NOTES ENTOMOLOGY: H Syffahis ol n (Eoiirsf of ,i!crliircs ilcfiucccil ai THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY, J. HENRY COMSTOCK, B. S. SPRING TRIMESTER. 1S75. ITHACA, N. Y. : At the University Press. 1878. P t^ PR EFACE. , This syllabus is not intended to take the place of a \ / text book. It is simply a note book, in which are 1 noted the more important points discussed in the lec- tures, and references to authors. My object in publishing it is to save the students a part of the labor of taking and copying notes, thus enabling them to give more time to the study of spec- imens in the laboratory and in the field ; and to indi- 1 cate the best writings on the subjects discussed, that / \ may be found in our library. The blank pages are for the taking of additional notes during the lectures. The text book recom- mended is Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects. The titles of other Entomological works are given on page 147. J. H. c. ENTOMOLOGICAL LABOR Al'ORY, Cornell University^ June 29, 1875. INTRODUCTION. /Object and scope of this course of lectures, i Method of study. 3 Division of the Animal Kingdom into Branches. ^ Branch Articulata.— The articulate type is an elongated cylinder composed of many rings. The alimentary canal is central, the circulatory system, when present, dorsal, and the nervous system ventral. /)-By variations in the number, size, form, and group- ing of the rings, or segments, and their appendages are produced all the forms of Articulates. > Division of the Articulata into Classes. ;'Class Insecta (Hexapoda).— Air breathing Artic- ulates with three regions (head, thorax, and abdomen), six legs, and usually wings. EXTERNAL ANATOMY. Body divided into three regions, — head, thorax, and abdomen. Head, — Consists apparently of a single segment, but in reality of several, (i, i8).* Appendages of the head. — ist. A pair of antenna;. (For figures of different forms of antennae see 15, Atlas pi. 8. On the function of antenna: see 16, II., 892; 17, VIII., 577). 2nd. Compound eyes. (16, II., Qfio; 18, pi. 9). 3rd. Simple eyes, or ocelli, (i, 25 ; 16, ' See list of books, page 147. ' E'-6c**^Jt-.^Uf c/L ^i..-f/h^„ i^ih-eJ^ii-- »'-'«-^>">--x-«i«-»^<«_^:ijj, - ^ T^L.v!^^-^^ m^,^.zi^ ^ /^^_^- i,,^Lu^ h<:u^-- ^'^■^-^-r- i^^^ ^-y ^ ^--^^ I J ttc'ti-'Ut ; > X VI INTRODUCTION. II., 96I). 4th. Mouth-parts. The mouth-parts con- sist of an upper lip, labruin, an under lip, labium, and two pairs of jaws acting horizontally between them. The upper pair of jaws are called the mandi- bles, the lower pair the maxillce. The maxillse and lower lip are each furnished with a pair of feelers, called respectively the maxillary palpi, ^nd the labial palpi. The lower lip supports also the tongue, ligula, which is composed of three parts, one central, glossa, or lingua, two lateral, paraglossce. That part of the lower lip which supports these organs is called the menUim. Thorax. — Consists of three segments,— />w//i:^rrt,r, mesothorax and nietatliorax. Appendages of the thorax. — ist. Legs, six in num- ber, two to each segment ; each composed of the fol- lowing parts, — coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tar- sus. The tarsus is from feWto six, usually five, jointed, and terminated by claws. 2nd. Wings, two pairs, one mesothoracic, the other metathoracic ; they are not always present, and are sometimes deciduous. Abdomen. — Consists of about nine segments, though Packard states that the typical number is eleven. INTERNAL ANATOMY. Skeleton. — No internal skeleton as with Vertebrates. The external covering of the insect is hardened by the deposition of chitine, and serves as a framework for the attachment of muscles. Note, however, internal processes of the body wall for the attachment of mus- cles. Muscular system. — The muscles are very numerous. Lyonnet describes 3,993 in a single caterpillar. They / // ^^^^^ - /a^ e^£^ Z^^ Z^.^ ^^.£.2^/1,^- r itrC<^ (-^ >~ <*--«-<_ CKy^a «-^.«.j^<- — - . V -s;;/ijr^ ^^^ °^':^^r^::ij^ ^ .^«^4^- 1^ y ^i^:^.^- /^.^ -y^ VIII INTRODUCTION. may be arranged according to their function under two heads. 1. Muscles that move the segments. 2. Muscles that move the appendages. These of the first class consist of numerous, " dis- tinct, isolated, straight fibres, which are not gathered into bundles united by common tendons, or covered by tendinous .sheaths to form distinct muscles, as in the Vertebrata, but remain .separate from each other." (16, II., 935). The form of these muscles is deter- mined by that of the parts to which they are attached. They have, however, this character, — their sides are- straight. Tho.se of the second class usually differ from the preceding in being united at the distal e.xtremity by tendons. The strength of the muscles of insects is very great. (16, II., 942). The rapidity of action is also great. The House-fly vibrates its wings 352 times a second ; the Honey-bee 440 times a second, (i, 362). Digestive system. — The alimentary canal in its sim- plest form, as seen in the larvae of insects, is a straight tube passing from one end of the body to the other. In the larva of Stylops and the young of bees it ends in a blind sac. In the adult insects it becomes devel- oped into a long convuluted tube, having different parts performing different functions. (Examine mod- els). The appendages to the alimentary canal are the salivary glands, the Malpighian, or biliary tubes, and the so-called uriniferous organs. Circulatory system. — " Abdominal dorsal vessel or heart ; eight chambers, separated by very complete .^- l/^ 4l_ .^A/^f' 4/^. c^^. k^ I -^ ^<- 'C<^X^t^--LA ~ X INTRODUCTION, valves ; each receiving blood from a pericardial cham- ber by a pair of lateral valve-guarded orifices ; current always forwards; intrinsic muscles produce contrac- tion of chambers ; dilation by lateral muscles attached to the walls of the body; from anterior chamber one vessel runs into thorax, and divides into three branches, which cannot be traced very far. The blood thus poured into the head and thorax flows backwards along the venter and sides of the body, and then to the pericardial chamber. This circulation takes place in the perivisceral cavity. The blood-corpuscles in transparent larva: can be seen penetrating into all the interstices of tissues, and every minutest branch of the tracheal system is invested by a sheath prolonged from the perivisceral cavity, in which blood circulates on its way to the heart. (22, yo). Respiratory system.— T\\^ respiratory organs consist of a system of air tubes, tracliece, branching to all parts of the body, and opening externally by means ot lateral apertures, spiracles, or stigmata. Take notes of the following points,— The minute anatomy of the tracheae ; the variations in number and position of spiracles; structure of spiracles ; structure of bran- chia: ; and other modifications of respiratory organs, found in aquatic insects. Nervous system.— T\iQ typical form of the nervous system of insects, as seen in larvae, consists of a series of double ganglia, a pair for each segment, united by two longitudinal cords. These ganglia, except the cephalic, lie on the floor of the body cavity. The cephalic ganglion is placed above the alimentary canal and is proabably composed of several ganglia coalesced. From the prothoraek ganglia, the longitudinal cords ^,^^ajU - ic^x^e-,^ U^^L^ >*T^«u-t-W7 >»-z^-t5^f^ e^e«-i^I^ .^ pLuZEJ^-^^L^ _ ^i,^ t...^^ <^^^ ^e^y - .^^ 'C^ [■^ j>A->,^_^ ct-t^ .aL^^ ^^^c^ Zi::u:_^ .^^-.^^ s, Ants, Iili)ituiiioit-flits, &-c.) Char. VVin^s four, membranous, with compara- tively few veins; the posterior pair smaller than the anterior. Moutit-parts formed both for biting and sucking. Metamorphosis complete. Abdomen furnished with a sting or piercer, in the females. The two wings on each side arc united, during flight, by a row of hooks, which are on the anterior margin of the posterior wings. Some form.s, as the workers among ants, are wingless ; with others the wings are deciduous. The mandibles are formed for biting; the labium is sheathed by the long, membranous or leathery maxillx, the three organs forming an .-ip- paratus for sucking or lapping liquid food; the maxillary and labial palpi are present. The larva-, excepting the young of Saw-flies, which are caterpillar-like, are short, cylindrical, footless grubs. The pup.-c possess all of the limbs of the perfect insects, enclosed in distinct sheaths, and folded upon the breast. In this order we see the greatest development of instinctive powers that exists among insects. An.VRi.K (Bees). This family, which is the Mcllifcra of Latrcille, in- cludes the families Apidie and Andrenidce of authors. - ^i^l^^ AisA-t-^- t-J- 2 HYMENOPTERA. r" These insects are characterised by having the basal \ joint of the posterior tarsi dilated into an oblong or [ subtrianglar plate, which is generally hirsute on the ( inside, and provided with instruments for collectings and carrying pollen." (14, II., 253). We will not discuss the groups of bees founded upon structure. In habits bees are either social, soli- tary or parasitic. I . Social Bees. The Honey-bee, Apis mellifica Linn. — This insect lives in communities consisting of an immense number of individuals. They usually build their nests in hol- low trees, but will appropriate any suitable place that may be furnished them ; hence they arc easily- domes- ticated. The communities consist, at certain seasons of the year, of three forms of individuals, — workers, males, or drones, and a female, or queen. The workers need no description ; they are the small, active individuals that constitute the greater part of every swarm of bees. Upon them devolves all the work of the hive, — the collection of provisions, the excretion of wax, the building of combs, and the care of the young. The males, or drones are larger than the workers, and may be easily recognized by the blunt form of each end of the body ; there are only a few of them in a swarm ; and they are present only during early summer ; at the close of the swarming season, the remaining drones are destroyed or driven from the hive by the workers. The female, or queen, is also larger than the work- ers, and differs from the drones in having a long, pointed body. f^-^' — -^-^^ . fl<^\ ^, / iu^Uy.^'^—r- 2^"^^^ ■^ ^ '^ - / 4 HYMENOPTERA. The materials with which bees provision their hives are honey, bee-bread, propoh's, and wax. Honey is made principally from the nectar of flowers. Note manner of extracting the nectar from flowers, the form and position of the first stomach or " honey- bag," and the different views regarding the chano-e which nectar undergoes to become honey. Bee-bread is made from the pollen of flowers. Note manner of collecting the pollen and conveying it to the hive. Propolis is a resinous substance collected by the bees from the buds of certain trees that produce it, as poplar. The bees collect it with their mandi- bles, and carry it on their hind legs in the same way as bee-bread. Propolis is more tenacious and extensi- ble than wax, and is well adapted for cementing and varnishing. The wax of which the combs and cells are made is an excretion of the insect. It is produced in small thin plates in little pockets, which open between the rings on the under side of the abdomen. These wax pockets are six in number. When wax is needed, some of the workers gorge themselves with honey, then suspend themselves from the roof of the hive, forming a curtain, and in about twenty four hours be- gin to produce wax. Note form of comb ; the differ- ences between worker-cells, drone-cells, and queen- cells ; and the appearance of royal jelly. The workers are imperfectly developed females. They are sometimes fertile ; their eggs, however, pro- duce only males. Queens are ordinarily developed from eggs laid in queen cells, for that purpose. But if a hive becomes iTV\u^ ^a./._^J C^/X'O'i f " HYMENOPTERA. queenless, the workers take the partitions from be- tween a worker cell, containing an egg or young larva, and two adjoining cells; over the large space thus formed they build a queen cell, and feed the young worker larva royal jelly. As a result of this feeding or some unknown cause the larva developes into a queen. Note habits of the queen, and manner of swarming. Compare specimens of Black-bees and Italian -bees. (1,117; 7.356—403; 20,313; 8, VI., 207— 728; 14, II., 282).