ORNITH Fuertes 681 .H52 I FUSRTES ROOM le (^J&/ 1 I iP LAJBORATORY OP ORRITHOLOGS CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA. MEB YORK CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY Gift of •y-A If! I r 1 ^^'- VOLUME xxvm ^^^^ NUMBER TWO V ^ The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AUGUST, 1915 ^^/ / CONTENTS 20 Pages in Four Colors American Game Birds HENRY W. HENSHAW With 76 Illustrations; 72 in Colors from Paintings by Louis Agaesiz Fuertes Nature's Transformation at Panama GEORGE SHIRAS, 3rd With 36 Illustrations and 2 Colored Maps PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C, 1 ^2.50 A YEA^ [25^^ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY <^' 'o HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON, D. C. O. H. TITTMANN . . . president GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, director and editor JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE . associate edjtor O. P. AUSTIN SECRETARY JOHN E, PILLSBURY . vice-president JOHN JOY EDSON .... TREASURER F. B EICHELBERGER . assistant treasurer GEORGE W, HUTCHISON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER , assistant editor 1913-1915 Franklin K. Lane Secretary of Ihe Interior Henry F. Blount Vice-President American Se- curity and Trust Company C. M. Chester Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, Formerly Supt. LI. S. Naval Observatory Frederick V. Coville Formerly President of Wash- ington Academy of Sciences .lOHN F. PiLLSRURY Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, Formerly Chief Bureau of Navigation Rudolph Kauffjviann Managing Editor The Evening Star T. L. Macdqnald M. D., F. A. C. S. S. N. D. North Formerly Director U. S. Bu- reau of Census BOARD OF MANAGERS 1914-1916 AlexanderQraham Bell Inventor of the telephone J. Howard Gore Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The Geo. Washington Univ. A. W. Qreely Arctic Explorer, Major Gen'l U. S. Army Gilbert H. Grosvenor Editor of National Geographic Magazine George Otis Smith Director of U. S. Geological Survey O. H. TiTTMANN Formerly Superintendent of LI. S. Coast and Geodetic Sur- vey Henry White Formerly U.S. Ambassador to France, Italy, etc. John M. Wilson Brigadier General U. S. Army, Formerly Chief of Engineers 1915-1917 Charles J. Bell President American Security and Trust Company John Joy Edson President W.i.shington Loan »& Trust Company David Fairchild In Charge of Agricultural Ex- plorations, Dept. of Agric. C. Hart Merriam Member National Academy of Sciences O. P. Austin statistician George R. Putnam Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses George Shiras, 3d Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress, Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-Game Photographer Grant Squires New York To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-six years ago, namely, "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge," the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. Ail receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re- turn envelope and postage, and be addressed : GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Editor CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A. W. Greely C. Hart Merriam O. H. TiTTMANN Robert Hollister Chapman Walter T. Swingle Alexander Graham Bell David Fairchild Hugh M. Smith N. H. Darton Frank M. Chapman Kutered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C, as .Second-Class Mail Matter Copyright, 1915, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved Vol. XXVIIK No. 2 WASHINGTON August, 1915 THE ATflONAL °^A!PHD AMERICAN GAME BIRDS By Henry W. Henshaw Chief of the U. S. Biological Sur\i-;v and Author oe "Common Birds of Town axd Couxtrv," tx the Xatioxal Geographic IMacazinE With Illustrations from Paiiifiinjs by I^oiiis Agassi.': Fucrtcs FROM the time of the earliest set- tlement of the country the wild game of America has proved a na- tional asset of extraordinary value. No- where in the world, except in Africa, was there ever greater ahundance and variety of wild life. The forests of America were filled with game birds and animals, large and small : its streams, lakes, and ponds were cov- ered with waterfowl, and its rivers and shores furnished highways for myriads of shorebirds as they passed north and south. Nature would appear to have stocked the continent with lavish hand. Indeed, but for the wild game our prede- cessors, the Indians, would not have been able to maintain existence, much less to advance as far as they did in the arts that lift peoples toward the plane of civil- ization. And at first our own forebears were scarcely less dependent than the aborig- ines upon game for food. Many years of toil and struggle had to pass before the rude husbandry of the colonists sufficed to free them measurably from depend- ence on venison and wild fowl. Nor will any student of American his- tory doubt that, but for the services of our pioneer hunters and trappers who literally hunted and trapped their way from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the course of empire westward would have Ijecn halted for decades. As a conse- quence, the settlement of much of our fair land would have been long delayed, if, indeed, the land had not passed into the possession of other peoples. ^loreover, it was in the pursuit of game that the hardy frontiersmen devel- oped skill as marksmen and acc|uired many of the rude border accomplish- ments which later made them effective soldiers in the war for independence. Game existed everywhere, for the In- dian, though wasteful of wild life and knowing nauglit of game laws, took what toll he would of the game about him, and }'et made no apparent impression on its (|uantity ; so that it passed into the hands (if liis successors, along with his lands, practicallv in its original state. .\MERICAN W.\TERF0\VE AND SHOREBIRDS And what a rich heritage it was ! In addition to the up)land game birds of the forests and open glades, great numbers of ducks and shorebirds found on our western prauies and in the innumerable lakes and ponds the food, solitude, and safety necessary during the nesting pe- riod. More important still as a nursery for wdld fowl and shorebirds were, and 106 THE XATIOXAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZIXE still are, the tundras of Alaska and the barren grounds that, dotted with count- less lakes and rivers, stretch to the Arctic. Here, in these northern wilds, solitude reigns supreme, and vast multitudes of waterfowl breed, assured of both food and safetw < )n these Arctic plains Xa- ture has pri>\-ided in a remarkal^le way for her winged ser\'ants b\- supplving an uiexliaustil)le crop of berries. .\s the siiort summer season wanes the berries ripen and furnish a nutritious food upon which the waterfowl fatten and gain strength for their long southern j(_>urne\'. Then the Ice King takes the remainder of the crop in charge, wraps it in a man- tle of snow and ice, and keeps it safe in .Nature's cold storage, ready for delivery in spring to the hungry migrants, A\'ith- out this storehouse of berries it is doubt- ful if our waterfowl could sustain life in the Arctic, and the so-called barrens, in- stead of being a nurserv for mvriads of fowl, would indeed be barren so far as bird life is concerned, AMien the short ,\rctic summer closes and the young birds acquire strength for the journev, multitmlcs of ducks, geese, swans, and slujrebirds, anticipalnig the Arctic winter, wing their way to southern lands. Including these winged hordes from the Arctic that visit our territory and the birds that nest within our own limits. America possesses iipward of 200 kinds of game birds, large and small, man\' of which are in tlie front rank, whether vicwe' unimportant part in causing the death of l)irds, except perhaps indi- rectly. In a state of undisturbed nature there are few sick or old birds, for the reason that the sick, the