1*2.1 
 
 rorv^or 
 
 ^y/lHDL.^f 
 
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 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 FROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OP 
 
 Henrg W. Sage 
 
 1891 
 
 AfSin.. ^/tL 
 
arV17701 
 Bent ironwork. 
 
 Cornell University Library 
 
 3 1924 031 304 763 
 olin.anx 
 
IliP B Cornell University 
 
 k -; Ml bf Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031304763 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
Bent Ironwork 
 
 FOR 
 
 BEGINNERS AND PROFICIENTS 
 
 BY 
 
 AMANDA SANDERS 
 
 WITH FIFTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE 
 A UTHOR 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 CHAPMAN AND HALL, Ld. 
 
 i895 
 
 % 
 
 \AU rights rescwed] 
 
Richakd Clay and Sons, Limited, 
 london and bungay. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THIS manual of Bent Iron Work is written for the 
 amateur and the pupil ; but the lessons are progres- 
 sive, and I should like to believe that the advanced 
 student of the art and the practical worker may find 
 in my pages some hints and considerations not 
 unworthy of their attention. 
 
 A large part of the book is devoted to the pro- 
 duction of patterns, as the difficulty in procuring 
 suitable designs sometimes discourages the worker 
 who is unable or unwilling to make his own. 
 
 In regard to the illustration of my book, I owe 
 much to the suggestions of my friends and of my 
 pupils. My thanks are especially due to Mr. Arthur 
 Williams, through whose courtesy and kindness I 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 am enabled to reproduce many beautiful Venetian 
 designs. 
 
 The art of Bent Iron Work is essentially of Italian 
 origin. In Venice it is practised to this day with 
 greater success than elsewhere, and some of the best 
 designs in this beautiful art are still of Venetian 
 provenance. 
 
 A. Sanders. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FIG. 
 
 1. Cutting Shears 
 
 2. Flat-nose Pliers 
 
 
 
 
 3. Round-nose Pliers... 
 
 
 
 
 4. Letter Rack 
 
 
 
 
 5. S-Curve (part of Letter Rack, Fig 
 
 ■4) 
 
 
 
 6. C-Curve (part of Fig. 4) ... 
 
 7. Large C-Curve (part of Fig. 4) .. 
 
 8. Clasp for join 
 
 9. Connecting Strap (Fig. 4) 
 
 10. Vase Mount 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 . Matchbox Holder 
 
 
 
 
 12. " Spider " Candlestick 
 
 
 
 
 13. Candlestick 
 
 
 
 
 14. Photograph Frame 
 15 Fern or Flower Pot 
 
 
 
 
 16. Teapot Stand 
 
 17. Wall Bracket 
 
 
 
 
 18. Fruit or Cake Dish 
 
 
 
 
 19. Vase 
 
 
 
 
 20. Candlestick... 
 
 
 
 
 21. Candle Bracket 
 
 
 
 
 22. Flower Vase 
 
 
 
 
 23. Pipe Rack 
 
 23A. Pipe Rack complete 
 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5 
 S 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 24,25. Panel and Bottom for Basket... ... ... ... ... 27 
 
 26. Hanging Bucket ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 
 
 27. Candle Bracket. This should be made of the widest iron, 
 
 and nailed to a piece of wood, as in Fig. 21... ... ... 29 
 
 28. Candlestick ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 
 
 29. Small Hanging Lamp and Bracket ... ... 31 
 
 30. Newspaper Rack ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 
 
 3 1 . Hanging Lamp and Bracket ... ... ... 33 
 
 32. Chain for Hanging Lamp ... 34 
 
 33. 34, and 35. Panels suitable for Grilles ... 35 
 
 36. Sanctuary Lamp ... ... ... 37 
 
 37. Table Lamp 38 
 
 38. Candelabra Pendant with Chain ... ... ... ... ... 39 
 
 39. Phpto Frame ... ... 40 
 
 40. Ditto ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 41. Stand for Vase or Pot ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 42. 43, and 44. Mounts for Vases ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 45, 46, and 47. Ditto 42 
 
 48. Mount for Plate 42 
 
 49. Stand with Hanging Basket 43 
 
 50. Bracket ... ... ... 44 
 
 51. Fire Screen... 45 
 
 52. Framework for Lamp ... 46 
 
 53- -Ditto 46 
 
 54- Ditto 47 
 
 55- Ditto 48 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE art of working decoratively in Bent Iron is 
 one of recent introduction and increasing favour. 
 It is essentially an art for the home circle, its 
 practice is not accompanied by noise or mess, and 
 though not exactly easy — since no art that is worth 
 practising is easy — it is at least not difficult of acquisi- 
 tion by any pupil who will give time and trouble to 
 learning the elements, who possesses deft fingers and 
 a taste and eye for decorative form. 
 