* Giiest. — The Bee-moth, Gallcria ccreana Fabr., is often an unwelcome guest of the Honey-bee. The eggs are laid within the hive or near its entrance. The larvae feed upon the wax, making tunnels, which they line with silk, through the comb in various direc- tions. The larvre mature in about three weeks, and spin dense silken cocoons in the corners of the hive or in other protected places. The moth is dusky gray, and more or less streaked with purple-brown. It ex- pands nearly one inch and a half. There are two broods, one appearing in April and May, the other in August. The Humble-bees, Bombus. — Over forty species of this genus are known to inhabit North America. As with the Honey-bee, there are three forms of these insects, — males, females, and workers. But unlike the Honey-bees their societies exist only one season. In the fall all the Humble-bees die except the impreg- nated females. These hibernate ; and in early spring each selects a place in which to build her nest, gener- ally choosing a deserted mouse-nest. At first, the * For works on practical bee-keeping sec Bee Keeping by Qninby, and Langstrolb on the Honey-bee. fl^Jl ^^- <^^ ^^^ ^^2.^,,.^.-^:/^ ^^.^ ^f..--^ v--^^ t^^^-^^ o HYMENOPTKRA. foundress, or queen, performs all the labor ; she col- lects a mass of pollen, and lays a few eggs upon it'; then covers these with more pollen ; when a sufficient quantity has been collected, she lays more eggs, cov- ering them as she did those first laid. The larvae, as soon as hatched, begin to eat the food with which they are surrounded ; each forming for itself a large cavity within it. In case the body of a larva appears through the mass, the breach is quickly filled with more pollen. When full grown, the larva spins about Itself a silken cocoon; this is strengthened by the old bees with a thin layer of wax.' In this manner is pro- duced a very irregular comb differing much in appear- ance from that of the Honey-bee. When fully devel- oped, the young bees eat their way out from their cells, and begin their duties as members of the society. Those produced in early summer are all workers, and as soon as they appear take upon themselves the pro- visioning of the nest, and the care of the young. The queen remains at home, doing but little more than to Jay eggs- The cells from which the young bees es- cape are used for the storing of honey and bee-bread. " About the middle of summer eggs are deposited which produce both small females and males. All eggs laid after the last of July produce the large females, or queens ; and, the males being still in the nest, it is pre- sumed that the queens are impregnated at this time, as, on the approach of cold weather, all except the queens, of which there are several in each nest, die." (Putnam), (i, 130; 7, 213, 280, 348; 8, VI., i; I'. Huber in Linn, Trans., VI). Gufsfs.— In a nest of Boml>i/s pcnnsylvanicus, which I kept in my study for several months, I observed the lO HYMENOPTERA. following guests :— The Humble-bee moth, Ncphop- teryx Edmaiidsii Pack. Of this species very many specimens were found. Its habits are similar to those of the Bee-moth, Galkria. From the larvae of the Humble-bee moth I bred two ^7K'C7i%\tt?,,—Microgaster ncphoptcricis Pack., and a larger Ichneumon-fly, which Mr. Cresson says is an undescribed species of Lunneria. Several beetles and a cockroach were also observed in this nest. 2. Solitary Bees. With the solitary-bees there are only two forms, — males and females. The females perform both the duties of workers and queens, each female building and provisioning a nest for her young. The habits of the following species will be carefully described dur- ing the lectures. The Carpenter-bee, Xylocopa Virginica Dr. (i, 132). The Leaf-cutter bee, Megachile acuta Sm. The Leaf-cutter bee, Megachile hrevis Say. (9. III., 210). ^ Th e Mining-bee, Andrena vicina Smith, (i, 144). 3. Parasitic Bees. The parasitic-bees live within the nests of other bees. The most familiar examples are the different species o{ Apathus, which very closely resemble Hum- ble-bees, and live in their nests, (i, 131). Vespari^ (Tyz^- True Wasps). The True Wasps may be distinguished from all other Hymcnoptcra by their wings being folded longi- ^ /Zif^ -^^ ^^'^. ^ -^.^^ ,,5^0^ ^^ ^^-^ <^^^^,it^. *^^ HYMENOPTERA. tiidinally when at rest.* In habits the wasps are either social or solitary. I. Social Wasps. The social wasps constitute the family Vcspidce of authors. These insects resemble in many respects, bees, especially Humble-bees. There are three forms of individuals,— males, females, and workers. Their <^ societies exist only one season. In the autumn, the J males and workers die. The females hibernate. In V the spring, each of those that have survived the winter ^ begins a nest, and performs all the labor till a brood ts of workers are developed. In the latter part of the y season a brood of males and queens is produced. Un- ^ like the bees the wasps are predaceous, feeding upon other insects ; they also feed upon the sweets of flow- ers, fruit, etc. Their nests are either built in holes under the ground or are attached to trees, or build- ings. They are made of a paper-like substance, com- posed of finely gnawed wood. The habits of this group are well illustrated by the following species: ■/ The White-faced Hornet, Vcspa maciilata Linn (I, 148). ^ The common, black Wasp, /Vz.r/r.j ;«r/r2b-6 i/i; yi^- OJx(u g^. H IIVMKNOPTKRA. most common species is Eumcncs fratc-rna Sixy, which builds small, round, mud nests upon bushes and twigs. These nests are provisioned with small caterpillars. The families Crabroti ida. Nyssonidce, Bcmbecidie, Larridw, Sphegida, Poinpilidce, Scoliadie, and Mutil- lartm include the Digger-wasps, Sand-wasps, Wood- wasps, and other insects for which we have no popular names. These families cannot be discussed in this course. But specimens of the following representa- tives and their nests will be exhibited and described. Wood- wasps, Crabro (Fam. Crabronidcn). Nest made in an elder stalk, and provisioned with small flies. The Mud-daubers Pcloptciis (Fam. Spkcgidce). Nests made of mud, attached to the lower surface of flat stones or to the ceilings of out-buildings, and pro- visioned with spiders. , / , j t i/^ 7^^^^MJCU^>.y^.^^ C^ /^/..w^-^/^/ ^____________F"ORMICARI.li; [Ants) . These insects are social, and as with other social Hymenoptcra there are three forms, — males, females, and workers. The males and females are winged ; the workers are wingless. Take notes of the following points : — Different forms of nests ; pairing of the sexes, and the shedding of wings by the females ; metamorphoses ; duties of the workers ; affection for young; slave-making spe- cies; " -AWX.' scorns" (Aphides); Harvesting-ants;* the Agricultural-ant, (17, VIII., 513); and ant-supporting plants. (Pop. Sci. Review, Jan., 1875). (1, 179; 7,313, 206). • Sec work by J. T. Moggridge, F. L. S., entitled Harvesting-ants and Trap-door Spiders. I^ IIYMENOPTERA. ChRYSIDID/E {Clickoo-flics). These insects lay their eggs in the cells of wild bees and wasps. The larvcX either feed upon the provisions stored there or upon the young owners of the nest, (l, 191 ; 14, II., 174: 19, 184). ICHNEU MONIU/E {IclincnmoH-flies). " The Ichneumon-flies are readily recognized by the usually long and slender body, the long exserted ovi- positor, which is often very long, and protected by a sheath formed of four stylets of the .same length as the true ovipositor. The head is usually rather square, with long, slender, many-jointed antenna; which arc not usually elbowed." (i, 192). There are many species of this family ; they are para- sitic on the young of other insects. The female Ich- neumon-fly lays her eggs either in or upon the body of the insect upon which her young are to feed. The Ichneumon larvae eat the fatty portions of their victim, carefully avoiding the vital organs, so that the cater- pillar, or other insect as the case may be, lives on with these creatures inside its body and deriving their nour- ishment from it. In many cases the caterpillar lives until it has spun its cocoon, and is then killed by the parasites, which spin their cocoons within that of their victim. Other caterpillars are destroyed at an earlier stage, and the cocoons of the Ichneumons may be seen attached to their bodies or to the plants upon which they were. The following species will serve as illustrations of the habits of this family :— R/ij'ssa {Pimpla) lunator Fab. is a large Ichneumon, furnished with an ovipositor three inches in length. lo HYMENOPTERA. It is parasitic on the larva of Tremex Colurnba Linn., a wood boring insect. Ophion macrurum Linn.— This species is parasitic on the larva of Telea Polyphemus Linn. Its large brown cocoons are found singly within the cocoons of this silkworm. Cryptus nuncius Say is a smaller Ichneumon-fly of which thirty-five specimens were bred from a single cocoon of T. Polyphemus. Mzcrog^aster. — Fech\e caterpillars may often be seen crawling about with many, from fifty to two hundred, little white or yellow cocoons attached to their bodies ; these cocoons are also found attached in clusters to plants upon which the caterpillars live. They are the cocoons of small Ichneumons which leave the body of their victim to undergo their metamorphoses. Many of these Ichneumons belong to the genus Micron-as- ter. ProctotrvpiD/E {Egg-parasites). This family will not be discussed in this course. Chalcidid/E {Chalcis-flies). The species of this family are of small size, and of bright metallic colors. Their habits are similar to those of the Ichneumon-flies, they being like them parasitic on the young of other insects. They differ, however, from the Ichneumon-flies in this particular, — the majority of Chalcis flics do not spin a cocoon, but have naked pupae. Pteromalus pjiparum Linn, is parasitic on the chrys- alides of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapa: Linn. Antigastcr mirabilis Walsh is parasitic on the eggs 20 HYMENOPTERA. of the Angular-winged Katydid, Microccntrus retincr- vis Burm. (3, VI., 162). Cynipid^e {Gall-flies). Gall-flies resemble Chalcis-flies in appearance but are usually plant parasites, living in abnormal vegeta- ble growths, called galls. Note manner in which these galls are produced, and compare them with galls produced by Plant-lice, Bark-lice or Mites. (5, I., loi). The True Oak Apple, Quercus spongifica Osten Sacken. The Mossy Rose Gall, RJwdites rosm Linn. (5 II 2I3). The Pithy Blackberry Gall, Diastrophtis nebulosus 0.sten Sacken. (5, II., 159). Tenthredinid^ {Saw-Jlies). The Saw-flies resemble the Lepidoptera in many respects. The larvae are like caterpillars, usually feed- ing on the leaves of plants. They may be distin- guished, however, by having from twelve to sixteen prolegs, while caterpillars never have more than ten prolegs. The pupae usually transform in parchment- like silken cocoons, in the ground or on the surface, or on the limbs of trees. Adult with the three re- gions of the body not so well marked as in the higher Hymenoptera ; head broad ; thorax wide, closely re- sembling that of the Lepidoptera ; abdomen sessile ; ovipositor shaped like a saw ; hence the common name of the family. (11, I., 31). Cimbcx Americana Leach. — The larvs feed on the leaves of elm, birch, linden, and willow, (i, 215 • 2 518). 