 67,720.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 12,696.60 
 13,200.00 
 2,600.00 
 
 21,600.00 
 18,981.33 
 
 71,811.64 
 
 15,000.00 
 28, 866. 17 
 
 .53,200.00 
 
 8,100.00 
 4,700.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00- 
 1,700.00 
 * 500.00 
 76,017.89 
 
 14,059.36 
 
 46,000.00 
 36,800.00 
 
 12,900.00 
 4,700.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 2,050.00 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $1,693.66 
 
 2,304.. 
 
 1,018.67 
 168.36 
 
 162. 11 
 940.64 
 
74 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Statement of appropriaticms, dishursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics ; 
 
 Purchase and distribution ot 
 
 Experimental 
 -grounds 
 
 garden and' 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Folding room 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Museimi and herbarium 
 
 Library 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution oil 
 seedSj etc J 
 
 Experimental garden a n dl 
 grounds j 
 
 Museum and herbarium 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Library 
 
 Postage 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc ', 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . . 
 
 Experimental garden andj 
 grounds \ 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Museum and herbarium 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Library 
 
 Postage 
 
 To publish Commissioner's re- 
 port for the years 1872 and 
 1873 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 
 grounds 
 
 Museum and herbarium 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds %. 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution off 
 seeds, etc ' 
 
 Museum and herbarium 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics. 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Mar. 
 May 
 
 3. 1871 
 
 8. 1872 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 10, 1872 
 
 May 8,1872 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 10, 1872 
 May 8,1872 
 Mar. 3,1873 
 
 .do. 
 
 ....do.. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do...:.. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 20, 1874 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Jan. 26,1875 
 June 20, 1874 
 
 do 
 
 June 23, 1874 
 June 20, 1874 
 
 do 
 
 June 23, 1874 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 20, 1874 
 
 June 23, 1874 
 Mar 3,1876 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 July 21,1876 
 Aug. 15, 1876 
 July 31,1876 
 Aug. 16,1876 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1877 
 Aug. 15, 1876 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1877 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 490 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 368 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 369 
 
 
 78 
 506 
 
 506 
 506 
 507 
 540 
 507 
 529 
 507 
 607 
 507 
 507 
 542 
 107 
 
 107 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 ,303 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 227 
 368 
 
 368 
 368 
 394 
 368 
 368 
 368 
 368 
 368 
 368 
 95 
 167 
 115 
 167 
 
 167 
 167 
 319 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 317 
 
 317 
 
 317 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 1873 
 
 1873 
 •1873 
 
 ■1873 
 
 1873 
 1873 
 
 •1873 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 1874 
 
 .1874 
 
 ^1874 
 
 1874 
 1874 
 1874 
 1874 
 1874 
 1875 
 
 1875 
 
 ^1875 
 1875 
 
 ^1875 
 1875 
 
 ^1875 
 
 1875 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 1876 
 
 .1876 
 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 1876 
 
 k877 
 
 1877 
 
 ^1877 
 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 1878 
 
 1878 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $3,450.00 
 75,890.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 55,000.00 
 31,000.00 
 
 13,300.00 
 
 300.00 
 5,200.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 1,750.00 
 78,190.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 65,000.00 
 
 26,200.00 
 
 2,000.00 
 13,600.00 
 4,200.00 
 1,500.00 
 52,000.00 
 77,180.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 95,000.00 
 
 4,200.00 
 24,100.00 
 12,600.00 
 
 4, .TOO. 00 
 
 1,300.00 
 
 1,600.00 
 
 52,000.00 
 
 50,000.00 
 77,180.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 65,000.00 
 
 19,990.00 
 
 2,000.00 
 3,300.00 
 1,260.00 
 1,300.00 
 12,100.00 
 62,000.00 
 
 67,836.96 
 11,660.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 85,000.00 
 
 '2,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,300.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 4,000. 00 
 
 65,640.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 75,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $3,450.00 
 75,889.73 
 
 16,t)00.00' 
 
 56,OOO.o6- 
 31,000.00- 
 
 12,507.06 
 
 300.00 
 5,200.00 
 
 4, 674. 43 , 
 
 1,750.00 
 76,924.00 
 
 11,563.20 
 
 64,904.89 
 
 25, 731. 74 
 
 1,942.02 
 12,699.34 
 3,302.40 
 1,259.10 
 35,449,09 
 77, 127. 60 
 
 12, 147. 56 
 94,719.83 
 
 4,136.36 
 24,094.06 
 10,972.61 
 
 3,300.00 
 
 1,300.00 
 1,087.90 
 42,633.00 
 
 49,561.91 
 77,115.71 
 
 14,600.00 
 
 65,000.00 
 
 19,956.11 
 
 1,993.56 
 3,124.23 
 1,046.84 
 1,300.00 
 11,378.91 
 3,428.29 
 
 67,806.19 
 11,660.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 80,000.00 
 
 2,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 800.00 
 1,300.00 
 8,800.00 
 3,950.00 
 65,640.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 74,579.33 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $0.27 
 
 326.67 
 
 1,266.00 
 
 3,446.80 
 
 95.11 
 
 468.26 
 
 57.98 
 
 900.66 
 
 897.60 
 
 240.90 
 
 16,660.91 
 
 52,40 
 
 2,852.44 
 
 280.17 
 
 64.64 
 
 5.94 
 
 1,627.39 
 
 1,020.00 
 
 412.10 
 9,367.00 
 
 438.09 
 64.29 
 
 500.00 
 
 33.89 
 
 6.45 
 175.77 
 203. 10 
 
 721.09 
 48,571.71 
 
 30.77 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 200.00 
 
 1,200.00 
 60.00 
 
 420.67 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 75 
 
 Statement of appropriaiions, disbursements, and unexpended Mances for the United States 
 Departrhent of Agrieitlture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 andl 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Mar. 3,1877 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Dec. 16,1877 
 June 19, 1878 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do- 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1879 
 June 21, 1879 
 
 Experimental garden 
 
 grounds 
 
 Museum _ _ 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs... 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Report on forestry. 
 
 International Industrial Ex- 
 
 Sosition at Paris 
 aries 
 
 ■ Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Experimental garden andl 
 grounds j 
 
 Museimi 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 babits of insects 
 
 Investigating diseases of do- 
 mestic animals 
 
 To erect a stable 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds. . t 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs. . 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Investigating diseases of do- 
 mestic animals _ — 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Purchase and distribution ofj 
 seeds, etc 1 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics • 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Museum - - 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs. . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Postage 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Investigating the diseases of 
 domestic animals 
 
 Examination of fibers 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar ; - . 
 
 Collecting data touching and 
 regions of the United States . 
 
 Reclamation of arid lands 
 
 Salaries ■■■■ 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 a Unexpended balance of $1,646. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 June 16,1880 
 
 do 
 
 May 3,1881 
 
 June 16,1880 
 
 ,.do- 
 ..do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1881 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 317 
 360 
 317 
 317 
 317 
 317 
 317 
 317 
 360 
 
 246 
 203 
 
 203 
 
 203 
 203 
 240 
 203 
 204 
 204 
 204 
 204 
 204 
 
 30 
 292 
 294 
 453 
 
 293 
 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 295 
 295 
 295 
 296 
 
 294 
 
 295 
 295 
 
 295 
 
 295 
 295 
 381 
 
 382 
 382 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 .1878 
 
 ,878 
 ,878 
 .878 
 ,878 
 ,878 
 ,878 
 ,878 
 
 ,878 
 ,879 
 
 ,88: 
 
 882 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $10,500.00 
 
 1,500.00 
 4,600.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 2,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 66,900.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 13,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,600.00 
 8,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 1,600.00 
 
 66,900.00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 13,100.00 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,500.00 
 8,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 69,200.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 12,600.00 
 1,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 7,600.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 79,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $10,500.00 
 
 1,600.00 
 4,500.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 3,415.61 
 2,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 66,900.00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 13,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 1,000,00 
 1,500.00 
 8,000.00 
 3,960.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 1,500.00 
 
 66,900.00 
 
 9,982.88 
 
 75,000.fl0 
 
 13,100.00 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 1,500.00 
 8,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 8,878.84 
 69,186.22 
 
 102,157.48 
 
 9,985.60 
 
 12,600.00 
 1,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 9,769.17 
 3,838.00 
 3,762.51 
 
 4,997.31 
 
 10,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 7,600.00 
 
 460.00 
 18,363.56 
 79,491.81 
 
 10,000.00 
 5,811. Si 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $584.: 
 
 40.00 
 
 1,121.16 
 14.78 
 
 230.83 
 
 162.00 
 
 1,237.49 
 
 4,540.00 
 («) 
 8.19 
 
 188. 15 
 
 ,45 carried to fiscal year 1882 
 
76 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc ' 
 
 Experiments in the culture, 
 etc., of tea 
 
 Experimentai garden and\ 
 grounds J 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Examination of fibers 
 
 Investigating the diseases of 
 domestic animals 
 
 Coliecting data touching the 
 arid regions of the United 
 States 
 
 Reclamation of arid lands, in- 
 cluding an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $1,646.45 from fiscal 
 year 1881 
 
 Report on forestry. 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Building for display of agricul- 
 tural implements 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar (including 
 $864.60 from sale of molasses, 
 etc.) 
 
 Transportation of specimens 
 from Atlanta 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Experiments in the culture, 
 etc., of tea. 
 
 Experimental garden andl 
 grounds / 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs... 
 
 Library 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Examination of fibers 
 
 Investigating the diseases of 
 domestic animals 
 
 Reclamation of arid lands, in- 
 cluding an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $85.26 from fiscal year 
 1882 
 
 Report on forestry. 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar.inciuding an un- 
 expended balance of $3,530.88 
 from fiscal year 1882 
 
 Erection of building for seed 
 division 
 
 Report on the Angora goat 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Laboratory, and for experi- 
 ments in the manufacture of 
 sugar, including $842.18 from 
 the sale of sirup, etc 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Mar. 3,1881 
 Apr 16,1882 
 
 Mar. 3,1881 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 Feb. 13,1882 
 May 19,1882 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 
 ...do. 
 
 ...do. 
 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 Aug. 7,1882 
 
 :do.. 
 
 Jan. 20,1883 
 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 Reference' 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 22 
 
 3S2 
 44 
 
 386 
 383 
 383 
 383 
 
 383 
 384 
 
 384 
 384 
 384 
 384 
 
 90 
 
 22 
 
 91 
 
 22 
 
 91 
 
 22 
 
 92 
 
 22 
 
 91 
 
 22 
 
 91 
 
 22 
 
 91 
 
 306 
 337 
 408 
 
 410 1 1884 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 }l882 
 
 1882 
 
 .1882 
 
 1882 
 1882 
 1882 
 
 1882 
 1882 
 
 1882 
 1882 
 1882 
 1882 
 
 1882 
 
 1882 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 ■1883 
 
 1883 
 1883 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 1883 
 1884 
 
 Amount 
 ajppro- 
 priated. 
 
 $100,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 
 11,646.45 
 6,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 35,864.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 102,680.00 
 
 80,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 15,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 6,700.00 
 1,600.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 20,085.26 
 10,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 28,530.85 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 500.00 
 
 127,640.00 
 
 80,000.00 
 16,842.18 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $99,991.53 
 
 8,750.87 
 
 14,968.26 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 4,000.00 
 
 973. 85 
 
 19,998.94 
 5,000.00 
 
 11,561.19 
 4,941.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 32,333.75 
 
 4,998:91 
 102,575.,49 
 
 78, 170. 80 
 6,000.00 
 
 80,000.00 
 
 3,906.66 
 
 15,471.82 
 
 1,000.00 
 6,700.00 
 1,485.32 
 
 19,997.75 
 7,961.94 
 
 21,584.28 
 
 12,429.13 
 8,731.99 
 3,977.49 
 
 14,920.74 
 
 28,529.31 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 500.00 
 
 127,639.87 
 
 79,770.86 
 
 16,829.26 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $8.47 
 
 1,249.13 
 31.75 
 
 26. 15 
 1.06 
 
 2,656.11 
 
 783.45 
 
 (») 
 59.00 
 
 m 
 
 1.09 
 4.51 
 
 1,829.20 
 
 1,094.34 
 28.18 
 
 2.25 
 2,038.06 
 
 3,415.72 
 
 CO 
 1,268.01 
 22.51 
 79.26 
 
 1.54 
 
 .13 
 229.14 
 
 12.92 
 
 o Unexpended balance of $85 26 carried to fiscal year 1883. 
 Unexpended balance of $3,530 85 carried to fiscal year 1883. 
 c Unexpended balance of $7,656.13 carried to fiscal year 1884. 
 
APPKOPRTATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 77 
 
 Statement of appropriations, iishursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Contiaued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Purchase and distribution oJ 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Museum 
 
 .■Furniture, cases, and repairs. . 
 
 Library 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Reclamation of arid lands, in- 
 cluding an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $7,666.13 from fiscal 
 year 1883 '.. 
 
 Investigating the diseases of 
 domestic animals 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Building of greenhouse 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultoral statis- 
 tics 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Laboratory, and for experi- 
 ments In the manufacture of 
 sugar 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Silk culture 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs. . . 
 
