'ilLDERSittV [■WWV » l»(WgiW^WilWftn'»mffJWiW*W-«»"F"*--*" •rvnm^nnnrm*}^ L 1 I 1 PA 2087 .B37 1902 bk . 2 'TP'J ir-j "j^c Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924082990296 3 1924 082 990 296 6ILDERSLEEVE-L0DGE LATIN SERIES WRITING LATIN BOOK TWO-THIRD AND FOURTH YEAR WORK BY JOHN EDMUND BAESS LATIN MASTER IN THE H0TCHKI8S SCHOOL UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON . NEW ORLEANS 1903 '.2683 Copyright, 1903, by UNI VBESITT PUBLISHING COjf.«.NY PREFACE The present volume, while it has been prepared to follow the author's Writing Latik — Book One, has such complete- ness that it can be used with pupils who have not studied the introductory book. This is made possible by the addi- tion of a summary of the grammatical principles employed in Book One, to which reference is made by number in the Exercises. The lessons are arranged in groups, following somewhat more elaborately the system employed in Book One, in which an effort was made to bring together in an orderly fashion things which, from the standpoint of English, are naturally associated, but which are apt to be confounded when studied separately. As in Book One, therefore, the order of subjects, while systematic, is unconventional, presenting at an early stage the simpler and essential aspects of some constructions which are often deferred to a later period than their im- portance demands. Thus, Indirect Discourse is attacked at the outset, in order that much practice in writing its simpler forms may at length produce that familiarity with its point of view which will make the more complicated varieties intelligible. With the same object, a group of lessons has been early introduced on the Latin Equivalents of the English Infinitive. Beginning with uses identical in the two languages, this subject is developed with reference to the Latin parallels for the English infinitive according to its use as noun, adjective, or adverb. The Hints are intended to interpret practically the tech- nical language of the grammar, which they supplement but do not supersede. , 4 PREFACE In cases where a sentence may be written in several different ways, as in expressions of purpose, participles and their equiv- alents, and the like, provision is made for the systematic writing of such sentences in all regular ways, the Exercises being correspondingly shortened, and the proper construc- tions indicated with sufficient plainness. The Vocabulary is for the most part selected from words appearing most frequently in the Orations of Cicero usually read in schools, and from Caesar ; Cicero furnishing the largest number. Practice in the writing of continuous prose is given by short paragraphs appended to each Exercise, and by the Eeview Exercises which close each group. The author ventures here to express his belief, founded on experience, that, in general, time is wasted in the attempt to have pupils write exercises for which they must seek the vocabulary through a considerable portion of text. The Exercises of this book accordingly, while composed to accompany the reading of Cicero and Caesar and to reinforce the knowledge of words and phrases derived from such reading, have all their words catalogued in the General Vocabulary. The author is indebted to his friends for the long-sufEering with which they have listened to the tale of his plans and problems, and for the sympathetic criticism and effectual aid which have given him assurance when in doubt and cleared his path of many obstacles. In particular, he would gratefully acknowledge the counsel and help which he has received from Professor Lodge at all stages of the work. J. Edmund Barss. The Hotchkiss School, Laketille, Conn., April 38, 1903. INTRODUCTION In writing Latin, the first object should be to secure gram- matical exactness. It is always worth while to verify every- thing about which there may be the slightest doubt ; and it is needless to say that nothing diminishes the difficulties of the work so rapidly as the practice of this careful scrutiny. The nest matter of importance is the order of words.' The student should strive to obtain clearness by reading his own Latin over, and seeing if he can understand it. Verbs should regularly stand last in their several clauses ; it is then easy to give variety by occasionally varying this order. In compound and complex sentences, the best results will be obtained by avoiding an involved sentence-structure until one has acquired some degree of skill in writing Latin. Thus, if we had to translate the sentence The townsmen sent envoys to Caesar to leg Mm for peace, it would be safer to write [Oppidani legatSs ad Caesarem miserunt] [qui pacem ab eo peterent], in which the two clauses are perfectly distinct, rather than Oppidani legatos ad Caesarem [qui pacem ab eo peterent] miserunt, where the purpose clause is contained, as a sort of parenthe- sis, in the main clause. Furthermore, in the last sentence there are two verbs standing together at the end, which is a serious defect. This may be avoided by arranging the clauses >Kead carefully G. 671-679 ; A. 343-346 ; B. 348-353 ; H. 668-685. 6 INTEODUCTIOIT as in the first example, or by placing some other word than the verb at the end of the first clause. Thus, the last example might be made to end . . . qui pacem peterent ab e5 miserunt. Latin frequently employs the relative where English prefers a demonstrative, even when there is a subordinating conjunction. The relative must always precede the con- junction. Thus, Lentulus was brought in, [and] when he saiv the Gauls, he was alarmed is best written Introductus est Lentulus, qui cum, Gallos vidit, perterri- tus est. After one has acquired the ability to write clearly and in a normal Latin order, he may give attention to emphasis and style, combining with study of tho grammatical rules the reading aloud of Latin with which he is familiar, and the retranslation into Latin of English renderings which have been written out and laid aside for a little time. WRITING LATIN BOOK TWO Section I. Indirect Sentences. Iiesson I. Questions, Direct and Indirect. Lesson II. Statements, Direct and Indirect. Laesson III. Personal and Impersonal Constructions. Verbs of Hoping and Promising. Lesson IV. Review. LESSON I QUESTIONS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT. The references are to the grammars of Gildersleeve and Lodge (G.), Allen and Greenough (A.), Bennett (B.), and Harkness (H.). Direct Simple Questions ' : G. 450-452, 454-456, 40.'- 464; A. 171. b, 310. i, a, c, e, f ; B. 162. i, 2, a), b), c) ; II. 377. 4, 378 and 2. Direct Disjunctive Questions: G. 458, 459; A. 211. Eemark, and d ; B. 162. 4; H. 380 and i. Indirect Questions. Sequence of Tenses: G. 460. i, (a), 2, 461, 467, 509-511, 514, 516 ; A. 310. 2, 334 with Head- note and a, 285. i, 2, 386 and Eemark, 387. b, 1-3 ; B. 300. i, a), ' Direct questions employing the subjunctive are treated in connection with the other independent uses of that mood. WRITIIifG LATIN Note, b). Note, 4, a, 367. 1-3, 269 and 3 ; H. 649. II, i, 2, 650. I, 2, 651. I, 542-545. HINTS. Note the Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions. following points : (a) In any given dependent clause which takes the sub- junctive, only TWO tenses are possible. The problem is to determine which one 'of these we shall use. (b) In writing indirect questions, the tense used in Eng- lish is a sufficient guide, with one exception. Thus, {ImigTis is laughing does laugh (3) / did not Tcnow why he ivas laughing, nescivi quid rideret (impf. subj.); laiighed (a) has laughed (b) ^uas laughing (c) had laughed (d) I did not know why he had laughed, nescivi quid risisset (plup, subj.). In sentences (c) and (d) of the third form we must be on our guard against using the imperfect or pluperfect sub- junctive ; the PERFECT being the only tense which can be used to express past time when the main verb is primary. (c) Note the various English equivalents for the peri- phrastic future. Thus, Interrogavi quid facturus esses ' were going to do, were about to do, might mean / ashed what you \ were likely to do, I intended to do, [^ would do, etc. (3) / do not know why he (1) nescio quid rideat (pres. subj.) 5 nescio quid ' riserit (perf. subj.); WRITING LATIN 9 EXERCISE I. VI. What in-the-world are you doing ? 2. I don't know what you are doing. 3. I didn't know what you were doing. 4. What plan (12) ' have they formed? 5. I will tell you (6) what plan they have formed. 6. Did you not know what plaji they had formed ? 7. How long \frill you endure this ? 8. Do you know how long they are going to stand this ? 9. Didn't you ask me how long they would endure the effrontery of this [man] ' ? 10. Are you more disturbed by the people's alarm (28), or by the armed force on the Palatine at night (nightly garrison of the Palatine) ' ? 11. Is-it-possible-that (num) these children do nothing at all against their will ? 13. Didn't you ask me whether they did nothing against their will ? 13. Do you believe me (6. b) or not ? 14. Why do you ask whether I believe you or not ? 15. I asked you, not whether you believed me, but whether you intended to listen to (would hear) me.\ 16. Those who do nothing against their will do not know what true liberty is. 17. We shall be asked if (num) we know what true liberty is. 18. We shall be asked whether we ever knew what true liberty was. 19. What harm will the country suffer ? 20. Did you ask what harm the coun- try had suffered, or [what harm it] would suffer ? CONNECTED PROSE. Cicero the consul asked Catiline in the senate (15. a) whether he was utterly indifferent to (was nothing moved by) the people's alarm. Catiline said many things to him in reply (to whom Catiline replied many [things]), and ' Figures in parentheses refer to the summary of the syntax of Book One, found on p. 108; words in parentheses are explanatory; words in square brackets [] should be omitted in translating. 10 WRITING LATIN asked what decree the senate had passed (what the senate had decreed) against him (se), But the consul could not endure such effrontery (which effrontery the consul did not endure), and drove Catiline (ille) from the city. liESSON II STATEMENTS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT. Moods in Indirect Discourse: G. 648-650 ; A. 335, 336. I, 2 ; B. 313, 314. i ; H. 641, 642. Tense of the Infinitive: G. 530, 531; A. 336. A, 288. f; B. 270. I, a), b), e), 3, a, 317 and a; H. 617-620. Tense of the Subjunctive : G. 509. i, 510 and Eemark; A. 336. B, 285. i, 2, 286 and Eemark, (a), (b), 287. b ; B.267. 1-3, 268. I, 2, 269. I, 3; H. 542-545. Pronouns : G. 520-522, 660, 1-4 ; A. 195. %, 196. a, i, 2, h, i; B. 244. i, I, II, a, 5 ; H. 645 and i. HINTS. Indirect Discourse. English has two forms of indirect quotation : (a) We Icnow that this is true, and (b) We know this to be true. Latin employs only one of these, the second. Thus, Scimus hoc esse verum. The easiest and surest way to write sentences of the indi- rect form is to recast them in the form of (b), above. In this way the second sentence of Exercise II becomes The consul says himself to he afraid, etc., which can be translated directly into Latin. Tense of the Infinitive. The present infinitive of Latin WRITING LATIN H must sometimes be used to translate what in English requires a past tense. Thus, He said that he luas tired, when changed according to the suggestion of the preceding paragraph, becomes He said himself to he tired, which is in Latin Dixit se defessum esse. To make this still clearer, suppose that we had Bixit se defessum fuisse. This would be, literally. He said himself to have been tired, or, in more natural English, He said that he had been tired. When in doubt, imagine yourself as saying the thing which is quoted, heard, etc., and use a present, perfect, or future infinitive, according as the time of your verb is present, past, or future. Thus, in the first case, the speaker must have said / am tired, Defessus sum ; while in the second he said iwas I i eram, | have been > tired, Defessus i fai, >• had been ) ( fiieram. ) Finally, remember that "will," " would," "going to " and the like, are signs of the future infinitive in Latin. Thus, He said that he would come. Dixit se veriturum [esse). The Subjunctive. This need give very little trouble. The thing to remember is that the law of sequence allows only TWO tenses in any given case, and to select the one which comes nearest. Thus, if we have to translate / see that you know what I was plotting, 12 WRITING LATIN" we cannot render was plotting by the imperfect subjunctive, because know is not a secondary tense. "VVe therefore select the only tense of the subjunctive which can express past time when the leading verb is primary, namely the perfect, and write the sentence thus : Video te sentire quae cogituverim. Pronouns. In sentences beginning "He said that he," " They knew that they," and the like, the translation of the second pronoun may be troublesome. If the second pro- noun refers to the same person as the first, meaning, "A said that A," " JB knew that B," etc., the reflexive se must be used. If the second pronoun refers to some other person, and means "A said that X," " B knetv that Y," etc., use the accusative of is, ea, id. Thus, They said that they would not go. may be Negaverunt se itHros, or Negaverunt eos itiiros. The first means that the speakers themselves refused to go ; the second, that they reported the refusal of others. EXERCISE II. 1. I am afraid of those who are defending this man. 2. The consul says that he is afraid of those who are defending this man. 3. He said that he was afraid of those who were defending this man. 4. I was not accusing the man whom the tribune was defending. 5. He says that he was not (say. . . not = nego) accusing the men' whom the tribunes were defending. 6. He said that he had not accused the man whom the tribunes were defending — had ' defended. 7. I shall accuse the man whom you are going to defend (See Hints to Lesson I). 8. I say that I shall accuse the man whom you are going to defend. 9. I said that I should WRITING LATIN 13 accuse the man wtom you were going to defend. 10. The consul will kill the man who says (shall have said) that. -^11. Do you believe that the consul will kill the man who says (shall have said) that ? 13. Didn't you believe that the consul would execute the man who said (should have said) that ? 13. The man who does (of. ISTa. 10) this will be executed by the consul (24). 14. We hear that the man who does (cf. No. 11) this will be executed by the con- sul. 15. The consul acknowledged that the man who did (cf. No. 12) this' would be put-to-death by the soldiers. 16. He does not know that the eyes of many behold him. 17. He does not know whose eyes behold him. 18. t>o you realize whose eyes beheld you ? 19. Do you realize that the eyes of the consul, whom you say you do not fear, behold you ? 20. Did he realize that he was beheld by the eyes of the consul, whom he had said that he would assassinate ? CONNECTED PROSE. Cicero said to Catiline that he not only should not put him to death, but th^t he was not even going to arrest him. For [he said] that he never had found any one like Catiline (7), nor any one who believed that what Catiline (ille) had done had been done rightly. LESSON III PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION. VERBS OF HOPING AND PROMISING. Personal and Impersonal Construction : Q. 538 ; A. 330. a, 1, 3, b, 1 ; B, 333. a)-d) and Note ; H. 611. i, 2, and Notes. Verbs of Hoping and Promising: Gr. 433. Remark 5; A. 330. 1; B. 331. I; H. 619. i. 14 WEITIKG LATIN HINTS. Compound Infinitives : Remember that after the imper- sonal passive, a compound infinitive form (future active or perfect passive) is put in the nominative, agreeing with the subject of the leading verb. Otherwise, of course, it would agree with its own subject accusative. Thus, (Personal) They are said to have tried, Dicuntur conati esse. (Impersonal) It was said that they had tried, Dictum est e5s conatos esse. EXERCISE III. 1. The horsemen are said to have set out early-in-the- morning. 2. It was said that the horsemen had set out early in the morning. 3. The knights promised to set out. 4. The knights hoped to set out early in the morning. 5. "VVe promise to send Eoman knights to you (5. a) a little (25) before daybreak. 6. He hoped to free the city from fear (16, b). 7. Do you expect that Catiline will go into exile ? 8. Is it not said that Catiline will go into exile at (to) Mar- seilles ? (5. a). 9. Who believed that Cicero did not hope to free the city from fear ? 10. The consul is said to be keep- ing a sharp lookout (to look out sharply) for the welfare of the commonwealth. 11. It was said that the consul would keep a sharp lookout for the country's safety. 12. The consul promised to keep a sharp lookout for the safety of us all. 13. I asked him whether on the night before last he had been at-the-house-of a man who was an enemy to the commonwealth, or not. 14. But he answered that he hoped I would not ask this (question) again. 15. Then I promised not to. ask him where he had been on that night. 16. He is said to have replied that he would not tell where he had been. 17. It was said that he was going to reply that on WRITING LATIN 15 that night he had been at-the-house-of a man who had prom- ised to murder the consul. 18. It was said that the consul did not believe he would be murdered by tliat scoundrel. 19. It is believed that he said he hoped to murder the consul. 30. These knights are said to have murdered the consul, to whom they were sent early in th^ morning. CONNECTED PROSE. Two Eoman knights are said to have promised to kill Cicero a little before daybreak. Accordingly the consul fortified and secured his house with stronger (greater) guards. Early in the morning those very [men] came who he (ille) had hoped would come; [and] therefore (wherefore) he offered thanks to Jupiter Stator who had saved him (ipse) from (ex) peril of death; LESSON IV REVIEW. EXERCISE IV. Caesar is said to have gone-from the winter quarters which he had established among the Belgians, into Italy. We hear that his lieutenants, whom he had placed-in- charge-of the legions (6,d), built that winter (18) as many ships as possible and repaired the old [ones]. The rigging (those [things] with which ships are equipped) was (pi.) brought from Spain. Caesar said to the lieutenants that he was going to set out for Illyricum, wherje he had heard that the region bordering on the province (7) was being ravaged by the enemy. He promised, therefore, to demand soldiers from the states (dat.) ; he hoped that they would gather in (into) a particular place on the appointed day. 16 WBITIKG LATIN But the Pirusti, to whom (6) this circumstance was reported, immediately sent envoys to him (5. a). These represent to him that none of those things was done with the public con- sent, and promise to atone for the wrong by every means. Accordingly Caesar demanded hostages of them (dat.). It was done as he had commanded ; hostages were brought to [him] precisely-at the time (dies) ; Caesdr appointed [gave] arbitrators between the states, who assessed damages and settled the penalty. WEITING LATIN 17 Section II. Latin Equivalents for the English Infinitive. Lesson V. Infinitive as Subject and. as Object. Liessoii VL Final Sentences, Pure and Relative. Lesson VII. Complementary Final Sentences. Con- struction after Verbs of Fearing. Lesson VIII. Expression of Purpose by Gerund and Gerundive. Lesson IX. Remaining Uses of Gerund and Gerun- dive. The Supines. 'Lesson X. Review. LESSON V INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND AS OBJECT. I Infinitive as Subject: G. 419-433, 377. 3, 535 ; A. 370. I, a. 1, b, 331. c ; B. 337. i, 2, 330, 209. i, a j H. 615. i, 2, 457. 3. Infinitive as Object (Gomplementary) : G. 433. i, 2, Remarks 3 and 6 ; A. 371. b, c, 330. b, 2 ; B. 338. i, 331. II- IV, VI, 333 complete ; H. 607. i, 2, 614. HINTS. Difference between Latin and English Uses of the Infinitive. By analyzing English sentences containing the infinitive we find it has the following uses : 1. Noun use. Subject of a verb, To do this | is folly. Object of a verb, I like | to read. Apposition, This is pleasant \ to find you at home. 18 WRITING LATIN {Qualifies a verb, We came \ to see you. Qualifies an adjective. This is easy \ to do. „.,.,. ( Qualifies a noun or pronoun. Some books o. Aciiective use. \ , , '' ( are to he tasted. In classical Latin prose the infinitive is, generally speak- ing, used only as a noun. In this lesson we have examples of such noun infinitives as are the same in English and Latin. In the lessons which follow we shall learn the Latin equivalents for English ad- jective and adverb infinitives. The infinitive of indirect discourse is, of course, a noun ; being, with its subject-accusative and modifiers, either the subject or the object of a verb of declaring, perceiving, and the like. Thus, Object. Scio | hoc v6rum esse, I know I this-to-he-true. Subject. Dictum est | te abisse, It was said that you had gone away, (Literally, You-to-have-gone-away | was said). Infinitive as Subject. It should be remembered that the verbal noun in -ing is often used in English in place of the subject-infinitive proper. Thus, Dulce est rldere may be the equivalent of either {It) is pleasant to laugh, or To laugJi is pleasant, or Laughing is pleasant. The same thing is true of the object-infinitive. Thus, Anibuldre amamus may be used to render either We like to walk, or We like walking. WBITIN-0 LATIN- mtinitive as UDject. Because of the confusion between certain infinitive and subjunctive constructions in Latin, it is desirable to memorize the subjoined list of common verbs which regularly take an infinitive as their object or comple- ment. Most of these are required in the exercise which follows : volo, wish, be willing. audeo, dare, venturb. nolo, not wish, he unwilling, vereor, fear. cupio, desire. dubito, hesitate. malo, prefer. paro, prepare, make ready. conqr, try, attempt. possum, can, be able. j incipio, begin. ( coepi, began. debeo, ought. desists, cease, stop. consuesco, become accustomed, iubeo, bid, command. soleo, be accustomed, be used, veto, forbid. constituo, determine, decide. sino, permit, alloiv. cogo, compel. patior, suffer, permit. EXERCISE V. 1. Is it not a crime to assail the entire commonwealth ? 2. Are you not ashamed (14. b), Catiline, to assail the com- monwealth ? 3. Was he ashamed of having assailed (to have assailed) his own country ? 4. This [man] was willing to threaten the whole of Italy with (call the whole [of] Italy to) destruction. 5. We cannot tell why he did it. 6. 'J'he consul dared to bid the enemy go out from the city. 7. lie had not yet decided to go out. 8. Early in the morning Ave shall prepare to drive the rest of the band out. 9. You have never tried to do what (that which) was the first [thing to do]. 10. Catiline asked the consul whether he wished him to go out. 11. Are you afraid to ask me where (not ubi; see Vocab.) I command you to go ? 13. They seemed 30 WRITING LATIN to hesitate to threaten all Italy with destruction (see No. 4). 13. I can't believe that this is true. 14. We were never accustomed to ask his advice. 15. I have always been accustomed |[o take thought for the common safety.-^/l6. He never ceased calling (to call) the citizens. 17. I desire to cease from my attempt (16. b). 18. He neither dared to put the rest of the band to deaths nor was he able [to do so]. 19. Do you know why he was unwilling to tell what he was doing ? ' 20. I f or-my-part believe that he is afraid to confess . that he assailed the entire commonwealth. CONNECTED PROSE. The consul said in the senate that he did not yet venture to do what was the first [thing to do], and-therefore (qua re) would do something milder and more useful for the common safety. [He said that] he was not able to drive the rest of the band out of the city, but that he had not hesitated to warn Catiline's companions frequently. LESSON VI FINAL SENTENCES, PURE AND RELATIVE. Pure Final Sentences : G. 544. 1, 545. 1-3 ; A. 317. i, a, b, c, Eemark ; B. 282. i, a, c, d ; H. 568. 3, 5, 6. Relative Final Sentences : G. 630 ; A. 317. 2 ; B. 282. 2, a ; H. 590 and i. HINTS.' Final Sentences in English. In the sentence He left all to save his country, notice that to save (a) is adverbial, modifying left, and ' G. 517. Remark 1; A. 387. i; B. 368. 7. b); H, 547. i. WRITING LATIN 21 (b) may be replaced by a clause beginning "in order that/"' without affecting the sense. Thus, He left all in order tliat he might save his country, which becomes in Latin, Omnia reliquit ut patriam servaret. This furnishes a test by which to distinguish the English infinitive expressing purpose from other uses of the infini- tive. Remeniber that the infinitive must not be used to express purpose in Latin. Relative Final Sentences. The difference between a final sentence introduced by a conjunction and one intro- duced by a relative is largely a matter of emphasis. Thas, if we analyze these two ways of expressing He sent a certain man to fire the town, we get (a) Quendam misit V ^ut oppidum ineenderet, and (b) fluendam mlsit \ qui oppidum ineenderet. In (a) ut . . . ineenderet is adverbial, modifying and so emphasizing misit. In (b) qui . . , ineenderet is adjectival, modifying and so emphasizing quendam. In (a) the depend- ent clause merely tells us what the purpose was in sending. In (b) we think of the purpose in close connection with the one who was to carry it out. In general, the relative form is more common when ■ the purpose can be referred to an antecedent in this way. Tense of the Subjunctive. Except in verbs which, like odi and memini, lack the present stem, or, like cognoscd and consuesco, have different meanings in the perfect and present systems, only the present and imperfect subjunctive should be used in final sentences. In the case of these 22 WRITIN-Q- LATIN defective and " preterite " verbs, the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used instead of the present and imperfect. EXERCISE VI. Starred sentences should be written twice, once with ut or nS and once with the relative. *1. Catiline is coming to Rome (5. b) to get ready a band of scoundrels. *2. Some of them (of whom some) have been sent to kill the consul. *3. Those by whom the consul is said to have been killed committed many crimes afterwards, in order to please their commander (6. b), Catiline (1). How many crimes have we committed, that we might accomplish this very thing ! 5. How many enemies has the consul made (suscipio) that Catiline might accomplish nothing (that . . . nothing = lest . . . anything, ne . . . quid). *6. He sent Roman knights to murder Cicero, the consul. 7. The accomplices of this scoundrel will be killed, in accordance with a decree (abl.) of the senate, that the commonwealth may be freed from fear. 8. " Therefore," he said,' " we have done all these things, that you might the more easily un- der-stand what concerns the highest interests-of-the-state." 9. Now he does not hesitate to commit many crimes, that his accomplices may not suffer punishment. 10. But to how many dangers has the consul exposed himself, that he might punish just-that-man (ipse) ! *11. I for-my-part will send trusty slaves to find out what these men are trying to accom- plish. *12. Then, perhaps, you will understand that I have been preparing a band of trusty men, in order to save the commonwealth (for the relative form say " through whom I might save"). 13. To check Catiline's attempts, they will . ' Inquit — the proper word to use when quoting the exact words of a speaker instead of representing them by indirect discourse. The pi. is in^uiunt. For other forms, see Vocabulary. WRITING LATIN 23 kill as many of his accomplices as they can find. 14. " I was doihg this," he said, " that my country might last for- ever." 15. A war, the greatest and most cruel within (after) the memory of man, will be waged, that the commonwealth may suffer no harm (lest . . . take anything of harm, 12). CONNECTED PROSE. He said that he was now coming to the things (ilia) which concerned the highest interests of the state. Then he asked Catiline whether the light [of day] could be pleasant to him, who knew (subj.) that there was no one who did not know that he had got ready a band in order to kill the chief men of the state. liESSON VII COMPLEMENTARY FINAL SENTENCES. SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER VERBS OF FEARING. Complementary Final Sentences : G. 544. II, 546. I, 2, Remarks 2, 3, 548, 549 ; A. 329, 331. a, b, 1, 2, Note, c-e, 1, 3, h ; B. 294, 295. i, a, 2, 3, a, 4, 5, a, 8, 296. i, a ; H. 563, 564. I, II, 565. 1-5, 566, 568. 2, 6-8. Verbs of Fearing : G. 550. i, 2 j A. 331. f. Note, Re- mark ; B. 296. 2, a ; H. 567. 1-4. HINTS. Complementary Final Sentences. Review the list of verbs which may be followed by an infinitive, given on page 19. Subjoined is a list of very common verbs which require the subjunctive with ut or ne. These should be memorized. peto, ask (request or demand). monad, advise, warn. postulo, ask (as a right). persuadeo, ^erswa^^e. rogo, ask (in any way). impedio, hinder. hortor, ur^e, encourage. impero, command. 24 WRITING LATIK It should be remembered that these lists are typical, not complete. Furthermore, there are verbs in each list which sometimes are followed by. other constructions than those indicated. For instance, just as in English we may say either, I wish you to go, I wish you would go, or I wish that you would go, so in Latin we find, besides volo te ire, both volo eas and volo ut eas. Verbs of Hindering. Whereas we say in English Why do you hinder me from going away ? the form for Latin is WJiy do you hinder me that I may not go away ? Cur me impedis quo minus (or ne) abeam ? Do not forget that prohibeo, prevent, generally prefers the infinitive. EXERCISE VII. 1. Who will command ' us (6. b) to leave the city ? 2. Some had already asked you to withdraw to-some-place. 3. For my part, my friend, I urge you to stay at Rome, and not go away to-another-place. 4. Will he not be able to persuade them (6. b) to go to-the-same-place ? 5. [It is] by yon, especially, [that] I have been hindered from leaving the city. 6. ''Doyou wish," said he, "to hinder me from going into exile ? " 7. The Belgae prevented the Germans from entering their territory. 8. For they were afraid that they (illi, showing that there is a change (5f subject) would lay waste their fields. 9. "But," said they (incLuiunt), "the Germans are afraid that they will not be able to return home" (5). 10. I do not wish to hinder you from withdrawing from your country. 11. The senate decreed that the consuls should see to it that the commonwealth suffer no ' Write with both iubeo and impero. WRITING LAIIK 25 harm. 12. The consul said that he had moved (versor) in- the-midst-of many dangers, the more easily to compel Cati- line to leave the city. 13. The senators jwhom he has ap- pointed for massacre .will urge him to keep away from (be-without) his country (16. b). 