;;§srt^i^^^^^5l 
 
F 
 
 K3 ^i-? 
 
 Qpocttell Unittctattg iCihrarg 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE 
 
 JACOB H. SCHIFF 
 
 ENDOWMENT FOR THE PROMOTION 
 
 OF STUDIES IN 
 
 HUMAN CIVILIZATION 
 
 1918 
 
Cornell University Library 
 F 627K3 H67 
 
 3 1924 028 914 145 
 
 olln 
 
1^ Cornell University 
 'jM Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924028914145 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY, 
 
 lovy^A 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A History of the County, its Cities, Towns, &c., 
 
 A Biographical Directory of its Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Re- 
 bellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent 
 Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Keokuk 
 County, Constitution of the. United States, Constitution of 
 the State of Iowa, Miscellaneous Matters, &c. 
 
 IXiXiTrST3B.A.TEID. 
 
 DES MOINES: 
 UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY. 
 1880. £, 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, |n/the year 1880, by 
 
 THE UKIOlsr HISTORICAL OOMPAI^T, 
 
 In the OfBce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, B, 0. 
 
 UILIiS A COUPAKY, 
 
 PBIHTBBS AND STEBEOTTFEBB, 
 
 DBS MOINES, IOWA. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The American people axe much given to reading, but the character of the matter read is 
 such that -with regard to a large proportion of them it may indeed be said that " truth is 
 straoger than fiction." Especially is this the case in respect to those facts of local history 
 belonging to their own immediate country and neighborhood. This, perhaps, is not so 
 much the fault of the people as a neglect on the part of the book publishers. Books, as a 
 rule, are made to sell, and, in order that a book may have a large sale, its matter must be 
 such general character as to be applicable to general rather than special conditions — to the 
 Nation or State rather than the County or Township. Thus it is that no histories heretofore 
 published enterin to matters relating to county and neighborhood affairs, for such books, in 
 order to have a sale over a large section of country, must necessarily be very voluminous, and 
 contain much matter of no interest to the reader. The publishers, having received a liberal 
 patronage from the people of Keokuk county, have endeavored to prepare a work containing 
 a full and minute account of the local affairs of the county. 
 
 The following pages constitute a history of the Northwest and a detailed account of the 
 early settlement, natural resources and subsequent development of Eeokuk county, together 
 with reminiscences, narratives, and biographies of the leading citizens of the county. 
 
 The work, may not meet<the expectations of some; and this is all the more probable, see- 
 ing that it falls short of our own standard of perfection: however, in size, quality of mater- 
 ial and typographical appearance, it is such a book as we designed to make, and more than 
 fills the conditions gfuaranteed by our prospectus. 
 
 To the early settler, who braved the dajigers, endured the hardships and experienced the 
 enjoyments of pioneer Ufe, it will be the means of recalling some of the most grateful mem- 
 ories of the past; while those who are younger, or who have become citizens of the county 
 in more recent times, will here find collected in a narrow compass an accurate and succinct 
 account of the beginning, progress and changes incident to municipal as well as individual 
 life. 
 
 The old pioneer, in reviewing the history of the county, all of which he saw, and part of 
 which he was, will find this work a valuable compendium of facts, arranged in analytical 
 order, and thus will events which are gradually vanishing into the mists and confusion of 
 forgetfulness be rescued from oblivion. 
 
 The rising generation, which is just entering upon the goodly heritage bequeathed by a 
 hardy and noble ancestry, will find in this work much to encourage them in days 
 of despondency, and intensify the value of success when contrasted vrith the trials and com- 
 pared with the triumphs of those who have gone before. 
 
 In the preparation of this work we have been materially aided by numerous persons in 
 sympathy with the enterprise and solicitous for its success: to all suck we feel ourselves un- 
 der great obligations, and take this method of acknowledging the same. To S. A. James, 
 Esq., especially belongs the credit for any merit the work may possess. Without his en- 
 
IV PEEFACE. 
 
 couragement the work would not have been undertaken, and without his assistance it could 
 not have been completed. 
 
 In presenting this work to our many hundred patrons, we have the satisfaction of knowing 
 that they are of sufficient intelligence to appreciate merit when it is found, and errors will 
 be criticised with the understajiding that book-making, like all other kinds of labor, has its 
 peculiar vicissitudes. 
 
 Whatever of interest, of profit, or of recreation the reader will find in perusing the follow- 
 ing pages will be a source of satisfaction, gratitude and happiness to the 
 
 PnBUBHBBS. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The KorthweBt Tferritory: 
 Early Freudl Explorations in 
 
 the Mississippi Valley - - 7 
 ' Early Settlements in the 
 
 Northwest --..-- 14 
 The Northwestern Territory 29 
 The Lonisiana Furehase - - 28 
 Iiidi>in Wars in the Northwest 34 
 Sketches of Black Hawk and 
 
 other Chiefs ------ 42 
 
 Early Navigation of Western 
 
 Bivers - - . - . . 66 
 Archeology of the Northwest 59 
 Sketches of Western and 
 
 Northwestern States • - - 67 
 Expedition of Lewis and 
 
 Clarke ---...-- 86 
 Sketch of Chicago - - - 96 
 History of Iowa: 
 Descriptive and Qeograpblcal 
 
 Sketch 105 
 
 Oeology of Iowa - - - 117 
 
 Economic Geology - - - - 125 
 How the Title to Iowa Landa 
 
 is derived -.-.--. 130 
 Early Settlements and Terri- 
 torial Organization . - . 141 
 Territory of Iowa - - - - 153 
 
 State Organization - . . 158 
 Edacational -....- 162 
 
 State Institutions - - - 169 
 Bailroads - - ■ 172 
 
 Official Record - - 174 
 
 The Jndldary - ----- 176 
 
 Congressional Bepresentation 177 
 State Agrionltural Society - - 178 
 Centennial Awards - - - 191 
 Histoiy of Keokuk County : 
 Ocigiu of Name ----- 257 
 
 _ . PAQK. 
 
 ■ Westward the Star of Empire 
 
 takes its Way . - . . - 17 
 
 AniDdlanCamp - . - . 33 
 
 Indians trying a Prisoner - - 49 
 
 A Pioneer WLiter .... 65 
 
 HI»$TOBICALi. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Physical Geography .... 258 
 Mathematical Geography - . 261 
 Indians and Indian Affairs - 262 
 Keokuk and Wapello - - -266 
 Indian Incidents and Bemin- 
 
 iscences - - - . 276 
 
 Early Settlements . . 282 
 
 First Settlers - . . - 284 
 A New Departure . ... 290 
 Honeer Life - - . . - 311 
 Claim Clubs and Claim Laws - 317 
 
 A Border Sketch 322 
 
 Surveys and Land Sales - 326 
 Trading Points - . - - 327 
 Trapping and Hunting - - 330 
 Growth of the County - - 332 
 Table of Events - . - .- .335 
 County Organization - - - 336 
 Election Precincts - - . . 344 
 First Commissioners* Court . 346 
 First Grand and Petit J^urles - 347 
 First Claims Allowed . . . 348 
 First Tax Levy - - - . 349 
 Township Organization . - 350 
 First Court . . . - - . 351 
 Old Records .-.---- 354 
 Territorial and County Boads 358 
 Old Court House - - - 360 
 
 The Jail 364 
 
 County Seat Contests - 368 
 
 The Second Contest . . - 377 
 The Fools' Book . - ... - 381 
 Early Bemlniscences of Men 
 
 and Things .----- 385 
 The First District Judge . - 388 
 . The Poor Farm . . . - 39O 
 RaOways ..-.--.. 397 
 The C. B. I. & P. Eailroad - 400 
 The I. & W. Bailroad - - 404 
 
 ILLUSTRATIOWS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Lincoln Monument, Springfield, 
 Ulinols . . ...... 72 
 
 Chicago in 1320 ...... 97 
 
 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 
 Chicago, 1833 97 
 
 PAO^ 
 
 Political - - - 40j . 
 
 County Finances - . - - 42l 
 Beliglous - ...... 42* 
 
 Gold Excitement .... - 426 
 
 John Brown's Soul and Bleed- 
 ing Kansas --..-- 431 
 The Great Tornado - - 434 
 A Western Romance - 440 
 
 The Skunk River War . ■ - 443 
 The Eeokuk County Tigilanoe 
 
 Committee ..---. 448 
 The Press of Keokuk County 461 
 Educational ....... 46O 
 
 Old Settlers' Association . 470 
 Agricultural Society - . . . 472 
 County Medical Society - 47s 
 
 Accidents and Crime - . - 474 
 Prominent Citizens, Living 
 and Dead -..---- 479 
 
 War History - 487 
 
 Sherman's Maroh to the Sea . 541 
 "township Organizations: 
 Bichland -.-----.643 
 Jackson . - - . . . 649 
 Steady Bun .--...- 655 
 Benton . - . .... 557 
 Warren .-.-..•-. gsg 
 
 Lancaster 
 Clear Creek - 
 German - 
 Sigourney . 
 Van Bnren 
 Washington - 
 Prairie . - 
 Adams . . 
 English River 
 Liberty . - 
 Lafayette - 
 
 - 662 
 
 - 664 
 
 - 667 
 
 - 669 
 . 686 
 
 - 687 
 
 - 688 
 
 - 691 
 . 691 
 
 •- 694 
 . 695 
 
 PAO>. 
 01d.Fort Dearborn, 1830 - . .103 
 The "Old Kinzie House" 103 
 
 A Prairie Home ...... 129 
 
 Breaking Prairie • . 146 
 
 EiITHOeBAPHIC FOBTBAITS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adams, H. C. • ..... 571 
 
 Axsmear, J. . . . ... 643 
 
 einbb, W. . . . - - 481 
 
 eook, S. D., M. D. . - - . 373 
 iDodge, Daniel -----. 553 
 
 m>n, T. F. - - . - 607 
 
 SWogln, J. L. . . . 291 
 
 Kqgln, J. 319 
 
 raenkle, H 663 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Higgins, Warren . - - - 535 
 
 Irons, John . . - 463 
 
 James, S. A. . - - - 273 
 
 Johnson, J. W. - - - . - 625 
 
 Keck, I. A. 391 
 
 McFarlan, Samuel ... -445 
 
 MoFarlane, Daniel ..... S89 
 
 McBride, Jesse O, . - ... 671 
 
 Morgan, T. A. - - - 409 
 
 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Newsome, W. W., H. 
 
 D. 
 
 -617 
 
 Sherbondy, Homer - 
 
 
 - -681 
 
 Slngmaster, Samuel - 
 
 . 
 
 - -499 
 
 Skillman, E. H , M. D. 
 
 . 
 
 - -837 
 
 White, J. F 
 
 
 -366 
 
 Wilson, J. F. . 
 
 - 
 
 -427 
 
 Woodin, G. D. 
 
 - 
 
 - -S09 
 
 BIO«BAPHICAI< TOWNSHIP DIBGVTOBY. 
 
 immOB ... . . . 802 
 
 IWnton ....... .g|o 
 
 'M/i^s Oraek .... .694 
 
 English Mrer - - . . 779 
 "srman ..-.-.--. 743 
 I'Wkson ---... --666 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Liberty - 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Prairie 
 
 Richland 
 
 Sigourney 
 
 FAGE. 
 
 • . 700 
 - .773 
 ■ - 7B3 
 
 - 814 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 steady Enn - . -•- 
 
 . . 662 
 
 Van Buren . - 
 
 • - . 7»3 
 
 Warren - - . - 
 
 - .712 
 
 Washington . - . 
 
 . - . 724 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF lOTPA STATE MjA'WH. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adoption of children - - - 203 
 BiUd of ExchaDge and Promis- 
 sory Notes - - - - - . 195 
 Capital Punishment - . - - igg 
 Commercial Terms - 208 
 Damages from Trespass , 201 
 
 Descent - 195 
 
 Ketrays --- 201 
 
 Exemption from Executions - 200 
 
 Fences ----.-. _ 202 
 Forms: 
 
 Articles of Agreement - - 209 
 
 Bills of Sale - - - 210 
 
 Bond for Deed - 217 
 
 Bills of Purchase ' - - 207 
 
 Chattel Mortgage - 215 
 
 age 
 
 PAftB. 
 
 Map of Keokuk County - -Front. 
 
 Statistics - - 183 
 
 Constitution of the State of 
 Iowa ... - - - . 220 
 
 Forms : 
 
 
 
 ConfesBion of Judgment 
 
 
 HUH 
 
 Lease - - . - . 
 
 - 
 
 214 
 
 Mortgages - - - 
 
 UVJ 
 
 213 
 
 Notice to Quit 
 
 - 
 
 210 
 
 Notes - - - 
 
 m 
 
 215 
 
 Orders - - - 
 
 - - 
 
 207 
 
 Quit-claim Deed 
 
 
 •M6 
 
 Receipts . - - . 
 
 
 2118 
 
 Wills and Codicils 
 
 211, 
 
 212 
 
 Warranty Deed 
 
 
 216 
 
 Game Laws: 
 
 
 
 Birds and Quadrupeds 
 
 
 217 
 
 Fish and Fish Ways 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 Interest . - - - - 
 
 . . 
 
 195 
 
 Jurisdiction of Courts 
 
 
 198 
 
 HIlSCKLIiAIVEOIJS. 
 
 FAGS. 
 
 Constitution of the United 
 States - - - - 240 
 
 Practical Rules for every-day 
 use - - - 352 
 
 Jnrsrs -----. 
 Landlord and Tenant - . 
 Limitation of Actions - 
 Married Women - . - - 
 Marks and Brands 
 M-^chanics' Liens - - - . 
 Purchasing Books by Subscrip- 
 tion ---_-.. 
 Roads and Bridges 
 Surveyors and Surveys 
 Support of Poor 
 Taxes - - - - 
 Wills and Estates - - 
 Weights and Measures - 
 Wolf Scalps - - . 
 
 CASE. 
 199 
 
 m 
 
 199. 
 
 m 
 aoii 
 
 204 
 
 219" 
 
 mi 
 M 
 is 
 
 19 
 
 -20 
 -20, 
 
 Population of Iowa GitieB 
 The I'ioneer ----- 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF lOTVA STATE liAIVS. 
 
 ^ PAGE. 
 
 Adoption iit children - - - 203 
 Billa of EzcbADge and Fromls- 
 
 Bory KoteB '---.--- 195 
 
 Capital FnniBhment .... 199 
 
 'Commercial Terms - - 208 
 
 Damages from Trespass . 201 
 
 Descent - - - . . .195 
 
 ICBtrays ....---.-201 
 
 Exemption from ExecutionB - 200 
 
 I'ences ----.--..202 
 
 Forms: 
 
 ArtideB of Agreement . - 209 
 
 Bills of Sale - - . . -210 
 
 Bond for Deed - - - 21T 
 
 Bills of Parchase '- . ■ 207 
 
 Chattel Mortgage - 21S 
 
 PAQE. 
 
 Fbrms: 
 
 Confession of Judgment - 208 
 
 Lease - - - - - - 214 
 
 Mortgages - - 212, 213 
 
 Notice to Quit - - - 210 
 
 Notes - - - 207, 216 
 
 Orders - - - - 207 
 
 Quit-chum Deed - 216 
 
 Keceipts - - - - - - - 2M8 
 
 Wills and Codicils - ■ 211, 212 
 
 Warranty Deed - - - - 216 
 
 Game Laws: 
 
 Birds and Quadrupeds - 217 
 
 Fish and Fish Ways - 218 
 
 Interest ..---, - - 195 
 
 Jurisdiction of Courts - 198 
 
 Jursrs --.-... 
 Landlord and Tenant . 
 Lfmliation of Actions . 
 Married Women - . - . 
 Marhs and Brands ... 
 Mf^cbanics' Liens . - . 
 Purchasing Books by Subscri; 
 
 tlon ---_... 
 Boads and Bridges - . 
 Surveyors and Surveys 
 Support of Poor - - 
 Taxes ---.... 
 Wills and Estates • - . 
 Weights, and Measures 
 Wolf Scalps .... 
 
 PA«E. 
 
 Map of Keokuk County - - Front. 
 
 Statistics 183 
 
 Constitution of the State of 
 Iowa ---.--.-- 220 
 
 mSCEI^XiAlVEOIJS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Constitution of the United 
 States - - - - 240 
 
 Practical Bules for every-<lay 
 use 252 
 
 Population of Iowa Cities . 
 The Pioneer ...... 
 
The Northwest Territory. 
 
 EAKLY FKENCH EXPLOEATIONS IN THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 VALLEY. 
 
 De Soto — Le Caron — Samuel de Champlain — French Adventurers — James Marquette — Louis 
 Joliet — Embarkation to Explore New Countries — Lake Michigan and Green Bay — The 
 "Ouisconsin" — Indian Accounts of the Country — Discovering' the Great River — Indian 
 Name of the River — Joy of the Explorers — Interview with Indians on Iowa Soil — Feast — 
 Speech of an Indian Cmef — ^The Des Moines River — " Muddy Water " — The Arkansas — 
 Return — Indian Nations — Marquette's Record — His Subsequent Ycfvage — La Yantum — 
 Marquette's Death — Removal of His Remains — Joliet's Subsequent Explorations — Robert 
 La Salle — Louis Hennepin — Chevalier de Tonti — De La Motte— Fort Crevecoeur — Henne- 
 pin's Voyage — Falls of St. Anthony — Seur de Luth — Hennepin's Claims as an Explorer — 
 Colonization of Louisiana— Dissensions — Murder of La Salle. 
 
 The three great colonizing powers of the Old World first to raise the 
 standard of civilization within the limits of North America were France, 
 England, and Spain. The French made their earliest settlements in the 
 cold and inhospitable regions of Quebec; the English at Jamestown, Yir- 
 ginia, and at Plymouth, Massachusetts; and the Spaniards on the barren 
 sands of Florida. To the French belongs the honor of discovering and colo- 
 nizing that portion of our country known as the Valley of the Mississippi, 
 including all that magnificent region watered by the tributaries of the Grea, 
 Eiver. It is true that more than one hundred years earlier (1538-41) tht 
 Spanish explorer, De Soto, had landed on the coast of Florida, penetrated the 
 everglades and unbroken forests of the south, finally reaching the banks of 
 the Great Kiver, probably near where the city of Memphis now stands. 
 Crossing the river, he and his companions pursued their journey for some 
 distance along the west bank, thence to the Ozark Mountains and the Hot 
 Springs of Arkansas, and returning to the place of his death on the banks of 
 the Mississippi. It was a perilous expedition indeed, characterized by all 
 the splendor, romance and valor which usually attended Spanish adventurers 
 of that age. De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to behold 
 the waters of the Mississippi, but the expedition was a failure so far as related 
 to colonization. The requiem chanted by his companions as his remains 
 were committed to the waters of the great river he had discovered, died 
 away with- the solemn murmurs of the stream, and the white man's voice 
 was not heard again in the valley for more tlian ah nndred years. De Soto 
 had landed at Tampa Bay, on the coast of Florida, with a fleet of nine ves- 
 sels and seven hundred men. More than half of them died, and the remainder 
 made their way to Cuba, and finally back to Spain. 
 
 Four years before the pilgrims "moored their bark on the wild New Eng- 
 land shore," a French Franciscan, named Le Caron, penetrated the region of 
 
8 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 the great lakes of the north, then the home of the Iroquois and the Hurons, 
 but a French settlement had been established at Quebec by Samuel de 
 Champlain in 1608. This was followed by the establishment of various 
 colonies in Canada, and the hardy French adventurers penetrated the coun- 
 try by tlie way of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. In 1625 a number of 
 missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in Canada from France, and 
 during the succeeding forty years extended their missions all along the 
 shores of Lake Superior. 
 
 In 1637 a child was born at the little city of Laon, in France, whose 
 destiny it was in the fullness of time to be instrumental in the hands of 
 Providence in giving to the world a definite knowledge of the grandest and 
 most fertile region ever opened up to civilization. That child was James 
 Marquette, the descendant of a family of Celtic nobles. He entered the 
 Society of Jesus when seventeen years of age, and soon conceived a desire to 
 engage in the labors of a missionary among the Indians. He sailed for 
 Quebec in 1666, and two years later founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie 
 at the Falls of St. Mary. The winter of 1669-70 he spent at Point St. 
 Ignatius, where he established another mission. Here the old town of 
 Michillimackinac, afterward called Mackinaw, was founded. It was from 
 Indians of the different tribes who came to this mission that he received 
 some vague intimations of the great river — the father of all the rivers. He 
 at once conceived a desire to penetrate to the banks of the wonderful river, 
 and carry his missionary work to the tribes which he had learned inhabited 
 its borders. He applied to his Superior, Claude Dablon, for permission to 
 "seek new nations toward the Southern sea." The authorities at Quebec were 
 equally desirous of having new regions explored, and therefore appointed 
 Louis Joliet to embai-k upon a voyage of discovery. Joliet was a native of 
 Quebec and had been educated in a Jesuit College. He had at the age of 
 eighteen taken minor orders, but had abandoned all thoughts of the piiest- 
 hood and engaged in the fur trade. He was now twenty-seven years of age, 
 with a mind ripe for adventure. He left Quebec, and arriving at Mackinaw 
 found Father Marquette highly delighted with the information that they 
 were to be companions in a voyage which was to extend the domain of the 
 King of France, as well as to carry the Gospel to new nations of people. The 
 explorers, accompanied by five assistants, who were French Canadians, started 
 on their journey, May 13, 1673. Marquette has himself recorded in the fol- 
 lowing simple language their feelings on this occasion : " We were embark- 
 ing on a voyage the character of which we could not foresee. Indian corn, 
 with some dried meat, was our whole stock of provisions. With this we set 
 out in two bark canoes, M. Joliet, myself and five men, firmly resolved to do 
 all and suffer all for so glorious an enterprise." They coasted along the 
 northern shore of Lake Michigan, entered Green Bay, and passed up the 
 Fox river, carrying their canoes across the Portage to the " Ouisconsin," now 
 called Wisconsin. At Lake Winnebago, before crossing the Portage, they 
 stopped at an Indian village, which was the furthest outpost to whjSi Dab- 
 lon and Allouez had extended their missionary work. Here they assembled 
 the chiefs and old men of the village and told them of the objects of the 
 voyage. Pointing to Joliet, Father Marquette said: " My friend is an envoy 
 of France to discover new. countries, and I am an ambassador from God to 
 enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." The Indians furnished two 
 guides to conduct them to the Wisconsin river. It is related that a tribe of 
 Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous journey 
 
THE NOKTHWEST TEERITOBT. 9 
 
 by telling of desperate and savage tribes that they would meet; that the 
 forests and the rivers were infested with frightful monsters; that there were 
 great fish in the rivers that would swallow up men and canoes together, and 
 of a demon who could be heard from a great distance, and who destroyed all 
 who approached. Unmoved by these frightful stories, Marquette, Joliet, 
 and their five brave assistants, launched their little canoeSfe on the waters of 
 the Wisconsin, and moved slowly down the current. After a lapse of seven 
 days, June 17th, 1673, they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin and glided 
 into the current of the Mississippi, a few miles below the place now fiiown 
 as Prairie du Chien. Here, and on this day, the eye of the white man for the 
 first time looked upon the waters of the Upper Mississippi. Marquette called 
 the river " The Broad Eiver of the Conception." The Indian name is derived 
 from the Algonquin language, one of the original tongues of the continent. 
 It is a compound of the words Missi, signiiying great, and Sepe, a river. 
 
 The explorers felt the most intense joy on beholding the scene presented 
 to their enraptured vision. Here was the great river whose waters somewhere 
 thousands of miles away flowed into a Southern sea, and whose broad valley 
 was the fairest and richest in the world, but unknown to civilized man, save 
 as an almost forgotten dream or a vague romance. They had solved one of 
 the great mysteries of the age in whidi they lived. As they glided down the 
 stream the bold bluffs reminded Marquette of the "castled shores of his own 
 beautifiil rivers in France." The far stretching prairies alternating with 
 forests, on either side, were adorned in all the wild glories of June. Birds 
 sang the same notes that they had sung for ages amid those "forests prime- 
 val," while herds of buffalo, deer and elk were alarmed and fled to the dense 
 retreats of the forest or the broad prairies beyond. Not until the 25th June 
 did they discover any signs of human habitation. Then, about sixty leagues, 
 as they thought, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, at a place where they 
 landed on the west bank of the river, they found in the sand the foot-prints 
 of man. Marquette and Joliet left their five companions in charge of the 
 canoes and journeyed away from the river, Imowing that they must be near 
 the habitation of men. They followed a trail leading across a prairie clothed 
 in the wild luxuriance of summer for a distance of about six miles, when 
 they beheld another river and on its t)anks an Indian village, with other vil- 
 lages on higher land a mile and a half from the first. The Indians greeted 
 the two white strangers, as far as their ability permitted, with a splendid 
 ovation. They appointed four of their old men to meet the strangers in 
 council. Marquette could speak their language. They informed him that 
 they were "Dlini" (meaning "we are men"), and presenting the calumet of 
 peace, invited them to share the hospitalities of their village. Marquette told 
 them of the object of their visit, and that they had been sent by the French, 
 who were their friends. He told them of the great God that the white man 
 worshiped who was the same Great Spirit that they adored. In answer, one 
 of the chiefs addressed them as follows: 
 
 "I thank the Black Gown Chief (Marquette) and the Frenchman (Joliet) 
 for taking so much pains to come and visit us; never has the earth been so 
 beautiful, nor the sun so bright as now; never has the river been so calm, nor 
 BO free from rocks, whiuh your canoes have removed as they passed; never 
 has our tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our com appeared so beautiful as we 
 behold it to-day. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, and come 
 ye and dwell with ns." 
 
 After these ceremonies the strangers were invited to a feast, an account of 
 
10 THE NOKTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 whicli is "given by Marquette. It consisted of four courses. First, theise 
 was a large wooden bowel filled with tagamity, or Indian meal, boiled m 
 water and seasoned with oil. The master of ceremonies, with a wooden spoon 
 fed the tagamity to their guests as children are fed. The second course con- 
 sisted of fish, which, after the bones were taken out, was presented to the 
 mouths of the strangers as food may be fed to a bird. The third course was 
 a preparation of dog meat, but learning that the strangers did not eat that it 
 was at once removed. The fourth and final course was a piece of bufialb 
 meat, the fattest portions of which were put into the mouths of the guests. 
 The stream on whose banks took place this first interview between the 
 explorers and the untutored Indians, aiter parting with their guides, was the 
 Des Moines river, and the place of their landing was probably about where 
 the town of Montrose is now located, in Lee county, Iowa. One of our 
 sweetest American poets has rendered Marquette's narrative in verse, as 
 follows: 
 
 " Came a people 
 
 From the distant land of Wabun; 
 
 From the farthest realms of morning 
 
 Came the Black Robe Chief, the Prophet, 
 
 He the Priest of Prayer, the PaJe-face, 
 
 With his guides and his companions. 
 And the noble Hiawatha, 
 
 With his hand aloft extended, 
 
 Held aloft in sign of welcome, 
 
 Cried aloud and spoke in this wise: 
 ' Beautiful is the sun, strangers. 
 
 When you come so far to see US; 
 
 All om* town in peace awaits you; 
 
 All our doors stand open for you; 
 
 You shall enter all our wigwams; 
 
 For the heart's right hand we give you. 
 
 Never bloomed the earth so gayly, 
 
 Neyer shone the sun so'brightly. 
 
 As to-day they shine and blossom 
 
 When you came so far to see us.' 
 
 And the Black Robe Chief made answer, 
 
 Stammered in his speech a little. 
 
 Speaking words yet unfamiliar: 
 ' Peace be with you, Hiawatha, 
 
 Peace be with you and your people, 
 
 Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon, 
 
 Peace of Chnst, and joy of Mary ! ' 
 Then the generous Hiawatha, 
 
 Led the strangers to his wigwam. 
 
 Seated them on skins of bison, 
 
 Seated them on skins of ermine, 
 
 Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood, 
 
 Water brought in birchen dippers, 
 
 And the calumet, the peace-pipe. 
 
 Filled and lighted for their smoking. 
 
 AU the wamors of the nation, 
 
 Came to bid the strangers welcome; 
 ' It is well,' they said, ■ brother, 
 
 That you came so far to see us.' " 
 
 Marquette and Joliet remained at the Indian villages six days, and were 
 then accompanied to their canoes by an escort of six hundred Indians, In- 
 vitations were extended to the strangers to renew their visit, after which the 
 explorers embarked in their boats and floated on down the stream, passing 
 the sites of future great cities of the valley, and passing the mouths of the 
 Missouri and Ohio rivers, and as far down as the mouth of the Arkansas, 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEKEITOET. 11 
 
 Marquette named the Missouri river Pekitanoui, or " Muddy Water," on 
 account of the now well-known character of that stream. 
 
 After extending their voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas, where they 
 found a village ot the Arkansas tribe, they ascended the Mississippi to the 
 mouth of the Illinois. They ascended the latter river to its source. Along 
 this stream they found many villages of the Illinois, or Illmi, a large and 
 powerful tribe, who were subdivided into five smaller tribes — the Tamaroas, 
 Michigamies, Kahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias. The country between the 
 Illinois and Mississippi rivers was inhabited by the three last named tribes. 
 The Michigamies resided in the country bordering on Lake Michigan, and 
 the Tamaroas occupied the territoiy now included in the counties of Jersey, 
 Madison and St. Clair, Illinois. Kaskaskia — also designated by the early 
 explorers as " La Vantum " and " Great Illinois Town " — was the largest of 
 the villages, containing, according to Marquette, seventy-five lodges. W ith- 
 out the loss of a man, or any serious accident, the party reached Green Bay 
 in September, and reported their discoveries. Marquette made a faithful 
 record of what they had seen and the incidents of the voyage. That record 
 has been preserved. The report of Joliet was unfortunately lost by the 
 upsetting of his canoe while on the way to Quebec. 
 
 At the request of the Illinois Indians, Marquette soon returned and es- 
 tablished the mission of the Immaculate Conception at La Vantum. In 
 the spring of 1675, on account of failing health, he started to retui^ to 
 Green Bay. "While passing along the shore of Lake Michigan, conscious 
 that he was nearing the end of his earthly labors, he observed an elevated 
 place near the mouth of a small river. He told his companions that the 
 
 f)lace was suitable for his . burial, and requested them to land. On that 
 onely and desolate coast. May 18, 1675, at the age of thirty-eight, James 
 Marquette ended his last earthly voyage, and received burial at the hands 
 of his devoted companions. Two years later some Indians of the mission at 
 Kaskaskia disinterred his remains, and conveyed them in a box made of 
 birch bark, with a convoy of over twenty canoes, to Mackinaw, where they 
 were reinterred at the mission church. The post was abandoned in 1706, 
 and the church burned. The place of burial was finally lost, and remained 
 lost for two hundred years. In May, 1876, the foundations of the old 
 Jesuit Mission were accidentally discovered on the farm of one David 
 Murray, with a number of church relics, the mouldering remains of the 
 great missionary, and explorer, and a cross with his name inscribed upon it. 
 Joliet, after his return to Quebec, became again a trader with the Indians. 
 His services were rewarded by tha French government by the gift of the 
 island of Anticosta, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Little after this is knovra 
 of him. He died about 1730. 
 
 The reports given of the discoveries of Marquette and Joliet, served to 
 encourage other adventurers to engage in the eftort to extend their explora- 
 tions. Kobert La Salle, a French navigator, who was bom at Rouen about 
 the year 1635, had long cherished a project of seeking a route to China by 
 way of the Great Lakes. Before the i-etum of Marquette and Joliet, he had 
 explored Lake Ontario and visited the different Indian tribes. In 1675 he 
 went to France and obtained fi'om the government a grant to a large tract 
 of land about Fort Frontenac, the exclusive right of traffic with the Five 
 Ifations, and also a patent of nobility. He laid before his government his 
 desire to explore the Mississippi to its mouth, and take possession of all the 
 regions he might visit in the name of the King of France. His plans were 
 
J 2 THE IfOETHWEST TEBBITOET. 
 
 warmly approved, and he was provided with the means for carrying them 
 into execution. In July, 1678, he returned to Fort Frontenac, soon afef 
 established a trading house at Niagara, and visited the neighboring Indian 
 tribes i»r the purpose of collecting furs. He engaged the services of thirty 
 mechanics and mariners and built the first ship tor the na,vigatibn of the 
 lakes. It was called the Griffin, and was a bark of sixty tons. Having 
 been joined by Louis Hennepin and Chevalier de Tonti, the latter an Indian 
 veteran, on the 7th of August, 1679, they launched the Griffin on Niag£^ 
 river, and embarked for the valley of the Mississippi. They crossed LaJke 
 Erie and Lake St. Clair, reaching Green Ba.j, September 2d. For the pur- 
 pose of relieving himself of some pressing financial obligations at Montreal, 
 La Salle here engaged for a time in collecting furs with which he loaded the 
 Griffim, and sent it in the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors on its return 
 trip, with orders to return immediately; but the vessel was never heard of 
 afterward. He waited until all hope had vanished, and then, with Father 
 Hennepin, Chevalier de Tonti, the Sieur de la Motte, and about thirty fol- 
 lowers, began again the voyage. They ascended the St. Joseph in canoes to 
 the portage, and carried their barks to the Kankakee, a distance of six miles, 
 descended the Kankakee and the Illinois until they reached an Indian vil- 
 lage on the latter stream, at the expansion of the same, known as Lake 
 Peoria. The village was situated on the west bank of the lake, and must 
 have been passed by Marquette and Joliet on their voyage up the river in 
 1673, although no mention is made of it by them. La Salle, Hennepin, Tonti 
 and their followers landed at Lake Peoria, January 3d, 1680. The Indians 
 received them hospitably, and they remained with them for several days. 
 Here a spirit of discontent began to manifest itself among the followers oi 
 La Salle, and fearing trouble between his men and the Indians, they crossed 
 the river and moved down about three miles, where they erected a fort, 
 which La Salle named JP'ort Orevecoev/r (heart-break) a name expressive of 
 La Salle's sorrow at the loss of his fortune by the disaster to the Griffin, and 
 also his feelings in the fear of mutiny among his men. The party remained 
 here until in February, when Tonti was placed in command of the pQst, and 
 Hennipin charged with a voyage of discovery to the sources of the Missis- 
 sippi. La Salle returned on foot with three companions to Fort Frontenac 
 for suppKes. On his arrival he learned of the certainty of the loss of the 
 Griffin, and also of the wreck of another vessel which had been sent with 
 resources for him from France. 
 
 Father Hennepin, with two companions, Picard du Gay and Michel Ako, 
 on the 29th of I ebruary, 1680, embarked from Fort Crevecoeur in a canoe 
 down the Illinois to its mouth, which they reached in a few days. They 
 then turned up the Mississippi, reaching the mouth of the "Wisconsin, April 
 11th. Above this point no European had ever ascended. They continued 
 the voyage, reaching the Falls of St. Anthony, April 30, 1680. Hennepin 
 so named the falls in honor of his patron Saint. When they arrived at the 
 mouth of St. Francis river, in what is how the State of Minnesota, they 
 traveled along its banks a distance of 180 miles, visiting the Sioux Indians, 
 who inhabited that region. The river, Hennepin so named in honor of 
 the founder of his order. In his account of this voyage, Hennepin claims that 
 they were held in captivity by the Indians for about three months, although 
 they were treated kindly by them. At the end of this time a band of 
 Frenchmen, under the leadership of Seur de Luth, in pursuit of furs, had 
 penetrated to this part of the country by the way of Lake Superior. The 
 
raE NOETHWEST TEEMTOET. 13 
 
 Indians allowed Hennepin and his companions to return with the traders. 
 They descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wisconsin, passing up 
 that stream and do^vn the Fox river, and so on through Green Bay to Lake 
 Michigan. Hennepin went to Quebec, and thence to France, where, in 1683, 
 he published an account of his explorations and a description of the region 
 of the Upper Mississippi. In 1697 (two years after La Salle's death) he 
 published an enlarged work, in which he claimed that he had descended the 
 Mississippi to its mouth. His faithlul description of the valley for a time 
 gave him credit for veracity, but the impossibility of reconciling his dates, 
 and other circumstances, are by the best authorities regarded as stamping 
 his claim false. Before the time this work was published, as we shall see, 
 La Salle had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Hennepin explained 
 his long silence as to his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, by 
 claiming that he had feared the enmity of La Salle, who had ordered him 
 to follow a diiferent course, and had also prided himself upon his own claims 
 as being the first European to descend the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico. Father Hennepin died in Holland, about the year 1699. 
 
 "We now return to the further adventures of the brave and intrepid La 
 Salle. He returned to Fort Orevecoeur in the latter part of the year 1680, 
 to find that Tonti had been abandoned by his men, and obliged to take 
 refug^ among the Pottawattamies. He spent another year in collecting his 
 scattered followers, finally succeeded, and on the 6th of February, 1682, he 
 had reached the mouth of the Illinois. As they passed down the Mississippi 
 La Salle noted the different streams tributary thereto. They erected a fort 
 near the month of the Ohio, and a cabin at the first Chickasaw bluff. On 
 the 9th of April they entered the Gulf of Mexico. They reascended the 
 river a short distance, founded the Fort of St. Louis, took possession of the 
 whole valley in the name of France, and called it by the name of Louisiana, 
 in honor of the king. 
 
 La SaUe, having accomplished much for the glory of France, now retraced 
 his steps northward. After spending one year about the great lakes, actively 
 engaged in laying the foundations of French settlements in the new regions 
 heliad discovered, in November, 1683, he reached Quebec, and soon after 
 embarked for France. The government, with marks of great esteem, be- 
 stowed upon him a commission placing under his authority all the French 
 and natives of the country, from Fort St. Louis to New Biscay. An expe- 
 dition, with four vessels and 280 persons, was fitted out for the colonization 
 of Lousiana; it sailed August 1, 1684. Associated with La Salle, in this 
 expedition, was Beanjeu, as naval commander. The mouth of the Missis- 
 sippi was the objective point, but by mistake the fleet passed on northward. 
 When the error was discovered La Salle desired to return, but Beaujeu per- 
 sisted in advancing. Dissensions arose, and La Salle, with 230 colonists, 
 disembarked. This was in February, 1685. A fortified post, which was 
 called Fort St. Louis, was established, and attempts made at agriculture, but 
 without success. Attempts were made to reach the Mississippi, which they 
 thought near, but failed. La Salle and his followers traversed the wilderness 
 toward New Mexico, and in January, 1687, by sickness and disaster, his 
 party was reduced to thirty-seven. Some of these, following Beaujeu's ex- 
 ample, revolted. La Salle, with sixteen men, then determined to reach the 
 country of the Illinois. Two men, who had embarked their capital in the 
 enterprise, were bitter in malignity toward the leader of this unsuccessful 
 expedition. Their feelings found some gratification in the murder of a 
 
14 THE NOETHWEST TEEBTTOET. 
 
 nephew of La Salle. The latter sought to investigate as to the, death of his 
 relative, but only shared his fate, as one of them fired upon him from ambush, 
 and the heroic La Salle fell, the victim of quarrels and dissensions among 
 his own followers. This event happened after he had passed the basin of 
 the Colorado and reached a branch of Trinity river, in Texas, 
 
 We have thus briefly outlined the part taken by this energetic and ad- 
 venturous explorer, in giving to civilization a knowledge of a region that 
 was destined to constitute the richest and most productive portion of the 
 American continent, if not indeed, of the world. 
 
 EAELT SETTLEMENTS IN THE NOETHWEST. 
 
 Early French Settlements — Indian Tribes — Mission at KaskasMa — KahoHa — Vincennes— Port 
 Ponchartrain — Fort Chartres — La Belle Riviere — La SaUe — ^The English Claim "From Sea 
 to Sea" — ^Treatywith Indians in 1684 — English Grants — French and Indians Attack Pick- 
 awiUany — ^Treaty with the Six Nations — French and EngHsh Claims — George Washington 
 — French and Indian War — Fall of Montreal — ^Treaty of Paris — Pontiac's Conspiracy- 
 Detroit— Pontiac's Promissory Notes — Pontiac's Death — France Cedes Louisiana to Spaiii 
 — Washington Explores the Ohio Valley — Emigration — ^Land Companies — ^The Revoluti6| 
 — Colonel Clark — Surrender of French Posts in Illinois— Surrender of Vincennes— Gov. 
 Hamilton Taken Prisoner — Daniel Boone — Simon Girty — ^Virginia's " Land Laws." 
 
 As THE French were the first to explore the region known as the North- 
 west, so they were the first to improve the opening thus made. The earliest 
 settlements were in that part of the country east oi the Mississippi and sonSi 
 of the Great Lakes, occupied chiefly by the Illinois tribes of the Great Algon- 
 quin family of Indians. The Illinois were divided into the Tamaroas, Mich- 
 igamies, Kakokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias, and were sometimes designated 
 as the Five Nations. The three last-named tribes occupied the country 
 between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers; the Michigamies the region bor- 
 dering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas, a small tribe, in the same region 
 occupied by the Kahokias, and now embraced in the counties of Jersey, Hadi- 
 son, and St. Clair, in the state of Illinois. The French opened the way for 
 colonization by the establishment of missions among these tribes, their efforts 
 in this direction having been attended with great, success in Canada. A 
 mission was founded at Kaskaskia by Father Gravier abont the year 1698. 
 This at the time_ of the visit of Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, was the 
 largest and most important of the Illinois villages, and contained seventji'. 
 four lodges, or about fifteen hundred inhabitants. By the early explorerf it 
 was called by the several names of " Kaskaskia," "La Yantum," and "Great 
 niinois Town." Here, in 1675, Father Marquette had attempted to christian- 
 ize the Indians by establishing the mission of the Immaculate Conception, 
 For years it was nothing more than a missionary station, occupied only by 
 the Nations and the missionary. About the year 1700 missions were also 
 established at Kahokia and Peoria, the latter being near the site of old Fort 
 Crevecoeur. Another of the early French settlements was at Vincennes en 
 the Oubache (Waba, now Wabash) river. Authorities disagree as to the 
 date of this settlement, but it was probably about 1702. For many years 
 this was an isolated colony of French emigrants from Canada, and several 
 
 fenerations of their descendants lived and passed away in these vast soUtudes, 
 efore either they or their savage neighbors were disturbed by the encroach- 
 ments of an expanding civilization. During all this time they nad maintained 
 friendly relations with the natives. In July, 1701, a station was established 
 
THE NOETHWK8T TEEBITOKT. 15 
 
 by De la Motte on the Detroit river, called Fort Poncliartrain, Wtile these 
 attempts to colonize the Northwest were in progress, similar efforts were 
 being made by France in the Southwest, but without maintaining like 
 friendly relations with the natives, for in a conflict with the Chickasaws, an 
 entire colony at Natchez was cut off. As these settlements in the North- 
 west were isolated but little is known of their history prior to 1750. In this 
 year Yivier, a missionary among the Illinois, near Fort Chartres, writes of 
 five French villages, with a population of eleven hundred whites, three hun- 
 dred blacks, and sixty red slaves or savages. He says there were whites, 
 negroes and Indians, to say nothing of halt-breeds. They then raised wheat, 
 cattle, swine and horses, and sent pork, grain and flour to New Orleans. On 
 the 7th of November, 1750, the same priest writes: 
 
 "For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwell- 
 ings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans the 
 lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and 
 red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come 
 all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease; and above 
 all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, 
 as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans 
 plantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Germans 
 some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above 
 the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are 
 not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues further up is the Natchez 
 
 S)st, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the 
 hickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee they raise excellent tobacco. An- 
 other hundred leagues brings Us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort 
 and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. From the Arkansas to 
 the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There 
 should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which 
 the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are number- 
 less mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." 
 
 The fame of Eobert Cavelier de La Salle was not achieved alone by his 
 explorations of the Valley of the Mississippi, for, in 1669, four years before 
 the discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet, La Salle discovered 
 the Ohio river, or La Belle Kvoiere (Beautiful River), as the French called 
 ? it. Being conversant with several Indian dialects, he had learned from some 
 Senecas of a*river called Ohio which rose in their country and flowed a long 
 distance to the sea. La Salle then held the belief that the river flowing to 
 the west emptied into the Sea of California, and longed to engage in the enter- 
 prise of discovering a route across the continent. He obtained the approval 
 of the government at Quebec, but no allowance to defray the expense. He 
 sold his property in Canada for two thousand eight hundred dollars, and 
 with the proceeas purchased canoes and the necessary supplies. With a 
 party of twenty-four persons he embarked in seven canoes on the St. Law- 
 rence, July 6th, 1669. Crossing over Lake Ontario, they were conducted by 
 Indian guides to the Genesee, about where the city of Eochester, New York, 
 is now located. The enterprise did not receive the approbation of the Indians 
 at the Seneca village then situated on the bank of the Genesee at this point, 
 and they refused to furnish him guides to conduct him further. After a 
 month's delay he met an Indian belonging to the Iroquois tribe on Lake On- 
 tario, who conducted them to their village, where they received a more 
 friendly welcibme. From the chief of the fioquois at Onondaga he obtained 
 
16 THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOEY. 
 
 guides who conducted the party to a river south of Lake Erie. This proved 
 to be a tributary of the Ohio. They descended it, and thence down the 
 Ohio to the great falls where Louisville now stands. By virtue of this dis- 
 covery the French claimed the country alon^ the Ohio, and many years after 
 established military and trading posts at different j)oints. One oi these was 
 Fort Du Quesne, erected in 1654, which was taken from them by the Englieli 
 a few years later and called Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt, theu prime 
 minister of England. 
 
 Notwithstanding the discovery of the Ohio by the French under le, Salle 
 as early as 1669, the English claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacifie on the 
 ground that her sea-coast discoveries entitled her to the sovereignly of all 
 me country from "sea to sea." In 1684, Lord Howard, Governor of Vir- 
 ginia, held a treaty with Indian tribes known as the Northern Confederacy, 
 to-wit: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Ouondagas, Cayugas and Sfenecas. The Tus- 
 caroras being subsequently taken in, these tribes became known as the Six 
 Nations, and the English assumed their protection. Thejr purchased from 
 them large tracts of land and aimed to obtain a monopoly of the Indian 
 trade. "Die English government made grants of land west of the AHeghanies, 
 and companies were formed for their settlement. France, seeing the Eng- 
 lish obtaining a foothold by planting trading posts in the Northwest, in 
 1749 sent Louis Celeron with a small force of soldiers to plant in moands at 
 the mouths of the principal tributaries of the Ohio, plates of lead with the 
 claims of France inscribed thereon. The English, however, still continued 
 to make explorations and establish trading posts. One of these grants of 
 England was to a company known as the " Ohio Company," and embraced a 
 tract of land on the Great Miami, described as being one hmidred and fifty 
 miles above its mouth. Christopher Gist was sent by this company in 1750 
 to inspect thier lands and to establish a trading post. In 1752 a sniall party 
 of French soldiers, assisted by Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked tins post 
 and captured the traders after a severe battle. The English called this post 
 Pickawillany — the name being subsequently contracted to Pickaway or 
 Piqua. The location of this post was doubtless near that of the present 
 town of Piqua, on the Great Miami, about seventy-eight miles north of 
 Cincinnati. Thus on the soil of what becaine a part of the state of Ohio 
 was shed the first blood between.' the French and English for the possession 
 of the Northwest. 
 
 In 1744 the English had entered into a treaty with the Six Nations at 
 La,ncaster, Pennsylvania, by which they acquired certain lands described as 
 being within the " Colony of Virginia." The Indians subsequently com- 
 plained of bad faith on the part of the English in failing to comply with 
 some of the stipulations of the treaty. The Governor of Virginia appointed 
 commissioners to hear the grievances of tie Indians. They met at Logs- 
 town, on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the present 
 city of Pittsburg, in the spring of 1752. Notwithstanding the complaint of 
 the Indians that the English had failed to supply them with arms and am- 
 munition as they had agi-eed, they succeeded in obtaining a confirmation of 
 the treaty of Lancaster. 
 
 In the meantime the French were quietly preparing' to maintain their 
 claims to the country in dispute. They provided cannon and military stores j 
 in anticipation of the coming conflict. The French were notified to give uj 
 their posts, but they failed to comply. Governor Dinwiddle finally deter-j 
 mined to learn definitely their intentions, and for this purpose selected Major 
 
THE NOBTHWEST TEEBITOBY. 
 
 17 
 
18 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET.' 
 
 George "Washington, then twenty^wo years of age, as a messenger. "With 
 Christopher Gist as guide, and four attendants or serrants, Washington gest 
 out through the wilderness on his perilous journey. He held a conferendfe 
 with the ciiiefs of the Six Nations at Logstown in November, 1753. He 
 learned something of the condition of the French, hut the Indians desired to 
 remain neutral and were disposed to be non-committal. Washington pro- 
 ceeded to Yenango, where there was a French i)ost called Fort Machault, 
 Here he delivered to the French governor Dinwiddle's letter, and received 
 the answer of St. Pierre, the commander of the fort, declining to giv^ up 
 without a struggle. Preparations for war were made in all the English oIL 
 onies while the French continued to strengthen their lines of fortifications. 
 
 It will thus be seen that what is known as the French and Indian war had 
 its origin in this dispute about the possession of what is now one of the 
 fairest and richest portions of our Kepublic. It resulted, not only in Engr 
 land maintaining her right to the territory in dispute, but in wresting Can- 
 ada from France. It was a war of eight years duration, commencing with 
 the attack of the French and Indians on the English post at Piqua in 1752, 
 {j,nd virtually ending with the fall of the city of Montreal in April, 176D. 
 Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec had all previously surreii- 
 dered to me English, the first two without resistance. After the fall of 
 Montreal the Governor of Canada signed a capitulation surrendering the 
 whole of Canada to the English. One post, however, that of Detroit, still 
 remained in possession of the French. Major Rogers was sent from Mqi- 
 treal to demand its surrender. Beletre, the commander of the post, at first 
 refused, but on the 29th of November, having heard of the defeat of the 
 French arms in Canada, he also surrendered. September 29th, 1760, the 
 treaty of peace between France and England, known as the treaty of Paris, 
 was made, but not ratified lintil February 10th, 1763. Meantime the Northwest 
 territory was entirely under English rule and settlements began to extend. The 
 Indians who had been the friends and allies of the French during the wai' 
 were not reconciled to the English, claiming that they had not carried out 
 their promises. Under the famous Ottawa chief, Pontiao, they united in a 
 general conspiracy to cut off all the English posts on the frontier. The 
 Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawnese, Delawares and Mingoes, 
 buried the hatchet in their local quarrels, and united to exterminate the 
 English. , • 
 
 Owing to treachery on the part of some of Pontiac's followers, he failed 
 in the complete execution of his plans, but in May, 1763, several British 
 posts fell, and many whites were victims of the merciless tom^ahawk. In 
 the arrangement among the Indians it was agreed that Pontiac's own imme- 
 diate field of action was to be the garrison at Detroit. He laid siege to the 
 post May 12th, and continued it until October 12th. To obtain food for his 
 warriors during this time, he issued promissory notes, drawn upon birch 
 bark and signed with the figure of an otter. All these notes were faithfully 
 redeemed. Being unsuccessful in reducing the garrison, the tribes generally 
 sued for peace, but Pontiac remained as yet unsubdued. To Alexander 
 Henry, an JEnglishman who visited Missillimacinac the next spring, he said: 
 " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet 
 conquered us. We are not your slaves!,' These lakes, these woods, these 
 mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritanije, and we 
 will part with them to none. Tour nation supposes that we, like the white 
 people, cannot live without bread, and pork and beef; but you ought to 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEBEITOKT. 19 
 
 know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us 
 upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." 
 
 Pontiac still en-tertained the hope that the French would renew the war, 
 and finally conquer the English, and endeavored to incite the Indians on the 
 Miami, and in other parts of the West, to continue hostilities. He applied, 
 but unsuccessfully, to the French commander at New Orleans. Being un- 
 able to unite again those who entered so eagerly into his original conspiracy 
 for destroying the English settlements, he went to the Illinois country, where 
 he made a stand, and had for a time the sympathy and co-operation of the 
 French fur traders in that region. Soon, however, all but his immediate 
 followers deserted his cause, and he then reluctantly accepted peace on the 
 terms offered by the English. Prom this time he had but little influence 
 with the tribes. He was killed by an Illinois Indian, while drunk, at Ka- 
 hokia, in 1769. . At the time of his death he was about fifty-seven years of 
 age. 
 
