Netv York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. Library Cornell University Library S 567.L67 Farm-business arithmetic, 3 1924 003 339 904 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003339904 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC ^^ I believe in the farm boy and in the farm girl." „^ =1 '■M H o X FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC BY CURTIS J. LEWIS, B.A. Good Faeming: One-fifth better than the average crop production One-half better than the average cow production D. C. HEATH & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LEWIS'S ARITHMETICS Primary Arithmetic A complete course in the essentials of arithmetic. 252 pages. Farm-Business Arithmetic A book filled with modern data on successful farming ; teaches farm accounting and the application of business methods to rural life. 212 Copyright, 1915, By D. C. Heath & Co. 1L5 THE COUNTRY BOY'S CREED T BELIEVE that the Country, which God made, is more beautiful than the City, which man made; that life out-of-doors and in touch with the earth is the natural life of a man. I believe that work is work wher- ever we find it, but that work with Nature is more inspiring than work with the most intricate machinery. I believe that the dig- nity of labor depends not on what you do, but on how you do it ; that opportunity comes to a boy on the farm as often as to the boy in the city ; that life is larger and freer and happier on the farm than in the town; that my success depends not upon my location, but upon myself — not upon my dreams, but upon what I actually do — not upon luck, but upon pluck. I believe in working when you work, and in playing when you play, and in giving and demanding a square deal in every act of life. Edwih Osgood grover. PREFACE Make the work of the school the talk of the home. It has been found that the back-to-the-land movement and the general awakening to the significance of agri- culture have occasioned a universal demand for more farm arithmetic and more teaching of real, live, practi- cal problems, relating to the operations of farm life. With this observation this book of farm problems has been prepared, and may be used as a course of daily lessons, or as supplementary arithmetic work. While it may be used to supplement the general principles of arithmetic, its main purpose is to illustrate the princi- ples of farm problems and the possibilities of the farm, and to foster a predilection in our young people for farm life. Many subjects are such as can be mastered by pupils ranging from twelve to fifteen years old, thus catching the interest of these boys and girls before that interest becomes settled elsewhere. An office man, in looking over the manuscript for this book, remarked, " If I had been taught this kind of thing when I went to school, I might have stayed on the farm." ' The problems are generally type problems, each to be extended and repeated with local values and condi- tions, at the discretion of the teacher, until thoroughly understood by her classes. The epigrams at the beginning of the subjects may Viu PREFACE be made to serve a useful purpose when thoroughly im- pressed by the teacher. For instance, " Pay as you go," an old saying, yet new to the child, may be made to save many a future man and many a future woman from financial shipwreck. Realizing the importance of the farmers' experience in a work of this kind, a large majority of the problems have been taken from actual conditions — simple and direct, and within the range of everyday farm experi- ence. While they may have some local color, depend- ing on the region in which the author lives, the nature and principles of the problems will be found applicable everywhere. Let our boys and girls be trained, not only to think, but how to work, and to honor labor. Let the school cease to be a means of rising above hard work. " Try to get an education, so you won't have to work as hard as we do," is the advice with which parents for the past twenty-five years or so have been prone to start their children out to school. The ill effects of such advice is being visited upon our country to-day, for too many of our boys and girls have been educated away from the farm entirely. The teacher who is instilling into her boys and girls a love for home, for the country, and the farm ; and is leading them to become honorable men and women, is doing more for the future good of her country than those of any other profession. The president of a large and influential college recently said : " I hope to see the day when textbooks for rural schools will point the country-bred student to the farm and country life as directly and forcefully as they now lead to the counting room and the city." PREFACE IX The author wishes to acknowledge the great helpful- ness and encouraging comments that have been extended by the following general reviewers of the manuscript for this book : Thos. I. Mairs, Professor of Agricul- tural Education, State College, Pa.; Dr. L. H. Bailey, author of Oyolopmdia of American Agriculture, Ithaca, New York; Prof. Charles F. Schlatter, South Dakota State College; Prof. L. H. Dennis, Specialist in Agri- cultural Education, Harrisburg, Pa. ; and Prof. Arthur Cromwell, Teacher of Agriculture, West Chester State Normal School, Pa. ; also to G. F. Warren, author of Farm Management, Ithaca, N. Y., who reviewed prob- lems in "Farm Management"; Prof. W. A. Henry, Madison, Wis., author of Feeds and Feeding, who reviewed "Dairy Feeding"; Clarence B. Lane, B.S., of Philadelphia, Pa., who reviewed "Dairy Problems"; and Thos. M. Knight, editor of The Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa., who reviewed "Fertilizers"; and others. CONTENTS PAGE Farm Accounting 1 Farm Business Forms 6 Farm Arithmetic without a Pencil .... 10 Percentage on the Farm 13 Farm and Market Values 18 The Harvesting Season: The Cost of Farm Crops 21 Harvesting Problems 23 Farm Estimates 25 Shipping : Shipping Problems 29 Scale Tickets 33 Some Market Conditions . 3.5 Poultry : Poultry Problems 40 Poultry Feeding 49 Marketing Eggs by Parcel Post 51 The Dairy: Dairy Problems 54 The Cost of Raising a Dairy Cow 63 Farm Feeding : Dairy Feeding 67 Silos 81 The Planting Season: Planting Problems 85 A Trucker's Problems 88 An Acre of Potatoes 91 xi xu CONTENTS PAGE Farm Fertilizers 95 Barnyard Manures 105 Spraying 110 Drainage 118 Farm Occupations : A Normal Day's Work in Various Farm Operations . 122 What a Farm Boy can do on His Club Acre . . . 125 What a Club Girl can do in Her Cannery . . . 129 The Business End of Farm Life : Farm Finance 131 Labor Problems 133 Six Ways for a Farm Boy to make Money . . . 135 Six Ways for a Farm Girl to make Money . . . 137 Farm Management : Labor Income 139 How to use Farm Credit 142 Animal Units 147 Farm Economics ........ 149 The Relation of Capital to Profits 160 Problems in the Dairy 164 Feeding Problems 168 Machinery and Depreciation 170 Miscellaneous Problems 173 Farm Miscellany: Home Economics . . 177 Concrete 182 Carpentry on the Farm ....... 184 Farm Pastimes 187 TABLES PAOEB Per Cents in Common Use 13 Market Prices 20 Yield of Some Principal Crops in United States . , . .27 Corn Shrinkage 31 Fruits and Berries — Normal Yield per Acre . ... 32 Scale Ticket 33 Poultry Breeds 42 Parcel Post Rates .51 Milk and Butter Production 56 Cost of Raising Dairy Calves 63-65 Protein Groups of Dairy Feeds 72 Exact Calculations of Individual Rations .... 79 Capacity of Silos 81 Relative Feeding Values 84 Planting (Grains and Grasses) 87 Planting (Vegetables) 89 Potato Yield 92, 93 Analyses and Values of Manures 105 Fertilizing Constituents removed by Different Products . 107 Quantity of Spray per Tree 110 Prices of Drainage Tile . . : 119 A Normal Day's Work 122 Labor Income 189 Animal Units 147 Size of Farm to Man Labor 149 Size of Farm to Horse Labor 150 Size of Farm to Value of Machinery 152 Crop Yields to Labor Income 154 Receipts per Cow to Profits 155 Diversified Farming to Profits 156 Depreciation of Machinery ....... 160 Cooking 181 Athletics 187 Handy Farm Measures and Definitions 189 xili FARM-BUSmESS ARITHMETIC FAEM ACCOUNTING " Most of the disputes about accounts are because some one forgets, rather than because of dishonesty." The average farmer, whose time is largely devoted to farm work, realizes that it is neither practical nor profitable to keep a detailed system of cost accounting, and yet, a simple record of daily business transactions will prove a satisfaction to him in estimating general results, and as a basis for future comparison. In order to have a complete set of farm accounts, three records are necessary: 1. An inventory at the beginning and at the end of the year. 2. An account of all money paid out or received. 3. A record of all work done by men and horses dur- ing the year. The Inventory The most important record on a farm is the inventory, which is mainly a list of farm property. The making of an inventory will give every boy an understanding of the real and personal property on his father's farm, and its value. " The pride of property appeals strongly to a boy, and the sense of proprietor- ship is a strong tie to bind him to the farm." 1 2 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC In filling out the form given below, figure the quantity of grain, hay, etc., by rules found in this book, and estimate their value at prevailing farm prices. Farm machinery and vehicles should be estimated on a yearly depreciation of ten per cent from their original cost. INVENTORY Of Farm. Date [In estimating values, let the market price on the farm, or the price at the selling place minus the cost of hauling to market, be the standard.] acres of land @ $ head of cows @ head of other cattle @ head of horses @ head of hogs @ Poultry Farm Machinery Vehicles Harness Hay tons @ Corn bushels @ Wheat bushels @ Oats bushels @ Potatoes bushels @ Apples bushels @ Other Products Household Furniture Total FARM ACCOUNTING Cash Account Perhaps the method of farm bookkeeping most use- ful to farmers is the cash account, by which all items for which money is received, as stock, crops, and other products, are entered on the left page under " Receipts " and all items for which money is expended are placed on the right page under "Expenditures." 1915 Receipts April 2 IB hu. potatoes @ $ .80 $12.00 " 2 12 dnz. eggs @ .26 3.00 " 5 3 tons hay @ 22.00 66.00 " 7 1 cow, to George Pierce 66.00 $ 146.00 1916 Expenditures April 3 1- ton wheat bran i 24.00 " 3 Repairing wagon 7.60 " 6 Dairy expenses 3.70 " 6 Garden seeds 6.00 " 7 Personal 3.25 S4445 Such a record, if followed to the end of the year, will give all the business transactions, but does not classify them. But the returns from each enterprise, as poultry or dairy, may be ascertained by classifying all records under their respective headings. 4 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Second Method Or, to make the original entry direct upon its own account is a second method of handling the cash trans- actions ; that is, instead of putting all the different items down one after another on one page, to classify them as they are entered in the book ; thus, 1915 Dairy Receipts April 6 " 7 " IB 2 cows to Miff Hickman 1 yearling to Wayne Milk and Cream $271.00 191B EXPENDITCKES April ^ 1 ton bran $22.00 " B 2 milk pails 1.50 " e 1 cow from S. Bane 67.00 « 6 \ ton cottonseed meal 15.60 $106.00 See corn account, on page 22, as an illustration of the second method. Examples Enter the following according to the first method : April 4, sold 12 bushels apples, @ $.80; April 5th, paid help, $20.00 ; April 8th, bought set harness, $22.00; April 8th, bought binder, $125.00; April 10th, sold calf, $ 11.22 ; April 11th, dairy expenses, 1 7.54 ; April 13th, sold 3 tons hay, at $ 18.00 ; April 15th, sold 14 dozen eggs, @ $.26; April 16th, bought 21 bushels FARM ACCOUNTING 5 seed potatoes, at 11.25; April 20th, received milk check, 180.45. A work record account contains simply a record of the work done on the farm during the year, classified according to the enterprise for which it was done. It also gives the date and number of hours of each oper- ation. A Sample Work Record with Wheat 1915 Man Horse Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Aug. 3 Plowing oats stubble Rolling 8 1 SO 17 3 SO Horse hours are expressed in terms of one horse for one hour ; thus, 2 horses for 8^ hours is expressed as 1 horse for 17 hours. A Sample Choke Record Horses Cows POITLTEY Hogs 1915 Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Hours Minutes May 1 2 20 4 15 SO 1 10 " 2 " S " 4 etc. If chore time is fairly uniform each day, an entry at the beginning, at the middle, and at the end of each month will ordinarily be sufficient. FARM-BUSINESS PAPERS " Never sign a paper without first carefully reading it." f 100.00 St. Louis, Mo., ?yia,xf /f, /^/ff 3hbe,& 'ynxyyitks^ after date, J promise to pay to order of /l^a,taZ&a,d, Tflo-vt&y €n& ku.nd'v&cL cm^cL 91. Dollars, 100 at S^ivaZ c/tatia-nal Bam^kf ai ^t. jCo-ulo^. Value received. Jfo. 3^ Due (Lw(f. /f, /'^/S. f. S'. @A^lt. Promissory Note By this written promise, given by J. P. Craft to Halstead Morley, J. P. Craft promises to pay §100 to Halstead Morley three months after date of the note, which will be August 14, 1915. Discounting Notes If Mr. Morley wishes to use some money before Aug- ust 14, he may take Mr. Craft's note to bank, say on June 5, and get it discounted. That is, he gets $100 minus the interest of $100 for the time between June 5 and August 14. On August 14 the f 100 is paid to the bank by Mr. Craft. 6 FARM-BUSINESS PAPERS Jfo. 3^2 West Chester, Pa., TyioAf ^, /<^/5 FIRST NATIONAL BANK Pay to Ja-cuig. lO-&6-{f- or order f3f-5.00 S'hveyS, hlAM,olAjEAj loAtAyi-tlAye, 00 Dollars. urn 100 Check It is supposed that Harry Wayne has at least f 345 deposited in the First National Bank of West Chester. He owes Isaac Webb $345, for which sum he writes out this check and gives it to Mr. Webb, who takes it to the bank and gets |345 of Mr. Wayne's deposit. Question. — Could Isaac Webb get this check cashed at the bank if Harry Wayne had less than $345 deposited there? What is meant by overdrawing your bank account ? $ 67. SO Ironton, Ohio, (ZAyuU 7, 19/6 Received of JLeA.v-u /i-a,uw-a,vd, A'(/xZu-a^&v-&n- cn-yicL ji'&v tcyyi. lAhJZan (Zayk6-xA,cla&. Receipt This receipt, held by Lervy Hayward, shows that he has paid the amount named therein to Mr. Ashbridge. 