 Postage 
 
 Experiments in the culture, 
 etc., of tea 
 
 Library 
 
 Museum 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 including an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $93,192.27 from fiscal 
 year 1885 
 
 Quarantine stations, including 
 an unexpended balance of 
 $2,970.82 for fiscal year 1885.. . 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Laboratory, and for experi- 
 ments in the manufacture 
 
 of sugar - - 
 
 . Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1883 
 
 [...-do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 J. ...do 
 
 tAug. 4,1886 
 
 Jan. 20,1883 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 June 5,1884 
 
 do 
 
 May 29,1884 
 
 June 5,1884 
 
 .do. 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 \Oct. 19,1888 
 June 6,1884 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 June 7,1884 
 Mar. 3,1885 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 and 
 
 Silk culture 
 
 Contingent expenses . . . 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Experimental garden 
 
 grounds 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Postage - --■■-- 
 
 Experiments in the culture, 
 
 etc., of tea 
 
 Library "o 
 
 Museum -^ ,; • - ,„ VVob 
 
 Salaries 'June 30, 1886 
 
 a Unexpended balance of $93,192, 
 6 Pnexpended balance of $2,970.i 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 \Oot. 19,1888 
 Mar. 3,1885 
 
 do 
 
 f....do 
 
 .^Aug. 4,1886 
 (Oct. 19,1888 
 Mar. 3,1885 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 410 
 409 
 411 
 409 
 410 
 411 
 409 
 273 
 
 ,37 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 3P 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 581 
 
 
 ,38 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 39 
 
 .37 
 
 207 
 
 353 
 
 356 
 354 
 
 364 
 356 
 581 
 356 
 366 
 .264 
 273 
 581 
 354 
 366 
 
 366 
 355 
 364 
 100 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1884 
 
 •1884 
 
 1884 
 1884 
 1884 
 
 •1884 
 
 1884 
 
 1884 
 1884 
 1884 
 1884 
 1884 
 1885 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 1885 
 1885 
 
 -1885 
 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 1885 
 1885 
 1885 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 1886 
 
 1886 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $75,000.00 
 
 16,500.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 1,600.00 
 
 20,002.82 
 
 17,6.56.13 
 
 26,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 4,000.00 
 14,000.00 
 
 2,500.00 
 137, 590. 00 
 
 100,000.00 
 150,000.00 
 
 60,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 17,840.25 
 
 6,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 1,600.00 
 
 1, 000. 00 
 
 26,000.00 
 
 137, 590. 00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 32,970.82 
 100,000.00 
 
 40,00 .00 
 
 26,000.00 
 
 16,012.00 
 
 1,5,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 17,208.13 
 
 7,500.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 1886 1,500.00 
 
 1886 1,000.00 
 
 1887 I 142, 890. 00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $74,986.48 
 
 16, 448. 87 
 
 993. 51 
 5,998.82 
 1, 439. 86 
 
 20,002.82 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $13. ,52 
 61.13 
 
 1.18 
 60.14 
 
 16, 164. 68 
 
 1,491.46 
 
 24,011.85 
 9,998.30 
 3,841.48 
 13,991.43 
 2,500.00 
 137,567.80 
 
 988.15 
 1.70 
 
 168. 52 
 8.67 
 
 32,20 
 
 99,986.59 
 56, 807. 73 
 
 13.41 
 
 99,983.82 
 
 16.18 
 
 49,996.70 
 
 3.30 
 
 19,986.83 
 14,916.23 
 14,862.20 
 9,987.36 
 
 13.17 
 83.77 
 137.80 
 12.64 
 
 17,513.67 
 
 326. 58 
 
 5,947.27 
 3,966.98 
 
 52.73 
 43.02 
 
 2,998.90 
 
 1, 403. 63 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 22, 029. 18 
 
 137,337.42 
 
 1.10 
 96.37 
 
 262.58 
 
 68, 723. 06 
 
 6,276.94 
 
 68,261.05 
 
 134,931.22 
 
 18,958.67 
 
 14. 012. 25 
 
 99,980.24 
 
 19.76 
 
 39,942.11 
 
 57.89 
 
 24,976.46 
 
 23.64 
 
 16,008.50 
 
 3.60 
 
 14,937.62 
 9,836.83 
 
 62.38 
 163. 17 
 
 17,024.88 
 
 183. 26 
 
 7, 423. 59 
 2,566.20 
 
 76.41 
 1,443.80 
 
 1,813.67 
 
 1, 417. 03 
 
 998.88 
 
 141,420.68 
 
 1,186.33 
 
 82.97 
 
 1.12 
 
 1,469.32 
 
 27 carried to fiscal year 1886. 
 !2 carried to fiscal year 1886, 
 
78 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPAKTMENT OP AGRICULTUKE. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, dislmrsements, and unexpended icdances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar, including $1,891 
 from sales 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Sillc culture, including $864.81 
 from saie of raw silk 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Eeport on forestry 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs - . 
 
 Postage 
 
 Experiments in the culture, 
 etc., of tea : 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Library 
 
 Botanical investigations 
 
 Museum 
 
 Ornithology and mammalogy . 
 
 Reclamation of arid lands 
 
 Adulteration of food 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 including 8100,000 immediate- 
 ly available 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 seeds, etc 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar (deficiency) 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Silk culture, including 11,989.06 
 from sale of raw silk ; 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 grounds 
 
 Eumiture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Postage 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Library 
 
 Botanical investigations 
 
 Museum 
 
 Ornithology and mammalogy . 
 
 Adulteration of food 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Dat» of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 June 30, 1886 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 do... 
 
 f....do... 
 tOct. 19,1888 
 (June 30, 1886 
 1 Oct. 19. 1888 
 June 3d, 1886 
 do 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 -do.. 
 
 .do 
 
 -do 
 
 .do 
 
 -do 
 
 -do 
 
 -do 
 
 .do 
 
 .do 
 
 r. 3,1887 
 
 .do 
 
 -do. 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 -do.' 
 
 Ornithology and mammalogy. 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations. 
 Laboratory 
 
 do 
 
 [oct. 19,1888 
 
 Mar. 3,1887 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 /July 18, 1888 
 IMar. 2,1889 
 
 July 18,1888 
 
 do 
 
 /....do 
 
 (Sept. 30, 1890 
 'July 18, 1888 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 ■| Sept. 30, 1890 
 iMar. 3,1891 
 
 July 18,1888 
 
 do 
 
 /....do 
 
 iMar. 2,1889 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 103 
 103 
 103 
 
 102 
 101 
 
 101 
 101 
 582 
 101 
 581 
 104 
 103 
 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 
 104 
 lOO 
 103 
 100 
 102 
 101 
 103 
 100 
 495 
 
 497 
 
 497 
 582 
 
 497 
 
 497 
 499 
 499 
 
 497 
 498 
 499 
 497 
 499 
 496 
 497 
 497 
 497 
 328 
 923 
 
 3.32 
 330 
 331 
 525 
 332 
 838 
 525 
 880 
 330 
 526 
 330 
 330 
 837 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 .889 
 
 .889 
 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $66,000.00 
 100,000.00 
 30,000.00 
 
 100,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 95,891.00 
 15,090.25 
 
 15,939.56 
 
 15,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 23,200.00 
 8, 125. 00 
 4,000 00 
 
 2,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 1,500.00 
 5,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 161, 490. 00 
 
 66,000.00 
 
 500,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 103,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 50,000.00 
 I 8,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 16, 989. 06 
 15,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 24,800.00 
 7,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 7,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 3,940.00 
 1,000.00 
 
 171,890.32 
 
 70,000.00 
 35,000.00 
 
 20, 131. 04 
 
 5,025.90 
 
 4,024.48 
 1,000.00 
 11,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $64,955.14 
 99,985.66 
 10,639.44 
 
 99,998.37 
 4, 570. 86 
 
 95,853.14 
 15,088.05 
 
 14,936.83 
 7,953.50 
 
 22,202.15 
 8,092.11 
 3, 500. 00 
 
 1,753.78 
 2,993.20 
 1,428.65 
 4,988.12 
 998.88 
 9,999.98 
 
 989. 14 
 168,220.87 
 
 64,965.33 
 
 499,975.32 
 9, 538. 75 
 
 102, 587. 65 
 5,969.89 
 
 49,997.43 
 7, 927. 50 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $44. 86 
 
 14.44 
 
 19,360.56 
 
 1.63 
 1,429.14 
 
 37.86 
 8.20 
 
 63.17 
 46.50 
 
 997. 85 
 
 32.89 
 
 600.00 
 
 6.8Q 
 
 71.36 
 
 11.88 
 
 L12 
 
 .02 
 
 6,000.00 
 
 10.86 
 
 3,269.13 
 
 24.68 
 10, 461. 26 
 
 412. 45 
 30. a 
 
 2.57 
 72.50 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 16,989.02 
 14,826.57 
 7,996.10 
 
 .04 
 
 174. 43 
 
 3.90 
 
 24,706.86 
 6,982.88 
 3,000.00 
 2,971.69 
 1,983,78 
 8,997.28 
 
 947. 41 
 3,869.23 
 
 830. 16 
 
 93.14 
 17.12 
 1,000.00 
 28.31 
 16.22 
 2.73 
 52.59 
 7(^77 
 169.84 
 
 169,152.51 
 
 2,737.81 
 
 69,162.46 
 22,076.75 
 
 837.55 
 
 20, 131. 64 
 
 
 5,022.06 
 
 3.84 
 
 4,020.32 
 
 4.16 
 
 999.87 
 
 .13 
 
 9,994.25 
 
 1,005.75 
 
 Unexpended balance of $12,923.25 carried to fiscal year 1890. 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AKD DISBURSEMENTS. 79 
 
 Statement of appropriations, dishursemenis, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, e^c— Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 ' Forestry investigations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 
 grounds , 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Library -. 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations . 
 
 Experiments in tlie manufac- 
 ture of sugar 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Silk culture, including S708.26 
 from sale of raw silk 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations, in- 
 cluding an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $12,923.25 from fiscal 
 yearl889 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 July 18,1888 
 
 -do. 
 
 Ornithology and mammalogy, < 
 
 -{ 
 
 Pomologlcal information. 
 
 Microscopical investigations . .■ 
 
 LaTDoratory 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Experimental garden and 
 
 grounds . 
 
 Museum *. . . 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs .>. 
 
 Library 
 
 Contingent expenses < 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations . 
 
 Experiments in the manu- 
 facture of sugar. Including 
 an unexpended balance of 
 $58,364.76 from fiscal year 
 
 ..do 
 
 .-do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 , -do 
 
 iMar. 3.1891 
 July 18,1888 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 do... 
 
 Mar. 2,18 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 July 28, 1892 
 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 
 do 
 
 July 14,1890 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 July 28,1892 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Apr. 4,1890 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Apr. 4,1890 
 Mar. 2,1889 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Sflk culture, including «1,627.81 
 from sale of raw sillc 
 
 Artesian wells 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations 
 
 Investigating the history and/ 
 
 habits of insects 1 
 
 . Ornithology and mammalogy. I 
 
 Pomological information I July 14, 
 
 Microscopical investigations . . . ' do 
 
 Vegetable pathology ' do 
 
 Laboratory i do 
 
 Forestry investigations do 
 
 Illustrations and engravings do 
 
 Purchase and distribution of . 
 
 do 
 
 do.. 
 
 Apr. 4, 1 
 July 14,1 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 July 28,1892 
 July 14,1890 
 July 28, 1892 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 332 
 333 
 333 
 333 
 333 
 881 
 334 
 
 333 
 333 
 333 
 
 331 
 835 
 
 839 
 
 836 
 296 
 
 837 
 838 
 285 
 837 
 881 
 837 
 296 
 837 
 840 
 
 839 
 
 838 
 838 
 
 837 
 
 42 
 
 282 
 
 284 
 284 
 285 
 296 
 285 
 296 
 285 
 285 
 285 
 286 
 286 
 286 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 890 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 88,000.00 
 
 104, 200. 00 
 
 26,640.00 
 1,000.00 
 7, 350. 00 
 2,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 16,010.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 100,000.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 500,000.00 
 
 23,208.26 
 178, 580. 00 
 
 20,000.00 
 7,000.00 
 
 4,304.79 
 
 1,062.50 
 
 6,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 26,640.00 
 1,000.00 
 
 9,350.00 
 2,000.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 83,364.76 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 500,000.00 
 
 21, 627. 81 
 20,000.00 
 248,902.85 
 
 100,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 
 27,601.77 
 
 14,004.90 
 
 6,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 20,200.00 
 10,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 S7,-999. 03 
 
 104, 168. 73 
 
 26,639.83 
 
 891. 25 
 
 7,236.74 
 
 1,956.34 
 
 4,000.00 
 
 15,009.22 
 
 9,033.77 
 
 41,635.24 
 11, 628. 39 
 479, 623. 57 
 
 23,208.26 
 175,647.04 
 
 74,327.51 
 47,990.38 
 
 19,892.72 
 6,994.16 
 
 4, 304. 79 
 
 1,062.50 
 
 5,461.99 
 7,999.96 
 
 104,174.55 
 
 26, 478. 45 
 998.39 
 
 9,261.93 
 
 1,738.28 
 4,000.00 
 
 19,965.32 
 
 14,991.69 
 
 83,064.14 
 
 H, 266. 24 
 
 311,025.31 
 
 21,626.10 
 
 19, 652. 17 
 
 239,923.29 
 
 85,' 126. 44 
 36, 428. 36 
 
 27,481.00 
 
 13,003.67 
 4,983.88 
 3,281.90 
 14,995.75 
 19,985.27 
 9,785.99 
 1,999.68 
 
 286 1 1891 I 106,400.00 i 106,090.94 
 
 88.07 
 
 261.72 
 
 34.68 
 
 8.31 
 
 300.62 
 3,733.76 
 
 1.71 
 
 347.83 
 
 8,979.66 
 
 14,873.56 
 3,671.64 
 
 20.77 
 
 1,00L23 
 
 16.12 
 
 1,718.10 
 
 4.25 
 
 214. 73 
 
 214.01 
 
 .42 
 
 309.06 
 
 o Unexpended balance of $58,364.76 carried to fiscal year 1890. 
 6 Unexpended balance of 5188,974.09 carried to fiscal year 1891. 
 