14. He has given me this advice (advised me this) — not to prevent him from leaving. 15. Why did you say you were afraid that I should not have a sufficient force (12) ? 16. Didn't you compel the enemy to withdraw ? 17. The immortal gods will prevent Catiline from being able to do the city any harm (harm anything to the cityj 6. b, c). 18. I am afraid that the consul will not dare command him to depart from Rome (16. a). 19. ISTow are you afraid lest he assail the entire fabric-of-the-state (res piiblica) ? 20. The general urged his soldiers not to hesitate to hinder the enemy from crossing the river. CONNECTED PROSE. "Wretched man," said the consul/ "are you not afraid lest all these lay violent hands (violence and hands) on you (dat.) ? For who will prevent them from slaying you, by whom they have full often been appointed for massacre ? Wherefore I counsel you to go into exile at once." ' Inqoit does not begin a sentence. The best order for the above would be CSnsol " miser," inquit, " hom3," etc. This gives a convenient rule of order : subject, then one or more words of the quotation, then inquit, then the remainder of the quotation. 26 WKITING LATIN LiESSON VIII EXPRESSION OF PURPOSE BY GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. Nature of Gerund and Gerundive : G. 435-427 and Kemarks 3-5 ; A. 295-297 ; B. 338, 339 ; H. 621, 623. i, 624. Accusative with Ad : G. 432 ; A. 300 and JS^ote, 318. b ; B. 338. 3, 339. 1-4 ; H. 628. Accusative with Special Verbs : G. 430 ; A. 294. d ; B. 337. 8, b), 2; II. 632. Genitive with Causa and Gratia : G. 428. Remarks 1 and 2 ; A. 298. a, c ; B. 338. i, c) ; H. 475. 2, 626. 1-3. HINTS. English has nearly literal equivalents for four of the five methods given for expressing purpose in Latin. Thus, English. Latin. Tribunes were appointed Tribuni creati sunt (a) that they might protect ut plebem iefeaierent, the commons, (b) tvho ivere to protect the gut plebem i&fenierent, commons, (c) for protecting the com- ad plebem AefenAendam, mons, (d) for the sake of protect- plebis defenden read a look \ should ) becomes For me, there's a book to-le-read, MiM liber legendus est. WKITING LATIK 39 Supines. To the list of models given under the Hints to Lesson VIII we may now add one for the Accusative Supine. Thus, (f) You had sent them to me to pay-their-respects, Eos ad me salutatum miseras. The ablative supine is used in the case of a few verbs to define in what respect something is easy or difficult, pleasant or unpleasant, right or wrong. English has here an infini- tive with in or the verbal in -ing, neither of which is to be imitated in Latin. Thus, Id dictu quam factu faeilius est, That is easier in the telling than in the doing, or. That is easier to tell than to do. EXERCISE IX. 1. Who, I say (inquam), was not eager to hear (desirous of hearing) Cicero's speeches ? 2. Do you know what reason there is for making this demand (of demanding this) ?' 3. He used this time (27) for preparing [for] a new war. 4. They thought two years sufficient for completing these arrangements (things). 5. "What do you hope to accomplish by making this demand (cf. No. 2) ? 6. The time was too short for fortifying the camp. 7. Catiline must be put to death by the severest [form of] punishment. 8. Must we not give the most careful attention to (hear most carefully) these speeches ? 9. "We ought to feel most grateful to the immortal gods. 10. I must speak of the prestige of a very great (summus) man. 11. How doyou think you should feel that this scoundrel has lived so long (with what mind . . . [it] must be borne . . . this scoundrel to have lived) ? 12. It ' A prepositional phrase modifying a noun and not in apposition with it regularly requires the genitive when turned into Latin. See G, 360. i, Remark 1 ; A. 213, 317 ; B. 194 ; H. 439. 30 WKITIISTG LATIJf is hard to say why we are so terribly afraid of him. 13. (a, b, 0, d, f) Scouts came to announce that the enemy (pi.) was at hand. 14. The general himself will show us what is best to do. 15. I must write about everything (all things) which you will wish to know. 16. Must not these scoundrels be put to death ? 17. (a, b, o, d, f) Envoys came to beg peace of (a) Caesar. 18. The man wasn't much mistaken, was he, who said that these things were not pleasant to hear ? 19. It was hard to see whether the enemy were beating or being beaten. 20. Must not the soldiers arrest him at once — something (id) which according to the custom of our ancestors ought to have been done ' long ago ? CONNECTED PROSE. Cicero, in (by) a speech which he made (habeo) in the Comitium, said that the man (is) who had tried to lay violent hands on the consul must suffer the death penalty. For [he said] it was easy to see that a man who was an enemy to the commonwealth could not be considered a citizen. liESSON X REVIEW. A. He is said to be [a man] of the greatest influence (11). 2. We were not asked to stay. 3. I have to write two letters now. 4. The war in that province was intrusted to a stripling to manage. 5. They hoped to come to see you. 6. It is yours to see to it that my deeds do not bring harm to me. 7. To conduct this war well is not an easy thing to do. 8. To promise is not always to perform. 9. It is [a] seemly [thing] to die for one's country. 10. I command ■ G. 230 ; A. 276. a ; B. 259. 4 ; H. 533. i. WRITING LATIN 31 yon to ask your friend to advise the citizens not to leave the , city. B. The Helvetians suddenly began to harass our men. Immediately Caesar led his forces up to tbe nearest hill, and sent cavalry to withstand the assault. He intrusted the line to Labienus to draw up ; he himself with two legions (17. a) rushed to the hilltop for the purpose of defending the camp, for he was afraid that they did not have a sufficient force for keeping the enemy off. For a long time it was hard to see whether Romans or Gauls were getting the better of it. At length, however, the enemy fled. " Hail ! Caesar, our commander," shout the soldiers. " Who will be able to prevent you from gaining power (27) over the whole world (gen.)?" Section III. Tendency and Besult. Lesson XI. Pure Consecutive Sentences. Final and Consecutive Sentences Contrasted. Lesson XII. Complementary Consecutive Sentences. Lesson XIII. Relative Sentences of Tendency, Cause, and Concession. Lesson XIV. Review. LiBSSON XI PURE CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. FINAL AND CONSECU- TIVE SENTENCES CONTRASTED. Pure Consecutive Sentences : G. 551. 2, I, 552. 1-3, Eemarks 1, 3, 4, 298 ; A. 319. i, Eemark, a, d, 332. d ; B. 284. I, 3 ; H. 570. I, 2, 595. 4. Final and Consecutive Sentences Contrasted : Gr. 543. 1-4 ; A. 319. d, Eemark ; B. 282. i, 284. i; H. 568, 570. Sequence of Tenses: G. 513 ; A. 287. c; B. 268. 6, 7, a) ; H. 550. HINTS. Tantum dbest ut . . . ut. This expression is best under- stood by observing its literal meaning. Thus, Tantum abest ut te amem, at neminem magis contemnam is literally So far away (i.e. so remote from the truth) is it that I love you, that T despise no one more. WKITING LATIN 33 or^ more freely. So far from loving you (or, so far from its being true that I love you), there is no one whom I despise more. (The first of these ut clauses is often classed as comple- mentary. See Lesson XII.) EXERCISE XI. 1. He was so terribly afraid of you that he has gone into exile. 2. I spoke these very [words], that he might think-of exile. 3. I have fortified my house, that that scoundrel might not be able to harm me. 4, The house has been so secured that you cannot harm me. 5. You are not the man (is) to bhink of exile. 6. He said that such a tempest of un- popularity threatened that he wished to leave town (urbs). 7. Your crimes are so many and so great that no one can pardon you (6. b). 8. He will say all these things that no one may wish to pardon you. 9. No one was so bold as not to (that he did not) fear unpopularity. 10. All hope that h« will go into exile so quickly that he shall be able (pres. ) to harm no one. 11. He has promised to go into exile, that no one may fear lest he be harmed (6. c). 12. There was nothing so difficult that he did not try to accomplish it. 13. So far from its being true that they are going into exile, they are preparing to drive the consul himself out of the city. 14. So far from my being disturbed by Catiline's plans, I slept better last night (18) than [I did] the night before. 15. So far from being disturbed by his faults, he considers himself a very good citizen. 16. I wish you to go away from Eome, that we may never have to fear hereafter. 17. Who is so safe that he never has to fear ? 18. I have now-for-a-long- time been keeping the hands of these men from you, that no one may be able to say that he has done you harm. 19. They 34 WRITING LATIN obeyed the consul so willingly that no one dared lay violent hands on him. 20. I can not drive Catiline from Kome without incurring (so that 1 do not incur) the dislike of many citizens. CONNECTED PROSE. You have said that I am not worried about (disturbed by) my faults. But I cannot hear you without being very much disturbed by your words ; for I am afraid that no one here- after will regard me except as an enemy to the common- wealth, wherefore I ask you • to listen to (hear) what I am about to say. ^ liESSON XII COMPLEMENTARY CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES. Verbs of Effecting : G. 553. i, (2), 3 ; A. 319. 3, 333. a, 1, 2, e, f ; B. 297. 1-3 ; H. 571. 1-3, 595. 3. Verbs of Hindering: G. 555. i, 2, Eemarks, 556. Ee- mark ; A. 319. d, 332. g, Note 1, Remark, Note 2 ; B. 298 and b ; H. 594. II, 595. i, 2, 596. 2. Licet, Necesse est, Oportet^: G. 553.4, 535; A. 331. i, Notes 1, 3, 332. a, 2 ; B. 295. 6, 8 ; H. 564. II, i, 615. HINTS. Verbs of Hindering. Latin sometimes regards a clause dependent on a verb meaning to hinder as final, sometimes as consecutive. For practical purposes, follow this rule : (a) If the verb of hindering is not negatived, use ne or quo minus with the subjunctive. (b) If the verb of hindering is negatived, use quo minus or quln with the subjunctive. Thus, ' The subjunctive after these verbs is variously classed by different grammarians as final, coCrdinate, etc. The translation is not aflfected thereby. WRITING LATIN 35 (a) I will hinder you ( ^^^ ^^ ™pediam ne id facias. from doing tMt, \ (2) Te impediam | ^^,, ,„ . ^„^ ^^ (b) / will not hinder i (3) Te non impediam ) fS'Cias. you from doing } that, { (4) Te nbn impediam quln id facias. Auxiliary Verbs. Subjoined is a table of the most usual modes of rendering May, Can, Must, and Ought in Latin. (1) May (denoting permission or freedom to perform an act) : f (a) Te hoc facere | licet. You may do this. \ (b) Tibi | hoc facere | licet. 1 (c) Hoc facias | licet. In (a), te is the subject of facere. In (b), tibi is the indi- rect object of licet. In (c), hoc faciSsis the subject of licet. (3) Can: You can do this, Hoc facere potes. (3) Must : (a) Hoc tibi faciendum est. „ , f 1. Te hoc facere ) , , (b) { 3. Hoc facias I °P°^*^*- 1. Te hoc facere (c) ] 2. Tibi hoc facere \ necesse est. 3. Hoc facias You must do this. ■ These do not mean precisely the same thing : (a) denotes that something is to ie done, (b) that the given action is fit- ting undei the circumstances, (c) that it is inevitable. 36 WKITING LATIN (4) Ought: r (a) Hoc facere debes. You ought to do this. < /, n ( 1. Te hoc facere ] oportet V M 2. Hoc facias ) Of these, (a) denotes moral obligation ; while (b), as in (3), denotes what is fitting under the circumstances. It is easy to see how fitness in some cases amounts to a necessity, as, for instance, we feel that we ''' must " speak grammatically. On the other hand, some things are fitting which are not binding: we "ought" to answer our friend's letter- promptly, for politeness^ sake ; yet we postpone the task because we are too busy, or have nothing to say, or don't feel like writing at the moment. Thus we see why both "must" and "ought" are included among the meanings of oportet. Past Tenses. Kemember that with the verbs just men- tioned the PKESE]srT tense of the infinitive is regularly used, the auxiliary being put in the past tense. Thus, T- j,j /„ 7.„„.-, ^„«,-, ( i^) Hoc facere debuistl. 1 ou ought to nave done ) ^ -, m- . - ^ *^''- ( ^^^ { 2. HocfLerri''^''*'^"**- EXERCISE XII. 1. I will make you understand what these men think (sentio) about you. 3. I could not bring it to pass that the envoys should not hear what you were saying. 3. At length he will attain [his purpose] that the scoundrels suffer punish- ment. 4. It happened that I was writing a letter to- that friend of (de) whom you had spoken. 5. The outcome was that the Germans drove the Romans from their land. 6. There was the additional circumstance that very-many of our [men] had refused to enter so far into the territories of the enemy. 7. How exceedingly I think he ought to be WRITING LATIN 37 feared, you may understand from this (28). 8. All men must die sometime. 9. "We ought/' he said, "to save the state, which is the common mother of us all." 10. Who doubted that Cicero would be able to save the country ? 11. There is no doubt that they cannot accomplish those things which they desire. 13. I cannot but (not possum ; see Vocab.) tell you how (in what manner) we escaped. 13. I ask you not to refuse to drive this scoundrel from the city. 14. We were warned J not to attempt to hinder him from learning the consul's plans. 15. I could not have doubted that you would be my friend. 16. The consul ought not to have driven those good citizens from the city. 17. You ought to have compelled everybody to tell what they knew about this matter. 18. So far from wishing to hinder you from doing this, I hope that you will attain all [the ends] which you are striving-for. 19. We ought to have prevented the enemy from entering our borders. 20. There is no doubt that you might have done this. CONNECTED PROSE. These are especially to be feared who realize that I know what they are planning, and yet do not hesitate to attempt to destroy the commonwealth. That they (qui ut) might be hindered from attaining the end (id) which they wished, all ought to have striven with-might-and-main (maxime). 38 WRITING LATIN LESSON XIII RELATIVE SENTENCES OF TENDENCY, CAUSE, AND CON- CESSION. Tendency (Characteristic) : G. 631. i, 2, Eemark ; A. 319. 2, Note, 320. a, b, f ; B. 383. i, 2, a, 4, 282. 3, 284. 2 ; H. 591. I, 2, 4, 5, 7. Cause : G. 683 ; A. 330. e. Note 1; B. 383. 3, a) ; H. 592. Concession: G. 634; A. 320. e. Note 1; B. 283. 3, b); H. 593. 2. HINTS. Relative Sentences of Tendency. In deciding whether to use the indicative or subjunctive in a relative sentence, the first thing to consider is the antecedent. Subjoined is a list of the antecedents most commonly accompanied by a relative sentence with the verb in the subjunctive. Sometimes the indictive may be employed even here. It is safer, how- ever, to use the subjunctive until a careful study of the grammar, combined with observant reading of Latin, has made clear the difference in meaning conveyed by the two moods in such instances. The general distinction Avill ap- pear from the following : the sentence Non is est qui civitati Insididtiir, He is not the man who is plotting against the state, means merely that on this particular occasion this man is not a conspirator ; but Non is est qui civitati insidietur, He is not the kind of man to {who would) plot against the state, means more — that not only is this man not at present a conspiratorj but that he does not belong to the conspirator class. WRITING LATIN 39 Typical Sentences op Tendency.' (a) He is suitaile wor able , . [I- -f^««««« to receive o tv- est qui honore adficia- tur. unworthy I | 3. Indtgnus 2 and 3 may also be translated ivorthy {unworthy) of receiving honor. This is worth hearing would be Hoc dl- gnum est quod audiatur. (b) (c) „,, ( those There are \ [ some Sunt qui dicant hoc iniustum esse. There is no one There are none Nemo est ] _,_. .., . j credat. tvlio say this is unjust, iniustum esse. who ieUeve(s) {to believe) you, Nulll sunt qui \ credant. (d) TJiose disagreements were such that they were settled by the massacre of citizens, Illae dissensiones erant eius modi ut (quae) internecione civium diiudicatae sint. (e) He tvas the only one who could not be persuaded, 1. Solus 2. Units f (f ) Who is there ivho does not love his country ? Quis est qui patriam non amet (quin patriam amet) ? erat cut persuader! non posset. Other forms will be recognized by their general similarity to the above types. Cause and Concession. In the sentences (a) Cicero, who had saved the state, was called the father of his country, and (b) XJicero, who had saved the state, perished by a shame- ful death, ' It is thought worth while to insert this list, since the grammars arc not all equally explicit. 40 WRITING LATIN it is natural to infer that in (a) the words who had saved the state name the cause of the honor which Cicero received, but that in (b) they state something in spite of which he suffered death. In proof of this we may substitute in (a) because he had saved, and in (b) although he had saved, without injuring the sense. This will make it clear how a subjunctive with qui may often serve to translate clauses introduced by since or although. Thus, the above sentences become (a) Cicero, qui rem publicam servavisset, pater patriae vocatus est, and (b) Cicero, qui rem publicam servavisset, inhonesta morte uecatus est. EXERCISE XIII. 1. There are those who say that Catiline will be driven into exile by the consul. 2. There was no one but hoped (who did not hope) he would attain this [end]. 3. For he was worthy to be praised by all. 4. The leaders (princeps) of the senate are not suitable [persons] to determine whether Catiline ought to be put to death or not. 5. He was the only one of (ex) the conspirators whom all the citizens did not hate and fear. 6. They are the only ones who fear me. 7. These crimes are such that he who committed them must be put to death by the severest [form of] punishment. 8. His reply (what he replied) was of such a character that there was no one who doubted that he must be put to death, 9. He said that this was the only case in which all held the same opinion (felt the same) . 10. For who is there to whom liberty is not pleasant ? 11. There were many who did not believe what the consul reported. 13. He is [a] suitable [person] to be elected consul. 13. There are those who hesitate to believe you. 14. I have nothing to say to them. 15. He was cruel because he did not punish the guilty [man]. 16. I am fortunate to have been praised by so many [of the] citizens. 17. Pompey WRITING LATIN 41 collected an army, though he was only a stripling. 18. He is highly (maxime) praised, although he is the basest of them all. 19. There are those who think Catiline ought to be punished, since he attempted to destroy the commonwealth. 30. I hope that the immortal gods will recompense me, inas- much as I have worshipped them (pres. ) conscientiously for so many years (3). CONNECTED PROSE. There were some who believed that the consul would drive Catiline into exile. But they were very much mistaken, since they did not know that Cicero was not one to do this without-the-command of the people. For he was worthy to be considered the shrewdest statesman of his time (of those who were then engaged in public business). LESSON XIV REVIEW. Concerning Themistocles, a most distinguished (summus) man at Athens, it has been written that he persuaded the Athenians to fortify their city with very broad and lofty walls. Moreover, it happened at that time (pi.) that Xerxes, King of the Persians, made war by land and sea on the whole [of] Greece. It was not difficult for the Athenians to decide (was not a difficult deliberation for the Athenians) who they thought should be placed in charge (pass, peri- phrastic) of such-important matters and so great a war (6. b, d); for Themistocles seemed to every one to be the most worthy to be in charge of both army and fleet. Never- theless, a certain Spartan was chosen commander-in-chief ; for the Spartans used to take upon themselves (dat.) the 43 WKITING LATIN leadership in all wars (of. footnote to IX, 2), although afterwards they were overcome by the Athenians. At-this- time, however, Themistocles had such (tantus) prestige ' that he forced all the Greeks to follow (use) his advice, whereby (by which) the fleet of the barbarians was defeated and many of their ships sunk. Therefore there is no one but thinks Themistocles worthy to be considered the very (vel) first of generals of-the-olden-time. ' The possession of a quality or other abstraction is best indicated (a) by using the ablative of quality, or (b) by saying that the quality is in the person concerned. Section IV. Conditional Sentences. Lessoit XV. The Indicative in Conditional Sen- tences. Lesson XVI. The Subjunctive in Conditional Sen- tences. The Optative Subjunctive. licsson XVII. Conditional Sentences of Compari- son. Sentences of Proviso and Stipula- tion. Lesson XA^III. Conditions in Indirect Discourse. Lesson XIX. Review. LESSON XV THE INDICATIVE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. Protasis and Appdosis : G. 589-592, 496. 1,2; A. 304. a, c, 315. a, c ; B. 301, 306. 1-4 ; IT. 573, 575. 1-6. Logical Conditional Sentences : G. 595, 242. Remarks 1, 2 ; A. 306, 307. i, a, N"ote, 278. b ; B. 302. i, 3, 261. 2 ; H. 573, 574. 1-4. HINTS. The terms used in the grammars to distinguish the differ- ent types of conditional sentences sometimes give the stu- dent an impression of difficulty which is not warranted by the facts. For proof of this statement, notice how closely the English and Latin correspond in the subjoined formulas.' English. Latin. 1. Simple Present. If a is h, c is d. Si a est b, c est d. 44 WEITING LATIK 2. Simple Past. If a was, has leen, etc. i. Si a erat, fuit, etc. b, c was, has ieen, etc. d. c erat, fuit, etc. d. 3. Future Vivid. f grit ) If a is b, c will be d. Si a j ^^^..^ V b, c erit d. Only in the protasis of 3 is the Latin at variance with the English, and this becomes clear when we follow the rule, useful in many doubtful cases : ''In turning English into Latin, translate the time of the English verb rather than its tense. " Notice, finally, that to distinguish 1 from 3 in English (there is no ambiguity in the Latin) we must regard the apodosis. EXERCISE XV. 1. If they think that I do not hear them, they are very much mistaken. 2. If they thought I would not pardon them, they were very much mistaken. 3. If the consul keeps a sharp lookout (looks out sharply) for the safety of the com- monwealth, they will not be able to gain the honors which they so insanely (with the highest madness) desire. 4. But if they do not attain them, everyone will say that I have acted very wisely. 5. If they don't believe that there is great harmony in the Eoman people, they deserve (are worthy) to be called stupid. 6. If you didn't see that this conspiracy was being formed, you deserved to be considered stupid. 7. Unless they hope to be consuls and kings, I don't know what good (12) they will gain by this madness. 8. If these get the upper hand (overcome), there will be nothing left (12. a) from this most lovely city save ashes and a memory. WRITING LATIN 45 9. If you do thisj it will be well, but if that, there will be no one but will say it was done in utter (summus) mad- ness. 10. If we pass-over these things, what will there be that you can look for (expect) ? 11. Unless you expect aid from some province or foreign nation, how (by what means) will you be able to free the city ? ' 12. If by any means it can be done, not even one scoundrel shall pay the penalty of ' his crime within the city. 13. If I have done (gero) any- thing unwisely (not wisely), yet I always have tried to serve the commonwealth. 14. He will not do this, unless you remind him that he must obey the laws. 15. If they betake themselves to that camp, then indeed (vero) we shall be able to know who have been friends of the common- wealth. 16. If you come, we shall all be glad. 17. If he is making war on his own native land (dat.), he must be con- sidered cruel. 18. If a stripling collected a great army, he was worthy to receive the greatest praise (be affected with, etc.). 19. Unless he conducts this war extremely-well (superlative), he will not be worthy to be made (deligo) com- mander-in-chief. 20. Unless the senators are upright, they are unworthy to be at the head of the nation (be in charge of the commonwealth). CONNECTED PROSE. If he does not arrest this man, there will be danger that (ne) we shall all be butchered. But if the consul can do what (id quod) he has said, there is no doubt that city, dwellings, [and] people (homines) will be safe. 'Translate each member of this "mixed" condition according to the time indicated by its verb. 46 WKITING LATIN LESSON XVI THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. THE OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. Ideal Conditional Sentences : G. 596 and i ; A. 307. 2, b-d ; B. 303 ; H. 576, 577. Unreal Conditional Sentences : G. 597 and Eemark 3; A. 308. c. Footnote ; B. 304. i, 3, a), b) ; IT. 579, 582, 583. Sequence of Tenses : G. 517; A. 287. g; B. 268. 5; H. 547. The Optative Subjunctive : G. 260, 261 ; A. 267 and b ; B. 279. i, 2 ; H. 558. i, 2. HINTS. Tense of the Subjunctive. As in logical conditions, so in ideal and unreal conditions, the time is the first thing to be determined ; then the tense employed in Latin to designate that time. In logical conditions the indicative is employed, the name of the tense indicating the time which the tense designates. In ideal and unreal conditions the subjunctive is em- ployed, but the name of the tense does not indicate the time designated. Thus, Time Denoted bt the Tenses of the Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences. Name of Tense. Time Denoted. (a) present (b) PEEFECT 1^- FUTURE IMPERFECT B^= PRESENT PLUPERFECT i^- PAST f ■WRITING LATIN 47 The English formulas and their Latin equivalents are subjoined. They should be carefully compared with the formulas given in the Hints to Lesson XV. English. Latin. 1. Ideal, or "Future Less Vivid." If a should be h, c would he d. Si a 1 ^^ r b, c sit d. ( fuerit ) 2. Present Unreal. If a were (now) b, c would be d. Si a asset b, c esset d. 3. Past Unreal. If a had been b, c would have been d. Si a ftdsset b, c fuisset d. Optative Subjunctive. This construction is introduced here, because the time indicated by the tenses is the same as in conditional sentences. It will be noticed that tlie perfect is not required for the optative subjunctive. EXERCISE XVI. 1. If he should leave Eome to-morrow, we should be freed from danger. 3. that he would leave Kome with all his comrades ! 3. If we were free from danger, we should not fear this [man]. 4. Would that we were now free from the danger which is menacing everyone ! 5. If he had not left his companions in crime (the companions of his crime) at Eome, we should not have left the city. ^. "Would that he had not left his comrades in the city ! 7. If he had taken away with him (17. b) the remainder of the band (remaining band) of conspirators, we should not have had to fear lest we should be slain in our own homes. 8. If we were living at Eome now, would it be necessary to fortify and secure our 48 WBITIITG LATIN homes ? 9. Would that we had been at Rome at that time, so that we might have been able to hear those speeches which Cicero delivered against Catiline ! 10. Were he now living (if he were, etc.), would he be able to persuade any- one to go into exile ? 11. Would that we were not living among men of such a character that they are not afraid to disobey (not to obey, inf.) the laws ! 12. that there may not be more in this commonwealth who are unwilling to obey the laws than [those] who love (subj.) their native land ! 13. If he should ever become worthy of being placed at the head of the state, we should all gladly obey him. 14. If he had not driven Catiline from the city, we should not now be safe.' 15. If he doesn't find-out what they are doing, how will he be able to save the country ? 16. If you don't know what I am doing, why do you say that I am injuring the common- wealth ? 17. If he did not fear the odium attaching-to (of) the word "drive out" (gerund), why did he talk so-much about avoiding odium ? 18. Were he not afraid that he should incur unpopularity, he would arrest the conspirators at once. 19. If only they were not afraid of being arrested ! 20. If no one doubted that they should be safe, why were they securing their houses with guards and patrols ? CONNECTED PROSE. Had Cicero not dreaded the odium of the word "drive out," he would have at once forced Catiline to go into exile. " Would that I were able," said he, "to prevent both Catiline and his associates from doing any harm (harming anything) to the country ! " ' Translate each member of this " mixed" condition according to the time it seems to indicate. WIUTING LATIBT 49 LESSON XVII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. SENTENCES OF PROVISO AND STIPULATION. Conditional Sentences of Comparison : G. 602 ; A. 313. Eemark, Note ; B. 307. i, 2 ; H. 584. 1-4. Sentences of Proviso with Dum, Modo, and Bum- modo: G. 573 ; A. 314. a ; B. 310. I, II; H. 587. Sentences of Stipulation : G. 553. Eemark 8 ; A. 319. 3, a, NotSj b ; B. (see Hints) ; H. 570. 3. HINTS. Conditional Sentences of Comparison. Particular attention should be given to the use of tenses. The Eng- lish forms resemble unreal conditions, but the tense use in Latin is different. Sentences of Stipulation.' Sentences introduced in English by the words on the understanding that {that not), under the agreement that {that not), etc., besides being translated with dum, etc., sometimes are introduced in Latin by the following particles: Positive. Negative. '^*' °®' I followed by ita ut, ut ne, ) the present or imperfect subjunctive. Thus, (a) A peace had ieen arranged, on the understanding that the river Albula should ie the boundary, Pax ita convenerat ut fluvius Albula ftnis esset. (b) Sulla directed that a reward should be given to the poet, but on these terms, that he should not tvrite anything ' See Professor Bennett's article in the " Transactions of the Ameri- can Philological Association for 1900," pp. 323 ff. 50 WRITING LATIN thereafter, Sulla poetae praemium tribui iussit, sed ea condi- cione, n6 quid postea scriberet. EXERCISE XVII. 1. He burst forth from the city as though he wished to destroy it. 2. He talks as though he feared bhe dislike of the people. 3. We must wage this war as if we hoped to conquer the world. 4. If only he does not ask us why we have come, we shall easily see what he is going to do. 5. Provided Jupiter helps us, we shall reach home within three days. ''6. Didn't you notice the enthusiasm of the slaves, who shouted as if they were free ? 7. So long as they saved their lives, there was nothing else which they were unwilling to lose. 8. So long as you don't do what you ought, it is of no consequence (nihil refert) that people praise you (inf. with subj. ace). 