8 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Question. — Suppose Wilton Ashbridge should at- tempt to collect this 167.50 again ? Should you always get a receipt for money paid ? Why should you take care of your receipts ? Of what use is a canceled check ? Hamorton, Pa., fu.tif 7, 19/5 S'. m. ixfte,. ^6&a,a^& deZuD-eA, to- ^a/sx>{>- BiyOuf-n cpo-cL^ fbom. 'UO^'^ aZav& ■Myw-wntuKCf to tw-&tv-& dotta Vi, (J / 2.00), a/n,a. sAa^uft to- WM aM/>ii-nZ. LeAM/i, f'foAy \Af. Order for Goods Lewis Harry, who owes Jacob Brown twelve dollars, gives this order to Mr. Brown, who takes it to Mr. Pyle's store and gets twelve dollars' worth of goods with it. Mr. Harry then pays Mr. Pyle. $7.7S Wayne, Mich., Ciywcf. 3, 1915. hue, ^■cM/^&v c7to\X/yyv, a^ev-e-n a^ncL j^ doCloA^ vyv yuEAA-kaAvdAjiye, pio-yyu 'Yn,y iZo\,&. ?Tl&dltl (ZMjyyv. Due Bill Medill Ashton writes this bill and gives it to Casper Norton; it entitles Mr. Norton to goods worth $7.75 from Mr. Ashton's store at any time. FARM-BUSINESS PAPERS TyioAjsA /3, /9/s. €tuia, ^ka,v^tM^ ita ^&(yitcL to- ffcM.aZ&v ifai,k,unQ,, one, 6-Cae-k/ ko-ui,&, one/ e^wu^ae, cincC one, Q,eZ ol ha,vyiesy^. T/0-ooclvow- T/Ooo-tvva'n. Short Form of Bill of Sale This bill of sale is an agreement in writing, given by Woodrow Woolman to Hassler Hoskins, by which Mr. Woolman transfers his interest in the within named personal property to Mr. Hoskins. FARM ARITHMETIC WITHOUT A PENCIL ^ The live farmer does not have to hunt up a paper and pencil every time he needs to do a little calculating or "figuring." 1. When bran is selling at $ 25.00 per ton, what is the cost of 100 pounds? 2. What is the value of cottonseed meal per hundred when selling at $33.00 per ton? 3. What is the value of corn meal per ton when sell- ing at $ 1.50 per 100 pounds ? How does the operation of this problem compare with that of problem 1? 4. At 85)^ per hundredweight, what is the cost of hay per ton ? Find the cost of: 5. 40 bushels of corn at 60 cents per bushel. 6. 30 bushels of wheat at $ 1.10 per bushel. 7. 200 baskets of potatoes at 50 cents per basket. 8. 40 baskets of Kieffer pears at 30 cents per basket. 1 Directions to the Teacher. — Lead the pupils to be "ready reckoners" without a pencil in such problems as these. The teacher will-realize that these are mostly type problems, each to be repeated with different values and often with different wording until the principle is thoroughly understood. It might be well to give a little such oral work almost daily, thus keeping the class thoroughly livened up. Let thoroughness be the watchword in the preparation of the successful farmer. 10 FARM ARITHMETIC WITHOUT A PENCIL 11 9. 1 crate of eggs (30 dozen) at 25 cents per dozen. 10. 2^ days' work at f 1.50 per day. 11. 12 yards of carpet at S 1.50 per yard. 12. Shades for 14 windows at 60 cents each. 13. If you buy 10 pounds of sugar at 5^ cents a pound, how much change should you receive out of a dollar ? 14. What is the value of the hay produced on a 20- acre field, if it averages $ 17 per acre ? 15. What is the weight of 12 quarts of milk at 2|- pounds per quart ? 16. What is the shrinkage of a crib of corn for the month of November, if it contains 300 bushels and the rate of shrinkage is 5 % ? 17. An auctioneer charges 1 per cent for selling $ 1000 worth of goods. What is his commission ? 18. It is computed that the average cost of living for one person a year in the United States is $ 183. What is the cost for a family of 4 persons at this rate ? 19. How many hours from 10 o'clock a.m. to 4:30 P.M.? 20. How many plants can you buy for a dime at ^ a cent each ? 21. If you raise potatoes for 30 cents a bushel and sell them at 40 cents a bushel, what is your rate of profit ? 22. What is the interest on f 150 for 2 years at 5 % ? On f 60 for 4 months at 6 % ? 12 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 23. When the entire cost of a cow's keep for a year is 1 80, the feed and pasture cost | of this amount, the labor y^g and other incidentals -^^ of it. Find each cost. 24. What will a 1 120 binder cost at 5 % off for cash ? At 10% oft'? 25. When bran is retailing at $ 22 per ton, a farmer gets it at wholesale at $ 20 per ton. What per cent does he save ? 26. What should you ask for a basket of potatoes that is -I full when they are selling at 60 cents a basket ? 27. When a man plows f of a field in a week, how long will it take to plow the remainder ? 28. If your father borrows $200 for three months, at 5 % interest, how much does he owe at the expiration of that time ? 29. If it cost 55 cents to raise a bushel of wheat, and you sell it for 66 cents, what per cent are you making on your investment? 30. When there is a special sale of clothing at " 12^ per cent off, " what would you have to pay for a suit marked f 16 ? PERCENTAGE ON THE FARMi " Every good fanner I ever knew was good in arithmetic." Per cent means by the hundred ; thus, yl^ or .05 may be expressed as 5 per cent (5%), which means 5 of every hundred. Since per cent may be expressed either as a common fraction or a decimal, 4%, j^, and .04 all mean the same thing. Table of Common Per Cents 50% =.50 =^%% or i- 33i% = .33i = ^ or^ 66|% = .66f = ^ or I 25% =.25 =3^7 or i 75% =.75 =^Vo 01- f 20% =.20 =^V^ or 1 40% =.40 =^ or iV 6i% = •06i==l, or 1^ 5% = .05 =^f^ or 2V 4% = •04 =jh 01- ^T Any number of per cent may be written decimally by omitting the sign, %, and placing a decimal point two places from the right, prefixing a cipher, if necessary. Thus, lo/„ = .01 12% = .12 4.21% = .0421 5^% = .05^ 10% = .10 3.8% = .038 12.3% = .123 .8% = .008 Any decimal may be written as per cent by placing the decimal point two places to the right and writing the per cent sign. Thus, .02 = 2% . .025 =2.5% .005 =.5% 1 = 1.00 = 100% .15 = 15% .0125 = 1.25% .0025 = .25% 3 = 3.00 = 300% Examples Write decima dly: 5% 15% 20% 100% .1% 25% 8% 1.5% 50% 125% .01% 2.6% Write as per cent: .03 .28 1.00 2.5 4 .006 .315 .12 .028 1.85 2 7 .1250 .4125 PERCENTAGE ON THE FARM 15 Oral Problems 1. What does 6% mean? 10%? 25%? 2%? 2. If 4 (6, 12, 20) chickens out of every hundred die, what per cent of the chickens die? 3. If 2 (5, 10, 25) % of a flock of chickens die, how many out of every hundred die? 4. If 2 (4, 6, 30) % of 50 chickens die, how many chickens die? Question. — Could 3 % of 50 chickens die ? What per cent would die if they all died ? 5. What is 25% of 80? 6. 80 is 25% (^) of what number? 7. What is 40 per cent of 20 (25, 40, 125) ? 8. 20 (24, 40, 100) is 40 per cent of what number? 9. If my money is 10 (25, 50, 100, 40) per cent of yours, your money is how many times mine? 10. If my money is ^ (^, ^, ^, j) of yours, it is what per cent of yours? Your money is how many times mine ? How many per cent of mine ? 11. If an article sells for 2 times what it cost, what per cent represents the selling price? What per cent represents the gain? The cost is always 100 per cent of itself. 12. If an article sells for 400 (500, 50, 75, 600) per cent of the cost, it sells for how many times the cost ? What per cent represents the gain or loss in each case? 13. When 1 bushel of seed produces 10 (25, 30) bushels of crop, the crop is what per cent of the seed? What per cent of the seed is cleared? 16 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Written Problems 1. School was open 20 days in April, and the per- centage of attendance marked on your report for April is 75. How many days did you attend this month ? Question. — Could you have over 100 in percentage of attendance ? 2. A farmer's cow gave 5845 pounds of milk in August, and it tested 3.42 % butter fat. What was the amount of butter fat ? 3. During her milking season of 300 days, a cow gave 6003 pounds of milk, which produced 204.7 pounds of butter fat. What was her test ? Process : 6003)204.7000(.0341, or 3.41 % 180 09 24 610 24 012 5980 Direction to Teacher. — Give much practice in problems of this nature. 4. The fodder of one acre of corn weighed 40,000 pounds. What is the weight of this fodder, when dry, if it loses 62 J % in drying? 5. If eggs now sell at 50 % more than their selling price ten years ago, what was the selling price ten years ago for eggs that now sell for 36 cents per dozen ? 6. 80 chicks from 100 eggs, of which 90 % are fertile, is regarded as an extra good hatch. What per cent of fertile eggs hatch? 7. When a dealer buys 30 barrels of flour at f 5 per barrel and sells it at 16 per barrel, what is his rate per cent of profit ? PERCENTAGE ON THE FARM 17 Questions. — Will the rate of profit be any greater on 40 barrels? Suppose the number of barrels is 15? 8. Find the difference between 25 % of 400 and 2.5 % of 400. Of 1.7 % of 56 and 17 % of 56. 9. The milk of a dairy tested 5% in May, 4.8% in June, and 4.5% in July. What was the average test for the three months ? FARM AND MARKET VALUES The production value of a farm product is what it ac- tually cost to produce it. The farm value of a farm product is its market value less the cost of marketing. The market value of a farm product is what it is worth in market. Problems 1. When §15 is the market value of a ton of hay which it cost a farmer i 6 to raise, or produce, what is the farm value of this ton of hay if the cost of marketing it is 13.00? 2. If the production price of a bushel of potatoes is 45 cents, the farm price is 60 cents, and the market price is 70 cents, what is the farmer's profit ? ^ 3. If it cost 45 cents to raise a bushel of potatoes and the yield is so large that they sell for 40 cents per bushel in market, what is the farm price and farmer's loss per bushel, if it costs 10 cents per bushel to market these potatoes? 4. The production value of Mr. Brown's hay is f 7 per ton, and the farm price is 1 12 per ton. He has 10 cows, which on the average consume about a ton of hay 1 Note TO Teacher. — Let variety of synonymous wording be em- ployed in all problems. Pupils often fail from lack of this, in ex- aminations given by others than their regular teacher. 18 FARM AND MARKET VALUES 19 each during the winter season. What is the value of the hay consumed by these 10 cows during the winter ? Note. — It is a common error to charge the feed to animals at the cost of production rather than at the farm value. 5. If a farmer raises a ton of hay for fS and feeds it to steers and gets i 8 by so doing,^how much does he gain or lose if the market value of this ton of hay is f 15, and the cost of marketing is 1 3 ? 6. If the farm value of a basket of Kieffer pears is 35 cents and the cost of marketing the pears is 5 cents, what is their market value ? 7. When thecostof producing a dozen eggs is 18 cents, and the market value is 25 cents, what is the farm price and the profit on this dozen eggs if the commission man charges 5 per cent for selling them ? Thinking Questions. — Why is the farm value of products sold always less than the market value ? How does the farm value compare with the production value ? 8. A farmer grinds his corn into meal which is worth $ 30 per ton, market value, and buys bran at $ 24 per ton, market value. If he mixes these feeds in equal parts, by weight, what is the value of the mixture, per ton, if the cost to the farmer of hauling the bran is f 2 per ton, and the cost of marketing the corn meal is rated at $ 2 per ton ? Note. — It will be noticed that the farm value of any commodity purchased by the farmer in the market is the market value joZus the cost of hauling. 1 This means that a ton of hay worth .$ 5, when converted into steer, is worth 5)8. 20 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Market Prices The following market prices were taken from quotar tions on July 25, 1914 ; the class may learn the present market prices for use in their work. Timothy hay '. $ 21.00 per ton Clover hay 15.00 per ton Alfalfa hay 15.00 per ton Cowpea hay 15.00 per ton Silage (corn) 3.00 per ton Oats 24.00 per ton Shelled corn 28.00 per ton Ground corn 30.00 per ton Cottonseed meal, i . . . . 31.00 per ton Linseed meal 33.00 per ton Wheat bran 24.00 per ton Corn fodder 10.00 per ton Potatoes (white) 0.70 per bushel Wheat 0.85 per Bushel Cloverseed 10.00 per bushel Whole milk 1.60 per hundred Skim milk 0.20 per hundred Butter 0.29 per pound Butter fat 0.31 per pound Eggs 0.25 per dozen THE COST OF FARM CROPS Reckon the time of a man and team at $3.50 per day, the man alone at il.50 per day, in figuring the cost of these growing crops. 1. Find the time and cost of plowing a field that is 48 rods by 40 rods, at the rate of 2 acres per day for man and team. 2. Find the time and cost of harrowing this field twice, at the rate of 12 acres per day for man and team. 3. Find the time and cost of rolling at the rate of 20 acres per day. 4. Find the time and cost of drilling this field with corn, at the rate of 12 acres per day for man and team. 5. Find the time and cost of cultivating the field 4 times, at the rate of 6 acres per day for man and team. 6. Find the time and cost of thinning this corn, at 3 acres per day for 1 man. 7. At a yield of 60 bushels to the acre, what is the cost of harvesting this corn, at 4 cents per bushel? 8. Find the total labor cost of this field of corn. 9. Find the cost of fertilizer, at the rate of 400 lb. per acre, at $25 per ton. 10. Reckoning 8 quarts of seed to the acre, at a cost of $1.00 per bushel, and a rental of $4.00 to the acre, 21 22 FARM- BUSINESS ARITHMETIC find the total cost of growing tliis field of corn. How much per acre ? 11. What is the value of this crop of corn at a yield of 60 bushels to the acre, at 60 cents per bushel ? 12. What is the value of the fodder at 3 cents per bundle, if the yield is 70 shocks to the acre and each shock makes three bundles? 13. What is the net profit on this field of corn ? Corn Crop Account Dr. Cr. Plowing 12 acres Harroiving twice Rolling Drilling Cultivating, 3 times . . . ■ . . . Thinning Cutting and husking Rental Seed Fertilizer Value of corn, 7S0 bu. @ .60 .... Value of fodder, B520 bdls. @ .03 . . Balance SSI 7 2 10 3 60 28 00 6 00 28 80 ■ 48 00 3 00 60 00 432 76 300 20 607 60 607 00 60 60 See Bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agr. : 414, Corn Cultivation. HARVESTING PROBLEMS 1. At one dollar per acre, what will be the cost of cutting a field of wheat that is half a mile long and 30 rods wide? 2. Find the amount of this threshing bill : 560 bu. wheat at 4 cents per bushel 800 bu. oats at 2 cents per bushel 1800 lb. coal at 14.50 per ton 4 men and teams at $ 3.00 per day for one day 6 men at i 1.50 per day, for one day 3. What was the yield of this wheat per acre, grown in a field 80 rods by 40 rods? 4. The oats field was 100 rods by 40 rods. What was the yield per acre ? 