 5365— No. 3—07- 
 
80 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF DEPAKTMBlirT OF AGKiCUJulU^x.-. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Document and folding room . . 
 Experimental garden and 
 
 grounds 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs .{ 
 
 Library 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar ' 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 including an unexpended bal- 
 ance of 1188,974.69 from fiscal 
 year 1890 
 
 Silk culture, including $665 
 from sale of raw silk 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations • 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 
 jiabits of insects 
 
 Omitbology and mammalogy . 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations . . . 
 
 Vegetable pathology < 
 
 Laboratory _ 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Forestry investigations j 
 
 Illustrations and engravings . . 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Document and folding room 
 
 Experimental ' garden andj 
 grounds \ 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Library . . . .- 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industrj' . ./ 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments . . : 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Investigations in oi-nithology 
 and mammalogy 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations. . . 
 
 Vegetable pathology 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Forest investigations 
 
 Illustrations and engravings , . 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 July 14, 1890 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 July 14,1890 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 Sept. 30, 1890 
 July 14,1890 
 
 .do. 
 
 Document and folding room. . . 
 Experimental garden and 
 
 grounds 
 
 Museum 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Aug. 23, 1894 
 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Aug. 23, 1894 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1893 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1893 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 18, 1892 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 18, 1892 
 Mar. 3,1891 
 July 5,1892 
 
 Reference 
 to Statutes 
 at Large. 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ..do... 
 
 do... 
 
 ...do... 
 ...do... 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 287 
 
 287 
 287 
 287 
 1049 
 287 
 287 
 287 
 
 1060 
 625 
 
 26 287 
 
 285 
 1045 
 
 1046 
 1046 
 440 
 
 1047 
 1047 
 1047 
 1047 
 1047 
 440 
 1047 
 
 26 
 
 1048 
 
 26 
 
 1048 
 
 27 
 
 660 
 
 26 
 
 1048 
 
 26 
 
 1048 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 27 
 
 660 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1049 
 
 26 
 
 1060 
 
 26 
 
 1050 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 1050 
 
 26 
 
 1046 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 1051 
 
 27 
 
 74 
 
 27 
 
 76 
 
 27 
 
 76 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 77 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 79 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1891 
 1891 
 
 ^1891 
 
 1891 
 1891 
 1891 
 1891 
 
 •1891 
 
 1891 
 1891 
 
 1891 
 1892 
 
 1892 
 ■1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 }l892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 }l892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 }l892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 }l892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 }l892 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 
 1893 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $2,000.00 
 
 28,500.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 12,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 16,000.00 
 
 76,000.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 16,000.00 
 
 538,974.69 
 
 20,665.00 
 256,800.00 
 
 102,500.00 
 40,246.40 
 
 27,800.00 
 15,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 15,076.47 
 
 19,400.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 16,056.85 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 105,400.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 28,622.53 
 
 4,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 26,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 35,000.00. 
 
 16,000.00 
 
 660,000.00 
 
 889,753.60 
 256,800.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 27,600.00 
 
 17,800.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 19,400.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 12,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 135, 400. 00 
 2,000.00 
 
 28,600.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $1,995.53 
 
 28,396.41 
 3,832.28 
 
 11,991.01 
 
 2,997.20 
 
 4,833.00 
 
 18,097.13 
 
 14,984.48 
 
 74,901.18 
 
 39,926.67 
 13,686.72 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $4.47 
 
 103.69 
 167.72 
 
 2.80 
 
 167.00 
 
 1,902.87 
 
 • 15.52 
 
 73.33 
 1,413.28 
 
 469,113.35 
 
 69,861.34 
 
 19,636.33 
 262, 766. 17 
 
 1,028.67 
 4,033.83 
 
 88,869.51 
 
 13,630.49 
 
 40,246.40 
 
 
 27,780.03 
 14,688.00 
 4,985.27 
 1,261.46 
 
 19.97 
 312.00 
 14.73 
 
 748.54 
 
 16,076.47 
 
 
 19,272.59 
 8,017.44 
 
 127.41 
 1,982.56 
 
 16,056.85 
 
 
 1,999.85 
 
 .16 
 
 104,920.35 
 1,996.82 
 
 479.65 
 3.18 
 
 28,536.67 
 
 86.86 
 
 3,909.17 
 9,996.65 
 2,807.75 
 4,900.00 
 24,762.32 
 19,989.47 
 
 90.83 
 
 3.46 
 
 192.25 
 
 100.00 
 
 237.68 
 
 10.53 
 
 34,627.78 
 
 372.22 
 
 14,983.63 
 
 16.37 
 
 649,980.91 
 
 19.09 
 
 861,840.83 
 253,896.30 
 
 27,912.67 
 2,903.70 
 
 95,649.21 
 
 14,350.79 
 
 27,451.55 
 
 48.45 
 
 17,290.80 
 
 509.20 
 
 14,947.77 
 4,745.94 
 1,982.98 
 
 19,977.38 
 
 18,002.69 
 4,997.07 
 
 11,933.39 
 1,906.73 
 
 52.23 
 
 254.06 
 
 17.02 
 
 22.62 
 
 1,397.41 
 
 2.93 
 
 66.61 
 
 93.27 
 
 134,908.27 
 1, 623. 55 
 
 , 491.73 
 376.45 
 
 28,115.09 
 3,973.67 
 
 384.91 
 26.33 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 81 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended hcdances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 ^IT ^^^^ Amount 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 
 Fumiture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Lltiraiy 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Experiment stations 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Experiments in the production 
 
 of rainfall 
 
 Bureau ol Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics : 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insects 
 
 Investigations in ornithology 
 and manunalogy 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations. . . 
 
 Vegetable pathology 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Illustrations and engravings . . 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 Document and folding room. . . 
 Experimental garden and 
 
 grounds 
 
 Museum 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Library 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Experiment stations. 
 
 Inquiries relating to public 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Quarantine stations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries -■■■■ 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics --. -■ 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments -- 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of Insects 
 
 Investigations in ornithology, 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations . . 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations, etc 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Illustrations and engravings . . 
 
 Purchase and distribution ol 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Document and folding room . . 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 • grounds 
 
 Museum '. - .- --■ 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . 
 
 Library 
 
 Postage ■:.-■:: 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 July 5,1892 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 ...;do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3,1893 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 Aug. 18, 1894 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ..do. 
 ..do. 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 76 
 79 
 81 
 734 
 736 
 737 
 
 737 
 
 737 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 
 738 
 739 
 
 739 
 739 
 739 
 739 
 740 
 740 
 740 
 
 741 
 741 
 740 
 740 
 741 
 266 
 
 267 
 267 
 267 
 
 267 
 267 
 271 
 268 
 268 
 
 269 
 268 
 
 271 
 271 
 272 
 271 
 271 
 272 
 
 1893 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 1895 
 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 1896 
 1896 
 
 1895 
 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 
 $10,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 . 6,000.00 
 25,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 850,000.00 
 913,660.72 
 266,800.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 20,300.00 
 
 17,500.00 
 5,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 21,900.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 135,400.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 31,500.00 
 4,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 2,5,223.50 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 20,107.33 
 6,000.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 850,000.00 
 951,124.75 
 249,876.16 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 
 20,300.00 
 
 17,600.00 
 6, 000. 00 
 2,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 14,900.00 
 5,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 165,400.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 29,600.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 $8,931.97 
 2,535.29 
 3,705.00 
 22,218.19 
 18,987.65 
 
 $1,068.03 
 
 464.71 
 
 1,295.00 
 
 2,781.81 
 
 1,012.36 
 
 19,984.86 15.14 
 
 1,930.67 1,069.33 
 
 12,633.23 2,366.77 
 
 4,979.59 
 724,696.74 
 890,424.77 
 233,679.75 
 
 91,080.20 
 
 24,401.40 
 ■ 16,203.96 
 
 17,460.00 
 4,248.99 
 1,117.66 
 
 17,676.96 
 
 10,426.79 
 2,500.47 
 
 19,995.96 
 664.79 
 
 119,719.76 
 1,662.81 
 
 26,616.86 
 2,787.22 
 8, 628. 76 
 2,900.07 
 1,376.00 
 20,493.04 
 22,381.85 
 
 2,997.39 
 
 9,451.80 
 
 6,475.92 
 
 6,263.92 
 
 496,111.34 
 
 811,256.73 
 
 204,589.72 
 
 95, 125. 67 
 
 26,695.30 
 
 16,822.87 
 
 15,526.36 
 
 4,920.23 
 
 313.87 
 
 19,063.69 
 11,010.50 
 
 3,973.81 
 19,908.23 
 
 9,114.71 
 
 120,645.16 
 1,166.83 
 
 23,678.11 
 1,889.73 
 7,952.27 
 5,963.20 
 765. 00 
 9,746.30 
 
 20,462.79 
 
 6,020.41 
 125,303.26 
 23,235.95 
 23,120.25 
 
 18,919.80 
 
 6,698.60 
 
 4,096.04 
 
 60.00 
 
 751.01 
 
 882.45 
 
 2, 423. 05 
 
 11,473.21 
 
 2,499.63 
 
 4.04 
 
 1,335.21 
 
 16,680.24 
 337. 19 
 
 4,883.14 
 1,212.78 
 1,371.24 
 99.93 
 3,626.00 
 4,506.96 
 2,841.65 
 
 7,002.61 
 
 10, 666. 53 
 
 524.08 
 
 8,736.08 
 
 363,888.66 
 
 139,868.02 
 
 45,286.44 
 
 14,874.33 
 
 4,304.70 
 
 3, 477. 13 
 
 1,973.65 
 
 79.77 
 
 1, 686. 13 
 
 936.31 
 
 3,889.60 
 
 1,026.19 
 
 91.77 
 
 6,855.29 
 
 44, 854. 85 
 833.17 
 
 5,921.89 
 1,110.27 
 2,047.73 
 36.80 
 4,235.00 
 253.70 
 4,547.21 
 
82 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPABTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
 
 StaUmmt of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions 
 
 Inquiries relating to public 
 roads 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture ol sugar 
 
 In'igation investigations 
 
 Quarantine stations lor neat 
 cattle 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics - 
 
 Inquiries relating to puhlic 
 roads . . . ^ 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Investigating the history and 
 habits of insepts 
 
 Investigations in ornithology 
 and mammalogy 
 
 Pomological information 
 
 Microscopical investigations. . . 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations and experiments 
 
 Laboratory .■ 
 
 Report on forestry 
 
 Illustrations and engravings . . 
 
 Document and folding room — 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Quarantine stations for neat 
 cattle 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Experiments in the manufac- 
 ture of sugar -. . 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions ($760,000 ■>) 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Investigations and ■ experi- 
 ments with grasses and for- 
 age plants 
 
 Investigations in relation to 
 agricultural soils 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Postage 
 
 Museum 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Library 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry . . . 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs. . 
 