 There are but three or four tools required, and the 
 material itself is prepared and sold by special manu- 
 facturers. It is cheap, and it can be converted to 
 most exquisite decorative purposes without the ex- 
 penditure of any excessive force. 
 
 Besides the simplicity of materials and ease with 
 which they can be procured, the work possesses other 
 attractions. It can be taught to children. With boys 
 it is extremely popular ; and some years spent in 
 teaching it among National and Board School boys 
 
2 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 and the ordinary working-lads, varying in age from 
 eight to eighteen years, has convinced me that it 
 should take a prominent place in the technical edu- 
 cation of our schools. Work of this kind not only 
 teaches skill in handling tools, but it does a very 
 great deal to train the eye and educate the taste. 
 Apart from such considerations it forms a delightful 
 home recreation. 
 
 A more serious consideration to urge in favour of 
 Bent Iron Work is that it is, in the true sense of the 
 word, an industry. The productions of the Bent Iron 
 worker can be sold with a profit. The worker at this 
 art has the satisfaction of knowing that he is not con- 
 tributing to the vast mass of the so-called art-at-home 
 products that encumber our bazaar and charity sales 
 and little suburban drawing-rooms with ephemeral 
 objects of horror — poker work, panels, macrame fringes, 
 crochet mats, painted drain pipes, crinkled paper 
 lamp shades, sunflower pincushions, and all the rest 
 of it. 
 
 In the following pages I have carefully avoided 
 recommending the worker to manufacture his own 
 frames, stocks, and supports, or to attempt any 
 rivetting, soldering, or other work that belongs by 
 rights only to the smithy or forge, chiefly because 
 I want the work to be brought within the reach of 
 all, and not to be restricted to those few who possess 
 workshops — though so much the better if one has 
 
BENT IRONWORK 3 
 
 that good fortune. The stocks, frames, and supports 
 are so very inexpensive to buy ; and, if not kept by 
 the tool-dealers mentioned, any smith will make them 
 at a short notice. Bent Iron Work as set forth in 
 these pages can be practised by women or boys who 
 have not the strength required for forge-work ; and 
 can even be worked in a drawing-room without 
 damage to carpet or furniture, if the table used is 
 carefully covered with a thick piece of brown paper. 
 
 Venice is accepted as the place of origin of Bent 
 Iron Work, and we certainly get more examples from 
 there than from any other part of Italy. The exact 
 date of its origin is not easily fixed, but it is generally 
 believed to be quite modern. We can trace a likeness 
 to much of it in the old forged work. This can be 
 clearly seen in the Venetian seventeenth-century link 
 chain (Fig. 32), the wings of which were without doubt 
 curved with tools similar to those we use to-day. It 
 may have occurred to the Venetian smith while filling 
 in some light work to his heavy forged frames that 
 by itself this light pincer-work could well be used to 
 advantage. However, this is but supposition, as we 
 have no written history of such modern work. 
 
 B 2 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Hints on Teaching. 
 
 A few practical hints on class teaching may be 
 acceptable to those who contemplate turning their 
 knowledge to that account. 
 
 (a). Not more than ten individuals should be to- 
 gether in one class. 
 
 (J?). Take some easy pattern at first ; if .possible, one 
 that can be finished in one lesson. 
 
 (c). A flat diagram of the pattern on paper or card- 
 board, with the lengths of the curves distinctly marked 
 on it, should be distributed to every one or two work- 
 ers. A model of the same, worked out in iron, should 
 be placed on the table or bench so that all could use 
 it for inspection and reference. 
 
 (d). As much encouragement as possible should be 
 given in the first lesson. 
 