 Great Britain now held sovereignty over the entire Northwest, and to pre- 
 vent Louisiana from also faUing into the hands of the English, France by 
 secret treaty, in 1762, ceded it to Spain. The next year the treaty of Paris 
 formally gave to England possession of the Northwestern Teiritory. The 
 English now began to prepare for settlement and occupation of the country. 
 In 1770 persons from Virginia and other British provinces took up the 
 valuable lands on the Monongahela and along the Ohio to the mouth of the 
 Little Kanawa. In October of the same year George Washington with a 
 party descended the Ohio from Pittsburg to the Kenawa, which last named 
 stream they ascended about fourteen miles, and marked out several large 
 ti'acts of land. Buffalo were then abundant in the Ohio valley, and several 
 of them were shot by Washington's party. Pittsburg was then a village of 
 twenty houses, the inhabitants being mostly Indian traders. 
 
 The British government was inclined to observe a liberal policy toward 
 the French settlers in the West. In 1763 the king, by royal proclamation, 
 had forbidden his subjects from making settlements beyond the sources of 
 the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ; but his subjects in the colonies were 
 little disposed to observe this restriction. Finally, in 1774, Governor Dun- 
 more, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the West. A number 
 of settlements were made in the Ohio valley, the settlers often coming in 
 conflict with the Indians. Several battles were fought, ending in the battle 
 of Kenawa, in July, when the Indians were defeated and driven across the 
 Ohio. During the years following, up to 1776, several land companies were 
 formed, and engaged in extensive operations. One, called the "Illinois 
 Land Company," obtained from the Indians large tracts of land on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, south of the Illinois. An association, styling itself the "Wa- 
 bash Land Company," obtained a deed from eleven chiefs to 37,497,600 acres 
 of land. The War of the Revolution interfered with these and many other 
 similar schemes of speculation. The parties interested subsequently made 
 «»fforts to have these land grants sanctioned by Congress, but did not succeed. 
 _ In 1771, according to the best information we have, Kaskaskia contained 
 eighty houses, and nearly one thousand inhabitants, white and black. Ka- 
 holda contained fifty houses, with three hundred white inhabitants, and 
 eighty negroes. There were a few families at Prairie du Eocher, on the 
 Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis. At Detroit, there were in 1766, about 
 one hundred houses. This place was founded by Antoine de la Motte Ca- 
 ; dillac, in 1701, and is the oldest town in the Northwest. 
 
20 THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOET. 
 
 When the "War of the Revolution commenced the British held Kaskaskia, 
 KahoMa, Vincennes, Detroit, and other important posts in the West. Col. 
 George Eoger^ Clark, a master spirit of the frontier, who was familiar with 
 all the important movements of the British in the West, and also with the 
 disposition of the Indians, formed a plan unequalled in holdness, for subju- 
 gating theseposts. He repaired to the capital of Yirginia, Patrick Henry 
 being then Grovernor, and presented to the authorities his plan of operations, 
 whidi was approved by Governor Henry. He was accordingh' fiimished 
 with two sets of instructions — one secret and the other open. His open in- 
 structions authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, sub- 
 ject to his orders; and serve three months from their arrival in the West. 
 The secret order authorized him to arm and equip his troops at Pittsburg, 
 and proceed to subjugate the country. Col. Clark succeeded in raising bii4 
 three companies, but with these and a few private volunteers, he descend^ 
 the Ohio as far as the falls, in the spring of 1777. Here he fortified a small 
 island, known as Corn Island, and then announced to his men their real des- 
 tination. Leaving a small garrison, on the 24:th of June, during a total 
 eclipse of the sun, he moved down the river. Under a burning July sun, 
 with his chosen band, he marched to Kaskaslda, reaching that post on the 
 evening of July ith. Without the loss of a man on either side the fort and 
 village were captured. He easily induced the Indians to give their alleaif 
 ance to the American cause. They accompanied him to JCahokia on ttie 
 6th, and through their influence the inhabitants of that place surrendCTel* 
 without resistance. The priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, hastily Joined in 
 rendering all the aid he could to forward the purposes of Clark. He estab- 
 lished a government for the colonies he had taken, and then made ready to 
 march upon St. Yincent, or Vincennes, as it is more commonly known, 
 But Gibault offered to go alone and induce the post on the " Oubache " to 
 throw off the authority of England. Clark accepted the offer, and on the 
 14:th of July Gibault started on his mission. On the 1st of August he re- 
 turned, with intelligence of entire success, the garrison at Yincennes having 
 taken the oath of allegiance to Yirginia. Col. Clark placed garrisons at 
 Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and sent orders for the erection of a fort at the Falls 
 of the Ohio, where the City of Louisville now stands. He also sent Koclie- 
 blave, the former commander of Kaskaskia, a prisoner of war to Eichmond. 
 The county of Illinois was established in October of the same year, by the 
 Legislature of Yirginia. John Todd was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 acting governor. Courts were established, and the colony was provided with 
 a government complete. The Indians acknowledged allegiance to the new 
 government. 
 
 While Col. Clark was arranging for the government of the Illinois colo- 
 nies, the British Governor, Hamilton, was planning an expedition to move 
 from Detroit down the Wabash to Yincennes, intending to recapture the 
 posts which had surrendered to Clark, and thence extend his operations to 
 Kentucky. He knew nothing of the capitulation of Yincennes until bis 
 arrival, when he found the fort in command of Capt. Helm, who had been 
 sent by Col._ Clark to take charge of the garrison. Hamilton demanded the 
 surrender of the fort, and being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, Gapt. 
 Helm surrendered to a superior force. On the 29th of January, 1879, Clark 
 received intelligence of what had transpired at Yincennes, and of the in- 
 tended operations of Hamilton. Having sufficiently garrisoned Kaskaskia 
 and Kahokia, and dispatched a force down the Mississippi to ascend the Ohio 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOBT. 21 
 
 and operate with the land forces in that direction, on the 5th of February he 
 set out himself with one hundred and twenty men on his hard march to 
 Vincennes. He reached the tort on the 22d, and was joined by the re- 
 mainder of his command, which had come by water. He immediately com- 
 menced his attack on the fort, and on the 25th Gov. Hamilton surrendered. 
 He was sent as a prisoner of war to Virginia, where he was kept in close 
 confinement, and thus failed to accomplish his purpose of uniting the In- 
 dian tribes against the Americans. All the important posts in the North- 
 west, except Detroit, were now in the hands of the Americans. Had Clark 
 received reinforcements, which had been promised, he would doubtless have 
 captured Detroit also ; but Virginia and the other colonial governments at 
 this time doubtless had all they could do to attend to the operations of the 
 war east of the Alleghanies. The Legislature of Virginia passed resolutions 
 complimenting Col. Clark and his men, and in 1781 he was promoted to 
 the rank of general. Previous to this he had taken part with Steuben 
 against Arnold, when the latter invaded Virginia, in 1780. Subsequently, 
 Virginia gave to Gen. Clark and his men one hundred and fifty thousand 
 acres of land, wherever they might choose to locate it, north of the Ohio. 
 They made selection of a tract opposite the Falls of the Ohio, between New 
 Albany and Jeff'ersonviUe, Indiana. Gen. Clark died near Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky, February 13th, 1808. 
 
 The years 1781 and 1782 were dark years in the history of the infant set- 
 tlements of the Northwest, in consequence of the many outrages practiced 
 by the Indians. Many deeds of cruelty were committed under the leader- 
 ship of the outlaw, Simon Girty, occurring chiefly in the Ohio Valley. Sev- 
 eral battles between the Indians and frontiersmen occurred north of the 
 Ohio, while in Kentucky the famous Daniel Boone and his companions were 
 engaged in protecting the frontier outposts. 
 
 In 1783 the treaty of peace, which ended the Eevolutionary struggle, was 
 concluded, and by its terms the boundaries of the West were defined as fol- 
 lows : On the north, to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from 
 the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of 
 the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi river, down its center to 
 the 31st parallel of latitude ; thence on that line east to the head of Appa- 
 lachicola river, down its center to the junction with the Flint ; thence straight 
 to the head of St. Mary's river ; and thence down along its center to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 For some time after the cessation of hostilities, General Haldimand, the 
 British commander at Detroit, refused to evacuate, on the ground, as he 
 claimed, that his king had not ordered him to do so. It shortly, however, 
 passed under the control of the United States, and so remained, except when 
 held by the British, through the surrender of Gen. Hull, for a few weeks in 
 August and September, 1812. 
 
 The war of independence had been fought and gained, and England, as 
 we have seen, had renounced her claim to the Northwest, but the Indian 
 title was not yet extinguished. From 1783 to 1786 various treaties were 
 made, by which the Indians relinquished their title to extensive tracts of 
 territory. The individual States also held claims to the territory surrendered 
 by Great Britain, and acts of cession were necessary to vest the title to the 
 soil in United States ; but of this we shall treat more fully in another place. 
 In 1779 Virginia had passed her "land laws," by which grants made to set- 
 tlers were confirmed, and providing for selling the rest at forty cents per 
 
22 THE NOETHWKST TEEEITOKT. 
 
 acre. Kentucky was included in the territory of Virginia until 1792. It 
 was originally explored by Daniel Boone and his compeers about the year 
 1769. Harrodsburg was founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two 
 later, when the news of the battle of Lexington was fresh in the minds of 
 its founders. 
 
 THE NOETHWESTERN TEERITOET. 
 
 Territory held by States— Articles of Confederation— Objections of certain States— Delaware 
 Resolutions— Action of Congress — Maryland— New York- Cession of Territory by States- 
 Ordinance of 1787 — Territorial Organization of the Northwest — Fort Washington— Wm. 
 H. Harrison. Arthur St. Clair — Early American Settlements — New England Company- 
 Gen. Ruftis Putnam — John Cleves Symmes — Cincinnati Founded — Treaty with Spain- 
 Division of the Northwestern Territory — Organization of the Territory of Indiana- 
 Division of Indiana Territory — ^Territory of Michigan — Gov. Wm. Hull — ^Destruction of 
 Detroit by Fire. 
 
 At the time the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were pend- 
 ing a number of the States held, or claimed, large tracts of territory not now 
 included in those States, New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 South Carolina, JNorth Carolina and Georgia, aU held such territory. Vir- 
 
 ?inia claimed aU that vast region which now embraces the States of Ohio, 
 ndiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota east of the 
 Mississippi river. That State had made provision, by legislative enactment, 
 to dispose of her lands to settlers. Certain States, claiming that the unoccu- 
 pied western lands were rightfully the common property of all the States, in- 
 sisted on limiting the area of those States claiming western territory. This 
 was a subject of warm and protracted discussion in the adoption of the Arti- 
 cles of Confederation. The delegates from Maryland, under instructions from 
 the General Assembly of that State, declined, in the Congress of the Confed- 
 eration, to sign the Articles of Confederation until provision was made for 
 restricting the boundaries of the States, and vesting the soil of the western 
 territories in the Confederation for the common benefit of all the settlers. 
 Virginia had remonstrated against this course. On the 25th of November, 
 1778, the act of New Jersey for ratifying the Articles of Confederation 
 was presented in the Congress. Her delegates were directed to sign the arti- 
 cles "in the firm reliance that the candour and justice of the several States 
 will, in due time, remove as far as possible the inequahty which now sub- 
 sists." The delegation from Delaware, after having signed the articles, 
 on the 23d of February, 1779, presented sundry resolutions passed by the 
 legislature of that State, among which were the following: 
 
 '■'■ResolmA, That tliis State thinks it necessary, for the peace and safety of 
 the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate extent of limits 
 should be assigned for such of those States as claim to the Mississippi or 
 South Sea; and that the United States in Congress assembled, should, and 
 ought to, have the power of fixing the western limits. 
 
 '■^Besol/ved, That this State consider themselves justly entitled to a right in 
 common with the members of the Union, to that extensfve tract of country 
 which lies westward of the frontier of the United Stales, the property of 
 which was not vested in, or granted to, private individuals at the com- 
 mencement of the present war. That the same hath been, or mav he, 
 gained from the King of Great Britain, or the native Indians, by the blood 
 and treasure of all, and ought, therefore, to be a common estate, to he 
 erranted out on terms beneficial to the United States." 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOET. 23 
 
 The same day, after the presentation of these resolutions, Congress passed 
 the following: 
 
 "Besohed, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegates from 
 Delaware, and read, be filed; provided, that it shall never be considered as 
 admitting any claim by the same set up, or intended to be set up." 
 
 Eight States voted in favor of this resolution, and three against it. 
 
 The State of Maryland still persisting in her refusal to ratify the Articles 
 of Confederation, on the 30th of October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight 
 States to three, and one being divided, passed the following: 
 
 "Wheeeas, The appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, during 
 the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Congress, be attended 
 with great mischiefs: Therefore, 
 
 "Sesolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia, to 
 reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land office; and that 
 it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circum- 
 stanced, to forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or 
 granting the same during the continuance of the present war." 
 
 On the 19th of February, 1780, the Legislature of New York passed an 
 act authorizing her delegates in Congress, for and on behalf of that State, 
 by proper and authentic acts or instruments, "to limit and restrict the 
 boundaries of the State in the western parts thereof, by such line or lines, 
 and in such manner and form, as they shall judge to be expedient," and 
 providing for the cession to the United States of certain " waste and uncul- 
 tivated" territory. This act was fully carried into effect by her delegates 
 on the 1st of March, 1781. 
 
 On the 6th of September, 1780, Congress passed a resolution earnestly 
 recommending the States having " claims to the western country, to pass 
 such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers " as might 
 effectually remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the Articles of 
 Confederation, and requesting the Legislature of Maryland to authorize her 
 delegates in Congress to subscribe to the articles. 
 
 On the 10th of October, 1780, a further resolution on this subject *was 
 passed by the Congress of the Confederation, as follows: 
 
 "Resoloed, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relin- 
 quished to the United States, by any particular State, pursuant to the recom- 
 mendation of Congress of the 6th day of September last, shall be disposed 
 of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed 
 into distinct republican States, which shall become members of the Federal 
 Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence 
 as the other States; that each State which shall be so formed shall contain a 
 suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one 
 hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit ; 
 that the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular State shall 
 liave incurred since the commencement of the present war, in subduing any 
 British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons Avithin and for the defense, 
 or in acquiring any part of the territory that may be ceded or relinquished 
 to the United States, shall be re-imbursed; that the said lands shall be 
 granted or settled at such times, and under such regulations, as shall here- 
 after be agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled, or any nine 
 or more of them." 
 
 In pursuance of the recommendation of Congress, of September 6th, 1780, 
 several States made cessions of territory to me United States. Virginia 
 
24 THE NOETHWEST TBEEITOET. 
 
 ceded her nortliwestem territory March 1st, 1784, and by an act of hg^ 
 Legislature of December 30th, 1788, agreed to change the conditions of thg 
 act of cession of 1784, so far as to ratify the 5th article of the ordinance of 
 1787, passed by Congress for the government of the territory. The dele- 
 gates in Congress from Maryland signed the Articles of Confederation 5at 
 the date of the cession of territory by New York, March Ist, 1781, thus 
 completing the confederation. 
 
 On the 23d of April, 1784, Congress passed a resolution for the governs 
 meut of the territory ceded by V irginia, which was superceded by tk 
 famous ordinance of July 13th, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the govern- 
 ment of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio." 
 The first part of this important enactment provides for the temporary gov- 
 ernment of the territory, and concludes with six "articles of compact between 
 the original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever 
 to remain unalterable, unless by common consent." The provisions of these 
 six articles are of such importance as to justify their insertion here in full: 
 
 "Aeticle 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly 
 manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religioll 
 sentiments, in the said territory. 
 
 "Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to 
 the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate repre- 
 sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings accord- 
 ing to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless 
 for capital offenses, when the proof shall be evident, or the presumption 
 great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishment 
 shall be inflicted. No person shall be deprived of his liberty or property, 
 but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the 
 public exigencies make it necessary for the common preservation to take any 
 person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation 
 shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights, and 
 property, it is understood and declared that no law ought ever to be made, 
 or have force in the said territory, that should, in any manner whatever, in- 
 terfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and with- 
 out fraud previously formed. 
 
 "Aet. 3. Eeligion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov- 
 ernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education 
 shall be forever encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed 
 towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from 
 them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, 
 they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars 
 authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, 
 from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and 
 for preserving peace and friendship with them. 
 
 "Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, 
 shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of Ame^ 
 ica, subject to the Ai-ticles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein 
 as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the 
 United States, in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants 
 and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal 
 debts, contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses 
 of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the 
 same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall bo 
 
THE NOETHWEST TBEKITOKT. 25 
 
 made on the other States; and the taxes for paying theii* proportion shall be 
 laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the dis- 
 trict or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time 
 agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures 
 of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary dis- 
 posal of the soil of the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any 
 regulations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, 
 to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property 
 of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed 
 higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into- the Mississippi 
 and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be com- 
 mon highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of said territory as 
 to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may 
 be admitted into the Confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. 
 
 "Aet. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three, 
 nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Yir- 
 ginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become 
 tixed and established as follows, to-wit: the Western States in the said terri- 
 tory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and Wabash rivers; a 
 direct line drawn from the Wabash and JPost Yincents due north to the ter- 
 ritorial line between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial 
 line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle States shall be 
 bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the 
 Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the 
 Great Miami to the said territorial line and by the said territorial line. The 
 Eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; provided, however, and it is 
 further understood and declared that the boundaries of these three States 
 shall be subject so far to be altered that if Congress shall hereafter find it 
 expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of 
 the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through 
 the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of 
 the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State 
 shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States 
 on an equal looting with the original States, in all respects whatever; and 
 shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government, 
 provided the constitution and government so to be formed shall be republi- 
 can, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles, and so 
 far aa can be consistent with the general interests of the Confederacy, such 
 admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less 
 number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. 
 
 "Aet. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the 
 the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the 
 party shall be duly convicted; provided, always, that any person escaping 
 into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of 
 the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to 
 theperson claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid." 
 
 These articles, sometimes knovra as the "Compact of 1787," form the 
 basis of the organization of the Northwestern Territory and of the several 
 States iiito which it was subsequently divided. Although the original act 
 of cession was adopted by Virginia in 1784, it will be seen that it was 
 three years later bei'ore Congress agreed upon a plan of government. The 
 
26 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 subject was one of serious and earnest discussion at various times. At one 
 time a motion prevailed to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of 
 slavery. Another proposition was agreed to by which the territory was to 
 be divided into States by parallels and meridian lines, making ten States 
 which were to be named as follows: Sylvania, Michigania, Chersonestis, 
 Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, "Washington, Polypotamia and 
 Pelisipia. When this plan was submitted to the legislatures of the States 
 there were serious objections made, especially by Massachusetts and Yir- 
 ginia. There were objections to the category of names, but the chief diffi- 
 culty was the resolution of Congress of October 10th, 1780, which fixed the 
 extent of each State at not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred 
 and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances might admit. So 
 the subject was again taken up in 1786, and discussed during that year aiad 
 until July 12th, 1787, when the ordinance finally passed, as stated above. 
 
 An act of territorial organization was approved August 7th, 1789. Gen. 
 Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor, and William H. Harrison Secre- 
 tary. In 1788 a town had been laid out by John Cleves Symmes at Fort 
 Washington, and was named Losantiville, but afterward Cincinnati. The 
 place was settled by persons from the New England States and from New 
 Jersey, but did not extensively improve until after Gen. Wayne's defeat of 
 the Indians in 1794. This became the seat of the new territorial govern- 
 ment. The election of representatives for the territory was held February 
 4th, 1799. As required by the ordinance of 1787, these representatives met 
 at the seat of the territorial government to nominate ten persons-, out of 
 which Congress was to appoint five to serve as the territorial council. The 
 following persons were commissioned: Henry Yandenburg, of Vinoennes; 
 Kobert Oliver, of Marietta; James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cinei*; 
 nati, and David Vance, of Yanceville. The first Territorial Legislature met 
 September 16th, 1799, and on the 24th both houses were duly organized, 
 Henry Vandenburg being elected president of the council. On the 13th of 
 October the legislature elected Wm. Henry Harrison as delegate to 
 Congress. He received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one 
 over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of the Governor. At this session 
 thirty-seven acts were passed and approved. Eleven other acts were passed 
 which the Governor vetoed. The greater part of the legislation of the ses- 
 sion related to the organization of the militia and to revenue matters. The 
 session closed December 19th, 1799. President Adams appointed Charles 
 Willing Bryd as secretary of the territory to succeed Wm. Henry Harrison, 
 elected to Congress, and the senate confirmed the nomination. James N. 
 Yarnum, S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong were appointed to the judicial 
 bench of the territory in October, 1787. 
 
 Having^ briefly outlined the legislation which resulted in the formation of 
 a Territorial government, we return to notice some of the earlier American 
 settlements in the Territory. As elsewhere stated, a few French settlements 
 had been made by emigrants from Canada and Louisiana, on the Ohio river 
 and in the region Imown as the Illinois country, but it was not until after 
 the Yirginia cession that any permanent American settlements were made. 
 Then several treaties were made with the Indians, in which they relinquished 
 their title to large portions of the territory. The government made several 
 large grants to companies and individuals, for the purpose of colonizing the 
 country. One of these was to a company from Massacnusetts and Coimecti- 
 cut, called the New England Company, of a tract lying along the Ohio and 
 
THE NOKTUWBST TEBBITOET. 27 
 
 Mnskingutn rivers, embracing 1,500,000 acres. Here tlie town of Marietta 
 was laid out, in August, 1787, at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio 
 rivers. Fort Harmar was built on the opposite, or west bank of the Mus- 
 kingum, the year before. The New England Company sent its first party 
 of settlers in the spring of 1788. They consisted of eight families, and 
 some other persons, and aU under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Put- 
 nam. The party, after a long and weary journey over the Alleghanies, and 
 down the Ohio, arrived at Marietta on the 7th of April, 1788. This little 
 band had the honor of being the pioneers of Ohio, uidess the Moravian 
 missionaries may be so regarded. The settlement was first known as the 
 " Muskingum," but on the 2d of July, 1788, at a meeting of the directors 
 and agents of the company, the name was changed to Marietta, in honor ot 
 Marie Antoinette. 
 
 In 1786, John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, visited the country be- 
 tween the Miamies, and being pleased with its appearance, made application 
 to the government for the purchase of a large tract of land, to be settled on 
 similar conditions with those of the New England Company. The grant 
 was made to Symmes and his associates the following year. Associated with 
 Symmes, was Matthias Denman, also of New Jersey, who located, among 
 other tracts in the Symmes purchase, the section upon which Cincinnati 
 was laid out. Denman sold to Robert Patterson and John Filson, each one- 
 third of his location, retaining the other third himself In August, 1788, 
 they laid out the first portion of what, in a few years, became one of the 
 great cities of the West. Fort Washington was erected here in 1790, and 
 was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military govern- 
 ments of the Northwestern Territory. There .were but few settlers here 
 until after 1794, when settlers began to arrive rapidly. In July, 1815, the 
 population was 6,500. 
 
 In October, 1795, the treaty was signed between the United States and 
 Spain, which secured to the former the free navigation of the Mississippi. 
 After this the Northwest began to settle rapidly. During the next year 
 settlements were made at various points along the Miami and Scioto rivers, 
 including those at Piqua and ChilKcothe. In September, of the same year, 
 the city of Cleveland was laid out. 
 
 The great extent of the Northwestern Territory, and the rapid increase 
 of population at the beginning of the new century, began to render the effi- 
 cient action of the courts impossible ; and to remedy this evil a division of 
 the Territory was proposed. A committee in Congress, to whom the mat- 
 ter had been referred, on the 3d of March, 1800, reported in favor of two 
 distinct territorial governments, and that the division be made by a line 
 beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami river, and running directly to 
 the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The report was 
 accepted, and an act passed, which was approved May 7th, of the same year, 
 maMng the division. It provided, among other things, that from and after 
 the next 4th day of July, " aU that part of the territory of the United 
 States northwest of the Ohio river, which lies to the northward of a line 
 begiuning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky 
 mer, and mnning thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall 
 intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for 
 the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and 
 be called the Indiana Territory." The same act; provided, that until the Leg- 
 islatures ol the Territories, respectively, otherwise ordered, Chillicothe, on 
 
28 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 the Scioto river, should be the seat of government of the Territory east of 
 the line of division; and that Vincennes, on the "Wabash river, should, be 
 the seat of government of the Indiana Territory. On the 3d of November, 
 of that year, the Territorial Legislature met at Chillicothe. William Heniy 
 Harrison was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and entered upon 
 his duties in 1801. The new Territory then embraced all that region now 
 comprising the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and that 
 part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. Nearly the whole of it 
 was at that time in the possession of the Indians. Soon after the arrival of 
 Governor Harrison at V incennes, he concluded several treaties with the In- 
 dians, whereby large grants of land were obtained from the various tribes. 
 By a treaty made at St. Louis, August 18th, 1804, he obtained a relinquish- 
 ment of Indian title to over 51,000,000 of acres. The year before the gov- 
 ernment had obtained Louisiana from France, by purchase, and that being 
 divided, the " District of Louisiana " (the " New Northwest ") was annexea 
 to Indiana Territory, thus extending Gov. Harrison's authority over a vast 
 domain, occupied chiefly by savage tribes. 
 
 By an act of Congress, of January 11th, 1805, Indiana Territoij was di- 
 vided into two separate governments, and the new Territory of Michigan 
 formed. William Hull was appointed Governor of the new Territory, and 
 Detroit was designated as the seat of government. On the 30th of June, 
 the Territorial government of Michigan was to go into operation. When 
 Gov. Hull, and the other Territorial officers, reached Detroit, they found th^e 
 place in ruins and the inhabitants scattered. On the 11th of that month a 
 nre had destroyed almost every building in the place. Gov. Hull adopted a 
 new plan for rebuilding the town, and in population and importance it soon 
 regained all it had lost by the fire. 
 
 Other changes were subsequently made in the boundaries of the Western 
 Territories, as new States were from time to time admitted into the Union, 
 until finally, all that vast domain originally designated as the " Northwestern ; 
 Territory" became sovereign States. 
 
 THE LOUISIANA PUEGHASE. 
 
 Discovery of the Mouth of the Mississippi — Founding of New Orleans — ^French Grant— John 
 Law — The "Mississippi Bubble" — ^Territory "West of the Mississippi— France Cedes to 
 Spain — Spain Cedes Back to France — France Cedes to the United States — Eight t^i 
 Navigate the Mississippi— Particulars of the Negotiations With France— Extent of the 
 Territory— Possession Taken by the United States — Division of the Territory. 
 
 That vast region of territory once known as Louisiana, came under the 
 jurisdiction of civilized men by the right of discovery — a right which has 
 long been known and recognized among civilized nations, though often 
 necessarily followed by conquest to render it effective. For two centuries 
 the Spaniards had navigatea the Gulf of Mexico, so far as we know, ignorant 
 of the fact that it received the waters of one of the largest rivers of the 
 world. About the year 1660 the French, who had re-established themselves 
 in Canada, received some information of this great river, but did not discover 
 its mouth until 1691, when, according to some authorities. La Salle succeeded 
 in reaching it. Iberville founded his first colony in 1699, but it did not^ 
 assume importance until 1717, when the city of New Orleans was founded. 
 In 1712 Louis XIV of Franco granted to M. Crozart a charter to the wholfe 
 territory of Louisiana, which was so named in honor of the king; Under 
 
THE NOEXnWEST TEEEITOET. 29 
 
 the leadership of John Law, in 1716, a company was formed at Paris and 
 incorporated as the "Mississippi Company," which purchased Louisiana 
 from the crown. The financial disasters in France caused by Law brought 
 about the failitre of his Mississippi scheme, and the explosion of what is 
 known in history as the " Mississippi bubble." Louisiana was then resumed 
 by the crown, and the commerce of the Mississippi was declared free. The 
 French retained possession until 1762, when they ceded it to Spain, includ- 
 ing the whole country to the head waters of the great river and west to the 
 Rocky Mountains. The jurisdiction of France, wliich had continued for 
 nearly a century, thus ended, until in 1800 Bonaparte, then first consul, 
 induced the Spanish government to cede it back to France. During the 
 time that Louisiana remained a Spanish dependency, that government 
 claimed the exclusive right of navigating the Mississippi river. The free 
 navigation of that river was essential to the prosperity and commerce of the 
 United States. Spain then having jurisdiction also over the Floridas east of 
 the great river, and that river for several hundred miles fiowing wholly 
 through the Spanish dominions, the question of its navigation south of the 
 southern boundary of the United States became a serious one to our govern- 
 ment and people. The people in the western part of the United States 
 especially demanded the free navigation of the river as a right. But Spanish 
 military posts enforced the collection of duties on imports by way of the 
 river tor the upper region. Boats descending were forced to submit to reve- 
 nue exactions by Spanish authorities. These exactions were a constant 
 source of trouble and disafiection, and led to a threatening state of affairs 
 between the United States and Spain. Spain, however, by the treaty of 
 Madrid, October 20, 1795, conceded to the United States the free navigation 
 ot the river from its source to the Gulf, and also the free use of the port of 
 New Orleans for three years as a port of deposit. 
 
 The treaty of Madrid, however, did not quiet all troubles between the 
 United States and Spain. In 1802, during the administration of President 
 Jefferson, there was some apprehension of a war growing out of the continued 
 disputes respecting the southwestern boundary. These disputes had led to 
 many difficulties between the people of the United States and the Spanish 
 authorities. These affairs, however, assumed a new aspect, when in the 
 spring of 1802 the government of the United States received intelligence 
 that, by a secret treaty made in October, 1800, Spain had ceded Louisiana to 
 France. At this time Mr. Livingston was the United States Minister to 
 France, and President Jefferson, soon after learning of the Spanish cession to 
 France, wrote to Mr. Livingston in reference to acquiring the right to deposit 
 at the port of New Orleans, and other matters which had been in dispute 
 between the United States and Spain. In his annual message to Congress, 
 in December of the same year, the President alluded to the subject of the 
 Spanish cession to France. Congress passed resolutions asserting the right 
 of navigating the Mississippi, and insisting upon the right to the use of a 
 port or place of deposit. At that time it was understood in the United States 
 that the Spanish cession to France included the Floridas, which, however, 
 was not the case. The policy of the President was to enter into a treaty 
 with France for the purchase of New Orleans and the Floridas, and with this 
 view, on tho 10th of January, 1803, he appointed James Monroe minister 
 plenipotentiary to France to act in conjunction with Mr. Livingston. Mr. 
 Monroe's nomination was confirmed by the senate. The instructions to the 
 American ministers only asked for the cession of the city of New Orleans 
 
30 THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOET- 
 
 and the Floridas, together with the free navigation of the Mississippi. The 
 cession at this tinie of the entire Territory of Louisiana was not a subject ot 
 discussion. Mr. Monroe sailed from New York, March 8, 1803, and arrive^ 
 in Paris April 1. 
 
 Bonaparte was then first consul, and France was on the eve of a war with 
 England. He supposed the American ministers were authorized to enter 
 into more extended stipulations than they really were. Marquis de Marbois 
 was directed to negotiate with the American ministers. Said the first con- 
 sul to his minister, as recorded by the latter: 
 
 "Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season. I renounce 
 Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede; it is the whole col- 
 ony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I 
 have sufficiently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since my 
 first diplomatic act with Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I 
 renounce it with the greatest regret. To attempt to retain it would be folly,' 
 I direct you to negotiate this affair with the envoys of the United State* 
 Do not even await the arrival of Mr. Monroe; have an interview this day 
 with Mr. Livingston. But I require a great deal of money for this war, and 
 I would not like to commence with new contributions. If I should regulate 
 my terms, according to the value of these vast regions to the United States, 
 the indemnity would have no limits. I will be moderate, in consideration 
 of the necessity in which I am of making a sale. But keep this to yourself 
 I want fifty millions francs, and for less than that sum I will not treat; 1 
 would rather make a desperate attempt to keep those fine countries. To«: 
 morrow you shall have full powers. Mr. Monroe is on the point of arriving. 
 To this minister the President must have given secret instructions, moisi 
 extensive than the ostensible authorization of Congress, for the stipulation 
 of the payments to be made. Neither this minister nor his colleague is 
 prepared for a decision which goes infinitely beyond anything that they are 
 about to ask of us. Begin by making them the overture without any sub- 
 terfuge. You will acquaint me, day by day, hour by hour, of your progress^ 
 The cabinet of London is informed of the measures adopted at Washington, 
 but it can have no suspicion of those which I am now taking. Observe the 
 greatest secrecy, and recommend it to the American ministers; they have 
 not a less interest than yourself in conforming to this counsel. You will 
 correspond with M. de Talleyrand, who alone knows my intentions. If I 
 attended to his advice, France would confine her atnbition to the left bank 
 of the Ehine, and would only make war to protect any dismemberment of 
 her possessions. But he also admits that the cession of Louisiana is not a- 
 dismemberment of France. Keep him informed of the progress of this 
 affair." ; 
 
 _ On the same day that Napoleon thus confided to Marbois his determinaS 
 tion, conferences began between the latter and Mr. Livingston. The Amer- 
 ican minister had been in Paris about two years, endeavoring to obtain in«" 
 demnities claimed by American citizens for prizes made by the FrencKI 
 during peace, but so far, without result further than vague answers. Mr. 
 Livingston had become distrustful of the French government, and feared^ 
 the Louisiana overtures were but an artifice to gain stiU further time. Sooif 
 after these preliminary discussions were entered upon, Mr. Monroe arrive! 
 in Paris, and the next day began his conferences with Marbois. Eapid pi^f; 
 gress was made in the negotiations, for both sides had an interest in hastei!^ 
 ing the matter. Mr. Monroe was surprised to hear the first overtures made 
 
THE N0ETHWE8T TEEEITOET. 31 
 
 BO frankly by the French minister, when he proposed to cede to the United 
 States so vast a region of country, with the largest rivers of the world, in- 
 stead of merely a town and an inconsiderable extent of territory. The offer 
 embraced infinitely more than the American ministers were empowered to 
 ask for, or accept. Their powers only extended to an arrangement respect- 
 ing the left bank of the Mississippi, including New Orleans. But the mo- 
 ment was a critical one with France, hostilities being about to commence 
 with England. There was not time for further instructions from the gov- 
 ernment of the United States before the opportunity would pass, perhaps 
 forever. The American ministers therefore assumed the responsibility of 
 treating for the purchase of the entire colony, or territory of Louisiana — an 
 extent of country sufficient in itself for an empire. The terms were soon 
 agreed upon. The United States was to pay lor this vast acquisition the 
 sum of fifteen millions of dollars. In the treaty of October 1, 1800, be- 
 tween France and Spain, the latter had reserved the right of preference in 
 sase France should cede this territory to another power ; but here again 
 France could not afford to wait. The treaty was concluded and subsequently 
 submitted to the Spanish cabinet. They complained that no regard had 
 been paid to their reserved right, and for almost a year that court delayed its 
 approbation of the treaty. On the 10th of February, 1804, however, Don 
 Pedro CavaUos, the Spanish minister, wrote to Mr. Pinckney, the American 
 minister, that "His Catholic Majesty had thought fit to renounce his oppo- 
 sition to the alienation of Louisiana made by France, notwithstanding the 
 solid reasons on which it is founded, thereby giving a new proof of his be- 
 uevolence and friendship to the United States." The important treaty that 
 gave to the United States this vast region, with all its wonderful resources, 
 was concluded on the 30th of April, 1803, and four days later the instru- 
 ments, in French and English, were signed by the ministers. After affixing 
 their signatures, the ministers rose and shook hands, each expressing his sat- 
 isfaction with the result. Mr. Livingston said : " We have lived long, but 
 this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just 
 signed has not been obtained by art, or dictated by force ; equally advanta- 
 geous to the two contracting parties, it wiU change vast solitudes into flour- 
 ishing districts. . From this day the United States take their place among 
 the powers of the first rank ; the English lose all exclusive influence in the 
 affairs of America." 
 
 The first consul, who had followed the negotiation with a lively interest, 
 acquiesced in the result, and said to Marbois : " It is true, the negotiation 
 does not leave me anything to desire. Sixty millions [francs] for an occupa- 
 tion that will not, perhaps, last for a day ! I would that France should en- 
 joy this unexpected capital, and that it may be employed in works beneficial 
 to the marine. This accession of territory strengthens forever the power 
 of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maratime rival 
 that will sooner or later humble her pride." 
 
 On the 22d day of May, 1803, Englaiid commenced hostilities against 
 France by the capture of some of her merchant vessels, and on the same 
 day Bonaparte gave his formal ratification of the Louisiana treaty of cession. 
 In July, the treaty was received in the United States, and on the 20th of 
 October, 1803, it was ratified by the Senate, by twenty-four against seven 
 votes. The country ceded by this treaty, as estimated at that time, exceeded 
 a million of square miles, all occupied by savages, except a few sparse settle- 
 ments, aggregating from 80,000 to 90,000 inhabitants, about 40,000 of whom 
 were slaves. The whites were chiefly French, or descendants of French* 
 
32 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 Congress, a few days after the ratification of the treaty by the Senate, passed 
 an act making provision for the occupation and temporary government of 
 the territory acquired. Eleven millions of dollars were appropriated as 
 payment for the purchase — the remaining four millions being reserved, ac- 
 cording to a stipulation in the treaty, to indemnify citizens of the United 
 States who had sustained losses at the hands of the French. The resolution 
 for carrying the treaty into efiect was sustained by the House of Eepresen- 
 tatives by a vote of ninety to twenty-five. 
 
 Even before the acquisition of Louisiana, it had been a favorite object of 
 President Jefferson to have an exploring expedition' sent across the continent 
 to the Pacific Ocean, and in January, 1803, he had recommended an appro- 
 priation for that purpose. The appropriation was made, and the enterprise 
 was placed under the direction of Captains Lewis and Clarke.- The treaty 
 with France, however, was ratified before the exploring expedition was ready 
 to start. On the 14th of May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with their 
 companions, consisting in all of thirty persons, left the banks of the Missis- 
 sippi on their long and perilous voyage of two years and three months, to 
 seek out and give to their country and the world some more accurate knowl- 
 edge respecting this vast region of country, of which civilization at that 
 time knew so uttle. The expedition was in every way successful, and the 
 report made by Captains Lewis and Clarke enabled the government and peo- 
 ple of the United States to form a better judgment of the immense value 
 of the country acquired. 
 
 It will be seen that the region acquired by the Louisiana purchase, com- 
 prehended not only the present State of Louisiana, but all the vast region 
 between the Mississippi river and the Pacific Ocean, and as far north as tlie 
 British possessions. The great States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Ne- 
 braska, Kansas, the greater part of Minnesota, and several of our great Ter- 
 ritories, are but parts of this purchase. 
 
 On the 20th of December, 1803, in pursuance of authority given by act 
 of Congress, Gov. Claiborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Loui- 
 siana purchase, and raised the American flag at New Orleans. The Span- 
 ish authorities there objected to the transfer, but early in 1804 they acqui- 
 esced and withdrew. The newly acquired territory, by authority of Con- : 
 gress, was, on the first of October, 1804, divided as follows : All south of 
 the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the Territory of Orleans, and 
 all north of that parallel became the District of Louisiana, and was placed 
 under the authority of the officers of the then Indiana Territory. It so re- 
 mained until July 4, 1805, when the District of Louisiana was given a ter 
 ritorial government of its own. In 1812, the Territory of New Orleans be- 
 came the State of Louisiana, and the Territory of Louisiana become the 
 Territory of Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, Missouri- TeraitDry was 
 divided— that part comprising the present State of Arkansas, and- the coun- 
 try west, being organized as the Territory of Arkansas.^ In March, 1821, a 
 part of Missouri Territory was organized as the State of Missouri,-and ad- 
 mitted into the Union. On the 28th of June, 1834, the territory west of 
 the Mississippi river and north of Missouri, was made a part of the Terri- 
 tory of Michigan, so remaining until July '4th, 1836, when "Wisconsin Ter- 
 ritory was organized. This embraced within its limits the present States of 
 Iowa, WisconsiT , and Minnesota. An act of Congress, approved June 12, 
 1838, created the Territory of Iowa, ambracing not only the present State of 
 Iowa, but the greater part of the present State of Minnesota, and extending 
 northward to the British Possessions. 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEBEITOET. 
 
 33 
 
34 THE NOETHWEST TBBEITOEY.,. 
 
 INDIAN WARS m THE NOETHWEST. 
 
 Gen. Harmar's Defeat — Gen. St. Clair— His Defeat — Gen. Wayne — His Victory— Hia Treaties 
 With the Indiana — British Posts Surrendered — Death of Wayne — Gen. Harrison— Tecum- 
 seh — The Prophet — Battle of Tippecanoe — ^Tecumseh's Alliance With the British— Harri- 
 son Appointed Brigadier-General — Perry's Victory — Gen. McArthur — Battle of the Thames 
 — ^Teoumseh Killed — Peace With the Indians — Indian Titles Extinguished — Military Peats 
 Established at Belle Point, Council Bluffs, and St. Peters — ^The Ricarees— Gen. Cass-^, 
 Treaty at Port Dearborn — Fort Atkinson — Grand Council at Prairie du Chien — Indiaii 
 Outragea — The MUitia Called Out — Gen. Atkinson — Policy of Removing the Indians West 
 — Treaty With the Sacs and Foxes — Black Hawk — He Refuses to Comply Willi Treaties 
 — Black Hawk War — ^Battle of Bad Axe — Gen. Henry Dodge — Black Hawk Captured— 
 Taken to Washington — Keokuk — Black Hawk Purchase — Gen. Winfleld Scott— Treaties 
 at Davenport— Antoine Le Claire — Removal of Sacs and Foxes to Iowa— Gen. Streefc- 
 Wapello— Maj. Beach — Sac and Fox Villages on the Des Moines — Gov. LucasT-^to® 
 Chambers — Visit of Haid-Fish to Burlington — An Incident — Speech of Keokuk. 
 
 Almost every advance of civilization on the American continent has be^ 
 made at the expense of more or less conflict and bloodshed at the hands of 
 the savage tribes who were the occupants and owners of the soil prior to the 
 advent of the white man. Passing over the conflicts of the colonists in the 
 early settlements of the East, the later struggles of the pioneers of the " Dark 
 and Bloody Ground," and the Indian wars of the South, we shall briefly 
 refer, to some of the troubles with the aborigines in the Northwest. With 
 the opening of the new country to white settlers it was necessary to establish 
 military posts for the protection of the pioneers against the attacks of the 
 Indians. In 1790, all paciflc means having failed with the tribes north of 
 the Ohio, President "Washington sent Gen. Harmar with a military force 
 against them. After destroying several of their villages, he was defeatedft. 
 two battles near the confluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, aiX 
 not far from the present city of Fort "Wayne, Indiana. In 1781 Gen. Arthiii 
 St. Clair was promoted to the rank of major general, and was entrusted witli 
 a command against the hostile Miamis. On assuming his command, the 
 last admonition of "Washington was, " Beware of surprise." Gen. St. Clair 
 marched with his troops to the vicinity of the Miami villages on the Mau- 
 mee. On the 4th of November, 1791, he was surprised in camp on the St. 
 Mary's river, and his force of 1400 ill disciplined men was cut to pieces. He 
 soon after resigned his commission. In this defeat St. Clair's loss was about 
 600 men. The savages were greatly emboldened by their successes, and it 
 was soon found that more vigorous measures were necessary. The Indians 
 continued to commit outrages against the infant settlements. In some cases, 
 doubtless, the whites were the aggressors, for Washington in his annual mes- 
 sage of November 6, 1792, recommended more adequate measures "for re- 
 straining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all 
 facific plans miist prove nugatory." Attempts were made to treat with tte 
 ndians, but the attempted negotiations proved unsuccessful. 
 
 After the unsuccessful and disastrous campaigns of Generals Hannar.M| 
 St. Clair, General Anthony Wayne, who had won distinguished laurels in m 
 war of the Revolution, was, in April, 1792, promoted to the rank of maj^ 
 general, and made commander-in-chief in the war against the western Indiani. 
 In August, 1794, he^ined a signal victory over the Miamis, near the rapids 
 of the Maumee, and compelled them to sue for peace. In the same year a 
 fort was erected by his order on the site of the old "Twightwee Yillage'Loi 
 the Miami tribe, where the city of Fort Wayne is now located. " It contiiiia 
 to be a military post until 1819. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 35 
 
 After his successful campaign of 1794, Gen. Wayne was appointed sole 
 commissioner to treat with the Indians, and also to take possession of the 
 forts still held by the British in the Northwest. He negotiated the treaty 
 of Greenville which was signed by all the principal chiefs of the Northwest. 
 By this treaty the Indians relinquished their title to a large tract of country. 
 That characteristic determination which, during the war of the Eevolution, 
 had gained him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," impressed the hostile 
 tribes with a dread of him which operated as a wholesome restraint. Gen. 
 Wayne also took possession of the British posts in the Northwest, which 
 were peaceably surrendered, in accordance with Jay's treaty, and from this 
 time there was assurance of peace on the frontier. He died in the garrison 
 at Presque Isle (Erie), Pa., December 14, 1796. 
 
 From the date of Wayne's victory up to 1809 the whites maintained com- 
 paratively peaceable relations with the Indians. During this year. Gen. 
 Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, entered into a treaty with the 
 Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, Miamis, Eel Eiver Indians and 
 Weas, in which these tribes relinquished their title to certain lands on the 
 Wabash river. About this time the noted chief Tecumseh comes into prom- 
 inence as the bitter opponent of any more grants of land being made to the 
 whites. 
 
 Tecumseh was a chief of the Shavraees, bom on the Scioto river near 
 Chillicothe', about the year 1770. It was said that he was one of three 
 brothers who were triplets. The other two brothers were named Kum- 
 shaka and Elskwatawa. Kumshaka is believed to have died while young, 
 but Elskwatawa became the Prophet who co-operated with the chief in 3x 
 his plans. His father, Puckeshinwa, had risen to the rank of chief, but was 
 killed at the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774. In 1795 Tecumseh was de- 
 clared chief at or near where Urbana, Ohio, is now located. In 1798 he 
 went to White river, Indiana, and his brother, the Prophet, to a tract of 
 land on the Wabash. Tecumseh, by reason of his oratory, had great influ- 
 ence over the savage tribes, and his plan was to unite all of them against the 
 whites in a conspiracy, similar to that of Pontiac nearly half a century before. 
 For this purpose he visited all the tribes west to the Mississippi, and upon 
 Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. At the same time his brother, the 
 Prophet, pretended to be directed by the Great Spirit to preach against the 
 influence and encroachments of the white men. Their efforts to incite the 
 Indians to hostilities were successful, and they gathered a large force of war- 
 riors, making their headquarters at a stream they called Tippecanoe, near the 
 Wabash river. 
 
 Meantime Gov. Harrison was watching the movements of the Indians, 
 and being convinced of the existence of Tecumseh's grand conspiracy, had 
 OTepared to defend the settlements. In August, 1810, Tecumseh went to 
 Vincennes to confer with the Governor in relation to the grievances of the 
 'Indians, but demeaned himself in such an angry manner that he was dis- 
 • missed from the village. He returned to complete his plans for the conflict. 
 [Tecumseh delayed his intended attack, but in the meantime he was gather- 
 ing strength to his cause, and by the autumn of 1811 had a force of several 
 hundred warriors at his encampment on the little river called by the Indians 
 Keth-ti^pe-ce-rwmk, or Tippecanoe. Harrison, with a force of eight hun- 
 *dred men, partly regulars and partly volunteers, determined to move upon 
 Jthe Prophet's town, as it was called. He encamped near the village early in 
 October, and on the night of the 5th of November his camp was furiously 
 
36 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 but unsuccessfully attacked. On the morning of the 7th he was again 
 attacked by a large body of the Indians, but Tecumseh's warriors were 
 completely routed, but not without a severe and hotly contested battle, and 
 the loss of about 200 of Harrison's men. 
 
 President Madison, in a special message to Congress of December 12, 
 1811, speaking of this engagement, says: 
 
 "While it is deeply lamented that so many valuable lives have been lost 
 in the action which took place on the seventh iiltimo, Congress will see with 
 satisfaction the dauntless spirit and fortitude victoriously displayed by eveir 
 description of the troops engaged, as weU as the collected firmness which 
 distinguished their commander on an occasion requiring the utmost exer- 
 tions of valor and discipline. It may reasonably be expected that the good 
 effects of this critical defeat and dispersion of a combination of savages, 
 which appears to have been spreading to a greater extent, will be experi- 
 enced, not only in the cessation of murders and depredations committed on 
 our frontier, but in the prevention of any hostile excursions otherwise to 
 Iiave been apprehended." 
 
 The result of the battle of Tippecanoe utterly ruined the plans of Tecum- 
 seh, for his arrangements with the different tribes were not yet matured. 
 He was greatly exasperated toward the Prophet for precipitating the war. 
 Had Tecumsen himself been present it is likely the attack would not have 
 been made. The defeated Indians were at first inclined to sue for peace, but 
 Tecumseh was not yet conquered. The breaking out of the war with Grc^t 
 Britain at this time inspired him with new hope, and his next endeavor was 
 to form an alliance with the English. In this he succeeded, and was ap- 
 
 fointed a brigadier general. He was entrusted with the command of all the 
 udians who co-operated with the English in the campaigns of 1812-13, and 
 was in several important engagements. 
 
 After the surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull, August 18, 1812, Har- 
 rison was appointed to the command of the Northwestern frontier, with a.J 
 commission as brigadier general. As this was in September, too late in tlie : 
 season for a campaign, he did not assume active operations until the next ; 
 year, by which time he was promoted to the rank of major general. After 
 Commodore Perry won his signal victory on Lake Erie in September, 1813, 
 Harrison hastened with his command to capture Maiden. On arriving there 
 late in September he found that Proctor, the British general, had retreated. 
 About the same time Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the 
 Territory of Michigan. Pursuing the British army into the interior of Can- 
 ada West, Harrison overtook Proctor at the Moravian settlements, on th« 
 river Thames, on the 5th of October. The British general had an auxiliai^ 
 force of two thousand Indians under the command ot Tecumseh. The battW 
 was opened bj^ the American cavalry under the command of Col. Eicharl 
 il. Johnson, afterward vice-president of the United States. Early in th^ 
 engagement Tecumseh was killed at the head of his column of Indians, who, 
 no longer hearing the voice of their chief, fled in confusion. It has beenf 
 claimed by some authorities that this celebrated chief was killed by Col. 
 Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol. This, however, will remain one 
 of the unsolved problems of history. The result of the battle was a com- 
 plete victory for the Americans, with the capture of 600 prisoners, six piep 
 of cannon, and a large quantity of army stores. ■ 
 
 This decisive victory over the combined forces of the British and Indians 
 practically closed the war in the Northwest, and as a consequence peace 
 
THE NOBTHWEST TEEEITOET. 37 
 
 with the Indian tribes soon followed. Other treaties were negotiated with 
 the Indians by which they gave up their title to additional large tracts of 
 territory. The settlement of the country progressed rapidly, and again an 
 era of apparent good wiU prevailed between the whites and Indians, ^y the 
 end of me year 1817, the Indian title, with some moderate reservations, had 
 been extinguished to the whole of the land within the State of Ohio, to a 
 great part of that in Michigan Territory, and in the State of Indiana. In 
 1817 Gov. Cass, of Michigan, in conjunction with Gov. McArthur, of Ohio, 
 obtained a cession of most of the remaining lands in Ohio with some adjoin- 
 ing tracts in Indiana and Michigan, amounting in all to about 4,000,000 of 
 acres, and in 1819 Gov. Cass met the Chippewas at Saginaw and obtained a 
 cession of lands in the peninsula of Michigan to the extent of about 6,000,000 
 of acres. The next year a treaty was made at Chicago, then nothing but a 
 military post, called Fort Dearborn, with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Potta- 
 wattamies, by which a large additional tract was obtained, which completed 
 the extinguishment of the Indian title to the peninsula of Michigan south of 
 the Grand river. By 1820 a namber of military posts were established far 
 in the interior, and among them was one at Belle Point on the Arkansas, at 
 Council Bluffs on the Missouri, at St. Peters on the Mississippi, and at Green 
 Bay on the upper lakes. 
 
 During the month of Jime, 1823, Gen. Ashley and his party, who were 
 trading under a license from the government, were attacked by the Kicarees 
 while trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the party were 
 killed and wounded, and their property taken or destroyed. Col. Leaven- 
 worth, who commanded Fort Atkinson at Council Bluffs, then the most 
 western post, took immediate measures to check this hostile spirit of 
 the Kicarees, fearing that it might extend to other tribes in that quarter 
 and endanger the lives of traders on the Missouri. With a detachment of 
 the regiment stationed at Council Bluffs, he successfully attacked the Eica- 
 ree village. The hostile spirit, however, stiU continued and extended to the 
 tribes on the upper Mississippi and the upper lakes. Several parties of 
 citizens were plundered and murdered by those tribes during the year 1824. 
 An act of Congress of May 25th of this year, made an appropriation to de- 
 fray the expenses of making treaties of trade and friendship with the tribes 
 west of tiie Mississippi, and another act of March 3, 1825, provided for the 
 expense of treaties with the Sioux, Chippewas, Menomonees, Sacs and Foxes, 
 and other tribes, and also for establishing boundaries and promoting peace 
 between them. These objects were in the main accomplished, and by the 
 treaties made the government secured large acquisitions of territory. Gov. 
 Cass, in conjunction with Gov. Clark, of Missouri, attended a grand council 
 of the tribes this year at Prairie du Chien to carry out the purposes of the 
 act of Congress last mentioned. During his continuance in office as Gov- 
 ernor of Michigan Territory, Gov. Cass made, or participated in the making 
 of nineteen treaties with the Indians, and by them acquired lands in Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to an amount equal to one-fourth 
 of the entire area of those States. 
 