 Library 
 
 Museum 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Animal quarantine stations. .■ . 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botam'cal investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Entomological investigations . 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomological investigations 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Aug. 18, 1894 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 2,1895 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Apr. 25, 1896 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 28 
 
 271 
 266 
 
 271 
 271 
 
 272 
 727 
 
 720 
 
 739 
 
 730 
 
 730 
 
 730 
 730 
 730 
 
 730 
 730 
 731 
 731 
 731 
 
 731 
 
 733 
 
 733 
 
 734 
 
 734 
 735 
 735 
 
 735 
 735 
 735 
 735 
 735 
 735 
 736 
 731 
 736 
 99 
 105 
 104 
 105 
 105 
 106 
 105 
 
 101 
 102 
 
 102 
 102 
 102 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1895 
 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1890 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 1896 
 
 1896 
 1896 
 1896 
 1896 
 1896 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 S26,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 12,000.00. 
 800,000.00 
 878,438.84 
 252,840.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 '26,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 
 17,500.00 
 6,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 14,900.00 
 26,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 29,600.00 
 
 12,000.00 
 
 186, 400. 00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 !> 30, 143. 75 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 800,000.00 
 
 c 885, 729. 47 
 
 313, 860. 00 
 
 12,000.00 
 
 7,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 12,000.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 17,500.00 
 6,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $24,928.22 
 
 6,901.66 
 
 6,188.80 
 3,904.88 
 
 6,262.17 
 534,028.38 
 820,691.94 
 217,066.97 
 
 9,568.39 
 
 20, 326. 37 
 
 17,372.43 
 
 16, 176. 45 
 4,996.41 
 
 18, 539. 18 
 11, 458. 53 
 18, 398. 12 
 12,985.71 
 1,061.23 
 
 22,371.16 
 
 6, 492. 05 
 
 126, 476. 87 
 
 1,510.94 
 
 27, 712. 86 
 6,029.82 
 14,892.96 
 
 13, 329. 47 
 
 13, 624. 84 
 
 8, 646. 98 
 
 1,215.00 
 
 2,161.90 
 
 3, 710. 36 
 
 6, 431. 92 
 
 16,912.71 
 
 595, 336. 64 
 
 814,584.17 
 
 290,791.96 
 
 9, 567. 69 
 
 6, 831. 15 
 
 2, 895. 45 
 
 1,730.00 
 
 22,980.29 
 
 6, 564. 19 
 
 83,067.62 
 
 14,999.64 
 18,637.01 
 
 19,274.15 
 17,483.06 
 4, 981. 52 
 
 Amount 
 
 xmex- 
 pended. 
 
 S71.78 
 
 3,098.34 
 
 3,811.20 
 2,095.12 
 
 5,737.83 
 266,971.62 
 57,746.90 
 35,773.03 
 
 41,371.01 
 
 431. 61 
 
 4,674.63 
 
 2,627.57 
 
 1,324.55 
 1,003.69 
 2, 000. CO 
 
 1,460.82 
 3, 441. 47 
 6,601.88 
 2,014.29 
 938.77 
 
 7, 128. 85 
 
 5,507.95 
 
 58,923.13 
 
 8,489.06 
 
 2, 430. 89 
 
 9,970.18 
 
 107.04 
 
 1,670.53 
 
 1,475.16 
 
 1,364.02 
 
 785.00 
 
 838.10 
 
 1,289.64 
 
 668.08 
 
 9,087.29 
 
 204,663.36 
 
 71, 146. 30 
 
 23,068.05 
 
 2,432.41 
 
 168.85 
 
 104.55 
 
 1,270.00 
 
 2,019.71 
 
 5,435.81 
 
 26,932.38 
 
 .36 
 1,362.99 
 
 725.88 
 
 16.95 
 
 1,018.48 
 
 I Of this amount 5720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. 
 
 6 Includes $143.76 from the sale of card index. 
 
 c Includes $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications. 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 83 
 
 Statement of appropriations, dishursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 and 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Forestry investigations. 
 
 Experimental gardens 
 grounds -, 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions (S760,000a) 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Publications 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry — 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Apr. 25, 1896 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Salaries, officers and clerks 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs . . 
 
 Library 
 
 Museum 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Animal quarantine stations . . 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Entomological investigations. 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomological investigations . . . 
 
 Apr. 23, 1897 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Fiber investigations 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions ($755,000a) 
 
 Nutrition Investigations 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Publications, including Farm- 
 ers' Bulletins •• 
 
 Investigating production ot 
 domestic sugar , - ■ 
 
 Purchase and distribution ot 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Salaries and expenses. Bureau 
 of Animal Industry 
 
 Weather Bureau. . . . - . - - 
 
 Salaries, oflicers and clerks 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs. . 
 
 Library 
 
 Museum 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Animal quarantine stations . . 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 
 Botanical 'investigations and 
 experiments. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 }■■■ 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 22, 1898 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 103 
 
 103 
 103 
 
 103 
 103 
 
 103 
 104 
 104 
 104 
 
 106 
 106 
 107 
 
 9 
 330 
 336 
 336 
 336 
 336 
 337 
 336 
 
 333 
 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 1837 
 1897 
 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 1897 
 1897 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 1898 
 
 $12, 400. 
 20,000. 
 
 20,000. 
 10,000. 
 
 10,000. 
 6,000. 
 
 6 30, 127. 
 15, 000. 
 8,000. 
 70,000. 
 
 150,000. 
 
 e.TO.ooo. 
 
 c 883, 876. 
 
 9,000. 
 
 7,000. 
 
 3,000. 
 
 3,000. 
 25,000. 
 12,000. 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 15,000. 
 20,000. 
 
 20,000. 
 
 17,500. 
 8,000 
 
 12,400.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 25,000. 
 10,000. 
 
 10,000. 
 5,000. 
 
 35,000. 
 
 15,000. 
 8,000. 
 
 65,000.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 
 130,000. 
 675,000. 
 883,702. 
 319, 300. 
 
 9,000. 
 
 6,000. 
 
 1,500. 
 
 2,000. 
 25,000. 
 12,000. 
 
 105,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 110,800.18 
 19,514.88 
 
 19,483.28 
 9,868.16 
 
 9,203.14 
 4, 143. 00 
 
 29, 171. 67 
 
 14,821.64 
 
 7, 873. 97 
 
 67, 709. 89 
 
 142,822.52 
 
 642, 716. 68 
 
 870, 581. 46 
 
 286, 181. 30 
 
 18,962.98 
 
 9,811.02 
 
 7,851.30 
 
 0,734.81 
 
 2,906.02 
 
 1,500.00 
 
 22,061.73 
 
 10, 897. 98 
 
 92,896.01 
 
 9,021.09 
 
 14, 714. 50 
 19, 735. 02 
 18, 966. 67 
 660.00 
 16, 160. 90 
 7, 4S7. 93 
 3,913.86 
 900. 00 
 6, 71S. 71 
 19,831.32 
 
 24,937.31 
 
 9, 199. 82 
 
 660. 00 
 
 8, 877. 68 
 
 3, 659. 06 
 29, 413. 10 
 
 4,925.80 
 14,872.88 
 
 7,978.44 
 34,966.65 
 29,812.59 
 
 4,941.32 
 
 121,870.38 
 
 673, 444. 02 
 
 1, 200. 00 
 
 877,838.35 
 
 315,986.70 
 
 8, 667. 75 
 
 .5,659.51 
 
 1,465.36 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 23,888.08 
 
 11,833.38 
 
 100,952.48 
 
 19,972.07 
 
 $1,699.82 
 485.12 
 
 616. 72 
 131. 84 
 
 796. 86 
 867.00 
 
 955. 68 
 
 178. 36 
 
 126. 03 
 
 2,290.11 
 
 7, 177. 48 
 
 7,284.32 
 
 13, 294. 82 
 
 6, 118. 70 
 
 37.02 
 
 188. 98 
 
 1,148.70 
 
 265. 19 
 
 93.98 
 
 1, 500. 00 
 
 2,938.27 
 
 1,102.02 
 
 7, 103. 99 
 
 978. 91 
 
 286. 50 
 264. 98 
 373. 33 
 
 1,339.10 
 512. 07 
 86.14 
 
 781. 29 
 168. 68 
 
 62.69 
 140. 18 
 
 1,122.32 
 1,340.95 
 686. 90 
 74.20 
 127. 12 
 21.66 
 33.45 
 187. 41 
 
 68.68 
 
 8, 129. 62 
 365.98 
 
 6,863.65 
 
 3,313.30 
 
 332. 25 
 
 340. 49 
 
 34.64 
 
 1,111.92 
 166. 62 
 
 4, 047. 62 
 27.93 
 
 roTthisamonnt $720,000 was paid directlytotheexperimentstationsfrom 
 'cgrdrs|io'4jilrrlhrsffe°oi"ratSer^Bureau publications. 
 
 the Treasury Department. 
 
84 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, dishursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Ayricvlture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Entomological investigations. . 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomologioal investigations. . . 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Irrigation information. 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions (760,000a) 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Public road Inquiries 
 
 Publications 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Investigating production of 
 domestic sugar. , 
 
 Salaries and expenses, Bureau 
 of Aiiimal Industry 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries, officers and clerks 
 
 Furniture, cases, and repairs... 
 
 Library 
 
 Museum 
 
 Postage 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 An im al quarantine stations . . . 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Entomological investigations.. 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomological investigations 
 
 Laboratory . : 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions {t765,000a) 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Pubhcations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Investigating production of 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Teaoulture tuvestigations. .... 
 Salaries and expenses. Bureau 
 
 of Animal Industry 
 
 Weather Bureau 
 
 Salaries, ofHcers and clerics.'.'.'! 
 
 Library 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Animal quarantine stations 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 
 experiments 
 
 Entomological investigations.. 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Mar.22,1898 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Mar. 1,1899 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 .do.. 
 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do., 
 .do.. 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ....do , 
 
 ....do 
 
 May 20, 1900 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 Reference 
 to Statutes 
 at Large. 
 
 .do. 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 333 
 334 
 334 
 334 
 334 
 
 334 
 334 
 
 335 
 335 
 
 335 
 335 
 336 
 336 
 
 337 
 
 338 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 1899 
 
 33S 
 
 
 339 
 
 
 947 
 
 
 HS5 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 955 
 
 
 964 
 
 
 950 
 
 
 950 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 952 
 
 
 952 
 
 
 952 
 
 
 952 
 
 
 953 
 
 
 953 
 
 
 953 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 955 
 
 
 956 
 
 
 956 
 
 
 956 
 
 
 957 
 
 
 191 
 
 
 194 
 
 
 194 
 
 
 194 
 
 
 194 
 
 
 195 
 
 
 195 
 
 
 195 
 
 1 1 
 
 1899 
 1899 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 
 1900 
 1900 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 $20,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 17,600.00 
 9,500.00 
 12,400.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 65,000.00 
 
 130,000.00 
 
 7,000.00 
 
 900, 000. 00 
 1,016,502,00 
 336, 340. 00 
 10,000.00 
 6,000.00 
 1,600.00 
 2, 000. 00 
 
 25, ooa 00 
 
 12,000.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 20, 000. 00 
 20, 000. GO 
 
 26, 000. 00 
 17, 500. 00 
 9, 600. 00 
 17,700.00 
 40,000.00 
 
 28,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 
 12, 000. 00 
 35,000.00 
 
 46,000.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 
 8,000.00 
 
 80, 000. 00 
 
 130,000.00 
 
 7,000.00 
 1,000.00 
 
 950,000.00 
 1,022,482.00 
 326, 680. 00 
 5,000 00 
 37,000.00 
 50,000.00 
 
 110,000.00 
 
 .W, 000. 00 
 22,500.00 
 
 28,000.00 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 $19, 812. 64 
 
 19, 634. 32 
 17,373.26 
 8,248.18 
 12,028.15 
 19,520.62 
 
 19,879.66 
 9,886.86 
 
 9,960.99 
 9,997.49 
 
 39,536.38 
 
 14,903.08 
 
 7, 469. 60 
 
 64, 773. 62 
 
 128,350.61 
 
 6,860.30 
 
 6 920, 164. 47 
 
 1,008,971.30 
 
 330, 666. 24 
 
 9,771.27 
 
 4,291.17 
 
 1, 490. 01 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 23, 769. 38 
 
 11,477.87 
 
 107,653.62 
 
 19, 689. 51 
 19,920.64 
 
 25,854.44 
 17,344.00 
 9, 099. 61 
 17, 182. SO 
 39,991.49 
 
 27, 589. 66 
 19, 717. 02 
 
 11, 666. 84 
 33, 732. ,57 
 
 43,702.20 
 14,950 86 
 7,854.35 
 79,516.76 
 
 128,366.13 
 
 6,717.82 
 999. 33 
 
 918, 449. 03 
 
 1,014,238.80 
 
 319,809.25 
 
 4,118.93 
 
 35, 623. 95 
 
 49, 343. 52 
 
 109, 729. 76 
 
 29,590.49 
 22,266.67 
 
 27, 488. 57 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 $187.36 
 
 366.68 
 126.74 
 1,251.82 
 371.85 
 469.48 
 
 120.34 
 114.15 
 
 49.01 
 2.51 
 
 96.92 
 530.60 
 226. 38 
 
 1,649.39 
 
 139. 70 
 
 6,828.46 
 
 6,530.70 
 
 6,673.76 
 
 228.73 
 
 708.83 
 
 1,230.62 
 622. 13 
 
 2, 346. 38 
 
 310. 49 
 79.36 
 
 146. 56 
 166.00 
 400.39 
 517. 20 
 8.61 
 
 410. 34 
 282. t,8 
 
 43,3.16 
 1,267.43, 
 
 1,297.80 
 
 49.14 
 
 145. 65 
 
 483.24 
 
 1,633.87 
 
 282.18 
 .67 
 
 31,550.97 
 8,243.20 
 6,870.75 
 
 881.07 
 1,376.05 
 
 656. 48 
 
 270.24 
 
 409.61 
 234.43 
 
 511.43 
 
 a Of this amount $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department.. 
 Includes $26,992.92 received from sale of American products in Europe. 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 85 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended hdlances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at 
 
 Large. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 Ph 
 
 m 
 
 31 
 
 196 
 
 
 »: 
 