22 HYMENOPTERA. The Imported Currant-worm, Nematus vcntricosus Klug. (5, II., 15). The Native Currant-worm, Pristiphora grossularicc Walsh, (s, II., 20). Remedy. — Powdered White Hellebore dusted over the infested bushes will destroy both species of cur- rant-worms. UroceriD/E {Horntails). The members of this family are also injurious to vegetation. The larvae are borers, living in the trunks of trees. They undergo their transformations within their burrows. The adult insects may be distinguished from their allies, the Tenthredinidre, by the anterior tibiae being furnished with a single apical spur, and the abdomen of the female armed with a borer. The Saw- flies have the anterior tibiae furnished with two apical spurs, and the abdomen of the female armed with saws. Note form and habits of Tremex Columba Linn, (i, 228; 2, 53'^>). Order LEPIDOPTERA. {Butterflies and Moths). Char. Wings four, membranous, covered with im- bricated scales. Mouth-parts formed for sucking. Metamorphosis complete. The wings are large and extended, often connected together by a hook and bristle (frenulum). In some species, the females are wingless ; in others they have only rudimentary wings. The mouth-parts are as follows :-Labrum and mandibles rudimentary ; maxillae developed into a long sucking tube, which, when not in use, is coiled up between the well developed labial palpi ; labium rudimentary. Some of the Lepidoptera do not eat anything while in the adult state; in these the maxillae are also rudimentary. The larvse (caterpillars) vary greatly in form and appearance; but in general they are cylindrical, furnished with from eight to sixteen legs,— six true thoracic legs, and from two to ten fleshy, abdominal prolegs. The true legs have a hard external skeleton; they are jointed, tapering, and armed, at the end, with a little claw. The prolegs are thick, fleshy, with- out joints, elastic or contractile, and are generally surrounded at the ex- tremity by numerous, minute hooks. (2. 258). Some caterpillars have enormously developed silk organs, consisting of long, simple tubes, which various purposes;— in locomotion; in the construction of webs, tents, and open by a spinneret at the under lip. The silk is used by the larv.-e for cases ; in the rolling and fastening together of leaves ; in suspending the body, preparatory to undergoing the metamorphosis, or in the construction of a cocoon, enveloping the body, for the same purpose. Most caterpil- lars, larva; of butterflies excepted, spin cocoons. In some instances (silkworms) a great amount of silk is used in the construction of the cocoon ; in others only enough to fasten together the hairs of the cater- pillar of which the cocoon is principally composed. L.,l/X/C^*>l-,^-l^-Z2Xt_j _ 26 LEPIDOPTKRA. The pupa has the limbs folded upon the sides and breast ; the whole being enclosed in a hard skin. The members of this order are, as a whole, terrestrial, and injurious to vegetation. Papilionid.E {Butterflies, or Diurnal Lepidoptera). Butterflies may be di.stintruished from moths by the following characters:— In butterflies the antenna; are knobbed;* the body is smaller, especially the abdo- men ; the anterior wings, in all, and the posterior wings in most species, are carried erect when at rest ; the wings of each side are not held together by a hook and bristle. The larva; always have five pairs of pro- legs, and very seldom spin cocoons. The pupa; (chry- salides) are usually angulated. The genus Papilio includes the " Swallow-tail " but- terflies of which there are many species. Papilio Asterias Drury is a familiar example of this group. This butterfly is black, " with a double row of yellow dots on the back ; a broad band, composed of yellow spots, across the wings, and a row of yellow spots near the Ijind margin ; the hind wings are tailed, and have seven blue spots between the yellow band and the outer row of yellow spots, and, near their hinder angle, an eye-like spot of an orange color with a black centre ; the spots of the under side are tawny orange." The female is larger than the male, and has the yellow spots less conspicuous. The wings expand from three to four inches. (2, 263 ; i, 245). The larvae are green, with each segment marked by a transverse band of black, upon which is a row of yel- low spots. When irritated they push from the pro- * 1 he antenna: of some butterflies are nearly filiform ; while a few moths (Castnia) ha knobbed antenna:. -^ LEPIDOPTERA. thoracic ring a yellow, fleshy, Y-shaped scent organ. They feed on various iimbelHferous plants, especially wild parsnip. There are two broods each season. The butterflies of the first brood appear (at Ithaca) during the latter part of May or in June (May 29th, 1875). Those of the second brood appear in July and August. The caterpillars of the second brood transform to chrysalides during the latter part of August (Aug. 26- 30, 1 871), and pass the winter in that state. Discu.ssion of dimorphism in insects, as illustrated by Papilio Turnus, and black, female variety (P. Glaucus), of trimorphism as shown by P. Ajax (P. Walshii, P.' Telamonides, and P. Marcellus). Walshii is the early spring type, Telamonides the late spring, and Marcel- lus the summer and autumn type. (17, VIII., 257).* The genus PicHs includes the cabbage butterflies ; there are several species quite common, and, some- times, they are very noxious. " They are easily rec- ognized by the following characters :— The wings are generally white, with inconspicuous black markings, and occasionally with green or yellow underneath '; they are very. broad and have no scallops or indenta- tions in the margin ; the hind wings in outline resem- ble an egg. The palpi are rather slender, but project beyond the head ; the antennae have a short flattened knob. Their flight is lazy and lumbering. The cat- erpillars are nearly cylindrical, taper a little towards each end, and arc sparingly clothed with a short * The following is an interesting example of double dimorphi m in butterflies -—Ljfae ••a vhlacea Edwards is dimorphic, there being females entirely brown (southern) and oth- ers blue with only a brown border (northern) ; very rarely intergr.ades occur in W Va Lycm,m pstud„rpal„s Hoi-, and Lee. is apparently a very distinct species from the above' bu! Mr. Edwards ha< bred L. violncca. which is an insect of early spring, from the last brood of L. fiseudargiolitt. 'YUr^-'X^ — Puy^^^i-r- ■—-■ ''^^'i>-~ o.Af^i»ij,„i^-v4^, 30 LEPIDOPTERA. down. They suspend themselves by the tail and a transverse loop, and their chrysalides are angular at the side, and pointed at both ends." (2,269; 5- H-. 74' 3. n., 104). Pieris rapce Linn, is the most common species in Central New York. It was introduced from England, h-^ . having been first taken in Quebec in 1859. Eggs usu- ally laid on the under side of leaves ; larva not only feed upon the outer leaves but eat their way into the centre of the cabbage, hence they are called, by the French " Ver du Coeur." There are two broods each year; the second brood hibernates in the chrysalis state. Many of the chrysalides are destroyed by a Chalcis- fly, Pteromalus puparuin Linn. To the genus Colias belong the Sulphur-yellow butter-flies, so common in our pastures and about muddy places in our roads. The species which is so abundant in New England and the Middle States is itj^j^, Colias-Pkilodice Godart. There are two broods of this insect, one appearing in April and May, the other in July. The butterflies, however, may be found during the entire summer. The larva; feed on clover, lupine, garden pea, and lucerne. (2, 272 ; i, 250). Danais Arcliippus Fabr. is a very common, large, ful- f^' vous butterfly. The body, and margins of the wings are black, marked with white or yellowish spots ; the veins of the wings are also black. In the males the black stripes on the veins are narrower than in the fe- males, and there is a horny excrescence upon or near the fourth vein of the secondaries. The wings ex- pand about four inches. The eggs are deposited on the under side of a leaf. lO\^- LEPIDOPTERA. The larva is banded with yellow, black, ^nd white, and has two pairs of long thread-like horns ;— one pair on the first thoracic segment, and another pair on the eighth abdominal segment. It suspends itself by the tail when about to transform. The chrysalis is clear pale green, marked with black and golden spots. This species feed on most of the different kinds of Milk-weed (Asclepias). There are two broods each year ; the last brood hibernates in the perfect state- (3. ni.. ,42). The genus Argynnis "is readily recognized by the numerous round and triangular silver spots on the under side of the hind wings. The very spiny cater- pillars have a round head, and the spines are branched, two of the prothoracic ones being the largest and reaching over the head. The angular arched chrysa- lides have the head either square, or slightly notched, with a smooth thorax, while on the back of the abdo- men are two rows of usually gold colored tubercles. They usually feed on violets, and may be found from May to July." (Packard i, 251). The following .spe- cies are found in Ithaca,— /i. Idalia Drury (very rare), A^Aphrodite Fabr., A. Cybele Fabr., A. Myrina Cra- mer, and A. Bellona. In the genus Faw^jjrt " the wings are notched and angulated or tailed on the hind edges, while the palpi are long and beak-like. The larva is cylindrical and stoutly spined, the spines being long and branched. The caterpillars are gregarious during the early stages. The head of the chrysalis is deeply notched, or fur- nished with two ear-like prominences ; the sides are very angular, in the middle of the thorax there- is a thin projection, in profile, somewhat like a Roman 34 LEPIDOPTERA. nose, and on the back are two rows of very sharp tuber- cles of a golden color." (i, 258; 2, 295). Vanessa Antiofia. Linn, is a well known representa- tive of this genus. The butterfly is large ; the wings are velvety purplish brown above, with a yellowish terminal band, which is preceded by a row of violet blue spots. The under side of the wings is dark with wavy lines of deeper color, and a small central grayish point on each wing. Expands three inches. This is one of the first butterflies to be seen in the spring, as it hibernates in the perfect state, and leaves its winter quarters during the first warm days of the season. The eggs are laid, during May, in clusters, around the twigs of those trees upon the leaves of which the larvae feed. The per.fect insects are developed during July (July 5th, 1873). A second brood appears in September. The larvae are common on elm and willow ; they also feed upon poplar and Balm of Gilead. Grapia is a genus closely related to the preceding, " from which it may be distinguished by its more ex- cised and angular wings, and its less hairy palpi. All the known species have the upper surface more or less brightly fulvous, spotted with black ; lower surface crowded and veined with different shades of brown ; the secondaries have a more or less angular silvery or pale golden mark, resembling sometimes the letter L or C." Grapta comma Harris is the most abundant Grapta at Ithaca. It may be recognized by having a silvery comma in the middle of the hinder wings. The lar- vE feed on hop, elm, ambrosia, and nettle. The but- terflies appear early in the spring in company with Va n cssa Ant iopa . ze LEPIDOPTERA. V^^ Grapta_Progne Harris is also very abundant It closely resembles G. comma but may be distinguished from that species by the angular TEkA. The Currant borer, Aigeria tipuliformis Linn. This insect is closely allied to the preceding species, but is much smaller. The eggs are laid on the twigs. The larvze penetrate the stem, and devour the pith, in this way making a burrow in which they live and un- dergo their transformations. The perfect insects ap- pear in June. Remedy. — Burn infested twigs in May or earlier. Zyg^NID/F,. Not discussed in this course. The students, how- ever, are advised to examine the specimens illustra- ting it, especially those of Megantliymus yuccm Bois- duval. BOMHYCID/E {Spinners). This Himily is characterized by Packard as follows : " Their thick heavy bodies, and small sunken heads, and often obsolete mouth-parts (the maxilla; or tongue being especially short compared with other moths), and the broadly pectinated antenna;, together with their broad, often falcate wings and sluggish habits, notwithstanding numerous exceptions, afford good characters for distinguishing them. The clypeus is large, the antenna: are inserted higher up than in other moths, so that when in doubt as to the position of some aberrant forms, a reference to these characters enables us to determine quite readily as to their affin- ities." The White marked Tussock moth, Orgyia Icucostig- ma Sm. and Abbott. — The larva; is a very beautiful, slender caterpillar, with pale yellow hairs and tufts, two black pencils projecting over its head and one over so LEPIDOPTERA. the other extremity of its body, its head and two small protuberances on the hind part of the back bright coral red. They are common on apple, witch-hazel and many other trees. The species is two brooded. The moths of the first brood appeared July i ith ; those of the second brood probably appear late in Septem- ber. Soon after appearing they pair, and the wingless, ash-gray, female lays her eggs upon the cocoon, cov- ering them with a frothy substance. The eggs of the fall brood do not hatch till the following spring. The male moth is dull smoky or sooty brown, with a white dot near the tip of its fore wings. Remedy. — Collect and destroy the eggs during the winter months; they may be easily detected by the presence of one or more leaves fastened with the co- coon to the twigs of the trees upon which the larva; feed. Be careful not to destroy cocoons containg par- asites. (3, I., 144)- The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar, Clisiocampa Amer- icana Harris, is the name of the "Apple-tree worms," which build the large, triangular, silken webs in apple and wild cherry trees during spring. The eggs are laid in a cluster, forming a ring about a twig. They hatch in the spring, at the time the leaves appear, becoming full grown about the middle of June. At this time they leave the trees in search of a place to spin their cocoons. The cocoons may be recognized by having a yellowish-white powder mixed with the silk. The pupa state lasts about three weeks. The moth is dull yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, with two transverse whitish or pale yellowish lines on the anterior wings. Remedies. — Destroy egg clusters during winter. ^i-^ -TA_^ i^- U.