heedless, and the old, as soon as their strength begins to fail, are ])romptly eliminated by natural enemies, who, while foes of individual bird life, nevertheless do good service to the species in keeping the vigor of the stock at a high standard by promptly weeding out the unfit. While the annual loss of game birds l)y attacks of predatory birds and mammals is no doubt very great, it is to be noted that it is relatively far less at the pres- ent time than formerly, owing to the AMERICAN GAME J'-IRDS 107 general destruction of liirds of prey and of wild four-footed animals of whatever name or nature. The contrary is true of that predatory animal, the house cat. Never were house cats luore destructive of bird life than now. Wliile the annual loss of insectiv- orous birds by them is far greater than that of game birds, the loss of woodcock, quail, grouse, and upland-breeding shore- birds is by no means small. Taking into account bird life in general, the cat is undoubtedly the most destructive mam- mal we ha\e, and the aggregate nuni1)er c;f birds annually killed by them m the United States is enormous. ( )f late years serious losses have been re])orted among the ducks of certain lo- calities in the West. The causes are yet obscure, 1)nt flie\' are probal)l\' not due to epidemics, as commonly belie\-ed. They will prnbablv prove to be ver^■ Incal and of comparatively modern origin, and to be dependent on drainage contaminations or unnatmal crowding into unfa\i)rable feeding grounds. It is hence higlilv prob- able that such losses can be eliminated either in wliole or in ])art. Piefore the coming of the whites, for- est and ])rairie fires were due to lightning or were purposely set bv the Indians to facilitate the pursuit of large game. ^^^^ile they were no doubt common at certain seasons and probably fatal to luanv birds, they were too insignificant to jiave pla)'ed an important part in the re- duction of numl)ers. I'lRHARMS the; cim;i' causi; oi? dijcrivASi; The destruction of former breeding grounds through drainage and the general advance of agriculture is a very impor- tant cause of the diminution of certain species. 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Courtesy of the Conservation ConimiEEion of I^ouisiana A HAPPY family: MALLARDS "TIPPING UP" ON THE LOUISIANA STATE GAME PRESERVE The water bottoms of the lowlands grow duck food in abundance I4y 130 THE NATIOXAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE and to-day there are probably not far from five millions who are interested in the pursuit of game ! The enormous number of men in a single State who hunt appears from a statement of the Secretary of the Game Commission of Pennsylvania, who says that "during the season of 1913 there were 305,028 resident hunter's licenses issued in this State. During the season of 1914, from reports at hand, there were fully as many licenses issued. "When we consider that the landowner with his tenants and their families may hunt under the provisions of law without paying this license, and add to this those who hunt in violation of law, we are led to believe that fully 100,000 more men hunted in this State during each of these seasons than were licensed, making all t(jgether an army of more than 400,000 men, who, for a certain period and for good reason, are permitted to destroy game that in the aggregate amounts to millions of pieces and thousands of tons in weight." Large as the figures seem, and thev are the largest for anj' State in the Union, it should be remembered that they repre- sent but 5 per cent of the total population of Pennsylvania, while in the Xorthwest, notably in Idaho and Montana, more than TO per cent of all the people are licensed hunters. What this army of five million hunters means to the large and small game of America can better be imagined than de- scribed ! Modern guns and ammunition are of the very best, and they are sold at prices so low as to be within the reach of all. Added to these very efficient weapons for killing small game, are in- numerable devices for killing waterfowl, as sneak-boats, punt-guns, swivel-guns, sail-boats, steam-launches, night floating, night lighting, and others. While it is true that most of these de- vices are illegal, they are nevertheless in use at the present time, and in out-of- the-way places offenders are difficult of detection, especially as they are often intrenched behind local sentiment, which countenances and even encourages the practice because "it brings money into the county." To the above devices for the destruction of game must be added the automobile, and it may be doubted if any other modern invention is so potent for harm. It is possible for a party of three or four in a speedy machine to hunt over territory in a single morning that formerly would have required a week or more. MONEY VAI,UE OF GAME BIRDS Passing by for the moment all esthetic considerations, the money value of the vast number of game birds that breed within the several States or visit them in migration is so great as alone to entitle the birds to careful protection. This point of view is being taken by several States Thus Oregon values her game resources, which consist in no small part of game birds, at five millions of dollars annuallv, while Maine and California re- spectively claim their game to be worth twenty millions annually. To permit the extermination of any part of this valuable food asset, valuable alike to vState and Nation, by continuing the wasteful methods of the past is an economic crime against present and fu- ture generations. And here it is impor- tant to point out that while the majority of our ducks, geese, and swans breed outside our jurisdiction they winter within our own borders. Failure ade- quately to protect them, therefore, in their winter quarters means their ulti- mate extinction SALE OE GAME BIRDS Intimately connected with the problem of conserving our wild game is the kill- ing of game for market. Many of those who have studied the subject earnestly do not hesitate to express the conviction that under the conditions now prevailing in the United States the conservation of our ducks, geese, and shorebirds is im- possible if their sale in open market con- tinues. In considering the present effect of the sale of wild game, it must not be forgot- ten that the demand for game in the PJnited States has enormously increased in the last decade. Even with our pres- ent population the market demand is in- finitely greater than the supply, and all ARIERICAX GAAIE BIRDS 151 (he ducks and geese that now breed within our borders and that visit us from the North would not suffice to supply the inhabitants of New York and Chicago, to say nothing of a dozen or twenty of our other large cities, for more than a few short weeks. Indeed, were the market demand for game to be fully satisfied, all the winged game of America killed during the next two or three seasons could be marketed and eaten. Reaching the great markets in the comparatively small quantity that it now does, game of all kinds crjin- mands prohibitive prices for any but the wealthy. As Forbush justly remarks, the present market price of quail is so high as practically to amount to a bounty on the birds' heads and is a constant temptation to the market hunter to kill his quarry, despite State or Federal law, in season and out. STATI; PKOTl'XTlVI', T,AWS State or colonial ownership of game was indeed early recognized, but only grudgingly in so far as it was restrictive of the right of the individual to hunt wild game when and where he pleased. K\ erywhere the feeling prevailed that all wild game belonged to the people, to be killed whenever necessity or inclination prompted, and it may be said that no little of this feeling remains to the pres- ent day. The change from the old be- lief that wild game belonged to him who could take it, to the theory of State own- ership of game, marked a long step for- ward in game