 1% 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 1H« 
 
 
 31 
 
 197 
 
 
 31 
 
 197 
 
 
 ■61 
 
 197 
 
 
 31 
 
 19S 
 
 
 31 
 
 199 
 
 
 31 
 
 198 
 
 
 31 
 
 199 
 
 
 31 
 
 199 
 
 
 31 
 
 2(10 
 
 
 31 
 
 200 
 
 
 31 
 
 200 
 
 
 31 
 
 201 
 
 
 31 
 
 202 
 
 
 31 
 
 202 
 
 
 31 
 
 202 
 
 
 31 
 
 203 
 
 
 31 
 
 ■ 203 
 
 
 31 
 
 203 
 
 
 31 
 
 204 
 
 
 31 
 
 922 
 
 
 31 
 
 934 
 
 
 31 
 
 934 
 
 
 31 
 
 926 
 
 
 31 
 
 934 
 
 
 31 
 
 928 
 
 
 31 
 
 931 
 
 
 31 
 
 927 
 
 
 31 
 
 932 
 
 
 31 
 
 92V 
 
 
 31 
 
 93U 
 
 
 31 
 
 929 
 
 
 31 
 
 929 
 
 
 31 
 
 931 
 
 
 31 
 
 928 
 
 
 31 
 
 936 
 
 
 31 
 
 935 
 
 
 31 
 
 936 
 
 
 31 
 
 936 
 
 
 31 
 
 9.38 
 
 
 31 
 
 938 
 
 
 31 
 
 933 
 
 
 31 
 
 937 
 
 
 31 
 
 936 
 
 
 31 
 
 937 
 
 
 31 
 
 925 
 
 
 31 
 
 923 
 
 
 31 
 
 923 
 
 
 31 
 
 923 
 
 
 31 
 
 923 
 
 
 31 
 
 924 
 
 
 31 
 
 924 
 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomological investigations 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Soil investiga.tions 
 
 Q rass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions ($780,0000) 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Arlington experimental farm . . 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Publications 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Investigating production of 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Tea-culture investigations 
 
 Salaries and expenses, Bureau 
 of Animal Industry 
 
 "Weather Bureau: 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs.. .. 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 General expenses 
 
 Meteorological observation 
 stations 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Library 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Animal quarantine stations . . . 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Entomological investigations . . 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Pomological investigations — 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Experimental gardens a;nd 
 grounds 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Agncultural experiment sta- 
 tions ($789,000<>) 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Arlington experimental farm . 
 
 Plans for building Department 
 of Agriculture, 1 901-2 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Publications .-■•-. - 
 
 Purchase and distnbution ol 
 valuable seeds • 
 
 Investigating production ol 
 domestic sugar — 
 
 Tea-culture investigations 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry. . . 
 
 Weather Bureau: 
 
 Salaries - .- 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 General expenses ■■■-■ 
 
 Meteorological observation 
 
 stations ■ 
 
 Buildings 
 
 May 20, 1900 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ....do 
 
 Mar. 2,1901 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 ..do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1801 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 1902 
 
 S17,500.00 
 9, 600. 00 
 28, 500. 00 
 80,000.00 
 
 20, 000. 00 
 25,000.00 
 
 17,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 !■ 60, 261. 01 
 17,600.00 
 10.000.00 
 14,000.00 
 
 105,000.00 
 
 170,000:00 
 
 7,000.00 
 .5,000.00 
 
 cl,000,514.96 
 
 163,320.00 
 9,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 828,000.00 
 
 60,000.00 
 373,820.00 
 7,000.00 
 37,000.00 
 25, 000. 00 
 
 120,000.00 
 
 4.5,000.00 
 28, 513. 18 
 
 60,000.00 
 20, 000. 00 
 20,000.00 
 24, .500. CO 
 146, 280. 00 
 
 20,000.00 
 91,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 60,000.00 
 
 (169,167.06 
 20,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 188,000.00 
 
 270,000.00 
 
 5, 000. 00 
 
 7, 000. 00 
 
 1,092,190.28 
 
 169.820.00 
 9,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 865,500.00 
 
 60,000.00 
 46,000.00 
 
 ?17,195..83 
 9,316.11 
 28, 395. 45 
 79,695.87 
 
 19,986.72 
 24,924.94 
 
 15,226.83 
 49,973.09 
 
 69,883.47 
 17, 499. 67 
 9,946.03 
 13,990.76 
 104, 680. 67 
 
 149,615.49 
 
 6,690.25 
 4,959.42 
 
 976, 566. 75 
 
 152,688.11 
 8,877.36 
 7,906.40 
 
 823,921.78 
 
 69,019.49 
 370,039.69 
 6, 754. 06 
 34, 543. 24 
 24,814.88 
 
 117,060.06 
 
 44,9,50.93 
 27,069.77 
 
 59, 999. 45 
 19,807.80 
 19,985.14 
 24, 417. 47 
 146,809.76 
 
 19, 726. 80 
 89,987.21 
 
 19, 666. 91 
 49,980.86 
 
 69,062.71 
 19,951.48 
 9,897.16 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 19, 957. 01 
 
 187,667.62 
 
 266,614.22 
 
 4,346.31 
 
 6,816.25 
 
 ,092,100.94 
 
 159, 769. 71 
 8,919.71 
 7,942.81 
 
 864,490.74 
 
 ^. V.,, • o™„„nt S720 000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the 
 
 363.61 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 69,646.49 
 46,000.00 
 
86 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMEISTT OP AGRIOULTURK. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United Stales 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Library 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Urgent deficiency, contingent.. 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations 
 
 Vegetable pathological investi- 
 gations, 1902-3 
 
 Pomological investigations 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 experiments 
 
 Grass and forage plant investi- 
 gations 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds 
 
 Arlington experimental farm . . 
 
 Investigating production of 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Tea-culture investigations 
 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Forestry investigations 
 
 Laboratory 
 
 Soil investigations 
 
 Entomological investigations . . 
 
 Entomological investigations, 
 1902-3 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Biological investigations, 1902-3 
 
 Urgent deficiency pubUoations 
 
 Collecting agricultural statis- 
 tics ■, 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions ($796,000n) 
 
 Amount of deposit s 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Foreign market investigations. 
 
 Silk investigatlo ns 
 
 Expenses, Bureau of Animal 
 Industry 
 
 Urgent deficiency. Bureau of 
 Animal Industry : 
 
 Weather Bureau: 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 June 3,1902 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ..do 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do.... 
 
 .do 
 
 .do 
 
 .do.... 
 .do.... 
 
 -do.... 
 .do.... 
 .do.... 
 
 .do 
 
 .do. 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 do... 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 General expenses 
 
 Meteorological observation 
 
 stations 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Cafiles and land lines 
 
 Storm - warning stations, 
 Glenhaven and South 
 
 Manitou Island, Mich 
 
 Salaries, officers and clerks 
 
 Salaries, extra laborers 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry: 
 General expenses, including 
 $1,800 for rent of building.. 
 To eradicate contagious dis- 
 eases of animals 
 
 Bureau of Plant Industry: 
 Vegetable pathological in- 
 vestigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Vegetable pathological in- 
 vestigations, 1903-4 
 
 Pomological investigations . . 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do 
 
 Mar. 3, 1903 
 do I 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do. 
 
 ..do. 
 
 286 
 300 
 301 
 1002 
 
 291 
 
 1152 
 291 
 
 292 
 
 293 
 293 
 
 295 
 293 
 
 293 
 295 
 29l> 
 297 
 298 
 
 29S 
 298 
 
 300 
 
 301 
 301 
 302 
 302 
 ,302 
 300 
 303 
 
 289 
 
 1165 
 
 287 
 287 
 
 288 
 
 288 
 1147 
 1147 ! 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 287 1 
 
 1150 1 
 
 1162 
 1152 
 
 1152 1 
 
 1153 ! 1 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 1903 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 $465, 500. 00 
 
 8,000.00 
 
 37,000.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 
 105,000.00 
 
 5, 000. 00 
 30,000.00 
 
 55,000.00 
 
 30, 000. 00 
 
 25,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 5, 000. 00 
 
 10, ooa 00 
 
 270,000.00 
 254.000.00 
 
 60; 500. 00 
 130,000.00 
 
 37, 500. 00 
 
 8,000.00 
 
 26,000.00 
 
 2, 000. 00 
 
 200, ooa 00 
 
 4,000.00 
 
 94,200.00 
 
 76,000.00 
 61,880.00 
 20,000.00 
 05,000.00 
 30.000.00 
 6, iiOO. 00 
 10,000.00 
 
 1,660,000.00 
 
 500,000.00 
 
 166,260.00 
 10,000.00 
 8,000 00 
 
 915,000.00 
 
 60,000.00 
 50,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 
 470,080.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 1,200,000.00 
 250,000.00 
 
 122,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 6,000.00 
 37,000.00 
 
 J450,97n.]7 
 
 7, 635. 11 
 
 ► 42,916.14 
 
 103, 646. 28 
 
 4,130.02 
 29, 606. 83 
 
 64,900.42 
 
 29, 527. 41 
 
 24,93,5.74 
 14,998.81 
 
 4,065.10 
 7, 600. 10 
 
 266,229.81 
 244,781.68 
 
 89,518.91 
 128, 408. 15 
 
 37, 4S6. 44 
 
 7,989.42 
 
 25,616.80 
 
 1,949.61 
 
 !■ 190,961.49 
 94,023.27 
 
 77,652.69 
 
 19,901.12 
 
 62,201.12 
 
 29,996.13 
 
 6, 140. 02 
 
 7, 133. 32 
 
 1,444,113.06 
 
 164,927.46 
 
 9,964.66 
 
 7,806.38 
 
 428,219.24 
 
 480,377.71 
 
 69,628.24 
 49, 467. 00 
 40,000.00 
 
 li>,000.00 
 
 468,295.90 
 
 982.01 
 
 1,199,410.98 
 249,868.64 
 
 122,889.98 
 2,109.96 
 
 4,998.41 
 36,636.08 
 
 114, 523. 83 
 364. 89 
 
 83.86 
 
 1,353.72 
 
 393. 17 
 
 99.68 
 
 472. 59 
 
 64.26 
 1.19 
 
 934. 90 
 2,499.a0 
 
 3,770.19 
 
 9,218..'!2 
 
 918. 09 
 
 1,591.86 
 
 14.56 
 
 10.68 
 383.20 
 50.39 
 
 1.3,038.51 
 176. 73 
 
 333.31 
 
 98.88 
 
 2,798.88 
 
 3.87 
 
 359. 98 
 
 2,866.68 
 
 215,886.96 
 
 332. 54 
 35.35 
 
 193.62 
 1,280.76 
 5,622.29 
 
 371.76 
 533.00 
 
 11,784.10 
 17.99 
 
 589.02 
 131.06 
 
 .06 
 
 1.69 
 1,363.92 
 
 I gf this amount $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. 
 Keceipts from sales of certain prod ucts of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico experiment stations. ' 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 87 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended ialances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 . Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Bureau of Plant Industry — 
 Continued. 
 Botanical investigations and 
 
 experiments 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Grass and forage plant in- 
 vestigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds, Department of 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Arlington Experimental 
 
 Farm 
 
 Tea-culture investigations . . . 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 valuable seeds 
 
 Foreign seed and plant 
 
 introduction 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Investigating production of 
 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Bureau of Forestry: 
 Forestry investigations, in- 
 cluding 110,000 for rent of 
 
 building 
 
 Protection of forest reserves a 
 Bureau of Chemistry; 
 Laboratory, including $5,000 
 
 for table sirup 
 
 Laboratory, table sirup, 
 
 1903-4 ••■- 
 
 Bureau of Soils, includmg 
 $2,000 for rent of building. . 
 Entomological investigations 
 
 Silk investigations 
 
 Entomological, investiga- 
 tions, 1903-4 
 
 Biological investigations, in- 
 cluding $1,000 for care of 
 
 game -■■■ 
 
 Publications, Department of 
 Agriculture, Farmers' 
 
 Bulletins 
 
 Artists, etc 
 
 Labor, etc 
 
 Collecting agricultural sta- 
 "tifltips ,_,----------■ 
 
 Collecting agricultural sta- 
 tistics, 1903-4 
 
 Foreign-market investiga- 
 tions - : - V 1 ~' 
 
 Library, Department of Ag- 
 riculture ■■-■ 
 
 Contingent expenses. De- 
 partment of Agriculture. . 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 
 tions ($810,000!') 
 
 Stations of Alaska 
 
 Stations of Hawaii. - 
 
 Stations of Porto Rico 
 
 Farmers' institutes 
 
 Nutrition investigations.. 
 Irrigation investigations . 
 
 Public road in<l"!™= - ; „„; ■; 
 Public road inquiries, 1903-4 
 Weather Bureau: 
 
 Salaries ■ • .- - • 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs 
 
 Contingent expenses ... ... - . 
 
 General expenses, salaries .- 
 . General expenses, miscella- 
 neous 
 
 Buildings - - 
 
 Cables and land lines 
 
 Mar. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 ...do.. 
 