^ ^I^ 52 LEPIDOPTERA. Destroy larvae as soon as the tents appear ; do this early in the morning or late in the evening, when they are all in their tents. (3, III., 117; 4, II., 181 ; 5, II., 143)- The Tent-caterpillar of the Forest, Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris. — Note habits, and compare with the preceding species. (3, III., 121). The Fall Web-worm, Hypliantria textor Harris. — Eggs laid in a cluster on a leaf; they hatch during June, July, and August. The larvae spin a web under which they live and feed, increasing the size of the net as they require more food. They are found on many kinds of trees, but especially ash. This species is generally single brooded, and winters in the pupa state. The moth emerges during May or June, and is pure white. Compare this species with the Apple-tree Tent-cat- erpillar, and note differences in habits. Remedy. — Destroy the larVc-E as soon as the webs appear. This may be done at any time of the day. (3. HI., 130). To the old genus Attacus belong several very large common moths. The larvae live on various fruit and forest trees, and spin dense silken cocoons, which, in some instances, at least, might be utilized in the man- ufacture of silk. The following species are found at Ithaca. Telea {Attacus) Polyphemus Linn. — The moth is brown with large transparent eye-like spots in the centre of the wings. It expands five inches. The larvae feed upon oak, walnut, hickory, bass-wood, elm, maple, hazel, apple, rose, quince, thorn, plum, choke- cherry, sycamore, poplar, birch, honey-locust, blue- 54 LEPIDOPTKRA. berry, and willow. The cocoon is oval, closed at both ends and generally fastened to leaves with which it falls. (3. IV., 125). Actias (Attaciis) Luna Linn. — The body is white, with clear green wings ; each wing marked with an eye spot ; a reddish brown band extends across the thorax and the whole length of the upper edge of the fore wings ; posterior wings prolonged into long tails. This moth expands nearly five inches. The larva; feed upon walnut, hickory, sweet gum, beech, birch, willow and plum. The cocoon is similar in form to that of Polyphemus, but it is not so dense, and is sometimes of a brown color. (3, IV., 123). Samia {Attacus) Cynthia Drury is an introduced species of which a few specimens have been taken in this place. Many specimens have been bred here, by members of the University, from eggs obtained in Brooklyn, L. I. This is probably the explanation of its occurence in this locality. The larva: feed upon the Ailanthus. The cocoon is similar to that of Prometkia. The goods known by the name o( At/an- tinc are made from the cocoons of this species. (3, IV., 112). Callosamia (Attacus) Promethia Drury. This species is closely allied to the above. The sexes differ greatly. " The male is of a deep smoky brown color on the upper side, and the female light reddish brown ; in both, the wings are crossed by a wavy whitish line near the middle, and have a wide clay-colored border, which is marked by a wavy reddish line ; near the tips of the fore wings there is an eye-like black spot within a bluish white crescent." (2. 390). Expands three and one half inches. The larva; are found principally on 56 LEPIDOPTERA. ash and wild cherry; they also feed upon sassafras, tulip tree, sweet gum, spice bush, maple, plum, pop- lar, Azalea, Cephalanthus, snowdrop tree, barberry, birch, bayberry, and lilac. The cocoon is usually en- veloped by a leaf, the petiole of which is fastened to the branch with a silken band. The cocoon is open at one end to allow the escape of the imago. (3, IV., 121). Callosantia {Attacus) angulifera Walk. — A single specimen of this rare insect was bred from what I had supposed to be a cocoon of Promethea, Platysamia {Attictis) Cecropia Linn.—" The ground- color of the wings is a grizzled dusky brown, with the hinder margins clay-colored ; near the mid- dle of each of the wings there is an opaque kid- ney shaped dull red spot, having a white centre and a narrow black edging ; and beyond the spot a wavy dull red band, bordered internally with white ; the fore wings, next to the shoulders, are dull red, with a curved white band ; and near the tips of the same is an eye-like black spot, within a bluish-white crescent.' {2. 385). The cocoons are oblong oval, fastened by one side to a twig, and open at one end. They have been found on the following plants, upon most of which the larva: probably feed : apple, pear, cherry current, barberry, hazel, plum, hickory, blackberry elderberry, elm, lilac, red-root, maple, willow, and honey locust. (3, IV., 103). Serioicaria {Bombyx) mori Linn, is the Chinese or Mulberry silkworm, from the cocoons of which most of the silk of commerce is made. (3, IV., 75 ; 20,214) NOCTUID/E OR NOCTU/EMTTE {OwUt-inoths). The Owlet-moths " are characterized by their thicl S8 LEPIDOPTERA. bodies, the thorax being often crested, by the stout and well developed palpi, and the simple and some- times slightly pectinated antenna;. The fore wings arjEL small and narrow, and the rather large hind wings are, when at rest, folded under them, so that the moth looks much smaller than when flying. They fly swiftly at night, and are attracted by light." (i, 302). The most important are the Cut-worms, or Surface caterpillars, which belong to the following genera; Agrotis, Hadena, Mamestra, and Cclcena. (4, IX., 237; 3- I-. 67)- The habits of Cut-worms are, in general, as follows : Eggs laid during mid-summer. The larvae as soon as hatched feed upon the roots of grass and other plants, doing but little injury during the first season. They winter in the ground at the depth of three or four inches. In the spring they come to the surface, and are very destructive to the young and tender plants. When full grown they descend three or four inches into the ground, and form oval cells within which they undergo their transformations. The pupa state lasts about four weeks. Some of the exceptions to the above are as follows : Many species ascend trees during the night, and de- stroy the young buds ; some are two brooded ; a few pass the winter in the pupa state. GEOMETRID/E or PHAL/ENID/E. " The Geometrids are easily known by their .slender, finely scaled bodies and broad thin wings, which in re- pose are not folded roof-like over the body, but are spread horizontally and scarcely overlap each other. The antenna; are usually pectinated. They are deli- d^ u^ en^^^^i^J^ >J^^- ULu^ ^^crx^ 6o LEPIDOPTERA. cate, pale, often greenish or yellowish moths, and fly more by day than the noctuids. The palpi are short and slender, and the tongue, or maxilLx, is weak and short." (i. 318). The larvae are " Measuring worms," or " Loopers," and rarely have more than two pairs of prolegs. The Canker-worm, Anisopteryx vcrnata Peck. — The eggs are laid in the early spring and late in autumn upon the bark of apple, cherry, plum, elm, and other trees. The larvs hatch during May and destroy the young leaves. When full grown the larvae descend to the ground and undergo their transformations in rude earthern cocoons. The perfect insects appear in the autumn or following spring. Remedy. — Prevent the wingless females from climb- ing the trees and depositing their eggs upon them, by means of bandages, covered with coal oil or printer's ink, and bound around the trunks of trees. (2, 461 ; 3. 11-, 94)- PVRALID.'E {Snout-moths). These moths are easily recognized by their long, slender, compressed palpi, which give them their pop- ular name. The Bee-moth, Galleria cereana Fab., and the Hum- ble-bee moth, Nephopteryx Ediuattdsii Pack., already discussed, are members of this family. ToRTRlclDy?! {Leaf-rollers). " The Leaf-rollers are best characterized by the shortness of the palpi, which project beak-like, and are rarely long enough to be curved in front of the head ; and by the oblong fore wings. They are of 62 LEPIDOPTERA. small size, rarely expanding over an inch, and are folded roof-like over the body. The fore wings are broad, compared with those of the Tineidae, and are much rounded on the costa." (i. 332). The larvae of many species roll up leaves, fasten them together with silk, and live inside of the rolls thus formed. The Codling moth or Apple-worm, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. — The moth appears in early summer and lays its eggs on apples and pears, laying them singly in the blossom end of the fruit. The larva, when hatched eats its way to the core, usually causing the fruit to fall prematurely. When full grown the larva burrows out through the side of the fruit, and undergoes its transformations within a cocoon, under the rough bark of the tree, or in some other protected place. This species is both single and double brooded. The larva; winter in their cocoons, transforming to pupae during early spring. Remedies. — Pick up and destroy the infested fruit as soon as it falls, or allow hogs to feed upon it. Trap the larvae by providing a place for them to spin their cocoons. This may be done in many ways ; the most effectual way is to put a band of hay or, other mate- rial around the trunk of the tree.* TiNEID/E. " The Tineids arc a family of great extent, and the * The following arc Prof. Riley's rules for the use of these bands : " ist, the hay-bi nds should be placed around the tree by the first of J unc, and kept on till every apple is off the ■ tree ; 2nd, it should be pushed up or down, and the worms and chrysalids crushed that were under it, every week, or at the very latest, every two weeks; 3rd, the trunk of the tree should be kept free from old rough bark, so as to give the worms no other place of shelter ; and, 4th, the ground itself should be kept clean from weeds and rubbish. " (3, !., 66). 