9. The ambassadors will be allowed (it will be permitted to the ambassadors) to go away, on-the-under- standing-that they do not tell anything that they have heard in the meeting. 10. I will report the matter to the senate on this condition, that you return home at once. 11. He was making-overtures-to the envoys as though ho wished to stir up a rebellion. 12. As long as ho does not stir up a rebellion in Gaul (a Gallic rebellion), he will not be arrested. 13. He gave them (6. a) letters, under the agreement that they should attach Volturcius to them- selves (dat.) as a companion. 14. Provided that he is not attached to them as a companion, no one will hinder their going to Catiline. 15. that he may never receive the messages which have been sent to him ! 16. Provided he does not receive them, he won't know that they wish to attach him to themselves as a companion. 17. They are being sent to Gaul as though they wished to go. 18. Unless WRITING LATIK 51 they wished to go into Gaul, they would not be sent there (not ibi). 19. There is no one who does not know that overtures will be made to them for the purpose of stirring up war, just as if they were not friends of the Eoman people. 20. Provided that he does not make war on his country as though he were the enemy of his fellow citizens, no one doubts that he will be unharmed. CONNECTED PROSE. If only the opportunity should present itself (be ofEered) to me, I would cause the whole truth (res) to be grasped by both senate and people. And so I have attached twenty com- rades to my person (myself), as though I were not by-myself (ipse) able to learn [who they are] to whom Lentulus has made overtures. LESSON XVIII CONDITIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. The Apodosis : G. 656. 2, 657-659 ; A. 337. 2, a, 1-3, b, 3-4, Notes 1-3 ; B. 319. A, 330. A, 331. A ; H. 646. i, 2, 647. 1-3. The Protasis : G. 595. Eemark 1, 597. Eemark 4, 656. i, 3, 510; A. 337. i, b, 1, 386, 387. f ; B. 319. b, a, 330. b, 331. B, 367, 368. 4 ; H. 646, 647, 544, 545. HINTS. The Apodosis. This, being regularly a principal clause, and consequently in the infinitive, serves to mark the time of the condition, because the tense of the infinitive corre- sponds to the time, present, past, or future, of the verb of the original sentence. The Protasis. The ordinary use of the subjunctive in pro- tasis appears in the following table. It will be noticed that the tense frequently does not indicate the time when, but only 53 WEITING LATIK the completeness or incompleteness of the action. In par- ticnlar, tenses of the indicative formed from the perfect stem are always represented by suhjunctive tenses formed from the same stem. Thus, by the operation of the law of sequence, we find the pluperfect subjunctive standing for a future perfect indicative in the original sentence ; the pluperfect being the only tense which can express completed action when the sequence is secondary. Tense oe the Subjunctive ik Indirect Protasis. Sequence. Primary. Tense of Subjunctive. Present, Perfect, Tenses which the Subjunctive may represent. 1. Present Indicative. 3. Future Indicative. 3. Present Subjunctive. 1. Imperfect Indicative. 2. Perfect Indicative. 3. Future Perfect Indicative. 4. Perfect Subjunctive. Imperfect. Secondary. ■ Pluperfect. 1. Present Indicative. 3. Future Indicative. 3. Present Subjunctive. 4. Imperfect Subjunctive 1. Imperfect Indicative. 2. Perfect Indicative. 3. Future Perfect Indicative. 4. Pluperfect Indicativa 5. Perfect Subjunctive. 6. Pluperfect Subjunctive. Tenses formed from the perfect stem are represented in heavy type. WRITING LATIN 53 EXERCISE XVIII. 1. If the city is safe, I am glad. 2. He says that if the city is safe, lie is glad. 3. He said that if the city was safe, he was glad. 4. If Cicero handed the letters over to the praetor, he acted wisely. 5. I say that if Cicero handed the letters over to the praetor, he acted wisely. 6. Did you say that if Cicero handed the letters over to the praetor, he acted wisely ? / '7. If the letters are handed over (f ut. perf . ) to the praetor, that will be [the act] of a wise [man].' 8. We say that if the letters a,re handed over to the praetor, that will be the act of a wise man. 9. Did they not say that if the letters were handed over to the praetor, that would be the act of a wise man ? 10. Unless swords were being drawn, we should not be leaving this place. 11. We say that unless swords were being drawn, we should not be leaving this place. 13. They said that unless swords were being drawn, they would not be leaving that place. 13. If you had not drawn your swords, we should not have gone away. 14. I believe that if you had not drawn your swords, we should not have gone away. 15. He thought that if you had not drawn your swords, we should not have gone away. 16. He said that he hoped we would come to see him, if we could.' 17. He would not be able to do this, if he were not consul. 18. You don't suppose, do you, that he would be able to do this if he were not consul ? 19. Catiline would not have had to leave Eome, if he had not plotted against the state. 30. He said that Catiline would not have had to leave Eome, had he not plotted against the state. ' G. 366. Remark 2 ; A. 214. d, Remark ; B. 198. 3 ; H. 439. 3. » G. 518 ; A. 336. b ; B. 318 ; H. 548. 54 WRITING LATIN CONNECTED PROSE. Then he said that he would not hand the letters over to the praetors, unless the seals were intact. Afterwards, how- ever, he promised to do what they asked, if they were willing that a great commotion should be raised in the state. They answered that they would not have asked this, had they known what the outcome would be. LESSON XIX REVIEW. Caesar decided that for (de) many reasons he must cross the Ehine, for he understood that if he should not venture to do this, the Germans would suppose that they could easily overcome the Eomans. On the appointed day, as though he were drawing up the line of battle, Caesar led his soldiers to the banks of the Ehine. Across the river some Germans were standing, for they wondered what he was going to do. This circumstance caused Caesar no concern (made to Caesar nothing of concern), so long as they did not attempt to prevent our men from crossing. Then he began to make a bridge over (in) the Ehine, that the Germans might be the better able to understand that the power of the Eoman peo- ple could not be kept back by a river. But it did not seem [best] to him to use ships, and we for our part can easily be- lieve that, if he had attempted to cross by their means (by them), the enemy would have been able to prevent him. For the Eomans were not well acquainted with the place where they would have had to land, and therefore (wherefore) they were afraid that if they unsuspectingly got into a dan- gerous position, they should be hemmed in by swarms of the WRITING LATIN 55 enemy and many be slain. Furthermore, [Caesar] himself did not think it belonged' either to his own dignity or [that] of the Eoman people, that he should cross (inf.) the river by this method. Accordingly he had" this bridge made, as though by this very [act] he hoped to strike terror into the enemy (dat.). ■ See footnote to XVIII, 7. " See Lesson VIII (Accusative with Special Verbs). Section V. Time. Cause. Concession. Lesson XX. Constructions of Cum. Lesson XXI. Temporal Conjunctions. Lesson XXII. Causal Conjunctions. Lesson XXIII. Concessive Conjunctions. Lesson XXIV. Revieiv. LESSON XX CONSTRUCTIONS OF "CUM." Cum Temporal: G. 579 complete, 580, 581, 584, 585, 588, 242 and Eemarks ; A. 323. i, 2, 325. Note, a-c, 208. d ; B. 288. 1-3, 289 and a, 290. i, 2 ; H. 597, 600. I, i, II, i, 601. I, 2, 4. Ctim Causal : G. 586 ; A. 326 and b ; B. 286. 2 ; H. 598. Cum Concessive : G. 587 ; A. 326 ; B. 309. 3 ; II. 598. HINTS. Note carefully the rules for the indicative with cum tem- poral. Then it is simply necessary to remember that, with the exceptions noted, cum in every sense is followed by the subjunctive. It sliould be noticed, however, that cum with tlie imperfect or pluperfect indicative is not a freq^uent con- struction, except after tum cum. EXERCISE XX. Starred sentences are to be written also with qui, as in Lesson XIII. 1. When Volturcius opened the letter, Lentulus was ter- ribly wrought up. 2. When the letter had been opened, WBITING LATIN 57 Lentulus acknowledged both his hand and seal. 3. When the letters are opened, I fancy our-friend (iste) will be some- what wrought up. 4. At-the-time when I was driving him from the city, I foresaw this. 5. Catiline is said by Sallust to have been not only a most energetic commander, but also [a man] of such courtesy that he seemed on-a-footing (equal) with the humblest (7). *6. He is a most energetic commander, though he seems to be on a footing with the humblest (dat.). *7. Though Gabinius (Gabinius, though he) had at-flrst begun to make impertinent answers (reply impudently), at the end he confessed everything. 8. Not only did the following seem evidences of [their] crime — the tablets, the seals, and the handwriting, but certain other things [seemed] much more certain. 9. When you know who I am, I hope you will think (cogito) how far you have gone (into what place you have advanced). 10. Though they are terribly wrought up, I am sure they will confess. 11. When letters are opened at a trial, the prisoners are apt (soleo) to be wrought up. 12. At this trial, when the consul ordered letters to be opened, we could see the accused exchange glances. 13. When the judge asked them why they had exchanged glances, they hadn't a word (had nothing) to say. 14. The letter was being opened, when suddenly he con- fessed. 15. Although I do acknowledge my hand and seal, I say that there is no wrong (deny that there is anything of wrong) in the letter. 16. When they had become (were) terribly wrought up, the judge asked them what they had to do (what there was to them) with the Gauls. 17. I seem to be at Rome when I am reading your letters. 18. When you have read my letter, I hope you'll write a letter to me.' 19. Though your letters are well-worth (superlative) reading, ' Either ad mS or mihi, the former being more usual. 58 . WRITIKG LATIN I haven't time to read (for reading) them. 20. Since you didn't have time to read the letter ' I wrote you, I shall write you no more (amplius) letters. CONNECTED PROSE. V (y "When Volturcius said that a letter had been given him by Lentulus addressed-to (ad) Catiline, suddenly all were violently wrought up, especially since before that he had denied everything that the consul had asserted. Then, how- ever, though he knew he must die, he confessed. LESSON XXI TEMPORAL CONJUNCTIONS. Antecedent Action : G. 561-567 ; A. 324 and a ; B. 287. 1-3 ; H. 602. i, 2. Contemporaneous Action : G-. 568-572 ; A. 328. i, 2, a ; B. 293. I-III ; H. 603, 604. Subsequent Action : G. 574-577 ; A. 327. ISTote, a ; B. 291, 292 ; H. 605. I, II, i. HINTS. Antecedent Action. Ifotice how Latin uses the perfect indicative with many conjunctions, where English prefers the pluperfect. It should be remembered that although, as the grammars state, the imperfect and pluperfect are also found with ubi, postquam, etc., it will seldom be necessary to use these tenses. Contemporaneous Action. To avoid confusion, observe the following sentences, in each of which dum may be used ': j (a) While (as long as) lam Jiere, I am content. . '^ (b) Whilelamreading,lhear a dog larking. ' Latin does not omit the relative as the English does here. WRITING LATIN 59 r (a) While (as long as) Rome lasted, there were „ , I senators. 2 Past 1 /■ 1 (b) While the prisoners were being hound, one y escaped. [ (a) While (as long as) this lamp hums, I 3. Future. < shall read. ( (b) While T am away, you will receive a letter. In each instance, both verbs of (a) denote action occurring in the same period, and /or the whole o/the period ; but in (b), while the action of both verbs occurs wi the same period, the action of the second verb does not occupy the whole of the period. In sentences like (a), dum, whether rendered as long as or while, takes a present, past, or future tense, according to the time it really designates ("complete coextension") . In sentences like (b), dum, ivhile, during, takes the present indicative, no matter what time it designates ("partial co- extension"). Dum, until, should have its tense use carefully noted. The subjunctive will be found to be more common than the indicative with dum in this sense. Subsequent Action. The statements of the grammars about priusquam and antequam may be practically inter- preted as follows. (a) The indicative with priusquam or antequam indicates that one event happens before another event, and assumes that this other event really happens. (b) The SUBJUNCTIVE with priusquam or antequam indicates that the writer conceives of the event as an imaginary case, which may or may not occur. Thus, in the sentence Antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauea dicam, Before I return to the ^notion, I will say a few words about myself, the speaker implies by the mood of redeo that he is coming back to the subject ; but if we find 60 WEITING LATISr Priusquam id facias, habeo quod tibi dicam, Before you do that, I've sometJiing to say to you, it is clear that the speaker may believe that what he has to say may possibly prevent the other^s doing the thing he mentions. Cum Temporal. The question may arise as to whether cum or ubi should be used in a given case. A safe rule is to use cum with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive if the " when ■" clause is naturally thought of as giving the circumstances under which the main action occurs ; but if the point of time itself is important^ to use the perfect in- dicative with cum or ubi. Thus, in the sentence Once, when we were on a long marchj we were unable to find water, Olim, cum longum iter faceremus, aquam invenire non poteramus, the "when" clause tells us the circumstances -and^ex which we were without water ; but in the sentence When Caesar reached Britain, the inhabitants tried to prevent his disembarking, Cum (or ubi) Caesar ad Britanniam pervenit, incolae eum ex navi egredi prohibere conati sunt, our attention is fixed on the moment of his arrival, and so we use the indicative. EXERCISE XXI. 1. After the senators had expressed their opinions about Catiline, he rushed out of the senate-house. 3. As soon as he could, he collected a band for the purpose of destroying the city. 3. "When the consul's advice was heard, each [man] told Avhat seemed to him the best [thing] to do. 4. While this (pi.) was going-on, he set out for Marseilles. 5. Such being the case (since which [things] are so), why do we wait till he returns ? 6. So long as he is in the city, we shall be in danger. 7. Before he returned, Cicero ar- WRITING LATIN 61 rested [some] other conspirators at the Mulvian bridge. 8. Before the envoys realized what they were doing, the praetors had arrested them on the bridge. 9. Before the battle is begun (committo), a signal is given on (by) the trumpet. 10. Before the beginning of the battle, we shall send horsemen to ascertain what the enemy's prowess amounts to (what the enemy are able (valeo) by courage). 11. Before beginning battle, they tried [to see] if they could escape.'' 12. As soon as the praetors heard what I wished done, they left my house, in order to finish the matter as quickly as possible. 13. Then, by my advice, they hastened to the Mulvian bridge, in order to catch Lentulus- and the rest before they should be able to cross the river. 14. After passing a vote of thanks to me, they voted the same thing in the case of (about) the others. 15. While the decree of the senate is being written out, I will set forth to you from (ex) memory what the senators voted. 16. When you compare this thanksgiving with the rest, you will be able to understand why it was so pleasing to me. 17. While Caesar was enrolling new legions in hither Gaul, war broke out in farther Gaul. 18. As soon, therefore, as he heard that this war had broken out, he hastened by forced marches into the enemy's country. 19. While the consul was ex- plaining what the senate had decreed," the senate's decree was being written out. 20. He said that as long as he should be consul, he was willing to undergo all perils that he might be able the more easily to save the lives of the citizens. CONNECTED PROSE. As long as Catiline remained in the city, the consul was afraid that there would have to be a conflict (it would have ' G. 460. I, (b) ; A. 331. e, 1, Note 1 ; B. 300. 3 ; H. 649. 11, 3. 63 WRITING LATIN to be fought) with him. But after he (is) set out for Man- lius' (adj.) camp, he realized that a great danger had been averted ; for he hoped before Catiline (ille) returned to understand exactly how his attack must be withstood. L,ESSO]!f XXII CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS. Quod, Quia, and Quoniam: G. 540-542 ; A. 321. i, 2, Ee- mark, a ; B. 386. i, b, c ; H. 588. 1, II, 2. Substantive Clauses with Quod : G. 525. 1-3, 610. Ee- mark 2; A. 333. a, b; B. 299 complete, 331. V, a; H. 588. II, 3, Note, 4- HINTS. Subjunctive with Quod. From the nature of the case, we cannot always tell whether to use the indicative or the sub- junctive with quod. Thus, They thanked the consul because he had saved the country may mean either because (of the fact that), or because (of their belief that). In the first case the sentence would read Gratias consul! egerunt quod rem pUblicain servaverat ; in the second, Gratias consuli egerunt quod rem piiblicam servavisset. Cum Causal. In choosing between the conjunctions meaning since, it will be well to use cum when we can replace since by when without disturbing the sense. Thus, Since the Aeduans could not defend themselves, they sent ambassadors to Caesar, Aedul cum s6 defendere non possent, legatSs ad Caesarem miserunt. Here the cum clause practically amounts to " the circum- stances being such that the Aeditans,^' etc., making us feel wkitinCt latik 63 that it was under pressure of just those circumstances that they made up their minds to send envoys. But when since introduces a reason that is at the same time an admitted or undoubted fact, cum should not be used. Thus, Since it is already night, depart to your homes, Quoniam iam nox est, in vestra tecta discedite. Here the clause with quoniam implies that the admit- ted fact of nightfall is a logical reason for departure. This is one of many cases in which the finer shades of distinc- tion in words can only be hinted at. The Romans them- selves often used quod where they might have used cum or quia or quoniam, the only reason for choice being the writer's or speaker's own view of the causal clause. He might, in short, look on it as a fact pure and simple (quod or quia), as a compelling circumstance (cum), or as a well- known reason, sure to appeal to the good sense of his reader or audience (quoniam). Careful study of a good grammar and of a dictionary with abundant examples, combined with ob- servant reading, is the only way to acquire a correct feel- ing for the more delicate differences to be found in Latin. EXERCISE XXII. Starred sentences should also be written with qui, as in Lesson XIII. 1. Because Lentulus and the other foes within-the-gates (domesticus) intrusted such important matters to strangers, some thought that they had lost their wits (understanding had been taken away from them'). 2. As to the fact that he was rather emphatic in this case, he was not actuated by a cruel impulse (cruelty of mind). 3. Since there still re- mains one tribe which seems to be . not unwilling to make war on the Roman people, I say that Gaul is imperfectly subdued. * 4. I ought to be thanked, because I have freed the citizens from fear. * 5. The senate will thank him "be- ' G. 345. Remark 1 ; A. 329 ; B. 188. 2, d ; H. 439. 2. 64 WEITING LATIK cause he has freed the commonwealth from danger, [and '] the citizens from death." 6. There was the additional circumstance that he had exposed himself to many dangers. 7. These are the favors which j'ou have received from the senate, (that) you have been called king [and] (that) friend, [and] that your lands have again and again been pro- tected from the enemy's raids by Eoman armies. 8. He mourns because the city has been rescued. 9. Seeing that I have praised you most generously, why do you wish to hear [it] again ? *10. Because you have defended me, I praise and thank you. 11. As to the fact that you call Catiline stupid, it should be understood (periphrastic) that there is no one either shrewder or more energetic. 13. Since I have spoken about giving thanks to the consul, I will now say a few [words] about the defence of the city (defending the city). 13. Since the citizens had been delivered from fear [and] their wives and children from death, they were now departing to their homes. *14. Becavise they have departed to their homes, they are greatly to be praised. 15. They lingered for a little while, not because they thought that Catiline was any longer to be feared, but that they might hear the consul's words. 16. I am sorry that I cannot escape. * 17. Since you can't escape, you ought not to grieve. * 18. Since I can't help his grieving (bring it to pass that he does not grieve), I must go away. 19. May I ask Avhether you thanked your friend because he had helped you [when] in the midst of perils ? 20. Since you ask me, I will tell you. CONNECTED PROSE. I believe that their wits were taken from Lentulus and the others by the immortal gods, not because they conspired ' a. 481. 2, 3 ; A. 208. b, 1 ; B. 341. 4 ; H. 657. 6. WRITING LATISr 65 against the state, [as they didj but because they did not manage-to-have (efficio) no one discover beforehand what they intended to do. Since the consul knew these (rel.) [facts], he was able to crush all their plans easily. IiESSON XXIII CONCESSIVE CONJUNCTIONS. Indicative Alone : G. 605 ; A. 313. e, f ; B. 309. 2 ; H. 586. I. Subjunctive Alone : G. 606-608 ; A. 313. a, b ; B. 309. I, 4 ; H. 586. II. Indicative and Subjunctive : G. 604= ; A. 313. c ; B. 309. 2 " ; H. 585. HINTS. Choice of a Conjunction. By substituting some other expression for the althoiogh of the English sentence, we can often determine which Latin conjunction best suits the context. Thus, in the sentence Although this is so, I luill do what I have said, we may assume the following equivalents for the clause introduced by although : (a) This is indeed so, hut . . . (use quamquam). (b) Be this so to what extent you ivill (use quamvis). (c) Let this le so, yet . . . (use licet). (d) Even if this is so, yet (use etsi, etiamsi, or tametsi). Do not use quamquam if the " although " clause states some- thing merely assumed, as ''Let justice be done, though the heavens fall." Cum Concessive. As cum temporal, when followed by the subjunctive, gives the circumstances which incidentally ' This grammar would classify the subjunctive use as conditional. 66 WRITING LATIN mark the time of an action, and cum causal the circumstances which are the cause of an action, so cum concessive gives cir- cumstances in spite of which the action occurs. The context alone determines which meaning cum shall receive. Sim- ilarly in English, the temporal conjunction vihen can take on both causal and concessive meanings. Thus, (Temporal) I could not refuse, when I was ashed to come. (Causal) / could not refuse, when they seemed so anxious that I should come. (When = since.) (Concessive) / stayed at home, when I ought to have gone out. (When = although.) EXERCISE XXIII. Starred sentences are also to be written with qui, as in Lesson XIII. 1. Although there are two views, it is not hard to de- cide which (uter) to follow. 2. Though you should follow Caesar's judgment, I will maintain that the other was the better. *3. Though Caesar rejects the death-penalty, he exhibits the utmost severity. *4:. He doesn't wish them to be punished by death, though they have tried to deprive us all of life. 5. Granted that death was not established for the purpose of punishment, yet it is considered by many the best penalty for this crime. 6. I was almost murdered in my own house, although I had secured it with guards and patrols. *7. Without doubt they will adopt his view, though they believe the other to be much milder. 8. However many dangers may threaten me, I shall never cease to fight for my country. 9. Even though you adopt this view, you can't make me think that it is the better. *10. Though chains seem cruel to you, you must pass-this-vote (decree this).,, 11. Although they did not destroy the empire, yet they caused many to be in fear. * 12. I believe that your view WRITING LATIN 67 should be adopted, although it is much more severe. 13. Though they may wish to blot-out the name of the Roman people, their plans -will be crushed by the same Roman people. *14. Although he has blotted out the name of the Roman people, he used to be considered valiant by many men. 15. Even if he destroys Rome herself, he will never be able to annihilate Rome's glory. 16. Even though you hadn't witnessed (seen) the slaves' enthusiasm, nevertheless you must have (could not but have) observed the harmony of all the citizens. 17. Though [only] a few were left, the Spartans did not flee. 18. Granted that they did not flee, do you venture to say that no one wished to flee ? 19. Though I do understand that it was about Roman citizens that this law was ordained, nevertheless I cannot feel satisfied (satis credere) that Catiline is not a citizen. *30. Though he be a citizen, he ought to be punished with death. CONNECTED PROSE. Though he who is an enemy to the commonwealth can in-no-wise be a citizen, nevertheless I will cause you to feel that my-client (hie) is a citizen, although my-honorable- opponent (iste) says that he was an enemy. For, granting that he did bear arms against his country, who can deny that he acted-under-compulsion (was compelled), and (nee non) grieved because he had to commit so foul a deed ? LESSON XXIV REVIEW. EXERCISE XXIV. When Caesar first came into Gaul, he waged war against (cum) the Helvetians. [Now] a certain chief of this tribe (of whom a certain chief), whose name was Orgetorix, had 68 WRITING LATIN persuaded Dumnoi'ix, the Aeduan, to seize the throne in his own state and unite the Aeduans with the Helvetians. Afterwards, when Caesar began (express by impf.) to be in need of grain (26), the Aeduans, who liad promised a supply of grain, kept putting him ofE from day to day (led day out of day). After he understood that there was some hidden reason for this (that the cause of this was hid- den), he asked the Aeduans what it was ; and though they were very much (greatly) afraid that something would get out (passive of enuntiare), they said that Dumnorix was responsi- ble (was doing these things). When Caesar heard this, he made up his mind that he must be punished by death, although he knew the good-will of his brother Diviciacus towards himself and the Eoman people. The latter, how- ever, with many tears, begged Caesar not to take any severe action (resolve upon anything too severe) against (in) his brother. Caesar, being (because he was) unwilling to hurt the feelings (offend the mind) of a man of such honor and justice, asked him to end his entreaties (make an end of entreating) ; and said that he would not put his brother to death, although he was afraid that he might be troublesome to him afterwards. Then he summoned Dumnorix, and be- fore he let him go he warned him to shun all suspicions for the future ; and he placed guards over him (dat.), since he wished to know what he did [and] with whom he talked. Section VI. Participial Sentences. Lesson XXV. Literal Meaning of the Participle. The Ablative Absolute. Lesson XXVI. Participles Equivalent to Clauses. Lesson XXVII. Revieiv. LESSON XXV LITERAL MEANING OF THE PARTICIPLE. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. Tense of the Participle : G. 276, 283. Remark, 283 ; A. 113. a, b, 1, c, 1, 2, Note, 290 and b ; B. 336. 1-5, 337. 4 ; H. 640 complete. The Participle as Substantive and as Adjective : G-. 437, 438 ; A. 113. e, f, 391 ; B. 236, 237,' 337. i ; H. 494, 495, 636. Ablative Absolute : G. 409, 410. Remarks ; A. 255 and a, 390. d, 1, 2 ; B. 237. i, 4 ; H. 489. i, 3, 5. HINTS. Tense of the Participle. In the English sentence Laelius, returning to Rome, learned that Ms house had lurned down, tl)e present participle returning may mean that the news came to him either while returning or after returning. ' Though not here expressly so stated, the same principle holds true of participles. 70 WRITING LATIN Latin is more precise. If we mean while returning, we must use the. present participle. iThus, laelius, Romam revertens, domum suam deflagrasse certior factus est. If, however, we mean after returning, the perfect par- ticiple must be used. Thus, Laelius, E5mam reversus, etc. The Ablative Absolute. The verb reverter being de- ponent,' the perfect participle reversus has an active mean- ing, having returned, and therefore naturally agrees with Laelius. Suppose, however, we had wished to turn into Latin the sentence Caesar, having received the hostages, withdrew his troops. Since Latin has no perfect active participle, except in the case of deponent verbs, we cannot translate having received literally. We must therefore change the participial clause to the passive. Thus, Caesar, hostages having been received, withdrew his troops. Translating the nominative absolute of the English by the Latin ablative absolute, we have, Caesar obsidibus acceptis copias dedHxit. From this it appears that the ablative absolute construction is in part a makeshift, enabling one to employ a participle in the tense desired when it cannot agree with the subject or object of the main verb. The converse is also true, that we must never use the ablative absolute when the participle can be made to agree with subject or object. Thus, if we have Caesar, having withdrawn his troops, halted them on a hill, ' Active forms are also found. See Latin dictionary. WRITING LATIN 71 we must recast the sentence in the form Caesar halted his withdrawn troops on a hill, Caesar oopias dednctas in colle cdnstituit. Had we used the ablative absolute, (Caesar copiis deductis eos in colle constituit,) it would have meant Caesar, having withdrawn his troops, halted them (i.e. not the troops, but some other persons of whom mention had just been made) on a hill. To summarize directions, in translating English participles into Latin, first be sure of the precise time indicated by the participle (either at the same time as the main verb or be- fore it), theia be sure that the Latin participle agrees with the proper word. A rigid, literal re-rendering of your Latin will be the surest test. Present Passive Participle. Latin having no present passive participle, clauses with cum or dum may be substi- tuted. Thus, The letter was lost while beitig carried to you, Epistula, dum ad te portatur, amissa est. The same constrnction may also be used in place of the present active participle. EXERCISE XXV. 1. A certain Eoman, believing that no one would discover what he was planning, formed a conspiracy against the state. 