 .do. 
 .do- 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 32 
 
 1153 
 1153 
 
 1154 
 1154 
 
 1165 
 1155 
 
 1155 
 1156 
 
 1157 
 
 1167 
 
 1169 
 1160 
 1160 
 
 1161 
 1161 
 1161 
 
 1162 
 
 1163 
 
 1163 
 1164 
 1164 
 1164 
 1164 
 1164 
 1165 
 1166 
 1165 
 
 1148 
 1148 
 1148 
 1149 
 
 1149 
 1149 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 1904 
 1904 
 1904 
 
 $62,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 33,800.00 
 1,200.00 
 
 15,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 312,860.00 
 16,864.01 
 
 60,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 170,000.00 
 43,500.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 12,000.00 
 34,000.00 
 
 105,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 85,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 . 7,500.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 37,000.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 65,000.00 
 32,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 175,440.00 
 6,000.00 
 8,000.00 
 
 472,300.00 
 
 496,780.00 
 50,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 
 $60,693.23 
 3,000.00 
 
 34,514.48 
 260. 00 
 
 14,972.99 
 8,701.07 
 
 257,247.74 
 27,483.93 
 
 4,249.41 
 
 311,588.63 
 341.12 
 
 60,317.39 
 
 9, 898. 89 
 
 166,286.32 
 39, 114. 76 
 9,056.31 
 
 33,066.92 
 
 104,997.90 
 9,992.49 
 84,746.73 
 
 103,226.90 
 
 4,996.84 
 
 9,972.93 
 
 36,999.77 
 
 39,997.74 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 4,838.69 
 19,994.18 
 64,938.65 
 31,813.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 175,098.94 
 5,981.63 
 7, 818. 52 
 
 471,917.22 
 
 494,741.03 
 60,000.00 
 40,000.00 
 
 $1,306.77 
 
 27.01 
 1,298.93 
 
 256. 26 
 
 2,012.07 
 3,000.00 
 
 1,271.37 
 16,522.89 
 
 182. 61 
 
 101. 11 
 
 3,713.68 
 
 4,385.24 
 
 944. 69 
 
 2.10 
 
 7.51 
 
 253. 27 
 
 974. 10 
 
 3.16 
 
 44.60 
 
 27.07 
 
 .23 
 
 2.26 
 
 
 
 161. 31 
 
 5.82 
 
 61.35 
 
 187.00 
 
 341.06 
 
 18.37 
 
 181. 48 
 
 382. 78 
 
 2,038.97 
 
 a This appro: 
 6 Of this amount, 
 
 J ™„,i„t transferred from Department of Interior. 
 SS*$?20,MLTsp°aiddfStiy"othe 
 
 Treasury Department. 
 
88 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended halances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — -Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date ol ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Salaries, officers and clerics . . . 
 
 Salaries, extra laborers 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry: 
 Deficiency appropriation . . . 
 General expenses, including 
 11,800 for rent of building. 
 Animal breeding and feeding 
 To eradicate contagious dis- 
 eases of animals, 1904-5^ 
 
 Bureau of Plant Industry: 
 Vegetable patliological inves- 
 tigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Vegetable pathological in- 
 vestigations, 1904-5 , 
 
 Rent of quarters (defi- 
 ciency) 
 
 Pomological investigations & . 
 Botanical investigations and 
 
 experiments 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Grass and forage plant inves- 
 tigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 grounds, Department - of 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 Greenhouses, Department of 
 
 Agriculture, 1904-5 
 
 Arlington Experimental 
 
 Farm 
 
 Tea-culture investigations. ,. 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 valuable seedsc 
 
 Foreign seed and plant in- 
 troduction c 
 
 Repairs to building 
 
 Investigating production of 
 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Bm-eau of Forestry: 
 Forestry investigations, in- 
 cluding 415,500 for rent of 
 
 building 
 
 Testing timbers, Louisiana 
 
 Purchase Exposition, St. 
 
 Louis, Mo. (deficiency act) 
 
 Bureau of Chemistry: 
 
 Laboratory, including $16,000 
 
 for table sirup 
 
 Laboratory, 1904-5 
 
 Laboratory road materials . 
 Bureau of Soils: 
 Soil investigations, includ- 
 ing 16,000 for rent of build- 
 ing 
 
 Entomological investigations. 
 Cotton boll-weevil investi- 
 gations, 1904-5 <• 
 
 Biological Investigations. 
 
 Biological investigations, 
 
 1904-5, care of ellc 
 
 Publications, Department of 
 Agriculture, Farmers' Bul- 
 letins 
 
 Artists, etc 
 
 Labor, etc 
 
 Labor, etc., 1904-5 
 
 Collecting agricultural sta- 
 tistics 
 
 Foreign-marlcet investiga- 
 tions 
 
 Apr. 23, 1904 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 
 ....do.. 
 ....do.. 
 
 ..do. 
 do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 276 
 277 
 
 1242 
 
 279 
 281 
 
 281 
 281 
 
 COS 
 282 
 
 283 
 283 
 
 284 
 
 288 
 
 5 
 290 
 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 
 292 
 
 292 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 8481,300.00 
 1,000.00 
 
 150,000.00 
 
 1,250,000.00 
 25,000.00 
 
 145,000.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 2,600.00 
 43,500.00 
 
 64,500.00 
 3,000.00 
 
 40,500.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 26,000,00 
 
 25,000.00 
 
 20,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 
 242,500.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 7,500.00 
 
 7,500.00 
 
 388,000.00 
 
 106,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 
 170,000.00 
 70,000.00 
 
 250,000.00 
 33,000.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 105,000.00 
 
 16,000.00 
 
 89,000.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 132,000.00 
 
 7,500.00 
 
 $407,998.89 
 971. 66 
 
 •1,399,100.85 
 
 20,540.67 
 
 248,980.79 
 
 $10,301.11 
 28.34 
 
 899. 15 
 4,469.33 
 1,019.21 
 
 145,705.01 
 
 
 2,294.99 
 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 
 2,485.00 
 43,657.69 
 
 16.00 
 2,268.52 
 
 63,972.36 
 3,000.00 
 
 527.04 
 
 40,012.04 
 1,500.00 
 
 487.96 
 500.00 
 
 24,725.40 
 
 274. 60 
 
 24,995.32 
 
 4.68 
 
 19,818.95 
 8,387.15 
 
 181.05 
 1,612.85 
 
 240,134.03 
 
 2,365.97 
 
 39,687.44 
 4,-000.00 
 
 312. 56 
 3,500.00 
 
 7,222.14 
 
 277.86 
 
 386,566.66 
 
 1,433.34 
 
 9,986.82 
 
 14.18 
 
 103,693.95 
 14,716.95 
 14,802.99 
 
 1,306.05 
 283.05 
 197.01 
 
 168,638.84 
 68,983.63 
 
 1,361.16 
 1,016.37 
 
 220,782.04 
 32,937.70 
 
 29,217.96 
 62.30 
 
 807. 14 
 
 192.86 
 
 104,885.16 
 
 14,636.28 
 
 88,985.64 
 
 430.64 
 
 114.84 
 
 364.72 
 
 14.36 
 
 569.36 
 
 130,522.28 
 
 1,477.72 
 
 6,069.72 
 
 1,430.28 
 
 a By transfer from cotton boll weevil to Bureau of Animal Industry, 1904-5 
 6 By receipts from saie of fruits and vegetables (Pomological investigations)" 
 » By transfer from foreign to domestic seeds 7 f 
 
 3,500.00 
 2,426.21 
 4,183.64 
 
APPROPRIATIONS AND DISBURSEMEKTS. 
 
 89 
 
 Statement of appropriaiions iisbursements, and unexpended lalances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 
 to Statutes 
 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Library, Department of Agri- 
 culture 
 
 Contingent expenses, Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture 
 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions (S810,000o) 
 
 Stations of Alaska 
 
 Stations of Hawaii 
 
 Stations of Porto Rico 
 
 Farmers' institutes 
 
 Nutrition investigations 
 
 Irrigation investigations 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Building, Department of Ag- 
 riculture 
 
 Weather Bureau; 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 General expenses, salaries . . 
 General expenses, miscella- 
 neous 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Cables and land lines 
 
 Salaries, officers and clerks 
 
 Salaries, extra labor 
 
 Bureau X}f Animal Industry: 
 
 Deficiency act 
 
 Generalexpenses 
 
 Animal breeding and feeding. 
 
 Rent of buildings 
 
 Bureau of Plant Industry: 
 Vegetable pathological inves- 
 tigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Vegetable pathological in- 
 vestigations, 1905-6 
 
 G rain investigations 
 
 Pomologioal investigations . . 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Botanical investigations and 
 
 experiments 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Grass and forage plant inves- 
 tigations 
 
 Rent of building 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 
 grounds. . . : 1 
 
 Experimental gardens and 
 
 grounds, 1905-6 
 
 ArUngton experimental farm . 
 Tea-culture investigations. . . 
 Purchase and distribution of 
 
 valuable seeds ..-- 
 
 Foreign seed and plant in- 
 troduction 
 
 Repairs to building - . 
 
 Investigating production of 
 
 domestic sugar 
 
 Forest Service: 
 General expenses. Forest 
 
 Service 
 
 Rent of buildings 
 
 Bureau of Chemistry, labora- 
 tory, including $3,000 for 
 
 table sirup : — 
 
 Bureau of Soils, soil investiga- 
 tions, including $4,000 for 
 
 rent of building 
 
 Bureau of Entomology, ento- 
 mological investigations, in- 
 cluding $2,500 for moth inves- 
 tigations 
 
 Apr. 23, 1904 
 ....do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 Mar. 3, 1905D 
 do... 
 
 Feb. 27, 1906 
 Mar. 3,1905 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 -do. 
 -do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 ..do. 
 ..do. 
 ..do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 293 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 295 
 
 277 
 278 
 278 
 278 
 
 279 
 279 
 279 
 861 
 861 
 
 864 
 866 
 865 
 
 867 
 867 
 
 870 
 870 
 870 
 
 870 
 
 871 
 871 
 
 872 
 873 
 
 873 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 1906 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 
 1905 
 1905 
 1905 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1900 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 40, 
 15 
 
 is; 
 
 15, 
 5! 
 
 2o: 
 
 67 
 35 
 
 260; 
 
 572, 
 48, 
 27, 
 
 804; 
 10, 
 
 000.00 
 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 600.00 
 000.00 
 
 000. 00 
 
 440.00 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 300.00 
 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 970.00 
 000.00 
 
 000.00 
 020.00 
 000.00 
 500.00 
 
 139, 
 
 20, 
 
 768, 
 25, 
 
 170, 
 
 640. 00 
 000.00 
 
 000.00 
 000.00 
 640.00 
 000.00 
 
 840.00 
 000.00 
 
 160. 00 
 500.00 
 
 320.00 
 
 000.00 
 000. 00 
 500,00 
 
 780.00 
 000.00 
 
 600.00 
 
 180.00 
 000.00 
 
 920.00 
 
 000.00 
 
 $9,627.92 
 
 36,963.00 
 
 39,703.10 
 16,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 4,603.53 
 19,976.98 
 67,416.46 
 34,319.03 
 
 108, 498. 32 
 
 180,225.57 
 7,979.20 
 9,691.93 
 
 491,725.31 
 
 569,792.31 
 47,803.11 
 26,991.09 
 
 782,913.30 
 8,820.34 
 
 29,863.06 
 
 1,256,254.31 
 
 16, 651. 32 
 
 1,653.02 
 
 122,341.52 
 3,070.00 
 
 7,278.06 
 20,040.29 
 32, 464. 49 
 
 1,870.00 
 
 64,517.26 
 2,750.00 
 
 30,768.51 
 1,375.00 
 
 13,837.04 
 
 4,807.82 
 19,040.13 
 6,910.79 
 
 186,325.12 
 
 28,406.09 
 
 68,060.00 
 
 6,489.06 
 
 722,031.96 
 14,056,85 
 
 117,359.87 
 
 162,268.42 
 
 63,292.82 
 
 $372.08 
 
 396. 47 
 23.02 
 83.55 
 
 680.97 
 
 141,603.68 
 
 214. 43 
 20.80 
 308.07 
 574. 69 
 
 2,207.69 
 
 196. 89 
 
 8.91 
 
 22,066.70 
 
 1,179.66 
 
 33,136.94 
 
 172, 766. 69 
 
 8,348.68 
 
 846.98 
 
 17,298.48 
 2,930.00 
 
 2,721.95 
 
 4,969.71 
 
 1, 175. 61 
 
 130. 00 
 
 6,322.74 
 250. 00 
 
 6,391.49 
 1,125.00 
 
 1,482.96 
 
 192. 18 
 
 959. 87 
 
 1,589.21 
 
 8,814.88 
 
 9,373.91 
 10,000.00 
 
 1,010.94 
 
 46,148.04 
 10,943.16 
 
 13,560.13 
 
 7,731.68 
 
 4,767.18 
 
 j!££SJB?:bes'^s'^'^s^-'-'-^'^- 
 
90 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP DEPARTMENT OP AGRIC0LTXTRE. 
 
 Staiement of appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 Purpose. 
 
 Date of ap- 
 propriation 
 act. 
 
 Reference 
 to Statutes 
 at Large. 
 
 Fis- 
 cal 
 year. 
 