64 LEPinOI'TERA. species are very destructive to vegetation, having in- numerable modes of attack. They may be distin- guished from the Tortricidae by their smaller size, while the narrow wings which lie on the top of, or are rolled around the body when at rest, are often falcate, or pointed acutely, and edged with a long fringe of exceeding delicacy. The maxillary palpi are greatly developed, while the labial palpi are of the usual size, and usually recurved in front of the head. The an- tennae are long and filiform." (i, 346). The larvre are mostly leaf miners ; many are case bearers. Note form and habits of the following species : The Clothes moth, Tinea flavifrontclla Linn. (i.34f^)- The Indian meal moth, Tinea zece Fitch. (4, II., 320). PterophoriD/E {Plume-moths). These moths " may be at once known by their fis- sured and plumed wings. The body is long and slender, with long antennae and legs. They are the lowest moths, the long slender abdomen and fissured wings being marks of degradation. The larvae have sixteen legs, and are rather hairy. They form no cocoon, but, fastening themselves by the tail to a leaf or stem, shed their larva-skins and appear in the pupa state. Some of the pupa: are nearly as hairy as the larvae, others are quite naked. Most of the larv.ne feed in the early summer months, and the perfect insects appear rather later, though some may be seen in spring." (i, 350- Order DIPTERA. {Flics, Mosquitoes, Gnats, &c.) Char. Wings two, mesothoracic. Metathorax furnished with a pair of knobbed threads, (halteres, balancers, or poisers). Mouth-parts formed for sucking. Metamorphosis complete. In many species the wings are accompanied, at the base, by a small wing-like membrane (alulet). The poisers are probably the homologues of the hind wings of four-winged insects; and "are the most character- istic organs of the order, being jjresent even when the wings themselves are wanting." ^14, II., 499). The mouth-parts are typically composed of six setiform organs (lahjf A- um, pair of mandibles, ))air of maxillae, and the lingua) partially enclosed in a sheath (labium), and a pair of one or more jointed maxillary palpi. Labial palpi wanting.* (14, II., 496, 498; I, 359). Larvae (maggots) fleshy, footless, cylindrical. In the majority of spe- cies they have only two spiracles, which are situated at the posterior end of the body. Pupae usually encased in the dried skin of the larvx, some naked, others with a cocoon. The pupa; of the Culicida; are active. This is a large order, both in numl)er of species and individuals. The species differ much in habits. Some are very annoying to man. Famil- iar examples are the mosquito, which attacks his person; the flesh-flies, which infest his food ; the bot-flies, and gad-flies, that torment his cattle; and the gall-gnats, that destroy his crops. Other species are very benefi- cial. Those belonging to the Syrphida;, and tlic genus Tachina, destroy * In the Pulicidx the maxilla: are small triangular scales, the labium is minute, and furnished with three-jointed palpi. (14, II., 488). 68 DIPTERA. many noxious insects ; and very many species, while in the larval state, feed upon decaying animal and vegetable matter, thus acting as scavengers. Although the habits of these creatures, which revel in all kinds of filth are very disgusting, we cannot help admiring that arrangement by which a mass of filth, instead of being left to poison the atmosphere, is transform- ed into myriads of living beings, whose swift flight and delicate forms lend life and beauty to the landscape. Only a few species, illustrating the more important families, can be dis- cussed in this course. CULICID/E {Mosquitoes or Gnats). Most N. Am. .species of this family belong to the genera Culex and Anopheles. These genera may be separated as follows : " The palpi of Culex (males) are longer than the proboscis, whilst in Anopheles the palpi are of the same length." (21, pi.. A). Culex. — More than thirty N. Am. species have been described. Eggs laid in boat-shaped masses. Larvre called " wigglers," aquatic, breathing through a respi- ratory tube, placed on the eighth abdominal segment. Pupa; active, respiratory tubes thoracic, two in number. "The female insects sting severely and suck blood, whilst the males content themselves with the juices or nectar of flowers." (21, 16). The larva; are benefi- cial, acting as scavengers. There are several broods each year. Cecidom Yl D.K {Gall-gnats).* These insects lay their eggs in stems, leaves, buds, and flowers of various plants. The larva; produce ■ See monograph of this family by Baron Osten S.i(;ken in the Smithsonian Mono- graphs of North Amcricpp Tiptcra, Part i. p 173. 70 DIPTERA. galls or other deformities, or simply arrest the growth of the infested part. The Hessian-fly, Cccidoinyia destructor Say. — Sup- posed to have been brought to this country in straw by the Hessian troops, hence the name. " The larvae live between the leaf and main stalk, near a joint, sucking the sap and weakening the plant. The pupa, which is of a bright chestnut color and resembles a flax seed, is formed in the larva-skin and developed in the same place. The flies appear in April and May and deposit their eggs in the crevices of the blades. Some of the insects probably come out in autumn. The larva; do much injury to wheat, barley, rye, etc." Glover, 21,7. Kennedies. — Burn stubble immediately after harvest. Sow fall wheat late. (2, 568 ; 4, VH., 133 ; i, 374). The Wheat-midge, Diplosis {Cecidomyia) tritici Kirby. — " LarviE of a red color. This insect made its first appearance in 1830, in Canada, from the emptying of a straw bed by a Scotch emigrant, and spread in a circle of about thirty miles in a year, at first. Eggs from 2 to 12, deposited in the opening flowers of wheat, etc., in June and July. These hatch, in 10 to 12 days, into minute reddish, or orange colored larvae, which live in the chaffy scales of barley, grass, oats, rye, and wheat, feeding on the pollen and milky juices of the grains, causing them to shrivel up and become comparatively worthless. The pupae are found a little below the surface of the earth, in a delicate filmy cocoon glued to the surrounding grains of earth. (Har- ris, however, states that the pupa; transform without a cocoon). The following season the pupa works its way to the surface of the earth, and the fly appears in ^2 DIPTERA. May or June. Some flies, however, are said to appear as perfect insects in July or August of the same season. In 1854 the amount lost by the ravages of the Wheat- midge in New York, was estimated by the N. Y. St. Ag. Soc. to exceed fifteen million dollars; and in 1857 the same insect destroyed one-third of the crop in Canada, amounting to eight millions of bushels." Glover, 21, 19. Remedies. — Deep plowing in the fall or spring. Sow wheat late, (i, 375 ; 2, 587; 4, VI, 3). TiPULiD.'E {Crane-flies).* These flies are easily recognized by their large size, long legs, and slender antenna; and palpi. " The pres- ence of a transverse V-shaped suture across the meso- notum, would alone be sufficient to distinguish the Tip- tilidce from the neighboring families." (Osten Sacken). The larva.' live in various situations, in the soil, in vegetable mould, in wood, and even upon the leaves of plants. Some of them are destructive to the roots of grass, grain, and vegetables. Some larvae of this family have a curious habit of collecting together by thousands, and, adhering to each other by a sticky substance, forming a serpent-like animal, sometimes sev- eral yards in length, which travels over the ground as an individual. Three-banded Crane-fly, Tipula trivittata Say. — Most common species in Ithaca. Adult occurs in great numbers in May and June. Habits of larva? *Scc monograph of this family, by B.-iron Oslcn Sackcn, in the Smithsonian Monograph of North Ameiican Diptera, Part IV. 74 DIPTERA. Puucin/E {Fleas). This group constitutes the order Aphaniptera of Kirby, VVestwood, and many other writers. For char- acters, see 1,388; 14, II., 488. The Human-flea, Pulcx irritans Linn., is an example of this family. SVRPHIDyK. Many species of this family are remarkable for their resemblance either to wasps, or bees. They hover about flowers and extract nectar from them. The larvse of many species are very beneficial, as they feed upon Plant-lice. Some live in decaying wood ; others live parasitically in the nests of bees ; a few are aquatic. See specimens of Microdon globosus Fab., larva, pu- parum and adult ; Rat-tailed Maggots, Eristalis trans- 7>crsns VVied., larva and adult ; and Volucclla cvccta Walk. Note resemblance of Volucella to a bee. Discussion of mimicry. (See Wallace on Natural Selection, p. 75, and 3, III., 159). Examine carefully specimens of the following insects, and note resem- blances. Volucella (Dip.) and small worker Humble- bees (Hym.) ; Laphria (Dip.) and Bombus (Hym.) Spilomyia (Dip.) and Vespa (Hym); Limenitis disip- pus Godt. (Lep. Nymphalid;u) and Danais archippus Fabs. (Lep. Danaida;). OsSTRID/R {Bot-flies, Breeze-flies.) " In these flies, so interesting in their habits, the body is stout, hairy, like the Humble bees, and they are easily recognized by having the opening of the mouth 76 DIPTERA. very small, with rudimentary oral organs. The mid- dle part of the face is exceedingly narrow, and the minute antennae are inserted in rounded pits." Pack- ard I, 403. The Horse Bot-fly, Gastrophilus equi Fabr. — Eggs . attached to the hairs on legs and shoulders of horses. LarvK licked off by the animal's tongue and swallowed with the food. They fasten themselves to the walls of the stomach, and remain there until full grown. They then pass from the animal with the excrement, and undergo their transformation in the dried skin of the larva. (13, 1869, p. 96). Bot-fly of the Ox, Hyphodcrma hovis DeGeer. — Eggs deposited on backs of Cattle, Larva; pierce the skin and live under it in tumors produced by their irritation. When full grown they leave the tumors and fall to the ground, where they transform within the dried skin of the larva. (13, 1869). The Sheep Bot-fly, QLstrus ovis Linn. — Eggs or young larva; deposited in the nostrils of sheep. Larvae live in the frontal sinuses, where they feed upon the mucous. They are verv injurious to the sheep, caus- ing vertigo or " staggers." Pupa state passed beneath the surface of the ground, in the dried skin of the larva. (3, I, 161). MUSCID/E. The following species will serve as illustrations of the form and habits of the members of this very large family. The House-fly, Miisca domestica Linn.* — Eggs, *See paper by Packard, on the transformations of the common House-fly, from the Proceedings of the Roston Society of Natural Historj-. Vol. XVI, Feb. 1874. 78 DIPTERA. about one hundred and twenty in number, laid in horse manure. Larv-x become full grown in from five to seven days, having moulted twice. Pupa state lasts from five to seven days. Adult insects are common during the warm parts of the year, and hybernate through the winter. The Flesh-fly, Sarcophaga caniaria Linn. — Female viviparous, Larva; feed upon carion, and are occasion- ally found in wounds and sores of man and cattle. It is said that sometimes a single female of this species contains 20,000 eggs. See Am. Nat. Vol. VIL, p. 193 for figures of larva, puparium and adult. The Cheese Maggot, Piopliila casei Linn. — Larva;, called "skippers" or "Cheese maggots," live in cheese, bacon, and other fatty substances. Note man- ner of leaping. (5, IL, 78). Tachina. The species of this genus resemble the Ichneumonid.E in habits, being parasitic in the larvs of other insects. (21,53). HiPPOBOSClD/E {The Forest-flics and Sheep Ticks.) Note pecular mode of development. Examine specimens. Order COLEOPTERA. {Beetles.) ClIAK. Wings four, anterior pair (elytra) meeting in a straiglit line down the back. Elytra much thick- ened forming a case, under which the posterior wings are longitudinally and transversely folded. Posterior wings membranous. Mouth-parts formed for biting. Metamorphosis complete. Only a few variations from these typical characters exist in this order. The following arc familiar examples: In Meloe the elytra overlap each other. In many of the Carabidtc, Curculionidce, &c., the posterior pair of wings are wanting, and in some the elytra are soldered together. The female of the Glow-worm is wingless. And in Buprestis the posterior wings are only longitudinally folded. This order is the highest of the mandibulate series. The mouth-parts are all well developed. We do not find some of these organs enormously enlarged at the expense of others, as is the case in insects we have already studied. Larv;^ usually furnished witli six thoracic legs, and often with a single terminal prop-leg. -Some, however, as the larvK of the Curculionidse, are entirely destitute of articulated legs. Mouth-parts same as in the adult ex- cept that they are more rudimentary. The pupx- have the wings and legs free, and usually transform in rude cocoons made of earth or bits of wood fastened together by a viscid sub- stance excreted by the larva;. Many wood burrowing species transform in the tunnels made by the larv.v. A few species (some Coccinellida;) transform in the old larva sUin. o2 COLEOPTERA. The habits of the insects comprising this order are various. We find among them some of the most beneficial insects as well as some of the most noxious. The number of living species has been estimated at between 60,000 and 80,000. In the Check List of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mex- ico, by G. R. Crotch, 7,450 species are enumerated as belonging to that region. The order is divided into many families, only a few of which can be dis- cussed here. CiCINDELlD.E {Tiger Beetles.) Green, purplish or black beetles, with large heads, prominent eyes, large mandibles armed with strong teeth, and the terminal hook of the maxillai articulated at its base. The elytra are usually marked with white or yellow bars, lunules or dots. The legs are long and slender. They frequent dry sandy places, the banks of streams and road sides. They are predaceous, cap- turing their prey either by running or flying. The larvae also are predaceous, capturing their prey by lying concealed at the entrance of a hole which they dig in the ground. They may be recognized by a dorsal hook on the fifth abdominal segment. y^u^ Our common species belong to the genus Cicindela.