 (e). Visit each worker in turn right through the 
 class. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 The iron is sold in strips 24" in length varying in 
 width from £" to over 1". It can be purchased from 
 Melhuish and Son, 85, Fetter Lane ; The Army and 
 Navy Stores ; A. Williams, 83, Hammersmith Road, 
 and a few other shops, for 8d., or gd., per pound. The 
 wrought-iron frames and stocks mentioned in the 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 5 
 
 book, as well as tools — in fact every requisite — can be 
 bought at either of these places. 
 
 The glasses, copper vases, lamps, &c, given as 
 patterns can be obtained at suitable shops in almost 
 any town. Iron wire is occasionally wanted; two 
 pennyworth lasts a long time, and can be bought 
 at any ironmonger's. 
 
 Tools. 
 
 Three tools are necessary: viz., (i) a pair of shears 
 for cutting the iron (Fig. i ), f long is a useful size 
 (cost about is. 6d.) ; (2) a pair of "flat -nose" pliers 
 for joining and straightening (Fig. 2), and (3) a pair 
 of " round-nose " pliers for making the curves (Fig. 3) 
 
 Fig. 1. —Cutting Shears. 
 
 
 Fig. 2.— Flat-nose Pliers. 
 
6 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 (cost, from 6d. to is. each pair). Of course the 
 number of tools can be increased at the discretion of 
 the individual worker. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Round-nose Pliers. 
 
 A hammer and bradawl are sometimes needed for 
 boring holes in the iron. 
 
 Blackening. 
 
 After the iron is made up, to preserve it from rust 
 while maintaining the character of iron, it is best to 
 paint it all over with a dead black. A good and inex- 
 pensive mixture is made by mixing four pennyworth 
 of Berlin Black with two pennyworth of Drop Black ; 
 the latter must be ground to a powder, dissolved in 
 turpentine, and added to the Berlin Black. The Drop 
 Black tends to give a dull look to the paint, more or 
 less can be used according to the dulness required. 
 The paint should be applied with a camel-hair brush. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Instructions. 
 
 Supposing the beginner to have his tools : it is 
 well to make a few suggestions as to the iron required 
 to start with. Five pounds of iron in the following 
 sizes will be material enough ; £ lb. |" ; J lb. £" ; 2 
 lb. f " ; 2 lb. \" ; and two pennyworth of iron wire. 
 
 Pattern 1 (Fig. 4). — Now, to start, choose a simple 
 pattern such as the Letter Rack (Fig. 4). The medium- 
 
 6Yd 
 
 Fig. 4.— Letter Rack. 
 
8 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 sized iron is used for this. Cut off four pieces each 
 9" long. 
 
 To do this, hold the shears in the right hand at 
 right angles to the iron and gradually bring the ends 
 
 Fig. 5.— S-Curve (part of Letter Rack, Fig. 4). 
 
 together, keeping them clear of the palm, otherwise a 
 nasty pinch might result. Another way of breaking 
 the iron — without the shears — is by holding it with 
 the square pliers at the place to be broken, and with 
 the left hand sharply bending the remainder of the 
 strip up and down till it breaks off ; this is a most 
 useful substitute for the shears and should be 
 practised by all. Then turn them up to form the 
 S-curves (Fig. 5). 
 
 This is done by holding the piece of iron to be 
 curved firmly in the left hand, taking the round-nose 
 pliers in the right hand, and with them grasping the 
 strip at the end and gradually bending it round to 
 form the required curve ; when this is done take the 
 opposite end and bend in the same way, holding it so 
 that the curve will be an S- and not a C-. Practice 
 will be required before the curves are quite perfect, 
 
BENT IRONWORK 9 
 
 but if faulty they can always be doctored up with the 
 square-nose pliers, which if carefully applied will take 
 out all the angles and kinks. Make the remaining 
 three strips into S-curves in precisely the same way, 
 testing them by placing one on the top of another 
 and seeing that they are exactly the same size. 
 