2. But the consul, learning of his intentions, took pains that he (is) should not be able to destroy the commonwealth. 3. Accordingly, summoning the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stator, he reproached Catiline bitterly because he had wished to perpetrate such a deed. 4. But he, fearing punishment [at the hands] of the state, left the city forth- 73 WEITHiTG LATIK with, with three hundred companions in (of his) crime. 5. Then the consul, seeing the alarm of the people, called a meeting in (into) the Forum. 6. Haying gathered a large number, he warned them not to do anything rashly. 7. These are the words which he said, all listening attentively. 8. Our foe has gone, no one interfering. 9. Many, having set out together with him, will go to the same place. 10. Fearing your wrath, they have fled from the sight of your eyes. 11. Soon, however, [after] collecting a great army, they will return to destroy (gerundive) the city. 13. Some of you will die, fighting valiantly for your native land. 13. No one may flee with honor [while] being hard-pressed by the enemy. 14. But remembering the brave deeds (14) of our ancestors, we shall drive back Catiline's mob of desperate [men]. 15. Then, after returning home, we shall be treated with respect by all. 16. The returning [heroes] will be pre- sented with garlands and rewards. 17. The dead will be buried with honor, because [in] dying they honored their country. 18. Therefore, all believing that fortune aids the resolute, we shall set out for this war. 19. Forgetting our own safety (14), we shall take thought for our country, our wives, [and] our children. 30. But he (iste), after having led all his troops against his own city, shall see them perish miserably (by a dishonorable death). CONNECTED PROSE. Overhearing the words of those who seemed to fear that he would not have a sufiicient force (gen.) to carry out his plans, the consul laughingly (laughing) asked his hearers (part.) whether they knew that all ranks were in harmony with regard to (ad) preserving the commonwealth. Then, convening the senate in the senate-house, he informed them of everything which he had done. WRITHiTG LATlSr 73 LESSON XXVI PARTICIPLES EaUIVALENT TO CLAUSES. Coordinate Clauses Represented by Participles : G. 6G4. Eemark 1 ; A. 293 and Remark ; B. 337. 5 ; H. 639. Participle Equivalent to a Temporal Clause : G. 665 ; A. 292. Examples 1 and 2 ; B. 337. 2, a) ; li. 638. i, Exam- ples 1 and 2. Participle Equivalent to a Causal Clause : Gr. 666 ; A. 292. Example 3 ; B. 337. 2, t) ; H. 638. i, Example 3. Participle Equivalent to a Conditional or Concessive Clause: G. 667; A. 292. Examples 5 and 6 ; B. 337. 2, b), e); H. 638. 2. Participle Equivalent to an Abstract Noun : G. 604. Eemark 2, 325. Remark 3 ; A. 292. a ; B. 337. 6 ; H. 036. 4. HINTS. Tense of the Participle. In writing the following exer- cise, be careful to use the participle which is the exact time- equivalent of the subordinate clause. Thus, Though he set out at dawn, he did not reach home before evening. Prima luce profecfus, domum non ante vesperum pervenit. Here the perfect participle indicates that the departure preceded the arrival. But in the sentence Though our men struggled valiantly, the camp was taken ly the enemy, Fortiter nostris resistentibus castra ab hostibus capta sunt, the present participle indicates that the camp was taken while the fighting was still going on. Coordinate Sentences. In apparently coordinate sen- tences, such as He captured and put to death certain of Catiline's accom- plices, ftnosdam ex Catilinae comitibus captos interfecit, 'J'4 WRITING LATIN the verb whicli denotes the prior action (in this case captured) should be put in the perfect participle. Participle or Subordinate Clause ? Latin being fond of compact constructions and neat effects, the participle is often employed when a subordinate clause is both grammati- cally and rhetorically possible. Sometimes two or more participles are used together ; sometimes they are interspersed with subordinate clauses. Study the arrangement in the following sentence : Quibus rebus c5gnitis Caesar, cum undique bellnm parari videret, Nervios Aduatuc5s Menapios adiunctis Cisrhenauis omnibas Germanis esse in armis, maturins sibi de bello c5gi- tandum putavit. — Oaesak, B. G. VI, 3. EXERCISE XXVI. The subordinate member of each sentence in this Exercise should be written both as a clause and with a participle. 1. He saved the city after it had been founded and ex- tended. 2. They think that when the commonwealth is disturbed, they can obtain honors which they despair-of when it is at-peace. 3. I shall be unable to follow that man up, because I shall have been handicapped by unpopu- larity. 4. When liquidation was stopped, credit collapsed at Eome. 5. If Catiline is got out of the way, the danger will be averted (fut. perf.). 6. All who can be safe while the city is safe will be reckoned in the number of the enemy. 7. Though a praetor was looking-on, the city was ravaged by the pirates. 8. Although he was terribly wrought up, Lentulus nevertheless acknowledged both his seal and his handwriting. 9. When he has been thrust out, he will be- take himself to exile. 10. This (hodiernus) day and this case have recalled the knights from their dissension with (of) this order, and united them with you in love for (of) the state. WRITING LATIN 75 11. Those generals celebrated triumphs on-such-grounds (so) that the king, though he was defeated and overcome, con- tinued-to-reign (impf.). 12. When the letters were read, he suddenly became silent. 13. Because he has been compassed about and enfeebled by my plans, [my] pains, [and my] perils, he will change his decision and desert his [friends]. 14. Though the man was present, Caesar said he ought to be deprived of his life. 15. The gi-andfather of this man armed himself (was armed) and pursued Gracchus. CONNECTED PROSE. When this deed was reported to the senators, silence fell upon all (cf. No. 13). For who could overlook the taking (part, of eripio) [of J a life ? Never, since the founding of the city, had such a crime been heard [of]. Then the senators, though they were overwhelmed with fear, yet voted that he should be punished with death. liESSON XXVII REVIEW. After four years, when Caesar was about to set out for Britain, Dumnorix came under suspicion (into suspicion for him) again, for he had learned from guest-friends that Dumnorix (is) had said that Caesar (reflex.) was going to transfer the kingdom to him (ipse). When Dumnorix got wind of (heard) this, he begged Caesar not to take him to Britain with him, saying that he was afraid of the sea, and was furthermore prevented by religious scruples from mak- ing this trip. Caesar, after urging him not to ask for any- thing more, at the end said that he would not do this thing, and sent Dumnorix away. He, though fearing Caesar's 76 WBITING LATIN power^ began to make overtures to the chief men of G-aul ; saying that Caesar, after taking all the chiefs across to Britain, would leave no one in Gaul who was able to resist him. On learning of this fact, Caesar took measures to restrain Dum- norix. Accordingly, tarrying for several days in the same place, after urging Dumnorix to be faithful to (remain in) his duty, he directed certain men to watch him without his per- ceiving it (not perceiving); and being favored with (finding) fair weather, [andj setting sail in the morning, in a short time he was carried to Britain. But before the soldiers embarked, Dumnorix, when the minds of all were occupied, left the camp without Caesar's knowledge (Caesar [being] ignorant). As soon as this fact was reported, Caesar sent cav.ilry to bring him back ; but they surrounded and killed him as he was shouting that he was [a] free [man] and ought not to be restrained in this (such) manner. Section VII. Miscellaneovis Verb Constructions. licssoii XXVIII. Exhortations. Commands. Prohi- bitions. Liesson XXIX. Subjunctive in Direct Questions. Questions and Commands in In- direct Discourse. Lesson XXX. Partial Obliquity. Attraction. De- pendent Apodosis of Unreal Con- dition in Indirect Discourse. Lesson XXXI. Review. LESSON XXVIII EXHORTATIONS. COMMANDS. PROHIBITIONS. Exhortations : G. 263. i, 3 ; A. 266. Note i, Eemark, a ; B. 274, 275 ; H. 559. i, 2. Commands : G. 266-268 ; A. 269 and c ; B. 281 ; H. 560. 2, 4. Prohibitions: G. 263. 2, 271. 2, 275; A. 266. a, b, 269. a, 1-3, b, c, Note ; B. 276 complete ; H. 561. 1-4. HINTS. Exhortations. The sign of these in English is the aux- iliary lei. It must be distinguished from the let denoting permission, which is rendered by licet, sino, etc. Thus, Let him tell us who he is is Dicat nobis quis sit ; (Command) but / will not let you go is Non sinam te ire. (Permission) 78 WRITING LATIN ryxhe Future Imperative. Remember that while you will in general have little use for this form, it is commonly used in the case of memini, remember, scio, know, and habeo when it means Jceep or consider. EXERCISE XXVIII. In this exercise, both singular and plural imperative forms should be written wherever the sense permits. 1. Let all the best men ' approach this place of influence (the influence of this place). 2. Tell us, Oicero, why you did not approach it (gender ?) before. 3. Do not approach that of which (21) you ai-e not worthy. 4. Let all the best men understand that they are themselves quite worthy (sup.) of such an honor. 5. Do not hesitate, Quirites, to confer pub- lic-offices upon this most distinguished man. 6. If you trust me, bestow public-offices upon him. 7. Let me exer- cise my influence among those who have given it to me. 8. Use your influence among those who have conferred public offices upon y»u. 9. Let him exercise his influence in the Forum, the most important place for action (ger. of ago). 10. Know ye, Quirites, that this man is most worthy of hon- ors at your hands (your honors). 11. Remember, my friend, that I have never failed a friend in an emergency (an emer- gency of a friend). 12. If you wish me to be faithful to you, be faithful to me likewise. 13. Let the man who wishes to be honored (adficio) with office (pi.) not forget his friends [when] in danger. 14. If he hopes that I will let him go away, let him not plot against the state. 15. After this speech is made, let us depart from the Forum to our [sev- eral] homes. 16. If you wish to go away, do not plot against your native land. 17. Finally, if you wish to be safe, ' G. 318. 2 ; A. 93. c ; B. 353. 5, e) ; H. 516. 2. WRITING LATIN 79 promise not to plot against me. 18. "Fear (vereor) God; honor the king." 19. Take thought with boldness (boldly) for your country's safety. 20. Come ; don't come ; let him_ come ; let them come ; let us come ; let me not come ; set out ; don't set out ; let us not set out ; let them not set out. CONNECTED PROSE. " Eomans, countrymen, [and] lovers ! Hear me for my cause (causae gratia), and be silent, that you may hear : believe me for mine honor, and have-respect-to mine honor that you may believe : censure me in (pro) your wisdom, and awake your senses (attend carefully) that you may the better judge." IrESSON XXIX SUBJUNCTIVE IN DIRECT QUESTIONS. QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE. Subjunctive in Direct Questions : G. 259, 265, 658 ; A. 268 complete, 333. c ; B. 277 ; H. 557, 559. 4, 5- Questions in Indirect Discourse : G. 651 and Kemarks ; A. 338 complete ; B. 315 complete ; H. 642. 2, 3. Commands in Indirect Discourse : G. 652 ; A. 339 ; B. 316 ; H. 642. 4, 5- HINTS. Questions in the Subjunctive. Notice that such ques- tions are not mere inquiries, about facts, answerable in the indicative. Their answer, if expressed, is naturally subjunc- tive or imperative. Thus, Should I not admire this man ? Nonne hunc admirer ? would require the answer, " You should (or should not) admire him." (Subj.) ' ' Or some other expression of potential or desirable action. 80 WRITING LATIN But Do you not admire this man ? Nonne hunc admlraris ? expects the answer, "1 do (or do not) admire him." (Indie.) Commands in Indirect Discourse. These become prac- tically exhortations, follow the regular law of sequence, and have the same negative, ne. Thus, Direct. Don't do this, Noli hoc facere. Indirect. They said that he should not do this, Dixerunt ne hoc faceret. EXERCISE XXIX. 1. Why should not the sight of you in-crowds (adj.) be pleasant ? 2. Why should not I be glad if the country is saved in my consulship ? 3. Who would doubt that this place is most important for transacting-business (ago ; cf. XXVIII, 9) ? 4. You have reached this position of influ- ence (cf. XXVIII, 1) ; why are you not glad ? 5. They said that I had at length reached this position of influence, [and] why was I not glad ? 6. They say that I shall soon reach that position of influence, [and] why am I not glad ? 7. I am a Eoman : do you think I am going to yield to a barbarian ? 8. He said he was a Roman : did they think ho would yield to a barbarian ? 9. What shall I say ? 10. Ho knew the consul was angry : what should he say ? 11. Who is here so base that (he) would be a bondman (slave) ? If any, let him speak, for him have I offended. 12. Who was there, he cried, so base that he would be a bondman ? If any, [he continued] let him speak, for him had he offended. 13. Believe me ; he does not intend to go. 14. He says, let them believe him ; he (is) does not intend to go. 15. Go out from the city, conspirators ; free the country from fear ; WEITING LATIN 81 into exile, if that [is thej word you are waiting for, set out. 16. He said tliat they should gq out from the city. 17. He says they should deliver the commonwealth from fear. 18. He said that they should go (set out) into exile, if that ' was the word they were waiting for. 19. I say that they are to go into exile, if that is the word they are waiting for. 20. "What do I hear ? I to go into exile ? I to leave the city ? CONNECTED PROSE. "When the people had gathered in crowds in the Forum (ace), Cicero made a notable speech about Pompey's com- mission. He asked why he should not be placed in com- mand of so important a war. "Was he not worthy to receive this honor ? Or (an) were they unwilling to intrust this war also to the man (is) who had brought to a fortunate conclu- sion (ended fortunately) so many and so important wars already ? LESSON XXX PARTIAL OBLIQUITY. ATTRACTION. DEPENDENT APODOSIS OF UNREAL CONDITIONS IN INDIRECT' DISCOURSE. Partial Obliquity : G. 508. 3, 541, 648. Kemark 1 ; A. 340, 341 complete ; B. 333 ; H. 649. I. Subjunctive by Attraction : G. 508. 4, 629 ; A. 342 ; B. 324. I, 2 ; H. 652. Dependent Apodosis of Unreal Conditions in In- direct Discourse : G. 597. Remark 5 ; A. 308. d, Note ; B. 322 ; H. 648 complete. HINTS. Attraction and Partial Obliquity. The principle of these constructions is the same. The indicative mood rep- « 83 WRITING LATIN resents acts as really occurring. The subjunctive mood rep- resents acts as imagined — they may occur, or they may not. For instance, a final sentence (purpose clause) states what some one had in mind as the end of a certain action. Whether he achieved the end or not is not told. The verb is accord- ingly in the subjunctive. Similarly, if the purpose clause itself contains a dependent clause, this may be part of what the purposer had in mind, and for the same reason be in the subjunctive. This is called "attraction " or " assimilation." In like manner, we sometimes wish to indicate that some dependent clau6e in the course of our remarks is only given on hearsay evidence — some one else is responsible for the idea, and we are reproducing this idea of theirs without vouching for the fact. In English we sometimes use quota- tion marks. Thus, Citizenship tvas given " if any one had had a residence at Bome." The quotation marks show that, while we give the language of the law, we do not commit ourselves as to whether any one really had the benefit of it or not. In Latin this attitude of mind is indicated by the subjunctive. Thus, Civitas data est si quis Romae domicilium habuisset. This is called "partial obliquity," "implied indirect dis- course," or "informal indirect discourse.^' EXERCISE XXX. 1. They celebrated a triumph under such circumstances (so) that the king whom they had defeated continued to reign (imperf.). 2. They celebrated a triumph under such circumstances that, while they were saying that they had con- quered, the king was getting ready fresh [new] fleets. 3. Every one desired to be seen (eonspicio) while he was doing such a deed. 4. Indulgence must be granted to Sulla, because affairs of state recalled him to Italy. 5. He wished WJRITING LATIIT 83 indulgence to be granted him, " because affairs of state had recalled him from the war." 6. Do you know what he would have done if affairs of state had not recalled him ? 7. Who doubted that, if he had been given opportunity, he would have collected a fresh army ? 8. The king ordered those things to be made ready which, [as he said,] were necessary for the war. 9. It was the custom at Athens for those "who had been slain in battle (pi.) " to be eulogized in the assembly. 10. The orator will come into the assembly in order to eulogize those who have been slain in battle. 11. I do not know whether he would have praised them, or not, had he not been forced by the magistrates to make a speech. 13. Themistocles used to walk by night, because, [as he said,] he could not get to sleep. 13. Once some one asked him, if he couldn't sleep, why he didn't at least stay in bed. 14. "Who doubts that, if he had been able to sleep, he would not have formed such (so) magnificent plans con- cerning the safety of Athens ? 15. That he might perfect the plans which he was forming, he was accustomed to walk by night. 16. That the danger which threatens may be averted, it is necessary that Pompey be placed in command of this war. 17. I will so manage the affair that not even one of those who have formed a conspiracy against the state may die within the city. 18. Do you doubt how you should have felt about your position and renown, if you had lost them through my fault (28) ? 19. Who doubts that you would have taken [it] to heart if your glory had been lost through (per) me ? 30. I said these things that I might ac- complish what (id quod) I most wished. CONNECTED PROSE. If Mithridates had not devoted all the remaining time to the preparation of a new war, I do not know but (nescio an) 84 WRITING LATIN Cicero would not have made a speech about Pompey's com- mission. As it is (nunc), however, we are able to read a long speech, [telling us] why he should be chosen as general against Mithridates. LESSON" XXXI REVIEW. After Caesar had withdrawn from Britain, the winter- quarters among the Nervii, of which Quintus Cicero was in command, were besieged by the Eburones. The Komans kept themselves in camp (abl. of means), awaiting the arrival of Caesar, who had been sent to (to whom it had been sent) for aid (gen. with causa). In that legion which was in the camp were two centurions, most valiant men, whose names were (to whom the names were) Pullo and Vorenus, who were constantly engaged in a rivalry concerning [their reputation for] courage. Once, when the fight-had-raged (impers. pass, of ptigno) long and fiercely near the fortifications, Vorenus said, " What are we to do ? Why should not this day settle (judge concern- ing) our disputes ? Now let us see which of-the-two is to be preferred to the other." Vorenus answered him as follows (to whom V. answered such things). " Do not," said he, "imagine that I shall refuse to go with you, for I have always been commended for having been (because I had been) courageous ; nor do I doubt that-, had the opportunity been ofEered me, I should have performed the most brilliant deeds within (after) the memory of man (pi.)." Thereupon Pullo first (adj.) went outside the fortifications, [and] Vore- nus followed after him (rel.), that no one might think him less deserving of praise than the other. All the Eomans were standing upon the wall, from which it was possible to see WRITING LATIK 85 the contestants (the contestants (pres. part, of pugno) could be seen), and were encouraging them with shouts and ap- plause, [telling them] not to forget that they were Romans, and were beheld by the eyes of all. Who, [said they,] feared a death by which honor was gained for themselves, [and] safety for their friends ? Section VIII. Idioms. Keview of Case Con- structions. IJesson XXXII. Pronouns. Correlatives. Nomina- tive and Vocative. Lesson XXXIII. Military Expressions. Accusative. Lesson XXXIV. Political Expressions. Dative. Lesson XXXV. Legal Expressions. Genitive with Nouns. Lesson XXXVI. Literary Expressions. Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs. Lesson XXXVII. Expressions of Time. Ablative. Lesson XXXVIII. Ethical and Religious Expres- sions. Ablative, Continued. Lesson XXXIX. Business Expressions. Ablative, Concluded. Lesson XL. Review^. liESSON XXXII PRONOUNS. CORRELATIVES. NOMINATIVE AND VOCATIVE. Pronouns ' : G. 304-319 ; A. 194-303 ; B. 243-353 ; H. 500-516. Correlatives ' : G. 109, 110 ; A. 106, 107, 149. a ; B. 140 ; H. 189. ' Read over attentively, note and review what seems unfamiliar, and use for reference while writing the Exercise. WfilTING LATIK 87 Nominative: G. 203-306; A. 173. i, 176. h, 185; B. 166-168, 169. 1-3, 170 ; H. 387, 393. Vocative : a. 33. s, 33. Remark 3 ; A. 33. a, 40. c, 341 ; B. 19. I, 35. I, 171; H. 75. i, 83. s, 403. HINTS. Pronouns. Especial care should be taken to gain exact knowledge regarding the use of words meaning some and any and their negatives ; also alius, alter, ceterus, and reliquus. In this and subsequent lessons the Special Vocabularies at the end are particularly important. Correlatives. Consult the Vocabulary for the various Latin words used to render as. "When the word is capable of inflection, it has the case-construction of a relative. Thus, This is not \ '^ \ booh \ "^ ''*'' \ I tvished to read, (. such a ) { as ) Hic non [ ^^^. \ est Uber \ ***^"* I legere volebam. (. talis ) ( qualem ) EXERCISE XXXII. 1. Where are you, Julius ? Where do you come from ? Where are you going ? 3. I have come, my friend, from the place (thence) whence those came who so often brought you (dat.) aid. 3. As often as he heard this, he refused (how often he heard this, so often he refused) to do what they wished. 4. Were the ships of the Veneti as large as [those] of the Eomans ? 5. Let us go to the same place as he has set out for. 6. One (a certain one) has said that there are as many opinions as there are men. 7. Don't imagine that your city is as beautiful as ours. 8. No one was so stu- pid as not to think that Catiline's deeds were infamous. 9, Some one will ask whether he has set out for the place to 88 WRITING LATIN which (whither) his accomplices intend going. 10. If any one had asked me how this could be done, do you know what answer I should have made (what I should have an- swered) ? 11. Let us collect an army, that no one may dare to make war against the state. 12. He prepared for the war so quickly that no one knew what he intended to do. 13. The one desired war, the other, peace. 14. Some hastened to the place from which (whence) the messengers had come ; others kept themselves in camp. 15. The rest, who did not yet realize that they were in danger, were de- parting, each one to his own house. 16. If any enemies are seen, let an attack be made on them at once. 17. "To every man his own," as the Germans say (aio). 18. That view of yours, Galba, does not seem to me so good as [that] of our friend Hortensius. 19. The famous Scipio forced Hannibal to return to Africa, whence he had come to de- stroy Eome. 20. You and I ' were so hardy that we did not fear the great Hannibal. CONNECTED PROSE. The (by which) more earnestly the envoys besought [him], the (by that) less did the consul wish to hear them ; but at length, wearied by their constant entreaties, he said in reply to their petition (answered them asking) that they should return after ten days to the same place where they [then] were, and then they should learn whether they were to gain their request or not. ' Latin, I and you. Gr. 387 and Remarks ; A. 205. a ; B. 255. i, 4 ; H. 392. 2. WRITING LATIN 89 liESSON XXXIII MILITARY EXPRESSIONS. ACCUSATIVE. (Direct Object ' : G. 338 ; A. 237; B. 173, 173 ; H. 404.) Inner Object (Cognate): G. 333, 333. i. Remark 2, 2; 338 and b ; B. 176. 2, a), b), 3, 4 ; H. 409 and i. (Extent : G. 335, 336 ; A. 256. 2, 357 ; B. 181. i ; H. 417.) (Limit of Motion : G. 337 and Eemarks 1, 2, 4, 416. i, 418. I, 2 ; A. 153 (ad; in; sub), 258 and 2, a ; B. 182. i, a), b), 2, a, 3; H. 418. I, 2,4,419. i.) Double Accusative : G. 339. Remarks 1, 3, 4. 340. Re- marks, 331. Remarks 1-3 ; A. 239. i, a. Note 2, 2, b, Notes 1, 2, c. Notes 1, 3, Remark, d, Note ; B ; 177-179 com- plete ; H. 410-413 complete. Exclamatory Accusative : G.. 343. i ; A. 240. d ; B. 183 ; H. 421. Miscellaneous Expressions : G. 334 and Remark 2, 335. Remark 5, 338. 2 ; A. 240. b ; B. 185. i, 2 ; H. 416. 2, 3. EXERCISE XXXIII. 1. At that time many of the Gauls were committing them- selves to Caesar's protection. 2. The general asked the lieutenant his opinion concerning the choice of (use ger.) a suitable place for pitching camp. 3. After he had taken them under his protection, he broke camp. 4. After coming ofE victorious in their battles, the cavalry returned to Bratu- spantium, a town of the Eburones. 5. They refused to make a longer advance ; in other respects they promised to be obedient to the commander. 6. New levies will have to be made if this legion withdraws from battle before the signal ' In this and subsequent lessons, constructions ah'eady treated in Book One are enclosed in parentheses. 90 "WRITING LATIN is given. 7. He prepared for this war at the beginning of spring ; in midsummer he finished it. 8. After this war had been carried on for three months, it was terminated-by- a-treaty by the commanders. 9. " Wretched man that I am (wretched me) !" said the soldier, "I've lost my pa;ck." 10. We say that soldiers who are not carrying packs are in- light-marching-order ; but when they have their packs, [we say that they are] in-heavy-marching-order. 11. The bag- gage was carried (pi.) partly in (by) carts, partly by the soldiers themselves. 13. After the javelins had been hurled, swords were drawn. 13. The legion which brought up the rear threw away their shields and took to their heels. 14. I remember your saying (present inf.)' that you would never retreat. 15. When this battle was fought, the enemy de- cided to lay down their arms. 16. To these (rel.) Caesar pledged the protection of the state. 17. Before engaging in battle, let us send scouts to see whether there is an am- buscade in those woods yonder. 18. After the army has been got together, he intends to wage war against a certain foreign nation. 19. He will hurry into Italy in order to enrol new legions. 20. When I gave him this advice (ad- vised him this), he made the same answer (answered the same). CONNECTED PROSE. After Caesar had waged war against the Gauls for several years, nearly the whole [of] Gaul made submission [to him]. After his return home, the Senate voted him a triumph, be- cause he had conquered in battle so many enemies of the Eoman people. ' G. 281. 2, Remark ; A. 336. a, Note 1 ; B. (no reference); H. 618. 2. WRITIK6 LATIN- 91 LESSON XXXIV POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS. DATIVE. (Indirect Object : G. 344, 345 ; A. 335 and a ; B. 186, 187. I; H. 433, 434 and 2.) (Dative with Intransitives : G. 346, A. 337 and f ; B. 187. II, a ; H. 436. i, 2.) (Impersonal Use of Passive : G. 308. 2, 317 ; A. 330 ; B. 187. II, b; II. 436. 3.) Dative or Accusative : G. 346. Remark 3 ; A. 327. b ; H. 436. 4, Note. (Dative with Compounds : G. 347 ; A. 338. Note 1, c ; B. 187. Ill, 1,2; H. 439. 1-4.) Dative or Ablative : G. 348 ; A. 235. d ; B. 187. I, a ; H. 426. 6. (Dative of Possessor: G. 349; A. 231 and Eemark ; B. 190, 359. i; H. 430.) Dative of Reference : G. 350-353 ; A. 235. a, h, e, 336 and Eemark ; B. 188. i, 2, a)-d) ; H. 435. 2, 4, Note, 432. (Dative of the Agent : See Book Two, Lesson IX.) (Dative of the Object for Which (Purpose, Service) : G. 356 ; A. 333. a ; B. 191. i, 2 ; H. 433. 1-3.) (Dative with Adjectives : G. 359 ; A. 334. a; B. 193. I, 2 ; H. 434. I, 2.) HINTS. Dative of Reference. The dative in Latin has three principal uses : (a) as the complement of a verb, as Hoc senatui placebat, This pleased the seyiate ; (b) as the complement of an adjective, as Proximi sunt Germanis, They are next to the Germans ; (c) to denote interest in verbs and expressions which do not require a complement, as Rem publicam hodierno die vobis conservatam videtis, Tins 92 WRITING LATIN day you see the commonwealth preserved for you (or saved to you). Notice that the omission of the datives in (a) and (b) would leave incomplete sentences, but that (c) would make perfect sense without vobis. It is to the group of construc- tions included under (c) that the term " dative of reference " is here applied. One general direction may be noted here, regarding the translation of /or. Thus, when we say The sun shines for all, our thought is rather of the common interest of mankind in the sunlight, than of the sun's responsibility for the benefit conferred. This interest is expressed by the dative. Thus, Sol omnibus lucet. When, however, we say This hero died for his country, we think of his death as deliberately suffered iii behalf of his country. This idea (and likewise in return for) is ex- pressed by pro with the ablative. Thus, Hic fortis vir pro patria mortuus est. The emphasis of the fi[rst sentence was on the person AFFECTED, that of the second, on the benefactor. It is obvious that the same sentence might sometimes be ren- dered in either of these two ways, depending on the point of view of the speaker or writer. Lastly, do not forget that for may also denote motion and TENDENCY (ace. with in or ad), and cause (abl. of cause, ace. with ob or propter, gen. with causa, etc.). EXERCISE XXXIV. 1. Let those who manage the affairs of state take thought for the safety of the people. 3. If you ask my advice, I advise you to present my-client (hie) with citizenship. 3. [Was it] at a public meeting [that] Cicero asked the WKITING LATIN 93 Quirites whether they would give the citizenship to Archias? 4. When the elections were held, a man was elected consul who was thought by some to desire a revolution. 5. The consul elect thanked the people, because they had raised him to the highest power through all the stages of official ad- vancement (offices). 6. At the last election, the man who once was strongest in political and personal influence found that he had become unpopular (had come into unpopu- larity). 7. There was no crime which was inconsistent with the plans of those who sided with Catiline. 