* CarabiD/E {Ground Beetles.) ' ^1 The beetles of this family vary much in appearance. The most familiar examples are the long-legged black beetles, so common under sticks and stones. Most species are predaceous, and thus render great service /-^■■■^ I ^Q ^y,g agriculturist. They run very swiftly. In many species the wings arc wanting, and in some the elytra are soldered together. "fur a synopsis of the nutivc species of Cicindela. See Say's Entomology Vol. U., P M COLEOPTERA. The larva; are found in the grass, and under sticks and stones. They are also predaceous, sometimes overpowering insects many times as large as them- selves. (1,430; 14, I., 57). The Caterpillar Hunters, Calosoma and Carabus. The Bombardier beetles, Brachinns. 'Dx-n^clUM {The Diving Beetles or Water Tigers.) Beetles of an oval, flattened, elliptical or rounded form. They are aquatic, carnivorous, and closely re- lated to the Carabidae, differing from them only in the form of the large posterior coxa;, and the oar-like na- tatorial legs. Posterior legs usually compressed and elongated. Note mode of respiration, flight, &c. Larvae very active, long, cylindrical, provided with very long sickle shaped mandibles. They are carni- vorous, and well merit their popular name, Water Tigers. Pupa; in round cells in the ground, (i, 435 ; 14, I., 93)- Gyrinid.k [Whirligigs.) Beetles of an oval form, and usually brilliant bluish black color. Legs fitted for swimming ; anterior pair very long, middle and posterior pair short, broad and much flattened. Aquatic. Note differences in habits between this and preceeding family. " The cylindrical eggs are placed by the female, end to end, in parallel rows on the leaves of aquatic plants, and the larvae are hatched in about eight days. They are myriapodous in form, with a pair of large, long, 86 COLEOPTERA. lateral respiratory filaments on each segment. They became fully grown in August, crawl out of the water and spin an oval cocoon, within which the pupa re- mains a month, and then appears as a beetle." ((, 436; 14, I., 105). Hydrovhuad/e. Aquatic beetles of an ovate or liemispherical and convex form. Legs of moderate length, middle and posterior pairs sometimes fitted for swimming. The adult insects feed upon decaying vegetable matter. The eggs are placed in a silken nidus spun by the female. Larv;e carnivorous. (1,437; '4- ^■> 122). SlLPHID/E {Carton, or Sexton Bci'tles.) These beetles may be recognized by the depressed A/*^ ' form of their heads and bodies, by their clavate anten- \ na;, and by a disgusting odor. They are found in the vicinity of carion, upon which they and their larvae feed. (14, I., 135). Note habits of the Burying-Bcetles, Necrophorns. Staph YiJNin.4i {Rovc-Bcctlcs). '-K Beetles with long bodies, and very short elytra, un- der which the long wings are folded when not in use. They are mostly minute. They feed upon decaying animal and vegetable matter, and are common under sticks, stones, and in the neighborhood of carion. The adult insects have a habit, when frightened, of raising COLEOPTERA. their abdomens, in a threatening manner, as if they ( could sting. Eggs large. Larva> resemble the adult insects, and j are found in similar situations. " In the pupae the hind wings are not folded beneath the elytra, but cx- tA^- - tend below, meednr/uponythe/breas^" KjJ-4\ i TfCcl'W. i- /cv i^i h 124 ORTHOPTERA. stridulate during flight, the others while at rest. To the first group be- long the Crickets (Gryllidje) ; to the second, the Green or Long-horned Grasshoppers (Locustarix) ; to the third and fourth, certain kinds of Short-horned or jumping Grasshoppers (Acrydii)." (Scudder, 17, II., The true Orthoptera may be divided into four sections : — Saltatoria, legs formed for leaping ; Ambulatoria, legs formed for walking; Rapto- ria, fore legs formed for grasping ; Cursoria, legs formed for running. The Earwigs, Forficularitc, if considered members of this order, con- stitute a fifth section. The first section, Saltatoria, includes three families. There is much confusion regarding both the scientific and common names of these fami- lies as shown by the following table : AUTHORS. Latreille. Leach. ScnJder, FAM. I. GRYU.IDES. ACHETID.E. ORYLLIDES. Crickets. GKYI.UD.«. Crickets. ACHETAD;1v. Crickets. CRYU.IU/E. Crickets. FAM. II. LOCUSTARI/E. URYLLID.-E. I.OCUSTARI.*. Green or Long- horned Grasshop- pers. l.OCUSTARl^E. Locusts. GRYI.I.ID.E. Grasshoppers and Katydids. I.OCUSTID.E. Grasshoppers. FAM. III. ACRYDII. I.OCUSTIU/E. ACRYDII. Short-horned or Jumping Grasshoppers. ACRYDII. Grasshoppers. LOCtJSTAD/E. Locusts. ACRIDID/1': Grasshoppers. I. Saltatoria {Jmnpcrs). This section of the Orthoptera includes those spe- cies that have the anterior and middle legs short, and tlie posterior legs long, formed for leaping. The fem- ora of the posterior legs are greatly thickened, so as to give room internally for the action of large, strong muscles, and channeled for the reception of the tibiae, when at rest. The tibire are furnished, on the upper and posterior surface with strong spines; the tibial 126 ORTHOPTERA. spurs are large, enabling the insect to get a firm foot- hold, preparatory to leaping. GRYLLID^. {Crickets). Saltatorial Orthoptera with long, slender antennre ; wings horizontal, with the outer portion of the ante- rior pair bent abruptly downwards ; tarsi three jointed (except in CEcanthus, which has the hind tarsi four- jointed) ; ovipositor, usually long, spear-shaped. Crickets are chiefly solitary, nocturnal insects. They usually feed upon plants, but are sometimes predacious. Most of the common species lay their eggs in the ground ; the Tree crickets oviposit in twigs, vines, etc. The eggs are laid in the autumn and hatched in the following summer. The greater part of the old crickets die on the approach of winter ; a few hibernate. (2, 1 50). Note form of the musical apparatus of the males. The black cricket, which is so common in Ithaca, is Gryllus abbrcviatus Serv. Another species found here is Gryllus luctuosus Serv. This species is easily rec- ognized by its long wings, which are much longer than the wing-covers, and project beyond the extrem- ity of the abdomen. The Mole-crickets, Gryllotalpa, are so named on ac- count of their large, fossorial fore feet, and burrowing habits. They live in moist places, excavating exten- sive burrows in search of their food. They feed upon the roots of plants and upon insects. " Their eggs, from 300 to 400 in number, are laid in the spring in tough sacks, in galleries, and the young do not come to maturity till the third year." (i, 563 ; 2, 149). 7 J f The Snowy Tree-cricket, CEcanthus niveus Serv. — 128 ORTHOPTERA. Eggs laid in a longitudinal series in raspberry canes, causing the death of that part of the plant which is beyond the punctures. The eggs are laid in the au- tumn ; the young crickets appear (at Ithaca) during the month of June (June 15th, 1873); the perfect in- sect may be found early in September (Sep. 9th, 1873). This species is predacious, feeding upon plant-lice and eggs of insects. Prof. Riley states that females ovi- posit in the twigs or canes of the grape-vine, apple, peach, blackberry, white-willow and soft-maple, as well as those of the raspberry. (3, V., 120). LOCUSTARI^ (Green or Long-horned Grasshoppers). Saltatorial Orthoptera with long, slender antennae ; wings, when at rest, slanting like a roof; tarsi four- jointed ; ovipositor, generally long, compressed, sword shaped. The Long-horned Grasshoppers are mostly of a green color, their wings often resembling leaves. Like the crickets, they are chiefly nocturnal, solitary, phytophagous insects. They live on grass and other herbaceous plants. Their eggs are laid either in the ground or in various parts of plants. A few of the larger species, called Katydids, inhabit trees and shrubs. (2, 155 ; 3, VL, 150). One species of Katydid, Microcentrum retinervis Burm. attaches its eggs externally in a double row to twigs. From eggs of this insect received from New Jersey, I have bred a Chalcis-fly, Antigaster mirabilis Walsh. (5, IL, 368). Several genera, belonging to this family, are wing- less. Ceuthophilus maculatics Say is a common, wing- less species, found under stones. 130 ■ ORTHOPTERA. AcRYDii {Short-horned Grasshoppers or Locusts).* Saltatorial Orthoptcra with short, not more than twenty-four jointed antennae ; wings deflexed ; tarsi three-jointed ; ovipositor short. The Locusts are the best known of the Saltatoria, they being diurnal and occurring in great numbers, in meadows and pastures. They are able to leap much better than the long-horned Grasshoppers ; and some species have great power of flight. Note manner of stridulating. The eggs, fifty to one hundred in number, are gen- erally laid in the ground, in a mass covered with a tough, glutinous secretion. They are long and cylin- drical in form. Some species excavate holes in rails, logs, etc., in which they lay their eggs. (2, 165; i, 567; 7. 125)- Note habits of the following species : — The Hateful Grasshopper, Crt/f/'/c'«;<5 i/r^YK.f Uhler. (6, II., 3; 5, 1., 73,94; 5, n., 81). The Red-legged Locust, Caloptemis fenmr-rubrum Burm. (2, I69). Each of the following sections contains only a single family. 1 1 . Am BU i.ATOUi A ( Walkers). Phasmida ( Walking-sticks). The Walking-sticks, or Spectres are easily recog- nized by their long, linear bodies, furnished with long legs and antennae. Their wings, when present, are small, or if large, very leaf like, resembling, in some * See " Synopsw of the Acrididae of North America." By Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D. Published by the Dcp.irlmcnt of the Interior. je(n/ -y-w^^ iX^JZ^^Z-f^^ ^^^C-*-*-,.,/^- - ^ ^lU-^J-,.^A.,jl_^ /«Wl-Au^C/..^__ It^„yLJ^^^C^ i^ fi-^ i/uj^^. 4^- ■^^.^^zz:..^^ C^:cC . /(^<^ . /2<^ » X^-cZj^c-r~ c^^^i^^u^-f^ -^«^«-^v^^^ •^ ^^a^f - -- ?-»-i,-VT,<_ U!L,..t^..SZ 'L^-^a-^-t^ x2h^L<, At^ J^i-Z^ ff>-T,-«^ / ^ Ca^ i^ ^ cu:<^i^i^i.j Z^-W^ > /a^t^. JJ^ 7r <^ >^^-^ ""//"^^ ;z:-^-^-^ a:^1-J^ /«£^^^^ ^ — '-^-^ — "--l' _ / ^'' ^(t' ^ ^-yz^^ i*^^..-^..,^^ 7 /^ ^ -^ ,^:<^ ^:^L^C ^v^J^ > <:l!^_< /'w.