preservation. To-day few principles of American law are more t^rmlv established than this, though it was not until 1896 that the principle was formallv enunciated by the Supreme Court of the United States. If the several States, under the |inn- ciple of State ownership, have failed ade- quately to protect their game, it has^ not been for lack of game legislation. Even in the colonial period laws regulating the manner of taking game were (lassed. As early as 1708 heath hens, ruffed grouse, quail, and wild turkevs were protected 111 New York: but it was not till 1 791 that woodcock were gi^■en legal protection. In 1710 a law was enacted m ]\rassachu- setts prohibitmg the use of boats and canoes with sails, or canoes disguised with hay, sedge, or seaweed, for hunting waterfowl. Snipe were protected in ^Massachusetts in 181 8, and ducks in Rhode Island in 1846; Connecticut and New Jersey pro- tected their doves and insectivorous birds in T850, and in 1851 Wisconsin passed jjrotective laws in favor of the prairie chicken. It is worth noting in connec- tion with game legislation that it was not until 187S that the first bag-limit law was enacted. This limited the bag of game birds in Iowa to 25 in one day — a limit which has remained practically unchanged for 37 years. Since early times, and especially of late \'ears, game legislation has so flooded the country that it is difficult to keep track of it. Over 1,300 laws were enacted dur- ing the first decade of the present century (1901-1910). Despite this great volume of legislation, some birds, as geese, were ne\'er given a close season in California, Texas, Arkansas, and other States. ST.M'i; G.\MI'. l.-\WS DIVERGEXT It needs only a glance to show that State laws and regulations affecting game dift'er widelv, even in adjoining States ; thus a game bird ma\' be adequaleh' pro- tected by law in one State and be only partiallv protected in a neighboring State, or not protected at all. ■\foreover, the history of game preser- vation since colonial times in many vStates reveals no well-defined policy, but a series of regulations constantly changing ac- cording to the ever-shifting points of ^■iew of State and game officials and the political exigencies of the moment. Fven the funds raised by the sale of hunting licenses, in most States ample for cft"ect- ive enforcement of the laws, have not always been devoted to the cause of pro- tection, but often have been diverted to very different uses. So great is the divergence in the nature and purpose of game legislation of the several States that there would seem to be little hope that the inconsistencies and shortcomings will ever be reconciled. Some who do not realize what has been l^ll^H^^^^^^^HI WBBB^ ~ <" S'^-^ fm^BKM 3 nt ;? ,-< o sBKBB^B^ * "^ « JBn^l t; nJ 'r^ c/i c^ of the Const unt. "Sei 'art, aggre m by Cha rve. All 1 iJHHH^^H^^H 'tJ|iH|l|^^^^^^H r. Courtesy hat defy co been set ap conservatii. feller prese ■BH^H^!^ lisby Arthii IISIANA n flocks t ries have wih.hlife he Rocke ^■hhhh^^^^^b nley C ), I,OI and i nctua ed to and tl ^K^MBBK^^^ ^^m^m 3 " u ns ^ wBK^m » z ^t: " f; 'cu" ^^IHHhHBI^^H * ' ' "^ ^^^B^^^MmMMHwl Photo SII IS Sage' f priv; rve, d( ssell S fl^RHH MAR ussell ber prese s, Ru k^Bmj ' 1 ,.■'•■ ftH^^^^di mM ^""1^^ '^^H^^^H^^HH^H ^^^^^^^H ^ L- . , QJ ^^ ^^^^H ^ V ^ ^ ^^■H -j] ^ brj^ ^^^HHHHJIHi^H ^■l : ■^■H o "= 1 o i^^^^H 1" _ TH ^ I^^^^H a; Tj i^ u Bni ''^"^ ^Hl ~'^ ""-^ ^^^■H :j oj >H bjO ^^^IhI^^^^HJ^I MB^^M ^ u S: HBI^^^^I [n "^ u-j c^ nn^^^^H o QJ *;!; Ih^^H qj .. -^ ^i^hS^II^^B^^^^^BH^^^I^I 1o|^^^Hb^^H^^^^R V!^H -^3 °-3 ''j^H^^HB^^^^H^^^^ -"'2^H 1^ QJ ui C . JHHH „ I-i QJ u k'WH ^ I- a '^ t^iiB^H ^ o p . Five varieties of gee; extensive game preserves extent. Conspicuous e.xai Mcllhenny; JVfarsh Island text, page 155), 152 A}>IER1CAN GA:ME BIRDS 153 accomplished in recent years are inclined to despair. Meantime, after a century of experi- ment by the States, the depletion of our game birds continues, and the end of sev- eral species is in plain view. It must be evident to all that, so far as the conser- ^■ation of wild life is concerned, State control has proved a failure. Not a single State has succeeded in adequately protecting its own resident game, to say nothing of the game that migrates through it. fi-;der.\i, jiigr.vtgry bird l.-Wi^ It is the belief of many that what the States have failed to do for the conser- vation of our bird life can be accom- plished by the Federal government, and they further belie^'e that the act approved March 4, 1913, commonly known as the Federal Migratory Bird Law, marks a long step in advance in game protection. E)' this act the migratory game and in- sectivorous birds which do not remain pjermanently within the borders of any one State or Territory are declared to be within the custody and under the protec- tion of the government of the LTnited States. This act, be it noted, provides protec- tion onlv for game and insectivorous birds that migrate ; hence riiany of our finest game birds, like the bob-white, val- ley quail, mountain quail, ruffed grouse, prairie hen, sage hen, blue grouse, wild turkey, and others, being non-migratory, have been left in charge of the several States in which they reside. Here we may leave them, trusting that, notwith- standing pa.st failures, the measures enacted for their benefit will stay the fate with which most of them are Ihreatened. Migratory birds are on a very differ- ent basis from others. Such of the ducks, geese, and shorebirds as still breed within our limits, including Alaska, mi- grate early to more southerly localities, where they winter. Some of them, in fact, especially the shorebirds, pass be- yond our borders and winter south of the tropics. But by far the great ma- jority breed in foreign territory far to the northward of our possessions, and we ha^-e no claim on them save as they tarrv on their journey for a time along our coasts or on our lakes and rivers or winter in the Southern States. It seems eminenth- fitting that these migrants, as the)' traverse unr territory, feeding in one State to-day. in another State to-morrow, should be under Fed- eral control, subject to such regulations as seem likely to ]ireserve the sjjecies. The law giving Federal protection has, after a year's trial, met with general ap- ]3ro\-al. ^loreo\"er, although its constitu- tionality has been questioned, its main purposes have been indorsed bv the great majority of sportsmen, though among them are many who dissent from certain regulations because thev aljridge the privileges enjo3'ed under State law. In this connection it may not be out of place to direct the attention of sportsmen, manjr of whom seem to have somewhat misconstrued the purpose of the Federal law, to the fact that the intent of the law was not primarily to increase shooters' ]3rivileges b}' lengthening the open season and enabling them to kill larger bags of game, but to preserve game birds in gen- eral, more particularly the ones threat- ened with e.xtinction. If the accomplishment of this laudable end curtails to some extent the present privileges of sportsmen, they should not complain, since the ultimate residt of the law. if it be enforced, will be largely to increase the number of our game birds. Should it then somewhat curtail the privi- leges of the present generation of sports- men, it will at least insure to future gen- erations the perpetuity of our game birds. Here it may be pointed out that if the present Migratory Bird Law^ now before the United States Supreme Court, should fail to meet the test of legal requirements and be pronounced invalid, bird conser- ^•ationists need not be discouraged, since two courses are open : first, so to amend the law that it will stand every legal test ; second, to rtbtain a constitutional amend- ment which will eft'ect the desired end. .