5. At one dollar per acre for cutting, and 25 cents per acre for shocking, what was the total cost of har- vesting and threshing? What is the expense per bushel ? 6. A crib of corn weighs in November, 89,600 lb. How many bushels does the crib contain ? 7. Allowing 12.8 per cent for shrinkage, what will be the weight of this corn in the following April ? 8. How deep is this crib of corn if it is 30 feet long and 6 feet wide ? Heaped Bushels to Cubic Feet. — To reduce heaped bushels to cubic feet, multiply the num- 23 24 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC ber of bushels by 10 and divide the product by 1^. (See rule for reducing cubic feet to bushels, page 25.) 9. When corn is checked 3 feet 6 inches each way, how many hills to the acre ? 10. How many stalks to the acre at 3 stalks to the hill ? 11. With one good ear from each stalk, how many bushels will you have from an acre, with an average of 100 ears to a bushel ? 12. Which will produce the greater yield, a field planted 3 stalks to the hill, bearing ears requiring 120 to make a bushel, or 2 stalks to the hill, requiring 100 ears to make a bushel? 13. Find the cost of harvesting and threshing your father's field of wheat, at local prices. Note to Teacher. — Many problems such as No. 13 are given in order to connect school study with home experience. This is a very vital part of the subject. FARM ESTIMATES " Conduct your business as though you were living in a glass house." Bushels in Bin. — To find the number of bushels of grain in a bin, multiply together the length, width, and height in feet, and this product by 8, and cut off the right-hand figure. What does cutting off the right-hand figure do ? 1. How many bushels of grain will a bin hold that is 10 ft. long, 6 ft. wide, and 5| ft. deep ? 2. How many bushels of wheat in a bin 10 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, 7 ft. deep, if filled within 1 foot of the top? 1 full ? f full ? Bushels in Crib. — To find the number of bushels of shelled corn in a crib of ear corn, multiply together the length, width, and height of the crib in feet, and this product by 4, and cut off the right-hand figure. 3. A crib that is 30 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 10 ft. high, filled with ear corn, contains how many bushels of shelled corn ? 4. Measure your corn crib at home and estimate its capacity in shelled corn. Heaped Bushels in Bin. — To find the number of heaped bushels in a bin, multiply together the length, width, and height in feet, and this prod- uct by 7^, and cut off the right-hand figure. 26 26 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Note. — The preceding rules are based on the fact that a cubic foot (1728 cu. iu.) is to a standard bushel (2150.42 cu. in.) approxi- mately as 8 is to 10. While these rules and the following ones are only approximate, they are sufficiently accurate for general esti- mates. 5. How many bushels of apples in a bin 30 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep? 6. How many potatoes can be shipped in a car that is 36 ft. long, 8 ft. 6 in. wide, and filled to a depth of 4 feet ? Tons in Mow. — To find the number of tons of new hay in a mow, multiply together the length, width, and depth in feet, and divide the product by 500. If hay is well settled, divide by 350. 7. How many tons of hay in a mow 50 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, and 16 ft. deep ? 8. Measure the mow of hay at home and tell your father how many tons it contains. Grollons in Rectangular Tank. — To find the num- ber of gallons in a rectangular tank or cistern, multiply together the length, width, and depth in feet, and that product by 7|-, the approximate number of gallons in a cubic foot. 9. How many gallons of water will a cistern hold that is 6 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 5 ft. deep ? 10. How much water in a cubical tank that is 6 feet on a side, if it is f full ? Circumference of Circle. — The circumference (or distance around) a circle is about 3 times the diameter (exactly 3.1416 times). 11. If the diameter of a round stack of bay is 12 feet, what is its approximate circumference ? FARM ESTIMATES 27 Thinking Question. — If you know the circum- ference of a circle, how will you find the approximate diameter ? 12. If the diameter of a wheel is 5 feet, what is the exact circumference ? Weight of Cubic Foot of Water. — A cubic foot of water weighs 62^ pounds. 13. A cubical tank of water, 5 feet on a side, is | full of water. Find the weight of this water. Volume of Barrel. — A barrel of water is about 4 cubic feet. 14. How many barrels of water in the tank in prob- lem 13 ? Average Yield Average yield of some of the principal farm crops of the United States as reported for the Cyclopcedia of American Agriculture (L. H. Bailey) by observers in several parts of the country. Crop AvEKiGE Yield PER Acre Highest Yield per Acre and State Producing It Alfalfa Clover Maize . Oats . . Potatoes . Timothy . Wheat . 3.2 tons 1.6 tons 26.6 bushels 30 bushels 85 bushels 1.6 tons 17 bushels 10 tons, 5 tons, 100 bushels, 100 bushels, 100 bushels, 100 bushels, 150 bushels, 972 bushels, 4 tons, 4 tons, 100 bushels, Washington Washington New York North Carolina Indiana Wisconsin Washington Wyoming New York North Cai-olina Washington 28 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 1. The highest yield of alfalfa per acre is about how many times the average yield ? How many even hundred per cent? See the Table on page 27. 2. The average yield of alfalfa is about what part, or what per cent, of the highest yield ? Direction to Teacher. — Lead pupils to find similar rela- tions in the other crops, also to get the habit of seeing approximate results. 3. Ask your father how the average yield of his different crops compares with the average yields given in the table. How does the yield on your club acre compare with the highest yield of the same crop in the table? Remember what has been done can be done again. SHIPPING PROBLEMS " The waste and spoilage of foods between the producer and the consumer is very great." 1. If 10 bushels of fancy apples are put in sample boxes of 5 apples each, how many boxes will these make if a half bushel contains 36 apples? 2. How many bags will it take to hold the sweet- corn produced on 2 acres, if a bag contains 75 ears, and the land averages 2 ears to every 9 sq. ft.? 3. When cherries are picked by the pound and sold by the quart, how much will 1000 pounds sell for at 10 cents per quart, if 1^ pounds equal 1 quart ? 4. 1| tons of grapes are divided into 3 equal lots, and are put into 5-, 8-, and 10-pound baskets. How many baskets in each lot ? 5. The cost of raising and marketing a basket of Kieffer pears is about as follows: Cost on tree, 10 cents ; picking, 2 cents ; hauling, 2 cents ; basket and packing paper, 6 cents ; shrinkage, 2 cents ; freight, 2 cents ; drayage, 2 cents ; commission, 4 cents. How much is netted on 200 baskets, wholesale price 50 cents per basket ? 6. When the cost of raising and marketing early beans is 50 cents per basket, and they sell at f 1.50 per basket, the profit is how many times the cost ? What per cent is gained ? 29 30 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 7. What is the freight on 500 hampers of pears, weighing 50 pounds each, at 15 cents per cwt. ? 8. If a fruit-grower has 1000 baskets of Kieffer pears worth 50 cents per basket at picking time, how much will he gain by putting them in cold storage for 3 months, and then selling them at 80 cents per basket, if storage charges are 10 cents per basket, and the loss from shrinkage is 10 % ? Cold Storage. — " The purpose of cold storage is to preserve the excess production of the season of plenty for use in a period of scarcity — to save waste and equalize prices. The reports of the United States De- partment of Agriculture have shown that many articles of food, such as meat, poultry, fish and apples may be kept in good order for a period of 12 months, if prop- erly prepared for storing and in prime condition when entering the warehouse." — Dk. Mary E. Pennington. 9. A famous fruit-grower, when his peaches are about the size of hickory nuts, picks off about half his fruit so that the remaining fruit grows to about twice the size. If this large variety sells at f 1.50 per basket, and the market value of the smaller variety is 75 cents per basket, how much does the fruit-grower gain per basket by thinning his peaches ? What per cent does he gain on his crop? 10. A farmer had 500 bushels of corn worth 52 cents per bushel on December 1. He held this corn until July 1, and then received 62|^ cents per bushel for it. Did he gain or lose by holding his crop, shrinkage 9 % , and greater cost of hauling, interest, etc., $25? SHIPPING PROBLEMS 31 Corn Shrinkage. — Better prices from holding are generally offset by shrinkage, insurance, intei-est, storage, greater cost of handling, and so on. Shrinkage in November 5.2 % Shrinkage from November to May .... 14.7 % Shrinkage in one year 20.0% — Warren's Farm Management. 11. A market gardener sent his man to the city (12 miles) with a load of 300 cabbages. It took this man I of a day to make the trip and sell his load direct to the consumers, for which he received an average of 5 cents per head. At |3 per day for man and team, and 75 cents for lunch, feed, and toll, figure out the profit on this cabbage per 20 heads (1 bbl.), excluding the cost of raising and cutting. 12. For experiment, this same market gardener shipped 5 barrels of cabbage (20 heads each) to the same city via a suburban electric railway to a whole- saler, who sold this cabbage at 75 cents per barrel. The following items show the cost of marketing this cabbage per barrel from the time of leaving the field. Use of barrel, 5 / ; drayage to shipping point, 8 ^ ; freight, 10 ^ ; drayage in city, 15 ^ ; commission mer- chant's charges, 7.5 ^. Figure out the profit per barrel, excluding the cost of raising and cutting. Note. — The above figures seem to favor retailing, yet general experience shows that the objection to retailing is that the man and horse time are often worth more than the increased prices received. 13. A farmer living fifteen miles from market makes a trip costing $2.50 to deliver 40 pounds of butter at 32 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 25 cents a pound. What per cent of what he receives for the butter is consumed in the marketing ? Thinking Question. — How much does he reduce the cost of marketing when he delivers 200 pounds instead of 40 pounds ? 14. When a team of horses can haul 3000 pounds, and it takes a whole day to market a load of potatoes, what is the cost of marketing per ton, allowing 11.50 for the man, f 1.50 for the team, and f 1.00 for other expenses ? 15. If these potatoes sell for 90 cents per bushel, how much is that per ton? The expense of marketing these potatoes per ton is what per cent of their selling price per ton? Note. — 5% of the value of a product is regarded as a reasonable cost of hauling. Fruits and Berries Normal Yield pee Acre Apples .... 200 bushels Pears 200 bushels Blackberries . . 3000 quarts Peaches .... 200 bushels Cherries . . | bushel per tree Plums 100 bushels Currants .... 3000 quarts Quinces . . 50 to 100 bushels Dewberries . . . 3000 quarts Raspberries . . . 5000 pints Gooseberries . 3000 quarts Strawberries . . 5000 quarts Grapes 2 tons SCALE TICKETS 1. Fill out the scale ticket for 5 loads of wheat, sold at 85 cents per bushel, finding the value of each load and the sum total. Gross Weight IN Pounds Wa«on "Weigut IN Pounds Net Weight IN Pounds NirMOEE OF Bushels Value at Bo^ 3465 3714 3631 3655 3587 1175 1090 1204 1146 1172 Totals Test of Scale Ticket. — The total gross weight minus the total wagon weight should equal the total net weight in pounds. The total number of bushels multiplied by the given value per bushel will give the grand total of the values. 2. Make out and test your scale ticket for 4 loads of corn at 80^ per bushel. Gross weights : 3346,3219, 3224, 3305. Wagon weights : 1125, 1142, 1094, 1214. 3. The gross weights of 6 loads of hay are 3416, 3349, 3350, 3407, 3419, 3375. Wagon weights : 1175, 1160, 1204, 1197, 1189, 1191. Make out the scale ticket at 115 per ton. 33 34 PARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 4. A farmer's gross milk weights for a week ran as follows : 498, 501, 500, 507, 495, 497, 514. Each day 5 cans weighing 17 pounds each were used. This milk averages 3.81 per cent butter fat, and the price of butter fat is 30 cents a pound. Make out a scale ticket and write out a check for the value of this milk, supposing your father to be the shipper, and yourself the dealer. 5. Make out a scale ticket for 8 loads of potatoes, and find the amount received at 70 cents per bushel. Gross weights : 3056, 3020, 3110, 3154, 2916, 3007, 2890, 2940. Wagon weights : 1216, 1224, 1218, 1215, 1234, 1225, 1201, 1207. 6. Six bags of clover seed weigh as follows : 156, 161, 160, 154, 158, 156. Allowing one pound each for the weight of the bag, find the amount of the clover seed, and its value at f 10 per bushel. SOME MARKET CONDITIONS " A good seller is usually a successful farmer." 1. " A careful analysis of trade conditions indicates that from 33 to 36 per cent of the price which the con- sumer pays for a perishable article reaches the producer." (Year Book of U. S. Dept. of Agr., 1912.) At the rate of 33J per cent what does the producer get for a basket of peaches for which the consumer pays f 1.50? 2. " About 26 % of the cost to the consumer is re- quired for transportation." (Year Book, 1912.) At this rate what is the transportation on a barrel of apples for which the consumer pays I2..50? 3. When the producer sells celery plants at 10 cents per dozen, and the consumer pays 7 cents per plant, what per cent of the price paid by the consumer reaches the producer? 