«-«'-a-*_^^^_i< 132 ORTIIOPTERA. instances, fresh green leaves, in others, those that are dry and withered. The wingless species resemble twigs. Diaphcromcra fcmorata Say is a wingless species quite common in Ithaca. III. Raptoria {Graspers). Mantidae {Soothsayers). The Soothsayers, Prophets, or Camel-crickets are readily recognized by the form of their anterior legs,. which are especially adapted for grasping, being large, and furnished with strong spines. These insects do not pursue their prey, but wait patiently until it comes within reach, when they seize it. The position which they assume, while waiting, gives them their popular names. Note habits, form of ootheca, etc. of Mantis Car- olina Linn. (3, I., 169). IV. CURSORIA {Rtitmers). Bi.ATTARIAE {Cockroaches). The Cockroaches are well known pests in every part of the country. They are characterized as follows: Body broadly ovate and depressed ; legs nearly of equal length ; fore wings large, ovate, overlapping ; posterior wings longitudinally folded ; prothorax large, shield-shaped ; antennae long, setaceous, many- jointed. Several species are common in fields, under stones ; others are found in houses. They are nocturnal, hiding by day, and leaving their retreats at night, in search of food. Those found in houses are gen- ^>u l&^^ jL:^ 2^ -l^Oyv ^-^^ 134 ORTHOPTERA. erally considered -noxious on account of the injury they do to provisions and clothing ; but as they greedily devour bed-bugs, they may, sometimes, be considered beneficial. Note form of ootheca. (i, 575 ; 2, 145). V. FoRFlcULARl.4i {Earzvigs). This family differs much from the other Orthoptera, and is considered as a distinct order {Dcrniaptera Leach, Eiiplexoptera Westwood) by many entomolo- gists. The members of it have long, narrow, flattened bodies. Their wing-covers are thick, short, and meet in a straight line down the back. The extremity of abdomen is armed with large, strong forceps. Hence the generic name Forficula, from which the family name is derived. The long bodies and short wing-covers of these in- sects cause them to greatly resemble the Staphylini- dae. Earwigs are rare in this country, but they are very common in Europe. They are nocturnal and feed on the corollas of flowers, fruits, and other vegetable sub- stances. ^. ^ ^=5)^ A ,./_- iu^si, ■> pA^ - iyC,.^ ciZc^^ u.-^-^...^ i^-L^.^.^.^.^j^ Order NEUROPTERA. {Dragon-flifs, May-flies, Ant-lions, White Ants &c.) Char. Wings four, membranous, net-veined, gen- erally large, and of equal size. Mouth parts formed for biting. Metamorphosis complete or incomplete. Abdomen of females with no sting or piercer. Although we find exceptions to nearly every leading characteristic of this order, the members of it may, in most cases, be easily distinguished from other insects. They are separated from the Lepidoptera, Diplera and Hemiptera by their masticatory mouth-parts; from the Hymenoptera by the equal size of the wings, the greater number of the areolets, the non-possession of a sting or piercer, and the shape of the maxilloe, which do not form a sheath for the labium ; and from the Coleoptera and Or- thoptera by the anterior wings being membranous. The Neuroptera is, comparatively, ar\ order of small extent, but in- cludes insects that differ widely in habits. Although, structurally, they are the lowest insects, some of them rival in complexity of habits the highest members of the class. The species are mostly predaceous and can be ranked among beneficial insects. Only a few of the better Unovvn species will be discussed here. TermitiD/K {White Ants). These insects resemble, somewhat, in form and hab- its, the ants. They are social, the colonies sometimes containing an immense number of individuals. There are four forins, — male, female, worker, and soldier. The males and females are winged ; the workers and soldiers are wingless. '- c/ otX^ 9y\^i.*-A-r l/U^^^^S:^ °"""^ ""^^^ ^^"^ ~ ^-w:^ -5^ "Y ^(aL^Li^ ■^e^'^Kv-L-H-' ^oUl^-----<^I^C.-^ _('»i^' ^^/ ^i,-k_ iLc^cJUJU- ^ ^^ ^ e^. >w3)h 138 NEUROPTERA. Note habits of the White Ants of Africa. (7, 304 ; 20, 404). Our native .species, Termes flmnpcs Kollar, is found in old logs and stumps, and under stones. (4, III., 469; 4. IV., 694). EphemeriD/E {May-flics or Ephemcrids). The May-flies are distinguished as follows : — They have long, slender, soft bodies ; the-mouth parts are obsolete ; the antennfe are small ; the wings are of un- equal size, the anterior pair being much the larger ; posterior wings, in some species, wanting ; the extrem- ity of the abdomen is furnished with two or three setae. The eggs are laid in the water. The larva; are aquatic ; they live under stones, among aquatic plants, and in burrows in the mud ; they are carnivorous, and require two or three years to mature. The pupae are active, and have rudimentary wings. When ready to transform, the pupa leaves the water, and at once moults, assuming a winged form (pseudimago, or sub- imago) which, after flying to some neighboring tree or other object, moults again. The perfect insect has more delicate wings, and longer caudal setae than the subimago. The adult insects live only a few hours ; hence the name. They occur in immense numbers. LiBELLUI.lDyE {Dragon-flies or Devil' s-darning- needles). The Dragon-flies have long, narrow bodies. The head is large, with enormous eyes ; thorax square and bulky; abdomen long, slender, and cylindrical ; wings h^ -Sl-^i.^ ZA.t_<- ,^-iA_-e-^ 1/- i^-c^.-,./^^ i{CULAX^ I40 NEUROPTERA. large, and nearly of equal size ; posterior pair some- . times thejacger. The^e well-known insects are very common, flying over ponds, and in the neighborhood of stream^, irt* '■*» pursuit of their prey. The eggs are laid in the water. The larva; are aquatic and predacious ; pupa; active. Note form of the enlarged labium, or mask, of the larva and pupa, also the peculiar respiratory organs. (i, 597)- Sl.\LlT>/R. This is a small family, but some of the members of it are the cause of much astonishment and curiosity on account of their large size and bizarre forms. Corydaliis cornutus Linn, is a large and very com- mon species. The males are remarkable for the enor- mous size of the mandibles, which project nearly an inch and a half in front t)f the head. The eggs are attached to various aquatic plants. The larva; arc aquatic and carnivorous; they are fur- nished with both spiracles and branchia;. When full grown, they leave the water, and undergo their trans- formations in earthern cells, which they usually make under stones, near the water. The pupae have rudi- mentary wings, and are of a much lighter color than the larva;. (3, V., 142). These insects, especially the larva;, are. on account of their great size, good subjects lor anatomical study. They differ, however, in some respects from other in- sects. Note the doubling of the main trachea;, as de- scribed by Packard (17, VIII., 533).* * 1 have noticed another remarkable peculiarity of these trachea:, which, 1 think, has never been described. The spiral fibre is compound, being composed of several threads placed side by side. When uncoiled from the trachex- it appears like a striped ribbon. its' S^Q/>-^^-o^ "^ uLz 142 NEUROPTERA. Hemerobid/E {Aphis-lions, Ant-lions, etc.). The Aphis-lions, Chrysopa. — Eggs placed on stalks, attached to plants. The larvse are carnivorons, feed- ing on insect eggs, plant-lice, small caterpillars, and other insects. When full grown, the larva spins a small, white, silken cocoon. In this the pupa remains during the winter. Some species are double brooded ; in these the pupa state, of the first brood, lasts about two weeks. The perfect insect escapes from the co- coon by cutting a lid in one side of it. These insects are known in the adult state as Lace- winged flies, or Golden-eyed flies. They may be eas- ily recognized by their delicate green bodies, large, lace- like wings, and bright golden eyes. Some species emit a very disagreeable odor. (4, I., 70 — 96; 3, I.. 57, fig. 20). The Ant-lions, Mynnclcon. — The larva; resemble in form the Aphis-lions. They are able to walk only backwards, on account of the peculiar manner in- which the posterior legs are articulated to the body. They are carnivorous, feeding on wingless insects, es- pecially ants, which they trap in pit-falls. These pit- falls are made in fine sand ; the larvae are concealed at the bottom ready to seize any insect that may fall into them. Note, carefully, manner of digging pit-falls, and other details in the habits of the larva. The pupa state is passed in a cocoon made of sand, fastened together with silk, and neatly lined with the same material. As with the Aphis-lion, the silk is spun from a spinneret, placed at the posterior extrem- ity of the body. 144 NKUROPTERA. The perfect insect bears some resemblance to a Dragon-fly. The larva; maybe found, during the entire summer, in sand, at the base of cliffs, in the ravines about Ith- aca. Phryganeid^. {Caddis-worms, or Case-worms). The members of this family differ so much from other Neuroptera that they are considered by many entomologists as a distinct order, the Trichoptera of Kirby. Some of the adult insects strongly resemble moths, for which they are often mistaken. The body is hairy; the head is small, with long antenna.-, and im- perfectly developed mouth-parts ; the wings are de- flexed at the sides, when not in use ; and the legs are long. The larvae are very common (at Ithaca) in all our streams, and in the Lake. They are long, cylindrical, soft-bodied, and furnished with six well developed thoracic legs, and a pair of anal legs. The mouth- parts are formed for biting. The abdomen bears nu- merous respiratory filaments. The young larva protects its soft body by building a case in which it lives. These cases are composed of various materials, .sticks, leaves, .stones, shells, etc., fastened together with silk, or are made entirely of silk. Some of them are portable, others are attached to stones or other objects. As the larva increases in size, it enlarges its case by making additions to the an- terior end. Note different forms of cases. The silk "is spun from a spinneret, placed at the 146 NEUROPTERA. mouth, as with the caterpillars, and not at the other extremity of the body, as it is with the Aphis-lions and Ant-lions. The larvas feed upon both vegetable matter and small aquatic animals. The pupa state is passed with- in the larval case, which is usually fastened to some object, and has the entrance closed with a grating or a silken lid. AUTHORS CITED.* 1. Packard, A. S. : Guide to the Study of Insects. 2. Harris, T. W. : Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Flint edition. 3. Riley, C. V.: Annual Reports of the State Entomologist of Missouri. 4. Fitch, Dr. Asa : Annual Reports of the State Entomologist of New York.t 5. The American Entomologist. 6. The Practical Entomologist. 7. KiRBY AND Spence. Introduction to Entomology. Seventh edition (comprising vols. 3 and 4 of the early editions). 8. Reaumur : Mimoires pour scrvir a I'Histoire des Insectes, 6 vols. 4 to. 9. The Canadian Entomologist. 10. Proceedings of the Entomolgical Society of Philadelphia. 11. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 12. Curtis, John : Farm Insects. 13. Report of the Conn. Board of Agriculture. 14. Westwood, J. O. : An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. 15. Lacordaire : Introduction 4 I'Entomologie. 16. Cyclop/EDia of Anatomy and Physiology. 17. The American Naturalist. 18. Straus-Durckiieim, H. : Considerations g^n^ales sur I'Anatomie compar^e des Animaux articulds, auxquelles on a joint I'Anatomie descriptive du Melolontha vulgaris. 19. Staveley, E. F. : British Insects. ■20. FiGuiER, Louis : The Insect World. 21. Glover, Townsend : Manuscript Notes, Diptera. 22. Ord, W. M. : Notes on Comparative Anatomy, a syllabus of a course of lectures delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital. * References are made, in this Syllabus, to the above authors, by numbers. The first number designates the work ; the last the page ; and the middle one, when it occurs the volume. ' t In the references to these reports, the pages are, except in case of reports i. 2, 6. 7, 8, and 9, those of the Trans, of the N. V. State Agri. Soc. for the year in which he report was published. • Index and Glossary. abbreviatus, Gryllus 126 Argynnis 32 Abdomen, VI " Aphrodite 32 Acrj'dii, 124,130 " BcUona, 32 Actias Luna, 54 " Cybele 32 acuta, Megachile 10 " Idalia, 32 yEgeriadse 44 " Myrina 32 /Kgeria exitiosa, 46 Articulata, IV " tipuliformis 48 Asclepias, 32 Agamic, produced by the female Aspidiotus, 116 without the male ; said also of Asterias, Papilio 20 the individuals that reproduce Attacus 52, 54, 56 without the male. Bark-lice, IIO Agrotis, 58 Bed-bug, 120,134 Ajax, I'apilio 28 Bee-bread, 4 Ambulatoria 124, 130 Bee moth, 6, 60 Americana, Cimbe\ 20 Bees, I, 74 Americana, Cllsiocampa 50 Beetles, 10, 80 Andrenid.Te I Bellona, Argynnis 32 Andrena vicina, 10 Bembecidje, 14 angulifera, Callosamia 56 BiHary tubes, VIII Animal Kingdom, IV bivittata, Saperda 96 .'Vnisoiiteryx vernata, 60 Blackberry gall, , 20 Anopheles, 68 Blattarire, 132 .