 Next cut four pieces 7" long, and turn up these 
 to form C-curves (Fig. 6), and two pieces each 13" 
 long into large C-curves (Fig. 7). Having these all 
 
 made, we may proceed to join them 
 
 together ; place two of the Fig. 6 ( C ^ 
 
 curves back to back as in the ^-^ 
 
 pattern (Fig. 4), break off a small 
 
 strip of the narrowest (binding) 
 
 iron long enough to form a clasp 
 
 round the pieces to be joined, then 
 
 with the square-nose pliers make 
 
 a small hook at the end (Fig. 8). V J 
 
 Hold the pieces to be joined firmly ^ S 
 
 in the left hand, slip the hook round FlG - 6.-c : cw(part 
 
 ' r of Fig. 4). 
 
 them and give a pinch with the 
 
 fd 
 
 \ \J j ty.J. {CLA<J< C-CcMfl^cl^U.) 
 
 square pliers to the hooked end ; bend the other end 
 with fingers or pliers till they both meet, then press 
 
io BENT IRONWORK 
 
 with the pliers till the join is quite firm. Place the 
 
 S-curves (Fig. 5) into position and join to the 
 
 C-curves, then fix to the large C-curve 
 
 f\ n ( Fi S- 7) t ' lat forms two of tne feet. 
 
 4J With the remaining curves construct 
 
 a similar figure and connect the two 
 
 open closed with three straps of iron each 5" long ; 
 
 F,G ' 8 Sn. laspfor these should first be doubled towards 
 
 the centre (Fig. 9), then opened out 
 
 and slipped into position as in the plan (Fig. 4), 
 
 doubled back again into place clasped at X, x, x. 
 
 Fig. g.— Connecting Strap (Fig. 4). 
 
 The middle strap should be the first slipped into place 
 and joined, while the ends of the rack are open. 
 
 Pattern 2 (Fig. 10). — Having mastered the first 
 pattern, the vase (Fig. ib) should be attempted. The 
 vase itself is simply a ruby glass tumbler costing 3f d. 
 Two rings must be made to loosely fit the glass, to 
 these the three supporting legs are fastened. The 
 lowest ring is smaller than the top one, and should be 
 slipped between the big C-curve [a) and the little 
 curve ib), and clasped above and below with binding 
 
BENT IRONWORK 11 
 
 iron. The top ring is fastened to the supports by 
 means of " cross-joins," the hooks for these are rather 
 long, and cross each other diagonally. The mount is 
 strengthened by tying together the curves that meet 
 under the glass at x with a piece of iron wire about 
 
 [ci.fj 
 
 Ca '.?') 
 
 Fig. io. — Vase Mount. 
 
 2" long ; to do this the wire should be bent so as to 
 pass through the three curves, and the ends held 
 firmly in the square-nose pliers and twisted round and 
 round, pulling away from the work all the time till 
 they .break off quite close to the join. This " tie- 
 
12 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 join " is always used where the " clasp-join " and 
 " cross-join " are not practicable. 
 
 The Matchbox Holder (Fig. n) should be tried 
 
 TKONT £*.£¥ 
 
 Fig. ii. — Matchbox Holder. 
 
 rs) 
 
 Q 
 
 S'DF nrif<riou 
 
 after the vase ; the back is made of 1 2 C-curves 4!" 
 long, these are joined together in two rows of 6 and 
 framed with a strip of iron, keeping them in place and 
 forming attachment for the curves of the border. To 
 
BENT IRONWORK 13 
 
 make the top loop (a) by which the Holder is sus- 
 pended, cut a piece of iron 6" long, bend the ends 
 together with the fingers, grasp them about 1" 
 from the end with the square pliers, then proceed 
 to curve each end in an outward direction. The 
 iron forming the little diamonds between the S- 
 curves should be doubled together, then opened out 
 at an angle of 45 , and grasped with the square pliers 
 close up to the middle, and sharply bent with the 
 fingers over the jaws of the pliers, then bent in the 
 opposite direction : this forms one side of the diamond ; 
 the other is made in exactly the same way. The 
 three curves forming the receptacle for the matchbox, 
 each 8" long, are fastened to the back with cross-ties 
 of wire. 
 
 The "Spider" Candlestick (Fig. 12) worked out in 
 wide iron is very effective. The patterns must be 
 carefully studied to see the way in which the pieces 
 are joined together. The following curves must be 
 made : viz., two 9" C-curves (a) ; two 5" C-curves (c); 
 one 1 1 J" C-curve (b) ; one 7" simple curve (e) ; three 
 2|" simple curves (/), and one 15" twisted curve; this, 
 with the little curve (jf), forms the handle and one 
 foot, and is balanced on the opposite side by the 
 simple curve (J). The nozzle can be bought at 
 Melhuish and Son's for i\d. 
 