4. A producer painted the hoops of his potato bar- rels red, and he was soon receiving 10 % more for his " red brand " potatoes than other producers received for the same quality. What did he receive per barrel for potatoes selling regularly at $2.00? 5. A quart of tomatoes, bought in Denver for 15 cents, was traced through nine middlemen to Maryland, where it was produced for 4 cents. What per cent of the consumer's price reached the producer ? 35 36 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Middleman. — A middleman is any one who acts as a buyer and seller for profit ; he is midway between producer and consumer. 6. A New Jersey farmer sold his celery at 9 cents a bunch. He followed this celery to New York and there saw it sold at 45 cents a bunch. What per cent of the the consumer's price did the farmer get? Thinking Questions. — What plan is coming into use that will make the delivery from producer to con- sumer more direct? How will this affect the middlemen? Who is the consumer when you sell to a neighbor a bushel of corn raised on your club acre? Who is the producer? Is there any middleman? 7. A New York state apple-grower received 12.50 for a barrel of apples. The profit to the local dealer on this barrel of apples was 25 cents ; transportation and refrigeration, 35 cents ; commission to wholesaler, 15 cents; cartage, 5 cents; profit to jobber, 20 cents. If the retailer gets $5.00 for this barrel of apples, how much is his profit, including drayage and delivery? How many middlemen have handled this barrel of apples ? 8. If at least $1 could be saved in the handling of this barrel of apples, in going from the producer to the consumer, and that $1 should be divided equally between the producer and consumer, how much would the pro- ducer then get for his apples? How much would the consumer pay? Does your father sell his apples and other produce to a local dealer, a wholesaler (or " commission man "), a jobber, or directly to the consumer? SOME MARKET CONDITIONS 37 9. The Eastern Shore Potato Farmers' Exchange (Virginia) sell their produce through selected receivers in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, who charge 8 per cent commission, of which 3 per cent goes to the agent who solicits the business. What is the receiver's commission, the agent's commission, and what are the net proceeds on a consignment of 1000 barrels of pota- toes selling at f 2.00 per barrel? 10. A farmer finding it difficult to get 30 cents for tomatoes per J bushel basket, conceived the idea of packing and offering them in 4-quart baskets, for which he readily got 12 cents per basket, (a) What per cent did he gain by his second plan of selling? (J) Why did these tomatoes sell better by the second plan? 11. When the best price that could be gotten for wax beans per bushel was $1.20, they sold readily at 80 cents per peck. What was the retail gain per cent ? 12. Apples that would bring only 50 cents per bushel were assorted into two equal lots. The " firsts " sold for 75 cents per bushel and the " seconds " for 35 cents per bushel, (a) What per cent was gained by assort- ing them? (J) Is the rate of gain affected by the number of bushels assorted ? 13. 10 barrels of apples unsorted are worth §15, but when the culls are taken out, the remaining 8 barrels are worth $2 per barrel, and the culls are worth il per barrel. How much is gained on the 10 barrels by cull- ing them ? Value of Middleman. — The farmer is a producer, but of necessity he is not a business man. He cannot, at all times, have that necessary knowledge of trade conditions concerning his products from the time they 38 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC leave his door until they reach the consumer, which will enable him to make that disposition of them which is most advantageous to himself. There is a place here for the honest middleman. 14. Suppose a farmer, by " facing " ^ his barrels of potatoes, and "piping" his baskets of peaches, sells each at 20% above the regular market price. What, does he get for his potatoes selling regularly at f 2.00 per barrel, and for peaches selling regularly at 75^ per basket ? Thinking Question. — Do you think it will really pay the farmer to " face " his potatoes and " pipe " his peaches? 15. When apples are sold for 45 cents per bushel by the producer, for which the consumer pays 30 cents per peck, what is the cost to the consumer per bushel ? What per cent represents the producer's price ? The consumer's price ? The difference between these prices ? Process ; 1 pk. sells for 30^. Ibu. (4pk.) sells for 11.20. 100 % represents producer's price, or 45 f*. W" 01' f of 100% or 266f % represents consumer's price, or $1.20. 266f % - 100% = 166f % difference. In the following problems find similar answers to those found in problem 15 when : 16. The gardener sells beets at the rate of 12 bunches 1 "Facing" potatoes, apples, and similar products for selling pur- poses means putting the best on the surface, or outside. "Piping" peaches is simply a method of " facing." A pipe is stood in the center of the basket and the small peaches are put into it and the large ones around it on the outside. Then the pipe is removed and more large peaches are put on top, and the basket is "piped," or "faced." SOME MARKET CONDITIONS 39 for 20 cents, for which the consumer pays 5 cents a bunch. 17. The gardener sells cabbage for 75 cents a barrel (20 heads), for which the consumer pays 8 cents a head. 18. The gardener sells tomatoes for 35 cents a bushel, for which the consumer pays 5 cents a quart. 19. Corn, producer's price, 12^ cents per dozen ; consumer's price, 30 cents per dozen. 20. Lima beans, producer's price, 80 cents per bushel ; consumer's price, $8.20 per bushel. 21. Squashes, producer's price, 10 cents per dozen ; consumer's price, 60 cents per dozen. If the consumer's price of the squashes is 600 per cent of the producer's price, the producer's price is 16| per cent of the con- sumer's price. 22. The producer's price of the beets is what per cent of the consumer's price ? Of the corn ? Of the beans ? Note. — The prices in problems 15 to 21 are taken from Market Grower's Journal, Oct. 1, 1914. Bulletin 62. — Marketing Farm Produce. POULTRY PROBLEMS " A good, well-fed hen should lay 156 eggs a year." Egg Records. — 500 hens averaged 156 eggs per hen in the second Philadelphia international egg- laying competition in 1913. During the same year, in the Washington contest, 303 eggs were laid by one hen, the highest egg record in the world. 1. The general average price for eggs the year round in this country is about 25 cents per dozen. What is the average income from 5 hens which produce 1000 eggs during the year ? In the year 1913 of the Philadelphia contest, 50 hens out of 500 laid over 200 eggs each, during the year. 2. The yearly average &gg yield in United States is estimated at 70 eggs per hen. Find out how well your hens at home are doing by the week at present local prices per dozen, as compared with an equal number of " average " hens at the average price per dozen. 3. What per cent better did the average hen in the Philadelphia international egg-laying competition for 1913 do than an average hen in United States ? 4. The average feed cost per hen, the country over, is about $1.25 a year. From problem 1, what is the yearly average income per hen over the feed cost? 5. From the average annual &gg yield in United States per hen (70) at an average price per dozen (25 ^), 40 POULTRY PROBLEMS 41 find the average net profit per hen over the average cost of feed per hen (#1.25). 6. It costs about il to feed a hen a year in the Mid-west, and $1.50 in the Eastern States. If eggs sell at 2.5 cents apiece in the Mid-west and 3 cents apiece in the East, in which part of the country is it more profitable to keep hens ? 7. If 50 heavy breed birds equal the same number of light breeds as layers, how much better investment are they than the light breeds, if they average 15 pounds per pair at 22 cents per pound, while the light breeds weigh 12 pounds per pair at the same price per pound ? 8. It costs about 15 cents to produce a dozen eggs. What is the net income per dozen on these eggs if they are sold at the door for 23^ cents ? 9. A housekeeper put 40 dozen eggs down in water glass in April, when the market price of eggs was 20 cents per dozen, and used them the next winter when eggs were 50 cents per dozen. How much did she gain, if the cost of preserving these eggs was 2 cents per dozen ? Water Glass Solution. — The solution of water glass for preserving eggs is 10 % water glass to 90 % water by measure. Water glass may be bought at any drug or poultry store at about f 1.25 per gallon. 10. A poultry woman, by not marketing her eggs for two weeks, had 21 eggs returned as bad. What was her per cent of loss out of 35 dozen ? Eggs should be marketed at least twice a week. 42 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC The Egg Type of Fowls The name, native home, number of varieties and weights of both male and female for each of the breeds of fowls belonging to the egg type : Native Home NlTMBEE OF Vakikties Weight in Pounds Male Female Leghorn Minorcaa Andulusians Spanish Red Cap Hamburg Italy Minorca Islands Andulusia (Spain) Spain England Holland 8 3 1 1 1 6 8-9 6 8 n 6i-7i 5 6i 6 General Purpose Breeds (Both eggs and meat) Native Home Number of Varieties Weight in Poinds Male Female Plymouth Rock Wyandotte Java Dominique Rhode Is. Red United States United States United States United States United States 6 8 2 1 2 9^ H 8 8i n n 6 6| Orpington Dorking Hoodan England England France 3 3 1 10 7 8 6-7 6 POULTRY PROfeLEMS 43 The Meat Type of Fowls Namb of Bueed Native Home Nttmbee of VAaiETIES Weight in Pounds MalG Female Bi-ahma Cochin Langshan Asia China China 2 4 2 11-12 11 9i 8|-9i The general purpose breeds in America have been brought up to such a state of egg production that they now equal the lighter breeds in this respect. 11. When but 11 nests were provided for 60 hens, 7 eggs were broken during the week out of 210 eggs laid. What per cent of the eggs laid were broken ? Half as many, nests as birds is a good average. 12. During July, 50 Leghorn hens averaged 19 eggs each, at a cost of 14 cents per hen for feed. What was the net income of these hens for the month, if the eggs sold at 26 cents per dozen ? 13. A farmer made a test of the comparative profits of 50 chickens and one cow for a year, with the follow- ing results : cost of cow's keep for the year, $ 52 ; value of milk sold, $144.10; cost of hens' keep, $50; value of eggs, $ 150.80. Which was the better investment, regarding the labor cost and manure value of the cow equal to that of the hens ? 14. White eggs and brown eggs, equally mixed, sold in New York City at 25 cents per dozen. When assorted, the white eggs brought 27 cents per dozen, and the 44 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC brown eggs still brought 25 cents per dozen, (a) What per cent was gained by assorting them ? (6) Is the rate of gain affected by the number of eggs assorted? White and Brown Eggs. — " This is a good illustra- tion of market fashions, since the most careful chemical analyses have so far failed to show any difference in the composition of the eggs them- selves." — Year Booh, Dept. of Agr., 1910. How eggs are generally marketed : 1. Gathered by farmer. 2. Traded with the village merchant, or 3. Bought by local dealer. 4. Bought by city receiver, by wire. 5. Grocer. 6. Consumer. Note. — Very often the eggs go from the city receiver to the jobbing house, thence to the grocer. 15. Elements of cost of a dozen eggs purchased by a New York consumer : Paid to farmers in Iowa 15 Profit of country store 00 Gross profit of shipper 00| Freight to New York 01 J Gross profit of receiver . . OOJ Gross profit of jobber OIJ Loss from handling 02 Gross profit of retailer 04 (a) What is the cost to the consumer ? (J) The producer's price is what per cent of the consumer's ? (c) Whose profit is the largest in marketing the above dozen eggs ? Why is this ? (d) See how far you can trace the course of a dozen eggs sold at your home. POULTRY PROBLEMS 45 " Candling " Eggs. — Eggs are " candled " to show the difference between fresh eggs, stale eggs, heated eggs, blood rings, mixed rots, etc. A " candle " may be made from a pasteboard egg case flat rolled into a tube through which you look at the egg by the sunlight or other trans- mitted light. ^^ Firsts" are fresh, large, clean eggs, with sound shells, weighing at least 45 pounds to the case of 30 dozen. '■'•Seconds" are clear, sound-shelled, undersized eggs, and may be fresh, or shrunken and stale from long holding. 16. "Out of 4 cases (30 dozen each) of eggs, 25% graded as 'firsts,' 60% as 'seconds,' 5% were cracked, and 4% were rotten. How many dozen eggs were there of each kind ? " — Year Booh, Separate 552, 1910. " Case Count" and '■'■Loss Off-" — Buying eggs by "case count" means that they are bought as counted from the farmer's case, regardless of condition or quality. Buying eggs " loss off " means that the eggs are candled and the farmer sustains the loss of the rotten and broken ones. Which is more fair ? Which is better for the egg market? 17. The country egg dealer bought 40 dozen eggs from a farmer at 20 cents per dozen, "case count." How much would the farmer have lost if these eggs had been bought "loss off," if 4% were rotten and cracked ? 18. When a dealer paid 35 cents for " firsts " he paid 28 cents for " seconds " and 21 cents for " thirds " or 46 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC "dirties." The average market price for eggs in his vicinity at the time was 27 cents. What per cent above market price did the producer of the " firsts " receive ? What per cent did he receive over the price paid for the " thirds " ? Question. — Does it pay to produce good eggs ? Rules for Handling Poultry and Eggs It is urged that all farmers and poultrymen adhere strictly to the following rules in handling their poultry and eggs : 1. Keep the nests clean. 2. Gather the eggs twice daily. 3. Keep the eggs in a cool dry room or cellar. 