\ntenna', vi Blister beetles 92 Anthocoris, 1 18 Bombardier-beelles, 84 Antigaster mirabilis 18,128 BombycidiS, 48 Antiopa, Vanessa 34 Bombus, 6, 74 Ant-lions 136, 142 " pennsylvanicus, 8 Ants, 14, 108, 136 Bombyx mori 56 Apathus, 10 Bot-flies, 66, 74, 76 Aphaniptera, 74 bovis, Hypoderma 76 Aphelinus, 112 Brachinus, 84 Aphidae, 106 Breeze-flies, 74 Aphides, 14,108 brevis, Megachila 10 Aphis 106, 108 Bumble-bees, see Humble-bees Aphis-lions 108,142 Buprestidae, 80 Apiariae, I Burying- beetles 86 Apidx I Butterflies 24, 26 Apis mellifica, 2 Cabbage butterfly, 18, 28 Aphrodite, Argynnis 32 Caddis-worms, 144 Apple-tree borer, 90, 96 Callosamia angulifera, 56 Apple-tree tent caterpillar, 50 " Prometia, 54 .\pple-worms, 50,62 Caloptenus spretus - 130 Archippus, Danais 30> 3^. 74 " femur- rubrum, 130 IXDEX AND GLOSSARY. I49 Calosoma 84 Coccinellidx, 80, 100 Camol-cncUets 132 Coccus 106 Candida, Sapeda 96 Cockroach 10, 122, I •J2 Canker-worm, 60 Codling moth, 61 Carabidoe 80, 82, 84 Coleoptera, 80 Carabus, 84 Colias philodice, 30 carnana, Sarcophaga 78 Colorado iratato-beetle, 100 carnifex, Phaneus..... 88 Ci.lumba, Tremex 18,22 Carohna, Macrosila (Sphinx). . 44 comma, Grapta 14 Carolina, Manti.s 132 Compound eyes iV Carpenter-bee, 10 conchiformis, Aspidiotus no Carpocansa pomonella 62 Conotrachelus nenuphar, 94 Carrion. beetles, 86 Coreus tristis, 1 18 casei, Piophila 78 Coiisia', 116 Case-vvonns 144 cornutus, Corydalus 140 Caterpillars, 24 Corydalus cornutus 140 Caterpillar hunters 84 Coxa,.. vi Cecidomyia destructor 70 Crepidodera cucumei'isi ...... . lOO Cecidomyida;, 68 Crickets, 112,124, '26 Cecropia, Platysamia 56 Crioceris trilineata, 98 Cehena, 58 Cryptus nuncius, 18 Cerambycidte, 96 Crnbro, 14 Ceramiiis, 12 Crabronida;, 14 cereana, Calleria 6, 60 Crane-flies 72 Cemhopliilus niaculatns, 128 Cybelc, Argynnis 32 Cluilciilid:v, 18 Cyniniilae 20 Chalcis (lies, 18,112,128 Cynthia, Saniia 54 Cheese-maggot, 78 Cuckoo flies 16 Chinch-bug, 116 Cucumber Flea-beetle, 100 Chionobus, 38 cucumeris, Ilaltica (Crepid- Chip-trap process, 94 dera) 100 Chrysalis, Xll Cidex, 68 Chrysididas, 16 Cnlicidae, 66, 68 Chrysobothris femorata 90 Curculio 04 Chrysomelidae, 98 Curculionidn.-, V 80, 92 Chrysopa, 1 18, 142 Currant borer, 48 Cicada septendecim, 112 Currant-worm, 22 " tredecim ii4Cursoria 124, 132 Cicadaria;, U2 Cut- worms 58 Cicindelidae 82 Danais Archippus, 30, 36, 74 Ocindela, 82 Decem-lineata, Doryphora 100 Cimbex Americana, 20 Dermaptera 134 Cimex lectularis, 120 destructor, Cecidomyia 70 cingulatus, Oncideres 98 Uevil's-darning-needles, 138 Circulatory system, viii Diabrotica vittata, 100 Classification .\ll Diapheromera femorata, 132 Clear-win"ed moths, 44 Diastrophus nebulosus, 20 Click-beetles, 90, 92 Digestive system vill Clisiocampa Americana 50 Diygcr -wasps, 14 " sylvatica 52 Diniorphism, 28 Clothes moth, 64 Diplosis tritici, 70 Coccidix" no Uiptera 66 Coccinellanovemnotata, 102 disippus, Limenilis 74 rso rNDEX ANT) GLOSSARY. Diurnal Lepidoptera, 26 Diving- beetles 84 Dog-day Harvest-fly, 114 ilomestiea, Musca 76 Dorsal vessel, x Doryphora decem-lineata 100 Dragon-flies, 136,138 Dynasies Tiiyus, 88 DytiscidiE, 84 Earwigs 122,124,134 Edmandsii, Nephopteryx. .. 10, 60 Egg- parasites, 18 Elaphidion villosum, 98 Elater, 92 ElateridEB 90 Elytra, 80 Ephemeridae, .- 138 Ephemerids, 138 equi, Gastrophilus J(> Eristalis transversus, 74 Euplexoptera, 134 Eumenes fraterna, 14 Eumennidfe 12 evecta, Volucella 74 exitiosa, yltgeria, 46 Eyes, IV Eall Web- worm, ^2 femorata, Chrysobothris 90 femorata, Diapheromera, 132 Femur v i femur-nibrum, Calopleniis, ..- 130 Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer,- 90 flavifrontella. Tinea 64 flavipes, Termes 138 Fleas, 74 Flesh-flies, 66, 78 Flies 66 Forest- flies, 78 Forficula, 134 ■ ForficulariiK, 124, 134 Formicaria', 14 Fossorial, Fitted for digging, - - fraterna, Eumenes 14 Fulvous, Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown Gadflies, 66 Galleria cereana, 6, 60 Gall-flies 20 Gall-gnats, 66, 68 Gall-inhabiting Aphides, ..108, no Gallcecola, 108 Ganglia x (jastrophilus equi 7^' Geometridae; 5^ Girdler, 98 Gluacus, Papilio 28. Glossa, VI globosus, Microdon 74 Glow-worm, BO' Gnats, 66, 68' Golden-eyed fties, I42 Grapta comma, 34 ' ' Progne, 30' Green (Jrasshoppers, 124, 128 Graspers, 132 Grass-eating Thrip», 120 Grasshoppers, 114, 122 Grape Phylloxera, 108 Ground-beetles, 82 Gryllidse, 124, 126 Gryllotalpa, 126 Gryllus abbreviatus, r26 Gryllus luctuosus, 126 Gyrinida;, 84 Hadena 58 I-Ialteresv 66 Haltica, 98 •' cucumeris, 100 Hateful Grasshopper, 130 Hawk-moths 40 Head vi Heart .x Hemerobidse, 142 Hemiptera 104, 116 Hesperians, 40 Hessian-fly, 70 Heteroptera, 104, 116 Hexapoda, iv Hipparchia, 58 Hippoboscidje jS H ippodamia maculata, 102 Hispa, gS Ilonioptera, 104, 112, 1 16 Hornet, 12 Honey, 4 Honey bee, 2, 6 Horntails, 22 House-flies 76 Hund)le-bees, 6,10, 74 Humbleliee moth, 10, 60 Human-flea 74 Humming-bird moths, 40 Hydrophilidae, 86 Hymenoptcra i Hyphantria texlor, 5- INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 151 Hypodeima bovis j6 Lytta vesicatoria, 92 Ichneumon-flies, 16 Macrosila Carolina 44 Ichneumonidix; 16, 78 Macrosila 5-maculata, 42 Idalia, Argynnis 32 macrurum, Ophion 18 Insecta, iv maculata, Hippodamia I02 irritans, Pulex 74 maculata, Vespa 12 insidiosus, Anthocoris 118 maculatus, Ceuthophilus 128 Insidious Flower-bug, n8 Maggots 66 Jumpers 124 Malpighian tubes, viii Jumping Grasshoppers, 124 Mandibles vi Katydids, 128 Mantida-, 122, 132 Katydid, Parasite on eggs of.. i8 Mantis Carolina, 132 Labial palpi, VI Marcellus, Papilio 28 Labium VI Masaris 12 Labrum, vi Maxillo2, vi Lace-winged flies 142 Maxillary palpi, vi Lachnosterna quercina, 88 May-beetle, 88 Lady-birds 100,108,112, 118 May-flies, 136, 138 Laphria 74 Measuring worms, 60 Larridae, 14 Megachile acuta, 10 Larva, xil " brevis, 10 Leaf-beetles, 98 Meganthymus yuccoe 48 Leaf-cutter bee, 10 mellifica. Apis 2 Leaf-miners 98 Mellifera, I Leaf-rollers, 60 Meloe, 80, 92 lectularis, Cimex 120 Meloidse 92 Legs VI Membrancei, 120 Lema trilineata, 98 Mentum VI Lepidoptera, 24, 136 Mesonotum, the dorsal surface Leucopsis, 12 of the mesothorax leucopterus, Rhyparochomus.. 116 Mesothorax VI leucostigma, Orgyia 48 Metamorphoses XII Libellulidua 138 Metathorax, VI Lice 120 metricus, Polistes 12 Ligula, VI Microdon globosus 74 Limenitis disippus, 36, 74 Microgaster, ig " Misippus, 36, 74 " nephoptericis, 10 Limneria, 10 Mimicry, y. Limothrips poaphagos, - 120 Microcentrum 128 lineatum, Rhagium 96 Mining bee jO Lingua, vi mirabilis, Antigaster 18, 128 Locustariae 124, 128 Misippus, Limenitis 36 Locusts 104,112,114, 130 Mole-crickets, 126 Loopers, 60 mori, Seriacaria (Bombyx) 56 Long-horned Grassphoppcrs, Mosquitoes, 66 gg 124,128, 130 Mossy Rose-gall, ' 20 Longicornia 96 Moths, 24 luctuosus, Gryllus 126 Mouth-parts, yi Luna, Actias 54 Mud-daubers, 14 lunator, Rhyssa (Pimpla) 16 Musca domestica, 75 Lycienas, 38 Muscidse, ^5 Lycaena pseudargiolus, 28 Muscular system, vj " violacea.', 28 Mutillari;!;, ,, 152 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Myrina, Argyiinis 32 PhasmicUv.-, I m Myimeleon, 142 Pliilodiee, Colias 30 mytilaspidus, Asphelimis 112 Phryganeidie 144 Mylilaspispomicorticis, '. iio Phylloxera vasUitrix io8 iielMilosiis, Diastropus 20 Phytophagous, Plant-eating . .. Neciopliorus, 86 Pieris, 28 Ncniatus ventricosus 22 " ^■apa^ 18, 30 nenuphar, Conotraceliis 94 Pimpla hinator, 16 Nconympha 38 Piophila case! 78 Ncphek-, Satyrus 38 Pithy Blackberry Gall, 20 nephoptericis, Microgaster 10 Poisers, 66 NephopteryxEdmandsii, ...10, 60 Polyphemus, Telea 18, 52 Nervous system X pomonella, Carpocapsa 62 Neuroptera, 136 Potato-worm, 42 nine-spotted Coccinella 102 Plant-lice, 74,104,106, 128 niveus, < Ecanthus 126 Platysamia Cecropia, 56 Noclua-litic 56 plorabunda, Chrysopa 118 NoctuKkc 56 Plume-moths, 64 Northern Tobacco-worm, 42 Plum-weevil, 94 novemnotata, Coccinella 102 poaphagos, Limothrips 120 nuncius, Cryplus 18 Polisles metricus 12 Nyssonidae, 14 pomicorlicis, Mytilaspis iio Oak apple, 20 Pompilidx, 14 Oak pruner, 98 Pristiphora glossularix, 22 Ocelh^^ IV Proctotrypida-, 18 CEcanJJnis niveus, 126 Progne, Grapta. 36 •^l^^strida- 74 Prophets 132 (Estrus ovis, 76 Propolis 4 Oncideres angulatus, 98 Promelhia, Callosamia 58 Ophion macrurum, 18 prothorax, VI Orgyia leucostigma, 48 Pruinose, 'CoveVed with ' minute Orthoptera 122 dust, appearing as if frosted. ovis, (J^strus 76 pruinosa, Cicada 114 Owlet-moths, 56 pseudargiohis, Lycxna 28 Oysler-shell Bark-louse, no Pterophoridas 64 PapilionidEE, 26 PteromaUis puparum, 18, 30 lapdioAjax, 28 Pulex irrilans, 74 " Asterias 26Pulicidiv, 66, 74 " Glaucus 28 Pupa, xir " Marcellus 28 puparum, PteromaUis 18, 30 '_' Iclamonides, 28Pyralida, 60 Tmnus 28 Quercina, Lachnosterna 88 " **''>lsliii> 28 Quercus spongifica, 20 laraglossae vi quinque-niaculata, Macrosila Parasitic bees, ,0 (.Sphinx) 42 I each-tree borer 46 Radicicola, 108 Pedicuhna, 120 rapet, Pieris 18, 30 Pediculus, 120 Raptotia, 124, 132 I emphigus vitifoliie, 108 Rat-tailed Maggots, 74 lelopoeus, i^ Red-legged Locust 130 pennsylvamcus, Bombus 8 Reproduction xil Phala;nid:e ' i;S Respiratory system x Phaneus carnifex, 88 retinervis, Microcentrum 128 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. I 53 Reti-ogiade development, 112 Spotted Hippodamia, 102 Rose-gall, 20 spretus, Caloptemis 130 rosiv, Rhodites 20 Squash-bugs, !l8 Round-headed Apple-tree Borer, 96 " Staggers " in sheep, 76 Rove-beetles, 86 Staphylinidce 86,120, 134 Rhagium linealum, 96 Stigmata X Rhodites rosic, 20 Striped squash-beetle, 100 Rhyparochromus leucopterus, - 116 Surface caterpillars, 58 Rhyssa lunator, 16 sylvatica, Clisiocampa 52 Salivary glands, Vlll Syrphida;, 66, 74 Saltatoria, 124 Syrphus-flies, 74, 108 Samia Cynthia, 54 Tachina 66, 78 Sand wasps, 14 Tarsus VI Saperda bivittata, 96 Telamonides, Papilio 28 " Candida, 96 Telea l'oly]>hemus, 18, 52 Sarcophaga carnaria, 78 Tent-caterpillar, Apple-tree ... 50 Saw-flies, 20 Tept-caterpillar of the forest, . . 52 Satyrus Nephele, 38 Tenthredinidx, 20 Scaraba-'ida:, 88 Termes flavipes, 138 Scoliadpe, 14 Termitida;, 136 septendecim. Cicada 112 textor, Hyphantria 52 Seriacaria mori, 56 Theclas, 38 Sesia Thysbe, 44 Thirteen-year Locusts, 114 Setiform, having the form of a Thorax vi bristle Three-banded Crane-fly, 72 Seventeen-year Locust, 112 Three-lined Leaf-beetle, 98 Sexton-beetles, 86 ThripidiE 120 Sheep Ticks, 78 Thrips, 120 Short-horned Grasshoppers, 124, 130 Thysanoptera, 120 Sialidu-, 140 Thysbe, Sesia 44 Silphida-, 86 Tibia, vi Skeleton, VI Tiger-beetles, 82 Skip-jacks, 92 Tipula triviltata, 72 Skippers, 40, 78 Tipulidae, 72 Snapping-bugs 92 tipuliformis, /Tigeria 48 Snout-beetles 92 Tineida;, 62 Snout-moths, 60 Tinea flavifrontelia, 64 Snowy Tree-cricket, 126 " zea', 64 Social bees, 2 Tityus, Dynastes 88 Social wasps, 12 Tobacco-worm, 42, 44 Solitary-bees, 10 Tomato-worm, 42 Solitary- wasps, 12 Torlricidie, 40, 60 Soothsayers, 132 Tracheae, x, 140 Spanish-flies 92 transversus, Eristalis 74 Spectres 130 tredecim. Cicada : 114 Sphcgijx, 14 Tree-crickets 126 Sphingid.xi, 40 Tremex Columba, 18, 22 Sphinx Carolina 44 Trichoptera, 144 " 5-maculata, 42 trilineata, Lema (Crioceris) 98 Spilomyia, 74 tristis, Coreus 1 18 Spinners, 48 tritici, Diplosis (Cecidomyia). . 70 Spiracles, X trivittata, Tipula 72 spongifica, Quercus 20 Trochanter vi 154 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Tumble-bugs 88 Walshii, Papilio 28 Turnus, Papilio 28 Wasps, 10, 14, 74 Tussock-moth, The White- Water-tigers, 84 marked 48 Wax, 4 UroceridiE, 22 Web-worm 52 Vanessa, 32 Weeping Lace-wing 118 " Antiopa, 34 Weevils, 92 vastatrix. Phylloxera 108 Wheat-midge 70, 72 ventricosus, Nematus 22 While Ants, 130, 138 vernata, Anisopteryx 60 White-faced Hornet, 12 Vertigo in sheep, 76 White-grubs, - - - 88 vesicatoria, Lytta 92 White-marked Tussock moth,- 48 VespariiV, 10 Whirligigs, 84 Vespa maculata 12 Wigglers 08 vicina, Andrena 10 Wingless Grasshopper, 12S villosum, Elaphihon 98 Wings vi violacea;, Lycaena 28 Wire-worms, 92 Virginica, Xylocopa 10 Wood- wasps, 14 vitifolite, Pemphigus 108 Xylocopa Virginica 10 vittata, Diabrotica 100 yucca;. Meganthymus 48 Volucella evecta, 74 ^eoe. Tinea 6-t Walking-sticks, 130 Zyg£eni;. 4»