-Vmendments to our constitntii m are proverbially difficult to secure, but who can doubt that with the wides])read in- terest ill bird life of the present genera- tion of Americans such an amendment can be obtained in due time. IS4 AMERICAN GA:\rE BIRDS 155 SPORTSMEN AS CONSERVATORS OF GAME There are many good citizens in the L'niled Stales who believe that liunting is wrong and who consider all sportsmen arch enemies of wild life. There are sportsmen and sportsmen, and the genu- ine lover of gun and dog will almost in- variably be found tn be a lover of nature and at heart a conservationist of wild life. Re the sportsman what he may, the sportsmen of the United States, as a body, constitute a very important factor in the present struggle to keep wild crea- tures from total extinction. Many of us who love wild life and who long ago aliandoned the use of the gun, neverthe- less believe that game exists for reasons other than esthetic. Only extremists in- sist that all animal life is sacred and must on no accotmt be taken. Birds, in addi- tion to their esthetic value and their im- portance as allies of the farmer in his warfare on insects, are important as food. They are also important because they furnish a healthful and exhilarating pur- suit to an army of men who at certain seasons take to the woods and fields and because of their outdoor life make better men and better citizens. nOTII l-EDERAI, ASD ST->iTE L.\WS NECESSARY Since game birds have such strong claims on our interests, it cannot be doubted that both State and Federal laws are necessary for their protection, anfl the more cordial and complete the co- operation between State and Federal officers, the more effective will be the administration of the laws. Even more essential in the long run is the recognition of the importance of our wild life by the ])eople at large and their hearty sympathy and active cooperation as individuals with efforts for its protection. Nor should sportsmen and sportmen's clubs be [backward in cordial cooperation, since thev are among the chief benefi- ciaries of measures for the preservation and increase of game birds. The need is not for more laws, but rather for fewer, simpler, and more comprehensive stat- utes. It is the multiplicity of legal enact- ments subject to constant change, coupled with their'non-enforcement, that has been largely responsible in the past for the general decline in the number of our game birds. Fewer laws \N'ith better enforcement should be the rule for the future. THE PRESER\'-\TI0X .\Nn INCRE.VSE OF G.VMic I'.iRDS IS i-ic.xsir.Li-; A few words ma}- be added on certain practical means, other than restrictive measures, for the preservation and in- crease of our game birds. One of the most effective is the establishment of sanctuaries where birds may safely resort to nest and feed during migration. The Federal Go\ernment has already demonstrated the utilit\- of this method and has established no fewer than 68 bird reservations in different parts <.)f the United States, including Alaska. If the national parks, large game preserves, and national monuments are added to the list, the government now has more than loo sanctuaries, some of which include thou- saiifls of acres, where birds of all kinds are protected at all seasons. The example thus set by the govern- ment has stimulated both State authori- ties and pri\ate indi\-iduals. Se\-eral of the States now ha\e extensive game pre- serves or refuges of their own, and a large number of private sanctuaries ha\e been set apart, aggregating many scjuare miles in extent. Conspicuous exani|)les of these are the \\'ard-]\lcllhenin' preserve, dedicated to wild-life conser\ation l)y Charles Willis Ward and E. -\. Mcllhenny; Marsh Island, acquired through the generosity of Mrs. Russell Sage: and the Rocke- feller ])reserve. All these are in Louisi- ana. That ])ri\-ate means are being thus devoted to the public welfare through the protection of liirds speaks well for the future. In furtherance of the sanctuary plan, there would seem to he excellent reasons why the several States, m the interests of their citizens, should set apart tracis of land, and specifically designate them as bird sanctuaries, where all shootuig should be jirohibited, as. it is in the greater part of the District of Columbia. Such tracts, especially if public parks, not only serve the important end of Photo by Stanley Clisljy Arthur. Courtesy of the Conservation Conimission of Louisiana ONE OF THK LAST OF HIS RACE The millinery trade lias almost caused the trumpeter swan to join the passenger-pigeon in olilivion. A male bird of this rare species visited the Louisiana State Game Preserve the winter of 1914-1915 and it is hoped this sanctuary will attract others. IS6 A]\iERiCAX ga:\ie birds 157 conserving bird life, but possess added value to the public as pleasure resorts. They serve also the cause of education by providing readily accessible places where the habits of wild birds may be studied by school children and others. V.\I^UI; OF BERRV-Blv\RIXG SHRUDS Another important way of caring for both game and insectivorous birds is to provide food for them, especially in win- ter and during deep snows. This method is particularly eflective, since the expense entailed is small and it can be practised everywhere by pri\-ate individuals. Pitts- burgh has a special superintendent whose peculiar care is the birds in the public parks. Several vStates, as Massachusetts, Connecticut, \'ermont, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, have, or recently had, State ornithologists, whose usefulness in prac- tical ways is unquestioned. Their duties include the study of the habits of birds from the economic point of view, and the preparation of reports thereon to aid in the framing of protective legislation. The planting of berry-bearing shrubs and trees in public parks and along pub- lic roadsides is another effective method of caring for our bird life. Already man}- women's clubs, quick to recognize their opportunity, have taken up this work and are urging park commission- ers to make special provisions for the needs of our birds. Such methods bear more directly on the welfare of our seed- eating and insectivorous birds, but they also have a beneficial effect on game birds, especially bob-white and the ruffed grouse. PRR'ATE .\ND ST.\TE ORG.\NIZ.\TI0NS Such organizations as the Meriden Bird Club, of New Hampshire, are espe- cially to be commended. This is a local community club as distinguished from the public or private preserve or sanc- tuary. Its purposes, as stated in its con- stitution, are as admirable as they are direct and simple: "The objects of this club shall be the increase and protection of our local wild birds, the stimulation of interest in bird life, and the gradual establishment of a model bird sanctuary." Of wider scope and aims are such or- ganizations as the National Association of .Vudubon Societies, with its many aifiliated State societies : the American Game Protective Association ; the Wild Life Protective Fund ; and the State Game Protecti\'e .\ssociations. The work of these various bodies, individually and collectively, has proved a most impor- tant factor in the nal ion-wide movement to conserve our valualjle bird life. Of recent years instruction as to the economic value of birds and the best ways to conserve them has received inuch attention in the public schools of many States, and the results are likelv to prove fruitful, both now and in the years to come. M.VNY C.'\Mi; BIRDS C.\N BE RE.^RED IN C.