4. Market the eggs at least twice a week. 5. Sell, kill, or confine all male birds as soon as the hatching season is over. Hints concerning Eggs A splendid mixture for laying hens is made of equal parts of cracked corn, wheat, and oats, which should be scattered in the litter. Bran or middlings and beef scraps should be kept in receptacles to which fowls have access at all times. Removing the male bird has no influence on the number of eggs laid by the hens. Market white-shelled and brown-shelled eggs in separate packages. When selling eggs to the country merchant or cash buyer, insist that the transaction be on a quality basis. Infertile eggs will withstand marketing conditions much better than fertile eggs. POULTRY PROBLEMS Yearly Egg Record 47 Day OF Mo. Jan. Feb. Mak. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 6 2 4 5 5 3 4 6 7 6 6 7 5 8 3 9 6 10 7 11 5 12 6 13 7 14 7 15 6 16 8 17 7 18 9 19 9 20 10 21 9 22 8 23 8 24 9 26 7 26 7 27 9 • 28 10 29 11 30 9 31 10 Total Average No, hens Average No. eggs 48 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 1. Find the total for January ; the average. 2. Find the average number of hens by taking the average between tlie number of hens at the beginning and the end of the month. 3. Find the average number of eggs by dividing the total number of eggs by the average number of hens. Bulletins. — Every person interested in the produc- tion of poultry and eggs should have the following bulletins in his library, any of which may be had from the United States Department of Agriculture by send- ing a postal card request. Farmers' Bulletins : 528. Hints to Poultry Raisers. 287. Poultry Management. 51. Standard Variety of Chickens. 445. Marketing Eggs through the Creamery. 355. A Successful Poultry and Dairy Farm. 530. Important Poultry Diseases. Circular No. 64, 1910. Studies of Poultry from the Farm to Consumer. Year Book, Separate 596, 1912. How the Produce Dealer May Improve the Quality of Poultry and Eggs. POULTRY FEEDING " There is more in the feed than in the breed. " 1. The 500 hens in the Philadelphia international egg-laying competition are all fed alike at a cost of il.50 per bird a year. The following are the pro- portions : Cracked corn ... 60 lb. Barley 20 lb. Wheat 60 lb. Kaffir corn ..... 10 lb. White oats .... 40 lb. Buckwheat .... 10 lb. As a mash the following mixture is kept in pans before the birds all the time : Standard middlings . 75 lb. Fish scrap 30 lb. Beef scrap 30 lb. Low grade flour ... 25 lb. 2. Feed for fattening poultry : 60 lb. corn meal @ 11.50 per cwt. 40 lb. middlings @ 1 1.40 per cwt. 5J lb. beef scraps @ $2 50 per cwt. 1 J lb. sour milk to every pound of the above @ $ .20 per cwt. Find the cost of the mixture. The above feed, which is designed for general farm use, is given by Professor M. C. Kilpatrick, of Penn- sylvania State College, as a result of investigational work. 49 Coarse bran . . . 200 lb. Corn meal . . . , . 100 1b. Gluten feed . . . 100 1b. Ground oats . . , . 100 1b. 50 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 3. When a poultryman was feeding 344 pounds of skim milk to his flock of 1500 hens per day, they averaged 62 dozen eggs per day. But when these hens had no skim milk they averaged 38 dozen eggs per day. If eggs were selling at 31 cents per dozen, what was the value to the poultryman of this skim milk per hundred pounds? Per gallon ? 4. Winter mixture for making hens lay (Cornell) : Wheat 1001b. Corn, cracked 100 lb. Oats 50 lb. Find the cost of this mixture from prices quoted on page 20. Scatter this mixture in the litter early in the morn- ing and again at about 11.80 A.M. This produces abundant exercise. Ground feed to be fed as a dry mash: Corn meal 60 lb. Wheat middlings 60 lb. Wheat bran 30 lb. Alfalfa meal 10 lb. Oil meal 10 lb. Beef scrap 50 lb. Salt lib. Note. — Poultry housing problems will be found on page 199. SHIPPING EGGS BY PAECEL POST In marketing eggs, the farmer who does not have good marketing facilities may find the parcel post a satisfactory means of sending this product directly to the consumer. This applies especially to the small producer within a small radius, as the first and second zones. Average hen eggs weigh about 1^ pounds to the dozen, or 2 ounces apiece. A single dozen eggs in a carton packed for mailing, weighs generally from 2 to 3 pounds. Table op First and Second Zone Parcel Post Rates Poutids 1 Postage, Cents 5 Pounds 18 Postage, Cents 22 Pounds 35 Posta Cent 39 2 6 19 23 36 40 3 7 20 24 37 41 4 8 21 25 38 42 5 9 22 26 39 43 6 10 23 27 40 44 7 11 24 28 41 45 8 12 25 29 42 46 9 13 26 30 43 47 10 14 27 31 44 48 11 15 28 32 45 49 12 16 29 33 46 50 13 17 30 34 47 51 14 18 31 35 48 52 15 19 32 36 49 53 16 20 33 37 50 54 17 21 34 38 61 52 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC The weight limit within the first and second zones is 50 pounds. These rates apply to all points within the first and second zones, there being no difference in rates between these two zones. Oral Problems 1. What is the postage on a carton of 2 dozen eggs weighing 5 pounds ? 2. What is the postage on a carton weighing 11|- pounds ? On one weighing 21 pounds and 5 ounces ? What relation do you see between the weight and the postage of any given number of pounds? The measurement limit, which is the same for all zones, is that the girth, or distance around the parcel, added to the length of the parcel, must not exceed 72 inches. 3. What is the measurement of a parcel 8 inches square and 20 inches long ? Of a parcel 10 inches square and 32 inches long ? 4. What is the measurement of a cubical parcel 12 inches on a side ? Of a parcel 10 inches wide, 4 inches high, and 15 inches long ? 5. Would a cubical parcel 15 inches on a side come within the measurement limit ? Observe from the table that the heavier the parcel (within size and weight limits) the cheaper the postage per pound. 6. How much less is the postage on a 2-pound parcel per pound, within the first and second zones, than on a 1-pound parcel ? On a 10-pound parcel, per pound, than on a 5-pound parcel ? SHIPPING EGGS BY PARCEL POST 63 7. To market a two-dozen sized parcel of eggs would cost about 8 cents for container and wrapper, and 9 cents for postage. What would be the cost of market- ing a dozen of these eggs ? 8. To market a 10-dozen parcel would cost about 22 cents for container and wrapping, and 25 cents for postage. How much less would the cost be per dozen in 10-dozen lots than in 2-dozen lots ? Club Shipments. — To ship eggs fresh and often, it would be cheaper and more practical for farmers to club together when sending to the same point, as to a hotel, restaurant, or retail-grocer. Washing Eggs. — Eggs intended for high-class trade should never be washed. DAIRY PROBLEMS Soil efficiency + cow efficiency = farm prosperity. Weight of Milk. — A quart of milk weighs about 2^ pounds. 1. When a cow gives 12 quarts of milk a day, how many pounds is she giving ? Average Production in Time. — On an average, cows produce milk during ten months in the year. 2. A cow producing 5000 pounds of milk a year gives an average of how many quarts per day ? 3. Find the average annual production of the milk of a dairy of 8 cows making the following returns : 4156 1b.; 3506 1b.; 4217 1b.; 50011b.; 3907 1b.; 7263 lb.; 4976 1b.; and 3870 lb. Average Production in Pounds. — The average an- nual milk production of the dairies of the United States is about 4000 lb. per cow. Butter Fat. — Butter fat is the fat of milk from which butter is made. The average per cent of butter fat in the dairies of the United States is about 4 %. 4. The tests in butter fat of the milk in problem 3 arfe as follows : 4.02%; 5.6%; 3.8%; 4.5%; 4.9%; 3.5 %; 5.12%; and 4%. Find the average test. 54 DAIRY PROBLEMS 55 5. During one month a dairy of ten cows produced 4850 pounds of milk, which tested 4.31 % butter fat. How many pounds of fat did the milk contain ? 4.31 % written decimally is .0431. 6. (a) Which cow is more profitable, one producing 5400 lb. of milk a year testing 3.4 %, or one producing 4815 lb. testing 4.5 % ? (5) Upon what two items does the profit of a cow depend ? 7. Which pays better, a cow averaging 3 gallons of milk per day testing 3.4 %, or one averaging 2^ gallons per day testing 4.5 % ? 8. A farmer's milk production for a month is 4648 lb. At i 1.60 per hundred pounds of milk, what would be the amount of his milk check ? Creameries. — Creameries pay the farmer so much per hundredweight for his milk, according to the average test of butter fat it contains for the month. " Overrun " is the difference between the pounds of butter and the original pounds of butter fat, due to the butter containing water, casein, salt, and other substances. For instance, from 75 pounds of milk that tests 4 %, 3 pounds of butter fat are obtained, and from this about 3| pounds of butter may be made. The, difference, or | pound of butter, is the overrun, and this is \, or 16J %, of the butter fat. In creameries, overrun varies from 10 to 20 per cent. 9. A farmer sends to a creamery during one month 8563 pounds of milk, having a test of 4.3 %. How much fat does it contain ? How much butter should it make, allowing ^ for overrun ? 56 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Process : 8653 lb. x .043 =372 lb. fat. 372 lb. X i = 62 lb. overrun. 372 lb. + 62 lb. = 434 lb. butter. 10. At 29 cents a pound, what is the value of the butter from a cow producing 6000 pounds of milk in a year, testing 4. 6 %, overrun ^ ? Question for Inquiry. — Who gets the overrun when the farmer is paid on the butter fat basis, the creamery or the farmer ? 11. A milk dealer pays the producer §1.60 per hun- dredweight for milk testing 4 per cent. At this rate what is the value of 265 pounds of milk testing 3.5 per cent? 12. From the average number of pounds of milk produced annually per cow in the United States, and the average test, figure out the average annual butter production per cow. It is interesting to note that the milk and butter pro- duction are on the increase. Average Production per Cow in United States Teak Milk BUTTElt Teae Milk Butter Pounds Founds Pounds Pounds 1850 1436 61 1890 2709 115 1860 1505 64 1900 3646 155 1870 1772 75 1910 3732 165 1880 2064 85 13. How many pounds of milk testing 3.8 % will a cow have to give to equal in butter fat the milk of a cow giving 5490 pounds testing 4 % ? DAIRY PROBLEMS 57 Whole Milk. — Whole milk is milk from which no cream has been taken. 14. When skim milk is figured at 85 % of whole milk, and is valued at 20 cents per hundredweight, what is the value of the skim milk from five 40-quart cans of whole milk ? 15. From the following general average conditions of a cow producing 4000 lb. of milk a year testing 4 %, find the profit for one year : Valiieof fat, 1601b. at 27^ per pound $43.20 Value of skira milk, 3400 lb. at 20^ per hundredweight . 6.80 Value of calf 3.50 Value of manure at % 1.50 per ton 14.50 Value of feed 38.00 Value of labor 18.00 Dairy utensils, insurance, buildings, veterinary, deprecia- tion, etc 11.00 The above figures are taken from Circular 134, Illinois, by F. J. Fraser. 16. What is the profit in the above problem when labor is not considered in expense account ? Note. — Many farmers, in estimating the profits of their dairy, fail to consider any items except the food cost on the one hand, and the milk receipts on the other. A little study of problem 15 shows that the consideration of these two items alone will not give a true estimate of what a dairy is paying. However, on the smaller farms, the labor cost may be omitted on the general prin- ciple that extra labor is not required for the dairy work, as it is done by the members of the family. 17. Omitting the food cost, and butter fat receipts in the above problem 15, how do the total remaining expenditures compare with the total remaining receipts ? 18. From the conditions in problem 15, figure out how much better off Mr. A is at the end of the year 58 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC by keeping 8 cows averaging 5000 pounds of milk each, testing 4 %, than his neighbor Mr. B is, who keeps 10 cows averaging 4000 pounds, testing 4 %, allowing the total expense of Mr. A's cows' keep per head to be 1 3.00 more than Mr. B's. Remark. — " The farmer should not be satisfied to keep any cow on his farm which gives an annual yield of less than 5000 pounds of milk, unless her butter fat runs 5 % or above." Question fob Thought. — Why is it better busi- ness to keep five 10,000-pound cows than to keep ten 5000-pound cows ? 19. It cost a Western farmer $ 52 a head to feed his cows a year. One of these cows produced 4942 lb. of milk testing 3.9 % ; the second, 3361 lb. testing 3.5 % ; the third, 4700 lb. testing 5 % ; the fourth, 4738 lb. testing 5.5%; the fifth, 4516 lb. testing 4.2%; the sixth, 5000 lb. testing 4.2 %. Find the profit on these cows on a food basis only, allowing the skim milk, manure, etc., to balance labor, etc. Counting butter fat at 31 cents a pound, which cow was the most profit- able ? Were any kept at a loss ? " Boarders." — What is a " robber " cow, or " boarder " ? Find out whether your father keeps any boarders in his dairy. 20. At the average content of butter fat (4 %), how many pounds of milk must a cow give per month to produce sufficient butter fat at 25 cents a pound to balance her food value for the year, at a cost of f 42 per year ? Process : % 42.00 -h 10 = $ 4.20 cost per month. 4.20 ^ .25 = 16.8 lb. fat. 16.8 lb. -=- .04 = 420 lb. milk. DAIRY PROBLEMS 59 Note. — Since the cow pays for her feed for the year in ten months, $4.20 is what she pays in one month for IJ months' feed. 21. Get the test of your father's worst cow and figure out how much milk she will have to produce in 30 days to pay for her feed for that time, butter fat worth 31 cents per pound. Note. — Regarding the much-debated question among farmers as to whether better feeding will increase the per cent of butter fat in milk, a recent communication from the Dairy Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry states that " when the cow is re- ceiving fairly good rations it is not possible to materially and per- manently change the per cent of fat in the milk by feeding her a ration richer in fat. However, if the cow is in very poor condi- tion, this may be possible to a very limited extent." 22. From the production and test of your father's best cow, and the present local price of butter fat, figure out how much money she is clearing over her feed. Bahcock's Tester. — Every farmer should have a Babcock's tester (cost $4 to 16) and a pair of scales (cost $3 to $5). 