 During the summer of 1827, when the commissioners appointed to carry 
 into execution certain provisions of a treaty, made August 19th, 1825, with 
 various northwestern tribes, were about to arrive at the appointed place of 
 peeting, several citizens were murdered, and other acts of hostility were com- 
 mitted, especially against the miners at Fever river, near Galena, by a party 
 
38 THE NORTHWEST TEBEITOKT. 
 
 of the Winnebago tribe, which tribe was one of those associated in the 
 treaty. To quell these outrages the governors of the State of Illinois aBd 
 the Territory of Michigan, made levies of militia. These forces, with a 
 corps of seven hundred United States troops, imder the command of General 
 Atkinson, repaired to the scene of danger. The Indians, overawed by the ap- 
 pearance of the military, surrendered the perpetrators of the murders, and 
 gave assurances of future good behavior. 
 
 For many years it had been the policy of the government to obtain a re- 
 linquishment of the title of the Indians to all lands within the limits of the 
 States, and as rapidly as possible cause the removal of the tribes to territory 
 beyond the Mississippi. In 1830 the Chickasaws and Choctaws, occupying 
 portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi, agreed to remove, and 
 in due time carried out their agreement in good faith. The same year, a 
 treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes, by which they agreed to cede their 
 lands to the United States, and remove beyond the Mississippi. The prin- 
 cipal village of these united tribes was located at the mouth of Eock river, 
 on the east side of the Mississippi, near where the city of Eock Island now 
 stands. Here had been an Indian village, according to tradition, for one 
 hundred and fifty years. These tribes had owned and occupied the country 
 bordering on the Mississippi, to an extent of seven hundred miles, from the 
 mouth of the "Wisconsin almost to the mouth of the Missouri. The Indians 
 did not seem disposed to comply promptly with the terms of the treaty, and 
 one band, under the noted chief Black Hawk {Ma-Jca-ta/i-me-sherJcia-kiali), 
 evinced a determination to keep possession of their old village. John Eey- 
 nolds. Governor of Illinois, construed their continued residence in the ceded 
 territory as an invasion of the State, and under his authority to protect the 
 State from invasion, ordered out seven hundred militia to force their re- 
 moval, according to the treaty. This interference of the governor of Illi- 
 nois with the duties belonging to the Federal Government, obliged the com- 
 mander of United States troops in that quarter to co-operate with him, in 
 order to prevent a collision between the State militia and the Indians. Fort 
 Armstrong, on Eock Island, had been established as early as 1816, and when 
 the Black Hawk trouble commenced, was in command of Gen. Atkinson. 
 The Indians were overawed by this imposing military force, and yielding to 
 necessity, crossed the Mississippi. Black Hawk, feeling exasperated at the 
 harsh treatment his people had received, resolved to prosecute a predatory 
 war against the white settlements. He united his band of Sacs and Foxes 
 with the Winnebagoes, under the command of the Prophet "Wabo-ki-e^shiek 
 (White Cloud), and in March, 1832, recrossed to the east side of the Missis- 
 sippi. They murdered a number of defenseless families, and committed 
 many outrages upon the settlers. The whole frontier became alarmed, and 
 many of the settlers fled for safety. The governor of Illinois ordered out 
 the State militia, which being joined by four hundred regular troops, con- 
 stituted a force of.about one thousand, under the command of Gen. Atkin- 
 son. They pursued the Indians, and after a campaign of about two months, 
 during which two engagements were fought, the war was brought to an end. 
 The last, and the decisive battle of the war, is known in history as the bat- 
 tle of Bad Axe, being fought on a small tributary of the Wisconsin of that 
 Dame. This battle took place August 2d, 1832, and the force against Black 
 Hawk was commanded by Gen. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin. The Indians 
 lost forty of their braves, and Gen. Dodge one. The Indians made but little 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEKJTOBY. 39 
 
 further resistance, and Black Hawk's " British Band," as it was styled, be- 
 came demoralized and fled. They reached the Mississippi and were making 
 preparations for crossing when they were checked by the captain of the 
 steamboat " Warrior," who discharged a six-pounder at them, although they 
 had displayed a flag of truce. The next morning Gen. Atkinson arrived 
 with his army, and made an attack, which the Indians were now powerless 
 to resist. Black Hawk escaped, but was taken by some treacherous Winne- 
 bagoes, and delivered along with the Prophet, on the 27th of August, to 
 Gea. Street, at Prairie du Chien. Two of Black Hawk's sons, the Prophet 
 and other leaders, were also taken, and by order of the government were con- 
 veyed through the principal cities and towns on the seaboard, in order that 
 th3y might be impressed with the greatness and power of the United States. 
 For some time Black Hawk was held as a captive, and then through the in- 
 tercession of Keokuk, who had been opposed to the war, and had not par- 
 ticipated in the hostilities, he was allowed to return to Rock Island, and per- 
 mitted to join his people. Treaties were made with the oflending tribes by 
 which they agreed to compensate for the expense of the war, by ceding a 
 valuable part of their territory on the west side of the Mississippi, and to 
 immediately remove from the east side. The United States stipulated to 
 pay to the three tribes annually, thirty thousand dollars for twenty-seven 
 years, and also to make other provisions for their improvement. By this 
 treaty the United States acquired the first territory in Iowa which was 
 opened to settlement. It is what is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," 
 and embraced a strip of territory extending from the northern boundary of 
 Missouri to the mouth of the IJpper Iowa river, about fifty miles in width, 
 and embracing an area of about six millions of acres. This treaty was made 
 on the 21st day of September, 1832, at a council held on the west bank of 
 the Mississippi river, where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Win- 
 field Scott and Gov. John Reynolds, of Illinois, represented the United 
 States, and on the part of the Indians there were present Keokuk, Pashe- 
 paho, and about thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation. 
 Within the limits of this purchase was reserved a tract of 400 square miles, 
 situated on Iowa river, and including Keokuk's village. This tract was 
 known as " Keokuk's Reserve," and was occupied by the Indians until 1836. 
 when it was ceded to the United States. This treaty was negotiated by Gov. 
 Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, and on the part of the Indians Keo- 
 kuk was the leading spirit. This council was also held on the banks of the 
 Mississippi, near the site of the present city of Davenport. The treaty stip- 
 ulated for the removal of the Indians to another reservation on the Des 
 Moines river. On this an agency was established, where the present town 
 of Agency City, in Wapello county, is located. Out of the " Black Hawk 
 Purchase " was conveyed to Antoine Le Claire, who was interpreter, and 
 whose wife was an Indian, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and 
 another at the. head of the first rapids above the Island; 
 
 General Joseph M. Street, the agent with the Winnebagoes at Prairie du 
 Chien, was transferred to the Sac and Fox agency on the Des Moines river, 
 and in 1838 took meaisures for buildyig and making the necessary improve- 
 ments. In April, of the next year, he removed with his family from Prairie 
 du Chien. Hjb health soon began to fail, and on the 5th of May, 1840, 
 Gen. Street died. Wapello, a prominent chief of the Sac and Fox nation, 
 died in 1842. His remains were interred near those of Gen. Steeet. The 
 stone slabs placed over their graves soon after, are inscribed as follows: 
 
40 THE UOBTHWEST TEEKITOET. 
 
 In 
 
 Memory of 
 
 GEK JOSEPH M. STREET, 
 
 Son of Anthomy and MolJAf Street. 
 
 Born Oct. 18th, 1788, in Vvrgima; 
 
 Died at the Sac and Fox Agency, 
 
 May 5th, 181fl. 
 
 In 
 
 Memoet of 
 
 WA-PEL-LO, 
 
 Bom at 
 
 ProA/rie du Chien, 1787 : 
 
 Died near the Forks of Skunk, 
 
 March 15th, 18^,2 — Sac and Fox NaOori. 
 
 "Wapello had requested that at his death his remains be interred near those 
 of Gen. Street. 
 
 After the death of Gen. Street, Maj. John Beach, his son-in-law, received 
 the appointment as agent for the Sacs and Foxes, and filled the position to 
 the satisfaction of the government. Major Beach was bom at Gloucester, 
 Massachusetts, Feb. 23d; 1812. After a course of study at Portsmouth 
 Academy, in New Hampshire, he received at the age of sixteen, the appoint- 
 ment of cadet at the West Point Military Academy, graduating in the class 
 of 1832. Keceiving his commission as Second Lieutenant by brevet in the 
 First IT. S. Infantry, of which Zachary Taylor was then colonel, he was or- 
 dered to duty on the frontier, and was alternately stationed at Fort Arm- 
 strong, Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, and Jefferson Barracks, near St. 
 Louis. His hearing having partially failed, in 1838, he resigned his com- 
 mission in the army, and was, at the time of his appointment as Indian 
 agent, engaged in the U. S. Land Office at Dubuque. He remained at 
 Agency City, engaged in mercantile and literary pursuits until his death 
 which occurred August 31st, 1874. ' 
 
 At the time of Gen. Street's death, the Indians were occupying their res- 
 ervation with their permanent, or spring and summer villages, as follows : 
 Upon the banks of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, 
 was the village of Keokuk, and above were those of "Wapello and Appa- 
 noose. The village of Hardfish, or "Wish-e-co-me-que, as it is in the Indian 
 tongue, was located in what is now the heart of Eddyville, whore J. P. Eddv 
 was licensed by Maj. Beach, the agent, in the summer of 1840, to establish 
 a trading post. Not far from the " Forks of Skunk " was a small village 
 presided over by Kish-ke-kosh, who, though not a chief, was a man of con- 
 siderable influence, Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with "Wapello, 
 still had a village on the bank of Iowa river. 
 
 It has been reimarked above that Keokuk, who was the chief next in au- 
 thority and influence to Black Hawk, was opposed to the war against the 
 whites, and persistentljr refused to take part in the hostilities. "When Black 
 Hawk's attempt to dety the power of flie United States resulted so disas- 
 trously to the Indians, and they were obliged to cede still more territory, 
 his influence among his people declined, and that of Keolcuk increased. 
 Black Hawk, however, retained a party of adherents, and for some time a 
 
THE NOETHWIST TKEEITOET. 41 
 
 sort of rivalry existed between tlie two chiefs, and this feeling was shared 
 to some extent by their respective friends in the tribes. An incident is rela- 
 ted by Maj. Beach to show how the traders were ready to take advantage of 
 this state of things for their own mercenary purposes. 
 
 When Gen.Harrison became President in 1841, John Chambers, an ex- 
 congressman of Kentucky, was appointed Governor of the Territory, suc- 
 ceeding Gov. Eobert Lucas. The governor was ex-offido superintendent 
 over the Indians and their agencies. Gov. Lucas had favored the Black 
 Hawk band, whose chief was Hardfish. Accordingly when the new gov- 
 ernor was appointed, both Keokuk and Hardfish felt that it would be some- 
 thing of an object to gain his favor. The latter desired the new governor 
 to pursue the policy of his predecessor, while Keokuk wished at least an 
 impartial course. Keokuk requested the consent of the agent for him and 
 his principal men to visit the governor at Burlington. As it was the policy 
 of the government to discountenance such pilgrimages of the Lidians, Maj. 
 Beach suggested that Gov. Chambers might see proper to visit them at the 
 agency. With this expectation Keokuk chose to wait. The Hardfish band, 
 iinder the influence of some of the traders, were less patient. They hast- 
 ened to Burlington in a large body, and on their arrival encamped near the 
 town, sending to the governor a written notice of their presence, and a 
 request for supplies. The governor answered, declining to accede to their 
 request, or to hold a councS with them. Hardfish and his men returned 
 over their weary journey of seventy miles to the agency, very much dis- 
 appointed. In the meantime the governor communicated with Major 
 Beach, informing him that he would visit the agency soon, and requesting 
 him to use his influence to prevent the Indians from making incursions 
 through the white settlements. When the governor fixed his time to be 
 present, the bands were all informed, and it was arranged that a grand coun- 
 cil should be held. When the day arrived all the Indians, except the Pow- 
 eshiek band of Foxes, who were so far away on the Iowa river, were en- 
 camped within a convenient distance from the agency. Long before the 
 hour fixed for the meeting, the Hardfish party, arrayed in all their toggery, 
 and displaying their richest ornaments, came in grand procession upon the 
 ground. Having dismounted from their ponies, they formed in file on foot 
 and marched into the agency headquarters, where the governor was to receive 
 them. Hardfish and some of his principal men shook hands with the gov- 
 ernor and then sat down. 
 
 The reader will remember that at this time the nation was in mourning 
 for the sudden loss of a President by death, and that Gov. Chambers had 
 been one of the warmest and most devoted friends of Gen. Harrison, a fact 
 of which Keokuk was fuUy advised. Chambers had been aid-de-camp to 
 Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812, and they had ever after been as father 
 and son. Keokuk was shrewd enough to make the most of this. 
 
 The appointed hour for the meeting had passed, and the governor began 
 to become impatient for the appearance of Keokuk. At last the soimds of 
 the approaching bands were heard faintly floating upon the breeze. After a 
 time the procession marched with slow and solemn tread into view, not ar- 
 rayed in gaudy feathers, ribbons and trinkets, like the Hardfish band, but 
 with lances and staves wrapped around with wilted grass. No sound of 
 bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and instead of being painted 
 in Vermillion, their faces presented the sombre hues produced by a kind of 
 clay they were wont to use on occasions of solemnity or mourning. Their 
 
42 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 appearace betokened sadness and affliction. Mr. Josiah Smart, the interjire- 
 ter, informed Gov. Chambers that this was a funeral march, and that some 
 one of their principal men must have died during the night. Even Hard- 
 fish and his men were at a loss to account for what they saw, and wondered 
 who could have died. At last Keokuk and his men dismounted and filed 
 slowly and solemnly into the presence of the governor. Keokuk signed to 
 the interpreter, and said : 
 
 "Say to our new father that before I take his hand, I. will explain to him 
 what all this means. We were told not long ago that our Great Father was 
 dead. "We had heard of him as a great war chief, who had passed much of 
 his life among the red men and knew their wants, and we believed that we 
 would always have friendship and justice at his hands. His death has made 
 us very sad, and as this is our first opportunity, we thought it would be 
 wrong if we did not use it, to show that the hearts of his red children, as 
 well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss; and we had to 
 keep our father waiting while we performed that part of our mourning fliat 
 we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead." 
 
 At the conclusion of this speech, Keokuk steppped forward and extended 
 his hand. The hearty grasp of the governor showed that the wily chief had 
 touched the proper cord. The result was, that the Hardfish band received 
 no special favors after that, at the expense of the other bands. 
 
 SKETCHES OF BLACK HAWK AND OTHER CHIEFS. 
 
 Black Hawk— Treaty of 1804^Black Hawk's account of the Treaty— Lieut. Pike— Ft. Ed- 
 wards — Ft. Madison — Black Hawk and the British — Eeokuk recognized as Chief— Ft. 
 Armstrong — Sac and Fox Villages — Black Hawk's ''British Band" — ^Black Hawk War— 
 Black Hawk's old age — His death in Iowa — His remains carried away, but recovered— 
 Keokuk — ^Appanoose — Wapello— Poweshiek — Pash-e-pa-ho — Wish-e-co-ma-que— CIiM- 
 chun-ca — Mau-haw-gaw— Ma-has-kah — Si-dom-i-na-do-tah — Heniy Lott — ^A Tragedy in 
 Humboldt County — Ink-pa-du-tah — Spirit Lake Massacre — Expedition from Ft. Dodge- 
 Death of Capt. Johnston and William Burkholder. 
 
 BLACK HAWK. 
 
 This renowned chief, the "noblest Roman of them all," was bom at the 
 Sac village on Rock river, about the year 1767. His first introduction to 
 the notice of the whites seems to have been in 1804, when William Henry 
 Harrison, then the Governor of Indiana Territory, concluded his treaty witib 
 the Sac and Fox nation for the lands bordering on Rock river. Black "Hawk 
 was then simply a chief, though not by election or inheritance, of his own 
 band of Sac warriors, but from that time he was the most prominent man 
 in the Sac and Fox nation. He considered the action of the four chiefs who 
 represented the Indians in making this treaty as unjust and refused to con- 
 sider it binding. The territory ceded embraced over fifty-one millions of 
 acres, extending almost from opposite St. Louis to the Wisconsin river. 
 He claimed that the chiefs or braves who made the treaty had no authority 
 to make it, and that they had been sent to St. Louis, where the treaty was 
 negotiated, for quite a different purpose, namely: to procure the release of 
 one of their people who was held there as a prisoner on charge of killing a 
 white man. The United States regarded this treaty as a bona fide transac- 
 tion, claiming that the lands were sold by responsible men of the tribes, and 
 that it was further ratified by a part of the tribes with Gov. Edwards and 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 43 
 
 AuguBte Choteau, in September, 1815, and again with the same commis- 
 sioners in 1816. They claimed that the Indians were only to occupy the 
 lands at the Sac village on Kock river until they were surveyed and sold by 
 the government, when they were to vacate them. The treaty of St. Louis 
 was signed by five chiefs instead of four, although Black Hawk claimed that 
 the latter number only were sent to St. Louis for a different purpose. One 
 of these was Pash-e-pa-ho, a head chief among the Sacs. Black Hawk him- 
 self thus describes the return of the chiefs to Rock Island after the treaty: 
 
 " Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length 
 returned, and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not come 
 up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared to be 
 dressed in fine coats, and had medals. From these circumstances we were 
 in hopes that they had brought good news. Early the next morning the 
 council lodge was crowded. Quash-qua-me came up and said that on their 
 arrival in St. Louis they met their American father, and explained to him 
 their business, and urged the release of their friend. The American chief told 
 them he wanted land, and that they had agreed to give him some on the west 
 side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side, opposite the Jeffi-eon; 
 that when the business was aU arranged, they expected their friend released 
 to come home with them. But about the time they were ready to start, 
 their friend was let out of prison, who ran a short distance, amd was shot 
 dead! This was all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804 It has 
 been explained to me since. I find, by that treaty, that all our country east 
 of the Mississippi, and south of the Jeflfreon, was ceded to the United States 
 for one thousand dollars a year!" 
 
 The treaty was doubtless made in good faith on the part of the commis- 
 sioners, and with the full conviction that it was by authority of the tribes. 
 From this time forward Black Hawk seems to have entertained a distrust of 
 the Americans. 
 
 Although Spain had ceded the country west of the Mississippi to France 
 in 1801, the former power still held possession until its transfer to the United 
 States by France. Black Hawk and his band were at St. Louis at this time, 
 and he was invited to be present at the ceremonies connected with the 
 change qi authorities. He refused the invitation; and in giving an account 
 of the transaction, said: 
 
 " I found many sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about 
 to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I 
 took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans 
 came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as 
 they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village 
 on Rock river, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared 
 to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange 
 people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish 
 lather again. The information made all our people sorry." 
 
 In August, 1805, Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike ascended the river from St. 
 Louis, for the purpose of holding councils with the Indians, and selecting 
 sites for military posts within the coimtry recently acquired from France. 
 At the mouth of Rock river he had a personal interview with Black Hawk, 
 the latter being favorably impressed with the young lieutenant. Speaking 
 of this interview. Black Hawk himself said: 
 
 "A boat came up the river with a young American chief, and a small 
 party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt river. 
 
44 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 Some of OTir young braves watclied them every day, to see what sort of peo- 
 ple he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Eock Island, and the 
 young chief came on shore with his interpreter, and made a speech, and 
 gave us some presents. We, in turn, presented them with meat and such 
 other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young 
 chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat 
 us well." 
 
 Lieut. Pike's expedition was soon followed hj the erection of Fort Ed- 
 wards and Fort Madison, the former on the site of the present town of 
 "Warsaw, Elinois, and the latter on the site of the present town of Fort 
 Madison, Iowa. When these forts were being erected, the Indians sent down 
 delegations, headed by some of their chiefs, to have an interview with the 
 Americans. Those who visited Fort Edwards returned apparently satisfied 
 with what was being done. The erection of Fort Madison they claimed was 
 a violation of the treaty of 1804. In that treaty the United States had 
 agreed that if "any white persons should form a settlement on their lands, 
 such intruders should forthwith be removed." Fort Madison was erected 
 within the territory reserved for the Indians, and this they considered an intru- 
 sion. Some time afterward a party under the leadership of Black Hawk 
 and Pash-e-pa-ho attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the 
 movements of the garrison. Five soldiers who came out were fired upon hy 
 the Indians, and two of the soldiers were killed. They kept up the attack 
 for several days. Their efforts to destroy the fort being unsuccessful, they 
 returned to Eock river. 
 
 When the war of 1812 broke out, Black Hawk and his band allied them- , 
 selves with the British, which was the origin of his party, at a later date, 
 being known as the "British Band." In narrating the circumstances which 
 induced him to join the British, he says: 
 
 " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called 
 upon to go to Washington to see the Great Father. On their return they 
 related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished 
 them, in the event of a war takingjplace with England, not to interfere on 
 either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to 
 hunt and support our families and live in peace. He said that British traders 
 would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, 
 but that we should be supplied by an American trader. Our chiefs then told 
 him that the British traders always gave them credit in the fall for guns, powder 
 and goods to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He replied that the 
 trader at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods; that we should go there 
 in the faU, and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had 
 done." 
 
 According to Black Hawk, this proposition pleased his people, and they 
 went to Fort Madison to receive their promised outfit for the winter's hunt, 
 but notwithstanding the promise of the Great Father, at Washington, the 
 trader would not give them credit. In reference to their disappointment, 
 Black Hawk says: 
 
 "Few of us slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morn- 
 ing a canoe was seen descending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an ex- 
 press, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Eock 
 Island, with two boats loaided with goods, and requested us to come up im- 
 mediately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The 
 express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITOET. 45 
 
 tlirough onr camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, 
 and afl started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at 
 peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." 
 
 Black Hawk and his band then espoused the cause of the British, who, as 
 in the case of Tecumseh, gave him the title of "Gen. Black Hawk." But 
 a large portion of the Sacs and Foxes, at the head of whom was Keokuk, 
 chose to remain neutral, as well as to abide by the treaty of 1804. Of this 
 party Keokuk was the recognized chief. The nation was divided into the 
 "war party" and " peace party." Black Hawk maintained his fidelity to 
 the British imtil the end of the war, and was the intimate friend and sup- 
 porter of Tecumseh, until the death of the latter at the battle of the Thames. 
 
 At the close of the war of 1812, Black Hawk returned to his village on 
 Eock river, to find Keokuk still the friend of the Americans, and the recog- 
 nized war chief of that portion of the Sac and Fox nation which had re- 
 mained neutral. As stated elsewhere, a new treaty was concluded in Sep- 
 tember, 1815, in which, among other matters, the treaty of St. Louis was rati- 
 fied. This treaty was not signed by Black Hawk, or any one representing his 
 band, but was signed by chiefs of both the Sacs and Foxes, who were fully author- 
 ized to do so. This treaty was held at Portage des Sioux,and was a result of the 
 war of 1812, with England. In May, 1816, another treaty was held at St. 
 Louis, in which the St. Louis treaty of 1804 was recognized. This treaty 
 was signed by Black Hawk and twenty other chiefs ana braves. The same 
 year Fort Armstrong was erected upon Kock Island, a proceeding very dis- 
 tasteful to the Indians. Of this Black Hawk says: 
 
 "We did not, however, object to their building the fort on the island, but 
 we were verj' sorry, as this was the best island on the Mississippi, and had 
 long been the resort of our young people during the summer. It was our gar- 
 den, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with 
 strawberries, blackberries, plums, apples and nuts of various kinds; and its 
 waters supplied us with pure fish, being situated in the rapids of the river. In 
 my early life, I spent many happy days on this island. A good spirit had care 
 of it, who lived in a cave in the rocks, immediately under the place where 
 the fort now stands, and has often been seen by our people. He was white, 
 with large wings like a swan's, but ten times larger. We were particular 
 not to make much noise in that part of the island which he inliabited, for 
 fear of disturbing him. But the noise of the fort has since driven him away, 
 and no doubt a bad spirit has since taken his place." 
 
 The expedition which was sent ujp the river to erect a fort at or near Rock 
 Island, consisted at first of the Eighth United States Infantry, and started 
 from St. Louis in September, 1815, under the command Col. R. C. Nichols. 
 They reached the mouth of the Des Moines, where they wintered. In April, 
 1816, Gen. Thomas A. Smith arrived and took command of the expedition. 
 They reached Rock Island on the 10th of May, and, after a careful exami- 
 nation, the site for the fort was selected. The regiment being left under the 
 command of Col. Lawrence, the work on the fort immediately commenced. 
 It was named in honor of John Armstrong of New York, who had recently 
 been Secretary of War. 
 
 After the establishment of the fort and garrison at Rock Island settlements 
 began to be made at and near the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the 
 Mississippi. Keokuk, as the head chief of the Foxes, with his tribe, in accord- 
 ance with the treaties they had made with the United States, left in 1828 and 
 established themselves on Iowa river, but Black Hawk and his "British 
 
46 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 Band" of about 500 warriors remained in their village and persistently 
 refused to leave. The settlers began to complain of frequent depredations at 
 the hands of Black Hawk's people, and feared that the neighboring tribes of 
 Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, and Winnebagoes, might be induced to join 
 Black Hawk in a war of extermination. Finally, in the spring of 1831, Black 
 Hawk warned the settlers to leave. These troubles culminated in the 
 " Black Hawk War," and the final capture of the chief and some of his priiii. 
 cipal men, as related elsewhere. The Black Hawk War ended hostihties 
 with the Indians at or near JKock Island. A garrison, however, was main- 
 tained there until 1836, when the troops were sent to Fort Snelling. Tlie 
 fort was left in charge of Lieut. John Beach, with a few men to take care of 
 the property. 
 
 After his capture. Black Hawk and several of his principal men were 
 taken to Jefferson Barracks, where they were kept until the the spring of 
 1833. They were then sent to Washington, where they arrived on the 22d 
 of April, and on the 26th were confined in Fortress Monroe. On the 4th of 
 June, 1833, they werfe set at liberty by order of the government and per- 
 mitted to return to their own country. 
 
 In the fall of 1837 Black Hawk, accompanied by Keokuk, Wapello, Powe- 
 shiek, and some forty of the principal chiefs and braves of the Sac and Fox 
 nations, again visited Washington, in charge of Col. George Davenport, who 
 by his influence with the Indians assisted the government in making anothori 
 large purchase of territory in Iowa. This tract adjoined the " Black Hawk 
 Purchase," and embraced 1,250,000 acres. 
 
 After Black Hawk's release from captivity in 1833, he seemed unwilling 
 to reside in any of the villages of the tribe. His band was broken up and 
 dispersed, as stipulated in the treaty of peace, and he seemed to seek seclu- 
 sion from his people. While the garrison remained at Bock Island, he 
 usually lived near it, and often put up his wigwam close to the fort, where 
 his vision could take in the beautiful country on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi, which had been his home for more than half a century. But the time 
 came when he must go with his people to the new reservation on the banks 
 of the Des Moines. He was then in the waning years of his life, and the 
 other chiefs of the nation seemed disposed to pay him but little attention. 
 His family consisted of his wife, two sons and one daughter. He established 
 his lodge on the east bank of the Des Moines, about three miles below the 
 site of the present town of Eldon. Gen. Street presented the family witli a 
 cow, which was a piece of property which exacted much solicitude and care 
 at the hands of Madame Black Hawk. His lodge was near the trading post 
 of Wharton McPherson ; and James Jordan, who was also at that time con- 
 nected with the post, had his cabin within a few rods of Black Hawk's lodge. 
 This was in the summer of 1838, and the old chief who had defied the power 
 of the United States and caused the expenditure of millions of treasure to 
 subdue him, was nearing his departure for a final remove beyond thei power 
 of earthly governments. Near his lodge, on the bank of the river, stood a 
 large elm tree, with its spreading branches overhanging the stream, and 
 flowing from its ro ots was a crystal spring of pure water. Here during the 
 sultry summer days of that year Black Hawk was wont to repose and dream 
 over the years of his former greatness and the wrongs that his people had 
 suffered. At last, on the 3d of October, 1838, death came to his relief, 
 and, according to the Indian idea, his Spirit passed away to the happy hunt- 
 ing grounds. 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOBT. 47 
 
 The remains of Black Hawt were interred by his family and friends near 
 his cabin on the prairie, a short distance above the old town of lowaville. 
 The body was placed on a board, or slab, set up in an inclining position, with 
 the feet extending into the ground some fifteen inches and the head elevated 
 above the surface some three feet or more. This was enclosed by placing 
 slabs around it with the ends resting on the ground and meeting at the top, 
 forming a land of vault. The whole was then covered with dirt and neatly 
 sodded. At the head of the grave was placed a flag-staff thirty feet high, 
 from which floated the American flag until it was worn out by the wind. 
 Interred with the body were a number of his prized and long-treasured 
 relics, including a military suit presented by Jackson's cabinet; a sword pre- 
 sented by Jackson himself; a cane presented by Henry Clay, and another 
 by a British officer; and three silver medals — one presented by Jackson, one 
 by John Quincy Adams, and the other by citizens of Boston. Near the 
 grave a large post was set in the ground, on which were inscribed in Indian 
 characters, emblems commemorating many of his heroic deeds. The 
 
 Save and flag-staff were enclosed by a rude picket fence in circular form, 
 ere the body remained until July, 1839, when it disappeared. On com- 
 plaint being made by Black Hawk's family, the matter was investigated, and it 
 was finally traced to one Dr. Turner, who then resided at a place called Lex- 
 ington, in Van Buren county. The remains had been taken to Illinois, but 
 at the earnest request of Black Hawk's relatives, Gov. Lucas interposed and 
 had them sent to Burlington. The sons were informed that the remains 
 were in Burlington and went to that place to obtain them. While there it 
 was suggested to them that if taken away they would only be stolen again, 
 and they concluded to leave them where they thought they might be more 
 safely preserved. They were finally placed in a museum in that city, and 
 years after, with a large collection of other valuable relics, were destroyed by 
 the burning of the building. In the meantime the relatives of the renowned 
 chief removed westward with the rest of the tribe, and were finally lost to 
 all knowledge of the white man. 
 
 KEOKTJK. 
 
 Keokuk CWatchful Fox) belonged to the Sac branch of the nation, and 
 was bom on Rock river, in 1780. He was an orator, but was also entitled 
 to rank as a warrior, for he possessed courage and energy, but at the same 
 time a cool judgment. He had an intelligent appreciation of the power and 
 greatness of the United States, and saw the futility of Black Hawk's hope to 
 contend successfully against the government. In his first battle, while 
 young, he had killed a Sioux, and for this he was honored with a feast by 
 his tribe. 
 
 At the beginning of the Black Hawk "War an affair transpired which was 
 dignified by the name of the "Battle of StiUman's Run," in which some three 
 hundred volunteers under Maj. Stillman took prisoners five of Black Hawk's 
 men who were approaching with a flag of truce. One of the prisoners was 
 shot by StiUman's men. Black Hawk had also sent five other men to follow 
 the bearers of the flag. The troops came upon these and MUed two of them. 
 The other three reaped their camp and gave the alarm. Black Hawk's 
 warriors then charged upon StiUman's advancing troops and completely 
 routed them. This failure' to respect the flag of truce so exasperated the 
 Indians that it was with great difficulty that Keokuk could restrain his war- 
 riors from espousing the cause of Black Hawk. StiUman's defeat was fol- 
 
48 THE NOBTHWE8T TEEEITOET. 
 
 lowed by a war-dance, in whicli Keokuk took part. After the dance he 
 called a council of war, and made a speech in which he admitted the justice 
 of their complaints. The blood of their brethren slain by the white men, 
 while bearing a flag of truce, called loudly for vengeance. Said he: 
 
 " I am your chiet, and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully con- 
 sidering the matter, you are determined to. go. But before you decide on 
 taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of succbbs. 
 But if you do determine to go upon the war path, I will agree to lead you on 
 one condition, viz. : that before we go we will kill all our old men and our 
 wives and our children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, 
 and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of 
 the Mississippi." 
 
 Keokuk so forcibly portrayed in other parts of this speech the great 
 power of the United States, and of the hopeless prospect before them, that 
 his warriors at once abandoned all thought of joining Black Hawk. 
 
 The name Keokuk signified Watchful Fox. As we have seen, he eventu- 
 ally superseded Black Hawk, and was recognized by the United States as the 
 principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation, which, indeed, had much to do in 
 stinging the pride of the imperious Black Hawk. In person he was strong, 
 graceful and commanding, with fine features and an intelligent countenance. 
 He excelled in horsemanship, dancing, and all athletic exercises, He was 
 courageous and skillful in war, but mild and politic in peace. He had a 
 son, a fine featured, promising boy, who died at Keokuk's village on the 
 Des Moines. , Keokuk himself became somewhat dissipated during the later 
 years of his life in Iowa. It was reported that after his removal with his people 
 to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, he died of delAnrvumi tremens, 
 Iowa has honored his memory in the name of one of her counties, and one 
 of her principal cities. 
 
 APPANOOSE. 
 
 Appanoose was a chief who presided over a band of the Sacs. His name, 
 in the language of that tribe, signified "A Chief "When a Child," indicating 
 that he inherited his position. It was said he was equal in rank with Keo- 
 kuk, but he did not possess the influence of the latter. He was one of the 
 " peace chiefs " during the Black Hawk War. During the last occupation of 
 Iowa soil by the Sacs and Foxes, Appanoose had his village near the site of the 
 present city of Ottumwa. His people cultivated a portion of the OTOund on 
 which that city is located. He was one of the delegation sent to Washing- 
 ton in 1837, at which time he visited with the other Siiefs the city of Boston, 
 where they were invited to a meeting in Fanueil Hall, On that occasion he 
 made the most animated speech, both in manner and matter, that was deliv- 
 ered by the chiefs. After Keokuk had spoken, Appanoose arose and said: 
 
 " Tou have heard just now what my chief has to say. All our chiefs and 
 warriors are very much gratified by our visit to this town. Last Saturday 
 they were invited to a great house, and now they are in the great council- 
 house. They are very much pleased with so much attention. This, we can- 
 not reward you tor now, but shall not forget it, and hope the Great Spirit 
 will reward you for it. This is the place which our forefathers once inhabi- 
 ted. I have often heard my father and grandfather say they lived near the 
 sea-coast where the white man first came. I am glad to hear all this from 
 you. I suppose it is put in a book, where you learn all these things. Afl 
 far as I can understand the language of the white people, it appears to me 
 
THE NOETHWBST TEBBITOBT. 
 
 49 
 
 IHDIAITS TETING A PBISONEK. 
 
50 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 that the Americans have attained a very high rank among the white people. 
 It is the same with us, though I say it myself. Where we live beyond the 
 Mississippi, I am respected by all people, and they consider me the tallest 
 among them. 1 am happy that two great men meet and shake hands with 
 each other." 
 
 As Appanoose concluded his speech, he suited the action to the word by 
 extending his hand to Gov. Everett, amid the shouts of applause from the 
 audience, who were not a little amused at the self-complacency of the orator. 
 But few of the incidents in the life of this chief have passed into history. 
 His name has been perpetuated in that of one of the Iowa counties. 
 
 WAPELLO. 
 
 WapeUo, or "Waupellow, was one of the minor chiefs of the Sac and Fox 
 iTTation. He was born at Prairie du Ohien, in 1787. At the time of the 
 erection of Fort Armstrong (1816) he presided over one of the three prin- 
 cipal villages in that vicinity. His village there was on the east side of the 
 Mississippi, near the foot of Kock Island, and about three miles north of 
 the famous Black Hawk village. In 1829 he removed his village to Musca- 
 tine Slough, and then to a place at or near where the town of Wapello, in 
 Louisa county, is now located. Like Keokuk, he was in favor of abiding 
 by the requirements of the treaty of 1804, and opposed the hostilities in 
 which Black Hawk engaged against the whites. He was one of the chiefs 
 that visited Washington in 1837, and his name appears to several treaties 
 relinquishing lands to the United States. He appears to have been a warm 
 personal friend of Gen. Jos. M. Street, of the Sac and Fox agency, and made 
 a request that at his death his remains be interred along side of those of 
 Gen. Street, which request was complied with. He died near the Forks of 
 Skunk river, March 15th, 1842, at the age of 55 years. His remains, with 
 those of Gen. Street, repose near Agency City, in the county which honors 
 his memory with its name. The two graves and the monuments have re- 
 cently been repaired by parties connected with the Chicago, Burlington fe 
 Quincy Kailroad, whose line passes within a few rods of them. 
 
 POWESHIEK. 
 
 Poweshiek was a chief of the same rank with Wapello, and near the same 
 age. He also was one of the chiefs who visited Washington in 1837. When 
 the greater portion of the Sac and Fox nation removed to the Des Moines 
 river, he retained his village on the Iowa river, where he presided over 
 what was known as the Musquawkie band of the Sacs and Foxes. In May, 
 1838, when Gen. Street organized a party to examine the new purchase made 
 the fall before, with a view of selecting a site for the agency, the expedition 
 was accompanied by about thirty braves, under the command of Poweshiek. 
 At that time the Sacs and Foxes were at war with the Sioux, and after leav% 
 ing their reservation these men were very fearful that they might be sur^ 
 prised and cut off by the Sioux. A small remnant of his .band make theit 
 home on Iowa river, in Tama county, at this time. He also remained the 
 friend of the whites during the Black Hawk war, and the people of Iowa 
 have honored his memory by giving his name to one of their counties. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 51 
 
 PASH-E-PA-HO. 
 
 Pash-e-pa-ho, called also the Stabbing Chief, at the time of the treaty of 
 1804, and until after the Black Hawk war, was head chief among the Sacs. 
 He was also present in St. Louis at the making of that treaty, and was even 
 then well advanced in years. It has been related that he laid a plan to at- 
 tack Fort Madison, not long after its erection. His plan was to gain an 
 entrance to the fort with concealed arms under their blankets, under a pre- 
 tense of holding a council. A squaw, however, had secretly conveyed intel- 
 ligence to the commandant of the garrison of the intended attack, so that the 
 troops were in readiness for them. When Pash-e-pa-ho and his warriors ad- 
 vanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened, revealing to 
 the astonished savages a cannon in the passage-way, and the gunner stand- 
 ing with lighted torch in hand ready to fire. Pash-e-pa-ho deemed " discre- 
 tion the better part of valor ", and retreated. 
 
 Some time alter the plot against Fort Madison, Pash-e-pa-ho made an at- 
 tempt to obtain a lodgement in Fort Armstrong, though in quite a different 
 way. Several of his braves had the year before, while out hunting, fell in 
 with a party of their-enemies, the Sioux, and had lifted several of their scalps. 
 
 The Sioux complained of this outrage to the Department at Washington, 
 and orders were issued demanding the surrender of the culprits. They were 
 accordingly brought and retained as prisoners in Fort Armstrong, where they 
 had comfortable quarters and plenty to eat during the winter. Having fared 
 sumptuously for several months, without effort on their part, they were re- 
 leased on the payment of a small amount out of the annuities of their tribes, 
 to the Sioux. The next fall Pash-e-pa-ho thought he might avoid the trouble 
 of stocking his larder for the winter. So he voluntarily called on the com- 
 mandant of Fort Armstrong, and informed him that while on a recent hunt 
 he had unfortunately met a Sioux, and had yielded to the temptation to get 
 liis scalp. He confessed that he had done a very wrongful act, and wished 
 to save the Great Father at Washington the trouble of sending a letter or- 
 dering his arrest; therefore he would surrender himself as a prisoner. The 
 commandant saw through his scheme to obtain comfortable quarters and 
 good boarding for the winter, and so told him he was an honorable Indian, 
 and that his voluntary offer to surrender himself was a sufficient guarantee 
 that he would appear when sent for. That was the last that was heard of 
 the matter. Pash-e-pa-ho was never sent for. 
 
 "During the first quarter of the present century the Sacs and Foxes were 
 frequently at war with the lowas. The latter had one of their principal villa- 
 ges on the Des Moines river, near where Black Hawk died many years af- 
 terward. It was here that the last great battle was fought between these 
 tribes. Pash-e-pa-ho was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes. Black 
 Hawk was also a prominent actor in this engagement, but was subject to 
 his senior, Pash-e-pa-lio. Accounts conflict as to the date, but the eviden- 
 ces of the conflict were plainly visible as late as 1824. The Sacs and Foxes 
 surprised the lowas while the latter were engaged in running their horses 
 on the prairie, and therefore unprepared to defend themselves. The result 
 was that Pash-e-pa-ho achieved a decisive victory over the lowas. 
 
 Pash-e-pa-ho was among the chiefs present at the making of the treaty 
 of 1832, when the " Black Hawk Purchase " was made. He was very mucli 
 
 fiven to intemperf^te habits whenever he could obtain liquor, and it is prob- 
 le that, like Keokuk, he died a drunkard. 
 
52 THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOET. 
 
 WISH-E-CO-MA-QTIE. 
 
 Quite prominent among the Sacs and Foxes, after their removal to Iowa, 
 was a man known by the name of Hardfish, or Wish-e-co-ma-qne, as it 
 is in the Indian tongue. He was not a chief, but a brave who rose al- 
 most to the prominence of a chief. He adhered to Black Hawk in his hos- 
 tility toward the whites, and when Black Hawk died, Hardfish became the 
 leaderof his band, composed mostly of those who had participated in the 
 Bla,ck Hawk war. When the Sacs and Foxes occupied their reservation on 
 the Des Moines river, Hardfish had his village where Eddyville is now lo- 
 cated. It was quite as respectable in size as any of the other villages of the 
 Sacs and Foxes. Hardfish's band was composed of people from the Sac 
 branch of the Sac and Fox nation. One John Goodell was the interpreter 
 for this band. The name of Hardfish was quite familiar to the frontier 
 settlers of Southeastern Iowa. 
 
 CHOS-CHUN-CA- 
 
 AVhen, in 1834, Gen. Henry Dodge made a treaty with the Winnebagoes 
 for the country occupied by them in Wisconsin, they were transferred to a 
 strip of land extending west from the Mississippi, opposite Prairie du Chien, 
 to the Des Moines river, being a tract forty miles in width. The chief of 
 the Winnebagoes at that time was Ohos-chun-ca, or Big Wave. Soon ailter 
 their removal to this reservation. they were visited by Willard Barrows, one 
 of the pioneers of Davenport, who had an interview with Chos-chun-ca. 
 He found liim clothed in a bufialo overcoat, and wearing a high crowned 
 hat. His nose was surmounted by a pair of green spectacles. Mr. Barrows 
 held his interview with the chief just south of the lower boundary of the 
 reservation. Chos-chun-ca was quite reticent as to the aft'airs of his people, 
 and refused permission to Mr. Barrows to explore the Winnebago reserva- 
 tion, being impressed with the idea that the whites had sent him to seek out 
 all the fine country, and that if their lands were found desirable, then the 
 Indians would be compelled to remove again. Mr. Barrows, however, with- 
 out the chief's permission, passed safely through their territory.' 
 
 MAU-HAW-GAW. 
 
 The greater portion of the territory embraced within the limits of Iowa, 
 was once occupied by a tribe, or nation of Indians, known in history as the 
 lowas (or loways), who for many years maintained an almost constant war- 
 fare with the Sioux, a powerful rival who lived to the north of them. The 
 lowas were originally the Pau-hoo-chee tribe, and lived in the region of the 
 lakes, to the northeast, but about the year 1700 they followed their chief, 
 Mau-haw-gaw, to the banks of the Mississippi, and crossing over, settled on 
 the west bank of Iowa river, near its mouth, and there established a village. 
 They called the river on which they established their empire, Ne-o-ho-nee, 
 or "Master of Rivers." For some years they prospered and multiplied, but 
 the Sioux began to envy them the prosperity which they enjoyed, and with 
 no good intentions came down to visit them. Sending to ^au-haw-gaw 
 the pipe of peace, with an invitation to join them in a dog feast, they maide 
 great professions of friendship. The Iowa chief, having confidence in riieir 
 protestations of good feeling, accepted the invitation. In the midst of tlie. 
 
THE NOBTHWEST TEBEnXJKT. 53 
 
 feast the perfidious Sioux suddenly attacked and killed the unsuspecting 
 Mau-haw-gaw. This outrage was never forgiven by the lowas. 
 
 ma-haS-kah. 
 
 One of the most noted chiefs of the lowas was Ma-has-kah (White 
 Cloud), a descendant of Mau-haw-gaw. He led his warriors in eighteen 
 battles against the Sioux on the north, and the Osages on the south, but 
 never faued to achieve a victory. He made his home on the Des Moines 
 river, about one hundred miles above the mouth, and must have been some- 
 thing of a Mormon, for it is said he had seven wives. In 1824 he was one 
 of a party of chiefs who visited Washington. He left his home on the Des 
 Moines to go down the river on his way to join his party, and when near 
 where the city of Keokuk is now located, he stopped to prepare and eat his 
 venison. He had just commenced his meal when some one struck him on 
 the back. Turning round, he was surprised to see one of his wives, Eant- 
 che-wai-me (Female Flying Pigeon), standing with an uplifted tomahawk 
 in her hand. She aceostedTiim with — " Am I your wife ? Are you my hus- 
 band ? If so, I will go with you to Maw-he-hum-ne-che (the American big 
 house), and see and snake the hand of In-co-ho-nee ", meaning the Great 
 Father, as they called the President. Ma-has-kah answered: "Yes, you are 
 my wife ; I am your husband ; I have been a long time from you ; I am 
 glad to see you ; you are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to 
 see a pretty woman." Ma-has-kah went on to Washington accompanied by 
 his "pretty wife", Kant-che-wai-mie, who received many presents, but saw 
 many things of which she disapproved. When she returned, she called to- 
 gether the matrons and maidens of the tribe, and warned them against the 
 vices and follies of their white sisters. This good Indian woman was killed 
 by being thrown from her horse, some time after her return from Washing- 
 ton. In 1834 Ma-has-kah was also killed about sixty miles from his home, 
 on the Nodaway, by an enemy who took a cowardly advantage of him. At 
 the time of his death he was fifty years of age. After his death all his sur- 
 viving wives went into mourning and poverty, according to the custom ol 
 the tnbe, except one named Mis-so-rah-tar-ra-haw (Female Deer that bounds 
 over the prairie), who refused to the end of her life to be comforted, saying 
 that her husband "was a great brave, and was killed by dogs", meaning 
 low, vulgar fellows. 
 
 Soon after the death of Ma-has-kah, his son of the same name, at the age 
 of twenty-four, became the chief of the lowas. His mother was Rant-che- 
 wai-me, whose tragic death is mentioned above. He also visited Washing 
 ton in the winter of 1836-7, for the purpose of obtaining redress for injus- 
 tice, which he claimed had been done to his people by the government, in 
 failing to keep intruders from their lands, and in disregarding other stipu- 
 lations of the treaty made with his father in 1825. 
 
 SI-DOM-I-NA-DO-TAH. 
 
 When the whites began to make settlements on the upper Des Moines, 
 the region about Fort Dodge and Spirit Lake was inhabited by Sioux In- 
 dians, made up principally of that division of tlie great Sioux or Dacotah 
 nationknownDv the name of Sisiton Sioux. When, in 1848, the govern- 
 ment surveys ol the lands purchased north of the Eaccoon Forks were in pro- 
 gress, Mr. Marsh, of Dubuque, set out with his party to run the correction 
 
54 THE N0ETHWE8T TEKEITOEY. 
 
 line from a point' on the Mississippi, near Dubuque, to the Missouri rivers 
 In this work he was not molested until he crossed the Des Moines, when on 
 the west bank of the river, he was met by a party of Sioux, under the lead- 
 ership of their chief, Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who notified Mr. Marsh and his 
 farty that they should proceed no farther, as the country belonged to the 
 ndians. The Sioux then left, and Mr. Marsh concluded to continue his 
 work. He had not proceeded more than a mile when Si-dom-i-na-do-tali 
 and his band returned and surrounded the party, robbing them of every- 
 thing. They took their horses, destroyed their wagons and surveying instru- 
 ments, destroyed the land-marks, and drove the surveying party back to the 
 east side of the river. This, and other outrages committea on families who, 
 in the fall of 1849, ventured to make claims on the upper Des Moines, led 
 to the establishment of a militarypost at Fort Dodge in 1850. 
 
 In the winter of 1846-7 one Henry Lott, an adventurous border char- 
 acter, had, with his family, taken up his residence at the mouth of Boone 
 river, in what is now Webster county, and within the range of Si-dom-i-na- 
 do-tah's band. Lott had provided himself with some goods and a barrel oi 
 whisky, expecting to trade with the Indians, and obtain their furs and rob^. 
 In a short time he was waited upon by the chief and six of his braves and 
 informed that he was an intruder and that he must leave within a certain time. 
 The time having expired, and Lott still remaining, the Indians destroyed 
 his property, shooting his stock and robbing his bee-hives. Lott and his 
 step-son made their way to the nearest settlement, at Pea's Point, about 16 
 miles south, and reported that his family had been murdered by the Indians, 
 as he doubtless thought they would be after he left. John Pea and half a 
 dozen other white men, accompanied by some friendly Indians of another 
 tribe, who happened to be in that vicinity, set out with Lott for the mouth 
 of Boone river. When they arrived they found that the family had not 
 been tomahawked, as he had reported. One little boy, however, aged abont 
 twelve years, had attempted to follow his father in his flight, by gomg down 
 the Des Moines river on the ice. Being thinly clad, the little fellow, froze to 
 death after traveling on the ice a distance of about twenty miles. The body 
 of the child was siibsequently found. The sequel shows that Lott was de- 
 termined on revenge. 
 
 In November, 1853, Lott ventured about thirty miles north of Fort Dodge, 
 where he pretended to make a claim, in what is now Humboldt county. He 
 took with him several barrels of whisky and some goods, and he and his 
 step-son built a cabin near what is now known as Lott's creek in that 
 county. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah had his cabin on the creek about a mile west of 
 Lott's. In January, 1854, Lott and his step-son went to the cabin of the 
 old chief and told him that they had seen, on their way over, a drove of elk 
 feeding on the bottom lands, and induced the old man to mount his pony, 
 with gun in hand, to go in pursuit of the elk. Lott and his step-son fol- 
 lowed, and when they had proceeded some distance they shot and killed Si- 
 dom-i-na-do-tah. That same night they attacked and killed six of the chief's 
 family, including his wife and two children, his aged mother, and two young 
 children she had m charge — including wi th the chief, seven victim s in all. Two 
 children, a boy of twelve, and a girl of ten years of age, escaped by hiding 
 themselves. Some days after, the Indians reported the murders at Fort 
 Dodge, thinking at first that the slaughter had been perpetrated by some of 
 their Indian enemies. Investigation soon revealed the fact that Lott and his 
 step-son had committed the deed. Their cabin was found burned down, and 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 65 
 
 a sliglit snow on the ground stowed the track of their wagon in a circuitous 
 route southward, avoiding Fort Dodge. Intelligence of them was received 
 at various points where they had been trjdng to sell furs and other articles, 
 and where the chief's pony was noticed to be in their possession. Having 
 several days start, they made their way across the Missouri and took the 
 plains for California, where, it was subsequently learned, Lott was killed in 
 a quarrel. It is believed by many of the old settlers of Northern Iowa that 
 this outrage of Henry Lott was the cause of that other tragedy, or rather 
 series of tragedies, in the history of Northern Iowa, known as the " Spirit 
 Lake Massacre." 
 
 INK-PA-DU-TAH. 
 