8. There is no doubt that at that time this man behaved himself as a citi- zen. 9. The aristocratic party, and all who were truly patriotic, thought that he ought to be exiled by the senate. 10. When the state's highest welfare was at stake, a parvenu attained to the highest offices. 11. The senate decreed that those who were the first to try (who first ' tried) to bribe the citizens should suffer the loss of civil rights for their rashness. 12. There are certain private citizens who wish to get control of the government for themselves. 13. When Lentulus heard that the senate was going to remove him from his office (dat.), he is said to have voluntarily (ipse) resigned the praetorship. 14. After he entered public life, he often used to address the people on-the-subject-of (de) enrolling men in the state. 15. In a political question, all patriots do not always agree concerning the interests of the state. 16. Before you give your vote on this matter, I wish to ask your opinion about a certain other matter. 17. The people, to whom the defendant appealed, had already cast their votes. 18. LucuUus will be able to obtain citizenship from the Heracliots for my client. 19. Pompey had surrounded the rostra with troops (express in ' G. 335. Remark 7 ; A. 191 ; B. 241. 2 ; H. 497. 3. 94 WRITING LATIN two ways). 20. I have been engaged in politics ever since I was of age. CONNECTED PROSE. After the consul had entered upon his office, he aske& the senators their opinion concerning the arrest (gerundive) of the conspirators. Then the senators (illi) whose sentiments about the state were all of the noblest (who felt all glorious (praeclarus) and great (amplus) [things] about the state), supported the proposal of Silanus, consul elect, who held that they ought to be punished with death. LESSON XXXV LEGAL EXPRESSIONS. GENITIVE WITH NOUNS. (Possessive Genitive : G. 363, 366 ; A. 214. i, a, 1, 3, c ; B. 198; H. 439.) Subjective and Objective Genitive : G. 363, 364 ; A. 313, 214, 217. a, c ; B. 199, 200. 1-3 ; H. 440. i, Notes 1, 2, 2, Notes 1, 2. (Genitive of Quality : G. 365 and Remark ; A. 215. Note, a, b ; B. 203. i, 2 ; H. 440. 3.) Genitive as a Predicate : G. 366. Eemarks ; A. 214. c, d, 215 (see Examples) ; B. 198. 3; H. 439. 3-5, 447. i, 448. (Partitive Genitive: G. 367-371, 373. Kemarks 1, 2, 6; A. 216. a, 1-4, c-e; B. 201 complete ; H. 440. 5, 441, 443. 1-4, 443, 444. I.) HINTS. Prepositional Phrases. The translation of the genitive with nouns offers little practical difficulty. It is, however, important to remember that prepositional phrases which modify nouns in English are, as a rule, rendered by the genitive case in Latin. A few exceptions will be found noted in the grammars. Typical, instances of this rule are : WRITING LATIN 95 periculum populi, danger to the people; requies laboris, rest from labor j rei publicae poena, punishment inflicted by the state. EXERCISE XXXV. 1. The most ancient written laws of the Eomans were [those] of the Twelve Tables. 3. Decrees of the senate were laws, unless they were vetoed by a magistrate. 3. Laws passed by the Comitia Tributa were called plebiscita. 4. Let. permanent courts be established to-deal-with (concerning) extortion. 5. Caesar hurried into Hither Gaul to hold the assizes. 6. It was the praetor's [privilege] to grant a trial. 7. The praetor before whom the case of the poet Archias was tried was Quintus Cicero, brother of Marcus. 8. The jurors were chosen by lot. 9. Verres was summoned to court to plead his case concerning crimes committed when he was governor of Sicily. 10. The law concerning appeal (gen.) was passed by Sempronius Gracchus. 11. When a law had been proposed, it was [the duty] of the people to say whether it should be passed or not. 13. Do you know whether any laws were repealed by Sulla ? 13. The person (is) who presided over a trial was one of the praetors. 14. Do not both you and I hold that one guilty of a capital offence should be cast into prison for life ? 15. Miltiades was accused of treason. 16. ISTot being acquitted of this charge, he was sentenced to pay a fine (fined with money). 17. "When Cicero undertook the case of Archias [as] his ad- vocate, he adopted a style of speaking which was at variance with the custom of a court of law and a public trial. 18. They did not venture to propose a capital trial against the poet. 19. However, though his life was not at stake, he was afraid he might be sentenced to loss of civil rights. 30. Cicero said he had always undertaken the case of those who needed him. 96 WEITIIJ^G LATIN CONNECTED PROSE. If I show you the praetor's proclamation, do you think you can help coming (bring it to pass that you do not come) to trial ? [And] when you have come there (whither), there will be no witness who will dare refuse to report all the infamous [crimes] which you have committed. LESSOIf XXXVI LITERARY EXPRESSIONS. GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. (Genitive with Adjectives : G. 374 ; A. 218. a ; B. 204 ; H. 450, 451. I, 2.) (Genitive with Verbs of Memory, of Emotion, and of Judicial Action : G. 376-378 ; A. 219 and b, 220, 221. a, b ; B. 205, 206. i, a, b, 2, a, 208. i, 2, a, b, 209. i, 2; H. 454. I, 2, 455, 456, 457.) Genitive with Verbs of Rating and Buying : Gr. 379, 380 ; A. 252. a, b, d ; B. 203. 3, a, 4 ; H. 448. i, 2, 4. Genitive with interest and Refert : G. 881. i, 2, 382 ; A. 222. a, b ; B. 210, 211 complete ; H. 449 complete. HtNTS. Notice particularly the rule for the rendering of personal pronouns with interest and refert. EXERCISE XXXVI. 1. A little book of poems was dedicated by Catullus to Cornelius Nepos. 2. Archias is said to have treated of the war against-Mithridates (adj.) with the greatest (summus) skill. 3. It is greatly to your advantage to know the classic authors. 4. It is of great importance for youths to have the systematic training provided by a liberal education. 5. Is it worth your while to have written these verses, and "WRITING LATIN 97 do you not repent of sncli rashness ? G. Those who bury themselves in their books are not always [persons] of the highest talent. 7. Happy [are they] who are prepared for the higher education in (by) the best branches by the most learned men ! 8. Cicero rejoiced because he had received a liberal education. 9. From the study not only of the theory and practice of oratory (ger. of dico), but also of the art of poetry, came (proficiscor) that oratorical ability by which he was enabled (able) to give assistance to others (ceterl) and rescue some (alii). 10. When we have finished (passed out of) the branches by which boys are (boyhood is) regularly (accustomed to be) prepared for higher education, let us de- vote ourselves to the study of literary composition (writing). 11. Greek systems of philosophy were much studied in Italy. 13. We cultivate our minds by studies which often we soon forget. 13. In the best coui'se of study, the Greek and Eoman authors must be read. 14. Who doubts that the study of literature ought to be considered most refining ? 15. The orator said that he possessed ' one type of mind, his friend another. 16. What branches do you believe belong to the higher education ? 17. Both in talent and in ora- torical experience (practice in speaking) this man sur- passed every one else. 18. The course of my studies was arranged by one (quidam) who was acquainted with all polite accomplishments. 19. Marius furnished Archias with the greatest subjects for composition. 20. [And] all these (rel.) were described by him with care and thoughtfulness. CONNECTED PROSE. It is worth my while to review these studies, provided I bring (adfero) from them something to (ad) your advantage ; for in administering the state I always keep before my eyes ' See footnote, p. 43. 7 98 -WRITING LATIN (put before myself) those exploits of great men which are recorded in (by) literature, and strive to remember all that they have said. liESSOisr XXXVII EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. ABLATIVE. (Ablative of Place Where. Locative: G. 385, 386 and Eemark 2, 388, 411 and Remark 1 ; A. 258. c, 1, 2, Note 1, d, f, I, 2; B. 228. I, a)-c), 232. i, 2 ; H. 483, 484. i, 2; 485. 2.) (Ablative of Place Whence and of Separation : G. 390, 391 ; A. 243. a, b, d, 258. i, 2, a, ISTote 1 ; B. 214, 229 ; H. 462-464. i, 2, 465. i.) (Ablative of Time : G. 393 ; A. 256 ; B. 230, 231; H. 486, 487.) (Ablative of Comparison : G. 296. Eemarks 1, 2, 398 ; A. 247 and a ; B. 217. i, 2 ; H. 471 and i.) Flus and Amplius : G. 296. Eemark 4, A, 247. c ; B. 217. 3; H. 471. 4- Disproportion : G. 298 ; A. 320. c; B. 284. 4; H. 570. i. Comparative Sentences with Atque {Ac) : G. 643 ; A. 234. a, Note 2 ; B. 341. i, c) ; H. 516. 3. Ablative of Measure of Difference: G. 403 and Eemark; A. 250, 259. d, 261. d, 1 ; B. 223, 357. i ; H. 479. 1-3, 488. i, 2. Dates : G. Appendix 1 ; A. 376 and Headnote ; B. 371, 372 ; H. 754-756. KiNTS. Use of Quatn.' In addition to the rules given in the grammars, the following points deserve notice : (a) Cluam is preferable to the ablative when magis is used to form the comparative, or when the comparative is an adverb (except plus, minus, amplius, and the like). ' See Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, No. XV., by K. P. R. Neville. WRITING LATIN 99 (b) The ablative is regularly used (1) after universal nega- tives (nihil, nemo, nullus, numquam, etc.), and (3) in rhetorical questions. Thus, (1) No one is worse than Catiline, Nemo peior Catilina est. (2) Who is milder than I? Qiiis est me mltior ? Disproportion. Sentences like This seems too good to be true must be converted into the form This seems better than that it should be true, Hoc melius videtur quam ut verum sit ; or with possum, to emphasize the possibility. Hoc melius videtur quam ut verum esse possit. Dates. The following diagram illustrates the divisions of the Roman month : Kalendae (1st) Ante Nonas Ante Idiis^ Ante Kalendas- Pi^die Nonas. Nonae (5tlior7tli) Idus(13thor 15th) Pndil KalendSs (last day of month) 100 ■WEITING LATIN Days of the Month are expressed in three ways : (1) If the date is on the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, it is put in the ablative of time. Thus, on March first, Kalendis Martiis, (literally, on the Martian Kalends). (2) If the date is the day before the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, it is expressed by pridie, followed by the accusative. Thus, on June fourth, pridie Nonas Itinias, (literally, on the day lefore the Junian Nones). (3) If the date is any other day than those just men- tioned, it is expressed by ante diem, followed by an ordinal numeral, agreeing with diem and designating the number of days elapsing before the next Kalends, Nones, or Ides, followed in turn by the accusative. Thus, on August sixteenth, ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas Septembris, (literally, before seventeenth-day-Septembrian-Kalends). For transforming English into Roman dates, the fol- lowing formulas will be found useful. Bear in mind that the Roman included both ends of a series in counting. Rule I. — For Nones or Ides. Let e = day of the month in English. " d = day of the month on which the Nones or Ides fall. " n — number of days before Kalends, Nones, or Ides. Then, n = d + 1 — e. (1) Thus, suppose we wish to express May S in Latin. Here d=l, e=3. Substituting in (1), « = 7-l-l-3 = 5. WRITING LATIIT 101 The date is, therefore, ante diem quint um Ndnas Maias. Rule 2.— For Kalends. Let m = number of days in the month in whicli the date falls. 1'hen, w — m + 3 — e. (2) Thus, suppose we had to express April 28 in Latin. Here m = 30, e = 28. Substituting in (2), « = 30 + 2 - 28 = 4. The date is, therefore, ante diem quartum Kalendas Maias. The TEAE may be expressed by giving, in ordinal numerals, the year since the Founding of the City (a.u.c. = anno nrbis conditae or ab urbe condita). (1) For dates B.C., subtract the given date from 754. Thus, 44 B.C. = 754 - 44 = 710 A.u.c. (2) For dates A.d., add the given date to 753. Thus, 1903 A.D. = 753 + 1903 = 2656 A.u.c. According to the above rule, the sentence America was discovered in 149S A.D. becomes America inventa est anno nrbis conditae bis millesimo ducen- tesimo quadragesimo quint5. Before and After. The sentence He returned four years \ ■^, *■ ,''' ( afterwards 102 WRITING LATIN may be expressed as follows : (a) ftuattuor post annis \ (b) ftuattuor annis post V rediit. (c) Post quattuor annos ) If the after be the conjunction, we may have the same, and two other forms in addition. Thus, He returned four years after he had set out, rediit quam profectns est. (a) ftuattuor post annis (b) ftuattuor annis post (c) Post quattuor annos (d) Post quartum annum, (e) Quarto anno post The use of the ordinal as in (d) and (e) is confined to sentences with postquam or post . . . quam. EXERCISE XXXVII. * Starred sentences should be written in all possible ways. *1. After ten days we shall break camp. *3. He broke camp ten days after pitching [it]. 3. Let us make an assault on the camp a little before day on the thirty-first of August. 4. They made an assault a little before the scouts returned. 5. Next year he was elected consiil. 6. There is no one present but knows what you were doing last night, what the night before last. 7. Were you born on the first of April ? 8. We shall be in the country from May first to July thir- tieth.- 9. He set out from Rome September fourteenth. 10. We have lived in Greece more than a year already. *11. Three days after, they marched more than thirty miles. 12. Day-before-yesterday I heard him say he was going to start from town within two days. *1.3. Three months be- fore returning to Rome, he was presented with citizenship WEITIJUG LATIN 103 by the Heracliots. 14. For two days the route lay (was) through a forest. 15. How many years was Caesar younger than Cicero ? 16. The former was born lOG B.C., six years before the latter, who was said to have been born on July twelfth. 17. We sat up till midnight on the thirty-first of December. 18. The Saturnalia began to be celebrated on the seventeenth of December. 19. What is sweeter to men than life ? 20. Catiline was too thorough to intrust to another than himself that which he could himself accomplish. CONNECTED PROSE. We hope to go to the country about July fourth, as it will be too hot then to stay in town. Please use my horses just as (not otherwise than) if I were there (adsum) myself. After a few days I'll write you a letter, so that you may know how we're getting on (what we are doing (ago). liESSON XXXVIII ETHICAL AND RELIGIOUS EXPRESSIONS. ABLATIVE, CONTINUED. (Ablative of Attendance : G. 392 and Remark 1 ; A. 248. a, b, and Note; B. 223 and i; H. 473. i, 474. 2, Note 1.) (Ablative of Source and of Material : G. 395, 390 ; A. 244. I, 2, a, c, e ; B. 215. i, 218. 4; H- 467, 469. i, 2, 470. I.) ■ (Ablative of Respect : G. 397 ; A. 253 ; B. 226 ; II. 480. 2, 3.) (Ablative of Manner : G. 399 ; A. 248 ; B. 220 and i ; H. 473. 3 and Note.) (Ablative of Quality : G. 400 and Remark 1 ; A. 251 and a ; B. 224. i, 3 ; H. 473. 2 and Note 2.) 304 WRITING LATIN (Ablative of Means : G. 401 (first paragraph) ; A. 348. c ; B. 218 ; H. 476.) (Ablative of Agent : G. 401 (second paragraph) ; A. 346 and Eemark ; B. 216 ; H. 468.) EXERCISE XXXVIII. 1. Let nothing be omitted which tends to appease the gods. 2. In- the temple of Jupiter Stator, let us with-due- ceremony worship him who preserved the city. 3. Among the Eomans, it was a sin to transact business on inauspicious days. 4. No act of violence, no disgraceful-deed was too daring for Catiline to commit. 5. A thanksgiving to the immortal gods has been decreed by the senate, because a man of no integrity has been banished from the city. 6. If, as you say (aio), you consider virtue the highest good, why are you trying to wrong me ? 7. Because of a guilty conscience, a certain man built a temple of marble, to appease the gods, if in any way it could be done. 8. Is it right that this de- praved being (homo) should live longer ? 9. His character is such that he is always most agreeable to every one. 10. In the war which he waged [as] a youth, Pompey displayed (was of) the utmost seriousness. 11. The man who com- mitted these disgraceful deeds sprung from a distinguished family. 12. Self-indulgent in many things, in this one par- ticular (res) he was self-controlled and upright. 13. Wrongs are suffered by many with calmness, because they themselves have a good conscience. 14. The states which had done their duty were treated on a different basis from those which, from the inconsistency of their citizens, had neglected their duty. 15. Did it not happen miraculously that men from a state barely subdued should prefer your safety to their own gain ? 16. There's no reason, is there, why, in a virtuous WRITING LATIN ,105 life, [one's] thoughts and deeds should not be known (pass, of pateo)? 17. My principles of conduct, adopted in early manhood, prevent me from leading an immoral existence. 18. I haven't time to tell (gen. of ger.) you how many and how great are the excellent qualities of this man. 19. But they are as many and as great in him as (use correlatives to both antecedents) they were the opposite (were not) in all the commanders before [him]. 20. Let us put a man of this (such) self-control in charge of this (so) great war. CONNECTED PROSE. I counsel you to lead a virtuous life rather than an im- moral [one], that you may the better understand that (in) virtue is the highest good. For though many sages have written about such an existence, without doubt those who speak from experience (having made trial) are heard most willingly. LESSON XXXIX BUSINESS EXPRESSIONS. ABLATIVE, CONCLUDED. Ablative of Price : G. 404 and Eemark ; A. 252 com- plete ; B. 225 ; H. 478 complete. (Ablative with Opus and Usus : G. 406 ; A. 243. e and Eemark ; B. 218. 2, a, b ; H. 477. Ill, and Note.) (Ablative with Deponents : G. 407 ; A. 249 ; B. 218. I ; H. 477. I.) (Ablative of Cause : G. 408 and Remark 2 ; A. 245 and b; B. 219 ; H. 475.) (Ablative Absolute. See Book Two, Lesson XXV.) EXERCISE XXXIX. 1. Eender me an account of the money which you have had from me. 2. First, I bought a house for a small lOG WKITING LATIK [sum]. 3. How many thousand sesterces did you buy it for? It was sold to me for 10,000 sesterces. 4, Many of those who were with Catiline had fallen into debt. 5. He has spent so much money on his farm that he can never get out of debt. 6. The old man could not prevent his son from borrowing money. 7. For the youth was a gambler, on account of which fact he needed much (great) money. 8. Soon his credit began to go down. 9. Then, having lost all his patrimony, he tried to get gain by setting up a shop. 10. Many bought the things which he sold, because they wished him to be able to pay the money which he owed. 11. Don't exchange a good name for enjoyment. 13. How much (gen.) can I buy this for ? 13. For as much as you are willing to pay. 14. But if I should wish to get it for nothing, what would you sell it for ? 15. Surely you wouldn't wish to deprive me of that which I, who am a poor man, bought at a high (great) [price] ! 16. Not at all, but tell me, please, really, if it can be bought for 5,000 sesterces. 17. Quite the contrary ; on account of my poverty I can't sell it for less than 7,000 sesterces. 18. Whew ! The price is too large for me to pay. Good bye. 19. Hullo there ! Come back ! You shall have it at your own price. 30. I'll take it (accipio), and I think you will not suffer [any] loss. CONNECTED PROSE. On one side of the Forum were the shops. Here the shop- keepers used to sell everything that the Eomans needed for daily use. Now-and-then they used to hear the speeches which were made to the people from the Rostra. writinct latin 107 LESSON XL REVIEW." Of all the generals who waged war against the Romans, no one surpassed Hannibal the Carthaginian. In the Second Punic "War, gathering a great army, because [when] a boy he had sworn never to be on friendly terms (in friendshiiD) with the Eomans, through barbarous and hostile tribes who tried to resist him, as though nothing could stop him, he crossed the Alps, descended into Italy, and made war on the Eoman people. Many Eoman generals, after encountering him and suffering defeat, were either obliged to flee or lost their lives. No one could prevent him from crossing rivers, devastating fields, and striking terror into [the hearts of] the citizens. Before he departed from Italy, how many thousand men he put to death! At length he came before (ad) Capua ; he sent envoys to say that he demanded surrender, [and] that unless they gave up (surrendered) themselves and all their [possessions] at once he would slay men, women, and children : wherefore let them not hesitate to do as (rel.) he demanded ; for what hope or what safety could there be for the vanquished ? Then Capua opened her gates; let in the barbarian; gave up her allegiance. On this account she was afterwards visited with the severest punish- ment. For who does not know how (ut) the Romans, in- their-wrath (angry) against the Capuans, took from them the rights (sing.) of a free-town, either punished their leaders with death or cast them into prison for life, [and] sold the citizens into slavery ; so that at length from (ex) a fair city there was naught left (12. a) save the mere ground on which her walls had stood ? ' This last Exercise is of a general character. SUMMARY OF CASE-CONSTRUCTIO^'S EMPLOYED IN BOOK I. 1. Agreement of Nouns and Adjectives, (a) An adjective or a noun used in attributive or predicate agree- ment has the same case as • the word (or words) which it describes. (b) The QENDEE and numbejr of such adjectives or nouns are also the same as those of words which they describe, so far as circumstances will allow. (c) A predicate adjective modifying two or more nouns of different genders is put in the masculine plural when the nouns refer to persons, and in the neuter plural when the nouns refer to things. 2. Syntax of the Relative. A relative pronoun is used to prevent the awkward repetition of some noun. This noun is called the antecedent. Thus, instead of saying Librum vidisti: liber est meus, Vou saw a book : the book is mine, it is more convenient to substitute a quem for the librum, and ' -^ Liber quern vidisti est meus, The book which you saw is mine. It will be noticed that the relative (quern) has the same case as the noun (librum) which it replaced, and that it agrees in gender, number, and person (but not in case) with its antecedent (liber). 3. Accusative of Extent. Extent in both space and time is denoted by the accusative. Words found in this construc- tion answer the questions how far ? how long ? 108 WRITING LATIN 109 4. Accusative of the Direct Object. The direct ob- ject of a transitive verb is put in the accusative. 5. Accusative of the Local Object (Limit of Mo- tion). The accusative (not the dative) is used to denote the limit or aim of motion. (a) Except with names of towns and small islands, and the accusative of domus, home, and rus, country, the preposi- tion ad, to, towards, for, or in, into, to, for, must be used. (b) Prepositions are not used with the words mentioned in (a) except ad in the sense in the direction of, towards, or to the vicinity of. 6. Dative with Verbs, (a) The indirect object of tran- sitive verbs is put in the dative. (b) Many verbs which in English are transitive are in Latin regarded as intransitive, and take a dative instead of an accusative. These are 1. Many verbs of advantage or disadvantage, yielding and resisting, pleasure and displeasure, bidding and forbidding. 2. Many verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, (post), prae, sub, super. (c) In the passive such verbs are used impersonally. Thus, Nobis placetur, We are pleased (literally. It is pleasing to us). (d) Some of these verbs take an accusative also. Thus, Caesar Labienum decimae legioni praefecit, Caesar placed Labienus in command of the tenth legion. 7. Dative with Adjectives. Many adjectives take a dative to complete their meaning. Such are those signify- 110 WEITING LATIN ing like, fit, friendly, near, and the like, with their oppo- sites. Thus, Locus castris idoneus, a spot suitable for a camp. (a) The genitive is preferred to the dative with similis, in the case of words denoting persons. 8. Dative of the Possessor. The dative is used with forms of sum to assert possession. Thus, Ciceroni erat frater, Cicero had a brother (literally, a brother ivas to Cicero). 9. Dative of the Object For Which. Certain verbs, especially sum, venio, mitto, relinquo, and the like, take the dative singular of a limited number of abstract nouns, to indicate the object or end for which anything exists, comes, is sent, is, etc. This construction is frequently accompanied by a dative of the person or thing benefited, left, etc. 10. Genitive of the Possessor. The genitive is used to denote the possessor. It may be both attributive and predicate. Thus, (Attributive) Hasta militis longa est, The soldier's spear is long. (Predicate) Hasta longa militis est, 27*6 long spear is the soldier's. 11. Genitive and Ablative of Quality. A noun and an adjective may be used either in the genitive or the ablative to express a quality. Thus, Pompeius magnae auctoritatis (or magna auctoritate) apud civitates erat, Pompey was a man of great influence among the city-states. This construction may be either attributive or predicate, WRITING LATIN 111 and is a common mode of denoting the possession of a quality. Thus, the above might be translated, Pompey possessed great influence, etc. 12. Partitive Genitive. The genitive is used to denote the whole of which the word which it limits designates a part. It is, accordingly, not used with omnis, totus, etc. It is especially common with the neuter singular of the following and kindred words (but only when they are in the nominative or accusative) : tantum, so much, quantum, as, how much, aliquantum, some- what ; multum, much, plus, more, plurimum, tnost j paulum little, paruin, too little, minimum, least j satis, enough j id, illud, istud, that ; nihil, nothing ; quod and quid, which and what ? idem, the same. (a) Neuter adjectives of the second declension can* be treated as substantives in the genitive. Thus, nihil reliqui, nothing left. (b) Neuter adjectives of the third declension can be treated as substantives only when in combination with ad- jectives of the second. 13. Genitive with Adjectives. Adjectives of fulness and want, of participation, of power, of knowledge and ignorance, of desire and disgust, take the genitive. Thus, peritns belli, skilled in war. 14. Genitive with Verbs.' (a) Verbs of reminding, re- membering, and forgetting, take the genitive. (1) Verbs of reminding more often take de with the ablative. (2) Recorder is always followed by the accusative. ' See Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, No. XIV, by Clinton L. Baboock. 113 WRITING LATIN (3) Neuter pronouns and neuter adjectives used substan- tively regularly stand in the accusative. (b) Misereor, miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet take the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing. Thus, Me stultitiae meae piget, I am disgusted with my own folly. 15. Ablative of Place. Locative, (a) Place where is denoted by the ablative with the preposition in. (b) Names of towns and small islands, and the words domus and rus are put in the locative to denote the place where. 16. Ablative of the Place Whence. Ablative of Sep- aration. The ablative answers the question "whence?" and takes as a rule the prepositions ex, out of, de, from, ab, off. (a) Prepositions are omitted with names of towns, domus, and rUs. (b) The ablative, with or'without a preposition, is used to express separation, privation, and want. Thus, Metu nos liberabis. You will free us from fear. 17. Ablative of Attendance. The ablative following the preposition cum is used to denote accompaniment. (a) In military phrases, the troops with which a march is made are put in the ablative, with or without cum. Thus, Caesar (cum) omnibus copils castris egressus est, Caesar with all his forces went out of the camp. (b) With personal and reflexive pronouns, and usually with relatives, cum is enclitic. Thus, ftuibuscum advenisti ? With whom did you come here f WEITING LATIN 11:3 18. Ablative of Time. Time -when or within which is expressed by the ablative witliout a preposition. 19. Ablative of Origin, (a) Participles which signify birth take the ablative of origin, sometimes with the prepo- sitions ex and de. Thus, Eum rogamus quo genere natus sit, We ash Mm ivhat family he belongs to (literally, from ivliat . . . horn). (b) The ablative, generally with ex, is used to denote the material. Thus, Gladius ex ferro factus est, The siuord loas made of iron. 20. Ablative of Respect. The ablative is used to de- note that in respect to which any statement is regarded as true. Thus, nii montes altitudine pares sunt, Tliose mountains are equal in height. 21. Ablative with Dlgniis and Indtgnus. With dignus and indignus, the ablative is used to denote that of which one is worthy or unworthy. Thus, laude dignus, worthy of praise. 22. Ablative of Manner. The ablative with the prepo- sition cum is used to express manner. (a) Cum may be omitted when there is an adjective agree- ing with the ablative. Thus, Magno (cum) gaudio urbem condiderunt, With great rejoicing they founded a city. 23. Ablative of Means. The ablative without a prepo- sition is used to denote the means or instrument. 24. Ablative of Agent. The ablative with a or ab is used, with passive verbs, to denote the one with whom the act originates. 8 114 WBITING LATIN (a) When a person is regarded as the instrument of another, per with the accusative is used. Thus, Caesar a rege per legates ad conloquium vocatus est, Caesar was invited iy the Icing, through his ambassadors, to a con- ference. 25. Ablative of Measure of Difference. The ablative is used with comparatives to denote the degree of difference. Thus, Balbus capite altior est quam Gains, Balhus is a head taller than Caius. 26. Ablative with Opus and Usus, With opus or asus, need, the thing needed is put in the ablative, the person needing in the dative of possessor. Thus, Mihi auxilio tuo opus est, I need your aid (literally, need is to me, etc.). 27. Ablative with Certain Deponents. With utor and abator, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor the ablative is used instead of an accusative of the direct object. 28. Ablative of Cause. The ablative, either without a preposition, or accompanied by ex or de, is used to express cause, chiefly with verbs of emotion. Thus, Ira pallidus est, He is white with rage. (a) Cause may also be expressed by ob or propter with the accusative. 