23. Which is better for the dairyman, to sell the annual milk production of a cow giving 5,753.1 pounds at f 1.60 per hundred, or to sell it for butter, 4.54% butter fat, at 31 cents a pound, and skim milk at 20 ^ per cwt.? Residual Fat. — Some fat is bound to remain in the skim milk, whatever method is used for tak- ing the cream from it. By using separator, about .05 per cent remains. By using deep pans, about .2 per cent remains. By using shallow pans, about .8 per cent remains. 60 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 24. What is the butter fat loss from 1000 pounds of skim milk, when cream is obtained by separator ? By deep pans ? By shallow pans ? 25. When milk is " set " in shallow pans there is | of a pound of butter less in every 100 pounds of milk than when the separator is used. In a dairy of ten cows, what would be the loss by the old plan for a year, if they average 4800 lb. of milk each, and the butter sells at 30 cents a pound ? 26. In a test for a year, 4 cows that were angular and spare made an average profit of $46.25 each in dairy products over the cost of food, while 4 cows of the beef type gave a corresponding return of only 126.19 per cow. How much more money was made from the dairy type of cows than from the beef type ? Spedfie Q-ravity of Milk. — The specific gravity of milk is the weight of a certain volume of milk compared with the weight of an equal volume of water, both at a temperature of 39.2° Fah. For instance, a can containing 86 pounds of milk will hold 83J pounds of water. Then the specific gravity of the milk is 86 -;- 83J or 1.032. That is, milk is 1.082 times heavier than an equal bulk of water. 27. How much milk can be put into a tank which will hold 1000 pounds of water ? Process : 1000 lb. x 1.032 = 1032 pounds. 28. Brindle cow gives 20 lb. of milk per day testing 4.6%; Flotsam 28 lb. testing 3.8%; Spotty 18 lb. testing 5 % ; and Peaceful 27 lb. testing 4.5 %. What is the average test of these four cows ? DAIRY PROBLEMS 61 Process : 20 lb. testing 4.6% equivalent to 92 lb. testing 1%. 23 lb. testing 3.8 7o equivalent to 87.4 lb. testing 1 %. 18 lb. testing 5 % equivalent to 90 lb. testing 1 %. 27 lb. testing 4.5% equivalent to 121.5 lb. testing 1%. 390.9 1b. test 1%. 88 lb. test 4.44%. Farmers' Bulletins : 413. The care of milk and its use iu the home. 106. Breeds of dairy cattle. 55. The dairy herd. 347. The dairy industry in the South. Bacteria in Milk Bacteria are the lowest forms of vegetable life, so small that a single drop of milk may contain 40,000,000 of them. Their increase in numbers in milk varies with temperature, being greatest between 80° and 100° Fahrenheit. If milk is cooled to 50°, or, better still, to 40°, their growth is very slow. 1. At a temperature of 50° bacteria increase in num- bers 1.5 times in 12 hours, but at 68° they increase 24.2 times in 12 hours. If some milk contained 1000 bac- teria when first milked, how many more would the milk cooled to only 68° in 12 hours contain than that cooled to 50° ? 2. If milk has 500 bacteria to a cubic centimeter, and these bacteria double every 30 minutes, how many would tliere be in 6 hours ? Milk is sterilized by applying sufficient heat to de- stroy all bacteria. Milk is pasteurized by applying sufficient heat to de- stroy part of the bacteria. 62 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC The farmer should take precautions to prevent the undue multiplication of bacteria. This can be done by cooling the new or fresh milk at once to a temperature of 50 degrees or less. Certified milk is milk that is produced by special agreement and regulations which certify to the high quality of the product. It commonly retails for 10 to 18 cents per quart. Standardized milk is . milk that has been changed in its composition so that it contains a required amount of fat, usually by adding cream or skim milk. THE COST OP RAISING A DAIRY COW 1. There are 21,749,651 dairy cows in United States. How many heifers must be raised annually to maintain this number, if the productive life of a cow is 8 years ? Tables The following tables are from a bulletin of the U. S. Department of Agriculture issued in 1914, on the "Cost of raising a Dairy Cow," to the age of two years. Table I. — Quantity of Feed Pee Day fed during Dif- ferent Months to a Yearly Average of 20.42 Head OF Calves, for First Year Yeaes ahd g AVKEAGE Months jj„ j,^„ Whole Skim Mixed COEN Grain Pa8- Milk Milk Hay Silaoe Mixture titee 1909 Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Days September . . 6.3 11.6 0.1 — — — - October . . 18.0 6.2 2.9 0.4 — 3.4 — . November . . 22.0 1.3 9.3 .7 0.3 1.8 — December . . 23.0 .5 10.5 1.8 — 2.0 — 1910 January . . 23.0 .2 14.5 3.0 1.2 2.4 — February- . . 23.0 11.8 3.1 1.7 2.4 — March . . . 23.0 11.8 4.8 1.2 2.4 — April . . . 23.0 18.8 4.2 2.3 2.1 — May. . . . 23.0 12.4 5.5 2.8 2.1 31 June . . . 20.7 1.8 2.3 1.1 .7 30 July. . . . 20.0 — — — 31 August . . . 20.0 — — — 31 Total pe r head per year 342 3165 857 353 547 123 64 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Table II. — Relative Feed Cost Per Head op Calves DURING THE FlEST YeAK Tear and Month Average Number Fed Whole Milk Skim Milk Mixed Hay Silage Grain Mixture Pas- ture Total 1909 Sept. October Nov. Dec. 1910 Jan. Feb. March April May June July August 6.3 18.0 22.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 20.7 20.0 20.0 $5.26 2.86 .64 .27 .08 $0.01 .18 .56 .65 .90 .66 .73 1.13 .77 .11 $0.01 .05 .09 .23 .38 .34 .53 .51 .69 .40 $0.01 .07 .10 .07 .14 .17 .07 $0.02 .14 .68 .77 .98 .85 .93 .78 .83 .28 $0.30 .50 .50 .50 $5.30 3.23 1.98 1.92 2.41 1.95 2.26 2.56 2.70 1.36 .50 .50 Yearly cost per head 5.22 6.33 3.56 .70 6.94 1.83 24.5 In working out these problems consult the tables. 2. The total cost of keeping a calf the first month is what per cent of the total cost for the first year ? Question. — Why is the cost the greatest during the first month ? 3. What is the total cost of an average calf at the end of eight weeks from birth, estimating the value of the calf at birth, or as a " monkey," at f 3.60 ? Note. — An average calf means one that is not thoroughbred. The initial value, $ 7, given in Table III is for thoroughbreds. COST OF RAISING A DAIRY COW 65 Table III. — Total Cost op a Calf from Birth until it ENTERS THE DaiRY HeRD AT THE AgE OF TwO YeARS First Yeah Second Year Total Item op Cost Actual Cost Per Cent Actual Cost Per Cent Actual Cost Per Cent Feed Labor Interest .... Buildings .... Equipment . . . Bedding .... Miscellaneous ex- penses .... General expenses . Losses by death and discarding . . . $24.58 5.14 1.12 1.57 .55 1.00 .28 1.71 68.4 14.3 3.1 4.4 1.5 2.8 .8 4.7 116.11 2.86 2.53 .81 2.00 .16 1.22 63.8 11.0 9.9 3.1 7.8 .6 4.8 140.69 8.00 3.65 2.38 .55 3.00 .44 2.93 .42 65.6 12.9 5.9 3.8 .9 4.8 .7 4.7 .7 Total .... Credit manure . . 35.95 3.00 100.0 25.69 5.00 100.0 62.06 8.00 100.0 Total cost of raising . . Initial value of calf 32.95 7.00 20.69 54.06 7.00 Total net cost . 39.95 20.69 61.06 4. What is the profit on this calf at 8 weeks of age, weighing 196 pounds, at 12 cents a pound ? 5. The prices of the different feeds for the second year are as follows : Hay, f 4.60 ; silage, $ 6.50 ; corn stover, $1.45; and pasture, $3.56. How much less does the feed for the second year cost than for the first year? 6. The cost of labor for the second year is 1 2.86 per head. How much less is the cost of feed and labor for the second year than for the first year ? 66 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Question. — Why is the cost of labor less for the second year than for the first year ? 7. What is the total cost of the other items for the two years outside of feed and labor ? 8. An increase of 10 per cent in the price of feeds would add how much to the cost of the heifer for the two years ? 9. Counting the feeding cost of a heifer at exactly 1 40 for two years, and the net cost at f 60, how much will the profit be by selling a heifer at $ 56, if raised in a section of country where feeds are 20 % cheaper ? DAIRY FEEDING "The stingy feeder cheats himself as well as the cow." Since each cow gives her best results of the year when pasturing on ordinary grasses in the early sum- mer, the great problem in winter feeding is, in general, to imitate these summer conditions. It is entirely pos- sible to have these summer conditions throughout the winter on any farm when the subject is understood and the proper arrangements are made. The summer conditions which are to be kept up as far as possible throughout the year are : 1. An abundance of palatable food. 2. A balanced ration. 3. Succulent feed. I. An Abundance of Palatable Food The first summer condition which may be profitably imitated through the vi^inter months is an abundance of palatable food. A ration is a daily allowance of food. A ration for maintenance, for a cow, is the amount of food required to keep her alive without giving any milk or gain of weight. A full ration for maintenance and milk is the main- tenance ration plus the amount of feed the cow eats over and above the maintenance ration, up to the limit of her inherent milk-making ability. 67 68 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Under ordinary circumstances, the amount of milk which a cow gives is directly in proportion to the amount of feed which she eats in excess of the main- tenance ration. If the cow eats more than the full ration for mainte- nance and milk, she stores the excess up in her body in the form of fat, to be given o£E later when her milk- making power calls for more material than her daily ration supplies ; if she eats less, she either robs her body, or lessens her milk yield, or both. The above statements are shown by the following diagrams : Ration for maintenance only : Maintenance 1000-lb. cow When fed not enough : Ration for maintenance + milk Maiiiteuance milk 1000-lb. cow 10 lb. 4 % milk When fed just enough : Ration for maintenance + milk Maintenance milk 1000-lb. cow When. fed too much: Ration for maintenance -1- 20 lb. 4 % milk milk -I- fat Maintenance milk fat 1000-lb. cow 20 lb. 4 % milk Gain in weight Note. — The market values of feeds, rather than the farm values, have been given in this chapter, since the cost of hauling, DAIRY FEEDING 69 in different neighborhoods, would make a lack of uniformity in the farm values. It might be well to let the local farm values be determined and substituted. In the ordinary-sized cow the ration for maintenance amounts to about 60 % of the total feed of the animal, the other 40 % being used exclusively for milk produc- tion. — Per cents from Henry's Feeds and Feeding. 1. If a cow is fed only 90 % of her full ration for maintenance and milk, what part of her full milk pro- duction will she give ? 2. A certain cow produces 16 quarts of milk on a full ration of 45 pounds. How many quarts of milk will she produce if her ration is cut down to 36 pounds ? JfoTE. — The cutting down of that part of the ration which goes toward milk production is one of the most common mistakes made on the farm. 3. If it costs 10 cents a day for feed to maintain a cow, and 3 cents a day to make her give 10 pounds of milk, what is the daily profit, if the milk sells at IJ cents a pound ? 4. What would have been the profit if it had cost 10 cents a day to maintain the cow and 7 cents to make her produce 20 pounds of milk, the milk selling at 1^ cents a pound ? 5. What would have been the profit if it had cost the same to maintain the cow and 12 cents per day to make her produce 30 pounds of milk, selling at 1^ cents a pound ? A Fixed Feed. — The first requirement of every ani- mal, the ration for maintenance, is a fixed feed. That is, it is practically the same whether the animal is being kept for its greatest production, or if it is merely being 70 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC kept without producing any milk at all. After the feeder has gone to the expense of the maintenance ration, it is poor economy to refuse to furnish the other 40 per cent of the ration, which the cow would use entirely for milk production. In practice, however, if the full ration (diagram 3) were reduced one half, while this cutting down would remove all available feed for milk production, the cow would not cease producing milk at once. This is a point of greatest importance in feeding cows, and one which is apt to be overlooked. Feeding Individually. — In regard to the amount to feed cows, it is only possible to feed a number of cows economically when they are fed individually, not all alike. However, dairymen cannot afford to feed a separate grain mixture to each cow, but from a general mixture for a herd they can vary the amounts to the different cows according to the following conditions : (1) the size of the cow ; (2) the daily milk yield ; (3) the time the cow has been in milk. Grain Mixture for Herd 200 lb. bran @ $ 24 per ton 100 lb. corn meal @ 30 per ton 125 lb. linseed meal @ 33 per ton 100 lb. cottonseed meal @ 31 per ton 6. Find the cost of this grain mixture. Greneral Rule for a Bay's Feeding. — Feed 1 pound of hay and 2| pounds of silage to every 100 pounds live weight of cow, and 1 pound of grain (about 1 quart) to every 3 or 4 pounds of milk produced. DAIRY FEEDING 71 7. How much hay, silage, and grain will it take to feed a cow weighing 1200 pounds and producing 30 pounds of milk ? 8. How much will this ration cost per month at prices already quoted? (The hay may be either clover, alfalfa, or cowpea.) Classes of Feed All animal foods are divided into two classes, accord- ing 'to their bulk — namely, roughage and concentrates. Roughage includes all the coarse portions of a ration, as hay, fodder, silage, and roots ; the term " concen- trates " includes all grains and mill products. In feeds there are three groups of substances which must be considered in preparing a ration that will secure the best results. These are protein, carboh3'drates, and fat. Protein is a compound containing nitrogen, which is costly in feeds and fertilizers, but no element can take its place. It is found in clover, alfalfa, cowpea hay, cotton- seed, linseed, and gluten meal. Protein forms nearly one third of the solid materials found in milk, and since most of our common feeds do not contain a sufficient amount, we purchase such foods as linseed oil, gluten feed, cot- tonseed meal, bran, and other feeds rich in protein. The carbohydrates are present in large quantities in nearly all grains, such as corn, wheat, and barley. The fats are found in varying quantities in all com- mon grains. As a rule the common feeding stuffs contain relatively small amounts of protein and fat, but are rich in carbo- hydrates. 