\PTIVITV Fmally, the artificial propagation of our game birds has a direct and impor- tant bearing on their present and future welfare. It has already been demon- strated that bob-white and other quail can be reared in capti\'ity and used to stock depleted covers, while Canada geese, mallards, black ducks, wood- ducks, and others of the goose and duck tribe can be reared under suitable condi- tions almost as readily as domestic fowls and be used to stock public lakes and ponds. This is a work which may prop- erly be undertaken by vState game com- missions and in fact has already been begun. If in consequence of the cessation of spring shooting the numbers of our waterfowl and shorebirds increase, as is confidently expected they will, the sale of hunting licenses in most of the States will provide ample funds for all neces- sary experiments in the artificial propa- gation of game on a large scale, and thus be an important factor not only in pre- serving the species now in danger, but in furnishing game for sport and food. 158 THE XATTOXAT, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE LIST AND INDEX OF AMERICAN GAME BIRDS Name of bivd Avocet Baldpate Barrow's Golden-eye Bob-White Brant Brant, Black Bufflehead Canvasback Clapper Rad . , . , Coot Crane, Sandhill ' Whooping Curlew, Eskimo Hudsonian Long-billed Dove, Mourning" Dowitcher Duck, Baldpate Barrow's Golden-e\-e Black '. . Bufflehead Eider. King Elder, Pacilic Eider, Steller's Eider, Spectacled.... Eulvous Tree- Duck.. Gad wall Golden-eye Golden-eye. Barrow's Greater Scaup Harlequin Labrador Lesser Scaup Mallard Merganser. American Merganser. Hooded. Merganser, Red- breasted Old Scpiaw Pintail Red-head Ring-necked Ruddy Scaup, Greater Scaup, Lesser Scoter. American.... Scoter, Surf Scoter. White-winged ShoA'eller Teal. Blue-winged... Teal. Cinnamon Teal. Green-winged.. Widgeon. European. Wood Eider. King Pacific Spectacled Steller's Gadwall Gallinule, Florida Purple Godwit, Hudsonian Marbled Goose, Blue Brant -"or For Vn[- !:riirf- de.scnption Xame ot bird picture : page see page see page 28 147 Goose. Brant, Black 121 II no Cackling 121 15 114 Canada 121 40 141 Emperor 121 21 120 Snow 121 21 120 White-fronted 119 15 114 Grouse, Dusky 142 13 112 Franklin's 140 23 122 Ruffed 140 25 124 Sharp-tailed 142 23 122 Spruce 140 23 122 Heath-hen 142 32 148 Killdeer 136 32 148 Knot 128 32 133 Mallard log 36 137 Merganser, American 109 28 147 Hooded 109 II no Red-breasted .. 109 15 114 Pheasant, Ring-necked 144 09 108 Pigeon, Band-tailed 136 15 114 Passenger 136 17 127 Pintail 113 17 116 Plover. Black-bellied 134 17 116 Golden 134 17 127 Upland 130 19 118 Prairie-chicken 142 II 126 Ptarmigan, White-tailed.... 144 15 114 Willow 144 15 114 Quail, Bob- White 140 13 112 Chestnut-bellied 15 114 scaled 138 17 116 Gambel's I38 13 127 Mearn's 140 09 108 Mountain 138 09 ro8 Scaled 138 09 126 Scaled Chestnut-liel- lied 138 09 loS A'alley 138 15 114 Rail. Clapper 123 13 II- ^'"S. 123 13 112 A'irginia 125 13 127 Redhead 113 19 1 18 vSage-hen 142 13 112 Sanderling 130 13 127 Sandpiper. Pectoral 130 17 14C Spotted 130 17 146 Scoter. American 117 17 1 16 Surf 117 II 126 White-winged 117 II no Shoveller m II 126 Snipe. Wilson's 128 II no Sora 125 II no Stilt, Black-necked 128 19 118 Swan, Trumpeter 121 17 127 Teal, Blue-winged m 17 T16 Cinnamon m 17 1-7 Green-winged in 17 116 Turkey, Wild.. ." 144 II 126 Turnstone. Black 134 25 124 Ruddy 134 25 124 Widgeon, European ni 32 133 Willet 132 32 133 Woodcock 128 21 120 \'ellow-Legs, Greater 134 21 120 Lesser 134 For description see page 146 147 120 147 146 118 143 141 141 143 141 143 137 129 108 108 126 108 145 137 137 TI2 135 135 131 143 145 141 139 139 141 139 139 139 139 122 122 124 112 143 131 131 131 146 146 116 126 129 124 129 120 no 126 no 145 148 13s no 133 129 13s 148 NATURE'S TRANSFORMATION AT PANAMA Remarkable Changes in Faunal and Physical Conditions in the Gatun Lake Re^^ion By Georgk Shiras, 3rd Ilhtstrations bv the Author and II. E. .Inthonv THE world-wide interest in the Panama Canal, from an engineer- ing standpoint and the great eco- nomic changes destined to follow the use of this new channel of trade and inter- course, has heen evidenced by thousands of visitors and the man}' articles bearing upon the various aspects of this wonder- ful work. One of the essential features in the plan of construction has been somewhat subordinated when viewing the project as a whole, namely, Gatun Lake : for be- yond regarding it as a convenient part of the passageway across the Isthmus, few realize that it is the basis of the whole scheme. Xot only is it the largest fresh- water lake ever created by man — a navi- gable viaduct almost brirlging the two oceans and reached by terminal elevators in the form of locks — but, in addition, a vast reservoir for the adjoining water- sheds, assuring throughout the year a sufficient water supply for the operation of the locks, for electric power, for the establishment of inland fisheries, and for potable and other domestic uses, besides all(_>wing greater freedom in the move- ment and speed of vessels and the open- ing up of the many lateral valleys to local navigation. A BOUNTIFUL WATliK SUPPLY The great saving of time and money in thus utilizing a part of the surface of this reservoir, instead of excavating a narrow and deep canal all the way across the inter^'ening land, was inconsequent, how- ever, compared with the original pur- pose — a continuously abundant supply of water for operating the canal locks — thus insuring the regular daily movement of vessels throughcnit the year. Without the converging watersheds of 1,400 square miles, without a large natural basin for impounding these waters, and so located that a water-tight and stable dam could be built across the Atlantic end, only a sea-level canal could have been consid- ered — a much more costly and probably an impracticable scheme. However narrow the Isthmus, nature has aided as much more in a combination of low rolling hills, with \\'ide valleys only a little above sea-level, an almost continuous rainfall, while the compact but easily excavated soil made the canal construction rapid, its banks water-tight, and the subsequent use of nutch of the excavated material a great cconomv in the building of the great earth dams. The original plans, under which the initiatory work of the French svndicate was begun, called for a much smaller lake, ignoring I he advice of its st bril- liant engineer, ^M. de Lipiany, by not in- cluding the waters of two large rivers — the Gatun and the Trinidad. Judging from the amount of water required at the locks and for various other purposes, the de Lessep |)lans seem fundamentally defective. lilETII AND GROWTH OF TtlE LAKE When the information came from Pan- ama that the great basin for holding the waters of the proposed Gatun Lake was finally completed by the long embankment at the north end, thus closing the only gap in the rim of hills left open by na- ture, and that month by month the gath- ering waters (.)f tributarv streams were slowly covering the lowlands, creeping up the wild tangled valleys, drowning the mighty forests and the rank tropical jun- gles, flooding out native villages and de- stroying scattered plantations, marooning wild creatures like the monkey, ocelot, IS9 Q o tl o O o o 160 NATURE'S TRAXSF0R:^IATI0X AT PANAMA 161 peccary, armadillo, and the sloth on hill- tops unexpectedly converted into perma- nent islands, submerging the mud-flats of the herons and the ibis, driving the deer, the jaguar, the tapir, iguanas, and mon- ster snakes through the rising waters to less hampered retreats, and opening up a new and larger home for the swamp alli- gator and the stream-confined fish, it seemed a proper time to study and to at- tempt a record of these changes. While necessarily representing a tran- sient condition, where organic decay and the dispersal of wild life was epochal only in the sense of marking a definite break between the past and the present, }et in the very processes of transition there would be much of present interest and of possible future value. Gatun Lake, at a surface elevation of 85 feet above the sea-level, is estimated to cover 164 square miles, and extends not merely over the previously existing swampy ground of the Chagres Valley, but it has risen so far above the fioor of the lowlands as to extend for miles be- tween the hills, forming estuaries, la- goons, and ponds, turning rapid, imnavi- gable streams