 Ink-pa-du-tah, it is said, was the brother, and became the successor, of the 
 chief who was murdered by Henry Lott. He is known to the whites chiefly 
 in connection with the horrible outrages committed at Spirit and Okoboji 
 Lakes in Northern Iowa, and at Springfield in Southern Minnesota. He, 
 in connection with U-tan-ka-sa-pa (Black Buflalo), headed a band of about 
 eighteen lodges of Sioux, who, in the spring of 1857, robbed the settlers and 
 committed the most inhuman outrages, culminating in the massacres of the 
 8th and 9th of March of that year. During the year 1856 a dozen or more 
 families had settled about the lakes, while along the valley of the Little Sioux 
 river at Smithland, Cherokee, and Rock Rapids there were settlements. 
 Ink-pa-du-tah and his band commenced their depredations at Smithland, and 
 passing up the Little Sioux made hostile demonstrat^ms both at Cherokee 
 and Rock Rapids, killing stock and carrying away whatever they saw proper 
 to take, but committed no murders until they reached the infant settlement 
 at the lakes. There, and at Springfield, a small settlement in Minnesota a 
 few miles northeast, they killed forty-one, wounded three, and took with 
 them as captives four women — Mrs. Howe, Mrs. Thatcher, Mrs. Marble, and 
 Miss Gardner. Twelve persons were missing, some of whose remains were 
 afterward found, having been killed while attempting to escape. Of the 
 four women taken, captives, two were killed on their night, Mrs. Howe and 
 Mrs. Thatcher. The other two, Mrs. Marble and Miss Gardner, were some 
 months after, through the eftbrts of Gov. Madarie, of Minnesota, and the 
 Indian agent at Laqua Parle, purchased from Ink-pa-du-tah by employing 
 friendly Indians to affect the purchase. By this raid and massacre the set- 
 tlement at the lakes was entirely swept away. All the houses were burned, 
 and all the stock either killed or taken away. At Springfield the settlers 
 were somewhat prepared to defend themselves, having heara of the slaughter 
 at the lakes. Seven or eight persons, however, were Killed at Springfield. 
 
 The winter preceding these massacres had been unusually severe, and 
 snow had fallen to the depth of from one to two feet. In March all the 
 ravines were filled with drifted snow, with a thick and heavy crust, so that 
 travel in that region was almost impossible. For this reason those infant 
 settlements were almost cut off from intercourse with the thickly inhabited 
 parts of the country. It was, therefore, some time before the news of the 
 massacres reached Fort Dodge, tlie nearest settlement. The messengers 
 who conveyed the intelligence were Messrs. Bell and Williams, who lived on 
 Little Sioux river. Messrs. Howe, Snyder and Parmenter, of Newton, who 
 had attempted to relieve the inhabitants at the lakes with provisions, also 
 upon arriving there found all the settlers murdered. They, too, hastened as 
 rapidly as possible to Fort Dodge and reported. Messengers were at once 
 
56 THE JSrOKTHWEST TEEKITOET. 
 
 sent to Webster City and Homer to request the citizens to turn out for the 
 relief of the frontier, and they responded promptly. Those two places fur 
 nished forty men and Fort Dodge eighty. The force of 120 men was 
 formed into three companies of forty men each, under Captains G. B. 
 Eichards, John F. Buncombe, and J. 0. Johnston. The battalion was 
 commanded by Major "W. Williams. On the 25th of March the battalion 
 started from Fort Dodge, the snow still covering the ground and all the 
 ravines being so gorged with drifted snow that in places it was necessary to 
 cut their way through snow-banks from ten to twenty feet deep. After 
 marching thirty miles ten men had to be sent back, reducing the force to 
 110 men. In the meantime a force from Fort Eidgely was approaching 
 from the north. The Indians, expecting these movements, had taken their 
 flight across the Big Sioux river to join the Tanktons, in what is now 
 Dakota. The troops, after almost incredible hardships and sufferings for 
 eighteen days and nights, being without tents, failed to get sight of a single 
 hostile Indian. They found and buried the bodies of twenty-nine persons. 
 A. number were burned in the houses by the savages, and their remains 
 were found in the ashes. The expedition lost two valuable citizens, Captaifi 
 J. C. Johnston, of Webster City, and William Burkholder, of Fort Dodge, 
 the latter being a brother of Mrs. Gov. C. C. Carpenter. They were frozen 
 to death on their return from the lakes. Eighteen others were more or less 
 frozen, and some did not recover for a year after. Several years after his 
 death the remains of young Burkholder were found on the prairie, being 
 recognized by the remains or his gun and clothing. When overcome by the 
 cold he was separated from his companions, and his fate was for sometime 
 unlcnown. 
 
 From this brief account of Ink-pa-du-tah, it will be conceded that there is 
 no reason to cherish his memory with any degree of admiration. He was 
 the leader of a band comprising even the worst element of the Sionx nation, 
 the best of which is bad enough, even for savages. The germ of the band 
 of which he was chief, was a family of murderers, known as Five Lodges, 
 who, it was said, having murdered an aged chief, wandered away and formed 
 a little tribe of their own, with whom rogues from all the other bands found 
 refuge. At the time of these hostilities against the whites imder Ink-pa-du- 
 tah, they numbered probably over 150 lodges. They were constantly roving 
 about in parties, stealing wherever they could from trappers and settlers. 
 The subsequent career of Ink-pa-du-tah has been west of the borders of Iowa 
 and Minnesota. 
 
 EAKLY NAYIGATION OF WESTEKN RIVERS. 
 
 Navigation of the Mississippi by the Early Explorers— Plat- boats— Barges— Methods of Pro- 
 pulsion — Bngs and Schooners — ^I'he first Steamboat on Western Waters — The " Orleans "— 
 The "Comet"— ITie " Enterprise "—Capt. Shreve— The " Washington "—The "General 
 Pike" — First Steamboat to St. Louis— The "Independence" the first Steamboat on the 
 Missouri— Capt. Nelson — "Macldnaw Boats " — Navigation of the upper Mississippi— The 
 " Virginia "—The "Shamrock "—Capt. James May— Navigation of^the upper Missouri— 
 Steamboating on the Smaller Rivers. 
 
 We have accounts of the navigation of the Mississippi river as early as 
 1539, by De Soto, while in search of the "fountain of youth". His voyage 
 ended with his life, and more than a hundred years passed away, when Mar- 
 quette and Joliet again disturbed its waters with a small bark transported 
 
THE NOKTHWEST TEEEITOKY. 57 
 
 from the shores of Lake Superior. At the mouth of the "Wisconsin they 
 entered the Mississippi, and extended their voyage to the mouth of the 
 Arkansas. Their account is the first which gave to the world any accurate 
 knowledge of the great valley of the Mississippi river. Their perilous voy- 
 age was made in the summer of 1673. The account was read with avidity 
 by the missionaries and others about Lake Superior, and soon after a young 
 Frenchman named La Salle set out with a view of adding further informa- 
 tion in relation to the wonderful valley of the great river. His expedition 
 was followed by other voyages of exploration on western rivers, but the nar- 
 ratives of the explorers are mostly lost, so that very little of interest remains 
 from the voyage of La Salle to the latter part of the eighteenth century, 
 when the French, then holding Fort Du Quesne, contemplated the establish- 
 ment of a line of torts which would enable them to retain possession of the 
 vast territory northwest of the Ohio river. Regular navigation of the Ohio 
 and Mississippi, however, was not attempted until after the Eevolution, when 
 the United States had assumed control of the western waters. Trade with 
 New Orleans did not begin until near the close of the century. A few flat 
 boats were employed in the trade between Pittsburg and the new settlements 
 along the Ohio river. The settlement of Kentucky gradually increased the 
 trade on the Ohio, and caused a demand for increased facilities for convey- 
 ance of freight. Boatmen soon found it profitable to extend their voyages 
 to the Spanish settlements in the South. Freight and passengers were con- 
 veyed in a species of boat which was sometimes called a barge, or ha/rgee by 
 the French. It was usually from 75 to 100 feet long, with breadth of beam 
 from 15 to 20 feet, and a capacity of 60 to 100 tons. The freight was re- 
 ceived in a large covered coffer, occupying a portion of the hulk. Near the 
 stem was an apartment six or eight feet in length, called "the cabin", 
 where the captain and other officials of the boat quartered at night. The 
 helmsman was stationed upon an elevation above the level of the deck. The 
 barge usually carried one or two masts. A large square sail forward, when 
 the wind was favorable, sometimes much relieved the hands. The work of 
 propelling the barges usually required about fifty men to each boat. There 
 were several modes of propelling the barges. At times all were engaged in 
 rowing, which was often a waste of labor on such a stream as the Missis- 
 sippi. Sometimes the navigators resorted to the use of the cordelle, a strong 
 rope or hawser, attached to the barge, and carried along the shore or beach 
 on the shoulders of the crew. In some places this method was imprac- 
 ticable on account of obstructions along the shores. Then what was known 
 as the "warping" process was resorted to. A coil of rope was sent out in 
 the yawl, and fastented to a tree on the shore, or a "snag" in the river. 
 While the hands on board were pulling up to this point, another coil was 
 carried further ahead, and the "warping" process repeated. Sometimes it 
 was expedient to use setting poles, but this method was used chiefly in the 
 Ohio. During a period of about twenty-five years, up to 1811, the mode of 
 conveyance on our western rivers was by flat-boats and barges. It required 
 three or four months to make a trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Pass- 
 engers between these points were charged from $125 to $150, and freight 
 ranged from $5 to $7 per 100 pounds. It cannot be supposed that under 
 Bue^ circumstances, the commerce of the West was very extensive. 
 
 Previous to the introduction of steamers on western waters, attempts were 
 made to use brigs and schooners. In 1803 several ships were built on the 
 Ohio, and in 1805 the ship " Scott " was built on the Kentucky river, and 
 
58 THE NOETHWEST TEEETTOET. 
 
 in tlie fall of that year made her first trip to the falls of the Ohio. While there 
 two other vessels, built by Berthone & Co., arrived. All of them .were com- 
 pelled to remain three months, awaiting a suflBcient rise in the river to carry 
 them over the falls. In 1807 Mr. Dean built and launched a vessel at Pitts- 
 burg. This vessel made a trip to Leghorn, and when making her entry at 
 the custom house there, her papers were objected to on the ground that no 
 such port as Pittsburg existed in the United States. The captain called the 
 attention of the officer to the Mississippi river, traced it to its confluence 
 with the Ohio, thence following the latter stream past Cincinnati and Mari- 
 etta, to the new city in the wilderness, more than two thousand miles hj 
 water from the Gulf of Mexico! All these vessels were found inadequate for 
 the purpose of trading on the western rivers, and were soon abandoned. 
 They could not stem the current of the Mississippi. They were transferred 
 to the gulf, and the commerce of the rivers was abandoned to Mike Fink 
 and his followers, remaining with them until 1811. In this year Eulton and 
 Livingston opened a ship-yard at Pittsburg, and built the small propeller 
 " Orleans ", which was also furnished with two masts. She was a boat of one 
 hundred tons burthen, and the first steamer that was launched on western 
 waters. In the winter of 1812 she made her first trip to .New Orleans in 
 fourteen days. As she passed down the river, the settlers lined the banks, 
 and the greatest excitement prevailed. The flat-boatmen said she never conld 
 stem the current on her upward trip. After her first trip, the "Orleans" 
 engaged in the Natchez and New Orleans trade, and paid her owners a 
 handsome profit on their investment. The next steamer was the "Comet", 
 and she was built by D. French. She carried but twenty-five tons, and 
 made her first trip to New Orleans in the spring of 1814. Soon after she 
 was taken to pieces, and her engine used in a cotton factoiy. The " Vesu- 
 vius ", of 48 tons burthen, was launched at Fulton's ship-yard in the spring 
 of 1814, made a trip to New Orleans, and on her return was grounded on a 
 sand bar, where she remained until the next December. This boat remained 
 on the river until 1819, when she was condemned. The "Enterprise" was 
 the fourth steamboat, and was built by Mr. French, who built the " Comet." 
 The " Enterprise " carried seventy-five tons, and made her first trip to New 
 Orleans in the summer of 1814. When she arrived at her destination she 
 was pressed into the service of the army, under Gen. Jackson, then at New 
 Orleans. She was very efficient in carrying troops and army supplies from 
 the city to the seat of war, a few miles below. During the battle of the 8th 
 of January she was busily engaged in supplying the wants of Jftckson's 
 army. On the 5th of May following she left New Orleans, and arrived at 
 Louisville in twenty-five days. 
 
 In 1816 Captain Henry Shreve built the "Washington" with many im- 
 provements in construction. The boilers, which had hitherto been placed in 
 the hold, were changed by Captain Shreve to the deck. In September, 1816, 
 the "Washington" successfully passed the falls of the Ohio, made her tri^ 
 to New Orleans, and returned in November to Louisville. On the 12th ol 
 March, 1817, she departed on her second trip to New Orleans, the ice then 
 running in the Ohio slightly retarding her progress. She made the trip 
 successfully, and returned to the foot of the falls in forty-one days— the 
 upward trip being made in twenty-five days. By this time it was generally 
 conceded by the nat-boatmen that Fitch and Fulton were not visionary fools, 
 but men of genius, and that their inventions could be turned to immense 
 advantage on the rivers of the West. Steamboats from this time on rapidly 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOET. 59 
 
 multiplied, and the occupation of the old flat-boatmen began to pass away 
 On Captain Shreve's return to Louisville the citizens gave him a public re- 
 ception. Toasts and speeches were made, and the "Washington" declared 
 to oe the herald of a new era in the "West. Captain Shreve in his speech 
 asserted that the time would come when the trip to New Orleans would be 
 made in ten days. His prediction was more than verified, for as early as 
 1853, the trip was made in four days and nine hours. 
 
 While these festivities were going on in Louisville, the " General Pike " 
 was stemming the current of the Mississippi for a new port in steamboat 
 navigation. With a heavy load of freight and passengers she left New 
 Orleans for St. Louis. On her arrival at the latter city several thousand 
 people greeted her as she slowly approached the landing. 
 
 Steam navigation commenced on the Missouri in 1819, the first boat being 
 the " Independent ", commanded by Captain Nelson. She ascended as far as 
 Chariton and Franklin, at which points she received a cargo of furs and 
 buflalo hides, and returned with them to St. Louis. 
 
 In 1816 Fort Armstrong was erected at the lower end of Eock Island. On 
 the 10th of May of this year Col. Lawrence, with the Eighth Kegiment and 
 a company of riflemen, arrived here in keel boats. Col. George Davenport 
 resided near the fort and supplied the troops with provisions, and also engaged 
 in trading with the Indians. Most of his goods were brought from "Macki- 
 naw" through Green Bay, thence up Fox river to the "Portage", where they 
 were packed across to the Wisconsin river, and carried down the Mississippi 
 in what were called "Mackinaw Boats." The navigation of the upper Missis- 
 sippi was confined to keel-boats until 1823, when the first steamboat — the 
 "Virginia" — from Wheeling ascended with provisions to Prairie du Chien. 
 This Doat was three or four days in passing the rapids at Pock Island. 
 After this, up to 1827, steamboats continued to ascend the upper Mississippi 
 occasionally with troops and military stores. In this year Capt. James May, 
 of the steamboat "Shamrock", made the first voyage with her from Pitts- 
 burg to Galena. This was the first general business trip ever made on the 
 upper Mississippi by a steamboat. Capt. May continued as master of a 
 steamboat on tlais part of the river until 1834. 
 
 The first navigation of any considerable portion of the Missouri river was 
 that of Captains Lewis and Clarke, when in 1804 they ascended that river in 
 keel-boats, or barges, from its mouth almost to its source. Of late years 
 steamboats have navigated it regularly to Fort Benton. Steamboat navi- 
 gation' has also been employed on many of the smaller rivers of the West, 
 including the Des Moines and Cedar rivers in Iowa. The introduction of 
 railroads has superseded the necessity of depending upon the uncertain nav- 
 igation of the smaller rivers for carrying purposes. The great water-courses, 
 however, will doubtless always remain the indispensible commercial high- 
 ways of the nation. 
 
 ARCHiEOLOGT OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Andent Works — Conjectures — Works of the Mound Builders in Ohio — Different forms and 
 Classes — Mounds at Gallipolis, Marietta, and Chillicothe — Relics Found — Ancient Fortifi- 
 
 ■ cations at Circleville and Other Places — Pre-historio Remains in Other States — In Iowa — 
 Excavation of Mounds — Elongated and Round Mounds— Their Antiquity — Who were the 
 Mound Builders? 
 
 SoATTEEED all over the great Northwest are the remains of the works of an 
 
60 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 ancient people, who must have been infinitely more advanced in the arts 
 than the Indian tribes who inhabited the country at the time of the advent 
 of the European. The question as to whether the Indians are the descend- 
 ants of that people, the Mound Builders, is a subject of antiquarian specula- 
 tion. One thing, however, is certain, that a people once inhabited all this 
 vast region who possessed some considerable knowledge of the arts and even 
 the sciences; a people of whom the Indians possessed no knowledge, but 
 whose works have survived the mutations of hundreds, and perhaps thous- 
 ands of years, to attest that they lived, and acted, and passed away. There 
 have been various conjectures of the learned concerning the time when, by 
 what people, and even tor what purpose, these monuments of human ingenuity 
 were erected. Their origin is deeply involved in the obscurity of remote an- 
 tiquity. iNeither history, nor authentic tradition, afford any light by which 
 to conduct inquiries concerning them, and it is probable that no certainty 
 upon the subject will ever be attained. Brief mention of some of these 
 ancient works cannot fail to interest the reader. They are found, distributed 
 over the country generally from the Alleghany Mountains to the Eocky 
 Mountains. They are more numerous and more remarkable, however, in 
 some parts of the country than in others. 
 
 Some of the most remarkable fortifications in Ohio are at Worthington, 
 Granville, Athens, Marietta, Gallipolis, Chillicothe, and Circleville; also, on 
 Paint Creek, 18 miles northwest of Chillicothe, and on a plain three miles 
 northeast of the last named city. In some localities there are both mounds 
 and fortifications, while in others there are mounds only. The mounds vary 
 in magnitude, and also somewhat in shape. Some are conical, ending sharply 
 at the summit, and as steep on the sides as the earth could be made to lie. 
 Others are of the same form, except that they present a flat area on the top, 
 like a cone cut off at some distance from its vortex, in a plane coincident 
 with its base, or with the horizon. Others again, are of a semi-globular 
 shape. Of this description was that standing in Gallipolis. The largest 
 one near Worthington is of the second kind, and presents on the summit a 
 level area of forty feet in diameter. There is one at Marietta of this kind, 
 but the area on top does not exceed twenty feet in diameter. Its_ perpendic- 
 ular height is about fifty feet, and its circumference at the base twenty rods. 
 Those in Worthington and Gallipolis are each from fifteen to twenty feet in 
 circumference at their bases. A large mound once stood in the heart of the 
 city of Chillicothe, but was leveled forty or fifty years ago to make room for 
 the erection of a block of buildings, and in its destruction a number of relies 
 were exhumed. Several smaller mounds were located in the same vicinity. 
 They are foimd scattered in profusion in the vallies of the Miamis, Scioto, 
 Hocking and Muskingum rivers, as well as south of the Ohio river. One 
 of the largest is near the Ohio river, 14 miles below Wheeling. This is 
 about 33 rods in circumference, and consequently between ten and eleven 
 rods in diameter at its base. Its perpendicular height is about seventy feet. 
 On the summit is an area of nearly sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of 
 which is a regular cavity, the cubical content of which is about 3,000 feet. 
 "Within a short distance of this mound are five smaller ones, some of which 
 are thirty feet in diameter. Some of the mounds mentioned, and others not 
 referred to, have been excavated, either by the antiquarian or in the construc- 
 tion of public works, and in most of them human bones have been discov- 
 ered. Most of these bones crumble in pieces or resolve into dust shortly 
 after being exposed to the air; except in some instances, wherein the teetu, 
 
NORTH 
 
XnE NORTHWEST TEKEITOET. 61 
 
 jaw, skull, and sometimes a few other bones, bj reason of their peculiar 
 solidity, resist the effects of contact with the air. From the fact of the find- 
 ing human remains in them many have inferred that they were erected as 
 burial places for the dead. In some of them, however, which have been ex- 
 amined, no human remains have been discovered, but pieces of pottery, stone 
 hatchets, and other relics, are found in nearly all. 
 
 Many of these mounds are composed of earth of a different quality from 
 that which is found in their immediate vicinity.' This circumstance would 
 seem to indicate that the earth of which they were composed was transported 
 some distance. A striking instance of this difference of composition was 
 first noticed some sixty or seventy years ago, in a mound at Franklinton, 
 near the main fork of the Scioto river. This mound was composed alto- 
 gether of clay, and the brick for the court-house in that town were made of 
 it at that time. In it were likewise found a much greater number of hu- 
 man bones than is usually found in mounds of its size. The characteris- 
 tics mentioned in connection with the mounds in Ohio apply to those gen- 
 erally throughout the Northwest. 
 
 Not so numerous as the mounds, but more remarkable as involving the 
 principles of science, especially mathematics, are the fortifications, or earth 
 walls, found in many places. They are commonly supposed to have been 
 •forts, or military fortifications. They generally consist of a circular wall, 
 composed of earth, and usually as steep on the sides as the dirt could con 
 •veniently be made to lie. Sometimes, though rarely, their form is elliptical, 
 or oval, and a few of them are quadrangular or square. In height they are 
 ■various; some of them are so low as to be scarcely perceptible ; some from 
 twenty to thirty feet in height, while others again are of an intermediate 
 ielevation. The wall of the same fort, however, is pretty uniformly of the 
 same height all around. They are likewise equally various in the contents 
 of the ground which they enclose, some containing but a few square rods of 
 ground, while others contain nearly one hundred acres. The number of their 
 entrances, or gateways, varies in different forts from one to eight or more, 
 in proportion to the magnitude of the enclosure. The walls are mostly sin- 
 gle, but in some instances these works have been found to consist of two 
 parallel walls, adjacent to each other. The forts are generally located on 
 comparatively elevated ground, adjoining a river or stream of water. Their 
 situation is usually such as a skillful military engineer or tactician would 
 have selected for military positions. This fact would seem to strengthen 
 the theory that they were designed and constructed for fortifications. 
 
 The city of Circleville, Ohio, is located on the site of one of the most re- 
 markable of these fortifications, and from this circumstance takes its name. 
 There are, or were, indeed, two forts at that place, one circular, and the other 
 square, as represented in the diagram on the opposite page. 
 
 In this, it will be seen that a square fort adjoins a circular one on the east, 
 communicating with it by a gateway. The black points in the square fort, 
 opposite the gateways, show the location of mounds, each about three feet 
 higL The circular fort consists of two parallel walls, whose tops are, ap- 
 
 Sarently, about three rods apart, the inner circle being forty-seven rods in 
 iameter. Between these two walls is a fosse, excavated sufficiently deep 
 and broad to have afforded earth enough for the construction of the exterior 
 wall alone, and no more. From this circumstance and others, the earth for 
 the construction of the inner wall is supposed to have been transported from 
 a distance. The inner wall is composed of clay, and the outer one of dirt 
 
62 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 
 
 and gravel of similar quality with that which composes the neighboring 
 ground, which is another .circumstance quite conclusive of the correctness 
 of the conjecture that the material for the inner wall was brought from a 
 distance. There is but one original opening, or passage, into me circular 
 fort, and that is on the east side, connecting it with the square one. The 
 latter has seven avenues leading into it, exclusive of the one which connects 
 with the circle. There is one at every corner, and one on each side equi-distant 
 from the angular openings. These avenues are each twelve feet wide, and 
 the walls on either hand rise immediately to their usual height, which is 
 above twenty feet. When the town of Circleville was originally laid out, 
 the trees growing upon the walls of these fortifications and the mounds 
 enclosed in the square one, were apparently of equal size and age, and those 
 lying down in equal stages of decay, with those in the surrounding forest, 
 a circumstance proving the great antiquity of these stupendous remains of 
 former labor and ingenuity. Of course, the progress of modem civiliza- 
 tion in the building of a city over these ancient remains, has long since 
 nearly obKterated many of their parts. The above is a description of them as 
 they appeared sixty years ago, when Circleville was a mere village, and be- 
 fore the hand of modern vandalism had marred or obliterated any of the 
 parts. A somewhat minute description of these ancient remains is given, 
 not because they are more remarkable than many others found in different 
 parts of the Northwest, but as an example to show the magnitude of many 
 similar works. Among others in the same State may be mentioned a re- 
 markable mound near Marietta,, which is enclosed by a wall embracing an 
 area 230 feet long by 215 wide. This mound is thirty feet high and ellip- 
 tical in form. This mound, with the wall enclosing it, stand apart from two 
 other irregular enclosures, one containing fifty and the other twenty-seven 
 acres. Within the larger of these two enclosures there are four truncated 
 pyramids, three of which have graded passage ways to their summits. The 
 largest pyramid is 188 feet long by 132 feet wide, and is ten feet high. 
 From the southern wall of this enclosure there is a graded passage way 150 
 feet broad, extending 600 feet to the immediate valley of the Muskingum 
 river. This passage way is guarded by embankments on either side from 
 eight to ten feet high, tn the smaller square there are no pyramidal struc- 
 tures, but fronting each gate-way there is a circular mound. The walls of 
 these several enclosures are from twenty to thirty feet broad at the base, and 
 from five to six feet high. Besides these, many similar embankments may 
 be traced in the same vicinity. 
 
 Squier and Davis, authors of that most elaborate work, entitled "The An- 
 cient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley ", estimated that there were in 
 Ross county, Ohio, at least one hundred enclosures and five hundred mounds. 
 They give the probable number in that State at from one thousand to fifteen 
 hundred enclosures, and ten thousand mounds. These estimates are quite 
 likely to be far below the actual number, as their investigations were made 
 many years ago, when large portions of the State were yet covered with for- 
 ests, and before any general interest had been awakened on the subject of 
 which they treated. Among the remarkable fortifications in Eoss county 
 is one at Cedar Bank, on the east side of the Scioto river, about five miles 
 north of Chillicothe. It is of a square form, enclosing an area of thirty- 
 two acres. The west side of this enclosure is formed by the high bluff bor- 
 dering the river at this point. There are two gate-ways opposite each other, 
 one on the north and the other on the south side. Inside of the enclosure, 
 
ii 
 
 f 
 
 ,! I 
 
 
 =%i 
 
 '%: :. ';■' if . ■) 111 ^ ( 
 
 
 
 W ?'J. 
 
 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 63 
 
 on- a line with the gate-ways, there is a mound 245 feet long and 150 feet 
 broad. The form of this work is shown by the diagram on the opposite page. 
 
 When this work first attracted the attention of Mr. E. G. bquier, JDr. 
 Davis, and others engaged in archaeological research, it was in the midst of 
 a dense forest of heavy timber. Trees of the largest growth stood on the 
 embankments, and covered the entire area of ground enclosed. About a 
 mile and a half below, on the same side of the Scioto, are other fortifica- 
 tions, both circular and square, even more remarkable than the one last de- 
 scribed, on account of the forms and combinations which the;^ exhibit. 
 Another fortification in this county, in the form of a parallelogram, 2,800 
 feet long by 1,800 feet wide, encloses several smaller works and mounds, 
 which altogether make 3,000,000 cubic feet of embankment. 
 
 A series of the most wonderful and most gigantic of these pre-historic 
 works, is to be found in the Licking Valley, near Newark. They cover an 
 area of two square miles. The works are of such vast magnitude that even 
 with our labor-saving implements to construct them, would require the la- 
 bor of thousands of men continued for many months. "Fort Ancient", as 
 it is called, in Warren county, Ohio, has nearly four miles of embankment, 
 from eighteen to twenty feet high. 
 
 Mounds and fortifications similar to those in Ohio are found in -all the 
 States of the Northwest, and indeed, throughout the entire valley of the 
 Mississippi and its tributaries. In the valley of the Wabash, in Indiana, 
 are many interesting remains of the works of the Mound Builders. Near 
 Kahokia, Ilh'nois, there is a mound 2,000 feet in circumference, and ninety 
 feet high. Many remarkable objects of interest to the antiquary are found 
 in Wisconsin. Scattered over her undulating plains are earth-works, mod- 
 eled after the forms of men and animals. At Aztalan, in JeflGerson county, 
 is an ancient fortification 550 yards long and 275 yards wide. The 
 walls are from four to five feet high, and more than twenty feet in thickness 
 at the base. Near the Blue Mounds, in that State, there is another work, 
 in form resembling a man in a recumbent position. It is one hundred and 
 twenty feet long and thirty feet across the trunk. At Prairicville there is 
 still another resembling a turtle in shape which, is fifly-six feet in length. 
 At Cassville there is one whieh is said to resemble the extinct mastedon. 
 In some instances these animal resemblances and forms are much defaced 
 by time, while in other cases they are distinctly visible. Fragments of an- 
 cient pottery are found scattered about most of them. 
 
 Scattered over the surface of Iowa, also, are to be found many of these 
 monuments of a pre-historic race. The mounds especially are numerous, 
 appearing most in that portion of the State east of the Des Moines river, 
 but in a few instances west of it. Groups of mounds are found along Iowa 
 river, in Johnson county, presenting the same general appearance with those 
 in the States east of the Mississippi. Near the mouth of this river, in Louisa 
 county, are the remains of an ancient fortification, vtdth a number of mounds 
 in the same vicinity, which have attracted the attention of the curious. In 
 the vicinity of Ottumwa, Wapello county, are a large number of mounds, 
 several of which have been examined. There is a chain of them in this last 
 named county, commencing near the mouth of Sugar Creek, a small tribu- 
 tary of the Des Moines, and extending twelve miles nortward, with distances 
 between them in some instances as great as two miles. Two of them were 
 excavated several years ago. One of them was about 45 feet in diameter, 
 and situated upon the highest ground in the vicinity. The other was directly 
 
.64 THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOEY. 
 
 north about one-fourth of a mile. Its diameter at the base was about 75 
 feet. In the center of this last named mound, was found, at the depth of 
 four feet, a layer of stone, with the appearance of baring been subjected to 
 the action of fire. There were also found a mass of charcoal, a bed of ashes 
 and calcined human bones. A number of relics were also found in the 
 smaller mound first mentioned. These examinations were made by several 
 gentlemen of Ottumwa. 
 
 Mr. F. C. Koberts, in a Fort Madison paper, writes of the examination of 
 a mound situated about six miles north of that city, a few years ago. It is 
 located on the brow of a hill, is of an elliptical shape, and small in size, 
 being only about 30 feet long, and fifteen teet wide; its height was about 
 six feet. The mound contained a number of separate compartments, con- 
 structed as follows: First, there was a floor made of limestone, which must 
 have been brought a distance of several miles, as none nearer could have 
 been obtained. This floor was laid regular and smooth, the best stone only 
 being used. Above the floor, with an intervening space of about twenty 
 inches, there was a roof, also made of limestone. The sides of this vault, if 
 it may so be called, seemed to have once had stone waUs,but they were more 
 or less caved in. It was also thought that the roof had originally been much 
 higher. The compartments were made by partitions or walls of stone. Each 
 compartment was occupied by a human skeleton, and articles of flint and 
 stone, as well as some bones of animals. AU the skeletons of human origin 
 were placed in a sitting position, with the knees drawn up, and the head in- 
 clined forward between them. The arms were placed by the side, and some- 
 times clasped around the knees.' Besides the human bones, there were those 
 of some large birds and of some animal. Some of these were charred, and 
 were found in connection with charcoal and ashes. There were numerous 
 flint weapons, and small three cornered stones. 
 
 In Clayton and other counties in the northeastern part of the State, the 
 Mound Builders have left numerous monuments of their existence in that 
 region in pre-historic times. The researches of Hon. Samuel Murdock, of 
 Clayton county, have been extensive and successful in giving to the scien- 
 tific and antiquarian world much information in relation to these works 
 of an ancient people who once occupied our continent. He has collected 
 a vast number ot relics from the mounds in that portion of the State, 
 After long and thorough investigation, he gives it as his opinion that in 
 Clayton county alone there are not less than one hundred thousand arti- 
 ficial mounds, including the two classes, the round and the elongated, 
 the latter ranging from one hundred to six himdred feet in lengtli. 
 All of them, so far as examinations have been made, contain more or less 
 skeletons. One which was examined near Clayton was estimated to liave 
 contained over one hundred bodies. From investigations made, the infer- 
 ence is drawn that the elongated moimds are of greater antiquity than tlie 
 round ones. The skeletons found in the former are in a more advanced state 
 of decay, and in some of them there is scarcely any trace of bones. In 
 nearly all the round mounds skeletons were found in a remarkably good 
 state of preservation, and can be obtained by the thousand. These tacts in- 
 dicate most conclusively that the elongated mounds were the work of an 
 older race of the Mound Builders, and that tliey were erected ages before tlie 
 round ones were. Tlae fact that human remains have been found in nearly 
 all of both classes favors the theory that they were erected as receptacles fur 
 the dead. 
 
THE NOBTHWSST TEBBITOBT. 
 
 A MONEBB WINTEB. 
 
66 THE NOPTHTHTEST TEEEITOKT; 
 
 While workmen were excavating a mound for the foundation of a ware- 
 house in the city of McGregor, in the summer of 1874, human bones were 
 found, and also a stone axe weighing thirteen pounds. It was embedded 
 twenty feet below the original surface. 
 
 As stated, the work of the Mound Builders was not confined to that por- 
 tion of the State embracing the Mississippi drainage. Similar remains, 
 though not so numerous, are observed on the western slope of the water- sh«d 
 between the two great rivers bordering the State. Some five miles below 
 Denison, Crawford county, in the valley of Boyer river, there is a semi-cir- 
 cular group of artificial mounds. They are situated on a plateau, risinw 
 above the first, or lower bottom, and are about nine in number, each rising • 
 to a height of from five to six feet above the general level of the grouna 
 Another similar group is located on a second bottom, at the mouth of Para- 
 dise creek, in the same county. Human remains have been found in some 
 of them. 
 
 Having noticed briefly some of the various forms in which these stupen- 
 dous works of men who lived far back in the centuries, whose annals nave 
 not come down to us in any written language, we can say now that the most 
 learned have only been able to conjecture as to the remoteness of their an- 
 tiquity. The evidences that they are of very great age are abundant and 
 conclusive, hut how many h/undreds or thousands of yea/rs? This is the 
 problem that many an antiquary would freely give years of study and inves- 
 tigation to solve. The length of time which elapsed during which these 
 works were in progesss is another of the unsolved questions connected with 
 them, and yet there is abundant evidence that some of them are much older 
 than others; that the process of their construction extends over a large dura- 
 tion of time — a time during which the Mound Builders themselves passed 
 through the changes which mark the monuments that they have left behind 
 them. It is a well known fact that the manners and customs of rude nations 
 isolated from intercourse and commerce with the world, pass tlirough the 
 process of change and development very slowly. The semi-civilized nations 
 of eastern lands, after the lapse of thousands of years, still cling to the man- 
 ners and customs, and the superstitions of their ancestors, who lived at the 
 early dawn of our historic period. They use the same rude implements ol 
 husbandry, the same utensils in the household, the same arms in warfare, 
 and practice the same styles of dress — all with but little change or modifi- 
 cation. The changes are only suificiently marked to be perceptible, after 
 many generations have passed away. Situated as the Moimd Builders were, 
 we can but infer tliat they too passed slowly through the processes of change, 
 and the works which they have left behind them thoroughly attest the truth 
 of this proposition. Their older works appear to be more elaborate and 
 more intricate, showing that the earlier workers were possessed of a higher 
 degree of attainment in the mechanical arts than those whose works are 
 more recent. The inference is that probably after long ages, th^ gradually 
 retrograded, and were finally subdued or driven southwara into Mexico and 
 Central America, by the ancestors of the Indians, who came upon them from 
 the northwest, as the Goths and Vandals invaded and subverted the Koman 
 Empire. This final subjugation may have resulted after centuries of war- 
 fare, during which time these fortifications were constructed as defences 
 against the enemy. That they were for military purposes is scarcely bus- 
 ceptible <^f a doubt. This implies a state of warfare, and war implies au 
 enemy. The struggle ended in the final subjugation of that people to whom 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORT. 67 
 
 we apply the name of Mound Builders — ^tlieir conquerors and successors 
 being a race of people iix whom we recognize to this day, traces of the 
 Asiatic type. 
 
 We, another race of people, after the lapse of other ages, tread to-day, in 
 our turn, on the ruins of at least a limited civilization — a civilizati(m older 
 than that of the Aztecs, whom Cortez found in Mexico. This great Missis- 
 sippi valley was once a populous empire, millions of whose subjects repose 
 in me sepulchers scattered in our valleys and over our prairies. While we 
 bow at the shrine of a more intelligent Deity, and strive to build up a truer 
 and better civilization, let us still remember that we tread on classic ground. 
 
 SKEXCHES OF WESTERN AND NORTHWESTERN" STATES. 
 
 Legislation in Regard to Ohio — Admission as a State — Description — Climate and Soil — Origin 
 of Name — Seat of Government — ^Legislation in Regard to Indiana — Description — ^Lost 
 River — Wyandot Cave— Seat of Government — Internal Improvements — ^Vmcennes — IIU- 
 noia — Admission ae a State — ^Description — ^Productions — Towns and Cities — "Lover's 
 Leap" — "Buffalo Rock" — "Cave in the Rock" — Michigan — ^The Boundary Question 
 — Admission as a State — ^Description — ^History — Towns and Cities — Wisconsin — Descrip- 
 tion — Climate and Productions — Ohjects of Interest — ^Towns and Cities — Sketch of Mil- 
 waukee — Minnesota — Description — Lakes — Climate and Productions — ^Natural Scenery — 
 Red Pipe Stone — Historical Sketch — ^Towns and Cities — Nebraska — ^Description — ^Towna 
 and Cities^Missouri — Organic Legislation — ^The "Missouri Compromise "—Description — 
 Early Settlement— St. Louis— Other Towns and Cities. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Omo was the first State formed out of the territory northwest of the river 
 Ohio, which was ceded to the United States by the General Assembly of 
 Virginia in 1783, and accepted by the Congress of the United States, March 
 1,1784:. This territory was divided into two separate governments by act 
 of Congress of May 7, 1800. Ohio remained a Territorial government until 
 imder an act of Congress, approved April 30, 1802, it adopted a State consti- 
 tution, and was allowed one representative in Congress. On the first of 
 November of the same year the constitution was presented in Congress. 
 The people having, on November 29, 1802, complied with the act of Con- 
 gress of April 30, 1802, whereby the State became one of the United States, 
 an act was passed and approved February 19, 1803, for the due execution of 
 the laws of the United States within that State. 
 
 The State embraces an area of about 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 
 acres. There are no mountains, but the central portion of the State is ele- 
 vated about 1000 feet above the level of the sea, while other portions are 
 from 600 to 800 feet in elevation. A belt of highlands north of the middle 
 of the State separates the rivers flowing north into Lake Erie from those 
 flowing south into the Ohio river. Tae middle portion of the State in 
 great part is an elevated plain with occasional patches of marsh land. A 
 large proportion of the State when first settled was covered with forests, but 
 in the central part there was some prairie. Boulders are found scattered 
 over the surface, as they are generally throughout the Northwest. 
 
 The bituminous coal-field of the State extends over an area embracing 
 nearly 12,000 square miles. It occupies the eastern and southeastern part§, 
 with its northern boundary running near Wooster, Newark, and Lancaster. 
 There are also frequent beds of limestone, as weU as sandstone well suited for 
 heavy masonry. The most important of the other mineral productions is 
 
68 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOEYi 
 
 Iron, which it possesses in great abundance. This is found running through 
 the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Mei^s, Vinton, Athens, and 
 Hocking, in a bed 100 miles long by 12 wide. For fine castings it is not 
 surpassed by that found in any other part of the United States. Salt 
 springs are also frequent. 
 
 The great river of the State is the Ohio, which forms its southern bound- 
 ary, and receives the tributary volume of waters flowing from the Muskin- 
 gum, Scioto, and Miami, as well as those of many smaller streams. The 
 interior rivers mentioned vary in length from 110 to 200 miles. The Ohio 
 is navigable by steamboats of the first-class during one-half the year to Pitts- 
 burg. The Muskingum is navigable by means of dams and locks to 
 Zanesville, 70 miles from its mouth, and at times 30 miles farther up to 
 Coshocton. On the northern slope of the State, beginning at the northwest, 
 are the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, and Cuyahoga, all flowing into Late 
 Erie, and all flowing their entire course within the State, except the Mau- 
 mee, which rises in Indiana. The last-named river is navigable for lake 
 steamers a distance of 18 miles. Lake Erie coasts the state about 150 miles 
 on the north and northeast, afibrding several good harbors. 
 
 The climate in the southern part of the State is mild, while in the north 
 the temperature is equally as rigorous as in the same latitude near the 
 Atlantic. Great droughts have occasionally prevailed, but the State is re- 
 garded as one of the most productive in the Union. Indian com, wheat, 
 rye, oats, and barley, are the leading cereals. All the fruits of the temperate 
 latitudes are generally abundant. The forest trees are of many kinds, includ- 
 ing the several varieties of oak, hickory, sugar and maple, beech, poplar, aBh, ' 
 sycamore, paw-paw, buckeye, dogwood, cherry, elm, and hackberry. ' f 
 
 The State receives its name from that of the river which forms its southern 
 boundary. It is of Indian or aboriginal origin. It is not easy to determine 
 its real signification in the Indian language, but some writers have claimed 
 that it means handsome or beautiful. This opinion would seem to be some- 
 what plausible from the fact that the early French explorers called it La, 
 Belle Biviere, or the Beautiful River, having probably learned the significa- 
 tion of the Indian name, and therefore gave it a French name with the 
 same signification. 
 
 Ohio was first partially settled by a few French emigrants on the Ohio 
 river, while they possessed Canada and Louisiana, about the middle of the 
 the last century. But these settlements were very inconsiderable until the 
 year 1787 and 1788, when the Ohio Company iand others from New England 
 made the settlement at Marietta. The early inhabitants were much annoyed 
 by the incursions of the Indians, who had successively defeated Gen. Harmar 
 and Gen. St. Clair, in 1791 and 1792, but were themselves utterly routed hy 
 Gen. Wayne in August, 1794. Fort Sandusky, in the war of 1812, was suc- 
 cessfully defended by Maj. Croghan, then but 21 years of age, with 160 men 
 against the attack of Gen. Proctor, with 500 British regulars and as many 
 Indians. Cincinnati was laid out as early as 1788, but there were only a few set- 
 tlers until after Wayne's victory. It then improved rapidly, having in 1818 
 a population of upward of 9,000. ChiUicothe was laid out in 1796, and in 
 1818 had a population of 2,600. Columbus, the present capital, was laid 
 out early in the year 1812, and in 1818 contained about 1,500 inhabitants. 
 Cleveland was laid out in 1796, and about the same time a number of set- 
 tlements were made along the Miami. Until the legislature met in Golitm- 
 ' bus, in December, 1816, Cincinnati and ChiUicothe liad alternately enjoyed 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOET. 
 
 69 
 
 the distinction of being both the Territorial and State capitals. In 1814: the 
 first State-house, a plain brick building, was erected at Columbus, the per- 
 manent seat of the State Government. In February, 1852, it was entirely 
 consumed by fire, and was succeeded by the present fine State capitol, which 
 had been commenced prior to the destruction of the old one. The conven- 
 tion which formed the first constitution of the State was held in ChiUicothe, 
 in November, 1802. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Ohio at the close of each 
 decade fi-om 1800 to 1870: 
 
 YBAK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 AGGBEaATE. 
 
 1800. 
 1810. 
 1820. 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 1860. 
 1870. 
 
 45,028 
 
 228,861 
 
 576,572 
 
 928,829 
 
 1,502,122 
 
 1,955,050 
 
 2,302,808 
 
 2,601,946 
 
 aS7 
 
 1,899 
 
 4,723 
 
 9,574 
 
 17,345 
 
 25,279 
 
 86.673 
 
 63,213 
 
 45,365 
 
 230,760 
 
 581,295 
 
 937,903 
 
 1,519,467 
 
 1,980,329 
 
 *2,339,511 
 
 *2,665,260 
 
 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 30 enumerated as Indians, aifd the aggregate for 
 1870 includes 100 enumerated as Indians." 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana was formed out of a part of the Northwestern Territory which 
 was ceded to the United States by the Virginia. It received a separate Ter- 
 ritorial form of government by act of Congress of May 7, 1800, and William 
 Henry Harrison was appointed Governor. At this time it included all the 
 territory west to the Mississippi river, including aU now embraced in the 
 States of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota east of 
 the Mississippi. The seat of the territorial government was established at 
 Vincennes. By act of January 11, 1805, it was divided into two separate 
 
 fovemments, and that of Michigan created. Again, February 3, 1809, that of 
 Uinois was created. On the 19th of April, 1816, Congress passed an act 
 to enable the people of Indiana to form a constitution and State government. 
 On the 29th of June of the same year the people formed a constitution, and 
 on the 11th of December, 1816, an act of Congress was approved admitting 
 the State into the Union. The laws of the United States were extended to 
 the State by an act of March 3, 1817. 
 
 ■Indiana is 278 miles in its greatest length from north to south, and about 
 144 miles in width, and includes an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,- 
 760 acres. It has no mountains or great elevations, but portions south of 
 White river are somewhat hilly. !North of the White and Wabash rivers 
 the country is generally level or slightly undulating. The rivers are gener- 
 ally bordered by rich alluvial bottom lands, sometimes extending for several 
 miles in width. Some of the southeastern counties in places present a 
 roc^ surface. The eastern part is generally heavily timbered, while the 
 western is chiefly prairie. The State has a gradual inclination toward the 
 Ohio, and most of the streams flow into that river. Lake Michigan borders 
 the State on the liorthwest for a distance of about 40 miles, while the Ohio 
 forms the entire southern boundary. In the northern part there are some 
 small lakes. The Wabash is the largest interior river, and with its tributa- 
 ries drains nearly three-fourths of the State, At high water it is navigable 
 
70 THE NOETHWEST TBEEITOEY. 
 
 by steamboats as far as Covington. "Wliite river is its principal tributary. 
 It rises in two branches in tbe eastern part of tbe State, the two branches 
 nniting about 30 miles from the Wabash. The Maumee is formed by the 
 St. Joseph's and St. Mary's in the northeastern part of the State, and passes 
 off into Ohio. The Kankakee, one ol the sources of the Illinois, drains 
 the northwestern part of the State. Among other streams are the Tippeca- 
 noe, Mississiniwa, Whitewater, Flat Kock, and Blue rivers. 
 
 The State yields an abundance of coal, the great deposit being in the 
 southwestern portion, and embracing an area of nearly 8,000 square miles, or 
 some twenty-two counties, in most of which it is profitably mined. There 
 are also iron, zinc, gypsum, and lime and sandstone. Many quarries of stone 
 yield excellent building material. 
 
 Indiana is not without its natural wonders which have attracted the atten- 
 tion of the curious. Among these is Lost river, in Orange county. This 
 stream is about fifty feet in width. It sinks many feet under ground, and 
 then rises to the surface at a distance of 11 miles. Then there is Wyandot 
 Cave, in Crawford county. In beauty and magnificence it almost rivals the 
 celebrated Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. It has been explored a distance 
 of over twenty miles. Its greatest width is about 300 feet, and its greatest 
 height 245 feet. Among its interior wonders are "Bandit's Hall," "Pluto's 
 Kavine," "Monument Mountain," "Lucifer's Gorge." and "Calypso's 
 Island." The interior is brilliantly sparred with pendant stalactites. 
 
 The climate is milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast, but 
 somewhat subject to sudden changes. The soil is generally productive, and 
 in the river bottoms very deep, well adapted to Indian corn and other kinds 
 pf grain. The alluvial bottom lands of the Wabash and its tributaries are 
 especially noted for their fertility. The productions are the various kinds 
 of grain, vegetables, and fruits common in temperate latitudes. 
 
 Indiana has a large variety of forest trees. Among those indigenous to 
 the State are several kinds of oak, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cheny, 
 maple, buckeye, beech, locust, sycamore, Cottonwood, hackberry, mulberry, 
 and some sassafras. 
 
 Indianapolis is the capital, and is situated on the west fork of White 
 river, in Marion ounty. The site was selected tor the capital in 1820, while 
 the whole country for forty miles in every direction was covered with a 
 dense forest. Previous to 1825 the State capital was at Corydon, but in 
 that year the public offices were removed to Indianapolis. The State-house 
 was erected at a cost of $60,000, and at that time was considered an elegant 
 buildinw. It is now unsuited for the purposes of a great State like Indiana 
 and will soon give place to a larger and more elegant structure. Indianapolis, 
 in 1840,had a population of 2,692 ; in 1850 it had 8,900 ; in 1860 it had 18,611', 
 and in 1870 it had 48,244. 
 
 In works of internal improvement Indiana stands among the leading States 
 of the Mississippi valley. Eailroads radiate in all directions from Indian- 
 apolis, and there is scarcely a place in the State of any considerable import- 
 ance that is not connected, directly or indirectly, with the larger cities. 
 Among her early improvements were the Wabash and Erie Canal, connect- 
 ing Evansville with Toledo, and the Whitewater Canal, connecting Cam- 
 bridge City with Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio. Of the Wabash and Erie 
 Canal, 879 miles are within the limits of Indiana. The Whitewater Canal 
 is 74 miles long. Indianapolis is the largest and most important city in 
 the State, and among the principal cities may be mentioned New Albany, 
 
THE NOBTHWEST TEKEITOBT. 
 
 71 
 
 Evansville, Fort Wayne, La Fayette, Terre Haute, Madison, Laporte, Jeffer- 
 Bonville, Logansport, Crawfordsville, Lawrenceburg, Sonth JBend and Michi- 
 gan City. Oorydon, the former State capital, is 116 miles south of Indian- 
 apolis, in Harrison county. When the seat of government was removed from 
 this place to Indianapolis, in 1834, it remained stationary for a long time, 
 but within a few years it has become more flourishing. V incennes, the an- 
 cient seat of the Territorial government, is on the left bank of the Wabash 
 river, 120 miles south of Indianapolis. It is the oldest town in the State, 
 and possesses much historic interest, being first settled by the French about 
 the year 1735. Many of the present inhabitants are of French descent. 
 The seat of government was removed from Vincennes to Corydon in 1813. 
 The following table shows the population of Indiana, at the close of each 
 decade, from 1800 to 1870: 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 AGOBEQATE. 
 
 1800. 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 J830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 1860. 
 1870. 
 
 2,402 
 
 2:3,890 
 
 145,758 
 
 339,399 
 
 678,688 
 
 977,154 
 
 1,338,710 
 
 1,655,837 
 
 298 
 
 630 
 
 1,420 
 
 3,632 
 
 7,168 
 
 11,262 
 
 11,428 
 
 24,560 
 
 2,517 
 
 24,520 
 
 147,178 
 
 343,031 
 
 685,866 
 
 988,416 
 
 *1,350,428 
 
 *1,680,637 
 
 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 290 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 
 1870 includes 240 enumerated as Indians. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois was formed out of a part of the Northwestern Territory, which 
 was ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia. An act for divid- 
 ing the Indian Territory, was passed by Congress, and approved February 
 3d, 1809. An act to enable the people of the Territory to form a constitu- 
 tion and State government, and authorizing one representative in Congress, 
 was passed and approved April 18th, 1818. By the same act a part of the 
 Territory of Illinois was attached to the Territory of Michigan. The people 
 having, on the 26th of August of the same year, formed a constitution, a 
 joint resolution was passed by Congress, and approved December 3d, 1818, 
 admitting the State into the Union, and on the 2d of March following, an 
 act was approved to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United 
 States within the State of Illinois. 
 
 The extreme length of Illinois from north to south is about 380 miles, 
 and its greatest vnldth about 200 miles. It embraces an area of 56,409 square 
 miles, or 35,459,200 acres. The surface of the State is generally level, with 
 a general inclination from north to south, as indicated by the course of its 
 rivers. There are some elevated blufts along the Mississippi and Ulinois 
 rivers, and a small tract of hilly country in the southern part of the State. 
 The northwest part also contains a considerable amount of broken land. 
 Some of the prairies are large, but in the early settlement of the State there 
 were many small prairies, skirted with fine groves of timber. The prairies 
 are generally undulating, and in their native state were clothed in a great 
 variety of beautiful wild flowers. The State is weU supplied with minerals 
 of great economic value. The region of Galena, in the northwest part, has 
 
72 
 
 THE N0STHWE8T TEBBITOKT. 
 
 LINCOLN MONUUENT, SPBINQEIELD, ILL. 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 73 
 
 for many years yielded vast quantities of lead. The coal fields cover an area 
 of 44,000 square miles. There are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson and 
 Vermillion counties; and medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, 
 have been foimd in several places. Excellent building stone for heavy ma- 
 sonry, are quarried at Joliet, La Mont, Qnincy, and other places. 
 