72 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC II. A Balanced Ration The balanced ration is the second summer condition ■which should be kept up the entire year. A balanced ration is one in which these three solids — protein, carbohydrates, and fats — are furnished in the feed in sufficient quantities, and in about the right proportions, so that there will be no loss. The following is a simple method of balancing rations, planned by H. H. Wing : Low Pkotein Grottp Medium Protein Group High Protein Group Total Protein or Less 12% Total Protein 12 % to 25 % Total Protein 25 % or More Corn 10.3 Wheat bran 15.4 Malt sprouts 26.3 Oats 11.4 Mixed wheat feed 16.3 Linseed oil' meal 33.9 Wheat 11.9 Standard wheat Cotton meal 45.3 Rye 11.3 middlings 16.9 Gluten feed 25.0 Barley 12.0 Flour wheat midds. 19.2 Brewers' dried Buckwheat 10.8 Cottonseed feed 20.0 grains 25.0 Hominy chop 10.5 Buckwheat feed 18.3 Distillers' dried Dried beet pulp 8.1 Pea meal 20.2 grains 31.2 Corn & cob meal 8.5 Cull beans 21.6 Buckwhea t midds. 26.7 " Heavy " foods are in italic, " light " foods in common type. Mixed hay, corn, silage, cornstalks, or fodder are very similar in composition so far as balance between protein and carbohydrates is concerned. A well-balanced ration can be made if one low pro- tein, one medium protein, and one high protein food be mixed in equal parts by weight, to be used with the above kinds of roughage. DAIRY FEEDING 73 Make a balanced ration for a 1000-pound cow, pro- ducing 24 pounds of milk. (See rule, page 70.) 1. 10 pounds mixed hay @ f 16.00 per ton 25 pounds corn silage @ 3.00 per ton 3 pounds corn meal @ 30.00 per ton 3 pounds bran @ 24.00 per ton 3 pounds gluten meal @ 27.00 per ton Find the cost of this ration for 7 months. Note. — An ideal grain ration should contain at least one "light" food, thus making it weigh about one pound to the quart. 2. Make a balanced ration for a 1400-pound cow yielding 40 pounds of milk. As an aid in properly balancing the rations, it is helpful to divide our common feeds into two classes : Class 1. — Feeds containing a large amount of fat- producing materials (carbohydrates and fat) but little protein. Corn Oat straw Corn fodder Wheat straw Corn silage Millet hay Timothy hay Sorghum hay Glass 2. — Feeds containing a larger proportion of protein, but little of the fat-producing materials. Clover hay Oats Alfalfa hay Cottonseed meal Cowpea hay Linseed meal Bran Gluten meal Question. — Could a properly balanced ration be made by taking all the materials from one of these classes ? Many farmers have only timothy hay and corn fodder for roughage, and nothing in the way of grain but corn. 74 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC 3. How much in feeding value will these farmers gain for every ton of corn exchanged, at f 25 per ton, for an equal weight of cottonseed meal and bran, in equal parts by weight, at $31 per ton for the cotton- seed meal and l| 24 per ton for the bran ? Pbocess : 1 ton cottonseed meal and bran bought (i31±12i) = 127.50 1 ton corn sold = $25.00 Loss by exchange = $ 2.50 2000 X 10.3% protein in corn (see table, page 72)= 206 lb. 2000 X 30.3% protein in cottonseed meal and bran (45.3 + 15.4) ^e06 lb. 2 Excess of protein in cottonseed meal and bran = 400 lb. f 27.50 -T- 606 = 4^ /, value of protein per pound. 400 X .04| = 118.00, value of excess of protein. Gain in protein from exchange = $18.00 Loss in money from exchange = 2.50 Total gain in feeding value from exchange = $ 15.50 Question. — How is the farmer profited by the ex- change besides a gain in the feeding value of these grains ? 4. If a farmer who has only fodder, timothy, and corn should exchange 6 tons of his timothy hay at f 21 per ton for its value in alfalfa at 1 15 per ton, how many tons of alfalfa would he get ? 5. Alfalfa is 11.7 per cent protein, and timothy is 2.8 per cent protein. How much more protein would the farmer get from his 8f tons of alfalfa than from his 6 tons of timothy? Home-grown Feeds. — The farmer should raise the feeds he requires on his own farm, as far as possible, and it is possible to produce practically all that are DAIRY FEEDING 75 needed to make a balanced ration. In considering the feeding of an animal, the place to begin is always with the roughage, since the character of the roughage de- termines to a large extent the kind of grain it is advis- able to feed. The cheapest sources of protein are clover, alfalfa, soy bean, and cowpea hay. The use of these hays makes it unnecessary to buy any large quantities of bran, oil meal, or cottonseed meal for ordinary dairy- ing, and makes it possible to use as the principal grain corn, which usually is the cheapest. Some Home-grown Rations 6. A fairly good ration : Alfalfa, or cowpea hay 15-20 lb. Corn 8-10 lb. Find how much of the hay and corn each a cow would consume in a month on this ration, using the maximum numbers. 7. Ration for cows giving from 20 to 25 pounds of milk per day : 10 lb. alfalfa hay @ 1 15.00 per ton 10 lb. corn fodder @ 10.00 per ton 6 lb. corn meal @ 30.00 per ton 2 lb. bran @ 24.00 per ton Find the cost of this ration by the ton. 8. Ration for 900-pound cow yielding 25 pounds of 6 % milk : Corn silage 30 pounds Alfalfa hay 10 pounds Corn 6 pounds Bran 2 pounds 76 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Find the cost of this ration per month at prices al- ready quoted. The cow that does not give a good flow of milk on any one of these three rations in the early part of her milking period shows that she is not adapted, by nature, as a dairy cow, and should be disposed of. A larger yield of milk is controlled by liberal feed- ing and care in balancing the ration. A better quality of milk is controlled by the selection of the cows, and to a certain extent by the breed. III. Succulent Feeds The third summer condition which we need to con- tinue throughout the winter is that of a supply of suc- culent feed, or feed having the property possessed by green grass. This kind of feed may be supplied by silage and root crops. 1. Ration containing succulent feed (silage). For a 900-pound cow yielding 30 pounds of 5 per cent milk : 30 lb. silage @ $ 3.00 per ton 10 lb. clover, alfalfa, or cowpea hay @ 15.00 per ton 11 lb. grain mixture @ 30.00 per ton Find the cost of this ration for 7 months. A good grain mixture to be used in the above ration is composed of Corn chop 4 parts Wheat bran 2 parts Linseed or cotton meal 1 part Hay should be fed with corn silage, and those hays which naturally go with it are clover, cowpea, and alfalfa hay. DAIRY FEEDING 77 2. An acre of land will produce enough corn si- lage and alfalfa to keep a cow, producing 6000 to 7000 pounds of milk, a whole year without buying any feed at all. What will be the ration running the entire year (360 days), if the acre is planted in equal parts with the alfalfa and silage corn, producing at the rate of 5 tons of alfalfa and 15 tons of silage to the acre ? Note. — "There are instances on record where cows have pro- duced from 8000 to 9000 pounds of milk on this alfalfa and silage ration, no grain being given at any time during the year." — Hoard's Dairyman. 3. Ration without grain. (Burkett. ) 18 pounds alfalfa hay @ 1 15.00 per ton 35 pounds corn silage @ 3.00 per ton Find the cost of this ration per day. 4. How do linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and gluten meal compare in protein per ton ? 5. When timothy hay (2.8 \ feet apart ? Finding Area Re- quired. — To find the surface re- quired by each plant or tree in a field, when planted opposite. 145 feet 18 feet 3 feet 85 86 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC multiply the width of a row, in feet, by the dis- tance between the plants in the rows, in feet. 3. How much surface to one tomato plant, if the rows are 3 feet apart, and the plants are 2 feet apart in the row ? 4. How much surface to , one apple tree, when planted in rows 40 feet wide and 30 feet apart in the rows ? Finding Number of Plants to an Acre. — To find the number of plants or trees to the acre, divide 43,560 square feet by the number of square feet required for one plant. 5. How many tomato plants, in rows 4 feet wide, and 3 feet apart in the rows, will be required to plant half an acre ? 6. How many asparagus plants will be grown on 2^ acres, if they are set 1-| feet apart in the rows, and the rows are 4 feet wide ? 7. If a planter drops one grain of corn every foot, and the rows are 3 feet 6 inches wide, or apart, how many pounds of the ordinary corn raised in your locality will it take to the acre ? What must you do before you can solve this problem ? 8. When corn is checked 3 feet 6 inches apart each way, how many hills in a field containing 15 acres ? 9. How many bushels of corn will it take to plant this field, if 6 grains are planted to the hill, and it measures 1100 grains to the pound ? Finding Acres in Field. — To find the number of acres in a field, multiply the length in rods by PLANTING PROBLEMS 87 the breadth in rods, and divide the product by 160. 10. Howmanyacresinafield thatis50rodsby40rods? 11. How many acres in a field that is 30 rods long, 20 rods wide at one end, and 16 rods wide at the other ? Note. — The average width of the field is 18 rods. 12. By a careful selection of his seed corn, a farmer increases his yield 6 bushels to the acre. What is the increase in value on a 15-acre field, when corn is selling at 80 cents per bushel ? Planting Table Grains, Grasses, Etc. Crops Skeds or Plants Depth of Normal Yield PER Acre Planting PER Acre Alfalfa 25 pounds, 15 to 20 drilled I inch 2 to 4 tons Clover 10 pounds with grain, 15 alone i inch 2 tons Corn 8 to 10 quarts 2 inches 50 bushels Cotton 5 to ti pounds ; or 1 bushel drilled 1^ bales Cowpeas li to 2J bushels 1 inch IJ tons hay Hairy vetch 1 bushel 1 inch IJ tons Hungarian grass 1 to 1 bushel } inch li tons Millet J to 1 bushel J inch 1^ tons Oats (spring) 2J bushels 1 inch 35 bushels Rice 1 to 3 bushels 1 inch 33 bushels Rye 1 to IJ bushels 1 inch 15 bushels Sorghum 6 pounds, IJbushels 1 inch 10 tons (gi'een) Sugar cane 4 tons of cane 10 tons (green) Tobacco 1 ounce Plants 1000 pounds Timothy 15 to 20 pounds J inch 2 tons Wheat 1^ to 2 bushels 1 inch 20 bushels A TRUCKER'S PROBLEMS "The farmer neither lives out of a canned garden, nor milks a tin cow." 1. What will strawberry plants for 1 acre cost at i 5 per thousand, if they are set 3|- feet by 18 inches ? 2. How much will it cost to " set " these plants, if a man sets 2000 a day, at 1 1.25 per day ? 3. If this acre produces 112 bushels of berries, for how much will the entire crop sell at an average price of 9^ cents per quart ? How much is this per hill ? 4. At the average yield of grain per acre on your farm, as corn or wheat, at present prices, figure out how these prices would compare with the above yield of strawberries. 5. If half an acre of ground will produce 50,000 cucumbers, and these sell for pickles at $ 1.50 per thousand, how much is realized from the half acre, if one half is deducted for expenses ? 6. After deducting one half for expenses, f 18.75 was cleared from ^ of an acre of onions, which produced at the rate of 400 bushels to the acre. At what price did these onions sell per bushel ? 7. When 3800 tomato plants are set to the acre, how much surface is allowed to each plant ? If the rows are 4 feet apart, how far apart are the plants in the rows ? A TRUCKER'S PROBLEMS 89 A r 1,000 bunches 150 baskets 2U0 baskets 6 tons 8 to 10 tons 20,000 stalks 4,000 ears 800 baskets 1,200 to 1,500 400 bushels 200 baskets 100 bushels 75 bushels 9 tons 350 baskets 5 to 6 tous 6 tons fa * O K a N dcdcd dfldrtfl = d ccsd CM »0 CM (M CM CM .-H C^J CM T^I ^ CO (TO (M C^l Hw 53325.5.S.S535333-g.a.5-22SS ^ CO ^^f-i tH HNHNi^lMrH h|w .-( rH iH H^CM -:+H CO CM r-l hInh].* < < .J CM o H i < ft 1* 1-^ 3 to 5 in. 15 to 20 in. 5 to 8 to a ft. 3 to 4 ft. to 6 to a ft. 12 to 18 ill. 16 to 24 in. 4 to 8 in. 30 to 36 in. 18 to 24 in. Hills, 10 ft. Hills, 10 ft. 4 to 5 ft. 4 to 5 ft. 15 to aft. 14 to 18 in. 14 in. 3 ft. 7 or 8 to a ft. 3 ft. 6 or 7 to a ft. a O ll O .cd .dddddd ..-tidcdd . .d .d 43 -M -r^ 43 -M .rH .r4 ■ r~ . ^ . pH 43 ^l- • f-1 -1-1 • iH ■ iH 43 43 . r4 43 -r^ '*^-H-*'"<»0'S)COCOO'"cMOOCOCDCo'"°"oo'"^ C^CM(M-^rHCOCOCOCOrOCOi-lr-Hi-ICOC010l0^i*CM BS3BSSSSSBSSSSBS2SSS$ T-H(MOOCOOI-t^-+COO-:t*OCOO](MO'rH«iCOCNCOCO c o o • rH +3 .rH _s .iH ■— • .-. ,^ . rH • rH 43 =1H . fH . « ^J • rH ,;j 4^ ■ rH +3 -r^ co»-OeO'^coco-PO':t-. >^ >i p « 1 ce rt o ^ ^ T) -^ h o O (M iH r-l 5 h « CO HI O) 1 2 r-l u <0 a a> ft ft H -4-3 -tJ n ^ o fH 03 ri -ri 1 ■fcj W 1 Pi < d § s d 02 t8 CS 1 a I g 1 1 O o ■a a a (U ca d a u o O u 1 s ^ 5 ca d 1 S a 2 CO g a o 01 « 1 ■a s ,£3 1 0) 1^ XJ © D3 S g -a s ft o fe (» ^ ^ ~ O ^ o ^ ^ ^ ^ jQ ^ ^ H m i CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO o bO o o O o o o o P 4^ ■fj -u ^ -(J +3 -p ■4-9 (M iH c^ '-' IM CI 1-1 « '-' ta ^3 t3 -d -d ^ c« c€ e8 ri cd 4J Jj H a> lU CU (]} m ^1 It P O Hi o o t4 O O F-i 1 o u d (D © 1) 01 S) O CO H -M d 4J fi ■^ +J d d s 1 ce CO C8 tn eS c^ 03 e€ CO •-' OJ 1 11 a ;3 d d 2 1 d O) e i a 3 s A U •H j3 1-^ (D H H o 1 o s ■'CD a 1 'ft 1 Q 1 h M ^ S-1 M O g a fl C3 $, CO 1 ■g ft ^1 ri V V 0) s ft i^ o CO H IJ B h:i CO 0^ V (U P. a. p- P. p, P. "p. ft "ft P< a o. P< Oi P, P4 ft ft ^ ^ S-i « OJ } s t-i o h cu O (U 13 a) 4j o ta .3 <£ O ID l-l ri to a 5 - i ^ 1 (D a .a X t 9 .(J ^ o ^ ri "rt 0) S £ O §1 ta 1-3 o 1. ^ ja h 03 -1 O 1 T3 O A U< ■a ft r ^5 g pQ rii ^ ^ ;Q ja rS 00 OD M CO 00 00 w 00 00 O O O O o o o o +3 -W 4J ■^ -2 +J +3 -*3 iH i~t r-l iH ^ iH eq '^ rH -d J C-l u t( F-i h ^( ^1 N 3 3 S ^ d 3 -£3 J1 ^ A A ^ 0) 1 i 0) S a a s s S a i^ 3 3 ;j 3 3 V S = t>5 CO p a) c€ g^5 PR S a. Q 1 at %' O ca a -a 11 > a) O .9 ° .12 n 3 1^ 11 CO m O) 03 2 « r O s tA O) 11 1-5 o a s, ° 10 " "* 1 S ° S i - >? .s s «> ^ H t-l B (U Bh ^ ^ 1 ft*' 1 C5 CD 1 s d? a >> ^ <1> -^ t* s o a o o "rt ■n bo a g > ^ t; CJ a ,a >> ^ > a O c3 ■S3 ■^ a s SPRAYING 117 11. It is estimated that in the peach orchards of the eastern United States an increase per tree of at least one-half bushel of good merchantable fruit, worth about 50 cents, may be obtained from spraying, at a cost of 3 to 5 cents. What is the increased profit from spraying an orchard of 100 trees, at an average cost of 4 cents per tree ? 