into deep, sluggish rivers, and converting hilltops into beautiful is- lands, some of them miles in length, while the thousands of acres of flooded and fallen timber, into which stretch or circle narrow necks of land, practically defy any accurate estimate of the so-called shore-line of the new lake. SHORES UNSURVEYED From what we could learn through in- quiry and exploration, no one knows the size, shape, or location of much of the partly submerged lands ; nor can satis- factory surveys now be made at the wa- ter-line without cutting down possibly a hundred miles of dying trees and bushes. Even then a 5-foot fluctuation in the lake's surface, as may be expected be- tween the dry and wet periods, will nec- essarily vary the superficial area of the lake and the lines of the shore to a con- siderable degree. Some dav, however, the warm and ever-present waters will destroy the ob- structing forests, and then the heretofore half-shrouded lake wifl glisten, near and far, in the tropic lights, while the sur- rounding shores, each l;)a\ and promon- tory, the islands big and little, will be- come defined by a new and permanent border of Ijamboo and other ?cmi-acquatic growths. ^\''he^, in the fall of 191 1, the locks of the spillway at the Gatun dam were closed, so as to begin the flooding of the Cha,gres A'alley for the first and final time, the immediate use of the then shal- low waters invited the coming of the gasoline launch and nati\e dug-out. In the beginning this great dam, one and one-half miles in length and too feet wide at the summit, towered many feet abo\'e the incipient lake, greatl\- reducing the effect of the trade winds, while the numerous islands and projecting points ga^■e additional shelter to all small boats returning against the wind. Each week, but usually on holidays and Sundays, canal employees went down the lake on hunting trips, anrl an easy and safe return could be counted on. But on our arrival, early in 1914, the lake had risen to its full heiglnt ; island after island and point after point had sunk out of sight fore\'er, while the stead)' diur- nal winds of the Caribbean Sea. whirling across the narrow and now low crest of the embankment, brought the \va\ es into life a few yards away, ever increasing in size in the long course down the lake. LIKE A WORK OF NATURE As one gazed across the broad ex]ianse of water, with its ruffled surface, it was hard to realize that it was the recent creation of man or responding for the first time to the action of the tropic winds. On one occasion when coming to Gatun after gasoline the launch encountered a heavy head sea in mid-lake and the small pump was unable to keep the boat clear of the breaking waves, so that it nearl}' filled, putting the engine out of service, and we drifted back se\'eral miles into a dead forest in peril of being wrecked by a collision with some large, tottering tree or buried benealli a fallnig loj) brought do«'n by the impact. Like most nati\'es of the Southern Hemisphere, the Indians of Panama, ■^ -sir ^^^fe^^^ OUK HOUSlC-BOA'l' CRUISING Ii\ Till:; F1^UL1D1;d I'UKEST OF GATUN LAKU It was liecausc of the flooding of the Gatun and Chagres valleys by the huge dam at the Gatuii locks, thus causing abrupt changes in the faunal conditions, that an expedition was undertaken. The house-boat formed the base catnii, from which trips were made by launch or small boat, sometimes along rivers which herctr^forc have been inaccessible, owing to shallow water. The house-boat had sides of cheese cloth and copper screen to keep out mosquitoes (see page 165). when u.'^iiig- the interior waterways for travel, employ the ciusj-out. or caviica, in whieh they are ex]>ert.'^ in poling or pad- dling^ the .swiftest of streams (see pag"e 163). On the first coming of the lake it was easy to reach the construction towns along the shore in hoats hea\ilv laden with fruits and other products, but as the waters rose and the winrl and waves began to interfere it «as discovered that not one among them all knew how to handle a canoe safely under such CDndi- tions, so that now the lake is paddled in the stillness of the night or by dodging in and out through the flooded forests near the shore. Eventually, however, skilled canoemen will be able to buffet the wa\es, aufl then this picturesque craft \\'ill be seen from the great steamers gliding across the white-tiijped surface, so seemingly insig- nificant to ships that lun-e just come in from the turbulent waters of adjacent seas. DOOilF.n TD SLOW ST.\R\".\Tinx Probably in no other country is there such an interesting area continuoush' co\ered \\ith deep, still waters, \\here much of the original timber is standing. TTere one can find trees slowlv dying, with great pendant termite nests filled with restless ant-like creatures, isolated and doomed to slow star\-ation (see page 1 ('<('< ) . Tdere are trees that died on the first coming of the flood and others green and a|)parentl\- \'igorous, with roots and trunks under water frir se^•eral years. On the dec:i\dng liranches are many beautifully colored orchids — tillandsias, ferns, \ines, and mosse.s — re])lacing for a time the lost foliage and tropic blooms, while upright stumps and floating logs 162 The common method r,i navigation of small streams hy the native Panamans is by means of the cayitca or dugout, which varies in length from S to 35 feet and is cut from a single tree. These boats are used by the natives for bringing fruit and produce to market, and it is a common sight to see them loaded with sugar-cane cut in sections 8 or 10 feet in length. are green with loiig-lea\'C'cl plants, the in- tervening pools bearing purple cKinips of iET Late in the afternoon of ^March 6 the house-boat was ready, and in the tow of the launch came to the wharf for our outfit. Such a strange-looking craft and the first of its kind on Gatun Lake ex- cited considerable interest among the na- tives and canal employees, who half an horn' later saw ns depart with Captain r.rown, the owner of the launcli, at the wheel. < )ur destination was the Trini- dad Ri\'er, where we were to leave the flooded valley several miles up and enter a trocha leading to a new plantation, three miles inside the flooded forests, following the narrow lane that had been cut out by felling the larger timber be- fore the coming of the lake. Of the thousands of employees al)out the locks none had ever visited the plan- tation except our pilot, for this particular region was regarded as a most likeh' one to get lost m, and of tins we w ere warned l)y the resident engineer. .\ heav)' but favorable sea was running, and as the waves surged harmlessly along the low deck ^ve wondered what would be the rate of speed or the condition of the boat were we headed into it. Eefore dark the interior of the house- boat was put in order, interrupted now and then as the wheelsman took a short cut through the dead timber, when all hands with boat-hooks and oars assisted in keeping clear of the trees and floating logs. It was several hours after sunset and under the light of a half moon that we reached the nearly submerged point indicating the entrance to the valley of the Trinidad. AN EXTERRRISIXG CHIX.VIMAN Here at the base had once been the na- tive village of Escobal, now covered ex- cept for se\eral huts on top of the ridge (see page 171), in one of which lived an enterprising Chinaman, who made a poor living selling groceries and a better one dispensing various intoxicants ; for he was safel}' located a few vards beyond the zonal line of Federal prohibition. By previous arrangement the China- man had two native guides for us, and, with these aboard, we quickly departed, in order to reach the plantation before the setting of the moon. Seated within and facing the open side, we were able to watch the course through the tops of the great dead forest, where the deep waters had destroyed or covered over man_\- of the smaller trees. Running at low speed, we