 Illinois possesses pre-eminent facilities for water transportation, the Missis- 
 sippi river forming the entire western boundary, and the Ohio the entire 
 southern, while Lake Michigan bounds it on the northeast 60 miles. The 
 Illinois river is navigable for steamboats 286 miles. Eock river, though 
 having obstructions near its mouth, has in times of high water been navi- 
 
 fated for a considerable distance. Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Spoon rivers 
 ave also been navigated by steamboat, but the construction of railroads has 
 in a great measure superseded the necessity of this means of transportation. 
 Among the rivers are the upper portion of the "Wabash, which receives from 
 this State the waters of the V ermiUion, Embarras and Little "Wabash. The 
 principal tributaries, or sources, of the Illinois river are Kaskaskia, Des 
 Plaines and Fox rivers. Lake Peoria is an expansion of the Illinois river, 
 near the middle of the State. Lake Pishtoka, in the northeast part, is a lake 
 of some importance. 
 
 Illinois, extending through five degrees of latitude, presents considerable 
 variety of climate. Peaches and some other fruits, which do not succeed so 
 weU in the northern part, rarely fail to yield abundantly in the southern part. 
 The State has immense agricultural capabilities, unsurpassed, indeed, by any 
 other State in the Union, unless it may be the younger State of Iowa. Among 
 its agricultural staples are Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, butter and 
 cheese. Stock raising on the prairies of Illinois has, for many years, been 
 carried on extensively. All the fruits and vegetables common to the latitudes 
 in which it is situated are successfully and abundantly produced. 
 
 Timber is plentiful, but not very equally diffused. The bottom lands are 
 supplied with fine growths of black and white walnut, ash, hackberry, elm, 
 sugar maple, honey locust, sycamore, cottonwood, hickoiy, and several species 
 of oak. Some of these also grow on the uplands, and in addition white oak, 
 and other valuable kinds of timber. White and yellow poplar flourish in 
 the southern part, and cypress on the Ohio bottom lands. 
 
 As we have seen, Illinois did not become a member of the Federal Union 
 until 1818, yet settlements were made within its limits about the same time 
 that "William Penn colonized Pennsylvania, in the latter part of the seven- 
 teenth century. These settlements, like other French colonies, failed to in- 
 crease very rapidly, and it was not until after the close of the Revolution, 
 that extensive colonization commenced. 
 
 Springfield, the capital of Illinois, was laid out in 1822. It is situated 
 three mfles south of the Sangamon river, in Sangamon county, and is sur- 
 rounded by rich and extensive prairies, which have been transformed into 
 splendid farms. Large quantities of bituminous coal are mined in this 
 vicinity. This city will ever be memorable as the home of Abraham Lincoln, 
 and as the place where his remains are entombed. In 1840 it had a pop- 
 ulation of 2,579; in 1850 it had 4,533; in 1860 it had 7,002; and in 1870 
 it had 17,364. Since the last date the population has increased rapidly. A 
 new and magnificent State capitol has been erected, and Springfield may 
 now be regarded as one of the flourishing cities of Illinoig. 
 
 Chicago, on the site of old Fort Dearborn, is now the largest interior city 
 of tlie United States. It stands on the shore of Lake Michigan, with the 
 
■74: 
 
 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 Chicago river flowing through it. As the great commercial emporiuni of 
 the If orthwest, a special account of this city will be mven elsewhere. Among 
 other large and thriving cities are Peoria, Quiney, Galena, Belleville, Alton, 
 Eockford, Bloomington, Ottawa, Aurora, Lincoln, Eock Island, Galesbnrg, 
 Joliet and Jacksonville. 
 
 The internal improvements of Illinois are on a grand scale. The rail- 
 roads traverse almost every county, connecting her towns and cities with her 
 great commercial city on the lake, and with the markets of the East. Besides 
 these, she has her great canal, from Chicago to Peru, uniting the waters of 
 Lake Michigan with the Mississippi river. This canal is 100 miles long. 
 
 A few striking features of the natural scenery of this State may be men- 
 tioned. Along the Mississippi are bold and picturesque bluffs, rising from 
 .one to three hundred feet. " Starved Kock " and " Lover's Leap " are eminen- 
 ces on Illinois river, "the former being a perpendicular mass of limestone, 
 eight miles below Ottawa, and rising 150 feet above the river. It is so called 
 from an incident in Indian warfare. A band of Illinois Indians took refuge 
 on this eminence from the Pottawattamies, but being surrounded by the 
 datter, they all died, it is said not of starvation, but of thirst. !Nearly oppo- 
 site "Lover's Leap" is "Buffalo Eock," 100 feet high. • Here the Indians 
 formerly drove the buffalo, and with shouts caused them to crowd each other 
 •over the precipice. On the banks of the Ohio, in Hardin county, is " Cave 
 in the Eock," the entrance to which is but little above the water. The cave 
 ascends gradually from the entrance to the extreme limit, back 180 feet. In 
 1797 it was the rendezvous of a band of robbers, who sallied forth to rob 
 boatmen and emigrants. Other outlaws have since made it their abode. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Illinois at the close of each 
 decade, from 1800 to 1870. 
 
 COLOBED. 
 
 AOaSBaAOlE. 
 
 1800. 
 1810. 
 1820. 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 1860. 
 1870. 
 
 2,275 
 
 183 
 
 11,501 
 
 781 
 
 5.3,788 
 
 1.374 
 
 155,061 
 
 2,384 
 
 472,254 
 
 3,929 
 
 846,034 
 
 5,436 
 
 1,704.291 
 
 7,628 
 
 2,511,096 
 
 28,762 
 
 2,458 
 
 12,282 
 
 55,162 
 
 157,445 
 
 476,183 
 
 851,470 
 
 *1,711,951 
 
 *2,539,891 
 
 * The above aggregate for 1860 includes 32 enumerated aa Indians, and the same number 
 enumerated as Indians in 1870. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Michigan was formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United 
 States by the State of Yirginia. It was detached from Indiana Territory, 
 and become a separate Territorial government under an act of Congress ap- ' 
 proved January 11, 1805. It remained for more tlian thirty years under a 
 territorial form of government, but embraced a vast region not now inclu- 
 ded in the State. During this time there was considerable legislation in 
 regard to its boundaries, the most important of which was the adjustment 
 of the boundary line between Michigan and the State of Ohio, in 1836. In 
 Januaiy, 1833, a memorial of the Legislative Council of the Territory was 
 presented in Congress, praying for admission into the Union as a State. 
 The prayer of the memorial was not granted at that time, partly on account 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 75 
 
 of the disputed boundary question. Finally, on the 15th of June, 1836, an 
 act was passed " to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, 
 and to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, 
 upon conditions therein expressed." One of the conditions was, that if a 
 convention of delegates elected by the people of Michigan for the purpose 
 of giving their assent to the boundaries, as declared and established by the 
 act of June 15th, 1836, should first give their assent, then Michigan was to 
 be declared one of the States of the Union. This condition having been 
 complied with, Congress, on the 26th of January, 1837, passed an act de- 
 claring Michigan one of the United States, and admitting it into the Union 
 upon an equal footing with the original States. 
 
 Michigan occupies two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes 
 Erie, St. Clair and Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west ; and 
 the northern one between Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and 
 Lake Superior on the north. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in 
 extreme length, from southeast to northwest, and 130 miles in its greatest 
 width. The southern peninsxila is about 283 miles from north to south, and 
 210 from east to west in its greatest width. The joint area of the two 
 peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 acres. The northern penin- 
 sula embraces about two-fifths of the total area. 
 
 The southern peninsula is generally an undulating plain, with a few slight 
 elevations. The shores of Lake Huron are often characterized by steep 
 bluff's, while those of Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand-hills, ris- 
 ing from one hundred to two hundred feet in height. In the southern part 
 of this peninsula are large districts covered with thinly scattered trees, called 
 "oak openings." 
 
 The northern peninsula is in striking contrast with the southern, both as 
 to soil and surface. It is rugged, with streams abounding in water-falls. 
 The Wisconsin, or Porcupine Mountains, form the water-shed between Lakes 
 Michigan and Superior, and attain an elevation of 2,000 feet in the northwestern 
 portion of the peninsula. The shores of Lake Superior are composed of 
 sandstone rock, which in places is worn by the winds and waves into many 
 strange and fanciful shapes, resembling the ruins of castles, and forming 
 the celebrated "Pictured Kocks." The northern peninsula of Michigan 
 possesses probably the richest copper mines in the world, occupying a belt 
 one hundred and twenty miles in length by from two to six miles in width. 
 It is rich in minerals, but rigorous in climate and sterile in soil. Coal is 
 plentiful at Corunna, one hundred miles from Detroit. 
 
 The State is so surrounded and intersected by lakes as to fairly entitle it 
 to the soubriquet of " The Lake State." There are a number of small lakes 
 in the interior of the State, which add to the general variety of scenery, but 
 are not important to navigation. The Straits of Mackinaw (formerly writ- 
 ten Michilimackinae) divide the southern from the northern peuinsula, and 
 connect the waters of Lakes Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. 
 There are a number of small rivers, the most important in the southern pe- 
 ninsula being St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon and Manistee, all 
 emptying into Lake Michigan; and An Sable and Siganaw, flowing into 
 Lake Huron, and the Huron and Eaisin discharging their waters into Lake 
 Erie. The principal rivers of the northern penmsula are the Menomonee, 
 Montreal and Ontonagon. The shores around the lakes are indented by nu- 
 merous bays. Several small islands belong to Michigan, the most impor- 
 tant of which is Isle Koyale, noted for its copper mines. 
 
76 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 The climate of MicUgan is generally rigorous, except in proximity to the 
 lakes, where the fruits ol the temperate zone succeed admirably. The north- 
 em peninsula ifi favorable for winter wheat, but Indian com does not sucr 
 ceed well. In the southern peninsula, Indian corn is produced abundantly, 
 as well as the winter grains. This part of the State is pre-eminently agri- 
 cultural.' 
 
 Portions of the northern peninsula are heavily timbered with white pine, 
 spruce, hemlock, birch, aspen, maple, ash and elm, and vast quantities of 
 lumber are manufactured at the fine mill-sites afforded by the rapid streams. 
 Timber is plentiful also in the southern peninsula, and consists chiefly of 
 several species of oak, hickory, ash, basswood, maple, elm, linden, locust, 
 dogwood, poplar, beech, sycamore, cottonwood, black and white walnut,, 
 cherry, pine, tamarack, cypress, cedar and chestnut. 
 
 ■ Northern Michigan abounds in picturesque scenery, among which may 
 be mentioned the " Pictured Eocks," composed of sandstone of various col- 
 ors. They extend for about twelve miles, and rise 300 feet above the water. 
 Sometimes cascades shoot over the precipice, so that vessels can sail between 
 them and the natural wall of the rock. This portion of the State every sea- 
 son attracts large numbers of excursionists and pleasure-seekers, on account 
 of its charming and interesting scenery. 
 
 The State is named for the lake which forms a part of its boundary, and 
 signifies in the Indian language, " Great Water." The first white settle- 
 ments were by the French, near Detroit and at Mackinaw, in the latter ball 
 of the seventeenth century ; but these colonies did not progress rapidly. 
 This territory, with other "French possessions in North America, came into 
 possession of Great Britain at the peace of 1763. It remained under the 
 dominion of Great Britain until the American Revolution, when it became 
 the possession of the United States. The British, however, did not surren- 
 der Detroit until 1796. This region was chiefly the scene of the exploits 
 of the celebrated chief Pontiac, alter the expulsion of the French. During 
 the war of 1812, Michigan became the theater of several of the battles and 
 many of the incidents connected with that war. At Frenchtown, in this 
 State, January 22, 1813, occurred a cruel massacre by the savages of a party of 
 American prisoners of war. Gen. Harrison soon after drove the enemy out 
 of the Territory, and removed the seat of war into Canada, where he fought 
 and gained the battle of the Thames. 
 
 Lansing, the capital of Michigan, is situated on Grand river, in Ingham 
 county one hundred and ten miles northwest, of Detroit. It was selected for 
 the seat of government in 1847, at which time it was surroimded by an al- 
 most unbroken wilderness. The river here affords excellent \^rater power. 
 A new and handsome State capitol has just been completed. 
 
 Detroit, situated on the river from which it takes its name, eighteen miles 
 from the head of Lake Erie, is the largest city in the State. It was the 
 capital until the removal of the seat of government to Lansing, in 1850. 
 Historically it is one of the most interesting cities in the "West. The French 
 had here a military post as early as 1670. Three Indian tribes, the Hurons, 
 Pottawattamies and Ottawas, had their villages in the vicinity. With other 
 French possessions, it passed into the hands of the British at the peace of 
 1763, and twenty years later it came under the jurisdiction of the United 
 States, although, as stated above, it was not surrendered until. 1796. June 
 11th, 1805, it was almost totally destroyed by fire. Gen. Wm. Hull, first 
 governor of the Territory of Michigan, then projected the city, on a new 
 
TDK NOETHWEST TEEEITOKT. 
 
 77 
 
 phin. On the 18tli of August, 1812, this same Gren. Hull surrendered it 
 into the hands of the British, but the latter evacuated it September 29th of 
 the same year. In 1870 the population was 79,577, and since then has rap- 
 idly increased. 
 
 Among the other important towns and cities in the State, are Grand Eap- 
 ids, Adrian, Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Jackson and Monroe. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Michigan at the close of each 
 decade, from 1800 to 1870: 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 AOOBESATE. 
 
 1800. 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 1860. 
 1870. 
 
 651 
 
 4^18 
 ^ 8,591 
 31,346 
 211,560 
 395,071, 
 736,142 
 1,167,282 
 
 144 
 
 174 
 
 293 
 
 707 
 
 2,583 
 
 6,799 
 
 11.849 
 
 551 
 
 4,762 
 
 8,765 
 
 31,659 
 
 212,276 
 
 397,654 
 
 *749,113 
 
 *1,184,059 
 
 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 6,172 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate 
 for 1870 includes 4,926 enumerated as Indians. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Wisconsin was formed out of a portion of the Territory of Michigan, but 
 was originally a part of the Northwestern Territory ceded by the State of 
 Yirginia to the TJnited States. On the 12th of December, 1832, a resolution 
 passed the house of representatives directing, a committee to inquire into the 
 expediency of creating a Territorial government for Wisconsin out of a part 
 of Michigan. On the 20th of April, 1836, an act was passed and approved 
 establishing a Territorial government. On the 20th of June, 1838, an act 
 was passed and approved to divide the Territory of. Wisconsin, and to estab- 
 lish the Territorial government of Iowa. June 12, 1838, an act was passed 
 designating the boundary line between the State of Michigan and the Terri- 
 tory of Wisconsin. On the 6th of August, 1846, an act was passed and 
 approved to enable the people to form a constitution and State government. 
 On the 21st of January, 1847, the people adopted a constitution, and on the 
 3d of March of the same year an act of Congress was passed and approved 
 for the admission of the State into the Union. By act of May 29, 1848, the 
 State was declared admitted into the Union, to be entitled to three represen- 
 tatives in Congress after March 3, 1849. 
 
 The extreme length of Wisconsin from north to south is about 285 miles, 
 and its greatest breadth from east to west is about 255 miles. It includes 
 an area of about 63,924 square miles, or 34,51 1 ,360 acres. It is generally of an 
 elevated rolling surface, with a large proportion of prairie. There are no 
 mountains, properly so called, though the descent toward Lake Superior is 
 quite abrupt, and the rivers full of rapids and falls, which afford valuable 
 mill-sites. The great lakes, Superior and Michigan, lave the northern and 
 eastern borders, besides which there are a number of smaller lakes, the most 
 important of which is Lake Winnebago, southeast of the middle of the State. 
 It is 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates with Green Bay 
 through the Fox or Neenah river. In the northwestern part are numerous 
 small lakes, with clear water, gravelly or rocky bottoms, and bold picturesque 
 
78 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOEY. 
 
 shores. The rivers generally flow in a southwest direction and discharge 
 their waters into the Mississippi, which flows along the southwest border of 
 the State for more than 200 miles. The most important interior river is the 
 Wieconsin, which has a course of about 200 miles almost directly south, 
 when it changes its course westwardly, and flows about 100 miles further to 
 its junction with the Mississippi. At favorable stages it is navigable for 
 steamboats 180 miles. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix rivers 
 are important streams for floating timber and lumber from the pine region 
 in the northwest part of the State. The streams flowing into Lake Superior 
 are small, but rapid, afibrding excellent mill-sites. 
 
 The climate is severe and the winters long, but the State is free from the 
 unhealthy changes which are common farther south. The south and middle 
 portions form a fine agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple produc- 
 tion, though all kinds of small grain and Indian com are raised successfully. 
 Large portions of the State are well adapted to grazing and the dairy. The 
 normern part of the State, about the head-waters of the Black and Chippewa 
 rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, has but 
 limited agricultural capabilities, as in that region are many ponds and 
 marshes, and also large quantities of boulders scattered over the surface. 
 
 There are many objects of interest to the tourist and the lover of the 
 picturesque. The rivers abound in rapids and falls. In St. Louis river 
 there is a series of cascades which have a descent of 320 feet in 16 miles. 
 The Menomonee river at Quinnesec Falls dashes down over a perpendicular 
 ledge of rocks 40 feet, and has a fall of 134 feet in a mile and a half. Among 
 other noted faUs are the St. Croix, Chippewa and Big Bull Falls in the "Wis- 
 consin river. Along the rivers are many grand views of bluffs, rising from 
 150 to 200 feet, and at one place in Eichland county on the "Wisconsin, 
 where it passes through a narrow gorge, the cliffs have an elevation of from 
 400 to 500 feet. On the Mississippi, in La Crosse county, the rocks rise 
 500 feet perpendicularly above the water. 
 
 The great lead region extends into the southwestern part of "Wisconsin. 
 The deposit here is intermingled to some extent with copper and zinc, 
 together with some silver. Copper is found in a number of places, and also 
 some iron ore. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region extend into "Wis- 
 consin. Beautiful varieties of marble are found on the Menomonee river and 
 in other localities. 
 
 On the upper "Wisconsin river, and other tributaries of the Mississippi, 
 north of the Wisconsin, are vast forests of pine, and immense quantities are 
 annually floated down the Mississippi to supply the markets in other States. 
 Among other forest trees are spruce, tamarack, cedar, hemlock,' oak of sev- 
 eral varieties, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, poplar, sycamore and 
 sugar-maple. 
 
 Wisconsin was visited at an early period by French missionaries, and a 
 settlement was made in the latter part of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Madison, the capital of the State, is situated on an isthmus between Lakes 
 Mendota and Monona, 80 miles west of Milwaukee, and 132 miles northwest 
 of Chicago. When the place was selected for the seat of government in 
 1836, there were no buildings except a solitary log cabin. The State capitol 
 is a fine looking stone building erected at a cost of $500,000, and stands on 
 an elevation seventy feet above the lakes. The city overlooks a charniing 
 country, diversified by a pleasing variety of scenery. It has steadily and 
 rapidly increased in population. 
 
THE NOETHVirEST TEEBITOET. 
 
 79 
 
 The great city of "Wisconsin is Milwaukee (called at an early day " Mil- 
 wacky 'M and next to Chicago may bo regarded as the commercial metropolis 
 of the Is orthwest. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, about 
 90 miles north of Chicago. Milwaukee river empties into the lake at this 
 point. The city is situated on both sides of the river, and has one of the 
 best harbors on the whole chain of lakes. The fine water power of the Mil- 
 waukee river is an important element in its prosperity. Being a port of 
 entry, the government nas expended large sums in the improvements of its 
 harbor, and in the erection of public buildings. 
 
 In 1805 Jacques Vieau, a half-breed trader whose house was at Green 
 Bay, visited the country at the mouth of the Milwaukee river for the pur- 
 pose of trading with the Indians. This he did annually until in September, 
 1818, when he brought with him a young man named Solomon Juneau, who 
 became his son-in-law. The young man established friendly relations with 
 the Indians, and in 1822 erected a block-house on the site of the present city 
 of Milwaukee. He remained for 18 years the only permanent white resi- 
 dent, being visited occasionally by fur traders to whom he sold goods. In 
 1836, the village which has grown to be a large city, beg^n to appear. Jun- 
 eau died in 1856, at the age of 64 years, having lived to see the place he 
 founded grow to a prosperous and flourishing city. In 1836 the population 
 was 275; in 1840, it was 1810 ; in 1860, it was 19,873; in I860, it was 45,286; 
 in 1870, it was 71,640 ; and at the present time (1878) it is estimated at 123,- 
 000. 
 
 Among other important towns and cities of "Wisconsin are Kacine, Janes- 
 ville, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, A^atertown, Sheboygan, Beliot, Kenosha, La 
 Crosse, Wauwatosa, Manitowoc, Portage City, Platteville, Sheboygan Fallsj 
 Beaver Dam, "Whitewater, Port "V/asnington, Green Bay, Mineral Point, 
 Shullsburg, Monroe, Prescott, and Hudson. 
 
 The following table shows the population of "Wisconsin at the close of each 
 decade from 1800 to 1870: 
 
 TF.AR. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 AGGREGATE. 
 
 1800 
 
 115 
 
 ' 30,749 
 
 304,756 
 
 773,693 
 
 1,051,351 
 
 '196 
 
 635 
 
 1,171 
 
 2,113 
 
 115 
 
 1810 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 1830 
 
 
 1840 
 
 30 945 
 
 1850 i 
 
 305,391 
 
 *775,881 
 
 *1,054,670 
 
 I860 
 
 1870 
 
 *The above aggregate for 1860 includes 1017 enumerated a3 Indians, and the aggregate 
 for 1870 includes 1206 enumerated as Indians. ^ 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 The eastern portion of Minnesota formed a part of the ten-itoiy surrendered 
 by the French to Great Britain at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by 
 the latter to the United States at the close of the Revolution. The western 
 portion is a part of the territory knoMm as the Louisiana Purchase, ceded by 
 France to the United States in 1803. It received a Territorial form of gov- 
 ernment under an act of Congress which became a law March 3, 1849, and 
 was admitted into the Union as a State May 11, 1853. 
 
 The extreme length of Minnesota north and south is about 380 miles, arid 
 
80 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 in widtli is about 300 miles. It embraces an area of 81,259 square miles, oi 
 52,005,760 acres. The face of tbe countiy generally presents the appearance 
 of an undulating plain, although it is the most elevated tract of country 
 between the Grulf of liCexico ana Hudson's Bay. There are no mountains, 
 but the summits of the water-sheds rise to a height of nearly two thousand 
 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Minnesota is one of the best watered States in the Union, being drained by 
 many rivers and dotted over with innumerable small lakes and some of con- 
 siderable size. The great Mississippi has its humble origin as a mere rivulet 
 in Lake Itasca. This diminutive stream, here but a few feet in width, first 
 meanders in a northeasterly direction, receiving tribute as it passes from a 
 number of other small lakes, when it changes its course to the south, and 
 after meandering a length of six hundred miles in Minnesota, dashes its 
 waters down over the Falls of St. Anthony, then flows along the border of 
 the State two hundred miles further, and thence grandly pursues its course 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. Several tributaries of the Mississippi drain the 
 southeastern portion of the State. The Ked Eiver of the North drains the 
 northern part, passing oflf into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of a number 
 of lakes, among which are Traverse, Otter Tail, and Bed. This river also 
 forms the west Doundary of the State for about two hundred miles. That 
 portion of the State sloping toward Lake Superior is drained by the St. Louis 
 and its tributaries. St. !reters, or Minnesota river,' has a total length of 
 over four hundred miles within the State. Its principal branch is Blue 
 Earth or Mankato river, which flows nearly north. The St. Beters, Crow- 
 Wing and Crow rivers are tributaries of the Mississippi from the west. 
 
 Lake Superior forms a part of the eastern boundary, and the Lake of the 
 Woods, a part of the northern. Among other lakes of considerable size are 
 Eainy, Bed Lake, Lake Cass, and Leech Lake. Devil Lake in the north- 
 west part is about 40 miles long and 15 miles wide, and is said to have no 
 visible outlet. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi in the north- 
 eastern part of the State, and is a beautiful sheet of water. The State abounds 
 in small lakes which are mostly clear and beautiful. Owing to the multitude 
 of lakes Minnesota seldom suffers from inundations, as they tend to oheuk 
 the sudden rise and violence of the streams. 
 
 The, climate of the northern part of Minnesota is severe, but in the 
 southern part is not so rigorous as to prevent fair crops of Indian.com from 
 being produced some seasons. Wheat and other winter grains succeed ad- 
 mirably in nearly all parts. In the valleys of the rivers the soil is excellent, 
 and even the' valley of the Bed Biver of the North is regarded as a fine 
 . agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple and the facilities for manu- 
 facturing flour are unsurpassed, as the water power is practically unlimited. 
 
 A portion of the State is heavily timbered with pine, and one of the great 
 industries is the manufacture of lumber. Extensive forests of pine grow on 
 the Bum, St. Oroix, and Pine rivers, and on the shores of the Mississippi, 
 below Pokegamin Falls. Taken, as a whole, however, Minnesota cannot be 
 called a well-wooded country. The river bottoms furnish some very good 
 growths of oak, aspen, soft maple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden 
 and elni. In the swamps or marshy places are found tamarack, cedar, and 
 cypress. 
 
 Minnesota presents to the tourist many natural objects of interest, especially 
 ih her grand and beautiful scenery along the Mississippi and around her lakes. 
 St. Anthony's Falls are celebrated, not so much for their magnitude as a 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 81 
 
 cataract, as for their geological interest and the wild scenery connected with 
 them. Like Niagara, the falls are divided by an island, with the larger 
 volume of water passing on the west side. This west division is 310 
 yards wide. The greatest perpendicular fall of water is but 1 6^^ feet, but in- 
 cluding the rapids the descent is 58 feet in 260 rods. The rivers of Minne- 
 sota have numerous picturesque falls and rapids, and are in many places 
 bordered with perpendicular bluffs of limestone and sandstone. 
 
 So far as revealed by geological examination, Minnesota possesses no 
 great mineral or metallic wealth. There is, however, a rich deposit of iron 
 ore in that part of the State bordering on Lake Superior. A thin vein of 
 lead was discovered by the geological corps of Prof. Owen on Waraju river, 
 and some copper was found, but not " in place," having probably been car- 
 ried thither by the drift. Stone suitable for building purposes exists in 
 great abundance. In the southwest part of the State is a singular deposit 
 known as " red pipestone." Of this the Indians made their pipes, and the 
 place of its deposit was held in great sacredness by them. It is said that 
 different tribes at enmity with each other, met here on terms of amity and 
 smoked the pipe of peace. Longfellow has rendered this locality celebrated 
 in " Hiawatha." It was here — 
 
 " On the Mountains of the Prairie, 
 On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, 
 Gitche Manito, the mighty, 
 He the Master of Life, descending, 
 On the red crags of the quarry. 
 Stood erect, and called the nations. 
 Called the tribes of men together." 
 
 The first white men who are said to have visited the country now embraced 
 in Minnesota, were two fur traders in the year 1654:. They returned to Mon- 
 treal two years afterward and gave a glowing account of the country. This 
 was followed by the visits of trappers and missionaries, and to the latter we 
 are indebted for the first printed accounts of Minnesota. In 1805 an explor- 
 ing expedition under Pike traversed the country. A military post was 
 established at Fort Snelling in 1819. Excepting a British settlement at 
 Pembina, which was not then known to be within the limits of the United 
 States, no settlements were formed in Minnesota until after 1840. 
 
 St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, is in Kamsey county, on the bank of 
 the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, and 9 miles by land below the 
 Falls of St. .Ajithony. The first settlement was made about the year 1840. 
 The population has increased rapidly, and as a manufacturing, commercial 
 and business place it has assumed considerable importance. Minneapolis, a 
 tew miles above St. Paul, is a rapidly growing city, and is noted for its 
 great water power and manufacturing resources. Among other important 
 towns are Stillwater, Eed "Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, and Mankato. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Minnesota at the close of each 
 decade from 1850 to 1870: 
 
 TEAB. 
 
 WHITB. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 AGGREGATE. 
 
 1850 
 
 6,038 
 169,395 
 438,257 
 
 89 
 
 259 
 759 
 
 6,077 
 
 1860 
 
 *172,023 
 *439,706 
 
 1870 
 
 •The above aggregate for 1860 includes 2369 enumerated as Indians, and the aggrregate 
 for 1870 ineludes C90 enumerated as Indians. 
 
82 THB NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 NEBEASKA. 
 
 Nebraska is formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United 
 States by France by the treaty of April 30, ISOi. It was erected into a 
 separate Territory May 30, 1854, the limits subsequently being greatly 
 reduced by the formation of Dakota Territory in 1861, a right reserved in 
 the act creating the Territory of Nebraska, It was admitted into the Union 
 as a State, March 1, 1867. 
 
 Nebraska is in its extreme length from east to west about 412 miles, and 
 in breadth from north to south about 208 miles, embracing an area of 75,905 
 square miles, or 48,336,800 acres. The greater portion of the State is an 
 elevated undulating prairie with a general inclination toward the Missouri 
 river. There are no mountains or very high hills. The soil is various, but 
 
 fenerally fertile, except in the western portion near the base of the Eocky 
 lountains. The bottom lands along the rivers are not surpassed in tertihty 
 by any in the United States, while the higher undulating prairie is equally 
 productive with that of other western States. When the prairies are once 
 broken they are easy of cultivation, the soil being light and mellow. The 
 staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and other cereals common 
 to the latitiide. The climate is mild, as compared with that of the same 
 latitude on the Atlantic. The summers are sometimes very warm, and the 
 extreme western part is occasionally deficient in rain. Taken as a whole, 
 however, this is destined to become one of the foremost agricultural States 
 in the Union. 
 
 Nebraska is deficient in native timber, but the older settled portions are 
 dotted over with groves of artificial or cultivated timber, which is so rapid 
 in its growth as to require but a few years to produce enough for the ordinary 
 wants of the settler. The rivers and streams aie generally bordered with 
 groves of native trees, including oak, walnut, hickory, cotton wood and willow. 
 Along the Missouri river in places are some heavy growths of cottonwood. 
 
 The Missouri river forms the entire eastern boundary, and is navigable 
 for steamboats throughout the whole extent of that boundary and for nun- 
 dreds of miles above. Among^the important interior rivers are the Platte, 
 the Niobrara, the Eepublican Tork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, the Loup 
 Fork of the Platte, the Big Blue and the Nemaha. These rivers are so dis- 
 tributed, as, with their numerous tributaries, to afford admirable drainage to 
 all parts of the State, and as a consequence it is free from marshes, conduc- 
 ing to the excellent health for which Nebraska is noted. 
 
 So far as yet revealed, the State is not rich in minerals. Coal, however, 
 has recently been discovered in the southeastern part, in a vein sufiiciently 
 thick for mining. Near Lincoln are some salt springs of sufficient magni- 
 tude to yield large quantities of salt. On Platte river and other streams 
 both limestone and sandstone are obtained of suitable quality for building 
 material. 
 
 Bapid progress has been made in the construction of railroads in Nebraska. 
 Among them are the Union Pacific and its branches, the Burlington & Mis- 
 souri River and its branches, and others, affording railroad advantages to a 
 large portion of the State, and connecting the principa.1 towns with tlie 
 main lines, east, west and south. 
 
 Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska, is in Lancaster county, in the soutlieast- 
 ern part of the State. Here are most of the State institutions. It is a 
 thriving young city and is in the midst of a fine agricultural portion of the 
 State. ISTear it, on a little stream known as Salt Creek, are a number of 
 
THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 83 
 
 salt springs, and considerable quantities of salt liave been manufactured. 
 Eailroads connect it with all the great markets of the country. 
 
 Omaha is the leading commercial city of the State, and is located on the 
 west bank of the Missouri river in Dou^as coimty. It is 18 miles by land 
 above the mouth of the Platte river. The principal portion of the city is 
 situated on gently rising slopes extending from the river to the bluffs. The 
 elevations are crowned with fine residences, and command pleasant views of 
 the river and valley, with the city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, in the distance. 
 Since the completion of the Union Pacific Kailroad it has grown in popula- 
 tion and wealth very rapidly. A costly iron railroad bridge spans the Mis- 
 souri river at this point. As a produce, shipping and general commercial 
 ?oint it is rapidly growing into prominence. It was the first capital of the 
 'erritory and State, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians. 
 Among other important towns and cities are Nebraska City, Columbus, 
 Kearney, Grand Island, Hastings, Plattsmouth, Tecumseh, and Niobrara. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Nebraska by the census of 
 1860 and 1870: 
 
 TEAR. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 AOGBEGATE. 
 
 I860. 
 1870. 
 
 28,696 
 122,117 
 
 82 
 789 
 
 28,841 
 122,993 
 
 In the agrgregate for 1860, the enumeration includes 63 Indians, and in that of 1870, th6 
 enumeration includes 87 Indians. 
 
 MISSOUEI. 
 
 Missouri was formed out of a part of the territory ceded by France to the 
 United States in 1803. By an act approved March 26th, 1804, the French, 
 or Louisiana purchase, was divided, that part embracing the present State 
 of Missouri being at first designated as the District of Louisiana. The 
 name was changed to Territory of Louisiana, by an act passed March 3d, 
 1805, and again by an act of June 4, 1812, Louisiana Territory was changed 
 to Missouri Territory. By an act passed March 2, 1819, the southern por- 
 tion was detached and organized as the Territory of Arkansas. During the 
 same year thepeople of the Territory of Missouri, throiigh their Legislative 
 Council and House of Representatives, memorialized Congress for admis,- 
 sion into the Union as a State. On the 6th of March following an act was 
 
 Sssed to authorize the people of the Territory to form a State constitution, 
 issouri being the first State formed wholly out of territory west of the 
 Mississippi, the question of the extension of slavery came up and gave 
 rise to a stormy debate in Congress while the Missouri bill, as it was 
 called, was pending. The propriety and expediency of extending that in- 
 stitution to the new States west of the Mississippi, was powerfully and earn- 
 estly contested, and resiilted in a compromise restricting slavery to certain 
 limits, and prohibiting the extension of slavery to certain territory. The 
 bill, however, of March 6th, passed without restrictions. The people on the 
 19th of July, 1820, adopted their constitution, which was laid before Con- 
 fess November 16th of the same year. The Senate passed a joint resolu- 
 tion declaring the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union. This 
 was referred to a select committee in the House of Eepresentatives, and on 
 
84 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 the 10th of February, 1 821, Mr. Clay made a report. The House rejected 
 the resolution, and on motion of Mr. Clay, a committee on the part of the 
 House was appointed to join a committee on the part of the Senate to con- 
 sider the subject and report. On the 26th of February, Mr. Clay, from the 
 joint committee, reported a " Resolution providing for the admission of the 
 State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition." This resolution 
 was passed and approved, March 2, 1821. The condition was that Missouri, 
 by its legislature, should assent to a condition that a part of the State con- 
 stitution should never be construed to authorize the passage of a law by 
 which any citizen of either of the States in the Union should be excluded 
 from the enjoyment of any of the priviliges and immunities to which sucli 
 citizen is entitled under the Constitution of the United States. What was 
 known as the " Missouri Compromise," was embraced in the act of the pre- 
 -vious session, which authorized the people of the State of Missouri to form a 
 State constitution, and consisted of a compromise section in the bill by which 
 slavery was to be forever prohibited in that part of the territory west of the 
 Mississippi (except the State of Missouri), lying north of thirty-six degrees 
 and thirty minutes north latitude. Thus, after fierce and stormy debates, 
 running through two sessions of Congress, Missouri came into the Union, 
 and the exciting question of slavery was supposed also to have been settled. 
 On the 10th of August, 1821, President Monroe issued his proclamation 
 declaring the admission of Missouri completed, according to law. 
 
 Missouri in its greatest length from east to west is about 285 miles, and' 
 in width from north to south, 280 miles. It embraces an area of 67,380 
 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres. Tliat portion of it north of the Missouri 
 river is mostly undulating prairie and timber land, while that portion south 
 of the Missouri river is characterized by a great variety of siirface. In the 
 southeast part, near the Mississippi, is an extensive area of marshy land. 
 The region forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains is hilly and bro- 
 ken. West of the Osage river is a vast expanse of prairie. The geological 
 features of Missouri are exceedingly interesting. Coal, iron and several 
 kinds of stone and marble for building purposes exist in great abundance. 
 A vast region, in the vicinity of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, produces 
 iron of the best quality, and exists in inexhaustible quantity. It is also 
 found in other parts of the State. There is also lead, which has been mined 
 in considerable quantities. Copper is found throughout the mineral region, 
 but is found combined with other minerals. Silver is also combined with 
 the lead ore. The bituminous coal deposits are mainly on both sides of the 
 Missouri river, below the mouth of the Osage, and extending forty miles up 
 that river. Cannel-coal is found in Callaway county. 
 
 Missouri possesses the advantages of two of the greatest navigable rivers in 
 the United States — the Mississippi, which forms her entire eastern boundary, 
 and the Missouri, which flows along her northwestern border nearly two 
 hundred miles, and crosses the State in a south-easterly course to its junc- 
 tion with the Mississippi. As both of these rivers are navigable for the 
 largest steamers, the State has easy and ready commercial intercourse to the 
 Gulf of Mexico and the Eocky Mountains, as well as up the Ohio to Pitts- 
 burg. Besides the Missouri, the State has several important interior rivers, 
 to-wit : Grand river and Chariton, tributaries of the Missouri river from 
 the north, and the Osage and Gasconade from the south ; also. Salt river and 
 Maramee, tributaries of the Mississippi. The St. Francis and White river 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEBITOEY. 85 
 
 drain the soutlieastern part, passing from the State into Arkansas. The 
 Osage is navigable for steamboats about 275 miles. 
 
 Missouri as a State has many material resources, fitting her for becoming 
 one of the most wealthy and populous States in the Union. The soil is gen- 
 erally excellent, producing the finest crops, while those portions not so well 
 adapted to agriculture are rich in minerals. The greater portion of the State 
 is well timbered. In the river bottoms are heavy growths of oak, elm, 
 ash, hickory, cottonwood, siigar, and white and black walnut. On the 
 uplands also are found a great variety of trees. Yarious fruits, including 
 apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and strawberries, are produced in the 
 greatest abundance. Among the staple productions are Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, hemp and tobacco. A great variety of other crops are also 
 raised. 
 
 The State has an uneven and variable climate — the winters being very cold 
 and the summers excessively hot. Chills and fever are common to some 
 extent along the rivers. 
 
 The earliest settlement in Missouri seems to have been by the French, about 
 the year 1719. About that time they built what was called Fort Orleans, 
 near Jefferson City, and the next year worked the lead mines to some extent. 
 Ste. Genevieve was settled in 1755, also by the French, and is the oldest town 
 in the State. Missouri's greatest commercial metropolis, St. Louis, was first 
 settled in 1764, the earliest settlers being mostly French. 
 
 Jefferson City, the capital of the State, is situated on the right bank of the 
 Missouri river, in Cole county. It is 128 miles by land, and 155 miles by 
 water from St. Louis. The location being elevated, commands a fine view 
 of the river, with the pleasant and picturesque scenery which is presented at 
 this point on the Missouri. 
 
 St. Louis, the great commercial city of Missouri, as well as of a large por- 
 tion of the N^orthwest, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 
 twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri, and 174 above the mouth of 
 the Ohio. It is 744 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 1194 miles 
 above New Orleans. The city enjoys many natural advantages as a com- 
 mercial emporium, being situated nearly midway, between the two oceans, 
 and centrally in the finest agricultural region on the globe. With the 
 greatest navigable river on the continent, affording her a water highway to 
 the ocean, and to many, of the large inland cities of the country, St. Louis is 
 rapidly and surely going forward to a grand future. Her already great and 
 constantly improving system of railways, is tending every year to open up to 
 her larger fields of business and commercial intercourse. Of late years a 
 strong rivaliy has sprung up between St. Louis and Chicago, in regard to 
 population, etc., each claiming to be the third city in the tmion. The in- 
 f rease of St. Louis since the war has been great, the ascendency being at an 
 •".nnual rate of about ten per cent. At this increase she is fast earning the 
 ■wubriquet of the " Future Great City." 
 
 The site on which St. Louis stands was selected February 15th, 1764, by 
 Laclede, as a post possessing peculiar advantages for collecting and trading 
 in furs, as well as for defense against the Indians. For many years it was 
 but a frontier village, the principal trade of which was in furs, buffalo robes, 
 and other collections of trappers and hunters. A great part of the popula- 
 tion was absent during the hunting and trapping seasons, so that the in- 
 fancy of this city was ^most a struggle for existence. As late as 1820, the 
 population was but 4,598. The first brick house was erected in 1813. In 
 
86 THE NOETHWEST TBEEITOET, 
 
 1822, St. Louis was chartered as a city, under the title given by Laclede in 
 in honor of Louis XV of France. In 1830 the population was 6,694, an 
 increase of only 2,096 in ten years. In 1840 the population had reached 
 16,469; in 1850 it was 77,950, including 2,650 slaves; in 1860 the popula- 
 tion was 160,773 ; and in 1870 it was 312,963. 
 
 Kansas City, one of the rapidly advancing young cities of the State, is 
 situated on the Missouri river just below the mouth of the Kansas. In 
 1870 the population was 32,260. Since that time there has been a rapid in- 
 crease, both in population and business. 
 
 St. Joseph is one of the flourishing cities, and is situated on- the left, or 
 east bank of the Missouri river, 496 miles by water from St. Louis. It was 
 laid out in 1843, and became an important point of departure for overland 
 emigration to California and Oregon. In 1870 the population was 19,560, 
 but nas rapidly increased since then. 
 
 Among the important and thriving towns and cities are Hannibal, Springs 
 field, BoonviUe, Lexington, ChiUicothe, Independence, Palmyra, Canton, 
 Iron Mount and Moberly. 
 
 The following table shows the population of Missouri at the close of each 
 decade, from 1810 to 1870 : 
 
 TEAR. 
 
 WHITB. 
 
 COIiOBED. 
 
 AGOREaATB. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 1830. 
 1840., 
 1860. 
 1860. 
 1870.. 
 
 17,227 
 
 55,988 
 
 114,795 
 
 323,888 
 
 592,004 
 
 1,063,489 
 
 1,603,146 
 
 3,618 
 10,569 
 25,660 
 59,814 
 90,040 
 118,503 
 118,071 
 
 20,845 
 
 66,557 
 
 140,455 
 
 383,702 
 
 682,044 
 
 *1,182,012 
 
 *1,721,295 
 
 *The aggregate for 1860 includes 20 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 187C 
 includes 75 enumerated as Indians. 
 
 EXPEDITION" OF LEWIS AND CLAKKE, 
 
 Organization of Exploring Party — Departure — Osage Indians — Strange Tradition of the Ori- 
 gin of the Osage Nation — ^The Missouris — Old French Fort— Artificial Mounds— The Ot- 
 toes and Pawnees — Indian Graves — The Ayauway Indians — Council with Indians at Coun- 
 cil Bluffs— Little Sioux River— Death of Sergeant Floyd— Great Sioux Rivei^Red Pipe- 
 stone Quarries — Buffalo and other Animals — Mountain of the Little Spirits — Council with 
 the Sioux — Indian Idols — ^The Mandans — ^Winter Quarters — White and Brown Bears- 
 Antelopes— Black HiUg— First View of Rocly Mountains— Natural Scenery— The Great 
 Falls of the Missouri — Shoshones — Sources of the Missouri — Columbia River— The-Tush- 
 epaws — Short of Provisions — ^Pierced-Nose Indians — Down Lewis River — The Sokulks— 
 Grreat Falls of the Columbia— The Echeloots— Wooden Houses— Fingers as War Tro- 
 pies— Sight of the Pacific — Fort Clatsop — Return — Arrival at St. Louis. 
 
 In January, 1803, President Jefferson, in a confidential message to Con- 
 gress in regard to Indian affairs, took occasion to recommend, among other 
 Slings, the organization of a party to trace the Missouri river to its source, 
 and thence proceed to the Pacific ocean. The recommendation was favor- 
 ably considered, and Capt. Merriwether Lewis, was, on his own application, 
 appointed to take charge of the expedition. Wm. Clarke was subsequently 
 associated with him, so that this celebrated expedition is known in our his- 
 tory as that of Lewis and Clarke. The incidents of this long, tedious, and 
 romantic journey are worthy to be related as among tlie most interesting 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOEY. 87 
 
 in the annals of American adventure. At that time all that vast region 
 bordering on the Upper Missouri and its tributaries, as well as the regions 
 bordering on the Pacific, were unknown and unexplored by white men. By 
 the latter part of the year 1803 the party comprising the expedition was 
 made up and ready to start. The highest settlement of whites on the Mis- 
 souri river at that time was at a place called La Charrette, sixty-eight miles 
 above the mouth. At this place it had been the design of Capt. Lewis to 
 winter, but the Spanish authorities of Louisiana had not yet received ofiicial 
 information of the transfer of the country to the United States. For this 
 reason the party remained in winter quarters at the mouth of Wood river, 
 on the east side of the Mississippi. 
 
 Besides Captains Lewis and Clarke, the party was made up nine young 
 men from Kentucky, twelve soldiers of the regular army, two Frenchmen 
 as watermen and interpreters, and a colored servant belonging to Captain 
 Clarke — twenty-six persons in all. A corporal, six soldiers and nine water- 
 men, in addition to the above, were engaged to accompany the expedition as 
 far as the country of the Mandans, as there was some apprehension of at- 
 tacks by the Indians between Wood river and that tribe. 
 
 Three boats were provided for the expedition. The largest was a keel- 
 boat, fifty-five feet long, drawing three feet of water, carrying one large 
 square sail, and twenty-two oars. The other two were open boats, one of 
 six, and the other of seven oars. 
 
 The expedition started from the encampment at. the mouth of Wood 
 river on Monday, May 14, 1804. Captain Lewis, who was at that time in 
 St. Louis, joined the expedition at St. Charles, twenty-one miles up the 
 Missouri, which place they reg,ched on the 16th. Here they remained until 
 the 2l8t, when they proceeded on their voyage, reaching La Charrette, the 
 last white settlement, on the evening of the 25th. The village consisted of 
 but seven poor families. On the 1st of June they arrived at the mouth of 
 the Osage, one hundred and thirty-three miles on their journey. The coun- 
 try bordering on this river was inhabited by a tribe known as the Osage 
 Indians. They had a remarkable tradition among them as to the origin of 
 their nation. They believed that its founder was a snail passing a quiet ex- 
 istence along the banks of the Osage, till a flood swept him down to the Mis- 
 souri and there left him -exposed on the shore. By the heat of the sun he 
 was changed to a man. The change, however, did not cause him to forget 
 his native place away up on the banks of the Osage, and he immediately 
 sought his old home. Being overtaken with hunger and fatigue, the Great' 
 Spirit appeared, gave him a^ow and arrow, and taught him to kill deer and 
 prepare its flesh for food and its skin for clothing. When he arrived at his 
 original place of residence he was met by a beaver, who inquired who he 
 was, and by what authority he came to disturb his possession. The Osage 
 replied that he had once lived on the borders of that river and that it was 
 his own home. While they were disputing the daughter of the beaver ap- 
 peared, and entreated her father to be reconciled to the young stranger. The 
 father yielded to her entreaties, and the Osage soon married the beaver's 
 daughter. They lived happily on the banks of the Osage, and from them soon 
 came the villages and nation of the Osages. Ever since they entertained a 
 pious reverence for their ancestors, never killing a beaver, for by so doing they 
 would slay a brother. It has been observed, however, that after the opening 
 of the fur trade with the whites, the sanctity of their maternal relations was 
 very much reduced. 
 
88 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOEY. 
 
 The next tribe meDtioned by tbe explorers was that of the Missouris, once 
 a powerful nation, but then reduced to about thirty families. They finally 
 xiaited with the Osages and the Ottoea, and as a separate nation became ex- 
 tinct. The Sauks, Ayauways (lowas), and the Sioux are mentioned as being 
 the enemies of the Osages, and as making frequent excursions against them. 
 On the 26th of June they arrived at the mouth of the Kansas, 340 miles 
 from the Mississippi, where they remained two days for rest and repairs. 
 Here resided the tribe of Indians of the same name, and had two villages 
 not far from the mouth of the river. This tribe at that' time had been re- 
 duced by the Sauks and Ayauways to only about three hundred men. The 
 party at this stage of their journey, saw numerous buffalo on the prairies. 
 On the 2d of Jxily the party passed Bear Medicine Island, near which were 
 the remains of an old tort, built by the French, the ruins of the chimnejs 
 and the general outline of the fortification being visible. On the 8th 6f 
 July they reached the mouth of the J^odawa: The river is mentioned as 
 navigable for boats some distance. On the 11th they landed at the mouth oi 
 the S^emahaw. Mention is made of several artificial mounds on the Ne- 
 mahaw, about two miles up the stream at the mouth of a small creek. 
 From^ the top of the highest mound there was a fine view of the country. 
 On tile 14:th they passed the Kishnahbatona river, finding it to be only three 
 hundred yards from the Missouri at a distance of twelve miles from its 
 mouth. Platte river and other streams, both in Iowa and Nebraska, are men- 
 tioned and the country described with great accuracy. Along in this part 
 of the country were the first elk they had seen. 
 
 On the 22d of July the explorers encamped on the north (Iowa) side of 
 the river, ten miles above the mouth of the Platte river, to make observa- 
 tions and to hold an interview with the neighboring tribes. They remained 
 here in camp until the 27th. Among the streams mentioned in this vicin- 
 ity are the Papillon, Butterfly Creek and Moscheto Creek, the last named 
 being a small stream near Council Bluffs. In mentioning them we use the 
 orthography of the explorers, which in some instances differs from that now 
 in use. The Indians who occupied the country about the mouth of Platte _ 
 river at this time were the Ottoes and Pawnees. The Ottoes were much 
 reduced, and formerly lived about twenty miles above the Platte on the 
 Nebraska side of the river. They lived at this time under the protection 
 of the Pawnees. The latter were also much dispersed and broken. One 
 band of the nation formerly lived on the Republican branch of the Kanzas 
 Eiver., Another band were the Pawnee Loups, or Wolf Pawnees, who re- 
 sided on the "Wolf fork of the Platte. Another band 'originally resided on 
 the Kanzas and Arkansaw, but in their wars with the Osages they were 
 often defeated and retired to the Red river. Yarious other tribes living fur- 
 ther west, are mentioned. On the 27th they continued their journey, and 
 about ten leagues from their encampment, on the south (Nebraska) side of 
 the river, they saw and examined a curious collection of graves, or mounds. 
 They were of different heights, shapes and sizes. Some were of sand, and 
 others of both earth and sand. They were supposed to indicate the position 
 of the ancient village of the Ottoes before they retired to the protection of 
 the Pawnees. On the 29th they passed the spot where the Ayauway Indians, 
 a branch of the Ottoes, once lived, and who had emigrated from that place 
 to the Des Moines. Mention is here made of an interview with one of the 
 Missouri Indians who lived with the Ottoes, and the resemblance of his 
 language to that of the Osages, particularly in calling a chief inoa. 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEEBITOET. 89 
 
 On the 30th of July the party encamped on the south (Nebraska) side ol 
 the river. At that place next to the river was a plain, and hack of it a 
 wooded ridge, rising about seventy feet, above the plain. At the edge of 
 tliis ridge mey formed their camp, and sent an invitation to the Indians to 
 meet them. From the bluffs at this point they mention a most beautiful 
 view of the river and adjoining country. The latitude of the camp was de- 
 termined by observation to be 41 degrees 18 minutes and 14 seconds. The 
 messenger sent to invite the Ottoes returned on the evening of the 2d of 
 August, with fourteen Ottoe and Missouri Indians, accompanied by a French- 
 man who resided among them, and who acted as interpreter. Lewis and Clarke 
 made them presents of pork, flour and meal, and the Indians returned presents 
 of watermelons. The next morning (Aug. 3d) a council was held with the 
 six chiefs who were of the party of Indians; they were told of the change 
 in the government, and promised protection and advised as to their future con- 
 duct. All the chiefs expressed their joy at the change in the government, 
 and wished to be recommended to the Great Father (the President) that 
 they might obtain trade and necessaries. They asked the mediation of the 
 Great Father between them and the Mahas (Omahas), with whom they were 
 then at war. At the conclusion of the council medals and other presents 
 were given to the chiefs, and also some presents to the other Indians who 
 were with them. The grand chief of the Ottoes was not present, but to 
 him was sent a flag, a medal, and some ornaments for clothing. The ex- 
 plorers gave to the place where this council was held the name of Council 
 Bluffs. The reader will remember, however, that it was above the present 
 city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, and was on the Nebraska side of the river. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 3d of August they resumed their journey, and on 
 the 7th arrived at the mouth of a river on the north side, called by the Sioux 
 Indians, Eaneahwadepon (Stone river), and by the French, Petite Riviere 
 des Sioiix, or in English, Little Sioux river. The explorers were informed 
 by their interpreter (M. Durion) that this river rises within about nine miles 
 of the Des Moines; that within fifteen leagues of that river it passes through 
 a large lake, nearly sixty miles in circumference, and divided into two parts 
 by rocks, which approach each other very closely. Its width is various; it 
 contains many islands, and is known by the name of Zac d' Esprit — Spirit 
 Lake. The country watered by it is open and undulating, and may be visited 
 ia boats up the river for some distance. The interpreter further added that 
 the Des Moines was about eighty yards wide where the Little Sioux ap- 
 proaches it; that it was shoally, and that one of its principal branches was 
 called Cat river. The interpreter claimed to have been to the sources of the 
 Little Sioux, and those who are familiar with the country about Spirit Lake, 
 will concede that he described it quite accurately. The explorers speak of a 
 long island two miles above the mouth of the Little Sioux, which they named 
 Pelican island, from the large number of pelicans which were feeding on it, 
 one of which they killed. They also killed an elk. On the 10th they passed 
 the first highland near the river, after leaving their encampment at Council 
 Bluffs. !Not far from this, on a high bluff, was the grave of Blackbird, one 
 of the great chiefs of the Mahas, who had died of small-pox four years be- 
 fore, "file grave was marked by a mound twelve feet in diameter at the base, 
 and six feet high, and was on an elevation about 300 feet above the water. 
 In the center of the grave was a pole eight feet high. Near this the Mahas 
 had a village, and lost four hundred men of their nation, and a like proportion 
 of women and children by the small-pox at the time that Blackbird died. 
 