 Amount 
 appro- 
 priated. 
 
 Amount 
 disbursed. 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Bureau of Biological Survey: 
 
 Biological investigations 
 
 Publications, Department of 
 Agriculture, farmers' 
 
 bulletins 
 
 Artists, etc 
 
 Labor, etc 
 
 Bureau of Statistics: 
 Collecting agricultural sta- 
 tistics 
 
 Foreign market investiga- 
 tions 
 
 Library, Department of Ag- 
 riculture 
 
 Contingent expenses. De- 
 partment of Agriculture. .. 
 Contingent expenses, 1905-6. . 
 Agricultural experiment sta- 
 tions (Sl,0.34,660a) 
 
 Stations or Alaska, includ- 
 ing 83,000 for purchase of 
 
 live stock 
 
 Stations of Hawaii 
 
 Stations of Porto Rico 
 
 Farmers' Institute 
 
 Nutrition investigations. . . 
 Irrigation investigations. . . 
 
 Public road inquiries 
 
 Cotton-boll weevil investiga- 
 tions 
 
 Building, Department of Ag- 
 riculture 
 
 Weather Bureau: 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Fuel, lights, and repairs 
 
 Contingent expenses 
 
 Salaries, station employees . . 
 
 General expenses 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Cables and land lines 
 
 Mar. 3, 1905 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 .do. 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ..do 
 
 ....do 
 
 Feb. 9,1903 
 
 Mar. 3,1905 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 878 
 878 
 879 
 
 879 
 879 
 
 881 
 881 
 882 
 882 
 882 
 882 
 
 883 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 1906 
 
 $44, 420. 00 
 
 98, 750. 00 
 3, 500. 00 
 30,000.00 
 
 93,900.00 
 
 4,900.00 
 
 8,040.00 
 
 35,000.00 
 2,000.00 
 
 21, 660. 00 
 
 18,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 5,000.00 
 20,000.00 
 74,200.00 
 37, 660. 00 
 
 190,000.00 
 250,000.00 
 700,000.00 
 
 191,430.00 
 10,000.00 
 10,000.00 
 531,550.00 
 562,010.00 
 63,000.00 
 35,000.00 
 
 $42,534.43 
 
 96, 461. 42 
 
 3,427.08 
 
 28,036.26 
 
 $1, 885. 67 
 
 2,288.58 
 
 72.92 
 
 1,963.74 
 
 82,104.63 11,795.47 
 
 4, 720. 13 
 
 6,287.16 
 
 30,597.94 
 2,000.00 
 
 16, 800. 00 
 16,000.00 
 15,000.00 
 4,024.67 
 17,694.28 
 66,166.36 
 32,487.49 
 
 143,014.07 
 469,066.32 
 
 190,930.72 
 9,112.13 
 7,879.65 
 487,988.40 
 405,296.62 
 62,716.93 
 33,626.06 
 
 179. 87 
 1,762.84 
 4, 402. 06 
 
 1,650.13 
 
 1,200.00 
 
 975. 43 
 
 2, 405. 72 
 
 •8,043.65 
 
 5, 172. 51 
 
 46,985.93 
 480,934.68 
 
 887. 87 
 
 2,120.35 
 
 43,561.60 
 
 156,713.38 
 
 283.07 
 
 1,373.94 
 
 " Of this amount, $960,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury Department. 
 
^rjrjxyjrj\La.ii.<jx\o aND DISBUBSEMENTS. 
 
 91 
 
 Statement of appropriations, dishirsements, and unexpended balances for the United States 
 Departmerd of Agriculture, etc. — Continued. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Fiscal 
 year. 
 
 Amount ap- 
 propriated. 
 
 Amount dis- 
 bursed. 
 
 . 
 
 Amount 
 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 Fiscal 
 year. 
 
 Amount ap- 
 propriated. 
 
 Amount dis- 
 bursed. 
 
 Amount 
 unex- 
 pended. 
 
 1839 
 
 $1,000.00 
 
 $1,000.00 
 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 18S1 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888/. . . . 
 1889 
 
 $257, 090. 00 
 
 337,380.00 
 
 249,120.00 
 
 194, 080. 96 
 
 198,640.00 
 
 200, 400. 00 
 
 199,500.00 
 
 275,400.31 
 
 303.011.05 
 
 466, 390. 11 
 
 1410,641.13 
 
 o 066, 930. 25 
 
 1677,97,3.22 
 
 1057.041.81 
 
 1,027,219.00 
 
 11.134.480-60 
 
 $233,705.78 
 
 321,079.83 
 
 198, 843. 04 
 
 ' 188,200.19 
 
 197,034.94 
 
 200,300.00 
 
 198,361.72 
 
 267, 608. 84 
 
 354, 482. 39 
 
 438,941.72 
 
 413,018.09 
 
 558,934.89 
 
 519,196.11 
 
 628,287.14 
 
 1,011,282.62 
 
 1,033,690.22 
 
 971,823.62 
 
 1,260,277.36 
 
 2,253,202.29 
 
 2, 355, 430. 25 
 
 1,977,409.28 
 
 2,021,0.30.38 
 
 2,094,916.42 
 
 2,348,512.98 
 
 2,426.610.44 
 
 2,827,795.06 
 
 2,947,003.42 
 
 3.239,137.39 
 
 3; 902, 676. 79 
 
 4,734,230.84 
 
 4,909,311.04 
 
 5,881,939.57 
 
 0,000,327.85 
 
 $23,924.22 
 
 10, 300. 17 
 
 50,276.36 
 
 0,480.77 
 
 - 1,005.00 
 
 40 06 
 
 1840 
 
 
 1841 
 
 
 
 
 1842 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 
 1843..... ■ 
 
 
 1844 
 
 2,666.66 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 4, .TOO. 00 
 
 3,500.00 
 
 5,600.00 
 
 5, 500. 00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 150,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 63, 600. 00 
 
 60,000.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 
 60; 000. 00 
 
 64.000.00 
 
 80;000.00 
 
 199,770.00 
 
 112,304.05 
 
 167,787.82 
 
 199,100.00 
 
 279,020.00 
 
 172, 593 00 
 
 166, 440. 00 
 
 "188,180.00 
 
 197,070.00 
 
 202, 440. 00 
 
 2,666.66 
 
 2,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 
 4,600.00 
 
 3,500.00 
 
 5, 600. 00 
 
 5,500.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 5,000.00 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 50,000.00 
 
 30,000.00 
 
 75,000.00 
 
 63, 1.67. 25 
 
 60,000.00 
 
 40,000.00 
 
 60,000.00 
 
 03,704.21 
 
 80,000.00 
 
 189,270.00 
 
 112,196.65 
 
 167,787.82 
 
 199,100.00 
 
 277,094.34 
 
 172,693.00 
 
 151,590.93 
 
 180,876.81 
 
 195,977.26 
 
 201,321.22 
 
 
 1845 
 
 
 1 138 28 
 
 1840 
 
 
 117,851.47 
 
 c 8, 628. 66 
 
 "in, 454. 39 
 
 3,023.04 
 
 6 90,995.30 
 
 158,777.11 
 
 29, 354. 07 
 
 15,936.44 
 
 1? 100, 890. 38 
 
 4 198,315.49 
 
 106,771.85 
 
 50, 393. 40 
 
 184, 030. 47 
 
 » 020, 380. 30 
 
 1847 
 
 
 1848 
 
 
 1849 
 
 
 1850 
 
 
 1851 
 
 
 1852 
 
 
 1853 
 
 
 1854 
 
 
 1855 
 
 
 1890 01,170,139.11 
 
 1891 11,372,049.21 
 
 1892 o2, 303, 055. 76 
 
 1893 ! 2,540,000.72 
 
 1894 ' 2,603,855.58 
 
 1895 i2, 500, 91 5. 00 
 
 1890 1 2,584,013.22 
 
 1897 1 2,448,763.53 
 
 1898 ' 2,407,902.00 
 
 1899 2,829,702.00 
 
 1900 ' 3,000,022.00 
 
 1901 3,304,266.97 
 
 1902 ' 3,922,780.51 
 
 1903 5,015,846.00 
 
 1904 5. 02.';. 024. 01 
 
 1856 
 
 
 1857 
 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 $342 76 
 
 1860 
 
 
 485. 884. 02 
 
 1861 
 
 
 489, 096. 80 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 295.79 
 
 100, 260. 65 
 42,391.56 
 
 1864 
 
 1866 
 
 1860 
 
 10,600.00 
 107. 50 
 
 28,899.27 
 68, 418. 58 
 06, 128. 58 
 20, 104. 72 
 
 1867.. . 
 
 
 1668 
 
 1869 
 
 1,925.06 
 
 281,615.16 
 66,712.37 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 4,843.07 
 1,, 303. 19 
 1,092.75 
 1,118.78 
 
 1905?.... 
 1906i 
 
 Total . 
 
 0,094,540.00 
 7,175,690.00 
 
 216,026.64 
 1,176,362.15 
 
 405,438,391.49 
 
 '00:110,836.13 
 
 "15,415,652.31 
 
 a Including deficiency appropriation. 
 
 b Includes $1,646.45 ol the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands carried to the fiscal year 1882. 
 
 c Includes $86.26 of the appropriation for reclamation of ^rid lands and $3,530.85 of the appropriation 
 for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1883. 
 
 d Includes $7,650.13 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, carried to the fiscal year 1884. 
 
 ^Includes $93,192.27 of the appropriation for Bureau of .\nimal Industry and $2,970.82 of the appro- 
 priation for quarantine stations, carried to the fiscal year 1880. 
 
 /For the fiscal year 1888 including the sum of $8,000 appropriated for deficiencies in the appropriation 
 for experiments in the manufacture of sugar for the fiscal years 1887 and 1888, of which $7,927.50 was 
 disbursed and $72.56 remained unexpended. 
 
 9 Includes $12,923.25 of the appropriation tor botanical investigations and $58,364.70 of the appropria- 
 tion for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1890. 
 
 ft Includes .?188,974.69 of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, carried to the fiscal year 
 1891. 
 
 • Includes $7,891.94 for statutory salaries of the year 1894. 
 
 ; For the years 1905 and 1900 the figures given represent payments made to close of June 30, 1900, the 
 accounts for those years being still open at the date of this revision. 
 
 k This total is the amount actually appropriated for the various fiscal years, with the exception of 
 $37 604 70 appropriated July 13, 1808, to cover a number of expenditures made in previous years. It 
 does not include an aggregate sum of .1369,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended balances of several , 
 fiscal years. (See foregoing notes.) , , , . , , . ^ 
 
 I Does not include $37,604.70 which was disbursed during several years, and covered by an appro- 
 priation of like amount, made July 13, 1868. (See note 5.) ^ ^ , , . 
 
 m Does not include an aggregate sum of $309,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended balances ol 
 several fiscal years. (See foregoing notes.) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Accounts and Disbursements, Division, origin, work 53 
 
 Adams Act increasing funds for experiment stations 67-69 
 
 John Quincy, administration, rare plant distribution 7 
 
 Adulteration, food, first appropriation 78 
 
 Agricultural education and farmers' institutes 37 
 
 Agriculture, aid, early governmental, in America 5 
 
 Congressional aid, first appropriation 8 
 
 Department, establishment, date, and influences 9 
 
 rise to first rank -21 
 
 Government Board, discussion 6-7 
 
 Agrostology, Division, establishment 29 
 
 Alaska, experiment stations, establishment 40 
 
 Angora goat, report, first appropriation 76 
 
 Animal diseases, investigations in Department, remarks 16 
 
 suppression, money value to United States 45 
 
 Industry, Bureau, act for establishment 59 
 
 origin, organization, and work 17, 48 
 
 work, 1883-1887 29 
 
 Animals, domestic, investigation, first appropriation ; 75 
 
 Apiculture, study, provisions 20 
 
 Appointment clerk, duties 47 
 
 Appropriations and disbursements, 1839-1906, table 72-91 
 
 1897, 1906, comparison 31 
 
 Arid lands, investigation and reclamation, first appropriation 75 
 
 Arlington farm, first appropriation 85 
 
 Artesian wells, experiments for irrigation water 17 
 
 first appropriation - 79 
 
 Assistant Secretary, duties 47 
 
 Atwater, W. O. , director nutrition investigations 30 
 
 Beet, sugar, early notice 11 
 
 experimental work, early 17 
 
 experiments, 1889-1893 26 
 
 industry, increase 33 
 
 value to United States 45 
 
 Biological investigations, first appropriation. {See Ornithology. ) 
 
 Survey, Bureau, establishment, history, work 52 
 
 Birds and mammals, study. Biological Survey 38 
 
 laws for preservation, introduction, distribution, and restoration 70-71 
 
 Bollman, Lewis, appointment as statistician 10 
 
 Borax investigations. 36 
 
 Botanic Garden, national, establishment 7 
 
 Botanical investigations, first appropriation. {See Herbarium.) 
 