were se^'eral hours crossing over, but by a combination of good luck and skill Captain Rrown found the entrance of the trocha just ahead, unmarked except by the knowl- edge he had of trees near the mouth. Mow the house-boat ever got up this nar- row and more or less blocked passagewav was a mystery, for while running it later, in daylight, with the launch, we often got astray or fouled on snags a foot or two l)elow the surface. .ILX(aj':s Too DI-:XSE TO BURN .Vt midnight, in rounding a turn, there was a barking of dogs and we could see the glowing embers of scattered fires, for in clearing such ground the cut timber is stacked and then burned continuously during the dry season. This unexpected condition I feared \\'ould alarm the wild animals of the neighborhood, which, un- 166 FLOATING LOGS WERE A MASS OF LONG-LEAVED PLANTS AND SLENDER REEDS, SUR- ROUNDED BY BLUE-TINTED AND FRAGRANT WATER ITYACINTITS (SEE PAGE 163) like those of the Xorth, that are so partial to "burnings" and the tender vegetation, were likely to aband(5n a section unex- pectedly covered with snioke and dis- turbed by crackling flames, since in the dense and humid jungles fires are rare and seldom progress vnry far, even with the aid of man. After the house-boat had been tied up til a large tree, a few yards from shore, we were visited by the native sui)erin- tendent and given a generous welcome. As Captain Brown was anxious to return to Gatun before the morning wind had roughened the lake, he left with Ander- son! who was to bring the launch back the next day. Less than a mile awav a mass of floating logs was encountered, and the moon now being below the ho- rizon, we were compelled to stop until davlight. In the morning, as the sun arose, flocks of chattering parrots flew over, ami oc- casionally a pair or two alighted on the higher trees, peering down on the half- screened boat. A shot from the cabin in the clearing, a descending object and a thud proclaimed a doubtful addition to the larder, an oft-repeated occurrence, showing that nothing was sjjared by the nati\'e hunters, for there are no game laws outside the Zone and no effort to preserve even the ornamental birds of the country. The well-earned outings of the canal employees were too often signalized by making a target of harmless, non-game animals and birds until Colonel Goethals undertook to prevent such thoughtless destruction. While there is little likelihood of any species living within the jungle becom- ing extinct, it would require but little etiort to make the lake region a wonder- ful outdoor zoological garden that would 167 ]r,S THE NATlOXAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE prove almost as interesting to \ isitors as the game refuges along the government raih-Qad in British East Africa. While breakfasting on the honse-boat, a strange, uncouth sound came from the hills to the west, rising and falling in a torrent of guttural notes. It was the tirst greeting of the "black howler," the largest of the South American monke5's, whose uproarious conduct, whether in tribal conversation, in protestation against man or the weather, was a source of aston- ishment thereafter. I\Iv friend Fuertes, the bird artist and naturalist, whose mim- icry of bird notes is quite equal to the fidelity of his brush, declares that the noise of the "howler" is by far the most striking sound in the American tropics, being "a deep, throaty, bass roar, with something of the quality of grunting pigs or of the barking bellow of a bull alli- gator or an ostrich. The noise was as loud as the full-throated roaring of lions, and its marvelous carrying power was frequently attested when we heard it from the far side of some great Andean valley." It is a popular belief on the Isthmus that the "black howler" is an infallible weather prophet, and especially so in predicting a shower. So far as we could discover, it was only when the clouds blackened o\crhcad and the first prelimi- nary drops began to fall that this prog- nosticator considered it safe to commit himself in the forecast. About 10 o'clock ;\Ir. Anthony, carry- ing a gun, and his guide a pack of steel traps, left for the onh? open trail in the neighborhood, leading to an older plan- tation bordering the lake on the other side of the promontory, while I went in another direction, along a dry creek bot- tom, to select places for the flashlight and cameras, where the bait was to be the freshly skinned carcass of the trapped specimens, were they accommodating enough to serve this double purpose. And in passing it may be noted that the only natural foot-trails, and that during the dry season, are the creek bottoms, which are cleared of all underbrush and fallen trees b\' the torrential rains falling during eight months in the year. It is here, too, that many of the wild animals, large and small, seek easy routes of tra\el, as well as coming for the purpose of quenching their thirst at the small pools and pot-holes scooped out in the soft sandstone formation of all the creeks, while others come to prey upon those exposing themselves to attack. (_)n returning at noon the trapping party discovered a band of black howlers passing overhead, with a result described in the collector's notebook as follows: "I felt a pang of regret at silencing one of the 'howlers,' but as a specimen was needed I shot the foremost and heard him crash through the limbs to the ground. Pangs of a more effective source were experienced when my native boy and I attempted to retrieve the monkey, for he had fallen through a bee's nest the size of a bushel basket and we found the nest too late to a^^oid the consequences." Taking a lantern after dark the specimen, a fine large male, was recovered and brought to the house-boat ( see page 1S9). The following morning the traps only yielded a number of small rodents, while the runways, formerly used by larger game, showed scarcely a track — plain evi- dence that the heavy smoke from the clearing had driven them away. This compelled long and hard trips into the more distant forests, where trails had to be cut with a machete, foot by foot, re- sulting in a wonderful collection of ticks and red bugs and little game until the trails had been cleared for a day or two. But it was our experience here and else- where that the jungles of Panama are abundantly supplied with a great variety of wild life. Observing about the house-boat sev- eral good-sized fish, a coarse line and a single rusty hook were put in service, ^\ ith the result of soon landing a dozen a\-eraging a pound or more. These re- sembled the black mullet and were fairly edible, pro\'ing, however, of greater serv- ice in baiting the traps and the flashlight machines. Whether they are land-locked fish from the sea, imprisoned on the clos- ing of the locks, or coming from the nu- merous streams, they have certainly mvtl- tiplied wonderfully, for we found them e\erywhere about the lake. A smaller variety of fish was also no- FLASHLIGHT PICTURE OF PACA {Agouti paca z'irgata) One of the largest of the existing rodents, the closely related capybura alone exceeding it in size. The paca is an animal of nocturnal habits, and therefore can be photographed only by means of flashlight apparatus set at night. Note in the animal's mouth the mango. Avhich was used as bait. This is one of the game animals of the natives, who call it concjn pintado, or spotted "rabbit." Its eyes glow at night (see page 179). ticed and they proved a great annoyance when bathing, as they had the habit of nipping a swimmer severely and could only be kept away by a vigorous commo- tion in the water. In its transient con- dition this lake should prove of scientific interest to the fish culturist, and presents a possibility of introducing many varie- ties of fish that would soon become of value commercially or to the visiting sportsmen. It may be of interest to note that the southern range of the migratory wild fowl does not extend to Panama, for aside from two varieties of ducks — the blue-wing teal and the lesser scaup — no geese, brant, swans, or any of the other numerous varieties of ducks were seen by us or noted by careful resident ob- servers, indicating that the Federal Mi- gratory Bird Law, which has so effect- ively prohibited spring shooting in the States during the nesting flight, need only be supplemented by a treaty with Canada ancl ^Mexico in order to cover the extreme range of these valuable and rap- idly vanishing birds. A pending treaty, protecting fish in international waters, involves the same Federal supervision. TWO W.