90 THE NOETHWEST TBEEITOKT. 
 
 After this dreadful scourge they burned their village, which had consisted of 
 three hundred cabins. On a hill at the rear ol' the place where the village 
 stood were the graves of the nation. On the evening of the 18th the ex- 
 plorers were again visited at their camp by a party of Ottoes and Missouris, 
 who entertained them with a dance. The professed object of their visit was 
 to ask intercession for promoting peace between them and the Mahas, but 
 probably the real object was to share a portion of the strangers' protisioas 
 and liquors. 
 
 The next day, August 20th, after passing a couple of islands, they landed 
 on the north side of the river, under some oluffs — the first near the river on 
 that side after leaving the Ayauway village. It was here that the party had 
 the misfortune to lose one of their men — Sergeant Charles Floyd. He had 
 the day before been siezed with a billions colic. Before his death he said to 
 Captain Clarke, " I am going to leave you; I want you to write me a letter." 
 Soon after making this request the brave soldier passed away. He was buried 
 on the top of the bluff, with honors due to a soldier. The place of his inter- 
 ment was marked by a cedar post, on which his name and the day of his 
 death were inscribed. About a mile further up on the same side of the Mis- 
 souri, they came to a small river, to which they gave the name of Floyd river, 
 in honor of their deceased companion. The place of the burial of Sergeant 
 Floyd was but a short distance below where Sioux City now stands. During 
 a great freshet in the spring of 1857, the Missouri river washed away a por- 
 tion of the bluff, exposing the remains of the soldier. The citizens of Sioux 
 City and vicinity repaired to the place, and with appropriate ceremonies, re- 
 intorred them some distance back from the river on the same bluff. The 
 same cedar post planted by his companions over his grave on that summer 
 day more than half a century before, remained to mark the place of inter- 
 ment up to 1857, although during nearly all this time the country had been 
 inhabited only by savages. 
 
 On the 21st of August the expedition passed the site where Sioux City 
 now stands, and noted in their journal the confluence of the Great Sioux 
 river with the Missouri. From their interpreter, M. Durion, they received 
 an account of the Great Sioux river. He stated that it was navigable for 
 more than two hundred miles, to the great falls, and even beyond them. The 
 reader will remember that this was before the time of steamboats on western 
 waters. He mentioned a creek that emptied into the Great Sioux below the 
 falls, which passed through cliffs of red rock, out of which the Indians made 
 their pipes; that the necessity for procuring that article had caused the intro- 
 duction of a law among the nations, by which the banks of that creek were 
 lield to be sacred, and even tribes at war met at the quarries without hos- 
 tility. These were what are now known as the "Ked Fipestone Quarries," 
 in southwestern Minnesota. 
 
 A few miles above the month of the Great Sioux, on the north, or Dakota 
 side of the river, they killed a buffalo, a deer and a beaver. They also saw 
 some elk. The place where the buffalo was killed they described as a beau- 
 tiful prairie, and gave it the name of Buffalo Prairie. They mention on the 
 south side of the river, a bluff of blue clay, rising to the height of 180 or 
 190 feet. Several miles from this, on the south side of the river, Captains 
 Lewis and Clarke, with ten of their men, went to see a mound regarded with 
 
 freat terror by the Indians, and called by them the Mountain of the Little 
 pirits. They believed it was the abode of little devils in human form, 
 eighteen inches high, and having large heads; that they had sharp arrows, 
 
THE NOETHAVEST TEEEITOET. 91 
 
 and were always on the watch to kill those who might approach their place 
 of residence. The Sioux, Mahas and Ottoes never would visit the hill or 
 mound for fear of the vengeance of the Little Spirits. The mound, though 
 extraordinary in its formation, they did not regard as artificial. From its 
 top they could see large herds of buffalo feeding at a distance. 
 
 On the 26th they passed the mouth of Yankton river, and, on landing, 
 were met by several Indians, who informed them that a large body of Sioux 
 were encamped near. On the 30th and 31st they held a council with the 
 Sioux, and smoked with them the pipe of peace. The Indians exhibited 
 their skill in dancing and various other amusements to entertain their vis- 
 itors. These Indians were the Yankton tribe of the Sioux nation. Their 
 grand chief was "We-u-cha, or in English, Shake Hand. Speeches were 
 made and presents exchanged. 
 
 On the 1st of September the explorers passed Calumet Bluffs, and the 
 next day Bonhomme Island, near which they visited some ancient earth- 
 works, or fortifications, on the south, or Nebraska, side of the Missouri. 
 They made a minute and careful examination of these works. They 
 embraced nearly five hundred acres. A day or two after, on a hill to the 
 south, near Cedar Island, they discovered the backbone of a fish, 45 feet 
 long, in a perfect state of petrifaction. 
 
 After several conferences with different tribes, and observations in regard 
 to the country, its formation, and the different animals seen, on the 13th of 
 October they reached a small stream on the north side, to which they gave 
 the name of Idol Creek. Near its mouth were two stones resembling human 
 figures, and a third like a dog. These were objects of great veneration among 
 the Ricaras (Eicarees), who occupied the country in that vicinity. They had 
 a legend that a young brave was deeply enamored with a girl whose parents 
 refused their consent to the marriage. The young braTC went out into the 
 fields to mourn his misfortunes, and a sympathy of feeling led the lady to 
 the same spot. The faithful dog would not cease to follow his master. The 
 lovers wandered away together with nothing to subsist on but grapes, and 
 they were at last changed into stone, with the lady holding in her hands a 
 bunch of grapes. When the Ricaras pass these sacred stones, they stop to 
 make offerings of dress to propitiate the deities, as they regard them. Such 
 was the account given to Lewis and Clai-ke, by the Ricara chief. As they 
 found here a great abimdance of fine grapes, they regarded one part of the 
 story as very agreeably confirmed. 
 
 On the 19th they reached the ruins of one of the Mandan villages. It 
 had been fortified. This, they were informed by the Ricara chief, was one 
 of several villages once occupied \)j the Mandans until the Sioux forced them 
 forty miles higher up the river. In this vicinity they counted no less than 
 52 herds of buffalo, and 3 herds of elk at a single view. 
 
 About the 1st of November, 1804, the expedition reached the country of 
 the Mandans, where they went into winter quarters. These Indians had 
 raised considerable com, some of which they presented to the party. During 
 the winter they obtained a great deal of information in regard to the history, 
 traditions, and manners and customs, not only of this peculiar and remark- 
 able nation, but of other tribes. Their huts, or cabins, were all completed 
 by the 20th of the month, and the place was named Fort Mandan. It was 
 on the north side of the Missouri, in a grove of eottonwood. The place, as 
 ascertained by observation, was in latitude 47 deg., 21 min. and 47 sec, and 
 the computed distance from the mouth of the Missouri was 1600 miles. 
 
92 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 During the winter they were visited by a great many Indians of the Maa- 
 dan and other tribes. A few French and traders of the Northwest Pur 
 Company also visited them. 
 
 The party remained at Fort Mandan until April 7, 1805, when they 
 resumed their journey. There were then thirty-two persons in the expe- 
 dition, some of the party having returned to St. Louis. In this portion of 
 the country they began to see numbers of white bear, antelope, and other 
 animals, which they nad not seer, lower down on the rjver. On the 12th 
 they arrived at the mouth of the Little Missouri, near which they found large 
 quantities of small onions, about the size of a bullet, of an oval form and 
 white. The iiext day they passed a smalt stream to which they gave the 
 name of Onion Creek, from the great abundance of that vegetable growing 
 near it. Along this part of the Missouri were large numbers of bald eagles, 
 and also many geese and brant. Numerous deserted Indian lodges wei'e 
 noticed, which they supposed to have belonged to the Assiniboins, as there 
 were the remains of small kegs. That tribe was the only one in this region 
 that then used spirituous liquors. They obtained it from the traders of the 
 Hudson Bay Company, bartering their furs for it. Here many plants and 
 aromatic herbs are mentioned, and some resembling in taste and smell sage, 
 hys^, wormwood and juniper. On the 26th they camped at the mouth of 
 the Yellowstone, where game of various kinds was very abundant. Frequent 
 mention is made of the burned hills along that part of the Missouri for some 
 distance above and below the Yellowstone. Among the animals killed hy 
 the hunters of the expedition in this part of the voyage were several 
 brown bears. On the evening of the 14th of May the men in one of the 
 canoes discovered a large brown bear lying in the open grounds about three 
 hundred yards from the river. Six of them, all good hunters, went to attack 
 him, and, concealing themselves by a small eminence, four of them fired at 
 a distance of about forty paces. Each of them lodged a ball in the bear's 
 body, two of them directly through the lungs. The animal sprang up and 
 ran open-mouthed toward them. As he came near, the two hunters who had 
 reserved their fire, gave him two more wounds, one of which, breakifHg his 
 shoulder, retarded his motion for a moment. Before they could reload he 
 was so near upon them that they were obliged to run to the river, the bear 
 almost overtaking them. Two of the men sprang into the canoe, and the 
 others concealed themselves in some willows and fired as fast as they could 
 reload, striking him several times. The shots seemed only to direct him 
 toward the hunters, till at last he pursued two of them so closely that they 
 threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped twenty feet down a perpen- 
 dicular bank into the river: The bear sprang after them, and was within a 
 few feet of the hindmost when one of the hunters on shore shot him in the 
 head, and finally killed' him. They dragged the bear to shore and found 
 that eight balls had passed through his body in different directions. i 
 
 On' the 20th of May the party reached the mouth of the MusclesheU, a 
 river of considerable size from the south. They were then 2270 miles above 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, in latitude 47 deg., 24 min. Mention is made 
 of what the French traders called Cote JSToire, or Black Hills. On the 26th 
 of May they had the first view of the Rocky Mountains, " the object," as the 
 ■journalist remarks, " of all our hopes, and the reward of all our ambition." 
 The view was obtained from what they called one of the last ridges of the 
 Black Mountains. On the 30th they had reached that part of the river 
 which passes through between walls of rocks, presenting . every form of 
 
THE NOETHWEST TEREITOKT. 93 
 
 sculptured ruins, and having the appearance of being the productions of art. 
 Of these objects of natural scenery they give a most glowing description. 
 
 On the 3d of June the expedition reached a junction of two branches of 
 the river, when they were at a loss to determine which was the true Mis- 
 souri river. Parties, one under Captain Lewis and the other under Captain 
 Clarke, proceeded to explore both branches by land. The party under Cap- 
 tain Lewis, on the 13th, reached the Great Falls of the Missouri on the 
 southern branch, which determined the question. One of the men was 
 sent to inform Captain Clarke of the discovery. The explorers give a vivid 
 description of the wonderful and beautiful scenery which is here presented. 
 In the vicinity of the falls they saw a herd of at least a thousand buffalo, 
 one of which they shot. Here Captain Lewis himself had an encounter 
 with a large brown bear, from which he escaped by plunging into the river. 
 Mention is made of grasshoppers at the mouth of Medicine river, about 
 twelve miles above the Great Falls, in such multitudes that the herbage on 
 the plains was in part destroyed by them. At that point the Missouri is 
 described as being three hundred yards wide, and Medicine river one hun- 
 hundred and thirty-seven yards wide. The party remained here until the 
 15th of July, examining the surrounding country, constructing canoes, and 
 making general preparations for continuing the journey. On that day they 
 again embarked with eight heavily loaded canoes, encountering many diflS- 
 cult places for navigating, owing to the rapids. Toward the latter part of 
 July they reached a point where the Missouri is formed of three branches, 
 one of which they called Jefferson, one Madison, and one Gallatin. Here 
 the party divide and explore the several branches, partly for the purpose of 
 finding the Shoshones, the Indians that were known to inhabit that region. 
 On the 11th of August they encountered a single Indian on horseback, who 
 
 E roved to be one of that tribe or nation. Captain Lewis, who had continued 
 is course up the Jefferson, or principal branch forming the sources of the 
 Missouri, reached a point where it had so diminished in width that one of 
 liis men in a fit of enthusiasm, with one foot on each side of the rivulet, 
 thanked God that he had lived to bestride the Missouri. A few miles 
 further on they reached the point where issues the remotest water — the 
 hitherto hidden sources of that river, which had never before been seen by 
 civilized man. They sat down by the brink of the little rivulet, and 
 quenched their thrist at the chaste and icy fountain, which sends its modest 
 tribute down to the great ocean thousands of miles away. Crossing over the 
 the dividing line between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, at a 
 distance of three-quarters of a mile, they stopped to taste for the first time 
 the waters of the Columbia, here a stream of clear, cold water flowing west- 
 ward. On the same day Captain Lewis succeeded in gaining a friendly in- 
 terview with the Shoshones. Captain Clarke, with a part of the expedition, 
 was at this time at the junction of the three branches of the Missouri, and 
 Captain Lewis engaged a number of the Indians, with about thirty of their 
 horses, to transport their merchandise and outfit to the Shoshone camp. 
 
 The Shoshones are described as being a small tribe of the nation called 
 the Snake Indians, an appellation which embraces the inhabitants of the 
 southern parts of the Rocl^ Mountains and of the plains on either side. 
 During the summer the Shoshones resided about the headwaters of the 
 Columbia, where they lived chiefiy on salmon. In their journal the explorers 
 give a long and interesting account of the habits, traditions, and manner of 
 
94 THE NORTHWEST TEJSEITOKT. 
 
 life of this people. They found them honest, friendly, and ready to rend^ 
 them all assistance in their power. 
 
 After purchasing twenty -ninfe horses from the Shoshones, the party on the 
 30th of August resumed their journey toward the Pacific. On the 4th of 
 September, after many difficulties in finding a practicable route, they came 
 to a large encampment of Indians who received them with great cordiality. 
 The pipe of peace was introduced and a council held. They represented 
 themselves as a band of a nation caEed Tushepaws, a numerous people then 
 residing on the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The In- 
 dians shaded their berries and roots with the strangers and received some 
 presents. Several horses were purchased from them. On the 6th they 
 reached a stream to which they gave the name of Clarke river, Captain 
 Clarke being the first white man who ever visited its waters. The route 
 was a rugged one, and in many places almost impracticable, and to add to 
 the difficulties of the situation, snow had been falling, so that on the 16th it 
 was six or eight inches deep. The difficulty of procuring game or other 
 subsistence made it necessary for them to kill several of their horses on this 
 part of their journey, for food. They had a little of what was called portable 
 soup which they used by melting some snow. This, and about twenty 
 pounds of bear's oil, was their only remaining subsistence. They were now 
 in a region where their guns were of little service, for there was scarcely a 
 living creature to be seen in those mountains. Captain Clarke and six 
 hunters searched the mountains all day for game but found none, and at 
 night encam"ped on a small stream to which they gave the name of Hungry 
 Creek. Their only refreshment during the day was a little of the portable 
 soup. On the 26th, Captain Clarke and his hunting party encountered three 
 Indian boys, and sent them forward to the village with some presents. An 
 Indian came out to meet them, and conducted them to a large tent in the 
 village, which was the residence of the great chief. After some introductory 
 ceremonies by signs, the Indians set before the strangers some bufialo meat, 
 dried salmon, berries and several kinds of roots. This, after their long 
 abstinence, was a sumptuous treat. One of the chiefs conducted them to 
 another village, two miles away, where they were received with great kind- 
 ness and passed the night. These Indians called themselves Chopunish, or 
 Pierced-]N ose (Nez Perces). With a few articles Captain Clarke chanced to 
 have in his pockets he purchased some dried salmon, roots and berries and 
 sent them by one of his men and a hired Indian back to -Captain Lewis. 
 The main body with Captain Lewis had been so fortunate as to kill a few 
 pheasants and a prairie wolf. As soon as it was known in the villages that 
 the wonderful strangers had arrived the people crowded in to see them. 
 Twisted Hair, the chief, drew a chart or map of the country and streams on 
 a white elk-skan, which was of great service in guiding them on their course. 
 From these Indians as many provisions were purchased as could be carried 
 on their horses. After proceeding down the river some distance, they 
 determined to continue their journey in canoes, which they, set about con- 
 structing. By the 7th of October the canoes were launched and loaded. 
 The horses were branded and left with the Indians to be kept until their 
 return. Accompanied by some of the Indians down Lewis river, the ex- 
 pedition finally reached the Columbia on the 16th, having stopped at a 
 number of villages on the way. The Columbia at the mouth of Lewis river 
 they found to be 960 yards wide, and Lewis river 675 yards wide. Here 
 they found themselves among a nation who called themselves Sokulks,"a 
 
THE KOETHWEOT TEEEITOET. 95 
 
 people of a mild and peaceable disposition. Fish was their principal article 
 of rood. On the 18th they resumed their journey down the Columbia in the 
 presence of many of the Sokulks who came to witness their departure. 
 They passed many different tribes who inhabited the borders of the Colum- 
 bia, all of whom they visited in their villages and encampments, learning 
 their condition, habits, history and mode of living. Wherever they halted 
 large numbers of Indians gathered to see them, and generally manifested the 
 greatest kindness and hospitality. All of them had pierced noses. 
 
 On the 22d of October the party reached the Great Falls of the Colum- 
 bia. Many Indians inhabited this portion of the country, and some of them 
 assisted the party in unloading the canoes, transporting the goods around 
 the falls, and in bringing down the canoes. At one place it was necessary to 
 haul the canoes over a point of land to avoid a perpendicular fall of seventy 
 feet. Some distance below the falls they came to a village of another tribe, 
 or nation, called the Echeloots. Here they found the first wooden hoxises 
 they had seen after leaving the settlements near the Mississippi. They were 
 made of logs and poles, with poles for rafters and covered with white cedar, 
 kept on by strands of cedar fibres. The inhabitants received the strangers 
 with great kindness, invited them to their houses, and came in great num- 
 bers to see them. They were surprised to find that these Indians spoke a 
 language quite different from that of the tribes above the Great Falls. 
 Some of their customs, however, were the same. Like the tribes they had 
 recently visited, they flattened the heads of their children, and in nearly the 
 same manner. Among the mountain tribes^ however, this custom was con- 
 fined to the females almost exclusively, whereas the Echeloots subjected 
 both sexes to the operation. On the 18th they came to another tribe where 
 they saw a British musket and several brass tea-kettles which the Indians prized 
 very highly. In the interview with the chief he directed his wife to hand 
 him his medicine-bag, from which he drew out fourteen forefingers, which 
 he said had belonged to the same number of his enemies whom he had 
 killed in battle. These fingers were shown with great exultation, after which 
 they were carefully replaced among the other valuable contents of the 
 medicine-bag. This was the first instance in which the explorers had 
 observed that any other ti'ophy than the scalp was ever carried from the 
 field in Indian warfare. 
 
 On the 2d of November the party passed the rapids which form the last 
 descent of the Columbia, and tide-water commences. On this part of the 
 Columbia they began to meet with tribes who had some knowledge of the 
 whites, and from articles in their possession, it was observed that they had 
 maintained some sort of trade or barter with the whites. The Indians here 
 also began to be troublesome and were disposed to pilfer whenever an oppor- 
 tunity offered, showing that in their intercourse with the whites they had con- 
 tracted some vices that they are free from in the absence of such intercourse. 
 
 On the 16th of November, 1805, the expedition encamped in full view of 
 the Pacific Ocean, at Haley's Bay, as laid down by Vancouver. Their long, 
 tedious and eventful journey to the Pacific having ended, they made prepa- 
 rations for going into winter quarters. Some distance below the mouth of 
 the Columbia, three miles above the mouth of a little river that empties into 
 the bay, in a thick grove of lofty pines, they formed their winter encamp- 
 ment. Game was exceedingly plenty, and during the winter they were vis- 
 ited by a large mimber of the Indians inhabiting the coast region. They 
 called the place Fort Clatsop, from the tribe of Indians inhabiting the imme- 
 
96 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 
 
 diate vicinity. Here they remained until the 23d of March, 1806, when 
 they commenced their return, by the same route. • 
 
 liefore leaving, Captains Lewis and Clarke posted up in the fort a note 
 to the following effect: 
 
 " The object of this is, that through the medium of some civilized person, 
 who may see the same, it may be made known to the world that the party con- 
 sisting of the persons whose names are hereto annexed, and who were sent 
 out by the government of the United States to explore the interior ot the 
 continent of North America, did cross the same by the way of the Missouri 
 and Columbia rivers, to the discharge of the latter into the Pacific- ocean, 
 where they arrived on the 14:th day of November, 1805, and dieparted the 
 23d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States, by the same 
 route by which they came out." 
 
 It is somewhat singular that this note a short time after fell into the hands 
 of a Captain Hill, while on the coast near the mouth of the Columbia river. 
 It was delivered to him by some Indians, and taken to Canton,, China, from 
 whence it was brought to the United States in January, 1807. On the 23d 
 of September, 1806, the party reached the mouth of the Missouri, and 
 decended the Mississippi to St. Louis, arriving at 12 o'clock. Having fired 
 a salute, they went on shore, where they " received a most, hearty and hos- 
 pitable welcome from the whole village." 
 
 This is bat a very partial and hasty review of that romantic and extraor- 
 dinary expedition — the first exploration by authority of the government of 
 the United States, of that wonderful region which of late years has attracted 
 so much attention. It gave to the world the first authentic account of the 
 upper Missouri and its tributaries, and of the rivers that flow from the west- 
 ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and seek the Pacific Ocean through the 
 great Columbia. It imparted to civilized man some definite knowledge of 
 the strange tribes whose homes were on the borders of those rivers; of their 
 habits, traditions and modes of life; of the fauna and flora of a region hith- 
 erto unknown, and of natural sceneiy not surpassed in grandeur and sub- 
 limity by that of any other part of the world. Other explorers have since 
 revealed a portion of the hidden treasures of that part ot OTr national do- 
 main, but the pioneer expeditien of Lewis and Clarke, so successfully accom- 
 plished, will always possess a peculiar and thrilling interest. 
 
 SKETCH OP CHICAGO. 
 
 First White Visitors — ^The Name — Jean Baptiste— John Einzie — Ft. Dearborn — Evafcnatioii— 
 The Massacre — Heroic Women — Capt. Heald— Capt. Wells — Scalping tixe Wounded— Ft. 
 Dearborn Re-buUfc — Illinois and Michigan Canal — Chicago Laid Out— Eemovnl of In- 
 dians — City Organization — Pioneer Religious Societies — Public Improvements— Location 
 of City— Gfrowth— The Great Fire — Rise of the New Chicago. 
 
 The history of so great a city as Chicago, like that of London, or Paris, 
 or New York, by reason of its commercial, financial and other relations to 
 the world at large, is a history of world-vride interest. Not that Chicago 
 may yet be compared in size, population or wealth with the great cities 
 named, would we mention it in connection with theip, and yet, considering 
 its age, it is greater than either of them. In its ratio of increase. in popu- 
 lation, commerce, and general progress, it is to-day outstripping tliein. In 
 what civilized part of the globe is Chicago not heard of, read ot, and known? 
 
THE KOBTUWJfiST TEBBITOBT. 
 
 97 
 
 
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OS THE NOETHWEST TEKEITOKT. 
 
 If, 80 many centuries after the founding of Rome, mankind still feel inter- 
 ested in tlie mythical story of Komulus and Eemus, may not the present 
 and future generations read ■with equal interest the more authentic story of 
 the founding of a great modem city? 
 
 The Jesuit missionary and explorer, Marquette, first visited the pl^ce 
 where Chicago is located, in 1673. Again, in the winter of 1674-5, he 
 camped near the site of the present city, from December until near the close 
 of March. Upon his arrival, in December, th6 Chicago river was frozen 
 over, and the ground covered with snow. The name is of Indian origin, aiid 
 was applied to the river. By the French voyageurs it is variously spelled, 
 the majority rendering it Chicagou. The place is mentioned by "jBerrot in 
 1770. 
 
 In 1796, Jean Baptiste, a trader from the "West Indies, found his way to 
 t& mouth of the little stream known as Chicago river, and engaged in trad- 
 ing with the Indians. Here for eight years, almost alone, he maintained 
 trade and intercourse with the savages, until, in 1804, Fort Dearborn was 
 erected, and a trading post was established by John Kinzie, who became 
 the successor of Jean Baptiste. Fort Dearborn, as first constructed, was a 
 very rude and primitive stockade, which cost the government only about 
 fifty dollars. It stood on the south bank of Chicago river, half a mile from 
 the lake. The few soldiers sent to erect and garrison it were in charge oi 
 Major Whistler. For a time, being unable to procure grain for bread, the 
 soldiers were obliged to subsist in part upon acorns. The original settler, 
 Jean Baptiste, or as his full name was written, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, 
 sold his cabin to Mr. Kinzie, and the latter erected on the site the building 
 known to the early settlers as tlie " Kinzie House." This became a resort 
 for the officers and others connected with the garrison. In 1812 the garrison 
 had a force of 54 men, under the command of Capt. Nathan Hejjd, with 
 Lieutenant Lenai L. Helm and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. 
 The only white residents, except the officers and soldiers, at that time, were 
 Mr. Kinzie and his family, the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieut. Helm, and 
 a few Canadians, with their families. Nearly \ip to this time the most 
 friendly relations had been maintained with the Indians — the principal tribes 
 by whom they were surrounded being the Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe had been fought the year before, and the influence 
 of Tecumseh began to be observable in the conduct of the Indians. They 
 were also aware of the difficulties betw^een the United States and Great 
 Britian, and had yielded to the influences brousjlit to bear by the latter. In 
 April of this year, suspicious parties of Winnebagoes began to hover about 
 the fort, reftiaining in the vicinity for several days. The inhabitants became 
 alarmed, and the families took refuge in the fort. On the 7th of Au^st 
 a Pottawattamie chief appeared at me fort with an order or dispatch trom 
 Gen. Hull, at Detroit, directing Capt. Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and 
 distribute all the government proj)erty to the neighboring Indians. The 
 chief who brought the dispatch advised Capt. Heald to make no distribution 
 to the Indians. He told him it would be better to leave the fort and stores 
 as they were, and that while the Indians were distributing tlie stores among 
 themselves, the whites might escape to Fort Wayne. On the 12tli of August 
 Capt. Heald held a council with the Indians, but the other officers refused to 
 join him. They feared treachery on the part of the Indians, and indeed liad 
 been informed that their intention was to murder tlie white people. In tlio 
 council Capt. Heald had taken the precaution to open a port-hole displaying 
 
THE NOETHWEST TBEEITOET. 99 
 
 a cannon directed upon the council, and probably by that means kept the 
 Indians from molesting him at that time. Acting under the advice of Mr. 
 Kinzie, he withheld the ammunition and arms from the Indians, throwing 
 them,- together with the liquors, into the Chicago river. On that day Black 
 Partridge, a friendly chief, said to Capt. Heald: "Linden birds have been 
 singing in my ears to-day; be careful on the march you are going to take." 
 Oh the 13th the Indians discovered the powder floating on the surface of the 
 water, a discovery which had the effect to exasperate them the more, and 
 they began to indulge in threats. Meantime preparations were made to 
 leave the fort. 
 
 Capt. "Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, had been adopted by the famous 
 Miami warrior, Little Turtle, and had become chief of a band of Miamis. 
 On the 14:th he was seen approaching with a band of his Miami warrioBB, 
 coming to assist Capt. Heald in defending the fort, having at Fort Wayne 
 heard of the danger which threatened the garrison and the settlers. But all 
 means for defending the fort had been destroyed the night before. All, 
 therefore, took up their line of march, with Capt, "Wells and his Miamis in 
 the lead, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife riding by his side. Mr, 
 Kinzie had always been on the most friendly terms with the Indians, and 
 still hoped that his personal efforts might influence them to allow the whites to 
 leave unmolested. He determined to acconipany the expedition, leaving 
 his family in a boat in the care of a friendly Indian. In case any misfor- 
 tune should happen to him, his family was to be sent to the place where 
 Niles, MichiCT.n, is now located, where he had another trading post. Along 
 the shore of Lake Michigan slowly marched the little band ot whites, with a 
 friendly escort of Pottawattamies, and Capt. Wells and his Miamis, the lat- 
 ter in advance. "When they had reached what were known, as the " Sand 
 Hills," the Miami advance guard came rushing back, Capt. "Wells exclaim- 
 ing, "They are about to attack; form instantly." At that moment a shower 
 of bullets came whistling over the sand hills, behind which the Indians 
 had concealed themselves for the murderous attack. The cowardly Miamis 
 were panic-stricken, and took to flight, leaving their heroic leader to his fate- 
 He was at the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the attack was made, and, 
 after expressing to her the utter hopelessness of their situation, dashed into 
 the fight. There were 54 soldiers, 12 civilians and three women, all poorly 
 armed, against 500 Indian warriors. The little band had no alternative but 
 to sell their lives as dearly as possible. They charged upon their murder- 
 ous assailants, and drove them from their position back to the prairie. 
 There the conflict continued until two-thirds of the whites were .killed and 
 wounded. Mrs. Heald, Mrs Helm and Mrs. Holt, all took part in the combat. 
 In a wagon were twelve children, and a painted demon tomahawked them 
 all, seeing which, Capt. Wells exclaimed, " If butchering women and chil- 
 dren is your game, I will kill too," and then spurred his horse toward the 
 Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses. He was pur- 
 sued by several young warriors, who sent bullets whistling about him, killing 
 his horse and wounding Capt Wells. They attempted to take him a prisoner, 
 but he resolved not to be taken alive. Calling a young chief a squaw, an 
 epithet which excites the fiercest resentment in an Indian warrior, the young 
 cnief instantly tomahawked him. 
 
 The three women fought as bravely as the soldiers. Mrs. Heald was an 
 expert in the use of the rifle, but received several severe wounds. During 
 the conflict the hand of a savage was raised to tomahawk her, when she ex- 
 
100 THE NORTHWEST TEEETTOBT. 
 
 claimed in his own language, " Surely you will not kill a squaw." Her 
 words had the effect to change his purpose, and her life was spared. Another 
 warrior attempted to tomahawk Mrs. Helm. He struck her a glancing 
 blow on the shoulder, when she sized him and attempted to wrest from him 
 his scalping knife, which was in the sheath attached to his belt. At that 
 moment the friendly Black Partridge dragged her from her antagonist, and 
 in spite of her struggles carried her to the lake and plunged her in, at the 
 same time holding her so she would not drown. By this means he .saved 
 her life, as he intended. The third woman, Mrs. Holt, the wife of Sergeant 
 Holt, was a large woman, and as strong and brave as an amazon. She rode 
 a fine, spirited horse, which more than once the Indians tried to take from 
 her. I^r husband had been disabled in the fight, and with his sword, which 
 she had taken, she kept the savages at bay for some time. She was finally, 
 however, taken prisoner, and remained a long time a captive among the In- 
 dians, but was subsequently ransomed. 
 
 After two-thirds ot the whites had been slain or disabled, twenty-eight 
 men succeeded in gaining an eminence on the prairie, and the Indians des- 
 sisted from further pursuit. The chiefs held a consultation, aad gave the 
 sign that they were ready to parley. Capt. Heald went forward and met 
 the chief. Blackbird, on the prairie, when terms of surrender were agreed 
 upon. The whites were to deliver up their arms and become prisoners, to 
 be exchanged or ransomed in the future. All were taken to the Indian 
 camp near the abandoned fort, where the wounded Mrs. Helm had previ- 
 ously been taken by Black Partridge. By the terms of surrender no pro- 
 vision had been made as to the disposition of the wounded. It was the 
 understanding of the Indians that the British general, Proctor, had offered 
 a bounty for American scalps delivered at Maiden. Here there was another 
 acene ol horror. Most of the wounded men were, killed and scalped. 
 
 Such is a hasty glance at scenes that were witnessed on this then wild 
 shore of Lake Michigan. Such were the experiences and the struggles oi 
 the heroic men and women who ventured forth into the wilderness to plant 
 the germs of civilization, and to lay the foundations of future cities and 
 States. The site on which now stands a city which ranks among the great- 
 est on the continent, is consecrated by the blood shed by heroes on that 
 bright 15th day of August, 1812. 
 
 Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816, under the direction of Capt. Bradley^ 
 and was occupied until 1837, when, the Indians having removed from the 
 country, it was abandoned. 
 
 Congress, on the 2d of March, 1827, granted to the State of Illinois every 
 alternate section of land for six miles on either side of the line of the then 
 proposed Illinois and Michigan canal, to aid in its construction, from Chi- 
 cago to the head of navigation of the Illinois river. The State accepted the 
 grant, and on the 22d of January, 1829, organized a board of canal commis- 
 sioners, with power to lay out towns along the line. Under this authoritjj 
 the commissioners employed Mr. James Thompson to survey the town of 
 Chicago. His first map of the town bears date August 4, 1830. In 1831 
 the place contained about a dozen families, not including the ofi&cers and sol- 
 diers in Fort Dearborn. On the 10th of August, 1833, it was org^ized by 
 the election of five trustees — there being twenty-eight voters. On the .36th 
 of September of the same year, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of the 
 Pottawattamies, seven thousand of the tribe being present, and on the 1st 
 of October they were removed west of the Mississippi, The first charter of , 
 
THE NOKTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 101 
 
 the city was passed by the Legislature of Illinois, and approved March 4th, 
 1837. Under this charter an election was held May Ist; of the same year. 
 A c«nsus was taken on the Ist of July, when the entire population was 
 shown to be 4,170. The city then contained four warehouses, three hundred 
 and twenty-eight dwellings, twenty-nine dry goods stores, five hardware 
 stores, three drug stores, nineteen provision stores, ten taverns, twenty-six 
 groceries, seventeen lawyers' offices, and five churches. It then embraced 
 an area of 560 acres. At this date grain and flour had to be imported from 
 the East to feed the people, for the iron arteries of trade did not then stretch 
 out over the prairies of Illinois, loVa, and other States. There were no ex- 
 portations of produce until 1839, and not until 1842 did the exports exceed 
 the imports. Grain was sold in the streets by the wagon load, the trade 
 being restricted to a few neighboring farmers of Illinois. 
 
 Of rdigious organizations the Methodists were the pioneers, being repre- 
 sented in 1831, 1832 and 1833, by Eev. Jesse Walker. Their first quarterly 
 meeting was held in the fall of 1833, and in the spring of the next year the 
 first regular class was formed. The first Presbyterian church was organized 
 June 26th, 1833, the first pastor being Kev. James Porter. It consisted at 
 the time of twenty-five members from the garrison and nine from the citi- 
 zens of the town. The first Baptist church was organized October 19th, 
 1833 ; and the first Episcopal church, St. James, in 1834. The first Oath- 
 oh"c church was built by Eev. Schofler, in 1833-4. 
 
 The first great public improvement projected was the Illinois and Mich- 
 igan canal, one hundred miles in length, and connecting Chicago with La 
 Salle; at the head of navigation on the Illinois river. It was completed in 
 the spring of 1848. 
 
 To the eye of an observer, Chicago seems to be situated upon a level plain, 
 but in reality the height of the natural surface above the lake varies from 
 three to twenty-four feet, and the grade of the principal streets has been 
 raised from two to eight feet above the original surface. A complete ajas- 
 tem of sewerage has been established. The surrounding prairie for many 
 miles is apparently without much variation of surface. Though it cannot 
 be observed by the eye, yet the city really stands on the dividing ridge be- 
 tween the two great rivers that drain half the continent, and is about six 
 hundred feet above the ocean. Chicago river, before being widened, deep- 
 ened, and improved, was a very small stream. It has but very little per- 
 ceptible current, and for several miles is very nearly on a level with the 
 lake. It is formed by two branches, one from the north and the other from 
 south, which unite about a mile from the lake. From this junction the 
 stream flows due east to the lake. These streams divide the city into three 
 parts, familiarly known as North Side, South Side, and "West Side. Bridges 
 constructed upon turn-tables, or pivots, are thrown across the streams at 
 many places. By swinging the bridges round, vessels are allowed to be 
 towed up and down the river by steam tugs, so that there is very little diffi- 
 culty in the way of passing from one division of the city to another. The 
 stream has been made navigable for several miles for sail vessels and pro- 
 pliers, and immense warehouses and elevators have been constructed along 
 its banks, where vessels are loaded and unloaded with great rapidity. 
 
 We have seen that when the first census was taken in 1837, the city had 
 a population of 4,170. By 1840 it had increased to only 4,470 ; in 1845 it 
 was 12,088 ; in 1850 it wa!s 28,269 ; in 1855 it was 83,509. The census of 
 1870 showed a population 298,977. 
 
103 THE NOETHWEST TEEEITOKT, 
 
 One of the gigantic public improvements of Chicago is that for supplyijig 
 the city with water. Owing to the fact that the water in the lake, near the 
 ■shore, was pollnted by filth from the river, in 1865 a tunnel was cut under 
 the lake, extending a distance of two miles from the shore. This tunnel is 
 thirty-five feet below the bed of the lake. This work is regarded as an ex- 
 ample of great engineering skill, and has proved to be successful. The con- 
 tract price for this work was $315,139. Another great work is the tunnel 
 under the Chicago river at Washington street, cut for the purpose of dis- 
 pensing with the bridge over the river, and to obviate the necessity of the 
 public waiting for vessels to pass. The contract price for this great "work 
 was $200,000. 
 
 There are other great public improvements of the city, which w:ith her rail- 
 roads leading out in all directions, her immense lake shipping trade, and her 
 population of nearly half a million people, show the greatness that Chicago 
 has attained, all within so short a time. As she has been great in her prpsper- 
 ity, so also has she been great in her calamities. On the 8th and 9th of Oc- 
 tober, 1871, this city was the scene of one of the greatest conflagrations 
 known in the annals of the world — greater than that of London in 1666, 
 when thirteen thousand buildings were burned. In Chicago twenty thou- 
 sand buildings were swept away by the devouring element, with miles of 
 magnificent business blocks, palatial residences, and costly ornamehtatidns 
 — aSl covering an area of over five thousand acres/ In all that part of the 
 city between Harrison street and the Chicago river, and on the Korth Side 
 for nearly four miles to Lincoln Park, there was nothing to be seen but the 
 ruins of a city that had suddenly gone down at the merciless bidding of the 
 fire-fiend. It was a scene of desolation and ruin, and its announcement at 
 the time thrilled a sympathetic chord which vibrated throughout the whole 
 civilized world. Like the fabled Phoenix, Chicago rose again from her own 
 ashes, but grander and more magnificent than she was before. Chicago is 
 now, and has for some years been, the greatest pork packing and grain shipping 
 market of the world. Her commerce js of immense proportions and reaches 
 to all lands where American trade is known. She is the commercial metrop- 
 olis of the great Northwest, and the States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wis- 
 consin and Minnesota, pour their tributes of wealth over thousands of miles 
 of railroads into her lap. 
 
THB NOBTHWIST TBEBITOBT, 
 
 103 
 
 OLD FOKT DEAEBOBN, 1830. 
 
History of Iowa. 
 
 DESCEIPTIYE AND GEOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Eitent— Surface— Rivers— Lakes — Spirit Lake — ^Lake Okoboji— Clear Lake— Timber— Cli- 
 mate — ^Prairies — Soils. 
 
 Extent. — ^lowa is about three hundred miles in length, east and west, and 
 a little over two hundred miles in breadth, north and south; having nearly 
 the figure of a rectangular parallelogram. Its northern boundary is the par- 
 allel of 43 degrees 30 minutes, separating it from the State of Minnesota. 
 Its southern limit is nearly on the line of 40 degrees 31 minutes from the 
 point where this parallel crosses the Des Moines river, westward. From 
 this point to the southeast comer of the State, a distance of about thirty 
 miles, the Des Moines river forms the boundary line between Iowa and Mis- 
 souri. The two great rivers of the North American Continent form the 
 east and west boundaries, except that portion of the western boundary ad- 
 joining the Territonr of Dakota. The Big Sioux river from its month, two 
 miles above Sioux City, forms the western boundary up to the point where 
 it intersects the parallel of 43 degrees 30 minutes. These limits embrace an 
 area of 55,045 square miles; or, 35,228,800 acres. When it is understood 
 that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by the riv- 
 ers, and the lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the 
 highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural re- 
 sources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large 
 a& Scotland; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may 
 be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will 
 bear no comparison with Iowa. 
 
 Swtface. — ^The surface of the State is remarkably uniform, rising to nearly 
 the same general altitude. There are no mountains, and yet but little of 
 the surface is level or flat. The whole State presents a succession of gentle 
 elevations and depressions, with some bold and picturesque bluflfs along the 
 principal streams. The western portion of the State is generally more eleva- 
 ted than the eastern, the northwestern part being the highest. Nature 
 conld not have provided a more perfect system of drainage, and at the same 
 time leave the country so completely adapted to all' the purposes of agricul- 
 tm«. Looking at the map of Iowa, we see two systems of streams or rivers 
 rnnning nearly at right angles with each other. The streams which dis- 
 charge their waters into va.% Mississippi flow from the northwest to the 
 southeast, while those of the other system flow towards the southwest, and 
 empty into the Missouri. The former drain about three-fourths of the State, 
 and the latter the remaining one-fourth. The water-shed dividing the two 
 
106 mSTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 systems of streams, represents the highest portions of the State, and graid- 
 ually descends as you tollow its course from northwest to southeast. Low- 
 water mark in the Missouri river at Council Bluffs is about 425 feet above 
 low-water mark in the Mississippi at Davenport. At the crossing of the 
 summit, or water-shed, 245 miles west of Davenport, the elevation is about 
 960 feet above the Mississippi. The Des Moines river, at the city of Des 
 Moines, has an elevation of 227 feet above the Mississippi at Davenport, and 
 is 198 feet lower than the Missouri at Council Bluffs. The elevation of the 
 eastern border of the State at McGregor is about 624 feet above the level of 
 the sea, while the highest elevation in the northwest portion of the State is 
 1,400 feet above the level of the sea. In addition to the grand water-shed 
 mentioned above, as dividing the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri, 
 there are between the principal streams, elevations commonly called "di- 
 vides," which are drained by numerous streams of a smaller size tributary to 
 the rivers. The valleys along the streams have a deep, rich soil, but are 
 scarcely more fertile than many portions of those undulating prairie " di- 
 vides." 
 
 Rivers. — As stated above, the rivers of Iowa are divided into two systems, 
 or classes — those flowing into the Mississippi, and those flowing into the 
 Missouri. The Mississippi river, the largest on the continent, and one of the 
 largest in the world, washes the entire eastern border of the State, and is most 
 of the year navigable for a large class of steamers. The only serious ob- 
 struction to steamers of the largest size, are what are known as the Lower 
 Rapids, ]'ust above the mouth of the Des Moines. The government of the 
 United States has constructed a canal, or channel, a«-ound these rapids on 
 the Iowa side of the river, a worjk which will prove of immense advantage 
 to the commerce of Iowa for all time to come. The principal rivers which 
 flow through the interior of the State, east of the water-shed, are the Des 
 Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Wapsipinicon, Maquoketa, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. 
 One of the largest rivers in the State is Ked Cedar, which rises in Minne- 
 sota, and flowing in a southeasterly direction; joins its waters with Iowa 
 river in Louisa county, only about thirty miles from its mouth, that portion 
 below the junction retaining the name of Iowa river, although above the 
 -junction it is really the smaller stream. 
 
 ' The Des Moines is the largest interior river of the State, and rises in a 
 group or chain of lakes in Minnesota, not far from the Iowa border. It 
 really has its source in two principal branches, called East and West Des 
 Moines, which, after flowing about seventy miles through the northern por- 
 tion of the State, converge to their junction in the southern part of Hum- 
 boldt county. The Des Moines receives a number of large tributaries, 
 among which are Baccoon and Three Eivers (North, South and Middle) on 
 the west, and Boone river on the east. Baccoon (or 'Coon) rises in the vi- 
 cinity of Storm Lake in Buena Yista county, and after receiving several 
 tributaries, discharges its waters into the Des Moines river, within the lim- 
 its of the city of Des Moines. This stream affords many excellent mill 
 privileges, some of which have been improved. The Des Moines flows from 
 northwest to southeast, not less than three hundred miles through Iowa, and 
 drains over ten thousand square miles of territory. . At an early day, steam- 
 boats, at certain seasons of the year, navigated this river as tar up as the 
 " Raccoon Forks," and a large grant of land was made by Congress to the 
 State for the purpose of improving its navigation. The land was subse- 
 quently diverted to the construction of the Des Moines Yalley Railroad. 
 
aiSTOET OF IOWA. 107 
 
 Before this diversion several dams were erected on the lower portion of the 
 river, which aflford a vast amount of hydraulic power to that portion of the 
 State. 
 
 The next river above the Des Moines is Skunk, which has its source in 
 Hamilton county, north of the center of the State. It traverses a southeast 
 course, having two principal branches-^their aggregate length being about 
 four hundred and fifty miles. They drain about eight thousand square miles 
 of territory, and sifford many excellent mill sites. 
 
 The next is Iowa river, which rises in several branches among the lakes 
 in Hancock and Winnebago counties, in the northern part of the State. Its 
 great eastern branch is Red Cedar, having its source among the lakes in 
 Minnesota. The two streams, as before stated, unite and flow into the Mis- 
 sissippi in Louisa county. In size. Red Cedar is the second interior river 
 of the State, and both are valuable as affording immense water power. Shell 
 Ilock river is a tributary of Eed Cedar, and is important to ISTorthern Iowa, 
 on account of its fine water power. The aggregate length of Iowa and Red 
 Cedar rivers is about five himdred miles, and tney drain about twelve thou- 
 sand square miles of territory. 
 
 The vVapsipinicon river rises in Minnesota, and flows in a southeasterly 
 direction over two hundred miles through Iowa, draining, with its branches, 
 a belt of territory only about twelve miles wide. This stream is usually 
 called " "Wapsie " by the settlers, and is valuable as furnishing good water 
 power for machinery. 
 
 Maquoketa river, the next considerable tributary of the Mississippi, is 
 about one hundred and sixty miles long, and drains about three thousand 
 square miles of territory. 
 
 Turkey river is about one hundred and thirty miles long, and drains some 
 two thousand square miles. It rises in Howard county, runs southeast, and 
 empties into the Mississippi near the south line of Clayton county. 
 
 Upper Iowa river also rises in Howard county, flows nearly east, and 
 empties into the Mississippi near the northeast corner of the State, passing 
 through a narrow, but picturesqiie and beautiful valley. This portion of 
 the State is somewhat broken, and the streams have cut their channels deeply 
 into the rocks, so that in many places they are bordered by blufis fi-om three 
 to four hundred feet high. They flow rapidly, and furnish ample water 
 power for machinery at numerous points. 
 
 Having mentioned the rivers which drain the eastern three-fourths of the 
 State, we will now cross the great "water-shed" to the Missouri and its 
 tributaries. 
 
 The Missouri river, forming a little over two-thirds of the length of the 
 western boundary line, is navigable for large sized steamboats for a distance 
 of nineteen hundred and fifty miles above the point (Sioux City) where it 
 first touches our western border. It is, therefore, a highway of no little im- 
 .portance to the commerce of "Western Iowa. During the season of naviga- 
 tion some years, over fifty steamers ascend the river above Sioux City, most 
 of which are laden with stores for the mining region above Fort Benton. 
 We will now refer to the larger tributaries of the Missouri, which drain the 
 western portion of Iowa. 
 
 The Big Sioux river forms about seventy miles of the western boundary 
 of the State, its general course being nearly from north to south. It has 
 several small tributaries draining the counties of Plymouth, Sioux, Lyon, 
 Osceola, and O'Brien, in northwestern Iowa. One of the most important 
 
108 msTOET or iowa. 
 
 of these is Eock river, a beautiful little stream running through the conn- 
 ties of Lyon and Sioux. It is supported by springs, and affords. a volume 
 of water sufficient for propelling machinery. Big Sioux river was once re- 
 garded as a navigable stream, and steamboats of a small size have on sev- 
 eral occasions ascended it for some distance. It is not, however, now con- 
 sidered a safe stream for navigation. It empties into the Missouri, abont 
 two miles above Sioux City, and some four miles below the northwest cor- 
 ner of "Woodbury county. It drains about one thousand square miles of 
 Iowa territory. 
 
 Just below Sioux City, Floyd river empties into the Missouri. It is a 
 small stream, but flows through a rich and beautiful valley. Its length is 
 about one hundred miles, and it drains some fifteen himdred square miles of 
 territory. Two or three mills have been erected on this stream, and there 
 are other mill sites which will doubtless be improved in due time. 
 
 Little Sioux river is one of the most important streams of northwestern 
 Iowa. It rises in the vicinity of Spirit and Okoboji lakes, near the Minne- 
 sota line, and meanders through various counties a distance of nearly three 
 hundred miles to its confluence with the Missouri near the northwest corner 
 of Harrison county. With its tributaries it drains not less tlian five thou- 
 sand square miles. Several small mills have been erected on this stream, 
 and others doubtless will be when needed. 
 
 Boyer river is the next stream of considerable size below tlie Little Sioux. 
 It rises in Sac county and flows southwest to the Missouri in Pottawattamie 
 county. Its entire length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and drains 
 not less than two thousand square miles of territory. It is a small stream, 
 meandering through a rich and lovely valley. The Chicago and Northwest- 
 em Kailroad passes down this valley some sixty miles. 
 
 Going down the Missouri, and passing several small streams, which have 
 not been dignified with the name of rivers, we come to the Nishnabotna, 
 which empties into the Missouri some twenty miles below the southwest 
 corner of the State. It has three principal branches, with an aggregate 
 length of three hundred and fifty miles. These streams drain about five 
 thousand square miles of southwestern Iowa. They flow through valleys of 
 unsurpassed beauty and fertility, and famish good water power at various 
 points, though, in this respect they are not equal to the streams in the north- 
 eastern portion of the State. 
 
 The southern portion of the State- is drained by several streams that flow 
 into the Missouri river, in the State of Missouri. The most important of 
 these are Chariton, Grand, Platte, One Hundred and Two, and the three 
 Nodaways — ^East, West and Middle. All of these afford water power for 
 machinery, and present splendid valleys of rich farming lands. 
 
 We have above only mentioned the streams that have been designated as 
 rivers, but there are many other streams of great importance and value to 
 different portions of the State, draining the country, furnishing mill-sites, 
 and adding to the variety and beauty of the scenery. So admirable is the 
 natural drainage of almost the entire State, that the farmer who has not a 
 stream of living water on his premises is an exception to the general ruLe.. 
 