 Botanist, Department, appointment 13 
 
 Botany, investigations, additions to herbarium 1889-1893 26 
 
 organization and development of work in Department 13 
 
 Breeding, plant, origin of work in Department 34 
 
 Brigham, Joseph Henry, Assistant Secretary, life, sketch 31 
 
 Building, Department, first, and smaller structures 41-42 
 
 new construction 43 
 
 first appropriations 85, 89 
 
 recommendation of Commissioner Le Due 17 
 
 Buildings and grounds -- '*'"f^ 
 
 Bulletins, early publications of Department 10 
 
 93 
 
94 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGJBICULTUBE. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Butter crystals, lard and beef fat, discovery of Doctor Taylor 21 . 
 
 Capron, Horace, Commissioner, call to Japan 13 
 
 term as Commissioner of Agriculture 12-13 
 
 Cattle, American, inspection in England 24-25 _ 
 
 contagious diseases, work of Bureau of Animal Industry, 1887-88 21 
 
 inspection, 1892 - - - 24 
 
 neat, quarantine stations, first appropriation 82 
 
 Texas fever, cause 25 
 
 transportation, ocean, improvement 25 
 
 Centennial Exposition, Department relations 15 
 
 Cereals, increase in production since 1839 44 
 
 Chemist, first appointment in Department 10 
 
 Chemistry Bureau, history, organization, -work pO 
 
 work, first appropriation 72 
 
 Chief clerk, duties 47 
 
 Cinchona growing, experiments, note 13 
 
 Citrus productions, new 34 
 
 Civil service in Department 30 
 
 Colleges, agricultural, lands, laws ^ 62 
 
 Colman, Norman J., administration as Secretary of Agriculture 19-22 
 
 Secretary, life sketch . . : 19-20 
 
 Congress, appropriation, first in aid of agriculture 8 
 
 , early efforts for Government aid to agriculture 6-7 
 
 Consuls, United States, early aid to agriculture 7 
 
 Contagious diseases of cattle, work of Bureau of Animal Industry, 1887-88 ... 21 
 
 Corn, increase in production since 1839 44 
 
 Indian, sugar manufacture, note 8 
 
 oil, early proposed use 8 
 
 Cost of Department to May 1, 1906, value to the country 44^6 
 
 Cotton breeding experiments 35 
 
 culture, study, first appropriation 72 
 
 Crop pests, control 39 
 
 Reporter, establishment 39 
 
 Crops, new, discovery and introduction 34 
 
 Dabney, Charles W., Assistant Secretary, life sketch ^ 27 
 
 Dairy Division, establishment 29 
 
 Disbursements and appropriations, 1839-1906, table 72-91 
 
 Diseases, animals and plants, control 39 
 
 suppression, money value to United States 45 
 
 Dodge, J. R., statistician, beginning of work 12 
 
 Eaton, William, introduction of Barbary sheep 7 
 
 Editing and Records Division, establishment 23-24 
 
 Education, agricultural, and farmers' institutes 37 
 
 Ellsworth, Henry ].,., aid to agriculture 5, 8 
 
 Employees, Department, 1 897 and 1906, comparison of numbers 31 
 
 Entomological investigations. {Sefl Insects.) 
 
 Entomologist, first appointment in Department .' 10 
 
 Entomology Bureau, history, organization, work 51 
 
 Commission, transfer from Department of Interior 18 
 
 Experiment stations, acts establishing, and increasing funds 64, 67 
 
 agricultural, first appropriation 79 
 
 OflBce, establishment, work 20, 53 
 
 Experimental garden, first appropriation 73 
 
 grounds 43 
 
 Exposition, Centennial, Department relations 14, 15 
 
 Columbian, work of Department 29 
 
 Paris, Department exhibit 16 
 
 Expositions, Department exhibits 40 
 
 Farcy, early study in Department, note 16 
 
 Farm products, prices, reports 39 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins, origin 23 
 
 publication, control of distribution, increase in work 28 
 
 information, publication and distribution 39 
 
 Fever, Texas, cause, discovery _ 25 
 
 Fiber Investigations OflSce, discontinuance 33 
 
 plants, collection, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, note 13 
 
INDEX. 95 
 
 Fibers, examination, first appropriation 75 
 
 Fish culture, interest of Commissioner Caprou 13 
 
 Flax investigation, first atppropriation 70 
 
 Folding room, first appropriation .../... 73 
 
 Food adulteration, first appropriation ' ' 70 
 
 inspection and study 00 
 
 Foot-and-mouth disease, suppression" !!.']!.'!!!. oq 
 
 Forage plant investigations, first appropriation . . 82 
 
 . plants, collection, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and'Arizona", note ".". 13 
 
 foreign Markets, organization and merging in Statistics Bureau 33 
 
 forest development and management ' ""' 37 
 
 Service, organization, extension, work I .\ ..... .WWW] 50 
 
 Forestry Bureau, change in organization, enlargement of work '. 32 
 
 Department work, beginning '. ' " 14 
 
 report, first appropriation 75 
 
 Franking privilege, abolition, complaint of Commissioner Watts 15 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, aid to agriculture 5 
 
 Fruit, cold storage, study, losses 37 
 
 Game, laws for preservation, introduction, distribution, restoration!.'.".'!."."."." 70-71 
 
 protection. Biological Survev 38 
 
 Garden, experimental, first appropriation !.....! 73 
 
 Georgia, early encouragement of agriculture 5 
 
 Glanders, early study in Department, note ' 16 
 
 Glover, Townend, appointment as entomologist ! ! 10 
 
 Goat, Angora, report, first appropriation 76 
 
 Grange, National, work for Department, 1876 _ 21 
 
 Grass investigations, first appropriation ! 82 
 
 Grasses, collection, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, and "Arizona, note! ! !!!!!! 13 
 
 Grasshopper ravages, note 15 
 
 Hatch Act, establishing Agricultural Experiment Stations ! ' 64-66 
 
 Hays, Willet M., Assistant Secretary, life sketch 31 
 
 Herbarium, first appropriation _ 73 
 
 Hill, George William, suggestions for publications 23-24 
 
 Hogs, French and Chinese, introduction 7 
 
 Holloway, David P., argument for Department of Agriculture 9 
 
 Hops, raising. State encouragement 5 
 
 Illustrations and engravings, first appropriation 79 
 
 Section, reorganization 28 
 
 Indigo, cultivation, early encouragement 5 
 
 Inoculation, early study in Department, note 18 
 
 Insects, investigation, first appropriation , 75 
 
 Inspection export meats, value to trade of United States 45 
 
 Irrigation, beginning of study in Department 16 
 
 investigations, first appropriation 75 
 
 work, appropriation by Congress, 1892 26 
 
 Jarvis, William, introduction of Merino sheep into United States 7 
 
 Laboratory, first appropriation 72 
 
 Lacey Act, protection of game 70 
 
 Ladybird, enemy to scale insects, introduction 26 
 
 Lands for agricultural colleges, laws 62, 66 
 
 Lard oil, early use for lighting 8 
 
 Laws, acts affecting agriculture, text 57-71 
 
 Le Due, William G., term as Commissioner of Agriculture 15-17 
 
 Legislation, text of acts affecting agriculture 57-71 
 
 Library, Department, first appropriation 12, 72 
 
 growth and usefulness 41 
 
 origin, history, scope, duties of librarian 54 
 
 Loring, George B., term as Commissioner of Agriculture 1 7-19 
 
 Mallein, beginning of use, note 18 
 
 Mammalogy, first appropriation 78 
 
 Markets, Foreign, Division, remarks 33 
 
 investigations 24, 36 
 
 Massachusetts, early encouragement of agriculture 5 
 
 Merino sheep, introduction into America 7 
 
 Microscopical investigations, first appropriation 78 
 
 Microscopy, Division, abolition 29 
 
 origin of Department work 14 
 
 5365— No. 3—07 7 
 
96 HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF DEPARTMENT OF AGBIOULTCTRE. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Morrill acts, endowment of agricultural colleges 62, 66 
 
 Morton, J. Sterling, administration as Secretary of Agriculture 27-31 
 
 life sketch 27 
 
 Secretary, savings 30 
 
 Museum, contributions and value 15 
 
 first appropriation 73 
 
 Glover collection purchase 12 
 
 Mushrooms, study in Department, beginning 14 
 
 Newton, Isaac, Commissioner, death 11 
 
 term as Commissioner of Agriculture 9-12 
 
 Nutrition investigations, origin and' first appropriation 30, 81 
 
 Orange, Bahia, seedless, propagation and distribution of plants 18 
 
 navel, introduction, value to United States 45 
 
 Organization, Department, 1871 14 
 
 Ornithology and Mammalogy, Division, establishment 20 
 
 first appropriation 78 
 
 Parry, CO., Botanist, appointment in Department 13 
 
 Patent Office, agricultural division, r^suml of work 8 
 
 Patents, Commissioners, agricultural supervision, names 8 
 
 Pennsylvania, introduction of Barbary sheep 7 
 
 Pickering, Timothy, encouragement of agriculture 6, 7 
 
 Pine tree, boxing, not injurious 30 
 
 Plant breeding, origin of work in Department. 34 
 
 Industry Bureau, organization, various branches, work 48 
 
 origin 32 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia, beginning of study in Department, note 16 
 
 crusade, beginning, note 18 
 
 eradication 24 
 
 Pomological information, first appropriation ■ 78 
 
 Pomology, Division, establishment 20 
 
 Preservatives, food, studies 36 
 
 Publications, Division, organization, work 28, 52 
 
 origin 23-24 
 
 first of Department 10 
 
 for fanners 39 
 
 silk culture, early 7 
 
 Quarantine, animal disease, transfer to Department 18 
 
 stations, first appropriation 77 
 
 neat cattle 82 
 
 Rain making, experiments ^ 26 
 
 Roads, public, inquiries, first appropriation 81 
 
 Office, establishment, work 29, 54 
 
 Rush, Richard, silk culture manual, publication 7 
 
 Rusk, Jeremiah M., administration as Secretary of Agriculture 22-26 
 
 Secretary, estimate of value of Department to people . . .'. 46 
 
 life..sketch 22-23 
 
 Salmon, D. E., animal industry work 17 
 
 Saunders, William, horticulturist, appointment to superintend garden 10 
 
 Scale insect parasite, value of importation to United States orange growers. . . 45 
 
 Secretary, duties 47 
 
 Office, organization 47 
 
 Seed, distribution, 1883 19 
 
 changes, 1 893-1897 30 
 
 first appropriations 72 
 
 opposition and work of Commissioner Le Due 17 
 
 rare, early distribution 7,8 
 
 to district ravaged by grasshoppers 15 
 
 Sheep, Barbary, introduction into United States 7 
 
 Merino, introduction into United States 7 
 
 raising, early encouragement 5 
 
 Silk culture, early encouragement 5 
 
 first appropriation 18, 77 
 
 manual, publication 7 
 
 reeling, rooms, establishment 20 
 
 Sinclair, Sir John, aid to agriculture 6 
 
INDEX. 97 
 
 Page. 
 
 Site, Department buildings, remarks 9-10 
 
 Soil investigations, first appropriation 83 
 
 study, Bureau of Soils 35 
 
 Soils, Bureau, organization, work 51 
 
 special studies 35 
 
 Division, establishment 29 
 
 Solicitor, duties 47 
 
 Sorghum, experiments, early, in Department 16 
 
 seed, purchase, first appropriation 72 
 
 South Carolina, early aid to agriculture 5 
 
 tea-culture investigation, beginning 16 
 
 Statistician, first appointment in Department 10 
 
 Statistics, agricultural, first Government publication 8 
 
 Bureau, history, organisation, work 52 
 
 collection and publiwtion, first appropriations 72 
 
 Division, organization 28-29 
 
 reorganization, appropriation, 1882 18 
 
 Stokes, John W., acting Commissioner, note 12 
 
 Sugar making, diffusion process, results 21 
 
 manufacture, experiments, first appropriation 75 
 
 Supply Division, chief, duties 47 
 
 Tea culture, abandonment by Commissioner Loring 17 
 
 early investigations in Department 16 
 
 experiments, first appropriation 76 
 
 industry, renewed work - 34 
 
 Texas fever, cause, discovery... 25 
 
 investigations, beginning, note 13 
 
 Tobacco culture,_study, first appropriation 72 
 
 investigations 36 
 
 Transportation, ocean, cattle, improvement 25 
 
 rates, first publication - 18 
 
 Vegetable pathology, first appropriation 79 
 
 section, formation 20 
 
 Virginia, early aid to agriculture 5 
 
 War Department, weather reporting 15 
 
 Washiiigton, George, aid to agriculture, correspondence 5, 6 
 
 Watts, Frederick, term as Commissioner of Agriculture 14-15 
 
 Weather Bureau, act transferring from \yar Department 61 
 
 first appropriation 80 
 
 organization, transfer, equipment, work 48 
 
 service, improvement 26 
 
 transfer from War Department 26 
 
 warnings, money saving to United States 46 
 
 work, 1883-1887 29-30 
 
 reports, early publication, note 15 
 
 service, suggestion of Commissioner Newton 11 
 
 study and forecasting ^8 
 
 Wetherill, C. M., chemist, appointment - 10 
 
 Wheat production, increase since 1839 44 
 
 Willits, Edwin, Assistant Secretary, life sketch j^ 
 
 Wilson, James, administration as Secretary of Agriculture t\ 
 
 Yearbook, supervision ^^ 
 
 O