29. Ablative of Comparison. The ablative may be used instead of quam to express a comparison, when the first of the two things compared is either in the nominative or the accusative case. So especially after negatives and in rhetori- cal questions. Thus, ftuis mitior est me 1 Who is milder than I? YOCABULARY TO BOOKS ONE AND TWO able, be, possum, posse, potui; valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (not with inf.). about, de, with abl. ; (with nu- merals) circiter. above, supra. absolute, perpetuus, -a, -um. accept, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- tum. accomplice, comes, -itis, m., socius, -i, m. accomplisb, adsequor, -i, -cutus sum; conficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. accordingly, itaque. account, ratio, -onis, /. ; on ac- count of, ob or propter, w. ace. accuse, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. accustomed, be, soleo, -ere, -itus sum. acknowledge, (con/ess) fateor, -eri, fassus sum.; conflteor, -eri, -fessus sum ; (reeognize) c6- gnosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. acquainted Tvith, be, perf. of nosco, -ere, novi, notum; scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. across, trans, w. ace. act (verh), facio, -ere, feci, fac- tum. act (noun), factum, -i, n. act of violence, facinus, -oris, n. actuate, moveo, -ere, movi, motum. address, ago, -ere, egi, actum, w. cum and abl. administer, administro, -are, -avi, -atum. admire, admiror,-ari, -atussum. adopt, sequor, -i, -ciitus sum; iitor, -i, lisus sum, w. abl. ; (a principle) suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. advance (verb), progredior, -i, -gressus sum; (to an attach) signa infero, -ferre, -tuli, -la- tum. advance (nouTi), processio, -onis, /. advantage, fructus, -us, m. ; be to one's advantage, interest or ref ert w. gen. of the person. advice, consilium, -i, n. ; ask advice of, consulo, -ere, -ui, -sultum, w. ace. advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. advocate, advocatus, -i, m. Aeduuan, Haeduus, -a, -um. affair, res, rei, /. ; affairs of state, res publica, rei piibli- cae, /. 116 VOCABULARY affect, adflcio, -ere, -feci, -f ectum. afraid (of), be, timeo, -ere, -ui ; {of prudent fear) metuo, -ere, -ui ; {of reverent fear) vereor,-eri, -itus sum. after {prep.), post, w. ace. after {conj.), postquam, post . . . quam, or posteaquam. afterwards, postea; post. again, iterum; rursus; again and again, iterum atque ite- rum. against, contra, to. ace. ; in, w. ace. ; after bellum gerere, cum, w. dbl. agreeable, iucundus, -a, -um. aid, auxilium, -i, n. alarm {verb), terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. alarm {noun), timor, -oris, m. ; {of reasonable fear) metus, -iis, m. Alesia, Alesia, -ae, /. Alexander, Alexander, -dri, m. alike, similis, -e. all, omnis, -e; {when equivalent to the whole) totus, -a, -um, gen. totius. ally, socius, -i, m. alone, solus, -a, -um, gen. solius. Alps, Alpes, -ium, m. pi. already, iam. also, etiam; quoque {post posi- tive). although, cum; licet; quam- quam ; quam vis ; ut, ne. always, semper. ambassador, legatus, -i, m. ambuscade, insidiae, -arum, /. pi. among, in, w. cibl.; inter, w. ace.; apud, w. ace. {especially of per- sons). ancestors, maiores, -um, m. pi. ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. and, {simple connective) et; empha- sizes following idea) atque, ac {the latter only before a consonant) ; {enclitic, joining things conceived as closely related) -que ; and not, neque, nee {the latter only be- fore a consonant) ; {with subj. in final sentences, etc.) neve, neu ; both . . . and, et . . . et; and so, itaque. anger, ira, -ae, /. angry, iratus, -a, -um. annihilate, exstinguo, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctum. another, alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius. announce, niintio, -are, -avi, -atum. answer, responded, -ere, -di, -sponsum. anxious, soUicitus, -a, -um; anxious for, cupidus, -a, -um, w. gen. any, any one, anything, {adj.) aliqui -qua, -quod, gen. aliciiius ; {pron.) aliquis, -qua, -quid; {after si, nisi, ne, num) quis, qua, quid, gen. ciiius; {adj. w. neg.) iillus, -a, -um, gen. iillius; {pron. w. neg.) quisquam, quic- quam or quidquam, gen. ciiius- quam. any longer, diiitius; {w. neg.) iam. VOCABULAUY 117 Apennines, Apenninus, -I, m. appeal to, provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ad and, ace. appeal, provocatio, -onis, /. appear, videor, -eri, visus sum. appease, placo, -are, -avi, -atum. applause, plausus, -us, in. appoint, constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum ; {to an office) creo, -are, -avi, -atum ; deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum. approach, appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, w. dat. ; {figura- tively) attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum. approve, probo, -are, -avi, -atum, April, Aprilis, -is, adj. arbitrator, arbiter, -tri, m. Arcbias, Archias, -ae, m. Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -i, m. Aristides, Aristides, -is, m. aristocratic party, optimates, -ium, m. pi. arm, armo, -are, -avi, -atiim. arms, arma, -orum, n. pi. army, exercitus, -us, m. arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -di, -prehensum. arrival, adventus, -lis, in. arrive, advenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum. arrogance, superbia, -ae, /. arrow, sagitta, -ae, /. as, (of time) cum, ut; as . . . as, so . . . as, tam . . . quam ; as great as, as large as, tantus . . . quantus; as long as, quam diii ; as many as, tot . . . quot ; as often as, totiens . . quotiens; as soon as, cum primum, ut priinum; as if, as though, just as if, ut si, ae si, quasi, tam- quam si, velut, velut si ; as . . . as possible, quam, w. superla- tive. as to the fact that, quod. ascertain, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. ashamed, be, pudet, -ere, -uit, ■impers., w. ace. of person and gen. of thing. ash, ashes, cinis, -eris, m. Asia, Asia, -ae, /. ask, ask for, (w. two accusatives, or aca. of thing and ab with abl. of person) posco, -ere, poposci ; postulo, -are, -avi, -atum ; rogo, -are, -avi, -atum ; {w. ace. of thing and ab w. abl. of person) peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum; postulo, -are, -avi, -atum ; {w. ace. of thing and ab, ex, or de w. abl. of person) quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi- tum. {Foi' ask in the sense in- quire use rogo or quaero). assail, peto, -ere, -ivi, -Itum. assassin, sicariiis, -i, m. assassinate, see kill. assault, impetus, -Us, m. assemble, convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. assembly, contio, -onis,/. assert, praedico, -are, -avi, -atum. assess, existimo, ■are,-avi, -atum. assign, attribuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. assist, adiuvo, -are, -avi, -atum. assistance, give, opitulor, -ari, -utus sum. 118 VOCABULARY assizes, hold, conventus ago, -ere, egi, actum. at, loc, or in, w. oM. at all, omnino. at first, primo. at band, be, adsum, -esse, -ful, futurus. at least, saltern. at length, tandem. at once, statim. at peace, quietus, -a, -um. at some time, aliquando. at stake, be, 3d per s. pass, of ago, -ere, egi, actum. at the end, ad extremum; ad finem. at the foot of, sub, w. dbl. at the house of, ad or apud, w. ace. at the time ivhen, turn cum. at variance with, be, abhorreo, -ere, -ui, w. ab and abl. [and/. Athenian, Atheniensis, -is, m. Athens, Atbenae, -arum, /. pi. attach, coniungo, -ere, -iiinxi, -iunctum. attack (a town), oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum; make an attack on, impetum facere in, w. ace. attain, adsequor, -I, -ciitus sum ; attain to highest offices, ad summSs honores pervenire. attempt {verb), conor, -ari, -atus sum; tento, -are, -avi, -atum. attempt (noun), conatus, -Us, m. attend, attends, -ere, -i, -tum. attentively, diligenter. Atticus, Atticus, -i, m. atone for, satisfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, w. de and dbl. anthor, scriptor, -oris, m. ; clas- sic authors, the, veteres scrip- tores, [sum. avert, depello, -ere, -puli, -pul- avoid, vito, -are, -avi, -atum; effugio, -ere, -fugi. await, exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum. baggage, impedimenta, :6rum, n. pi. ; without baggage, ex- peditus, -a, -um. Balbus, Balbus, -i, m. band, manus, -iis, /. banish, depello or expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum. bank, ripa, -ae, /. barbarian, barbarus, -i, m. barbarous, barbarus, -a, -um. barely, male ; vix. base, turpis, -e. basis, ratio, -onis, /. battle, proelium, -i, n. ; piigna, -ae, /. ; fight a battle, proelium facere ; withdraw^ ftom battle, proelio excedere. be, sum, esse, fui, futiirus. be acquainted with, per/, of nosco, -ere, novi, notum; scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. be afraid of, timeo, -ere, -ui ; (of prudent fear) metuo, -ere, -ui ; (of reverent fear) vereor, -eri, -ituS sum. [-futiirus. be at hand, adsum, -esse, -fui, be at Variance with, abborreo, -ere, -ui, w. ab and dbl. [sum. be descended, orior, -iri, ortus VOCABULARY 119 be engaged in, versor, -ari, -atus sum. [-ere, ursi. be hard pressed, pass, of urgeo, be hidden, lateo, -ere, -ul. be important, interest or refert, v). gen. and inf. be in charge or command of, praesum, -esse, -fui, -futurus,w. dat. be of consequence, interest or refert, to. gen. of person. be present, adsum or praesum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus. be silent, taceo, -ere, -ui -itum. be sure, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. be to one's advantage, interest or refert, w. gen. of the person. be unacquainted with, nescio, -ire, -ivi. be without, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to. dbl. bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. beat, supero, -are, -avi, -atum; vinco, -ere, vici, victum. beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. because, quod; quia. become, fio, fieri, faotus sum. become master of, potior, -iri, -itus sum, w. dbl. [-ticui. become silent, conticesco, -ere, bed, lectus, -i, m. before (adv.), antea. before (prep.), ante, w. aec; apud, w. ace. before (conj.), antequam and ante . . . quam ; priusquam and prius . . . quam. before last, superior, -oris. before that, antea. beforehand, ante. beg (for), peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. begin, incipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- tum ; initium f acere w. gen. ; coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum {the last form used with inf. pass.). behave oneself as, se gerere pro, w. ail. behold, conspicio, -ere; -spexi, -speotum; video, -ere, vidi, visum. ' Belgian, Belga, -ae, m. believe, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, w. dat. belong to, pertineo, -ere, -ui, w. ad and ace. besiege, oppiigno, -are, -avi, -atum. betake oneself, se conferre. better (adj.), meUor, -ius; (adv.) melius. between, inter, to. ace. blot out, exstingud, -ere, -nxi, -nctum. bid, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iiissum. bitterly, graviter. boat, linter, -tris, /. body, corpus, -oris, n. bold, audax, -acis. boldly, audacter ; fortiter. boldness, audacia, -ae, /. book, liber, -bri, m. ; little book, libellus, -i, m. [w. dat. bordering on, finitimus, -a, -um, borders, fines, -ium, m. pi. born, be, nascor, i, natus sum. borrow money {at interest), pe- 120 VOCABULAEY cuiiiani faenore accipiS, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. both, amb5, -ae, -6; uterque, -traque, -trumque, gen. utrius- que. both . . . and, et . . . et. boundaries, fines, -ium, m. pi. boy, puer, -i, m. boyhood, aetas puerilis, aetatis puerilis, /. branches {of learning), artes, -ium, /. pi. Bratuspantium, Bratuspan- tium, -i, n. brave, fortis, -e. bravely, fortiter. bravery, virtiis, -litis,/. bread, panis, -is, m. breadth, latitiido, -dinis, /. break, frango, -ere, fregi, frac- tum. break camp, castra moveo, -ere, movi, motum. break out {of tear), coorior, -iri, -ortus sum. bribe, peciinia corrumpo, -ere, -riipT, -ruptum. bridge, pons, pontis, m. bright, clarus, -a, -um. bring, fer5, ferre, tuli, latum; (men) adduco, -ere, -diixi, duc- tum ; {news) adfero, -ferre, at- tuli, adlatum. bring to, adfero, -ferre, attuli, adlatum. bring back, reduce, -ere, -diixi, -ductum. bring to pass, efEcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. bring up the rear, agmen clau- do, -ere, -si, -sum. brilliant, inllistris, -e. broad, latus, -a, -um. bronze, aes, aeris, n. brother, frater, -tris, m. Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, n. build, aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum; {a Iridge) facio, -ere, feci, fac- tum. burn, incendo, -ere, -di, -cen- sum. burst forth, erumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptam. bury, sepelio, -u'e, -ivi, sepul- tum. bury oneself in books, se lit- teris abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum. business, negotium, -i, n. but, at; autem {postposithe) ; sed; verum; (= except) nisi. butcher, trucido, -are, -avi, -atum. buy, emo, -ere, enii, emptum. by, a or ab {w. ail. of agent). by night, noctu. Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. Caius, Gaius, -i, m. ■ often ab- breviatedj C. call, appello, -are, -avi, -atum; voco, -are, -3,vi, -atum. calmness, vpith, aequo animo, abl. m. camp, castra, -5rum, n. pi. ; pitch camp, castra pono, -ere, posui, positum; break camp, VOCABULARY 131 castra moveo, -ere, movi, mo- tum. can, possum, posse, potui. cannot but, I, facere non pos- sum quin, w. mibj. capital ofifense, guilty of, reus capitis. Capuan, Capuensis, -is, m. andf. care and thoughtftilness, ivith, acciirate cogitateque. carefully, diligenter. carnage, clades, -is,/". carry, porto, -are, -avi, -atum. carry out, transigo, -ere, -egi, -actum. carry to, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, w. ad and ace. cart, carrus, -i, m. Carthaginian, Karthaginiensis, is, m. andf. case, causa, -ae, /. ; a case is tried, agitur de, w. all. of the person whose case is tried. Cassius, Cassius, -i, m. cast, conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. catch, capi5, -ere, cepi, captum. Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m. Cato, Cats, -onis, m. Catullus, Catullus, -i, m. cause (cCT'J), efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, w. dbj. clause. cause (noun), causa, -ae, /. cautious, prudens, -entis. cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. ; equites, -um, m. pi. [w. ail. cease, desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, celebrate, celebrd, -are, -avi, -atum; celebrate a triumph, triumphs, -are, -avi, -atum, w. de a7id abl. of person who is tri- umphed over. Celt, Celta, -ae, m. andf. censure {= judge), censeo, -ere, -ui, censum. centurion, centurio, -onis, m. ceremony, -with due, rite. certain, a, quTdam, quaedam, quiddam, subst., and quoddam, adj., gen. ciiiusdam. Cethegus, Cethegus, -i, m. chain, vinculum, -i, n. change, miito, -are, -avi, -atum. character, ingenium, *i, n.; of such a character, eius modi. charge, crimen, -inis, n. check, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, pressum. chief, ) - chiefman,rP™''P''"^P^'''"- children, (of free parents) , liberi, -orum, m. pi. ; (general word) pueri, -orum, m. pi. choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -Iec- tum. Cicero, Cicero, -onis, m. circumstance, res, rei, f. citizen, civis, -is, m. ; my, your, etc., fellow-citizens, mei, tui, etc. cives. citizenship, civitas, -atis, /. city, urbs, urbis, /. close the line, agmen claudo, -ere, -si, -sum. clothing, vestis, -is, /. cohort, cohors, -rtis,/. collapse, concido, -ere, -cidi. collect, cog5, -ere, coegi, coao- tum; (an army) compare, -are, 122 VOCABULAEY -avi, -atum (= equip) ; confloio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. come, venio, -ire, veni, ventum. come back, revenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. come off victorious in one's battles, proeliis secundis litor, -i, iisus sum. come together, convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. Comitia Tributa, comitia tri- biita, comitiorum tributorum, n. pi. Comitium, comitium, -i, n. command (verb), iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, w. ace. ; impero, -are, -avi, -atum, w. dat. ; be in command of, praesum, -esse, -f ui, w. dat ; place in command of, praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum, w. dat. and ace. command {noun), imperium, -i, n. ; by command of, iiissii, abl. m. commander, imperator, -oris, m. ; commander-in-chief, sum- mus imperator. commend, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. commission, imperium, -i, n. commit, concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum ; committo, -ere, -misi, -missum. common, commiinis, -e. commonwealth, res piiblica, rei publicae, /. commotion, raise . . . in, tumul- tum inicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. dat. companion, comes, -itis, m., SO- cius, -i, m. compare, confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. compass about, circumcludo, -ere, -cliisi, -cliisum. compel, cogo, -ere, coegi, coac- tum. complete, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. comrade, socius, -i, m. concern (verb), pertineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, with ad and ace\ interest or refert w. gen. of the person. concern {noun),_ ciira, -ae, /". concerning, do, w. abl. condition, condicio, -onis, f. conduct, gero, -ere, gessi, ges- tum. confer, mando, -are, -avi, -atum. confess, fateor, -eri, fassus sum ; confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. confusion, tumultus, -lis, m. conquer, supero, -are, -avi, -atum ; vinco, -ere, vici, victum. conscientiously, religiose. conscience, a good, conscientia bene facti. conscience, a bad, conscientia sceleris. consent, consilium, -i, n. consequence, be of, interest or refert, w. gen. of person. consider, habeS, -ere, -ui, -itum ; diico, -ere, duxi, ductum ; con- sider virtue the highest good, summum bonum in virtiite pono, -ere, posui, positum. VOCABULARY 123 Gonsidins, Considius, -i, m. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, /. conspirator, coniuratus, -I, m. constant, adsiduus, -a, -um. constantly, semper. consul, consul, -ulis, m. consulship, consulatus, -us, m. contend, contendo, -ere, -tendl, -tentum. contract for, loco, -are, -avi, -atum. control of the government, get, rerum potior, -iri, -itus sum. convene, convoco, -are, -avJ, -atum. convey, adfero or defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum (adfero emphasizes the recipient • defero, the act of removal). Corinth, Corinthus, -i, /. Cornelius, Cornelius, -i, m. counsel, moneo, -ere, -uT, -itum. country, (territory) ager, -gri, m., usually in pi. ; {with the idea of ioi'ders prominent, as after words of invasion and entrance) fines, -ium, m. pi. ; (organized for pur- poses of government) ci vitas, -atis, f. ; (native land) patria, -ae, f. ; {the property of the nation) res piiblica, rei piiblicae, f . ; {op- fosed to the city) run, riiris, n. ; (geographicaldivision)terra,-ae,f. countryman, civis, -is, m. , usually with possessive, meus, tuus, etc. courage, virtiis, -litis,/. courageous, fortis, -e. courier, cursor, oris, m. course, {of studies) ratio, -onis,/. court of law, quaestio legitima, quaestiSnis legitimae, /. courtesy, hiimanitas, -atis,/. coward, ignavus, -i, m. credit, fides, (-§ and -ei), / crime, faciuus, -oris, n. ; scelus, -eris, n. cross, transeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum. crowds, in, frequens, -entis. cruel, crUdelis, -e. cruelty, criidelitas, -atis, /. crush, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. cry, conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum. cultivate, colo, -ere, -ui, cultum ; cultivate the mind, aniuiuni or animos excolo, -ere, -ui, -cu Itum. culture, hiimanitas, -atis, /. custom, mos, moris, m. cut down, concldo, -ere, -cidi, -cisum. cut off, intercliido, -ere, -cliisi, -cliisum. D dagger, sica, -ae, /. daily, cotidianus, -a, -um. danger, periculum, -i, n. dangerous, periculosus, -a, -um ; {of ground) compar. of iniquus, -a, -um. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. daring, audax, -acis. day, dies, -ei, to. {andf); day before {in dates) pridie, w. ace. ; day before yesterday, niidius tertius ; next day, postridie eius diei, or posterS die ; {period of) two days, biduum,-i,ra. ; {period of) three days, triduum, -i, n. 134 VOCABULARY daybreak, lux, lucis, /. ; at day- break, prima luce. dear, carus, -a, -um. death, mors, mortis, /. death penalty, poena mortis, /. ; suffer the death penalty, morte multari. debt, aes alienum, aeris alieni, n. December, December, -bris, adj. decide, constituo or statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. decision, sententia, -ae, /. decree {verb), decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum. decree of the senate, senatiis consultum, -i, n. dedicate, dico, -are, -avi, -atum. deed, factum, -i, n. ; {conspicuous or wicJced), f acinus, -oris, n. deep, altus, -a, -um. defeat,pell6,-ere,pepuli, pulsum ; suffer defeat, pass, of supero. defect, vitium, -i, n. defend (from), defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, w. ab. and abl. defender, defensor, -oris, m. deliberation,deliberati6,-onis,/. delight, delects, -are, -a vJ, -atum. deliver (from), libero, -are, -avi, -atum,w. dbl. ; deliver a speech against, orationem habere in, w. ace. demand, impero, -are, -avi, -atum, w.dat. and ace. • {earnestly) posco, -ere, poposci; {as one's right) postulo, -are, -avi, -atum. deny, neg5, -are, -avi, -atum. depart, discedo, -ere, -oessi, -ces- sum; exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. departure, profectio, -onis, /. depraved, perditus, -a, -um. deprive, privo, -are, -avi, -atum. descend, descends, -ere, -di, -scensum ; be descended, orior, -iri, ortus sum. describe, exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum; narro, -are, -avi, -atum. desert, relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum; desero, -ere, -ui, -ser- tum. deserter, perf uga, -ae, m. deserve, dignus sum, esse, fui, futiirus, w. rel. and subj. deserving, dignus, -a, -um, w.abl. desire(»«?'5),cupi6,-ere,-ivi,-itum. desire {noun), cupiditas, -atis,/. desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. desist, desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum. despair of, despero, -are, -avi, -atum. desperate, desppratus, -a, -um. destroy, deleS, -ere, -evi, -etum. destruction, exitium, -i, n. determine, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. devote, confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. differ, differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatum. different ftom, alius, -a, -um, gen. alius, w. ac (atque). difficult, difRcilis, -e. difficulty, difHcultas, -atis, /. ; with difficulty, vix. VOCABULARY 135 dignity, dignitas, -atis, /. direct, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. direction, pars, -rtis,/. discover, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum; reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum. disgraceful, turpis, -e; dis- graceful deed, flagitium, -T, n. dishonorable, inhonestus, -a, dislike, invidia, -ae, /. [-um. display, utor, -i, usus sum,w;. abl. dispute, ) T - .. - . „ > dissensio, -onis, /. dissension, \ ! > ./ distinguished, (important) am- plus, -a, -um; (weU-knoicn) no- bilis,-e; (conspicuous) insignis, e. disturb, moveo and commoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum ; perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum. ditch, fossa, -ae, /. Diviciacus, Diviciacus, -i, m. divine, divinus, -a, -um. do, ago, -ere, egi, actum; facio, -ere, feci, factum. do harm, noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. dat. do one's du^y, in officio maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum. doubt («erJ), dubito, -are, -avi, -atum. doubt (noun), dubium, -i, n. draw, ediico, -ere, -dUxi, -duc- tum; draw up, instruo, -ere, -striixi, -striictum. dread, timeo, -ere, -ui. down from, de, w. all. drive back, repello, -ere, rep- puli, repulsum. drive li-om, drive out, eicio. -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. ex and aU.j expello, -ere, -puli, pul- sum, w. abl. Dumnorix Dumnorix, -igis, m. duty, offlcium, -i, n. dwelling, tectum, -i, n. E each, each one, quisque, quae- que, quidque, gen. ciiiusque. eager, cupidus, -a, um. early in the morning, mane. easily, facile. easy, facilis, -e. education, higher, biimanitas, -atis, /. efti'ontery, audacia, -ae, /. Egypt, Aegyptus, -i, /. eight, octo. eighteenth, duodevicesimus, -a, -um. eighth, octavus, -a, -um. either . . . or, aut . . . aut ; vel . . . vel. elect (verb), creo, -are, -avi, -atum. elect (adj.), designatus, -a, -um. elections, comitia, -orum, n. pi. ; hold elections, comitia habere. eloquence, eloquentia, -ae, /. eloquent, eloquens, -entis. else, alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius ; everyone else, ceteri. embark, in navem or navis ingredior, -i, -gressus sum. embassy, legatio, -onis, /. emergency, tempus, -oris, n. emphatic, vehemens, -entis. empire, imperium, -i, n. 136 VOCABULARY employ, utor, -i, usus sum. encounter, congredior, -i, -gres- sus sum, w. cum and all. encourage, hortor, -ari, -atus sum. end (a Mar), conficio, -ere, -feci, -factum. endure, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. enemy, (public) hostis, -is, to., usually in pi.; (personal) inimi- cus, -i, TO. energetic, acer, acris, acre. enfeeble, debilito, -are, -avi, -atum. engage in battle, proelium. or piignam committo, -ere, -misi, -missum. engage in rivalry, contendere inter se. engaged in, be, versor, -ari, -atus sum. enjoy, ijtor, -i, iisus sum ; fruor, -1, friictus sum, w. ail. enjoyment, voluptas, -atis, /. enmity, inimicitia, -ae,/. enormous, ingens, -entis. enough, satis, n. enrol, conscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum; enrol in the state, adscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum ad civitatem. enter, ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum ; intro, -are, -avi, -atum; ingredior, -i, -gressus sum; enter upon office, magistratum inire. enthusiasm, studium, -i, n. entire, iiniversus, -a, -um. entreaty (prex), precis,/. envoy, legatus, -i, m. equal, aequus, -a, -um; par, paris. equip, orno, -are, -avi, -atum. err, erro, -are, -avi, -atum. escape (from), efiPugio, -ere, -fiigi, intrans. or w. ace. especially, maxime; praesertim. establish, confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum; consists, -ere, -stiti. Etruscan, Etruscus, -a, -um. eulogize, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. evade, vito, -are, -avi, -atum. even, etiam. even if, even though, etsi, eti- amsi, tametsi. evening, towards, sub vespe- rum. ever since I was of age, ab ineunte aetate. every, omnis, -e; every man, every one, omnes, or quisque, quaeque, quidque, gen. ciiius- que. evidence, indicium, -i, n. evil, malus, -a, -um. exactly, certe. exceedingly, vehementer. excel, praecedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces- sum ; praesto, -stare, -stiti; supero, -are, -avi, -atum. excellent quality, virtiis, -litis, /. except, nisi. exchange, commiito, -are, -avi, -atum. exchange glances, inter se aspi- -cere. exchange with one another, inter se dare. VOCABULAEY 127 execute, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. exercise, utor,-i, iisus suva,to.aM. exhaust, conflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum ; exhausted, confectus, -a, -um. exhibit, versor, -ari, -atus sum, w. in and abl. exile (verb), expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum (ex civitate). exile (nmm), exsilium, -i, n. existence, vita, -ae, f. expect, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. explain, expoiio, -ere, -posui, -positiim. exploits, res gestae, rerum ges- tarum, /. pi. expose, obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iec- tum, w. ace. and dat. express an opinion, sententiam fero, ferre, tuli, latum. extend, pateo, -ere, -ui; extend to, pertineo, -ere, -ui, w. ad and ace. ; (enlarge) amplifico, -are, -avi, -atum. [turn. extol, effero, -ferre, extuK, ela- extortion, (peciiniae) repetun- dae, (peciiniarum) repetunda- rum, /. pi. eye, ociilus, -i, m. fact, res, rei, /. fair (beautiful), pulcher, -chra, -chrum; (suitable), idoneus, -a, -um. faithful, fldelis, -e. faithfulness, fides, (-e and -ei), /. fall, incido, -ere, -cidi. famous, clarus, -a, -um ; the fa- mous, ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius, fancy, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. farm, praedium, -i, n. far, longe. far from, procul ab, loith abl. farther (adj.), ulterior, -ius. fast, celer, -eris, -ere. father, pater, -tris, m. fault, vitium, -i, n. ; culpa, -ae,/. favor, benefioium, -i, n. fear (verb), timeo, -ere, -ui; (pru- dentfear) metuo, -ere, -ui ; (rever- ent fear) vereor, -eri, -itus sum. fear (noun), metus, -Cis, m. ; timor, -oris, m. (The general word is metus ; timor is especially the fear of future evil.) feel, sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum ; feel grateful, gratias habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum ; how feel about, quem animum suscipere de. fellow-citizen, meus, tuus, etc., few, pauci, -ae, -a. [civis, m. field, ager, -gri, m. fiercely, acriter. fight, dimico, -are, -avi, -atum ; piigno, -are, -avi, -atum. finally, denique; tandem. find, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum; reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum ; (suitable weather) nanciscor, -i, n actus and nanctus sum ; find ovit, cognSsco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. fine, multd, -are, -avi, -atum. finish, conflcio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. 128 VOCABULAKY first, adj., primus, -a, -um; adti., primum; in the first place, imprimis; first {of month), Ka- lendae, -arum, f. pi. five, quinque. flee, fugio, -ere, fiigi; terga verto, -ere, -ti, -sum. fleet, classis, -is, /. flight, f uga, -ae, /. ; put to flight, in fugam do, dare, dedi, datum. foe, (public), hostis, -is, m., usually in pi. ; {pr^ivate) inimi- cus, -i, m. follow, sequor, -i, seciitus sum ; follow after, subsequor; fol- low up, persequor. follower, socius, -i, m. [illius. following, the, iUe, -a, -ud, gen. food, cibus, -i, m. foot, pes, pedis, m. ; at the foot of, sub w. abl. ; to the foot of, sub w. ace. for, (1) conj., nam; enim {post- positive); (2) prep, {after a verb of motion) ad or in w. ace. ; (= in lehalfof) pro, w. abl. for, pro, w. abl. for a large sum, magni. for a little while, paulum. for a long time, diu. for a small sum, parvi. for my part, equidem, quidem. for the future, in reliquum tempus. for the purpose of, causa or gratia, following a gen. force, {verb), cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum. force {noun), manus, -lis, /. ; praesidium, i, n ; forces, c6- piae, -arum, /. pi. forced march, magnum iter, magni itineris, n. ford, vadum, -i, n. forefathers, maiores, -um, m. pi. foreign, exterus, -a, -um. foresee, provided, -ere, -vidi, -visum. forest, silva, -ae, /. forever, semper. forget, obliviscor, -i, -litus sum. forgive, ignosco, -ere, -novi, -no- tum, w. dot. form {a conspiracy), facio, -ere, feci, factum; {a plan) capio, -ere, cepi, captum, or ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum. former, prior, -ius; superior, -ius ; {the former) ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius. formerly, olim ; quondam. forthwith, statim. [-um. fortieth, quadragesimus, -a, fortification, miinitio, -onis, y. fortified, strongly, miinitissi- mus, -a, -um. fortify, miinio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. fortunate, fortunatus, -a, -um; felix, -icis. fortunately, feliciter. fortune, fortuna, -ae, /. Forum, forum, -i, n. foul, nefarius, -a, -um. found, condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum; ft-om the founding of the city, ab urbe condita. four, quattuor. VOCABULARY 129 fourth, quartus, -a -um. free (from) (veri), libero, -are, -avi, -atum, w. abl. tree (from) (adj.), liber, -era, -erum, w. sihand abl., or dbl. alone. tree town, municipium, -J, n. freedom, libertas, -atis, /. frequently, saepe. friend, amicus, -i, m. friendly, amicus, -a, -um. friendship, amicitia, -ae, /. from, a, ab ; de ; e, ex, w. ail. ; from which, unde. front, in . . . of, pro w. abl. full often, persaepe. full, plenus, -a, -um. f\irnish, see provide, furthermore, praeterea. future, for the, in reliquum tempus. Gahinins, Gabinius, -i, m. gain {verb), {attain) consequor, -r, -cQtus sum; {a request) im- petro, -are, -avi, -atum; pro- duee) pario, -ere, peperi, par- tum; {possession of) potior, -iri, -itus sum, w. abl. gain {noun), opes, -um, /. pi. ; get gain, lucrum facio, -ere, feci, factum. Galba, Galba, -ae, m. Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um. gambler, aleator, -oris, m. garland, corona, -ae, /. garrison, praesidium, -i, n. gate, porta, -ae, /. gather, {come together) convenio, 9 -ire, -veni, -ventum ; {call to- gether) convoco, -are, -avi, -atum ; {an army) conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum; {equip) compare, -are, -avi, -atum. Gaul, {the country) Gallia, -ae, /. ; {inhabitant of Gaul) Gallus, -i, m. general, dux, ducis, m., impe- rator, -oris, m. generously, libere. Geneva, Genava, -ae,/. German, Germanus, -i, m. get control of the government, rerum potior, -iri, -itus sum. get for nothing, gratiis accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. get gain, lucrum facio, -ere, feci, factum. get into, progredior, -i, -gressus sum, w. in and ace. get out of, exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, w. ex and abl. get out of the way, remove, toUo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum. get ready, paro and compare, -are, -avi, -atum. get to sleep, somnum capio, -ere, cepi, captum. get the better of, supero, -are, -avi, -atum. get together {an army), confi- cio, -ere, -feci, -fectum; com- pare, -are, -avi, -atum. gift, donum, -i, n. give, do, dare, dedi, datum. give assistance, opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, w. dat. give up allegiance, ab officio decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. 130 VOGABULAKT glad, laetus, -a, -um. Slad, Ibe, laetor, -ari, -atus sum. g-ladly, libenter. glory, gloria, -ae, /. go, eo, ire, ii, itum; {set out) proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum; go away, abeo; go down {of credit) deficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum; go from, discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum ; go on, pass, of gero, -ere, gessi, gestum; go out, exeo. god, deus, -i, m. good, bonus, -a, -um. good bye, vale, pi. valete. good name, fama, -ae, f. goodness, bonitas, -atis, /. good will, voluntas, -atis, /. governor, propraetor, -oris, m. grain, friimentum, -i, n. grandfather, avus, -i, m. grant, do, dare, dedi, datum. granted that, licet; ut; ne, w. subj. grasp, deprehendo, -ere, -di, deprehensum. great, magnus, -a, -um; {of men) often summus, -a, -um; the great, ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius, placed after the word with which it agrees; great number, mul- titiido, -dinis, /. greatly, magnopere or magno opere; {with refert, interest, etc.) magni. Greece, Graecia, -ae, /. greedy, cupidus, -a, -um. Greek, Graecus, -a, -um. greet, saliito, -are, -avi, -atum. grieve, doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum. ground, solum, -i, n. guard, custodia, -ae, /. ; {pro- tection) praesidium, -i, n. guest-friend, hospes, -itis, m. guide, dux, ducis, m. guilty, nocens, -entis; guilty conscience, conscientia scele- ris ; guilty of a capital offense, reus capitis. H hail, (h)ave, pi. (b)avete. halt, consisto, -ere, -stiti, -sti- tum. hand, manus, -iis, /. hand over, trado, -ere, -did!, -ditum. handicap, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. handwriting, manus, -us,/. Hannibal, Hannibal, -alls, m. happen, accido, -ere, -di ; con tin- go, -ere, -tigi, -tactum {the latter especially of fortunate occurrences). happy, {fortunate) felix, -icis; {glad) laetus, -a, -um. harass, lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum. hard, difiioilis, -e. hard pressed, be, pass, ^urgeo, -ere, ursi. hardy, fortis, -e. harm, do harm to, noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. dat. harm {noun), detrimentum, -i, n. harmony, concordia, -ae, /. ; be in harmony -with, consen- tio, -Ire, -sensi, -sensum w. cum and abl. VOCABULARY 131 hasten, contends, -ere, -), servo and conserve, -are, -avi, -atum. save (= except), nisi. say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum ; (to introduce direct discourse) inquit, pi. inquiunt, placed after one or more words of the quotation; as I say, as you say, as he says, as they say, ut aio, ut ais, ut ait, ut aiunt ; say . . . not, nego, -are, -.avi, -atum. Scipio, Sclpio, -oais, m. scout, explorator, -oris, m; spe- culator, -oris, m. sea, mare, -is, n. seal, signum, -i, n. second, secundus, -a, -um. secure, firmo, -are, -avi, -atum. see, see to it, video, -ere, vidi, visum. seeing that, cum; quoniam. seek, pet5, -ere, -ivi, -itum. seem, videor, -eri, visus sum. seemly, decorus, -a, -um. seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. select, deligo, -ere, -legi,-lectum. self-control, temperantia, -ae, /. self-controlled, moderatus, -a, -um ; temperans, -antis. self-indulgent, intemperans, -antis. sell, vends, -ere, -didi; (in pass.) be sold, veneo, -ire, -ii. Sempronius, Semprouius, -i, m. senate, seiiatus, -iis, m. senate-house, ciiria, -ae, /. senators [official title), patres conscript!, patrum conscripto- rum, m. pi. send, niitto, -ere, misi, missum ; send ahead, praemitto; send away, dimitto. sentence to loss of civil rights, capitis damno, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ace. sentinels, vigilia, -ae, /., gene- rally in pi. September, September, -bris, adj. Sequanian, Sequanus, -i, m. 144 VOCABULARY seriousness, gravitas, -atis, /. serve, servio, -ire, -ivi, -Ituni, ID. dot. sesterce, sestertius, -i, gen. pi., -ium, m. set forth, expono, -ere, -posui, -positum. set out, proficiscor, -i, -fectus sUm. set sail, navibus proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum. set up, (literally) conloco, -are, -avi, -atum ; {flguratiiiely) con- stituo, -ere, -ui, -Htum. settle, constituo, -ere, -ui, -Htum. seven, septem. several, aliquot. severe, gravis, -e ; severus, -a, -um. severity, severitas, -atis, /. sharer, particeps, -cipis, m. sharing, particeps, -cipis. sharply, acriter. shatter, fi-ango, -ere, fregi, fractum. she, ea, eius ; ilia, illius ; ista, istius. shield, sciitum, -i, n. ship, navis, -is, /. shoot, mitto, -ere, misi,missuni. shop, taberna, -ae, /. shopkeeper, tabernarius, -i, m. ; caupo, -onis, m. short, brevis, -e. shout (BerJ), conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum ; {loudly or repeatedly) clamito, -are, -avi, -atum. shout, ) 1- - • \ clamor, -oris, m. shouting, ) show, doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum ; ostendo, -ere, -di, -tum. shrewd, callidus, -a, -um ; prii- dens, -entis. shrewdness, priidentia, -ae, f. shun, vito, are, -avi, -atum. sick, aeger, -gra, -grum. side, latus, -eris, n. side with, sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, w. cum and dbl. sight, conspectus, -iis, m. signal, signum, -i, n. silent, toe, taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. silent, toecome, conticesco, -ere, -ticui. silver, argentum, -i, n. sin, nefas, indecl. since {prep.), post. since {conj.), cum; quoniam. sink, deprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. six, sex. six hundredth, sescentesim.us, -a, -um. sixteenth, sextus (-a, -um) deci- mus, -a, -um. sixth, sextus, -a, -um. size, magnitiido, -dinis, /. skill, ars, artis, /. skilful, ) skilled, [Peritus,-a,-um. skin, pellis, -is, /. slain, interfectus, -a, -um. slaughter, caedes, -is, /. slave, servus, -i, m. slavery, servitiis, -litis, /. slay, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. sleep, dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum; VOCABULAIIY 145 get to sleep, fall asleep, som- num capio, -ere, cepi, captum. small, parvus, -a, -um. so, tarn ; ita ; and so, itaque. so far from (its being true) that . . . that, tantum abest ut . . . ut. so great, tantus, -a, -um. so long as, dum; modo; dum- modo. so many, tot. so much, tarn. so often, totiens. so that, ut. soldier, miles, -itis, m. some, someone, something, (1) aliquis, -qua, -quid, subst., and -quod, (1(1/., gen. alicuius; (2) {more definite) nonnuUus, -a, -um; (3) (= (pertain) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, sntst., and quoddam, adj., gen. cuiusdam. sometime, aliquando. sometimes, interdum ; nonnum- quam. somewhat, nonuiliil. son, filius, -i, m. soon, mox. sooner, maturius. sorrow, dolor, -oris, m. sorry, be, doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum. sort, modus -i, m. ; what sort of, qualis, -e; ciiiusmodi; this sort of, talis, eius modi. sovereignty, imperium, -i, n. Spain, Hispania, -ae, /. spare, parco, -ere, peperci, par- sum, w. dat. Spartan, Lacedaemonius, -i ,m. 10 speak, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum; loquor, -i, -ciitus sum. spear, hasta, -ae, /. speech, oratio, -onis /. ; make a speech, orationem habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. speed, celeritas, -atis, /. ; veloci- tas, -atis, /. spend money on, siimptum facio, -ere, feci, factum, w. in and ace. spring (noun), ver, veris, n. ; at the beginning of spring, in- eunte vere. spring from, orior, -iri, ortus sum. stage, gradus, -Us, m. stand, sto, stare, steti, statum ; (endure) patior, -i, passus sum. start, profi-ciscor, -i, -fectus sum. state (as an organization or politi- cal unit), ciTitas, -atis, /. ; (as tlie possession of the people) res publica, rei piiblicae, /. station, constituo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. Staler, Stator, -oris, m. statue, statua, -ae, /. stature, corpus, -oris, n. stay, maneo, -ere, mansi, man- sum. still, etiam nunc. stir up, excito, -are, -avi, -atum. stone, lapis, -idis, to. stop, {hold bacTc) detineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum ; (hinder) impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. storm, hiems, -is, /. 146 VOCABULAET stranger, ignotus, -i, m. strife, discordia, -ae, /. strike into, inicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. ace. and dat. strip, nudo, -are, -avi, -atum. stripling, adulescens, -entis, m. strive, conor, -ari, -atus sum; strive for, laboro, -are, -avi, -atum. strongest, toe, plurimum valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. strongly fortified, munitissi- mus, -a, -um. study (verV), colo, -ere, -ui, cul- tum. study {noun), studium, -i, n. ; studies, doctrina, -ae, /. stupid, stultus, -a, -um. style, genus, -eris, n. subdued, pacatus, -a, -um. subject, res, rei, /. ; subject for composition, res ad scriben- dum. successful, felix, -Tcis. such, of sucti a character, talis, -e; eius m.odi; (so great) tantus, -a, -um ; such . . . as, talis . . . qualis ; such or so im- portant, tantus. suddenly, subito. suffer, {endure) fer5, ferre, tuli, latum; {allow) patior, -i, passus sum ; w. word for ' ' harm, " capio, -ere, cepi, captura; suffer de- feat, pass, of supero, -are, -avi, -atum; suffer loss of civil rights, capite deminuor, -i, -iitus sum; suffer the death penalty, morte multor, -ari. -atus sum; suffer punishment, poenas pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum ; suppliciis adficior, -i, -fectus sum. sufficient, satis. suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. Sulla, Sulla, -ae, m. sum, for a large, magni. summer, aestas, -atis, /. summon, voco, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ad and refex. ; {the senate) convoco, -are, -avi, -atum ; summon to court, in iiidicium voco, -are, -avi, -atum. sun, sol, solis, m. supplies, commeatus, -Us, m. supply, copia, -ae, /. support, subsidium, -i, n. support a proposal, pedibus ire in sententiam. suppose, toe sure, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. surely, carte ; profecto. surpass, antecedo and praecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. surrender {verb), dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, w. reflex. surrender {noun), deditio, -onis, /. surround, circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, w. ace. and dat., or abl. and ace. survive, supersum, -esse, -fui, w. dat. survivors, ii qui supersunt. suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /. swarms, multitiido, -dinis, /. swear, iiiro, -are, -avi, -atum. sweet, dulcis, -e. VOCABULAEY 147 swift, celer, -eris, -ere; velox, -ocis. sword, gladius, -i, m. system of philosophy, disci- plina, -ae, /. systematic training provided by a liberal education, ratio cSnformatioque doctrinae. T table (of laws), tabula, -ae, /. tablet, tabula, -ae, /. ; (voting) testula, -ae, /. take, capio, -ere, cepi, captum; (of peraom) duco, -ere, duxi, ductum; (by storm) expugno, -are, -avl, -atum; take across, traduco ; take aw^ay, educo ; (by force), eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum; take from, adimS, -ere, -emi, -emptum; take measures or pains, operam do, dare, dedi, datum; take pos- session of, potior, -iri, -itus sum, w. abl. ; take thought for, con- sulo, -ere, -ui, -sultum, w. dot. ; take to heart, graviter fero, ferre, tuli, latum; take to one's heels, terga vert5, -ere, -ti, -sum; take upon oneself, siimo, -ere, siimpsJ, siimptum, w. dot. of reflex. talent, ingenium, -i, «. talk, loquor, -i, -ciitus sum. tarry, commoror, -ari, -atus sum. tear, laorima, -ae, /. tell, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. tempest, tempestas, -atis, /. temijle, templum, -i, n. ten, decem. tend to, pertineo, -ere, -ui; w. ad and, ace. tenth, decimus, -a, -um. terminate by treaty, compono, -ere^ -posui, -positum. terms, condiciones, -um, /. fl. terribly, vehementer. territory, fines, -ium, m. pi. terror, metus, -lis, m. ; terror, -oris, m. than, quam ; ae. thanks, offer or give, gratias ago, -ere, egi, actum. thanksgiving, supplicatio, -onis, /• that, (1) {dem. pron.) ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius; is, ea, id, gen. eius; (2) (rel. pron.) qui, quae, quod, gen. cCiius; (3) (conj.) ut; (after verbs of fearing) ne ; that . . . not, ne; (after verbs of fear- ing) ut; ne non ; that of yours, iste, -a, -ud, gen. istius; that yonder, ille. the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. the outcome is that, evenit ut, w. subj. their, theirs, suus, -a, -um; eorum, earum. Xhemistocles, Themistocles, -is, m. then, turn ; (of a series) deinde. theoretical knowledge, ratio, -onis, /. there, ibi; (=thither) eo. 148 VOCABULARY there is no reason why, nihil est quod, w. suly. there is the additional cir- cumstance that, accedit ut, w. subj. therefore, (logical) igitur, gener- ally postpositive ; {causal) qua re ; . (—accoi-dingly) itaque. thereupon, turn. thickness, crassitudo, -dinis, /. thing, res, rei, /., or neuter pron. or adj. think, puto, -are, -avi, -atum; existimo, -are, -avi, -atum ; sen- tio, -ire, sensi, sensum; think of, cogito, -are, -avi, -atum. third, tertius, -a, -um. thirty, triginta. this, hie, haec, hoc, gen. hiiius. thorough, diligens, -entis. though, see although. thought, consilium, -i, n. thousand, mille; pi. milia, -ium, n. threaten, immineo, -ere, w. dat. three, tres, tria; three days, triduum, -i, n. ; three hun- dred, trecenti, -ae, -a. throne, regnum, -i, 11. through, per with ace. throw, conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iec- tum; throw away, abicio. thrust out, eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. till, (conj.) dum; (prep.) ad, w. ace. thus, sic. time, tempus, -oris, n. tired, defessus, -a, -um. Titurius, Titurius, -i, m. to, ad with ace. ; in with a^c. ; to another place, alio; to the foot of, sub with aec. ; to the neighhorhood of, ad with ace. ; to some place, aliquo; to the same place, eodem. to-day, hodie; hodierno die. tomb, sepulcrum, -i, n. to-morrow, eras. too, nimis, or use the comparative-^ too little, parum; too much, nimis. together (with), iina, w. cum and abl. tower, turris, -is, /. town, oppidum, -i, n. ; free town, miinicipium, -i, n. traitor, proditor, -oris, m. transact, ago, -ere, egi, actum. transfer, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. treason, proditio, -onis, /. treat, tracto, -are, -avi, -atum; treat of, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum; treat with, ag5, ere, egi, actum, w. cum. and abl. trial, iiidicium, -i, n. tribe, gens, gentis, /. tribune, tribiinus, -i, m. trip, iter, itineris, n. triumph, triumphus, -i, m. ; celebrate a triumph, trium- ph©, -are, -avi, -atum. troops, copiae, -arum, /. pi. ; milites, -um, m. pi. troublesome, molestus, -a, -um. true, verus, -a, -um. truly, vere. VOCABULARY 149 trumpet, tuba, -ae, /. trust, confido, -ere, -fisus sum, w. dat. trusty, certus, -a, -um. try, Conor, -ari, -atus sum. twelve, duodecim. two, duo, -ae, -o ; two days, bi- duum, -i, n. ; two years, bien- nium, -i, n. type of mind, facultas ingeni. tyrant, tyrannus, -i, m. XJ unacquainted with, lie nescio, -ire, -ivi. undergo, subeo, -Tre, -ii, -itum^. understand, intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum. understanding, consilium, -i, n. undertake a case, causam re- cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. unequal, impar, -paris. unfortunate, miser, -era, -erum. unharmed, incolumis, -e. unite, coniungo, -ere, -iiinxi, -iunctum. unless, nisi. unlike, dissimilis, -e. unpopularity, invidia, -ae, /. unsuspectingly, inopinans, -an- tis. unwilling, he, nolo, nolle, nolui. upon, in, w. dbl. upright, innocens, -entis. urge, hortor, -ari, -atus sum. use {verb), Utor, -i, usus sum, w. abl. use iiwun), iisus, -iis, m. useful, utilis, -e. utmost, summus, -a, -um. valiant, fortis, -e. valiantly, fortiter. valor, virtiis, -utis, /. valuable, pretiosus, -a, -um. vanquish, vinco, -ere, vici, vic- tum. Veneti, Veneti, -drum, m. pi. venture, see dare. Verres, Verres, -is, m. verse, versus, -iis, m. very, use the superlative ; the very, (intenswe), ipse, -a, -um, gen. ip- sius ; very many, permulti, -ae, -a ; very much, vehementer. very, vse the superlative. veto, veto, -are, -ui, -itum. view, sententia, -ae, /. victor, victor, -oris, m. victorious, victor, -oris. victory, victoria, -ae, /. violence, vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, /. violent hands on, lay, vim et maniis infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, w. dat. violently, vehementer. virtuous, (of conduct) honestus, -a, -um. visit with, adficio, -ere, -feci, -tectum. Voltnrcius, Volturcius, -i, m. Vorenus, Vorenus, -i, m. vote (verb), (express judgment) censeo, -ere, -ui, censum ; (decree) decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum ; give or cast one's 150 VOCABULARY vote, {of the senate) sententiam dioo, -ere, dixi, dictum; {of the people), suffragium fero, ferre, tuli, latum. ' i suffraffium.-i.ra. voting-tablet, ) >= > > wage (against), gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, w. cum and all. wait, wait for, exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum. walk, ambul5, -are, -avi, -atum. wall, miirus, -i, m. war, bellum, -i, n. ; make war, bellum infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, w. dat. ; wage or carry on war, bellum gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, w. cum and ail. ; finish, a war, bellum conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. warn, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. watch (verb), custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. watch (noun), vigilia, -ae, /. way, via, -ae, /. ; {manner) modus, -i, m. ; ratio, -onis, /. we, nos, nostri aTid nostrum. weapon, telum, -i, n. weary, defessus, -a, -uni. weather, tempestas, -atis, /. weight, pondus, -eris, n. welfare, saliis, -iitis,/. ; highest welfare of the state, summa res piiblica. well, bene. what, (1) (rel.) qui, quae, quod, gen. ciiius ; (2) (interr.) quis, (quae), quid, subst., and quod. adj., gen. ciiius ; (= that which) id quod ; what in the world, quid tandem. what sort of, qualis, -e; ciiius modi. when, cum, ubi; {interr.) quando. whence, unde. where, ubi; (= whither) quo; from where, unde. wherefore, qua re. whether, num; {in alternative questions) utrum, -ne ; {in alterna- tive conditions) sive (sen). virhew^ ! 6 ! which, (1) {rel.) qui, quae, quod, gen. ciiius; (2) (interr.) quis, (quae), quid, subst., and quod, adj., gen. ciiius; which (of two), uter, -tra, -trum, gen. utrius. whither, quo. who, (1) {rel.) qui, quae, quod, gen. ciiius; (2) {interr.) quis, (quae), quid, siibst., and quod, adj., gen. ciiius. whole (of), totus, -a, -um, gen. totius ; whole world, orbis (-is) terrarum, m. why, ciir, quid. wicked, impius, -a, -um. wife, uxor, -oris, /. will, voluntas, -atis, /. ■« illing, be, volo, velle, volui. willingly, libenter. win, consequor, -i, -ciitus sum. winter, hiems, -is, /. winter quarters, hiberna, -orum, n. pi. {sc. castra). VOCABULAllY 15 L wisdom, {shrewdness) prudeii- tia, -ae, /. ; {general word) sapi- entia, -ae, /. wise, sapiens, -entis. wisely, sapieuter. wish, volo, velle, volu! ; cupio, -ere, TvT, -itum; not wish, nolo, nolle, nolul. ^vith, cum, w. dbl. ; ■with one anotlier, inter se. •withdraw, concede and discedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum ; withdraw from battle, proelio excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. within, in with all. ; intra with ace. without, sine; without the command, iniiissii; he with- out, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. abl. withstand, sustineS, -ere, -ui, -tentum. witness, testis, -is, m. woman, mulier, -eris, /. wonder, miror, -ari, -atus sum. word, verbum, -i, ra., vox, v6- cis, /. world (the whole), orbis (-is) terrarum, m; what in the world, quid tandem ? ■worship, colo, -ere, -ui, cultum. worSy.l'^^''''''"^'"''"''"'-''*^- worth one's while, be, tanti esse, w. dat. wound {vert), vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum. wound {noun), ■yulnus, -eris, n. wrath, ira, -ae, /. wretched, miser, -era, -erum. write, scrlbo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- turn ; write out, perscribo. wrong {verh), iniiiriam infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, w. dat. wrong {noun), iniiiria, -ae, /. ; no wrong, nothing of wrong, nihil mali. wrought up, perturbatus, -a, -um. Xerxes, Xerxes, -is, m. year, annus, -i, m. yesterday, heri ; hesterno die. yet, tamen. yield, cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum. yonder, see that. you, (1) {sing.) tn, tui ; (2) {pi) vos, vestri and vestrum. younger, minor natii. your, {of one person) tuus, -a, -um ; {of more than one) Tester, -tra, -trum. youth, adulescens, -en.tis,m. andf. SPECIAL yOCABULARIES BOOK TWO Words ocourring in Book One are not, as a rule, inserted here. VOOABULAEY I against, coDrtra, w. ace. ; in w. ace. \ alarm, timor, -oris, m. at all, omnino. decree, decern5, -ere, -orevi, -cretum. disturl), move, moveo, -ere, movi, motum. drive ftom, eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. ex and dbl. effrontery, audacia, -ae, /. endure, stand, patior, -i, passus sum. garrison, praesidium, -i, n. harm, detrimentum, -i, n. how, quam. how long, quam diii. if , si ; Ml indir. quest. , num. nightly, nocturnus, -a, -um. or, aut, vel ; ivhether . . . or, utrum ... an; or not, annon, necne. suffer (harm), capio, -ere, cepi, captum. true, verus -a, -um. what, (1) (rel) qui, quae, quod, gen. ciiius; (2) (interr.) quis, (quae,) quid, subst.^ and quod, adj., gen. ciiius; (= that lohich), id quod; -what in the ^vorld quid tandem. VOCABULAKY II acknowledge, fateor, -eri, fas- sus sum and confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. afraid of, be, timeo, -ere, -ui. any one, (in negative sentences) quisquam, quidquam and quic- quam, gen. ciiiusquam. arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -di, -prehensum. assassinate, execute, kill, put to death, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. behold, video, -ere, vidi, visum. find, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- tum. not even, ne . . . quidem, sepa- rated hy the emphatic word or words. ' ' not only modo ) solum i ( verum realize, sentio, -ire, sensi, sen- sum. rightly, iiire. say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum; \ mc 1s6] . but also, non sed ) .. > etiam. VOCABULARY 153 say . . . not, nego, -are, -avi, -atum. tribune, tribunus, -i, m. VOCABULAEY III accordingly, itaque. answer, respondeo, -ere, -di, -sponsum. before, ante. commonwealth, res publica, rei publicae, /. daybreak, lux, lucis, /. ; at day- break, prima luce. death, mors, mortis, /. early in the morning, mane. exile, exsilium, -i, n. expect, spero, -are, -avi, -atum. free, libero, -are, -avi, -atum. guard, praesidium, -i, n. horseman, eques, -itis, m. house, domus, -us, /. ; at the house of, apud, w. ace. Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, m. knight, eques, -itis, m. look out, vigil6,-are, -avi, -atum. murder, interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. peril, periculum, -i, n. secure, firmo, -are,, -avi, -atum. sharply, acriter. thanks, offer, gratias ago, -ere, egi, actum. very, the, ipse, -a, -um, gen. ip- sius. welfare, saliis, -iitis, /. when, ubi, w. indie. wherefore, qua re. VOCABULARY IV among, in, w. abl. appointed, constitiitus, -a, -um. arbitrator, arbiter, -tri, m. as, ut ; as possible, quam w. su- assess, existimo, -are, -avi, -atum. atone for, satisfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, w. de and abl. bordering on, finitimus, -a, -um, w. dot. circumstance, res, -ei, f. consent, consilium, -i, n. envoy, legatus, -a, -um. equip, orno, -are, -avi, -atum. establish, coasieto^ -ere, -stiti, -stitum. "^~ ' '^'' every, omnis, -e. gather, convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. means, ratio, -onis, /. none, nihil, n., indeel. old, vetus, -eris. particular, certus, -a, -um. penalty, poena, -ae, /. place, locus, -i, m. place in charge of, praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, w. ace. and dat. precisely at, ad, w. aec. ravage, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. region, pars, partis, /. repair, reflcio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. represent, doceo, -ere, -ui, doc- tum. settle, constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum. therefore, igitur. 154 TOCABULAEY \vinter-quarters,hiberna, -orum, n. pi. wrong, iniuria, -ae, /. VOCABULARY V accustomed, be, soleo, -ere, -itus sum. advice, ask, consulo, -ere, -ui, consultum, w. ace. assail, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. attempt, conatus, -us, m. bid, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. confess, fateor, -eri, fassus sum. crime, facinus, -oris, n. dare, venture, audeo, -ere, au- sus sum. "^smecide, constituo, -ere, -uT, -utum. destruction, exitium, -i, n. entire, universus, -a, -um. for my part, equidem. frequently, offen, saepe. hesitate, dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, w. inf. mild, lenis, -e. "i^iot yet, nondum. seem, videor, -eri, visus sum. take thought for, consuls, -ere, -ui, consultum, w. dat. unvirilling, be, nolo, nolle, ndlui. useful, litilis, -e. warn, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. willing, be, volo, velle, volui. VOCABULARY VI accomplice, comes, -itis, m. accomplish,adsequor, -i, -seciitus sum. anything, {after si, nisi, ne, or num) quis, quid. as many . . . as, tot . . . quot. band, manus, -iis, /. check, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. commit, concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. concern, pertineo, -ere, -ui, w. ad and ace. crime, scelus, -eris, n. decree of the senate, senatiis consultum, -i, n. enmity, inimicitia, -ae, /. expose ... to, obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. in and ace. find out, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. for my part, equidem. forever, semper. get ready, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. how many, quot. in accordance w^ith, ex. incur, suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- tum. interests of the state, res pH- blica, rei piiblicae, /. last, maneo, -ere, niansi, man- sum. memory, memoria, -ae, /. no one, nemo, neminis, m. andf. perhaps, fortasse. prevent, impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum ;• prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. punish, suppliciis adflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. scoundrel, sceleratus, -i, m. VOCABULARY 155 suffer, {with word for "!i(inn") capio, -ere, cepi, captum. suffer punishment, poeiias pendo, -ere, pependi, pensuni. trusty, certus, -a, -um. uuderstaud, intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum. VOOABULAKY VII be without, careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. ail. compel, cogo, -ere, coegl, coac- tum. counsel, moneo, -ere, -ul, -itum. depart, exeo, -ire, -il, -itum. eater, ingredior, -i, -gressus sum. full often, persaepe. god, deus, -i, m. harm, noceo, -ere, -uT, -itum, w. dat. immortal, immortalis, -e. in the midst of, in, w. abl. lay violent hands on, vim et maniis Infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. massacre, caedes, -is, /. move, moveo, -ere, movi, mo- tum. not wish, nolo, nolle, nolui. see to it, video, -ere, vidi, vi- sum. senator, (official title) pater con- scriptus, patris conscripti, m. to another place, alio. to some place, aliquo. to the same place, eodem. violence, vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, /. withdraw, concede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. wretched, miser, -era, -erum. VOCABULARY VIII above, supra. affect, adficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. assemble, meet, convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. assign, attribuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. bread, panis, -is, m. burn, incendo, -ere, -di, -cen- sum. butcher, trucido, -are, -avi, -atum. consider, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum . contract, loco, -are, -avi, -atum. desire, cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum. eat, edo, -ere, edi, esum. friend of the people, popularis, -is. infamous, nefarius, -a, -um. meet, convenid, -ire, -veni, -ventum. native land, patria, -ae, /. none, niillus, -a, -um, gen. niillius. plunder, diripio, -ere, -ui, -re- ptum. purpose, consilium, -i, n. set up, conloco, -are, -avi, -atum. shatter, frango, -ere, fregi, fractum. speak, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. storm, hiems, -is, /. that of yours, iste, -a, -ud, gen. istius. 