 (In connection with this pattern it may be interest- 
 ing to state that one of my boy-workers timed 
 
14 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Fig. i2. — "Spider" Candlestick. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 IS 
 
 Fig. 13.— Candlestick. 
 
i6 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 himself while making up the candlestick, and found 
 that it took just one hour.) 
 
 Fig. 13 is an upright candlestick, the ring (a) with 
 the three 6" curves cross-joined to it, must just fit the 
 
 F/iofT vie\n. 
 
 S/pe WFVA/ 
 
 Fig. 14. — Photograph Frame. 
 
 Fig. B. 
 
 nozzle. The three legs should be made separate, 
 testing them one on top of another, then each one 
 clasped to a ring curve in three places, and all three 
 tied together in places X where the curves meet 
 lower down. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 17 
 
 Little difficulty will now be found in working out 
 any of the following patterns to Fig. 28. 
 
 The foundation and leg-rest of Fig. 14 must be 
 made of the widest iron ; the former so as to allow 
 sufficient space for the back-board and glass, which 
 
 Fig. 15.— Fern or Flower Pot. 
 
 are kept in place by two crossing elastic bands at the 
 back, and by four corner S-curves in the front, these 
 are made of narrow iron. The leg-rest is attached to 
 the frame by means of a hook at one end (Fig. 14 B) ; 
 this is slipped round the foundation at X and firmly 
 clasped behind. 
 
 C 
 
i8 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 The easiest way to insure accuracy in the con- 
 struction of the Teapot Stand (Fig. 16) is, to 
 
 ,---<"' 
 
 Pi ay. 
 
 Fig. 16.— Teapot Stand. 
 
 make the four quarters, each bounded by the big 1 1" 
 C-curve, separate, and after careful testing, join 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 19 
 
 3 Side eiewivv. 
 
 
 Fig 17.— Wall Bracket. 
 
 together at x. A 6£" square (the size of the bound- 
 ing strip y) should be roughly ruled on paper and 
 the work placed on top of it, the curves that do not 
 touch the sides of the square being carefully bent 
 
 c 2 
 
20 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 either in or out till they do. Then the bounding 
 strip can be safely fixed without destroying the out- 
 line. Two feet are attached to each corner, one on 
 each side of the angle. 
 
 The back of the little bracket (Fig. 17) is made of 
 two exactly similar pieces (1) and (2) connected by a 
 
 Fig. t8. — Fruit or Cake Dish. 
 
 central bar (3) having diamonds at both ends ; to this 
 is tied the shelf shown in plan. 
 
 The mount of Fig. 18 can be fitted to a plate of 
 any shape, by simply altering the curve (a) to fit 
 the bottom. The common Japanese variety costing 
 id. or \d. can be used in this way. Heavy green 
 glass dishes mounted with the widest iron form very 
 handsome dessert sets, and are especially adapted to 
 
BENT IRONWORK 21 
 
 go with the green table glass that lately has become 
 so popular. 
 
 In Fig. 19 the two big S-curves («)form the handles 
 of the vase, as a little variety these occur on two 
 
 Fig. 19. — Vase. 
 
 sides only — the four simple curves (b) are slipped in 
 between c and d; this pattern can be adapted to any 
 vase. 
 
 Fig. 20. — The curves a, a, are made in one piece of 
 iron, so are c, c ; b, b, are simple curves. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 The Candle Brackets (Figs. 2 1 and 27) are greatly- 
 improved by being mounted on a piece of wood. 
 Holes can easily be bored in the iron by means of a 
 hammer and bradawl or even a strong nail ; the iron 
 
 Fig. 20. — Candlestick. 
 
 should be held on a piece of wood during the process 
 of boring. 
 
 Fig. 23. — A shows the finished pipe rack ; B is a 
 diagram of half the back, after this is made a strip 
 of iron (d) must be bent to hold the four S-curves 
 shown in plan C ; to this is fixed the strip with the 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 23 
 
 Fig. 21. — Candle Bracket. 
 
 circles (e) ; these can be shaped by bending round a 
 ruler or hammer-handle. One full strip of iron will 
 
24 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 just make the five holes ; these must be joined to the 
 strip of iron (d), and the whole tied to the back [as 
 in B, with at least five ties. 
 