12. With the spray given in problem 9, find the cost of spraying your father's apple orchard. Question. — Which costs more, the spray or its application to the trees ? Hints on Spraying Spraying produces unsatisfactory results to some for two reasons : 1. Failure to make the applications at the proper time. 2. Failure to coat the trees and fruit with the mixture. Cover every part of the tree with the "fog," but don't keep spraying until the leaves drop. Spraying is not sprinkling. Except in spraying the tops of trees the nozzle men should never ride in the wagon, even while spraying the smallest trees. Many failures result from attempts to spray trees from the wagon as the outfit is being driven by. Do not spray when plants are in bloom, as thei'e is danger of injuring the blossoms and decreasing the yield of fruit. DRAINAGE " On soils needing drainage, no farmer can afford to be without it." 1. A piece of land which is nearly rectangular con- tains 5 acres and is 1000 feet long. What is the fall per hundred feet, lengthwise, if the upper end is 2^ feet higher than the lower end ? Fall for i-inch Tile. — For tile 4 inches and larger a fall of 3 inches to 100 feet is considered good on any ordinary soil. 2. What is the cost of laying a line of tile through the above piece of land at $25 per thousand, and 25 cents per rod for labor ? Note. — Tile 12 inches in length is understood in these prob- lems, although sizes run from 12 to 30 inches in length and from 2 to 36 inches in diameter. 3. If the annual increase of crops in this land is $ 3 per acre, after drainage, how many years will it take for the increase to pay for the draining? A 1000 ft 1«R«.V »V ?£ C^ 4. If there is no fall in the surface of a piece of land for. 1000 feet, and a tile drain is started 5 feet deep at 118 DRAINAGE 119 the outlet, how far beneath the surface will the source of the drain be, to give it a fall of 2 inches to 100 feet ? Process : 1000 feet = 10 x 100 feet. 10 X 2 inches = 20 inches. 5 feet - 1 ft. 8 in. = 3 ft. 4 in. 5. In this diagram showing six lateral drains, what width of surface will they drain if placed 50 feet apart ? Laterals are placed from 30 feet to 200 feet, or more, apart, owing to conditions. A safe guide is to place them so close together that there will be no perceptible differ- ence in the growth of crops be- tween them. The following are the prevailing prices of tile in the Middle West : AZ System of Drainage Size Price per 1000 Feet 4 inch (diameter) $13 to I 5 inch 6 inch 7 inch 8 inch 10 inch 12 inch 18 to 24 to 34 to 48 to 60 to 90 to ; 16 23 34 48 60 110 150 Prices in the East and South are about 50 per cent in excess of these, while in the Far West they are about 70 per cent higher. 6. Find the price of 4000 feet of the best 4-inch tile in New York State ; in California. Cost per Rod. — Digging the ditch and laying and priming the tile are usually figured as one 120 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC operation, which is generally paid for by the rod. The number of rods laid per day is affected by the size and depth of the tile, the character of the soil, and the skill of the workmen. 7. A good workman can dig a 3-foot ditch and lay a 4-inch tile at the rate of 8 rods per day. In laying 3300 feet of drain, which will be cheaper, to employ this man by the day at $2.50 per day, or by the rod at 30 cents per rod? 8. How much will it cost to fill the above ditch with a plow, at 3 cents per rod? 9. When laterals are laid 100 feet apart it takes 436 tiles to the acre. Find the cost of these tiles at $20 per thousand. Question. — What will be the cost when laid 80 feet apart ? 10. Find the entire cost of draining an acre from problems 7, 8, and 9. 11. If the above acre of land produces but 20 bushels of corn before draining, and 40 bushels after draining, the increase in production for one crop at 60 cents per bushel will pay for what part of the cost of drainage ? Capacity of Tile. — The capacity of tile to carry water varies according to the square of the diameter. Thus, 3-inch tile will carry 2\ times as much water as 2-inch tile, since the square of 3, or 9, is 2|^ times the square of 2, or 4. 12. The capacity of a 4-inch tile is how many times that of a 3-inch tile ? DRAINAGE 121 13. Find the cost of laying a line of tile drain across your school ground at f 22 per thousand, and 30 cents per rod for labor. Benefits of Drainage 1. It usually increases the yield and profits of crops. 2. It makes lands that are uncertain in production produce crops every year. 3. It makes land more porous. 4. Drainage warms the soil. 5. Drainage improves the health conditions. — Bulletin 524 ; The Drainage of the Farm. A NORMAL DAY'S WORK A Normal Day's Work for Various Farm Operations Implement or Occitpation Horses "Width HOTTES IN Field AOBEB PER Day Walking plow .... 2 14 in. wide 6 in. deep 9.65 2.00 Sulky plow 2 16 in. wide 6 in. deep 9.65 2.31 Gang plow 4 28 in. wide 6 in. deep 9.65 4.72 Traction plow . . . 30 horse power engine 9.7 ft. wide 4.5 in. deep 11.32 20.3 Spike tooth harrow . 2 8 feet 9.65 10.8 Spring tooth harrow 2 6 feet 9.65 7.4 Disk harrow 4 8 feet 9.65 12.8 Roller 2 8 feet 9.65 13.2 Grain drill . . . 2 6 feet 9.62 8.8 Planting cotton and corn 2 42 in. 9.67 13.6 Covering seed potatoes . 1 4.63 2 9.53 5.96 Marking rows .... 2 3 feet 9.53 6.81 Planting white potatoes . 1 man (drop by hand) 9.53 1.98 Planting white potatoes . 2 (planter) 9.53 5.48 Cultivating corn . 1 9.74 4.8 Cultivating potatoes 1 9.74 4.25 Harvesting grain with binder . . 3 6 feet 10.33 10.96 Harvesting grain with header 6 12 feet 10.33 28.56 Corn binder 3 Yield 41-60 bu. 7.16 Cutting, shocking, and Yield tying corn by hand . . (1 man) 41-61 bu. 1.5 Tying and shocking corn Yield after binder .... (1 man) 41-60 bu. 1.5 122 A NORMAL DAY'S WORK A Normal Day's Work — Continued 123 Implement oe Oocttpation HouiiB Yield IN Field 41-60 bu. 9.58 41-60 bu. 9.58 41-60 bu. 9.58 9.58 9.58 125 bu. per acre 9.58 125 bu. per acre 9.58 125 bu. per acre 9.58 Acres PEit Day Husking from shock . . Husking from standing stalks Husking, hauling, and unloading (standing stalks) Digging white potatoes with ordinary plow . . Digging white potatoes with digger .... Picking up potatoes after ordinary plow . . . Picking up after elevator digger Digging and picking up potatoes by hand . . Per day 45.92 bu. 85.97 bu. 68.05 bu. 2.73 acres 3 84 acres Per day 76.04 bu. 103.76 bu. 32.31 bu. — From Bulletin of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Sept. 23, 1913. This table represents average conditions secured by a circular of inquiry mailed to 25,000 farmers selected from every state and territory. From the given con- ditions regarding the number of horses and men, width of rows, length of day, etc., other results may be found. Problems Work the following problems, taking the normal day's work for the various operations found in the above table as the standard unit. Count the time of a man and team of two horses at f 3.00 per day, and of a man alone at $1.50 per day. 1. What will be the cost of plowing a 15-acre field with a walking plow ? 124 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Note. — One two-horse team is employed in these problems, unless otherwise mentioned. 2. How long will it take to harrow a 20-acre field 3 times with a spike harrow having a width of ten feet ? Pbocess : f of 10.8 acres = 13.5 acres in 1 day. 60 acres -r- 13.5 acres = 4.4 + 1 Note. — It is plainly seen that a harrow 10 feet wide will do | as much work per day as a harrow 8 feet wide. 3. Find the cost of harrowing 7|- acres 3 times with a spring-tooth harrow 5 feet wide. Question. — Will the cost of harrowing this field be any greater or less if two teams are employed ? 4. How long will it take two men to cultivate a field of corn containing 16^ acres ? 5. A field of wheat is half a mile long and 60 rods wide. How long will it take to harvest this field with a header ? 6. How much will a man earn per acre at cutting, shocking, and tying corn by hand, if it yields about 45 bushels per acre ? 7. How long will it take 4 men to husk 56 acres of corn from standing stalks producing 60 bushels per acre, counting even 86 bushels as one man's work per day ? 8. How many bushels of potatoes will two men dig and pick up by hand in 3 days, the yield being 125 bush- els per acre ? 9. In husking corn from the shock, how much will a man husk in a day of 8^ hours, regarding " hours in field " in the table as just 10 hours ? WHAT A BOY CAN DO ON HIS CLUB ACRE "A little land, well tilled, makes a garner well filled." Intensive farming is farming by whicli small areas are brought to a very high state of productiveness. Let the club acre be " the laboratory for the club member and the demonstration plat for the farmer." A partial copy of the report for last year of the champion member of the Pennsylvania Boys' Corn Club is given here. Figure out this boy's profit on his acre of corn and see if you can do better next year. If you are not already a member of the Boys' Coru Club of your state, you should join it at once. (Partial Report) Cost, Yield, and Profit for Year Unless otherwise authorized by the State agent, in making up the cost of your acre of corn, estimate the rent of your acre at S 5, your time at 10 cents an hour, and the time of each horse at 5 cents an hour. Count all fertilizers at just what they cost you ; count barn- yard manure at $ 2 for a two-horse wagon load of about one ton, and 1 1 for a one-horse load of about half a ton. To prepare the figures for the cost column, multiply the number of hours that you work by 10, and the number of hours that each horse works by 5. 125 126 FARM-BUSINESS ARITHMETIC Fill out the following items carefully. Cost of your Acke of Corn 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Plowing, harrowing, spading, manuring, and other work of self and team . . . Hoeing acre of corn Planting acre of corn (seK and team) . . Cultivating acre of corn (self and team) Work ill gathering corn Estimated rent of laud Cost of commercial fertilizer at market price Cost of barnyard manure (see paragraph 1) Cost of seed corn, to plant acre (Give actual cost or market price) Total cost of producing acre of corn . . . Estimated value of corn from acre a. Number of bushels of common corn made on your prize acre 90.86 h. Number of bushels of seed corn made on your prize acre 20.00 c. Total number of bushels on your prize acre 110.86 a. What was the market value per bushel of your common corn at the time you put it in the crib ? QQf b. What was the market value of your seed corn at this time ? $ 2.00 c. What was the value of all your corn, both common and seed?^ What was the profit on your acre of corn?^ What was the cost of your corn per bushel ? ' What was the moisture test, per cent? . . No. OF Hours .10 .10 .10 .10 .05 .10 .05 Market Value 581.77 40.00 $121.77 20 00 00 80 1 Multiply the number of bushels of common corn by the value per bushel, multiply the number of bushels of seed corn by the value per bushel, and add the two results. 2 Subtract the cost of producing the corn (see paragraph 10) from the value of the corn, as given in paragraph 12 c. 8 Divide the total cost by the total number of bushels. John Yoke (age) 15 (Club member sign bere) Ellen Bufflngton (Give your teacher's name here) Orvin (School) -Bulletin 537, How to Grow an Acre of Corn. BOYS' CLUB ACRE 127 Problems 1. The average yield of corn in the United States is 29 bushels per acre. What is John Yohe's per cent of yield on his club acre above the average yield ? 2. What was the cost of producing John's corn per bushel ? 3. The average cost of raising corn in United States is about 44 cents per bushel. How much cheaper than the average cost per bushel did John grow his corn ? 4. In Iowa, one of the leading corn states, the aver- age yield per acre is 44 busliels. How much is John's yield per acre above the average yield of Iowa '? 5. Find out how your father's yield of corn per acre compares with the average yield in the United States. With John Yohe's yield. WHAT A CLUB GIRL CAN DO IN HER GARDEN AND CANNERY A partial report of a member of the Girls' Garden and Cannery Club is given here. Club Member. — Please fill out the following report blank in full from your daily records of garden and can- ning club work for the past season. Estimate of Cost Estimate cost of your one-tenth acre as follows : Rental of land $1.00 ; count your own time worth 10 cents an hour; count all commercial fertilizers, team work, and hired help at actual cost, and barnyard ma- nure at $2.00 a ton ; count a good two-horse load as a ton and a one-horse load as half a ton. Estimate com- mercial fertilizers at cost or marketing price. Cost of Production 1. Rent of land (see above) 2. Preparation of seed bed (cost of labor) 5 hrs. 3. Cost of seed or plants (seeds sent to me) . 4. Cost of planting (labor) 15 hrs 5. Cost of manure and commercial fertilizers 6. Cost of cultivation (labor) 23 hrs. . . . 7. Cost of gathering fruit (labor) 11 hrs. . . 8. Cost of cans, labels, and supplies .... 9. Actual cost of canning work, 15 hrs. . . . 10. Cost of canning outfit 11. Cost of marketing canned products . . . Total cost 128 00 00 00 GIRL'S GARDEN AND CANNERY 129 Garden Receipts 1. Receipts from fresh vegetables sold 2. Receipts from canned vegetables sold 3. Value of vegetables for home use, both canned and fresh 4. Receipts from other products, as canned fruits, ber- ries, etc 5. Total value of all products (add above four items) . 6. Less total cost 7. Net profit for year on one-tenth acre club plot . . Najie, Alberta M. Culls, Clardon, Ohio Find Alberta's net profit. 17 10 00 FARM FINANCE ' ' Pay as you go. ' ' 1. When 5 per cent of the amount of tax is deducted by paying it before July 1, how much does Mr. Thrifty pay on June 25, if the amount of his tax notice is i 43.75 ? 2. What amount of tax does Mr. Slow pay on Sep- tember 25, if the amount of his notice is f 13.29, and it reads, " 10 per cent added if not paid before September 1"? 3. A farmer gets a bill of goods for $ 45, subject to a discount of "5 per cent cash within 10 days." What is the cash amount of his bill ? 4. For what amount shall a farmer give his note for 90 days at 6