\TFS OF C.-VTLTN LAivF For centuries the ^'allcys now occu- pied by Gatun Lake had been the home or feeding places of many wild animals, especially the tapir and deer. In the fall of 191 1 the rising waters began driving the several species of deer from the bot- tom lands, where the thickets and more tender vegetation had afforded the best of shelter and of food. Some sought ridges and other near-by elevations, un- aware that in a few months these refuges would become isolated as islands or wholly submerged by the rising lake. i6g ONE OF THK MANY TIIUUSAXDS ill- TrKKS L'ESTOO.VED WITPI CROUPS 01? BRILLIANT OUCTIIliS I>\'1.\C, rx GATUN LAKE 170 About this time Captain Brown made a trip in his launch exploring the new avenues for motor-ljoats and in a territory where he had hunted for years afoot. In passing some matted drift composed of dead \egeta- tion, which, under the pres- sure of the wind, had just passed out from a recently flooded island, he noticed lying fast asleep thereon a beautiful little fawn. It was but a few days old and the debris had been its cradle within the flooded timlier. Now separated fore\er from its mother, in the open lake, and destined to starve, drown, or become the prey of eagles or alligators, it was taken aboard and added to the captain's collection of native animals at Galnn. Raised by hand and under kind treatment, it readied maturity, becoming the fa- \'orite pet of the canal vil- lage (see I'jage 173). A STARVING OWI, MONKEY A few months later, upon another expedition in tlie same region, a good lookout ^\as kept for other marooned animals. Finally, in a large tree surrounded by water and a considerable distance from dry land, a round furry object was noticed in an up- per crotch. As the launch approached, the ball unrolled into a small monkey-like creature, but with the bulg- ing eyes of a lennir which Captain Brown felt sure \\as a rarely seen nocturnal spe- cies known as the owl monl^ey. .\s this would pro\-e a rare lind, besides once more saving another animal in dis- tress, the launch was tied to the tree and an eiTort made to slip a noose over its head by means of a boat-hook ; but this proved unsuccessful. Then a ripe banana was placed invitingly on the bow, and Captain Brown retired to the stern ti> await results. In a very few minutes the little animal came down the tree, leaped OUR HOUSl'l-TiOAT AXCHUKIill OVJiR TIIIC \"ILL.VGE OF FSCOIl.M, Fr.nuDi;i) Note the floating islands near shore. These hccomc of great size when permanently anchored Ijy snags and dead trees. on deck, and began eagerly devouring the fruit. It was evidently on the verge of star\-ation and permitted the rope to be cast oil w ith(")ut sli(.)wing anv desire to seek its former retreat. .Vn hour later the little monkey was placed in the same pen with the fawn and fed, when it S(5ught a shelf on the rear porch, where it was concealed during the davtime bv lioxes and coils of nipe. True to its nature, it was never seen in the daytime, e.Kce])! when ])urposelv disturbed, but after dark became con- tinuously active ( see ])age 1 73 ) . ' )n chilly nights it would seek the s1ec|}ing fawn 171 RATS AND orossuirs cauct-it on gatun lake (A) Spiny rat; the quill-likc hairs on back are probably used for defensive piu-poscs. (B) Big gray opossum; this is the largest species found in Panama, variable in colors; tlie average number of young found with parent was seven. (C) Rat-tailed opossum, a medium- sized species. (D) Murine opossum, a very small species, the size of a ground squirrel. 172 A BROCKET deer: RESCUED FROJI A FLOATING ISLAND WHEN A FAWN (SEE P. I/l) and curl up on its back for warmth. My later introduction to this interesting ani- mal is referred to again when testing its eyes under an artificial light to sec whether they would shine. SHOOTING A BOA-CONSTRICiOR The dispersal or isolation of wild life had mostly occurred before our arrival. Some of the best specimens of the larger animals were obtained, through the as- sistance of hounds, on several of the is- lands where the deer and peccaries were still abundant, but more or less preyed upon hv jaguars and ocelot. One after- noon when cruising through a forest of gaunt, dead trees, and where the water was fully 20 feet deep, we were surprised to see a large boa-constrictor sunning it- self iin a limb not much above the sur- face. Regarding it as a good museum speci- men, "a rifle ball pierced the body just back of the head, and with a convulsive movement the snake hurled itself toward the bow of the launch, from which it un- fortunately slid into the water, leaving only a crimson circle and a string of bub- bles on its way to the bottom, where it could not be recovered. Whether it sought out a dead tree in the open water as the only available basking place in this deluged district or had found some form of prey unknown to us was hard to de- termine DIFPICUETIES OF NIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY IN" THE TROPICS While I had been previously success- ful in flashlight photography in southern climes like Mexico and the West Indies, this method in Panama proved difficult. Previous experiences had led me to ex- pect frequent annoying visits from the omnivorous opossum, but here the coun- try was alive with them after dark, rang- ing from the size of the northern species down to those no larger than a small squirrel (see page 187). Xo sooner was it dark than I could hear the reports from the scattered flashlight machines, with al- ways a probability of their having been 173 Fi.Asni.iGiiT OF Tft'u .\octur>;ai, uAiLS THAT usi-;r> Tin; iirv cu)-;i-;k noTToii wiii-:ki-: Tin-: FLASH WAS SET I^ikc the opossums, the\- fired it rcpcatcdh-, riuUiiiy on the string" whether baited with fruit or meat fired by a marsupial. In several instances the flash was spnmg hv a species of night rail, either times bv large rats or fl\'ing bats (see ])age 176), and not infrequenth- h\- deca\'ing" ^egelalinn dropping freim the forest tops. In the (la_\-time the e^ er-present buz- zard siicm associated the green tin lioxes covering the cameras with a near - \n- feast and it became necessar\- to. set the ilash just at dusk whenever meat bait was used (see page 177). But worst of all was the extreme hu- midity, so that plates left exi^osed in the camera for more than two nights and dc- vcloped at irregular periods became so mildewed as to be worthless. .\ r.\xic-?TKiCKi;x jagx\\r In one instance the flash fired liy a jaguar, at a considerable distance from the house-boat, was visited too late to save the plate, and all I had for the effort was the sitrht of the clawed bank caused h\- the big animal as it sprang awav in terror \\dien the dazzling, booming flash .greeted an effort to carrv oS the skinned biuh' of an eipossum, while the same re- sult occurred in the case of a tapir j^ass- ing ailing a runwav to the \vater. ^loisture - absorbing chemicals in the camera would huve cA'ercome this, but nnne \\ere at hand when most needed. I'ndoubtedl)' flashlight photography is the ideal way of getting ])ictures of the larger - sized South Aiuerican animals, wliere, aside froiu their being almost will illy nocturnal, the dense brush pre- ^■ents any possibilit}- of daylight pictures imless such animals can be cornered eir treed by the use of hounds. That the jaguar occasionally hunts in I be