 Baskets for ferns, cards, or flower-pots of all 
 
 Fig. 22. — Flower Vase. 
 
 descriptions are very easy to make — choose some 
 design for a panel or side, such as Figs. 24 and 25, 
 and repeat it according to the size the basket is to 
 be. In the examples given Fig. 24 has six sides, 
 and Fig. 25 has seven. The sides must be joined 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 25 
 
 ®(5~e) 
 
26 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 together and carefully bent into shape, before the 
 bottom is tied in place. 
 
 Fig. 26 is a mount for a little copper bucket ; this 
 can be bought for 6d. at 83, Hammersmith Road ; the 
 wide iron should be used for this pattern. 
 
 The stock (a) of Fig. 28 must be forged ; it costs 
 gd. at Melhuish's, Fetter Lane. The ring and the four 
 
 Fig. 23A. — Pipe Rack complete. 
 
 S-curves (e) must be made and joined together apart 
 from the stock ; the ring should then be unclasped, 
 slipped round the thin stem of the stock up to its posi- 
 tion round the nozzle and re-clasped. A new feature is 
 introduced in the twisted links of the Small Hang- 
 ing Lamp (Fig. 29). To make one of these cut off a 
 piece of narrow iron and turn up the ends as in 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 27 
 
 .<*• 
 
 
 I - / _ ]3orr&w TO BE \^ 
 
 ' ^v .'T/EO HERE -~-'-r-~. 
 
 i G—w-\ 
 
 ■reer. 
 
 SHOWING 
 2VTTOM 
 
 Figs. 24, 25. — Pane and Bottom for Basket. 
 
28 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 diagram A. With a pair of pliers in each hand grip 
 both ends of the link at x, x, then proceed to twist in 
 opposite directions, pulling hard all the time to keep 
 the links evenly twisted. The double heart links B 
 contrast very effectively with the somewhat stiff 
 twisted ones. The chains when complete are fastened 
 
 Fig. 26. — Hanging Bucket. 
 
 to a top C, which is composed of a round loop D and 
 five C-curves, the two smaller and central ones keep- 
 ing the loop in place, and the joins of the three outer 
 and larger ones forming attachment for the chains. 
 The bracket E if made of wide iron will be quite 
 strong enough to bear the light weight of the lamp 
 (which is but a large ruby glass salt) ; the top bar F 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 29 
 
 Fig. 27.— Candle Bracket. This should be made of 
 the widest iron, and nailed to a piece of wood, 
 as in Fig. 21. 
 
 WOODE/V fthty 
 
30 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 should be double ; in the pattern the ends of the 
 strip forming the back G are slit up with the shears 
 before bending into shape, and one-half turned in the 
 opposite direction. 
 
 The side-panel A of the newspaper rack (Fig. 30) 
 is copied from a very handsome seventeenth-century 
 Italian grille in the South Kensington Museum. Two 
 
 Fig. 28. — Candlestick. 
 
 of these should be made exactly alike, and one centre 
 panel B to which is fastened the handle. The bottom 
 (c) is made of sixteen 7" S-curves, and to it must be 
 tied the three panels, holding them carefully at right 
 angles while joining. The six simple curves forming 
 the feet are tied to the bottom last thing of all. 
 
 Fig. 3 1 is a drawing of two links of a chain for a 
 hanging lamp (seventeenth century, Venice, South 
 Kensington Museum). As foundation for each one, a 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 3i 
 
 Fig. 29.— Small Hanging Lamp and Bracket. 
 
CENTRE 
 
 PANEL 
 
 3. 
 
 S//)£ 
 PANtL 
 
 A. 
 
 PM/V OF 
 RACK 
 
 "MfAWU 
 ATT A C He O, 
 
 - Bonn 
 
 _. FOOT. 
 
 S/oe num. 
 
 Position of 
 
 CEftr/lC HNU 
 
 Si oc Piwa 
 
 Fig. 30. — Newspaper^Rack^ 
 
Fig. 31.— Hanging Lamp and Bracket. 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Fig. 3t. — Chain for Hanging Lamp. 
 
 plain forged iron link is used, which can be bought for 
 a few pence, and to this the four wings are attached, 
 two of which (i, 2) are shown in the drawing of each 
 link. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 35 
 
 Figs. 33, 34, & 35. — Panels suitable for Grilles. 
 