15G VOCABULARY threaten, immineo, -ere, w. dat. undergo, subeo, -ire, ii, -itum. wall, murus,' -i, n. when, (interr. ( quando. win, consequor, -i, -cutus sum. yet, tamen. VOCABULARY IX announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. at hand, be, adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus. beat, vinco, -ere, vici, victum. carefully, diligenter. Comitium, comitium, -i, n. complete, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. demand, postulo, -are, -avi, -atum. ^^ feel grateful, gratia!s^ habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. forefathers, maiores, -um, m. pi. long ago, iam dudum; iam pridem. mind, animus, -i, m. mistaken, be, erro, -are, -avi, -atum ; be much mistaken, vehementer errare. prestige, auctoritas, -atis, /. punishment, supplicium, -i, n. reason, causa, -ae, /. severe, gravis, -is. show, doceo, -ere, -ui. suffer the death penalty, morte multor, -ari, -atus sum. terribly, vehementer. too, nimis. two years, biennium, -i, n. VOCABULAEY X assault, impetus, -lis, m. deed, factum, -i, n. draw up, instruo, -ere, -striixi, -striictum. flee, tergavert6,-ere, -Ii, versum. for a long time, diii. for the purpose of, causa, pre- ceded Iry a gen. gain, potior, -iri, -itus sum. get the better of it, supero, -are, -avi, -atum. hail! (h)si-ve\ pi. (h)avete! harass, lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum. hilltop, summus coUis,' summi collis, m. intrust, permitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. keep off, arceo, -ere, -ui, w. ab and ail. lead up, subduco, -ere, -diixi, -ductum. letter, epi'stula, -ae, /. line {of battle), acies, -ei, /. manage, administro, -are, -avi, -atum. perform, praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum. power, imperium, -i, n. rush, contends, -ere, -di, -ten- tum. seemly, decorus, -a, -um. shout, conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum. stripling, adulescens, -entis, m. suddenly, subito. whole world, orbis (-is) terra- rum, m. VOCABULARY 157 withstand, sustineo, -ere, -m, -ten turn. VOCABULARY XI discover, cognosce, -ere, -novi, -nitum. dislike, unpopularity, invidia, -ae,/. except, nisi. hereafter, postea. keep ft-om, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. now for a long time, iam dii- dum; iam pridem. safe, tiltus, -a, -um. so far (is it) fi-om (its being true that) . . . that, tantum abest ut . . . ut. so many, tot. tempest, tempestas, -atis, /. willingly, libenter. VOCABULARY XII attain, adsequor, -i, -cuius sum. borders, finas, -ium, m. pi. bring to pass, efiBcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. cannot but, facere non possum , w. quin and subj. common, commiinis, -e. destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. doubt (verb), dubito, -are, -avi, -atum. doubt (noun), dubium, -i, n. drive from, expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum. exceedingly, vehementer. land, agar, -gri, m. , frequently in pi. learn, cognosce, -ere, -novl, -nitum. mother, mater, matris, /. refuse, recuso, -are, -avi, -atum. strive (for), laboro, -are, -avi, -atum. the outcome Is, that, evenit ut, w. siibj. there is the additional cir- cumstance, that, accedit quod, w. ind. very many, permulti, -ae, -a. VOCABULARY XIII base, turpis, -e. case, causa, -ae, f. cautious, priidens, -entis. conscientiously, religiose. determine, decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum. engaged in, be, versor, -ari, -atus sum, w. in and dbl. feel, sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum. fortunate, fortiinatus, -a, -um. guilty, nocens, -entis. hate, 6di, -isse, osiirus. only, (adj.) solus, -a, -um, gen. solius ; iinus, -a, -um, gen. umius; (adv.) solum; tantum. public business, res piiblica, rei publicae, /. recompense, gratiam refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum. severe, gravis, -e. shrewd, callidus, -a, -um. very much, vehementer. 158 VOCABULABY without the command, inms- su. worship, colo, -ere, -ui, cultum. VOCABULAEY XIV commander-in-chief, summus imperator, summi imperatoris, m. defeat, pello, -ere, pepuli, pul- sum. deliberation, deliberatio, -onis, /• fleet, classis, -is, /. force, c5g6, -ere, coegi, coactum. land and sea, by, terra marique. lofty, altus, -a, -um. moreover, autem. nevertheless, tamen. of the olden time, antlquus, -a, -um. overcome, supero, -are, -avi, -atum. sink, deprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. such or so important, tantus, -a, -um. take, sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sump- tum; take upon oneself, sibi sumere. VOCABULARY XV ash, ashes, cinis, -eris, to. betake oneself, confero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, w. reflex. dwelling, tectum, -i, n. foreign, exterus, -a, -um. gain, consequor, -i, -secutus sum. harmony, Concordia, -ae,/. lovely, pulcher, -chra, -ohrum. madness, furor, -oris, m. means, modus, -i, m., ratio, -onis, /. nothing left, nihil reliqui. pass over, omitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. pay the penalty, poenas pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum. remind, admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. stupid, stultus, -a, -um. unless, nisi. upright, innocens, -entis. very much, vehementer. wisely, sapienter. VOCABULAEY XVI anyone {in negative sentences).^ quisquam, quidquam and quic- quam, gen. ciiiusquam. companion, comrade, socius, -i, TO. deliver a speech against, ora- tionem habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, w. in and ace. dread, timeo, -ere, -uT, (prudent fear) metuo, -ere, -ui; (rewrmt fear) vereor, -eri, -itus sum. gladly, libenter. menace, immineo, -ere, w. dat. necessary, be, oportet, -ere, -uit, impers. ; necesse est ; or use pas- sive periphrastic. O that! If only, utinam; {neg.) utinam ne. odium, invidia, -ae, /. VOCABULARY 159 patrol, vigilia, -ae, /. remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. said he, inquit, pi. inquiunt. so much, tam. take away, educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. talk, loquor, -i, -cutus sum. VOCABULAEY XVII as if, as though, just as if, ut si ; ac si ; quasi ; quam si ; tam- quam ; tamquam si ; velut ; ve- lut si. as long as, so long as, if only, provided that, dum; modo; dummodo. attach, coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum. burst forth, erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum. companion, comes, -itis, m. condition, condicio, -onis, /. conquer, supero, -are, -avi, -atum ; vinco, -ere, vici, victum. consequence, be of, interest or refert, w. gen. enthusiasm, studium, -i, n. Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um. lose, amitto, -ere,-misi, -missum. make overtures to, sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum. meeting, conventus, -lis, in. on the understanding that, under the agreement that, ut, ita ut, neg. ne, ut ne. opportunity, facultas, -atis, f. permitted, it is, licet, -ere, licuit and licitum est. rebellion, tumultus, -lis, m. stir up, excito, -are, -avi, -atum. unharmed, iucolumis, -e. VOCABULAEY XVIII act, facio, -ere, feci, factum. draw, ediico, -ere, -diixi, -duc- tum. hand over, trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum. intact, integer, -gra, -grum. outcome, eventus, -iis, m. plot against, insidior, -ari, -atus sum, w. dat. praetor, praetor, -oris, m. seal, signum, -i, n. suppose, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. sword, gladius, -i, m. wise, sapiens, -entis. VOCABULAEY XIX be acquainted with, perf. of nosco, -ere, novi, notum. begin, incipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- tum; coepi, -isse, (within/. pass.) coeptus sum ; initium facio, -ere, feci, factum, w. gen. concern, ciira, -ae, y. dangerous, (of ground) compara- tive of iniquus, -a, -um. dignity, dignitas, -atis, f. furthermore, praeterea. get into, progredior, -i, -gressus sum, w. in and ahl. hemmed ija, be, pass, of circum- venio, -ire, -veni, -ventum. 160 VOCABULARY keep back, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. lead, duco, -ere, duxl, ductum. position, locus, -i, m. strike into, inicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, w. ace. and dat. swarms, multitado, -dinis, /. terror, terror, -oris, m. unsuspectingly, inopinans, -an- tis, I'dj. wonder, miror, -ari, -atus sum. VOCABULARY XX acknowledge, cogliosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. although, cum; etsi; etiamsi; licet ; quamquam ; quamvis ; tametsi; ut; {neg.) ne. assert, praedico, -are, -avi, -atum. at first, primo. at the end, ad extremum. at the time when, turn cum. before that, antea. courtesy, humanitas, -atis, /. deny, nego, -are, -avi, -atum. energetic, acer, acris, acre. evidence, indicium, -i, n. exchange glances vFith, inter se aspicid, -ere, -spexi, -spec- turn. fancy, be sure, credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. foresee, provided, -ere, -vTdi, -visum. humblest, infimus, -a, -um. impudently, impudenter. open, aperio, -ire, -ui, apertum. order, iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. since, cum. somewhat, non nihil. tablet, tabella, -ae, /. the following, ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius. violently, vehementer. wrought up, perturbatus, -a, -um. VOCABULARY XXI after, postquam. as long as, quam diii. as soon as, cum primum. ascertain, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. avert, depello, -ere, -puli, -pul- sum. before, priusquam. break out, coorior, -in, -ortus sum. catch, capio, -ere, cepi, captum. compare, confero, -ferre, -tuli, ^ -latum. each, quisque, quaeque, quid- que [subst.) and quodque (adj.). exactly, certe. express an opinion, sententiam fero, ferre, tuli, latum. farther, ulterior, -oris. finish, conflcio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. go on, pass, of gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. hither, citerior, -ius. JIanlius', of Manlius, Manli- anus, -a, -um. matter, res, rei, /. VOCABULARY 101 Mulvian, Mulvius, -a, -um. pass a vote of thanks, gratiiis ago, -ere, egi, actum. rush out, erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum. set forth, explain, expono, -ere, -posui, -positiim. signal, signum, -i, n. since, cum. so long as, dum. till, until, dum. thanksgiving, supplicatio, -onis, f. trumpet, tuba, -ae, /. vote, censeo, -ere, -ui, censum. vrithstand, sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. write out, perscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum. VOCABULARY XXII actuated, motus, -a, -um. again and again, iterum atque iterum. any longer {in negative sentences), iam. as to the fact that, quod. beforehand, ante. crush, check, opprimo, -ere, -pressi, pressum. deliver, libero, -are, -avi, -atum. emphatic, vehemens, -entis. favor, beneficium, -J, n. for a little while, paulum. generously, libere. greatly, magnopere or magno opere. 11 home, domus, -us, /. ; tectum, -1, n. imperfectly, male. it remains that, restat ut, w. subj. linger, mane5, -ere, mansi, mansum. raid, incursio, -5nis, /. rather, use the comparative. sorry, be, doleo, -ere, -ui. stranger, ignotus, -i, m. subdued, pacatus, -a, -um. take away, (by violence) eripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum. understanding, consilium, -i, n. VOCABULARY XXIII adopt, sequor, -i, secutus sum. annihilate, blot out, exstinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum. cause, efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. chain, vinculum, -i, n. deed, facinus, -oris, n. empire, imperium, -i, n. even if, even though, etsi; etiamsi; tametsi. exhibit (a characteristic), versor, -ari, -atus sum, w. in and abl. foul, nefarius, -a, -um, glory, gloria, -ae,/. granted that, ut, {neg. ne) ; licet. however {adv.), quamvis. in no wise, niillo modo. maintain, contendo, -ere, -di, -tentum. observe, sentio, -ire, sensi, sen- sum. 162 VOCABULARY ordain, constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum. penalty, punishment, poena, -ae, /. reject, removeo, -ere, -m5vi, -motum. severe, severus, -a, -um. severity, severitas, -atis, /. valiant, fortis, -e. view, judgment, sententia, -ae, /. without, sine, w. all. VOOABULAEY XXIV for the future, in posterum. goodwill, voluhtas, -atis, /. hidden, be, lateo, -ere, -ui. honor, fldes, (-e and -ei), /. let go, dimitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- sum. make up one's mind, resolve upon, statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum. offend, offends, -ere, -di, -fen- sum. out of, ex, w. ail. shun, vito, -are, -avi, -atum. summon, voco, -are, -avi, -atum, to. ad and reflex. suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /. tear, lacrima, -ae, /. troublesome, molestus, -a, -um. unite, coniungo, -ere, -iiinxi, -iunctum. VOCABULARY XXV ancestors, maiores, -um, m. pi. attentively, diligenter. brave, resolute, fortis, -e. bury, sepelio, -ire, -ivi, -pultum. carry out, transigS, -ere, -eg^, -actum. convene, gather, convoco, -are, -avi, -atum. desperate, desperatus, -a, -um. dishonorable, inhonestus, -a, -um. force, praesidium, -i, n. forthwith, statim. fortune, fortiina, -ae,/. garland, corona, -ae, /. harmony, be in, consentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum. honor, honoro, -are, -avi, -atum. intention, consilium, -i, n. interfere, impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. large number, multitiido, -dinis, /• learn of, cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum. listen, attends, -ere, -di, -turn. perish, pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum. perpetrate, committo, -ere, -misi, -missum. rank, ordo, -dinis, m. rashly, temere. reproach, acciiso, -are, -avi, -atum. reward, miinus, -eris, n. sight, conspectus, -us, m. take pains to, operam do, dare, dedi, datum, w. ut or ne and suij. together with, iina cum. valiantly, fortiter. wrath, ira, -ae, /. VOCABULAET 163 VOOABULAEY XXVI bring back, reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. carry to, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, w. ad and ace. direct, iubeo, -ere, iussJ, iussum. duty, offlcium, -i, n. embark, in navem or navis in- gredior, -i, -gressus sum. fair, idoneus, -a, -um. find, nanciscor, -i, nactus and nanctus sum. four, quattuor. guest-ft-lend, hospes, -itis, m. ignorant, insciens, -entis. kingdom, regnum, -i, n. morning, in the, mane. occupy, {eiribarrass) impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. religious scruple, religio, -onis, /. restrain, coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. set sail, navibus proficiscor, -J, -fectus sum. shout, clamito, -are, -avi, -atum. take across, traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. take measures, take pains, operam do, dare, dedi, datum. tarry, commoror,-ari, -atussum. transfer, defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. trip, iter, itineris, n. watch, custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. weather, tempestas, -atis, /. VOOABULAEY XXVII at peace, quietus, -a, -um. become silent, conticesco, -ere, -ui; celebrate a triumph, triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum. change, muto, -are, -avi, -atum. collapse, concido, -ere, -cidi. compass about, circumcludo, -ere, -si, -sum. credit, fides, (-e and -ei), /. decision, sententia, -ae, /. desert, desero, -ere, -ui, -sertum. despair of, despero, -are, -avi, -atum. dissension, dissensio, -onis, /. enfeeble, debilito, -are, -avi, -atum. extend, amplifico, -are, -avi, -atum. follow up, pursue, persequor, -i, -seciitus sum. found, condo, -ere, -didi, -di- tum. get out of the way, tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum. grandfather, avus, -i, m, handwriting, manus, -lis,/. liquidation, payment, soliitio, -onis,/. look on, aspecto, -ere, -spexi, -spectum. love, amor, -oris, m. obtain, consequor, -i, -secutus sum. order, 6rd5, -dinis, m. overlook, neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lectuin. 164 VOCABULARY overwhelmed, abiectus, -a, -um. pains, labores, -um, m. pi. read, (aloud) recito, -are, -avi, -atum. recalJ, revoco, -are, -avi, -atum. reckon, duco, -ere, duxi, duc- tum. reign, regno, -are, -avi, -atum. since (prep.), post. stop, impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. thrust out, eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iec- tum. vote, decern©, -ere, -crevi, -cre- tum^ VOOABULAEY XXVIII approach, {figurative use) at- tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum. attend, attendo, -ere, -di, -turn. be silent, taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. boldly, fortiter. censure, judge, censeo, -ere, -ui, censum. confer, mando, -are, -avi, -atum. countryman, civis, -is, m., w. meus, tuus, etc. distinguished, important, am- pins, -a, -um. emergency, tempus, -oris, n. exercise, iitor, -i, iisus sum, w. all. finally, denique. have respect to, aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum. let, patior, -i, passus sum ; sino, -ere, sivi, situm. lover, amator, -oris, m. public office, honor, -oris, m. VOCABULARY XXIX base, turpis, -e. commission, imperium, -i, n. consulship, consulatus, -lis, m. cry, conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum. end, coniicio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. fortunately, feliciter. glad, be, laetor, -ari, -atus sum. iu crowds, frequens, -entis. notable, praeclarus, -a, -um. reach, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tac- tum. word, vox, vocis, /. yield, cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum. VOOABULAEY XXX affair, res, rei, /". afifairs of state, res piiblica, rei piiblicae, /. assembly, contio, -onis, /. at least, saltern. bed, lectus, -i, m. devote, confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. eulogize, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. fall asleep, get to sleep ; som- num capio, -ere, cepi, captum. fault, culpa, -ae, /. grant, do, dare, dedi, datum. how feel, quem animum sus- cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. indulgence, venia, -ae, /. magistrate, magistratus, -lis, m. magnificent, praeclarus, -a ,-um. make ready, paro, -are, -avi, -atum. most, m^axime. VOCABULARY 165 necessary, necessanus, -a, -um. perfect, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tum. position, dignitas, -atis, /. preparation, comparatio, -onis, /• renown, laus, -dis, /. sleep, dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. take to heart, graviter fero, ferre, tuli, latum. walk, ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum. VOCABULAEY XXXI applause, plausus, -us, m. arrival, adventus, -us, m. brilliant, inlustris, -e. centurion, centurio, -onis, m. commend, laud5, -are, -avi, -atum. constantly, semper. courageous, fortis, -e. dispute, dissensiS, -onis, /. engage in rivalry, contends, -ere, -di, -tum, w. inter and reflex. fiercely, acriter. fight a battle, proelium facio, -ere, feci, factum. follow after, subsequor, -i, -cutus sum. fortification, munitiS, -onis, /. imagine, existimo, -are, -avi, -atum. judge, iiidico, -are, -avi, -atum. keep oneself, contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, w. reflex. upon, in, w. dbl. which of two, uter, -tra, -trum, gen. iitrius. VOCABULARY XXXII . . as, tam . . . quam. . . as, tantus . . . as, tot . . . quot. . . as, totiens . . . each one, every man. as I so ' as large . quantus. as many . . as often . quotiens. certain, a, quidam, quaedam, quiddam, svbst., and quoddam, adj., gen. cuiusdam. ' quisque, quaeque, quidque, subst., and quodque, adj. , gen. ciiiusque. how, quo modo. how often, quotiens. so often, totiens. some, someone, aliquis, -qua, -quid, mid., and aliqui, -qua, -quod, adj. ; nonniilli, -ae, -a. such ... as, {of quality) talis . . . qualis ; eius modi . . . qui, quae, quod or ut ; {of quantity) tantus . . . quantus. the . . . the, quo . . . eo, or quanto . . . tanto. thence, inde. whence, where from, from which, unde. whither, where to, quo. as he says, ut ait ; as they say, ut aiunt. beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 166 VOCAB0LAET constant, adsiduus, -a, -iiin. entreaty, (prex), precis, /. gain a request, impetro, -are, -avi, -atum. hardy, fortis, -e. messenger, niintius, -I, m.. not yet, nondum. peace, pax, pacis, /. the one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. VOCABULARY XXXIH advance, processio, -onis, /. amhuscade, insidiae, -arum, / V^. hattle, come off victorious in, proeliis secundis utor, -i, usus sum. battle, engage in, proelium committo, -ere, -misi, -missum. battle, withdraw ftom, proelio excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. camp, break up, castra moveo, -ere, movi, motum. camp, pitch, castra pono, -ere, posui, positum. carnage, clades, -is,/. close the line, bring up the rear, agmen claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum. hurl, conicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum. hurry, contendo, -ere, -dl, -turn. in heavy marching order, im- peditus, -a, -um. in light marching order, with- out baggage, expeditus, -a, -um. in other respects, cetera. lay down one's arms, ab armis discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. levy, make a, dilectum habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. obedient, dicto audiens, -entis, w. ddt. pack, sarcinae, -arum, /. pi. partly, partim. protection, commit oneself to, in fidem venio, -ire, veni, ven- tum ; pledge the protection of the state, fidem. piiblicam do, dare, dedi, datum ; take under one's protection, in fidem re- cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. retreat, pedem. refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. several, aliquot. take to one's heels, terga verto, -ere, -ti, -sum. terminate by treaty, compono, -ere, -posui, -positum. throw away, abiciS, -ere, -ieci, . -iectum. triumph, triumpbus, -i, m. war, finish by conquest, bellum conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. VOCABULARY XXXIV address, ago, -ere, egi, actum, w. cum and dhl. aijpeal to, provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ad anS, ace. aristocratic party, optimates, -ium, TO. fl. at stake, be, pass, of ago, ere, egi, actum. attain to highest offices, ad VOCABULAEY 167 summos honores pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum. behave oneself as, se gerere pro, w. abl. bribe, pecunia corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum. citizenship, civitas, -atis, /. control of the government, get, rerum potior, -iri, -itus sum. elect {adj.), designatus, -a, -um. elections, hold, comitia habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. enrol in the state, ad civitatem adscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- tum. enter upon office, magistratum ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum. ever since I was of age, ab ineunte aetate. exile, ex civitate expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum. inconsistent with, be, abhorreo, -ere, -ui, w. ab and abl. obtain for, impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ace. and dat. office, honor, -5ris, m. ; remove from office, miinus abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, w. dat. parvenu, novus homo, novi hominis. {In Latin the reference is to official rank, and does not imply social "impossibility.") patriotic, patriae amans, -antis. political and personal influ- ence, auctoritas et gratia. politics, res piiblica, rei piiblicae, f. ■ enter politics, or political life, ad rem piiblicam adeo, -ire, -ii, -itum. private citizen, privatus, -i, to. public meeting, contio, -onis, /. resign, se abdicare ab, w. ail. revolution, novae res, no varum rerum, f. pi. ; desire a revolu- tion, novis rebus studeo, -ere, -ui. Rostra, rostra, -orum, n. pi. side with, sentio, -ire, sensi, sen- sum, w. cum and ail. stage, gradus, -us, m. strongest, be, pliirimum valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. suffer loss of civil rights, capite deminuor, -i, -iitus sum. support a proposal, pedibus ire in sententiam. VOCABULARY XXXV adopt, Litor, -i, iisus sum, w. ail. advocate, advocatus, -i, to. appeal, pr6vocati5, -onis, /. case, the (of some one) is tried, agitur de, w. abl. charge, crimen, -inis, n. court of law, quaestio legitima, quaestionis legitimae, /. extortion, (pecuniae) repetun- dae,/. pi. fine, multo, -are, -avi, -atum. governor, propraetor, -oris, to. guilty of a capital offence, reus (-i) capitis. Juror, iiidex, -icis, to. life is at stake, caput agitur. lot, sors, -rtis, /. 168 TOCABULARY pass, (a law) fero, ferre, tuli, latum. permanent courts, quaestiones (-um) perpetuae (-arum), /. pi. plead a case, causam dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. preside over, praesum, -esse, -fui, w. dot. prison for life, vincula (-orum) sempiterna (-orum), n. pi. proclamation, edictum, -i, n. propose, {a law) Togo, -are, -avi, -atum. repeal, abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum. sentence to loss of civil rights, capitis damno, -are, -avi, -atum. summon to court, in iiidicium voco, -are, -avi, -atum. table {of laws), tabula-, -ae,/. treason, proditio, -onis, /. undertake a case, causam re- cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. veto, veto, -are, -ui, -itum. witness, testis, -is, m. VOCABULARY XXXVI author, scrTptor, -oris, m. ; the classic authors, veteres scrip- tores. be acquainted vpith, scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum. branches of learning, artes, -ium, /. pi. bury oneself in books, litteris se abdo, -dare, -didi, -ditum. cultivate, study, colo, -ere, -ui, cultumi culture, higher education, humanitas, -atis, /. dedicate, dico, -are, -avi, -atum. describe, exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. greatly, {w. interest, refert, etc.) magni. it is vporth one's while, est tanti, w. dat. of person. learned, doctus, -a, -um ; eru- ditus, -a, -um. learning, studies, doctrina, -ae, /• line, verse, versus, -lis, m. literature, litterae, -arum, /. pi. little book, libellus, -i, m. oratorical ability, oratio (-onis) et facultas (-atis). poem, carmen, -inis, n. poetry, of, poeticus, -a, -um. polite accomplishments, libera- lia (-ium) studia (-orum), n. pi. prepare for, (by teachmg)midrnid, -are, -avi, -atum, w. ad and ace. receive a liberal education, optimis studiis erudior, -iri, -itus sum.. refined, refining, hiimanus, -a, -um. relate, record, pr6d5, -ere, -didi, -ditum. review, recolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum. skill, ars, artis, /. study, pursuit, studium, -i, n. subject for composition, res ad scribendum. system of philosophy, doctrina, -ae, /. VOCABULARY 169 Systematic training provided by a liberal education, ratio conformatioque doctrinae. treat of, attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum. type of mind, facultas (-atis) ingenl, /. \iritli care and thonghtfuluess, accurate cogitateque. VOCABULARY XXXVII about, circiter. afterwards, post. April, Aprilis, -is, adg. before last, superior, -ius. day before, pridie. day before yesterday, niidius tertius. December, December, -bris, adj. first, {of month) Kalendae, -arum, f-pl- founding of the city, urbs con- dita, urbis conditae, /. Ides, Idus, -uum, /. pi. January, lanuarius, -a, -um, adj. July, QuTnctilis, -is and liilius, -a, -um, ndj. May, Maius, -a, -um, adj. Nones, Nonae, -arum, /. pi. please, quaeso {parenthetical). September, September, -bris, adj. VOCABULAEY XXXVIII act of violence, f acinus, -oris, n. agreeable, iiicundus, -a, -um. appease, placo, -are, -avJ , -atum. barely, male, basis, ratio, -onis, /. business, negotium, -i, n. calmness, with, aequo animo. character, ingenium, -i, n. consider virtue the highest good, summum bonum in vir- tiite pono, -ere, posui, positum. depraved, perditus, -a, -um. disgraceful, turpis, -e. do one's duty, in officio maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum. excellent quality, virtiis, -litis,/. good conscience, conscientia (-ae) bene facti. immoral, turpis, -e. inauspicious, nefastus, -a, -um. inconsistency, mobilitas (-atis) et levitas (-atis) animi. integrity, innocentia, -ae,/. lead, {a life) ago, -ere, egi, ac- tum. make trial of, experior, -irl, -pertus sum. miraculously, divlnitus. neglect one's duty, ab officio discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. omit, praetermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. principles of conduct, rationes (-um) vitae. right, fas, m., indecl. sage, sapiens, -entis. self-control, temperantia, -ae,/. self-controlled, moderatus, -a, -um; temperans, -antis. self-indulgent, intemperans, -antis. sin, nefas, n., indecl. 170 VOCABULARY temple, templum, -i, n. tend, pertineo, -ere, -ui, -ten- turn. there is no "reason why, nihil est quod, w. subj. thought, consilium, -i, n. virtuous, {of conduct) honestus, -a, -um. with due ceremony, rite. wrong, iniuriam inferro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. VOCABULARY XXXIX account, ratio, -onis, /. borrow money, {at interest) pe- cuniam faenore accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. buy, emo, -ere, emi, emptum. daily, cotidianus, -a, -um. debt, aesalienum, aerisalieni, n. exchange, commuto, -are, -avi, -atum. fall, inoido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum. farm, praedium, -i, n. for a large sum, magni. gambler, aleator, -oris, m. get for nothing, gratiis accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. get out of debt, ex aere alieno excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. go down, (of credit) deflcio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. large, magnus, -a, -um. loss, suffer, damnum facio, -ere, feci, factum. owe, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. patrimony, res familiaris, rei familiaris, /. pay, {of money) pendo, -ere, pe- pendi, pensum; solvo, -ere, solvi, soliitum. poor, pauper, -eris. poverty, paupertas, -atis, /. render, reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum. sell, vendo, -ere, -didi. Instead of the passive, use veneo, -ire, -ii. sesterce, sestertius, -i, gen. pi. -ium, m. set up, constituo, -ere,-ui, -iitum. shop, taberna, -ae, /. spend money on, siimptum facio, -ere, -feci, factum, w. in and ace. VOCABULARY XL descend, descendo, -ere, -di, descensum. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. encounter, congredior, -i, -gres- sus sum, w. cum and aU. fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. gate, porta, -ae, /. give up allegiance, ab officio discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. ground, solum, -i, n. let in, admitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- sum. mere, ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius. naught left, nihil reliqui. oblige, cogo, -ere, coegi, coac- tum. resist, resisto, -ere, -stiti. right, iiis, iiiris, n. save, (= except) nisi. second, secundus, -a, -um. 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