 D 2 
 
36 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 The ruby Princess Lamp for pattern (Fig. 31) costs 
 2s. gd. t and can be purchased at Monk's, oilman, 201, 
 King's-road, Chelsea. Either three or four chains can 
 be used. To begin, make a ring just a little larger 
 than the glass receptacle ; this must be very securely 
 joined, as it forms the most important part of the 
 mount ; to it are attached the loops A, for the chains 
 to pass through, the number of loops and chains 
 must be the same as the number of outer C-curves 
 used in the top C, also the curves D which alternate 
 with the loops and are bent to fit the sides of 
 the receptacle. The forged framework of the bracket 
 B can be bought at the Army and Navy Stores 
 for lid. 
 
 This lamp is one of the prettiest things that can be 
 made in bent iron, and I strongly recommend every- 
 one to try it. I myself have had seven demands for 
 this same lamp during the last two years at various 
 times and places — the last as a wedding present to the 
 village schoolmistress of the place where I was staying 
 on the Cornish coast last Easter. It is a present 
 appreciated by both men and women. 
 
 Figs- 33> 34. an d 35 are panels adapted from 
 examples in the Museum, and are suitable for grilles 
 for cupboard-doors or screens. In each case the outer 
 frame should be of forged iron and the other parts of 
 the widest iron. 
 
 The Sanctuary Lamp (Fig. 36) is worked out in 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Fig. 36. —Sanctuary Lamp. 
 
Fig. 37.-fTable Lamp. 
 
Fig. 38;.— Candelabra Pen4ant with Chain. 
 
4o 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 narrow iron, the C-curves are made in separate rings, 
 i, 2, 3, &c, and afterwards joined to each other ; the 
 small glass vessel for the oil can be purchased for a 
 
 Fig. 39.— Photo Frame. 
 
 Fig. 40. — Photo Frame. 
 
 few pence. The bracket in this case is fixed into a 
 four-pointed piece of thin sheet iron. 
 
 Fig- 37 i s a mount for a copper lamp ; this, 
 with ruby shade, can be bought at 85, Hammer- 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 4i 
 
 Fig. 41.— Stand for Vase 
 or Pot. 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 Fig. 43. Fig. 44. 
 
 Mounts for Vases. 
 
42 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 Fig. 46. Mounts for Vases. Fig. 47. 
 
 Fig. 48.— Mount for Plate. 
 
BE'NT IRONWORK 
 
 43 
 
 Fig. 49. — Stand with Hanging Basket. 
 
 smith Road, for prices upwards from 3.?. 6d. The 
 widest iron should be used, and if the lamp is very 
 
44 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 massive the foundation of the mount should be 
 forged iron. 
 
 Fig. 38 shows two wings for a hanging candelabra ; 
 the central upright and horizontal bars must be forged 
 if the candelabra is to consist of four wings, though if 
 
 Fig. 50.— Bracket. 
 
 of two only the wide iron will be strong enough. 
 Taken by itself one wing forms a good strong candle 
 bracket. 
 
 The framework, Fig. 52, of the lantern, Fig. 53, 
 must be made by a smith. In the bottom a socket is 
 fixed by which a candle or small Princess lamp is kept 
 in place. The round glasses for the sides can be 
 bought at Salviati's in Regent Street ; these are fitted 
 
Fig 5i.— Fire Screen. 
 
4 6 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 II 
 
 Fig. 52. — Framework 
 for Lamp. 
 
 J (<7 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
BENT IRONWORK 
 
 47 
 
 into rings of wide strip iron by means of little iron or 
 tin clips (d) on the inside, and the meander or waved 
 
 Fig. 54- 
 
 circle of very narrow iron on the outside, so that the 
 glass cannot possibly slip out of place ; these circles 
 are connected with the framework by small curves in 
 
4 8 
 
 BENT IRONWORK 
 
 the corners. The two lanterns given as patterns are 
 square — having three sides and a hinged door — but 
 by altering the number of sides in the framework they 
 can be made hexagonal or octagonal as wished. 
 
 Fig. 55.