 LAKES OF NOETHEEN IOWA. < 
 
 In some of the northern counties of Iowa there are many small,.but beau- 
 tiful lakes, some of which we shall notice. They are a part of the system of 
 
niSTOET OF IOWA. 109 
 
 lakes extending far northward into Minnesota, and Bome of them present 
 many interesting features which the limits of this work will not permit us 
 to give in detail. The following are among the most noted of the lakes of 
 northern Iowa: Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county; Rice Lake, Silver Lake 
 and Bright's Lake, in Worth county; Crystal Lake, Eagle Lake, Lake Ed- 
 ward and Twin Lakes, in Hancock county; Owl Lake, in Humboldt county; 
 Lake 'Gertrude, Elm Lake and "Wall Lake, in Wright county; Lake Caro, in 
 Hamilton county; Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county; Wall Lake, in Sac 
 county; Swan Lake, in Emmet county; Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county; 
 and Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, in Dickinson county. Nearly all of these 
 are deep and clear, abounding in many excellent varieties of fish, which are 
 caught abundantly by the settlers at all proper seasons of the year. The 
 name ' Wall Lake,' applied to several of these bodies of water, is derived from 
 the fact that a line or ridge of boulders, extends aroimd them, giving them 
 somewhat the appearance of having been walled. Most of them exhibit the 
 same appearance in this respect to a e^reater or less extent. Lake Okoboji, 
 Spirit Lake, Storm Lake and Clear Lake are the largest of the N^orthern 
 Iowa lakes. All of them, except Storm Lake, have fine bodies of timber on 
 their borders. Lake Okoboji is about fifteen miles long, and from a quarter 
 of a mile to two miles wide. Spirit Lake, just north of it, embraces about 
 ten square miles, the northern border extending to the Minnesota line. Storm 
 Lake is in size about three miles east and west by two north and south. 
 Clear Lake is about seven miles long by two miles wide. The dry rolling 
 land usually extends up to the borders of the lakes, making them delightful 
 resorts for excursion or fishing parties, and they are now attracting attention 
 as places of resort, on account of the beauty ot their natural scenery, as well 
 as the inducements which they afford to hunting and fishing parties. 
 
 As descriptive of some of the lakes of Northern Iowa, the author would 
 here introduce some former correspondence of his own on the occasion of a 
 visit to Spirit and Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county. At that time he 
 wrote in regard to Spirit Lake: 
 
 With a party of delighted friends — seven of us in all — we made the cir- 
 cle of Spirit Lake, or Mm/ne-WoMlcon as the Indians called it. Starting 
 from the village of Spirit Lake early in the morning, we crossed the upper 
 portion of East Okoboji on a substantial wooden bridge about three hundred 
 feet in length, a half mile east of the village. Going around a farm or two, 
 we proceeded up along the east shore of Spirit Lake to what is known as 
 "Stony Point." Here a point of land has been gradually forming, for, we 
 do not know how many years, or even centuries, but large trees have grown 
 from the rocks, gravel and sand thrown together by various forces far back 
 in the past. From the inner edge of the growth of timber, a ridge of rocks 
 extends some forty rods into the lake, gradually lessening until, at the fur- 
 ther extremity, it only affords a dry foot-way by stepping from rock to rock. 
 Tliis point is said to be constantly extending and it is not improbable that 
 in time, two lakes may be formed instead ot one. " Stony Point" is almost 
 wholly composed of boulders of various sizes and shapes, brought together 
 by the action of water, on either side. It is the resort of innumerable birds and 
 water fowl of various kinds, including pelicans, black loons and gulls. When 
 we approached they were holding high carnival over the remains of such un- 
 fortunate fish as happened to be thrown upon the rocks by the dashing of the 
 waves. Our presence, however, soon cleared the coast of its promiscuous 
 
110 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 gathering of feathered tenants, but after we left, they doubtless returned to 
 their revelry. 
 
 We continued our journey up the lake a mile further to the "inlet." Here 
 a small stream makes its way in from the east, and, having high steep banks, 
 all we had to do was to go round its mouth through the lake, the water being 
 very clear, with a fine gravel bottom, and sufficiently shallow for good ford- 
 ing. Just above this, a sand-beach extends for some distance, portions of 
 which are covered with clumps of willows and other small trees. No heavy 
 groves of timber border on the east side of the lake, but scattered trees and 
 small groves extend ail the way along. The adjoining prairie land is gener- 
 ally diy, rolling and well adapted to farming purposes. Several farms are in 
 cultivation along the banks ot this part of the lake. 
 
 Nearly east of the north end of the lake, we crossed the Iowa and Minne- 
 sota line. Our road led us about a mile farther north, where it diverged 
 westerly to the south bank of a pleasant little sheet of water, known as Loon 
 Lake. This has an outlet connecting it with other small lakes, which lie 
 near the head of Spirit Lake, and which were doubtless once a part of the 
 same. In a pretty little grove on the shore of Loon Lake, in the sovereign 
 State of Minnesota, we paused for our nooning. 
 
 From Loon Lake the road turns southward, passing several miles through 
 groves of timber that border the west shore of Spirit Lake. A number of 
 clear and quiet little lakes are nestled romantically in the groves west of . 
 Spirit Lake with only sufficient room in many places for a roadway between 
 them and the latter. Of these charming little lakes, the three principal ones 
 are Lake Augusta, Plum Lake, and Kound Lake. In the formation of the 
 last named, nature has indulged in one of her most singular and interesting 
 freaks. It is something over a quarter of a mile in diameter, and so nearly 
 round that the eye can detect no irregularity. The bank, all around, rises 
 to the uniform height of about thirty feet, sloping at an angle of forty-five 
 degrees, and giving the lake the appearance of a huge basin. A dense forest 
 approaches on all sides, with large trees bending over the water, which is so 
 deep down in its reservoir that the wind rarely ruffles its surface. There is 
 no visible inlet or outlet, but the water is always deep and clear. It is 
 indeed worth a day's journey to see this charming little gem of a lake, 
 reposing so quietly in the midst of its wild surroundings of lofty trees, 
 tangled vines and wild flowers. 
 
 rlum Lake is so called from the fact that there are many groves of wild 
 plums around it. It lies between Lake Augusta and Round Lake, Near 
 the north, end of Plum Lake is a commanding elevation called " Grandview 
 Mound." From the summit of this mound there is a fine view of Spirit 
 Lake, and a portion of the surrounding country. There is every appearance 
 that these little lakes were once a porticm of the greater one that lies east of 
 them, and they are now separated from it by a strip of land only wide enough 
 in many places for a good wagon road, but it is gradually increasing in width 
 from year to year. It is covered with a growth of cottonwood, soft maple, 
 elm, wild plum, and other trees, with a dense profusion of wild grape vines 
 clinging among the branches. ■ The beach along the edge of Spirit Lake 
 here is composed of gravel, sand and shells, with a ridge of boulders, rising 
 and extending up to the timber, through which, the road passes, 
 
 Eound Lake, above mentioned, is situated in what is known as "Marble 
 Grove," one of the finest bodies of timber to be found about the lakes, and is 
 so named from its early occupant, who was killed by the Indians, It was in 
 
HISTOEY OF IOWA. Ill 
 
 this grove, after the massacre, that the iidians peeled the bark from a tree, 
 and with a dark paint, made a picture-record of what they had done. The 
 killed were represented by rude drawings of persons in a prostrate position, 
 corresponding with the number of victims. JPictures of cabins, with smoke 
 issuing from their roofs, represented the number of houses burned. In the 
 murder of Marble and his child, and the capture of Mrs. Marble, the Indians 
 completed the annihilation of the settlement at the lakes, and thus left a 
 record of their fiendish work. " Marble Grove " at that time was doubtless 
 a scene of savage rejoicing over the perpetration of deeds which cast a gloom 
 over all Northwestern Iowa, and which the lapse of years only could remove. 
 
 From the south end of " Marble Grove " to the village of Spirit Lake, the 
 road passes over undulating prairies for some three or four miles, with 
 several new farms now being improved on either side. The principal groves 
 of timber about this lake are at the west side and the north end, while a 
 narrow belt extends around the other portions. The water is deep, and the 
 wind often dashes the waves against the banks with great violence. At 
 other times the surface is smooth and placid. 
 
 There is a legend which we give briefly, for the benefit of those who may 
 be curious to know the origin of the name of Spirit Lake. Many moons 
 before the white man took up his abode or built his cabin on the shores of 
 tlie lake, a band of Dakota warriors brought a pale-faced maiden here, a 
 captive taken in one of their expeditions against the whites who had ven- 
 tured near their hunting grounds. Among the warriors was a tall young 
 brave, fairer than the rest, who had been stolen from the whites in infancy 
 by the wife of Um-pa-sho-ta, the chief. The pale-faced brave never knew 
 his parentage or origin, but the chief's wife called him Star of Day, and he 
 knew not but that she was his own mother. All the tribe expected that he 
 would sometime become their chief, as no warrior had proved so brave and 
 daring as he. Star of Day, only, had performed deeds which entitled him 
 to succeed to the honors of the aged Um-pa-sho-ta. But all the distinctions 
 or titles that his nation might bestow, possessed no attraction for him while 
 lie beheld the grief of the beautiful pale-faced captive. He therefore deter- 
 mined to rescue her, and also made up his mind to flee with her from the 
 tribe and make her his wife. The maiden had recognized in the blue eyes 
 and tair face of her lover, something which told her that he, like herself, 
 was a captive. One night, while all the warriors were asleep in their lodges, 
 Star of Day and the maiden slumbered not. He silently unbound the 
 thongs which fastened her to the lodge frame. Only a few paces through 
 the thick forest brought them to the lake shore, where, under the willows, 
 his light canoe was in readiness. Soon the lovers were midway across the 
 lake, but the Great Spirit who ruled in the wind and the water, as well as in the 
 forest, willed that tlieir home should be together beneath the waters where 
 no Dakota should henceforth ever disturb them. And so a breath of the 
 Great Spirit in the wind dashed a wave over the little canoe, and it went 
 down with the lovers. Since that time no Indian's canoe has ever dared to 
 venture upon the lake. Only the white man's canoe is always safe, for the 
 spuits of Star of Day and the maiden still abide under the water, in a 
 beautiful cave of shells, guarding only the white man's canoe from danger, 
 as spirits ever know their own. From that time the Dakotas called the lake 
 Minne-Wcmhm, or Spirit- Water. 
 
 Okoboji. — Okoboji is the most beautiful of all the lakes of Northwestern 
 Iowa. Walter Scott could not invest the historic lakes of Scotia with more 
 
112 inSTOBT OF IOWA. 
 
 of the wild beauty of scenery suggestive of poetry and romance, than we here 
 find around this loveliest of Iowa lakes. 
 
 Okoboji lies immediately south of Spirit Lake, and is of very irregular 
 shape. Its whole length is at least fourteen miles, but it is nearly separated 
 into two parts. The two parts are called, respectively. East and West Okoboji. 
 A wooden bridge has been erected across the straits, on the road from tte 
 village of Sijirit Lake to that of Okoboji, the water here being ordinarily aot 
 over'a couple of hundred feet wide and about fifteen feet deep. West Oljioboji 
 is much the larger body of water, stretching west and northwest of the straits 
 some eight miles, and varying in width from one to two miles. As you pass 
 around this lake, the scene constantly changes, and from many difierent 
 points the observer obtains new views, many of which might furnish inspira- 
 tion to the pencil of the artist. The water has a deep sky-blue appearance, 
 and the surface is either placid or boisterous, as the weather may happen to 
 be. The dry land slopes down to the margin on all sides. 
 
 . Huge boulders are piled up around the shores several feet above the 
 water, forming a complete protection against the action of the waves. 
 These rocks embrace the different kinds of granite which are found scat- 
 tered over the prairies, with also a large proportion of limestone, from which 
 good quick-lime is manufactured. This rock protection seems to be charac- 
 teristic of all that portion of the lake-shore most subject to the violent beat- 
 ing of the waves. But there are several fine gravel beaches, and one on the 
 north side is especially resorted to as being the most extensive and beautiful. 
 Here are immense wind-rows of pebbles, I'ounded and polished by the vari- 
 ous processes that nature employs, and in such variety that a single handful 
 taken up at random would constitute a miniature cabinet for the geologist. 
 Agates, cornelians, and other specimens of exquisite tint and beauty, are 
 found in great profusion, being constantly washed up by the water. The 
 east end of West Okoboji, at the straits, is some five miles south of Spirit 
 Lake, but the extreme west portion extends up to a point west of Spirit 
 Lake. East Okoboji is not so wide or deep as the other part, but is nearly 
 as long. It extends up to within a quarter of a mile, or less, of Spirit Lake, 
 and is now connected with it by a mill-race, being some four or five feet 
 lower than that lake. At a narrow place near the upper end of this lake, a 
 bridge some three hundred feet long has been erected on the road leading to 
 Estherville. The Okoboji outlet heads at the south end of East Okoboji, 
 and in its passage flows through three lakes called Upper, Middle and Lower 
 Gar Lakes. These little lakes are so named because large quantities of the 
 peculiar long-billed fish designated by that name, are found therein. This 
 outlet has a rapid fall all the way to its junction with the Little Sioux river, 
 some five miles below, and is about being turned to good account by the 
 erection of machinery on it. This outlet is also the greatest of the fishing 
 resorts about the lakes 
 
 The groves around Lake Okoboji embrace over one thousand acres of good 
 timber. The larger groves are found on the south side, where the prindipal 
 settlement was at the time of the Indian massacre. There are two or three 
 fine bodies of timber on the north side of West Okoboji, and a narrow fringe 
 of timber borders nearly all the lake shore between the larger groves. On 
 the north side of West Okoboji, near the west end, is a splendid grove of 
 hard maple, of large size, while none of this kind of timbef is found else- 
 where about the lake. On the same side in another grove, we observed 
 many red cedars of large growHi. We noticed one nearly three feet in 
 
HISTORY OF IOWA.. 113 
 
 diameter, and a fine crop of young cedars, from three to ten inches higli, 
 have taken root along the shore. Burr oak seems to predominate among 
 the various kinds of timber, and the groves on the south side are mainly 
 composed of this kind, with considerable ash, elm and walnut. In many 
 places the ground is covered with a dense growth of wild gooseberry and 
 wild currant bushes, all now giving promise of a fine yield of fruit. Many 
 plum groves are scattered about the lake, and grapes also grow in profusion. 
 We noticed, however, that the wild crab-apple, so plentiful in other parts of 
 the State, was wanting. 
 
 The land rises from the lake nearly all the way round, with a gradually 
 sloping bank, to the height of some thirty feet, and then stretches away in 
 undulating prairie or woodland, as the case may be. In some places, the 
 unbroken prairie extends to the beach without a tree or shrub. A splendid 
 body of prairie, embracing several thousand acres, lies in the peninsula 
 formed by Lake Okoboji with its outlet and the Little Sioux river. Between 
 Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, there is also a good body of prairie with some 
 well improved farms. A lake of considerable size, called Center Lake, with 
 a fine body of timber surrounding it, lies between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. 
 
 In point of health, as well as in the beauty of its natural scenery, this 
 locaHty far surpasses many others that have become fashionable and famous 
 resorts. A month or two in the summer season might be spent here with 
 constant change, and a pleasing variety of attractions. The invalid or 
 pleasure seeker might divide the time between hunting, fishing, driving, 
 bathing, rowing, sailing, rambling, and in various other ways adapted to his 
 taste or fancy. He could pay homage to I^ature in her playful or her 
 milder moods; for sometimes sne causes these little lakes to play the role of 
 miniature seas by the wild dashing of their surges against their rocky shores, 
 and then again causes them to become as calm and placid as slumbering 
 infancy. 
 
 Clea/r Za^e.'—Clea.T Lake, in Cerro Gordo county, is among the better 
 known lakes of the State, on account of its easy accessibility by rail, as well 
 as its many and varied attractions. It is a beautiful little sheet of water, 
 and as a pleasure resort has for several years been constantly growing in 
 favor. This, and Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, as well as some 
 others, are deserving of special description, but what is already given will 
 afibrd some idea of the lakes of Northern Iowa. 
 
 Timber. — One of the peculiar features of the topography of the north- 
 west, is the predominance of prairies, a name of French origin, which sig- 
 nifies grass-land. It has been estimated that about nine- tenths of the sur- 
 face of Iowa is prairie. The timber is generally found in heavy bodies skirt- 
 ing the streams, but there are also many isolated groves standing, like islands 
 in the sea, far out on the prairies. The eastern half of the State contains a 
 lar^r proportion of timber than the western. The following are the leading 
 varieties of timber: White, black and burr oak, black walnut, butternut, 
 hickory, hard and soft maple, cherry, red and white elm, ash, linn, hackberry, 
 birch, honey locust, cottonwood and quaking asp. A few sycamore trees are 
 found in certain localities along the streams. Groves of red cedar also pre- 
 vail, especially along Iowa and Cedar rivers, and a few isolated pine trees are 
 scattered aloijg the bluffs of some of the streams in the northern part of the 
 State. 
 
 Nearly all kinds of timber common to Iowa have been found to grow rap- 
 
 8 
 
lU 
 
 HISTORY OF IOWA. 
 
 idly wlien transplanted upon the prairies, or when propagated from the plant- 
 ing of seeds. Only a few years and a little expense are required for the 
 settler to raise a grove sufl&cient to afford him a supply of fuel. The kinds 
 most easily propagated, and of rapid growth, are cottonwood, maple and wal- 
 nut. All our prairie soils are adapted to their growth. 
 
 Prof 0. E. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College, who supervised the 
 collection of the different woods of Iowa for exhibition at the Centennial 
 Exposition, in 1876, has given a most complete list of the native woody 
 plants of the State. Below we present his list. "When not otherwise stated, 
 they are trees. The average diameters are given in inches, and when the 
 species is a rare one, its locality is given : 
 
 Papaw — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 Moonseed— climbing shrub; J^inch. 
 
 Basswood, Lynn or Linden — 20 inches. 
 
 Prickly Ash — shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Smoom Sumach — shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Poison Ivy — climbing shrub; 1 inch. 
 
 Fragrant Sumach — shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Frost Grape — vine; 2 inches. 
 
 River Bank Grape — vine; 2 inches. 
 
 Buckthorn — shrub; river bluffs; 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 New Jersey Tea — low shrub; j^ inch. 
 
 Red Root— low shrub; % inch. 
 
 Bitter-sweet — climbing shrub; 1 inch. 
 
 "Wahoo — shrub; 2 inmes. 
 
 Bladder Nut— shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Buckeye — ^20 to 30 inches. 
 
 Sugar Maple — 20 to 24 inches. 
 
 Black Maple — 12 to 18'inches. 
 
 Silver or Soft Maple— 20 to 30 inches. 
 
 Box Elder — 8 to 12 inches. 
 
 False Indigo — shrub; % incb. 
 
 Lead Plant — ^low shrub; J^ inch. 
 
 Red Bud — 6 to 8 inches. 
 
 Kentucky Coffee Tree— 3 to 12 inches. 
 
 Honey Locust — 12 to 20 inches. 
 
 Wild Pl^m— sbrub or tree; 2 to 5 inches. 
 
 Wild Red Cherry — shrub or tree; 2 to 6 
 
 inches. 
 Choke Cherry — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 
 Wild Black Cherry— 12 to 18 inches. 
 Wine Bark — shrub; J^ inch. 
 Meadow Sweet — shrub; J^ inch. 
 Wild Red Raspberry — shrub; "J^ inch. 
 Wild Black Raspberiy — shrubs % inch. 
 Wild Blackberry — shrub; % inch. 
 Dwarf Wild Rose — low shrub; % i°ch. 
 Early Wild Rose — low shrub; % inch. 
 Bladk Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. 
 "W^hite Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. 
 Downy-leaved Thorn — 2 to 3 inches. 
 Wild Grab Apple — 3 to 5 inches. 
 Service Berry or June Berry — 3 to 5 inches. 
 Small June Berry — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 
 Prickly WUd Gooseberry — shrub; J^ inch. 
 Smooui WUd Gooseberry — shrub; ^ inch. 
 Wild Black Currant — shrub; J^ inch. 
 Witch Hazel — shrub; 1 to 2 inches; said to 
 
 grow in N. E. Iowa. 
 EiumMnnik — shrub; 2 inches. 
 Rough-leaved Dogwood — shrub; 1 to 3 
 
 inches. 
 Panicled Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Alt«rnate-leaved Cornel— shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Wolf berry — low shrub; % inch. 
 
 Coral Berry — low shrub; ^ inch. 
 
 Small Wild Honeysuckle — climbing shrub; }{ 
 inch. 
 
 Blackberried Elder— shrub; 1 to 2 inches. 
 
 Red-berried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. 
 This one I have not seen, but feel quite 
 sure that it is in the State. 
 
 Sheep Berry — shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Downy Arrow-wood — shrub 2 inches. 
 
 High Cranberry Bush — shrub; 1 inch. 7 
 
 Button Bush — shrub; 1 inch. 
 
 Black Huckleberry — low shrub; J^ inch; near 
 Davenport, according to Dr. Parry. 
 
 White Ash— 12 to 18 inches. 
 
 Green Ash — 8 to 12 inches. There is some 
 doubt as to the identity of this species. 
 
 Black Ash — 12 to 16 inches. 
 
 Sassafras — 3 to 18 inches. Said to grow in 
 the extreme southeastern part of the 
 State. 
 
 Spice Bush — shrub; 1 inch. Said to grow in 
 Northeastern Iowa. 
 
 Leatherwood or Moosewood — shrub; 1 to 2 
 inches. In Northeastern Iowa. 
 
 Buffalo Berry — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Possi- 
 - bly this may be found on our western 
 borders, as it occurs in Nebraska. 
 
 Red Elm— 12 to 14 inches. 
 
 White Elm— 18 to 30 inches. 
 
 Gorky Elm — 10 to 15 inches. I have seen no 
 specimens which could certainly be re- 
 ferred to this species, and yet I think 
 there is little doubt of ite being a native 
 of this State. 
 
 Hackberiy — 10 to 16 inches, 
 
 Red Mulberry — 6 to 10 inches. 
 
 Sycamore, or Buttonwood — 10 to 30 inches. 
 
 Black Walnut— 24 to 48 inches. 
 
 Butternut— 12 to 20 inches. 
 
 SheE-bark Hickory— 12 to 24 inches. 
 
 Pecan Nut— 12 to 20 inches. 
 
 Large Hickory Nut— 18 to 24 inches. 
 
 Pig Nut Hickory— 12 to 20 inches. 
 
 These three last species I have nofrlS 
 in the State, but from their knowttJ'^ 
 tiibution, I have no doubt that th«J .aie 
 to be found in the southern portions of 
 the State. 
 
 Butternut Hickory— 12 to 18 inches. 
 
 White Oak— 20 to 30 inches. 
 
mOTOBY OF IOWA. 115 
 
 BvUT Oaik— 24 to 36 inches. Petioled Willow— shrub; 2 inches. 
 
 Chestnut-. Oak— 5 to IQ inches. Heart-leaved Willow— small tree; 3 to 4 in- 
 
 Laurel Oak— 5 to 10 inches. ches. 
 
 Scarlet Oak— 12 to 16 inches. Black Willow— 3 to 12 inches. 
 
 Red Oak— 15 to 20 inches. Almond Willow— 3 to 8 inches. 
 
 Hazel Nut — shnib; 1 inch. Long'-leaved Willow — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 bm Wood — 4 to 7 inches. Aspen — 6 to 12 inches. 
 
 B^ Beech — 3 to 4 inches; Cottonwood — ^24 to 86 inches. 
 
 Wfite Kich— S to 6 inches. Said to grow in White Pine — a few small trees grow in NorUi- 
 
 ; I , Northeastern Iowa. eastern Iowa. 
 
 SJiecHed Alder— shrub or small tree; 2 to 3 Red Cedar — 6 to 8 inches. 
 
 inches. Northeastern Iowa._ Ground Hemlock — trailing shrub; 1 inch. 
 
 Prairie Willows — ^low shrub; % inch. Green Briar — climbing shrub; j4 inch. 
 Glaucous Willow — small tree; 2 to 8 inches. 
 
 Total number of species, 104; of ttese, fifty-one species are trees, while 
 the remaining ones are shrubs. The wood of all the former is used for 
 economic purposes, while some of the latter furnish more or less valuable 
 fuel. 
 
 CUmate. — ^Prof. Parvin, who has devoted great attention to the climatol- 
 ogy of Iowa, in a series of observations made by him at Muscatine, from 1839 
 to 1859, inclusive, and at Iowa City, from 1860 to 1870, inclusive, deduces 
 the following general results : That the months of ^November and March 
 are essentially winter months, their average temperatures rising but a few 
 degrees above the freezing point. Much of the former month is indeed mild 
 and pleasant, but in it usually comes the first cold spell, followed generally 
 by mild weather, while in March the farmer is oft«n enabled to commence 
 his spring plowing. September has usually a summer temperature, and 
 proves a ripening season for the fall crops, upon which the farmer may rely 
 with safety if the spring has been at all backward. May has much more 
 the character of a spring month than that of summer, and " May day" is 
 not often greeted with a profusion of flowers. The average temperature of 
 May during thirty-two years was 59.06 degrees, while that of September 
 was 63.37 degrees. Prof. Parvin states that during thirty-five years the 
 mercury rose to 100 degrees only once within the region of liis observations 
 in Iowa, and that was during the summer of 1870. It seldom rises above 
 ninety-five degrees, or falls lower than fifteen degrees below zero. The 
 highest temperature, with very few exceptions, occurs in the month of Au- 
 gust, while July is the hottest month as indicated by the m^ean temperature 
 of the summer months. January is the coldest month, and in this, only 
 once in thirty-two years did the mercury fall to thirty degrees below zero. 
 The prevailing winds are those of a westerly direction, not for the year alone, 
 but for the several months of the year, except June, July, August and Sep- 
 tember. August is the month in which the greatest amount of rain falls, 
 and in January the least. The greatest fall of rain in any one year, was in 
 1851—74.49 inches, and the least in 1854—23.35 inches. The greatest fall 
 of snow for any one year, was in 1868 — 61.97 inches. The least was in 
 1850 — ^7.90 inches. The earliest fall of snow during twenty-two years, from 
 1848 to 1869, inclusive, was October 17th, 1859, and the latest, April 29th, 
 1851. The greatest fall was December 21st, 1848 — 20.50 inches. During 
 that time no snow fell during the months of May, June, July, August and 
 September, but rain usually occurs in each of the winter months. 
 
 The clear days during the time embraced in Prof. Parvin's observations), 
 were thirty-two per cent; the cloudy twenty-two per cent, and the variable 
 forty-six per cent. 
 
116 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 The year 1863 was very cold, not only in Iowa, but throughout the coun- 
 try, and there was frost in every month of the year, hut it onfy once or twice 
 during thirty years seriously injured the corn crop. When the spring is 
 late the fall is generally lengthened, so that the crop has time to mature. 
 The mean time for late spring frosts is May 4th; that of early fall frost is 
 September 24th. The latest frost in the spring during thirty-one years, from 
 1839 to 1869, inclusive, was May 26th, 1847; and the earliest, August 29tli, 
 1863. 
 
 Premies. — ^The character of surface imderstood by the term prairie, is not 
 a feature peculiar to Iowa, but is a characteristic of the greater portion of 
 the !N"orthwest. Dr. 0. A. White, late State Geologist of Iowa, in his re- 
 port says : 
 
 ■ " By the word prairie we mean any considerable surface that is free from 
 forest trees and shrubbery, and which is covered more or less thickly with 
 grass and annual plants. This is also the popular understanding of the 
 term. It is estimated that about seven-eighths of the surface of Iowa is 
 prairie, or was so when the State was fii-st settled. They are not confined to 
 the level surface, but are sometimes even quite hilly and broken; and it has 
 just been shown that they are not confined to any particular variety of soil, 
 tor they prevail equally upon Alluvial, Drift,- and Lacustral soils. Indeed, 
 we sometimes find a single prairie whose surface includes all these varieties, 
 portions of which may be respectively sandy, gravelly, clayey or loamy. 
 Neither are they confined to the region of, nor does their character seem at 
 all dependent upon, the formations which underlie them, for within the State 
 of Iowa they rest upon all formations, from those of Azoic to those of Cre- 
 taceous age inclusive, which embraces almost all kinds of rocks, such as 
 quartzites, friable sandstone, magnesian limestone, common limestone, im- 
 pure chalk, clay, clayey and sandy shales, etc. Southwestern Minnesota is 
 almost one continuous prairie upon the drift which rests directly upon, not 
 only the hard Sioux quartzite, biit also directly upon the granite. 
 
 " Thus, whatever the origin of the prairies might have been, we have the 
 positive assurance that their present existence in Iowa and immediate vicin- 
 ity is not due to the influence of climate, the character or composition of 
 the soil, nor to the character of any of the underlying formations. It now 
 remains to say without the least hesitation, that the real cause of the pres- 
 ent existence of prairies in Iowa, is the prevalence of the annual fires. 
 If these had been prevented fifty years ago Iowa would now be a timbered 
 instead of a prairie State. 
 
 " Then arises questions like the following, not easily answered, and for 
 which no answers are at present proposed: 
 
 "When was fire first introduced upon the prairies, and how? Could any 
 but human agency have introduced annual fires upon them? If they could 
 have been introduced only by the agency of man why did the ibrests not 
 occupy the prairies betbre man came to introduce his fires, since we see 
 their great tendency to encroach upon the prairies as soon as the fires are 
 made to cease ? The prairies, doubtless, existed as such almost immediately 
 after the close of the Grlacial epoch. Did man then exist and possess tlie 
 use of fire that he might have annually burnt the prairies of so large a part 
 of the continent, and thus have constantly prevented the encroachments of 
 the forests ? It may be that these questions will never be satisfactorily an- 
 swered; but nothing is more evident than that the forests would soon occupy 
 a very large proportion of the prairie region of North America if the prai- 
 
HISTOKT OF IOWA. 117 
 
 rie fires were made to cease, and no artificial efibrts were made to prevent 
 their growth and encroachment." 
 
 iSoUs. — Dr. White has separated the soils of Iowa into three general di- 
 visions, viz : the Drift, Bluff, and Alluvial. The drift soil occupies the 
 greater portion of the State, the hluff next, and the alluvial the least. The 
 drift is derived primarilj from the disintegration of rocks, to a considerable 
 extent perhaps from those of Minnesota, which were subject to violent gla- 
 cial action during the glacial epoch. This soil is excellent, and is generally 
 free from coarse drift materials, especially near the surface. 
 
 The bluff soil occupies an area estimated at about five thousand square 
 miles, in the western part of the State. It has many peculiar and marked 
 characteristics, and is believed to be lacustral in its origin. In some places 
 the deposit is as great as two hundred feet in thickness, all portions of it 
 being equal in fertility. If this soil be taken from its lowest depth, say two 
 hunfi-ed feet below the surface, vegetation germinates and thrives as readily 
 in it as in the surface deposit. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, ex- 
 cept when mixed with decaying vegetation. It is composed mainly of si- 
 lica, but the silicious matter is so finely pulverized that the naked eye is un- 
 able to perceive anything like sand in its composition. The bluffs along the 
 Missouri river, in the western part of the State, are composed of this ma- 
 terial. 
 
 The alluvial soils are the " bottom " lands along the rivers and smaller 
 streams. They are the washings of other soils mixed with decayed vege- 
 table matter. They vary somewhat in character and fertility, but the best 
 of them are regarded as the most fertile soils in the State. 
 
 As to the localities occupied by each of these different soils, it may be 
 stated that the drift forms the soil of all the higher plains and woodlands 
 of the State, except a belt along the western border, which is occupied by 
 the bluff soil, or bluff deposit, as it is generally called. The alluvial occu- 
 pies the low lands, both prairie and timber, along the streams. It may be 
 remarked that the alluvial soil composing the broad belt of " bottom " along 
 the Missouri, partakes largely of the bluff soil, owing to continued wash- 
 ings from the high lands or bluffs adjacent. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 
 
 Classilication of Rocks — ^Azoic System — Huronian Group — Lower Silurian System — Primordial 
 Groap^Trenton Group— Uincimiati Group — Upper Silurian System — Niagara Group — 
 Devonian System — Hamilton Group — Carboniferous System — Sub-Carboniferous Group — 
 Kinderhook Beds — BurUngton Limestone — Keokuk Limestone — St. Louis Limestone — 
 Coal-Measure Group — Cretaceous System — Nishnabotany Sandstone — Woodbury Sand- 
 stones and Shales — Inoceramus Beds. 
 
 In January, 1855, the General Assembly passed an act to provide for a 
 
 Jeological survey of the State. Under authority given by this act, ' Prof, 
 ames Hall, of New Tork, was appointed State Geologist, and Prof. J. D. 
 Whitney, of Massachusetts, State Chemist. During the years 1855, 1856, 
 and 1857, the work progressed, but was confined chiefly to the eastern coun- 
 ties. A large volume was published in two parts, giving in detail the results 
 of the survey up to the close of the season of 1857, when the work was dis- 
 continued. In 1866 it was resumed under an act of the General Assembly 
 passed in March of that year, and Dr. Charles A. White, of Iowa City, was 
 appointed State Geologist. He continued the work, and in December, 1869, 
 
118 
 
 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 submitted a report to the Goydrnor in two large volumes. From tlieBe 
 reports we derive a pretty thorough knowledge of the geological character- 
 istics in all portions of the State. 
 
 In the classification of Iowa rocks, State Geologist White adopted the 
 following definitions: 
 
 The term "formation" is restricted to such assemblages of strata as have 
 been formed within a geological epoch; the term "group," to such natural 
 groups of formation as were not formed within a geological period; and the 
 term " system," to such series of groups as were each formed within a geolog- 
 ical age. 
 
 The terms used in this arrangement may be referred to two categories — 
 one applicable to geological objects, and the other to geological time. Thus: 
 Formations constitute Groves,' groups constitute Systems; Epochs consti- 
 tute Periods; periods constitue Ages. 
 
 In accordance with this arrangement the classification of Iowa rocks may 
 be seen at a glance in th6 following table constructed by Dr. White: 
 
 SYSTEMS. 
 
 AGES. 
 
 GROUPS. 
 
 PERIODS. 
 
 FORMATIONS. 
 
 EPOCHS. 
 
 Drift 
 
 Inoceramus bed 
 
 Woodbury Sandstone and Shales 
 
 Nishnabotany Sandstone 
 
 Upper Coal Measures 
 
 Middle Coal Measures 
 
 Lower Coal Measures 
 
 St. Louis Limestone 
 
 Keokuk Limestone 
 
 Burlington Limestone 
 
 Kindernook beds 
 
 Hamilton Limestone and Shales . 
 
 Niagara Limestone 
 
 Maquoketa Shales 
 
 Galena Limestone 
 
 Trenton Limestone 
 
 St. Peter's Sandstone 
 
 Lower Magnesian Limestone 
 
 Potsdam Sandstone 
 
 Sioux Quartzite 
 
 THICKNESS. 
 
 IH PEET. 
 
 CietaceouB . . . . 
 
 Carboniferous . 
 
 Devoni^ 
 
 Upper Silurian 
 
 Lower Silurian . 
 Azoic 
 
 Post Tertiary. . 
 Lower Cretaceous n 
 
 Coal Measures . . ■ 
 Subcarboniferous • 
 
 Hamilton .... 
 
 Niagara 
 
 'Cincinnati . 
 
 Trenton .. 
 
 % 
 
 Primordial 
 uronian — 
 
 10 to 200 
 
 50 
 130 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 196 
 175 
 200 
 350 
 
 80 
 250 
 200 
 
 80 
 250 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 AZOIO SYSTEM. 
 
 Mv/ronicm Orowp. — The Sioux Quartzite Formation in this Group is 
 found exposed in natural ledges only on a few acres in the northwest corner 
 of the State. The exposures in Iowa are principally upon the banks of the 
 Big Sioux river, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite is 
 given. to it. It is an intensely hard rock, breaking with a splintery fracture, 
 and a color varying in different localities from a bright to a deep red. 
 Althomgh it is so compact and hard the grains of sand of which it was 
 oariginaUy composed are yet distinctly to be seen, and even the ripple marks 
 upon its bedding surfaces are sometimes found as distinct as they were when 
 the rock was a mass of incoherent sand in the shallow waters in whi^h it was 
 accumulated. The linies of stratification are also quite distinct, but they are 
 not usually sufficiently definite to cause the mass to divide into numerous 
 layers. It has, however, a great tendency to break up by vertical cracks 
 
BISTOBT OF IOWA. 119 
 
 and fissures into small angular blocks. The process of metamorphism has 
 been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost 
 everywhere of uniform texture, and its color also being so nearly uniform 
 there is no difficulty in identifying it wherever it may be seen. 
 
 In a few rare cases this rock may be quarried readily, as the layers are 
 easily separated, bat usually it is so compact throughout that it is quarried 
 with the OTcatest difficulty into any forms except those into which it naturally 
 cracks. It has a great tendency, however, upon its natural exposures, to 
 break up by vertical fissures and cracks into angular blocks of convenient size 
 for handling. Except this tendency to crack into angular pieces, the rock 
 is absolutely indestructible. No trg,ce8 of fossil remains of any kind have 
 been found in it. As shown by the table its exposure in Iowa is fifty feet in 
 thickness. 
 
 LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Primordial Oro-up. — ^The Potsdam Sandstone Formation of this Group 
 has a geographical range extending throughout the northern portion of the 
 United States and Canada, and in Iowa reaches a known thickness of about 
 300 feet, as shown in the table. It forms, however, rather an inconspicuous 
 feature in the geology of Iowa. It is exposed only in a small portion of 
 the northeastern part of the State, and has been brought to view there by 
 the erosion of the river valleys. The base of the formation does not appear 
 anywhere in Iowa, consequently its full thickness is not certainly known^ nor 
 is it known certainly that it rests on the Sioux Quartzite. The rock is 
 everywhere soft; usually a very friable sandstone, but sometimes containing 
 some clayey material, and approaching in character a sandy shale. It is 
 nearly valueless for any economic purpose, not being of sufficient hardness 
 to serve even the commonest purposes of masonry. No fossils have been 
 discovered in this formation in Iowa, but in Wisconsin they are found quite 
 abundantly in it. 
 
 The Lower Magnesian Limestone Formation has but little greater geo- 
 graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam Sandstone has; because, like 
 mat formation, it appears only in the bluffs and vaUey-sides of the same 
 streams. It is a moi-e conspicuous formation, however; because, being a 
 firm rock, it presents bold and often picturesque fronts along the valleys. 
 Its thickness is about 250 feet, and is quite uniform in composition, being a 
 nearly pure buff-colored dolomite. It lacks a uniformity of texture and 
 stratmcation which causes it to weather into rough and sometimes grotesque 
 shapes, as it stands out in bold relief upon the valleysides. It is not genei'- 
 ally valuable for building purposes, owing to its lack of uniformity in texture 
 and bedding. Some parts of it, however, are selected which serve for such 
 uses at Lansing and McGregor. It has also been used to some extent for 
 making lime, but it is not equal to the Trenton limestone, near Dubuque, 
 for that purpose. The only fossils that have been found in this formation in 
 Iowa, are, so far as known, a few traces of the stems of Crinoids found near 
 McGregor. 
 
 The St. Peter's Sandstone Formation is remarkably uniform in thickness 
 throughout its known geographical extent. It is a clean grit, light colored, 
 veiy triable rock; so pure m its silicious compostion that it is probable some 
 portions of it may be found suitable for the manufacture of glass. It occu- 
 pies the surface of a large portion of the north half of Allemakee county, 
 immediately beneath the drift, and it is also exposed a couple of miles 
 
120 HISTOET OF lOTVA. 
 
 below McGregor, where it is much colored by oxide of iron. Jt contains no 
 fossils. 
 
 Trenton Grov/p. — The lower formation of this group is known as the 
 Trenton Limestone. With the exception of this all the limestones of both 
 Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa, are magnesian limestones — nearly 
 pure dolomites. The rocks of this formation also contain much magnesia, 
 but a large part of it is composed of bluish compact common limestone. It 
 occupies large portions of both Winneshiek and Allamakee counties, together 
 with a portion of Clayton. Its thickness as seen along the bluffs of the 
 Mississippi is about eighty feet, but in Winneshiek county we find the 
 thickness is increased to upward of 200 feet. The greater part of this 
 formation is worthless for economic purposes, but enough of it is suitable 
 for building purposes and for lime to meet the wants of the inhabitants. 
 The worthless portions of the formation consists of clayey shales and shaly 
 limestone. Fossils are abundant in this formation. In some places the 
 rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals, and fragments of trilobites, 
 together with other animal remains, cemented by calcareous matter into 
 compact form. ,, 
 
 The upper portion of the Trenton Group, known as the Galena Limestone 
 Formation, occupies a narrow strip of country, seldom exceeding 12 miles in 
 width, but it is fully 150 miles long. It is about 250 feet thick in the 
 vicinity of Dubuque, but diminishes in thickness as it extends northwest, so 
 that it does not probably exceed 100 feet where it crosses the northern 
 boundary of the State. The outcrop of this formation traverses portions of 
 the counties of Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque, 
 and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque county. It ' 
 is not very uniform in texture, which causes it to decompose unequally, and 
 conseqiiently to present interesting forms in the abrupt bluffs of it, which 
 border the valleys. It is usually unfit for dressing, but affords good enough 
 stone for common masonry. It is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque 
 lead mines. The full thickness of this formation at Dubuque is 250 feet. 
 Fossils are rare in it. 
 
 Cvncvrmati Group. — The Maquoketa Shale Formation of this group, so- 
 called by Dr. White, is synonymous with the Hudson River Shales, of Prof. 
 Hall. It is comprised within a long and narrow area, seldom reaching more 
 than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles long, in the State. 
 Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi river, near 
 Bellevue, in Jackson county, and the most northerly one yet recognized is in 
 the western part of Winneshiek county. The whole formation is largely 
 composed of bluish and brownish shales. Its economic value is very shght, 
 as it is wholly composed of fragmentary materials. The fossils contained in 
 this formation, together with its position in relation to the underlying and 
 overlying formations, leave no doubt as to the propriety of referring it to the 
 same geological period as that in which the rocks at Cincinnati, Ohio, were 
 formed. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group 
 are foxmd in the Maquoketa Shales, but they contain a large number of 
 species that have been found nowhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and 
 it is the opinion of Dr. White that the occuiTcnce of these distinct fossils in 
 the Iowa formation would seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa 
 Sliales as a distinct formation from any others of the group, and that its true 
 position is probably at the base of the Cincinnati group. 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 121 
 
 UPPEE SILUEIAIT SYSTEM. 
 
 Niagcvra Group. — ^The area occupied by the Niagara limestone Formation 
 is nearly 160 miles from north to south, and between 40 and 50 miles wide 
 in its widest part. At its narrowest part, which is near its northern limit in 
 Iowa, it is not more than four or five miles wide. This formation is entirely 
 magnesian limestone, with, in some places, a considerable proportion of sili- 
 cioas matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. Some of the lower portions 
 resemble both the Galena and Lower Magnesian Limestones, having the 
 same want of uniformity of texture and bedding. It affords, however, 
 a great amount of excellent quarry rock. The quarries at Anamosa, in Jones 
 county, are remarkable for the imiformity ot the bedding of its strata. 
 ^Vherever this rock is exposed there is always an abundance of material for 
 common masonry and other purposes. In some places excellent lime is 
 made from it. 
 
 DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 Hamilton Chroup. — The Hamilton Limestone and Shales Formation occu- 
 pies an area of surface as great as those occupied by all the formations of 
 both Lower and Upper Silurian age in the State. The limestones of the De- 
 vonian age are composed in part of magnesian strata, and in part of common 
 limestone. A large part of the material of this formation is quite worthless, 
 yet other portions are very valuable for several economic purposes. Having 
 a very large geographical extent in Iowa, it constitutes one of the most im- 
 portsmt formations. Wherever any part of this formation is exposed, the 
 common limestone portions exist in sufficient quantity to furnish abundant 
 material for common lime of excellent quality, as well as good stone for com- 
 mon masonry. Some of the beds furnish excellent material for dressed stone, 
 for all works requiring strength and durability. The most conspicuous and 
 characteristic fossils of this formation are brachipod moUusks and corals. 
 
 CARBOmFEROUS SYSTEM. 
 
 The Suh-Ca/rbomferoita Group. — ^This group occupies a very large sur- 
 face in Iowa. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern portion of 
 Winnebago county in a southeasterly direction, to the northern part of Wash- 
 ington county. Here it makes a Ijroad and direct bend nearly eastward, 
 striking the Mississippi river at the city of Muscatine. The southern and 
 western boundary of the area is to a considerable extent the same as that 
 which separates it from the coalfield. From the southern part of Pocahontas 
 county, it passes southeastward to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, 
 thence to a point three or four miles northeast of Eldora, in Hardin county, 
 thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper county, thence 
 southeastward to Sigoumey in Keokuk county, thence to the northeast corner 
 of Jefierson county, and thence, by sweeping a few miles eastward to the 
 southeast comer or Van Buren county. The area as thus defined, is nearly 
 250 miles long, and from 20 to 40 miles wide. Tlie general southerly and 
 westerly dip nas carried the strata of the group beneath the lower coal- 
 measure along the line last designated, but after passing beneath the latter 
 strata for a distance of from 15 to 20 miles, they appear a^ain in the valley 
 of the Des Moines river, where they have been bared by the erosion of that 
 valley. 
 
 The KinderhookBeds, the lowest Formation of the sub-carboniferous group. 
 
122 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 presents its principal exposures along the bluffs ^hich border the MissiEj'ippi 
 and Skunk rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des 
 Moines county; along English river in Washington county; alonglowa riyer 
 in Tama, Marshall, Hardin and Franklin counties, and along the Des Moines 
 river in Humboldt county. The southern part of the formation in Iowa 
 has the best development of all in distinguishing characteristics, but the 
 width of area it occupies is much greater in its northern part, reaching a 
 maximum width of eighty miles. The Kinderhook formation has consider- 
 able economic value, particularly in the northern portion of the region it 
 occupies. The stone which it furnishes is of practical value. There are no 
 exposures of stone of any other kind in Pocahontas, Humboldt and some 
 other counties embraced in the area occupied by it, and therefore it is of very 
 great value in such places for building material. It may be manufactured 
 into excellent lime. The quarries in Marshall county and at Le Grand are 
 of this formation ; also the oolitic limestone in Tama county. This oolitic 
 limestone is manufactured into a good quality of lime. The principal fossils 
 appearing in this formation are the remains of fishes; no remains of vegeta- 
 tion have as yet been detected. The fossils in this formation, so far as Iowa 
 is concerned, are far more numerous in the southern than in the northern 
 part. 
 
 The Burlington Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the 
 Kinderhook Beds, the latter passing gradually into ■ the Burlington Lime- 
 stone. This formation consists of two distinct calcareous divisions, which 
 are separated by a series of silicious beds. The existence of these silicious 
 beds suggests titie propriety of regarding the Burlington Limestone as really 
 two distinct formations. This is strengthened also by some well marked 
 palaeontological differences, especially in the crinoidal remains. The south- 
 erly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington Limestone down, so that 
 it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk river, near 
 the southern boundary of Des Moines county. Northward of Burlington 
 it is found frequently exposed in the bluffs of the Mississippi and Iowa riv- 
 ers in the counties of Des Moines and Louisa, and along some of tlie smaller 
 streams in the same region. Burlington Limestone forms a good building 
 material ; good lime may also be made from it, and especially from the up- 
 - per division. Geologists have given to this formation the name of Burling- 
 . ton Limestone because its peculiar characteristics are best shown at the city 
 of Burlington, Iowa, The great abundance and variety of its character- 
 istic foasih-^crmoids — have attracted the attention of geologists and nat- 
 uralists generally. The only remains of vertebrates reported as being found 
 . in it are those of fishes. Remains of articulates are rare in it, and confined 
 to two species of trilobites. Fossil shells are common but not so abundant 
 as in some of the other formations of the Sub-Carboniferous Group. 
 
 The Keokuk Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the 
 Burlington Limestone. In Iowa it consists of about fifty feet in maximum 
 thickness. It is a grayish limestone, having usually a blueish tinge. It oc- 
 cupies in Iowa a more limited area than any other formation of the sub- 
 carboniferous OTOup. It is well developed and largely exposed at the city 
 of Keokuk. It is synonymous with the Lower Archimedes Limestone of 
 Owen and other geologists. The most northerly point at which it has been 
 recognized is in me northern part of Des Moines county, where it is quite 
 thinned out. It is only in the counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Henry and Des 
 Moines that the Keokuk Limestone is to be seen; but it rises again and is 
 
HISTOET OP IOWA. 123 
 
 seen in the banks of the Mississippi river some seventy-five or eighty miles 
 below Keokuk, presenting there the same characteristics that it has in Iowa. 
 The upper silicions portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. 
 These geodes are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and 
 lined with crystals of quartz. The Keokuk Limestone formation is of great 
 economic value, as some of its layers furnish a tine quality of building ma- 
 terial. The principal quarries of it are along the Mississippi from Keokuk 
 to Nauvoo, a distance of about fifteen miles. The only vertebrated fossils 
 in it are those of fishes, consisting both of teeth and spines. Some of these 
 are of great size, indicating that their owners probably reached a length of 
 twenty-five or thirty feet. Several species of articulates, moUusks and ra- 
 diates are also found in this formation. Among the radiates the crinoids 
 are very abundant, but are not so conspicuous as in the Burlington Lime- 
 stone. A small number of Protozoans, a low form of animal life, related 
 to sponges, have also been found in the Keokuk Limestone. 
 
 Tlie next Formation in the Sub-Carboniferous Group, above the Keokuk 
 Limestone, is what Dr. White calls the St. Louis Limestone, and is synon- 
 ymous with the Concretionary Limestone of Prof. Owen, and the Warsaw 
 Limestone of Prof. Hall. It is the upper, or highest formation of what Dr. 
 White classifies as the Sub-Carboniferous Group, appearing in Iowa, where 
 the lower coal-measures are usually found resting directly upon it, and where 
 it forms, so to speak, a limestone floor for the coal-bearing formations. To 
 this, however, there are some exceptions. It presents a marked contrast 
 with the coal-bearing strata which rest upon it. This formation occupies a 
 small superficial area in Iowa, because it consists of long narrow strips. 
 Its extent, however, within the State is known to be very great, because it is 
 found at points so distant from each other. Commencing at Keokuk, where 
 it is seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, and pro- 
 ceeding northward, it is lound forming a narrow border along the edge of 
 the coal-field in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk 
 and Mahaska counties. It is then lost sight of beneath the coal-measure 
 strata and overlying drift until we reach Hamilton county, where it is found 
 in the banks of Boone river with the coal-measures resting upon it, as they 
 do in the counties just named. The next seen of the formation is in the 
 banks of the Des Moines river at and near Fort Dodge. These two last 
 named localities are the most northerly ones at which the formation is ex- 
 posed, and they are widely isolated from the principal portion of the area it 
 occupies in Iowa; between which area, however, and those northerly points, 
 it appears by a small exposure near Ames, in Story county, in the valley of 
 a small tributary of Skunk river. This formation as it appears in Iowa, 
 consists of three quite distinct sub-divisions — ^magnisian, arenaceous and 
 calcareous, consisting in the order named of the lower, middle and upper sub- 
 divisions of the formation. The upper division furnishes excellent material 
 for quicklime, and in places it is quarried to serve a good purpose for ma- 
 sonry. The middle division is of little economic value, being usually too 
 soft for practical use. The lower, or magnesian division, furnishes some ex- 
 cellent stone for heavy masonry, and has proved to be very durable. This 
 tormation has some well marked fossil characteristics, but they do not stand 
 out with such prominence as some of those in the two preceding fonnatious. 
 The vertibrates, articulates, moUusks, and radiates, are all more or less rep- 
 resented in it. Some slight vegetable remains have also been detected in it. 
 
 The Codl-measv/re Grouty. — The formations of tliis group are divided 
 
124 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Coal-measures. Omitting particular 
 reference to the other strata of the Lower Coal-measure, we refer only to 
 the coal which this formation contains. Far the greater part of that indis- 
 pensible element of material prosperity is contained in the strata of the 
 Lower Coal-measures. Beds are now being mined in this formation that 
 reach to the thickness of seven feet of solid coal. JS'atural exposures of 
 this formation are few, but coal strata are being mined in a number of local- 
 ities. 
 
 The area occupied by the Middle Coal-measure is smaller than that of 
 either of the others, and constitutes a narrow region between them. The 
 passage of the stralta of the Lower with the Middle Coal-measure is not 
 marked by any well defined line of division. 
 
 The area occupied by the Upper Coal-measure formation in Iowa is very 
 
 freat, comprising thirteen whole counties in the southwestern part of the 
 tate, together with parts of seven or eight others adjoining. It ad- 
 joins by its northern and eastern boundary the area occupied by the Middle 
 Coal-measures. The western and southern limits in Iowa of the Upper 
 Coal-measures are the western and southern boundaries of the State, but the 
 formation extends without interruption far into the States of Missouri, Ne- 
 braska and Kansas. It contains but a single bed of true coal, and that very 
 thin. Its principal economic value is confined to its limestone. Wherever 
 this stone is exposed it furnishes good material for masonry, and also for 
 lime. The prevailing color of the limestone is light gray, with usually a 
 tinge of blue. The sandstones of this formation are usually shaly, and quite 
 worthless. 
 
 OEETAOEOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Tlie Nishndbotamj Sandstone. — This formation is well exposed in tlip 
 valley of the East Nishnabotany river, from which circumstance Dr. White 
 has so named it. It is found as far east as the southeastern part of Guthrie 
 county, and as far south as the southern part of Montgomery county. To 
 the northwestward it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, 
 the latter in turn passing beneath the Inoceramus, or chalky beds. It 
 reaches a maximum thickness in Iowa, so far as known, of about 100 feet, 
 but the exposures usually show a much less thickness. It is a soft sandstone, 
 and, with lew exceptions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The most 
 valuable quarries in the strata of this formation, so far as known, are at 
 Lewis, Cass county, and in the northeastern part of Mills county. Several 
 buildings have been constructed of it at Lewis, but with some the color is 
 objectionable, being of a dark brown color. A few fossils have been found 
 in it, being leaves too fragmentary for identification. 
 
 The WooATywry Sandstones arid Shales. — These are composed of alternat- 
 ing sandstones and shales, as the name implies, and rest upon the Nishna- 
 botany sandstone. They have not been observed outside of the limits of 
 Woodbury county, but they are found there to reach a maximum of about 
 150 feet. Some layers are firm and compact, but the larger part is impure 
 and shaly. The best of it is suitable for only common masonry, but it fur- 
 nishes the only material of that kind in that part of the State. Some slight 
 fossil remains have been found in this formation. 
 
 The Inoceramms Beds. — ^These beds constitute the upper formation, of the 
 Cretaceous System in Iowa, and have a maximum thickness of about 50 feet. 
 They rest directly upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They are 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 125 
 
 observed nowhere in Iowa except along the bluffs of the Big Sioux river, in 
 Woodbury and Plymouth counties. They are composed of calcareous mate- 
 rial, but are not a true, compact limestone. The material of the upper por- 
 tion is used for lime, the quality of which is equal to that of common 
 limestone. No good building material is obtained from these beds. Some 
 fossil fish have been found in them. 
 
 Above all the formations above-mentioned rests the Post-Tertiary, or Drift 
 deposit, which is more fully mentioned in connection with the Soils of Iowa. 
 
 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
 
 Coal — ^Peat — ^Building Stone — ^Lime — ^Lead — Gypsum — Spring and WeE Water — Clays — 
 Mineral Faint. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Every year is adding to our knowledge of, and attesting the importance 
 and value of our vast coal deposits. In some imloiown age of the past, long 
 before the history of our race began, Nature by some wise process, made a 
 bountiful provision for the time when, in the order of things, it should 
 become necessary for civilized man to take possession of these broad rich . 
 prairies. As an equivalent for the lack of trees, she quietly stored away 
 beneath the soil those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use and 
 comfort of man at the proper time. The increased demand for coal has in 
 many portions of the State led to improved methods of mining, so that in 
 many counties the business is becoming a lucrative and important one, 
 especially where railroads furnish the means of transportation. The coal 
 field of the State embraces an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and coal 
 is successfully mined in about thirty counties, embracing a territory larger 
 than the State of Massachusetts. Among the most important coal produc- 
 ing counties may be mentioned Appanoose, Boone, Davis, Jefferson, Ma- 
 haska, Marion, Monroe, Polk, Van Buren, Wapello, and Webster. Within 
 the last few years many discoveries of new deposits have been made, and 
 counties not previously numbered among the coal counties of the State are 
 now yielding rich returns to the miner. Among these may be mentioned 
 the counties of Boone, Dallas, Hamilton, Hardin, and Webster. A vein of 
 coal of excellent quality, seven feet in thickness, has been opened, and is 
 now being successfully worked, about five miles southeast of Fort Dodge, in 
 Webster county. Large quantities of coal are shipped from that point to 
 Dubuque and the towns along the line of the Dubuque and Sioux City Rail- 
 road. A few years ago it was barely known that some coal existed in 
 Boone county, as indicated by exposures along the Des Moines river, and 
 it is only within the last few years that the coal mines of Moingona have 
 fnmishea the vast supplies shipped along the Chicago and Northwestern Hail- 
 road, both east and west. The great productive coal field of Iowa is embraced 
 ehiefiy within the valley of the Des Moines river and its tributaries, extend- 
 ing up the valley from Lee county nearly to the north line of Webster 
 county. Within the coal field embraced by this valley deep mining is 
 nowhere necessary. The Des Moines and its larger tributaries have gener- 
 ally cut their channels down through the coal measure strata. 
 
 The coal of Iowa is of the class known as bituminous, and is equal in 
 
 ?nality and value to coal of the same class in other parts of the world, 
 he veins which have so far been worked are from three to eight feet in 
 
126 
 
 HISTOEY OV IOWA. 
 
 thickness, bnt we do not have to dig from one thousand to two thousand 
 feet to reach the coal, as miners are obliged to do in some countries. But 
 little coal has in this State been raised from a depth grea^^er than one hun- 
 dred feet. 
 
 Prof. Gustavus Hinrich, of the State University, who also oflBciated as 
 State Chemist in the prosecution of the recent Geological Survey, gives an 
 analysis showing the comparative value of Iowa coal with that of other 
 countries. The following is from a table prepared by him — 100 represent- 
 ing the combustible: 
 
 KAME AND LOCALITY. 
 
 g 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 •a 
 > 
 
 Brown coal, from Arbesan, Bohemia. . . 
 
 Brown coal, from Bilin, Bohemia 
 
 Bitumirious coal, from Bentheu, Silisia 
 Cannel coal, from Wigan,' England . . . 
 
 Anthracite, from Pennsylvania 
 
 Iowa coals — average 
 
 40 
 51 
 61 
 94 
 50 
 
 64 
 67 
 49 
 39 
 6 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 00 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 5 
 
 114 
 123 
 126 
 113 
 104 
 110 
 
 81 
 80 
 87 
 S6 
 90 
 
 In this table the excess of the equivalent above 100, expresses the amount 
 of impurities (ashes and moisture) in the coal. The analysis shows that the 
 average Iowa coals contains only ten parts of impurities for one hundred 
 parts combustible (carbon and bitumen), being the purest of all the samples 
 analyzed, except the Anthracite from Pennsylvania. 
 
 PEAT. 
 
 Extensive deposits of peat in several of the northern counties of Iowa have 
 attracted considerable attention. In 1866, Dr. White, the State Geologist, 
 made careful observations in some of those counties, including Fi-anHin, 
 "Wright, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Worth, and Kossuth. It is 
 estimated that the counties above named contain an average of at least four 
 thousand acres each of good peat lands. The depth of the beds are from 
 four to ten feet, and the quality is but little, if any, inferior to that of Ireland. 
 As yet, but little use has been made of it as a fuel, but when it is considered 
 that it lies wholly beyond the coal-field, in a sparsely timbered region of the 
 Sts,te, its prospective value is regarded as very great. Dr. White estimates 
 that 160 acres of peat, four feet deep, will supply two hundred and thirteen 
 families with fuel for upward of twenty-five years. It must not be inferred 
 that the presence of these peat beds in that part of the State is in any degree 
 prejiidicial to health, for such is not the case. The dry, roUing prairie land 
 usually comes up to the very border of the peat marsh, and the winds, or 
 breezes, which prevail through the summer season, do not allow water to 
 become stagnant. !ITature seems to have designed these peat deposits to 
 supj)ly the deficiency of other material for fuel. The penetration of this 
 portion of the State by railroads, and the rapid growth of timber may leave 
 a resort to peat for fuel as a matter of choice, and not of necessity. It there- 
 fore remains to be seen of what economic value in the future the peat beds 
 of Iowa may be. Peat has also been found in Muscatine, Linn, Clinton, and 
 other eastern and southern counties of the State, but the fertile region of 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 127 
 
 Koriihem Iowa, least favored with other kinds of fuel, is peculiarly the peat 
 region of the State. 
 
 BUILDING STONE. 
 
 There is no scarcity of good building stone to he found along nearly all the 
 Btreama east of the Des Moines river, and along that stream from its mouth 
 up to the north line of Humboldt county. Some of the counties west of the 
 Dos Moines, as Cass and Madison, as well as most of the southern counties 
 of the State, are supplied with good building stone. Building stone of 
 peculiarly fine quality is quarried at and near the following places: Keosau- 
 qua, Yan Buren county; Mt. Pleasant, Henry county; iairfield, Jefferson 
 county; Ottumwa, Wapello county; Winterset, Madison county; Ft. Dodge, 
 Webster county; Springvale and Dakota, Humboldt county; Marshalltown, 
 Marshall county; Orford, Tama county; Yinton, Benton county; Charles 
 City, Floyd county; Mason City, Cerro G-ordo county; Mitchell and Osage, 
 Mitchell county; Anamosa, Jones county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; 
 Hampton, Franklin county; and at nearly aU points along the Mississippi 
 river. In some places, as in Marshall and Tama counties, several species of 
 marble are found, which are susceptible of the finest finish, and are very 
 beautifuL 
 
 LIME. 
 
 Good material for the manufacture of quick-lime is found in abundance in 
 nearly all parts of the State. Even in the northwestern counties, where there 
 are but few erposures of rock , " in place," limestone is found among the 
 boulders scattered over the prairies and about the lakes. So abundant is 
 limestone suitable for the manufacture of quick-lime, that it is needless to 
 mention any particular locality as possessing superior advantages in famish- 
 ing this useful building material. At the following points parties have been 
 engaged somewhat extensively in the manufacture of lime, to-wit: Ft. Dodge, 
 Webster county; Springvale, Humboldt county; Orford and Indiantown, 
 Tama county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Mitchell, Mitchell county; and 
 at nearly aU the towns along the streams northeast of Cedar river. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Long before the permanent settlement of Iowa by the whites lead was 
 mined at Dubuque by Julien Dubuque and others, and the business is still 
 carried on successfully. From four to six million pounds of ore have been 
 smelted annually at the Dubuque mines, yielding from 68 to 10 per cent of 
 lead. So far as known, the lead deposits of Iowa that may be profitably 
 worked, are confined to a belt four or five miles in width along the Missis- 
 sippi above and below the city of Dubuque. 
 
 GTPSIJM. 
 
 One of the finest and purest deposits of gypsum known in the world exists 
 at Fort Dodge in this State. It is confined to an area of about six by three 
 miles on both sides of the Des Moines river, and is found to be from twenty^ 
 five to thirty feet in thickness. The main deposit is of uniform gray color, 
 
128 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 but large masses of Eilmost pare white (resembling alabaster) have been 
 found embedded in the main deposits. The quantity of this article is prac- 
 tically inexhaustible, and the time will certainly come when it will be i 
 source of wealth to that part of the Statie. It has been used to a consider- 
 able extent in the manufacture of Plaster-of-Paris, and has been found equal 
 to the best in quality. It has also been used to a limited extent for paving 
 and building purposes. 
 
 SPEING AND WELL WATEE. 
 
 As before stated, the surface of Iowa is generally drained by the rolling or 
 undulating character of the country, and the numerous streams, large and 
 small. This fact might lead some to suppose that it might be difficult to 
 procure good spring or well water for domestic uses. Such, however, is not 
 the case, for good pure well water is easily obtained all over the State, even 
 on the highest prairies. It is rarely necessary to dig more than thirty feet 
 deep to find an abundance of that most indispensible element, good water. 
 Along the streams are found many springs breaking out from the banks, 
 affording a constant supply of pure water. As a rule, it is necessary to dig 
 deeper for well water in the timber portions of the State, than on the 
 prairies. ITearly all the spring and well waters of the State contain a small 
 proportion of lime, as they do in the Eastern and Middle States. There are 
 some springs which contain mineral properties, similar to the springs often 
 resorted to by invalids and others in other States. In Davis county there 
 are some " Salt Springs," as they are commonly called, the water being found 
 to contain a considerable amount of common salt, sulphuric acid, and other 
 mineral ingredients. Mineral waters are found in different parts of the 
 State. No one need apprehend any difficulty about finding in all parts of 
 Iowa an abundant supply of good wholesome water. 
 
 CLATS. 
 
 In nearly all parts of the State the material suitable for the manufacture 
 of brick is found in abundance. Sand is obtained in the bluffs along the 
 streams and in their beds. Potter's clay, and fire-clay suitable for fire-brick, 
 are found in many places. An excellent article of fire-brick is made at 
 Eldora, Hardin county, where there are several extensive potteries in opera- 
 tion. Fire-clay is usually found underlying the coal-seams. There are 
 extensive potteries in operation in the counties of Lee, Van Buren, Des 
 Moines, Wapello, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, and perhaps others. 
 
 MINERAL PAINT. 
 
 In Montgomery county a fine vein of clay, containing a large proportion 
 of ochre, was several years ago discovered, and has been extensively used in 
 that part of the State for painting bams and out-houses. It is of a dark red 
 color, and is believed to be equal in quality, if properly manufactured, to the 
 mineral paints imported from other States. The use oi" it \va8.first introdaesd 
 by Mr. J. B. Packard, of Ked Oak, on whose land there is an extensive de- 
 posit of this material. 
 
HI8T0BT OF IOWA. 
 
 129 
 
 hi 
 H 
 
 i 
 
130 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 HOW THE TITLE TO IOWA LANDS IS DEEIVED. 
 
 Eight of DiscoTeiy — ^Title of France and Spain — Cession to the United States — Territorial 
 Changes — ^Treaties with the Indians — The Dubuque Grant — The Giard Grant— The Hon- 
 ori Grant — ^The Half-Breed Tract — System of Public Surveys. 
 
 The title to the soil of Iowa was, of course, primarily vested in the origi- 
 naf occupants who inhabited the country prior to its discovery by the whites. 
 But the Indians, being savages, possessed but few rights that civilized nations 
 considered themselves bound to Tespect, so that when they found this coun- 
 try in the possession of such a people they claimed it in the name of the 
 King of France, by the right' of discovery. It remained under the juris- 
 diction of France until the year 1763. 
 
 Prior to the year 1763, the entire continent of I^orth America was divided 
 between France, England, Spain, and Eussia. France held all that portion 
 of what now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi river, 
 except Texas and the territory which we have obtained from Mexico and 
 Eussia. This vast region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was 
 known as the " Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of 
 Iowa. At the close of the " Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her 
 share of the continent, and Spain came into possession of the territory west 
 of the Mississippi river, while Great Britain retained Canada and the 
 regions northward, having obta,ined that territory by conquest in the war 
 with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the 
 limits of Iowa remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then jrent 
 back to France by the treaty of St. Idlefonso, October 1, 1800. On., the 
 80th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States in consideration 
 of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims held by citi- 
 zens of the IJnited States against France, which amounted to the further 
 sum of $3,750,000, and maMng a total of $15,000,000. It will thus be seen 
 that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory 
 embracing Iowa, but the financial needs of Napoleon afforded our govjern- 
 raent an opportunity to add another empire to its domain. 
 
 On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved author- 
 izing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory and 
 provide for it a temporary government, and another act approved March 26, 
 1804, authorized the division of the " Louisiana Purchase," as it was then 
 called, into two separate Territories. All that portion south of the 33d 
 parallel of north latitude, was called the " Territory of Orleans," and that 
 north of the said parallel was known as the "District of Louisiana," and 
 was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as " Indiana 
 Territory." 
 
 By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1805, the "District 
 of Louisiana" was organized as the "Territory of Louisiana," with a Terri- 
 torial government of its own, which went into operation July ith, of the 
 same year, and it so remained until 1812. In this year the " Territory of 
 Orleans" became the State of Louisiana, and the "Territory of Louisiana" 
 was organized as the "Territory of Missouri." This change took place 
 under an act of Congress approved June 4, 1812. In 1819, a portion of this 
 territory^ was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1821 the State of 
 Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former "Territory of Misspuri." 
 This left a vast domain still to the north, including the present States of 
 loWa and Minnesota, which was, in 1834, made a part of the "Territory of 
 
HISTOEY Off IOWA. 131 
 
 Michigan." In July, 1836, the territory embracing the present States of 
 Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, and organized 
 vsith a separate Territorial government under the name of " Wisconsin Ter- 
 ritory." 
 
 By virtue of an act of Confess, approved June 12, 1838, on the 3d of 
 July of the same year, the " Territoiy of Iowa " was constituted. It em- 
 braced the present State of Iowa, and the greater portion of what is now 
 the State of Minnesota. 
 
 To say nothing of the title to the soil of Iowa that may once have vested 
 in the natives who claimed and occupied it, it is a matter of some interest 
 to glance at the various changes of ownership and jurisdiction through 
 which it has passed within the time of our historical period: 
 
 1. It belonged to France, with other territory now belonging to our na- 
 tional domain. 
 
 2. In 1763, with other territory, it was ceded to Spain. 
 
 3. October 1, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain back to 
 France. 
 
 4. April 30, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France to the 
 United States. 
 
 5. October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con- 
 grass for the newly acquired territoiy. 
 
 6. October 1, 1804, it was included in the "District of Louisiana," and 
 placed under the jurisdiction of the Territorial government of Indiana. 
 
 7. July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of the " Territory of Louis- 
 iana," then organized with a separate Territorial government. 
 
 8. June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the "Territory 
 of Missouri." 
 
 9. June 28, 1834, it became part of the " Territory of Michigan." 
 
 10. JiJy 3, 1836, it was included as a part of the newly organized "Ter- 
 ritory of Wisconsin." 
 
 11. June 12, 1838, it was included in, and constituted a part of the newly 
 organized "Territory of Iowa." 
 
 12. December 28, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as a State. 
 
 The cession by France, April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United 
 States, subject to the claims of the Indians, which it was very justly the 
 johcy of the government to recognize. The several changes of territorial 
 jiuisdiction after the treaty with France did not aftect the title to the soil. 
 
 Before the government of the United States could vest clear title to the 
 soil in its grantees it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by pur- 
 chase. The treaties vesting the Indian title to the lands within the limits 
 of what is now the State of Iowa, were made at different times. The fol- 
 lowing is a synopsis of the several treaties by which the Indians relinquished 
 to the United States their rights in Iowa: 
 
 1. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxe^, Aug. ^, 18^^. — ^This treaty between 
 the JJnited States and the Sacs and Foxes, was made at the City of Wash- 
 ington, William Clark being commissioner on the part of the United States. 
 By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to all lands in 
 Missouri, Iowa then being a part of Missouri. In this treaty the land in 
 the southeast comer of Iowa known as the "Half-Breed Tract," was re- 
 Berved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding 
 the title to the same in the same manner as Indians. This treaty was rati- 
 fiad January 18, 1825. 
 
IS^ HISTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 2. Treaty with vamous tribes, Aug. 19, 18^5.— This, treaty was also made 
 at the city of Washington, by William Clark as Commissioner on the part 
 of the TJnited States, with the Ohippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, 
 Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawattamies. This treaty 
 was intended mainly to make peace between certain contending tribes as to 
 the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa. It was agreed that 
 the United States should run a boundary line between the Sioux on the 
 north and the Sacs and Foxes on the -south, as follows: Commencing at the 
 inouth of the Upper Iowa river, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and 
 ascending said Iowa river to its west fork; thence up the fork to its source; 
 thence crossing the fork of Ked Cedar river in a direct line to the second or 
 upper fork of the Des Moines river; thence in a direct line to the lower fork 
 of the Calumet (Big Sioux) river, and down that to its junction with the 
 Missouri river. 
 
 3. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty the 
 Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country twenty miles 
 in width lying directly south of the line designated in the treaty of Aug. 19, 
 1823, and extending from the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. 
 
 4. Treaty with the Sioux, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty was ceded to 
 the United States a strip twenty miles in width, on the north of the line 
 designated by the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending from the Missis- 
 sippi to the Des Moines river. By these treaties made at the same date the 
 United States came into possession of a strip forty miles wide from the 
 Mississippi to the Des Moines river. It was known as the "Ifentral 
 Ground," and the tribes on either side of it were allowed to use it in com- 
 mon as a fishing and hunting ground until the government should make 
 other disposition of it. 
 
 6. Treaty with various tribes, July 15, 1830. — This was a treaty with the 
 Sacs and Foxes, Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris, by which they ceded 
 to the United States a tract bounded as follows: Beginning at the upper 
 fork of the Des Moines river, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux 
 and Floyd rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, 
 or Calumet river, on the east side; thence down said creek and the Calumet 
 river to the Missouri river; thence down said Missouri river to the Missouri 
 State line above the Kansas; thence along said line to the northeast comer 
 of said State; thence to the highlands between the waters falling into the 
 Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said highlands along the dividing 
 ridge between the forks of the Grand river; thence along said highlands or 
 ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, 
 to a point opposite the source of the Boyer river, and tlience in a direct line 
 to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. The lands 
 ceded by this treaty were to be assigned, or allotted, under the direction of 
 the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to 
 such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and 
 other purposes. In consideration of the land ceded by this treaty the United 
 States stipulated to make certain payments to the several tribes joining in 
 the treaty. The treaty took effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 
 
 6. Treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sept. 15, 1832.^-TMs treaty was made at 
 Fort Armstrong, by Gen. Winfield Scott, and Gov. John Reynolds, of Illinois. 
 By the treaty the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands on 
 the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United 
 States granted to the Winnebagoes as a reservation the lands in Iowa kno^vn 
 
HI8T0ET or IOWA. |.33 
 
 as the Neutral G-round. The exchange of the two tracts was to take place 
 on or before June 1, 1833. The United States also stipulated to make pay^ 
 ment to tlie Winnebagoes, beginning in September, 1873, and to continue 
 for twenty-seven successiYe years, $10,000 annually in specie, and also to 
 establish a school among them, with a farm and garden. There were also 
 other agreements on the part of the government. 
 
 7. l^eaty with the Sacs ami Foxes, Sept. 21, 1^32. — This was the treaty 
 known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," which opened the first lands in 
 Iowa for settlement by the whites. In negotiating this treaty Gen. Win- 
 fiold Scott and Gov. John Keynolds represented the United States. By it 
 the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a tract of land on the eastern 
 border of Iowa fifty miles wide, and extending from the northern boundary 
 of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, containing about six 
 millions of acres. The United States stipulated to pay annually to the Sacs 
 and Foxes $20,000 in specie, and to pay certain indebtedness o^ the Indians, 
 amounting to about $50,000, due chiefly to Davenport & Famham, Indian 
 traders, at Kock Island. By the terms of the treaty four hundred square 
 miles on Iowa river, ineluding Keokuk's village; were reserved, for the use and 
 occupancy of the Indians. This treaty was made on the ground where the 
 city of Davenport is now located. The government convened in fee simple 
 out of this purchase one section of land opposite Rock Island to Antoine 
 LeClaire, the interpreter, and another at the head of the first rapid above 
 Eock Island, being the first title to land in Iowa granted by the United 
 States to an individual. 
 
 8. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 1836. — ^This treaty was also made on 
 the banks of the Mississippi, near where the city of Davenport now stands. 
 Gen. Henry Dodge, Governor of "Wisconsin Territory, represented the 
 United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States 
 " Keokuk's Eeserve," as it was called, for which the government stipulated 
 to pay $30,000, and an annuity of $10,000 for ten successive- years, together 
 with certain indebtedness of the Indians. 
 
 9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 21, 1837. — This treaty was made 
 at Washington; Carey A. Harris, Conimissioner of Indian Affairs, repre- 
 senting the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished 
 their title to an additional tract in Iowa, described as follows: "A tract of 
 country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract con- 
 veyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. 
 It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall 
 be the northern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey 
 made under the authority of the United States, and, that a line shall be 
 drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the 
 angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above 
 survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby 
 ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five 
 miles." TTie tract ceded by this treaty lay directly west of the "Black 
 Hawk Purchase." 
 
 10. Treaty with Sacs and Foxes, same date. — ^At the same date the iSacs 
 and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the 
 country south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and the 
 Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mis- 
 sissippi and Missouri rivers, the United States paying for the same $160,000. 
 
134 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 Tlie Sacs and Foxes by tHs treaty also relinquished aU claims and interest 
 under the treaties previously made with them. 
 
 11. Treaty with the Sacs cmd Foxes, Oct. 11, 18 J^. — ^This treaty was 
 made at the Sac and Fox Agency, by John Chambers, as Commissioner, on 
 behalf of the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes relinquished to the 
 United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any 
 claim or title, and agreed to a removal from the countay, at the expiration of 
 tliree years. In accordance with this treaty, a part of them were removed 
 to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder in the spring of 1846. 
 
 The treaty of 1803 with France, and these several treaties with the Indian 
 tribes, vested in the United States, the title to all the lands in the State of 
 Iowa — subject, however, to claims set up under certain Spanish grants, and 
 also, the claim to the " Half-Breed Tract," in Lee county, which claims were 
 afterward adjudicated in the courts or otherwise adjusted. The following 
 is a brief explanation of the nature of these claims: 
 
 The Dubuque Claim. — Lead had been discovered at the site of the present 
 city of Dubuque as early as 1780, and in 1788 Julien Dubuque, then resid- 
 ing at Prairie du Chien, obtained permission from the Fox tribe of Indians 
 to engage in mining lead, on the west side of the Mississippi. Dubuque, 
 with a number of other persons, was engaged in mining, and claimed a large 
 tract, embracing as he supposed all the lead bearing region in that vicinity. 
 At that time, it wiU be remembered, the countiy was under Spanish juris- 
 diction, and embraced in the " Province of Louisiana." In 1796 Dibuque 
 petitioned the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Carondelet, for a grant of 
 the lands embracing the lead mines, describing in his petition a fract con- 
 taining over twenty thousand acres. The' Spanish governor granted the 
 petition, and the grant was confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners 
 of Louisiana. Dabuque, in 1804, transferred the larger part of his claim to 
 Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis. On the 17th of May, 1805, Dubuque and 
 Choteau filed their joint claims with the Board of Land Commissioners, and 
 the claim was decided by them to be a clear and regular Spanish grant, hav- 
 ing been made and completed prior to October 1st, 1800, and while it was 
 yet Spanish territory. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. After the death of 
 Dubuque the Indians resumed occupancy of the mines and engaged them- 
 selves in mining to some extent, holding that Dubuque's claim was only a 
 permit during ms lifetime, and in this they were sustained by the military 
 authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Land 
 Commissioners. In the treaty afterward between the United States and the 
 Sacs and Foxes, the Indians made no reservation of this claim, and it was 
 therefore included as a part of the lands ceded by them to the United States. 
 In the meantime Auguste Choteau also died, and his heirs began to look 
 after their interests. They authorized their agent to lease the privilege of 
 working the mines, and under this authority miners commenced operations, 
 but the military authorities compelled them to abandon the work. But little 
 ftirther was done in the matter until after the town of Dubuque was laid 
 out, and lots had been sold and were occupied by purchasers, when Henry 
 Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who held 
 land under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven undi- 
 vided eighths of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Augiiste Choteau in 
 1804. The case was decided in the United States District Court adversely 
 to the plaintiff". It was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States 
 on a writ of error, where the decision of the lower court was affinncd. The 
 
HISTOBT OF IOWA. 135 
 
 iSupreme Court ield tliat Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana 
 
 Cted, nothing more than peaceable possession of certain lands obtained 
 , the Indians, and that Carondelet had no legal authority to make sucli 
 a grant as claimed. 
 
 Tlie Giard Clavm. — ^The Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in 
 1795, granted to one Basil Giard 5,760 acres in what is now Clayton county. 
 Giard took possession and occupied the land until after the territory passed 
 into the possession of the United States, after which the government of the 
 United States granted a patent to Giard, for the land which has since been 
 known as the " Giard Tract." His heirs subsequently sold the whole tract 
 for $300. 
 
 The Honori Clavm. — On the 30th day of March, 1799, Zenon Trudean, 
 Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori 
 a tract of land on the site of the preseat town of Montrose, as follows: "It 
 is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honori Fesson, to 
 establish himself at the head of the rapids of the Eiver Des Moines, and his 
 establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor Gen- 
 eral, in order to obtain for him a commission oi a space sufficient to give 
 value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it liseful to the 
 commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them 
 in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori retained possession 
 until 1805, but in 1803 it was sold under an execution obtained by one 
 Joseph Eobedoux, who became the purchaser. The tract is described as being 
 " about six leagues above the Des Moines." Auguste Ohoteau, the executor 
 of Eobedoux, in April, 1805, sold the Honori tract to Thomas F. Eeddeck. 
 In the grant from the Spanish government it was described as being one 
 league square, but the government of the United States confirmed only one 
 mile square. Attempts were subsequently made to invalidate the title of 
 the Eeddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, in 1839. 
 
 The Half-Breed Tract. — ^By a treaty made with the Indians, August 
 4, 1824, the United States acquired possession of a large tract of land 
 in the northern portion of Missouri. In this same treaty 119,000 acres 
 were reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox nation. 
 This reservation occupied the strip between the Mississippi and Des Moines 
 rivers, and south of a line drawn from a point on the Des Moines river, 
 about one mile below the present town of Farmington, in Van Buren county, 
 east to the Mississippi river at the lower end of Fort Madison, including all 
 the land between the two rivers south of this line. By the terms of the 
 treaty the United States had a reversionary interest in this land, whicli de- 
 prived the Indians of the power to sell. But, in 1835, Congress relinquished 
 to the half-breeds this reversionary interest, vesting in fliem a fee simple 
 title, and the right to sell and convey. In this law, however, the right to 
 sell was not given to individuals by name, but to the half-breeds as a class, 
 and in this the subsequent litigation in regard to the "Half-Breed Tract" 
 originated. A door was open for innumerable frauds. The result was that 
 speculators rushed in and began to buy the claims of the half-breeds, and, 
 in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was 
 sufiBcient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp prac- 
 tice on both sides; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue 
 of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by 
 the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to 
 
136 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often 
 claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut dia- 
 mond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized 
 surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous 
 conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the va- 
 lidity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the 
 Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward 
 Johnstone, Thomas S. "Wilson and "David Brigham were appointed commis- 
 sioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided 
 that these commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The com- 
 mission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the 
 Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidating aU that had 
 been done and depriving the commissioners of their pay. The repealing 
 act, however, authorized the commissioners to commence action against the 
 owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive their pay for their services, in the 
 District Court of Lee county. Two judgments were obtained, and on exe- 
 cution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Keid, the sheriff executing 
 the deed. Mr. Keid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title, 
 was questioned arid he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor 
 of Eeid and those holding under him were made by both District and Su- 
 preme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed 
 by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, 
 plaintiff in- error, vs. Hugh T. Keid, and the judgment titles failed. About 
 nine years before the "judgment titles" were finally abrogated, as above, 
 another class of titles was brought into competition with them, and in the 
 conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the 
 titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District 
 Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by 
 the clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh 
 T. Eeid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree 
 in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, 
 author of the " Star Spangled Banner," who was then attorney for the Ifew 
 York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a lead^ 
 ing part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was pre- 
 sented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, presided. The 
 plan of partition divided the tract into 101 shares, each claimant to draw his 
 
 {)roportion by lot,and to abide the result. The plan was agreed to and the 
 ots drawn. The plat of the same was filed for record, October 6th, 1841. 
 The title under this decree of partition, however, was not altogether satis- 
 factory. It was finally settled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, in January, 1855. 
 
 SYSTEM OF PUBLIC LAND SUEVETS. 
 
 In connection with the subject of land titles, an explanation of the method 
 of public surveys will prove interesting to all land owners. These explana- 
 tions apply, not only to Iowa, but to the Western States generally, and lo 
 nearly all lands the title to which is derived from the Government. 
 
 Soon after the organization of our government, Virginia and other 
 States, ceded to the United States extensive tracts of wild land, whiqh, 
 together with other lands subsequently acquired by purchase and treaty, 
 constituted what is called the public lands, or public domain. Up to the 
 year 1802, these lands were sold without reference to any general or uniform 
 
HISTOET of IOWA. 137 
 
 plan. Each person wlio desired to purchase any portion of the public do- 
 main, selected a tract in such shape as suited his fancy, designating his 
 boundaries by prominent objects, such as trees, rocks, streams, the banks of 
 rivers and creeks, cliffs, ravines, etc. But, ovring to the frequent indefinite- 
 ness of description, titles often conflicted with each other, and in many cases 
 several grants covered the same premises. 
 
 To obviate these difficulties, in 1802, Col. Jared Mansfield, then surveyor- 
 general of the Northwestern Territory, devised and adopted the present mode 
 of surveying the public lands. This system was established by law, and is 
 uniform in its application to all the public lands belonging to the United 
 States. 
 
 By this method, all the lines are run by the cardinal points of the com- 
 pass; the north and south lines coinciding with the true meridian, and the 
 east and west lines intersecting them at right angles, giving to the tracts 
 thus surveyed the rectangular form. 
 
 In the first place, certain lines are established running east and west, called 
 Base Lines. Then, from noted points, such as the mouths of principal riv- 
 ers, hnes are run due north and south, which are called PnncvpaL Meri- 
 dwns. The £ase IAm,es and Prvncvpal Meridicms together, are called 
 Staridard, Lines, as they form the basis of all the surveys made therein. 
 
 In order to distinguish from each other the system or series of surveys thus 
 formed, the several Principal Meridians are designated by progressive 
 numbers. The Meridian running' north from the mouth of the Great Miami 
 river, is called the First Principal Meridian ; that running north through 
 the State of Indiana, the Second Principal Meridian; that running north 
 from the mouth of the Ohio river through the State of Illinois, the Third 
 Principal Meridian; that running north from the mouth of the Illinois 
 river, through the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, the Fowrth Principal 
 Meridian; and that running north from the mouth of the Arkansas river, 
 through the States of Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, the 
 Fifth Principal Meridian. 
 
 Having established the 8tanda/rd Lines as above described, the country 
 was then divided into equal squares as nearly as practicable, by a system of 
 parallel meridians six miles distant from each other, crossed or intersected 
 by lines east and west, also six miles from each other. Thus the country 
 was divided into squares, the sides of which are six miles, and each square 
 containing 36 square miles. These squares are called Townships. The 
 lines of the townships running north and south are called Range Lvnes; and 
 the rows or tiers of townships running north and south are called Ranges; 
 tiers of townships east and west are called Townships; and the lines di- 
 viding these tiers are called Township Lines. Townships are numbered 
 from the Base Line and the Principal Meridians. Thus the township in 
 which Sioux City, Iowa, is located, is described as township I^o. 89 north, 
 in range No. 47 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. The situation of this 
 township is, therefore, 528 miles (making no allowance for fractional town- 
 skips) north of the BaseLme, as there are 88 townships intervening between 
 it and the Base Line; and being in range No. 47, it is 276 miles west of the 
 Tifth Principal Meridian, as there are 46 ranges of tovmships intervening 
 between it and the said Principal Meridian. The township adjoining on the 
 north of 89 in range 47, is 90 in range 47; but the township adjoining on 
 the west of 89 in range 47, is numbered 89 of range 48, and the one north 
 of 89 of range 48, is 90 of range 48, and so on. 
 
.138 
 
 HISTOET 01" IOWA. 
 
 Some of the townships mentioned in this illustration, being on the Mis- 
 souri and Big Sioux rivers, are fractional. , 
 
 The lines and comers of the townships being established by competent 
 surveyors, under the authority of the government, the next work is to sub- 
 divide the townships into sections of one square mile each, making 36 sec- 
 tions in each full township, and each fall section containing 640 acres. The 
 annexed diagram exhibits the 36 sections of a township: 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 The sections are numbered alternately west and east, beginning at the 
 northeast comer of the township, as shown by the diagram. 
 
 The lands are sold or disposed of by the government, in tracts of 640 
 acres, 320 acres, 160 acres, 80 acres and 40 acres; or by the section, hall" 
 section, quarter section, half quarter section and quarter of quarter section. 
 The annexed diagram wiU present a section and its sub-divisions: 
 
 N 
 
 W 
 
 160 A. 
 
 40A 
 
 80 A 
 
 40A 
 
 160 A 
 
 160 A 
 
 The comers of the section, and the comers at N., E., S. and "W. have all 
 been established and marked by the govemment surveyor in making his 
 sub-division of the township, or in sectiotdsmg, as it is termed^ He does 
 
mSTOET OF IOWA. 139 
 
 not establish or mark any of the mterior lines or comers. This work is 
 left for the county surveyor or other competent person. Suppose the last 
 diagram to represent section 25, in township 89, north of range 47 west, 
 then the sub-divisions shown may be described as the northwest quarter of 
 section 25 ; the southwest quarter of section 25 ; the southeast quarter of 
 section 25, all in township 89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal 
 Meridian. But these descriptions do not include any portion of the north- 
 east quarter of the section. That we wish to describe in smaller sub-divis- 
 ions. So we say, the east half of the northeast qymrter of section 25: the 
 northwest quaHer ofths northeast mmrter of section S5, and the southwest 
 quarter of the northeast quarter of section 25, all in township 89 north of 
 range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. The last three descriptions 
 embrace all the northeast quarter of the section, but described in three 
 distinct tracts, one containing 80 acres, and two containing 40 acres each. 
 
 The Base Lines and Principal Meridians have been established by astro- 
 nomical observations; but the lines of sub-divisions are run with the com- 
 S)ass. The line indicated by the magnetic needle, when allowed to move 
 reely about the point of support, and settle to a state of rest, is called the 
 magnetic variation. This, in general, is not the Imie meridian, or north 
 and south line. The angle which the magneUo meridian makes with the 
 true meridian, is called the variation of the needle at that place, and is east 
 or west, according as the north end of the needle lies on the east or west 
 side of the true meridian. The variation of the needle is different at dif- 
 ferent places, but in Iowa the magnetic needle points about 9^- degrees east 
 of the true meridian. The lines of the lands are made to conform as nearly 
 as practicable to the true meridian, but owing to the imperfections of instru- 
 ments, topographical inequalities in the surface of the ground, and various 
 other causes, it is absolutely impossible in practice to arrive at perfection; 
 or, in other words, to make the townships and their sectional sub-divisions 
 escactly squa/re and their lines exactly north and south and east and west. 
 A detailed statement of the manner of sub-dividing a township into sec- 
 tions would be too lengthy for this article. Suffice it to say, that the frac- 
 tional tracts are all thrown on the north and west sides of the townships. The 
 last tiers, or rows, of quarter sections on the north and west sides of a town- 
 ship generally fall either below or in excess of eoen quarter sections. Where 
 there is a large district of country of uniform level surface, the errors of 
 measurement are not likely to be so great, and the fractions in that case 
 may not vary much from even quarter sections. 
 
 All measurements are made in chains. A chain is a measure of four 
 rods, each link being the hundredth part of a chain, and is so used in the 
 field notes and calculations. For convenience in practice, however, the sur- 
 veyor generaly uses a half chaJm, equal to two rods, or fifty links, but the 
 surveyor's reckoning is kept, and all nis calculations are made in full chains 
 of four rods, and decimal parts thereof. In the measurement of lines, every 
 five chains are called an " out," because at that distance, the last of the ten 
 tally rods or pins, with which the forward chainman set out, has been set to 
 mark the measurement. The other chainman then comes forward, counts 
 and delivers to him the ten tally rods which he has taken up in the last 
 "out," the forward chainman likewise counting the pins as he receives them. 
 At the end of every five chains, the forward chainman as he sets the tenth 
 or last tally rod, calls, " out," which is repeated by the other chainman, 
 and by the marker and surveyor, each of whom keeps a tally of the " outs," 
 
14J0 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 sind marks the same as he calls them.' Sixteen " outs," or eighty ohain^, 
 make a mile. 
 
 ■The corners of townships, sections and quarter sections, are marked in the 
 following manner: 
 
 On the exterior township lines, comer posts are set at the distance of 
 every. mile and half mile from the township corner. The mile posts are for 
 the comers of sections, and the half-mile posts for the corners of quarter 
 sections. , They are required to be driven into the groimd to the depth of 
 from fifteen to twenty inches, a'nd to be made of the most durable wood to 
 be had. The sides of the posts are squared off at the top, and the angles 
 of the square set to correspond with the cardinal points of the compass. 
 All the mile posts on the township lines are marked with as many notches 
 cut in one of the angles as they are miles distant from the township corner 
 where the line commenced. But the township corner posts are notched with 
 six notches on each of the four angles. The mile posts on the section lines 
 are notched on the south and east angles of the square, respectively, with as 
 many notches as they are miles distant from the south and east boundaries 
 of the township. If it so happens that a tree is situated to supply the 
 place of a corner post, it is "blazed" on four sides facing the sections to 
 which it is the comer, and notched in the same manner that the corner posts 
 are. At all comers in the timber, two or more bearing trees in opposite 
 directions are required to be noted, and the course of each tree noted and 
 recorded. The trees are "blazed" on the side facing the post, and the let- 
 ters B. T. (Bearing Tree) cut in the wood below the blaze. At the qwi/rter 
 section corners, the post is flattened on opposite sides, and marked "J," and 
 the nearest suitable tree on each side of the section line is marked to show 
 the township, range and section in which such tree is situated. More recent 
 regulations require four witnesses, or bearing trees, at the township and 
 section comers, and two at the quarter section corners, if within convenient 
 distance. 
 
 In the prairies, and other places where bearing trees could not be noted, 
 quadrangular mounds of earth are raised around the posts, the angles of the 
 mounds corresponding with the cardinal points of the compass. The 
 mounds are required to be two and a-half feet high and four feet square at 
 the base. The earth to form the mound at the section corner is taken from 
 one place to form the pit directly south of the mound; and at the qua/rter 
 section comer it is taken directly east of the mound. The posts are squared 
 and notched as heretofore, described. More recent regulations require 
 stones or charcoal to be buried in the mound. 
 
 In the timber the lines are marted in the following manner: All those 
 trees which the line cuts have two notches on each side of the tree where 
 the line cuts it. These are called "station trees," and sometimes "Une 
 trees," or " sight trees." All trees within ten or fifteen links on each side 
 of the line are marked with two spots or " blazes," diagonally or quartering 
 toward the line. The names and estimated diameters of all the " station 
 trees," with their distances on the lines, are noted. 
 
 In the northwest part of Iowa, where the prairie so largely predominates, 
 the landmarks, of course, are chiefly mounds and pits. The original stakes 
 set by the surveyors have mostly been destroyed by the fires, but occasion- 
 ally one may be found. Many of the mounds and pits have also been par- 
 tially obliterated, but the experienced surveyor will generally identify tnem 
 with very little trouble. A person in search of the landmarks on the prai- 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 141 
 
 rie should provide himself with a compass with which to trace the lines. A 
 small one will answer the purpose of ascertaining lines approximately,, but 
 for finding the sub-divisions accurately, a good compass or transit and chain 
 are required. 
 
 The field notes of the original surveys furnish primarily the material 
 from wnich the plats and calculations of the public lands are made, and the 
 source from whence the description and evidence of the location and boun- 
 daries bf those surveys are drawn and perpetuated. The surveyors of- the 
 pubKc lands were, therefore, required to keep an accurate record of the 
 topography of the country, with a description of everything which might 
 aflbrd useful information. The crossings of streams, lakes, ponds, sloughs, 
 etc., with their location on the lines, were all required to be carefully noted. 
 
 EAELT SETTLEMENTS, AND TEREITOEIAL ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Julien Dubuque — Spanish Lead Mines — Early Settlement at Dubuque — Settlement at Mont- 
 rose— Old Apple Trees — Fort Madison — Keokuk — First Settlement at BurHngton — First 
 Settlement in Scott County — Organization of Scott GoUntj — Murder of Col. Davenport- 
 Band of Outlaws broken up — Some First Things — ^Territorial Convention — Subject of 
 Pre-emptions — Missouri Boundary — Question of Separate Territorial Organizatioa — Me- 
 morials to Congress. 
 
 The first white men who are known to have set their feet upon the soil of 
 Iowa, were James Marquette and Louis Joliet, in 1673, as we have seen in 
 a former part of this work. It was 115 years after the visit of these cele- 
 brated French voyagewrs before any white man established a settlement, 
 during which time several generations of the Indian tribes occupied the val- 
 leys of the beautiful rivers of Iowa, or roamed over her broad prairies. Dur- 
 ing all this time they doubtless kept alive among them the tradition of the 
 strange Black-Robe Chief and his pale-faced companions who came in their 
 canoes to see their fathers so many years before, it was likewise a French- 
 man, Julien Dubuque, who had the honor of making the first permanent 
 white settlement. In 1788, having obtained permission from the Indians, 
 he crossed the Mississippi with a small party of miners for the purpose of 
 working lead mines at the place where the city is now located which bears 
 his name, the lead having been discovered a short time before by the wife 
 Peosta, a Fox warrior. Dubuque was a native of France, but had emigrated 
 to Canada and become an Indian trader. While engaged in that business 
 he reached Prairie du Ohien about the year 1785, and with two other French- 
 men, laid out a village which now constitutes the northern part of that city. 
 As a trader he acquired great influence with the Sac and Fox Chiefs. Six 
 years after he engaged in mining (1796), he wrote a very diplomatic peti- 
 tion to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Baron de Carondelet, to con- 
 firm the Indian grant. The governor referred the petition to a merchant 
 and trader named Andrew Todd, who recommended that the grant be con- 
 firmed, with a restriction prohibiting Dubuque from trading with the 
 Indians, without first obtaining Todd's consent in writing. With this re- 
 striction the petition was granted. Dubuque, as was a common custom 
 among the French traders, had married an Indian woman. He gave to the 
 district embraced in his grant the name of the Mines of Spain, in 1796, in 
 compliment to the Spanish governor. He remained engaged in mining, 
 until his death, which occurred March 24, 1810. He was buried on a bluff 
 near the present city, and at his grave was placed a cedar cross, hewn square. 
 
142 HISTOET OP IOWA. 
 
 and about twelve feet high. On the arms of the cross there was, in Frencli, 
 an inscription, of which the following is a translation: 
 
 JULIEN DUBUQUE, 
 
 MTNEE OF THE MINES OF SPAIK, 
 
 DIED MAEOH 24™, 1810, 
 
 AGED FOETT-FIVE AND A-HALF TEARS. 
 
 A number of Indians were afterward buried at the same place, and among 
 them the chief Kettle and his wife, who both died some eighteen years after 
 Dubuque. Kettle had requested his tribe to bury him and his wife in the 
 vault with Dubuque. In 1828 their bodies were on the surface of the 
 ground, wrapped in buffalo robes, protected from animals by closed walls 
 and a roof. The cross and vault of Dubuque, it is said, were torn down 
 about the year 1854, by some thoughtless boys, or perhaps men. The vault 
 was built of roughly dressed limestone taken from the edge of the bluff only 
 a few feet distant. But little more than is here stated is Known of the first 
 white man who settled on Iowa soil. 
 
 At the death of Dubuque the Indians claimed that the right, or lease of 
 the whites to work the mines had expired, and but little more mining seems 
 to have been done there until after the Black Hawk War. When attempts 
 were made to engage in mining the military authority interfered to prevent 
 intrusion upon the rights of the Indians. In 1829, James L. Langworthy, 
 a native of Vermont, who had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illi- 
 nois, crossed over the river for the purpose of working the mines known 
 then as the "Spanish Lead Mines." The Indians refused to give him per- 
 mission, but allowed him to explore the country. With two young Indians 
 as guides, he traversed the region between Maquoketa and Turkey rivers. 
 When he returned to the Sac and Fox village, he secured the good will of 
 the Indians, and formed his plans for operating the mines. The next year, 
 with his brother, Lucius H. Langworthy, and some other miners, he crossed 
 over the river and engaged in mining. In June, 1830, the miners adopted a 
 code of laws or rules, reported by a committee consisting of James L. Lang- 
 worthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wreii. 
 They erected an independent civil government of their own, the first gov- 
 ernment established by white men in Iowa. Some time after this the War 
 Department issued an order to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in command of the 
 military post at Prairie du Ohien, to cause the miners to leave the west side , 
 of the river. Notice was accordingly given them and the order was reluc- 
 tantly obeyed, but not until a detachment of troops was sent to enforce it. 
 After the close of the Black Hawk War, and the treaty went into effect which 
 allowed settlement, on and after Jnile 1, 1833, the Langworthy brothers and 
 some others returned and resumed their claims, and soon there was a con- 
 siderable settlement at Dubuque. The first school house in Iowa was 
 erected there the same year, and before the close of the year there were five 
 hundred white people in the mining district. At a meeting of the settlers, 
 in 1834, the place was named Dubuque. 
 
 Except the mining settlement at Dubuque, the first traces of the 
 white man in Iowa, are to be found in Lee county. On the 30th of 
 March, 1799, Louis Honori Fesson obtained permission of the Span- 
 ish government to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the 
 river Des Moinea for the purpose of trading with the Indians. The 
 place was at this time occupied by a half-breed Indian named Ked Bird, 
 
HISTOBT OF IOWA. 143 
 
 but known among the whites aa Thomas Abbott. Subsequently the town 
 of Montrose was located on the ground where Fesson had his trading post 
 and Ked Bird his wick-e-np. Settlers of a later day have felt much interest 
 in the existence here of some full grown apple trees which must have been 
 planted by some hand long before the Black Hawk "War. It has been 
 claimed by some that theywereplanted by Fesson as early as the beginning 
 of the present century. Hon. D. W. Kilboume, one of the early settlers of 
 Lee eoimty, claimed that they were planted by Eed Bird some time between 
 the years 1795 and 1798- Mr. Kilboume was personally acquainted with 
 Eed Bird as well as with Black Hawk and other noted Indians of the Sac 
 and Fox tribes, and from them he received what he believed to be an authen- 
 tic account of the origin of the " ancient apple orchard " at Montrose. It 
 was tte custom of the Indians once a year to visit St. Louis for the purpose 
 of obtaining supplies of blankets and other articles. The half-breed, Ked 
 Bird, then a.young man, made his customary pilgrimage in the early spring, 
 and on his return stopped a few days at St. Charles on the Missouri river. 
 There a white man made him a present of about twenty small apple trees 
 and gave him instructions how to plant them. Ked Bird carried the trees 
 liome with him and planted them near his wick-e-up, placing stakes around 
 them. Nearly all of them grew and remained to excite the wonder and 
 cnriosity of succeeding generations of white men. 
 
 In 1809 a military post was established where Ft. Madison is now located, 
 but of course the country was not open to white settlers until after the 
 " Black Hawk Purchase." In 1834 troops were stationed at the point where 
 Montrose is now located, but at that time the place was called " Fort Des 
 Moines." They remained until 1837, when they were removed to Fort 
 Leavenworth. At first they were under the command of Lieut. Col. S- W. 
 Kearney, who was afterward relieved by Col. K. B. Mason. The command 
 consisted of three companies of the 1st United States Dragoons, Co. C, 
 Capt. E. V. Sumner, Co. H, Capt. Isathan Boone, and Co. I, Capt. J. B. 
 Browne. Capt. Browne resigned his position in the regular army in 1837, 
 and rfemained a citizen of Lee county. In 1838 he was appointed by Gov. 
 Lucas as Maj. Gen. of Militia. He was also elected as a member of the first 
 Territorial Legslature which convened at Burlington, and had the honor of 
 being the first President of the Council and afterward Speaker of the House 
 of Eepresentatives. At the " Foot of The Lower Kapids " there was a place 
 which, prior to 1834, was known as " Farmers' Trading Post." In Septem- 
 ber of that year a meeting of half-breed Indians and their assigns was held 
 in the old trading house then owned by Isaac C. Campbell. The object of 
 the meeting was to petition Congress for the passage of a law granting them 
 the privilege to sell and convey their respective titles to what was then 
 known as the " Half-breed Keservation," according to the laws of Missouri. 
 In attendance at this meeting were representatives from Prairie du Chein 
 and St. Louis. At this time there were about nine families residing in the 
 vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting the resident citizens re- 
 
 !)aired to the saloon of John Gaines to talk over their prospects when the 
 lalf-breed title should become extinct. They looked forward to the time 
 when a city should grow up at that point. John Gaines called the meeting 
 to order and made a speech in which he said the time had now come to 
 a^ee upon a name for the town. He spoke of the chief Keokuk as the 
 friend of the white man, and proposed his name for the future town. The 
 proposition met with favor and the name was adopted. In the spring of 
 
144 msTOBT or iowa. 
 
 1837 the town was laid out and a public sale of lots took place in June. 
 Only two or three lots were sold, although many attended from St. Louis 
 and other points. In 1840 the greater portion of Keokuk waa a dense for- 
 est, the improvements being only a few cabins. In • 1847 a census of the 
 place gave a population of t)20. During the year 1832 Oapt. James White 
 made a claim on the present site of Montrose, and in the same year, soon 
 after the close of thelBIack Hawk war, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jen- 
 nings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson 
 and Peter Williams made claims at Ft. Madison. In 1833 these claims 
 were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they 
 laid out the town. The next summer lots were sold. The lots were subse- 
 quently re-surveyed and platted by the TJnited States Government. 
 
 The first settlement made at Burlington and in the vicinily, was 
 in the fall of 1832. . Daniel Tothero came with his family and settled 
 on the prairie about three miles from the ■ Mississippi river. About the 
 same time Samuel White, with his family, erected his cabin near the river 
 at what is known as the upper bluft", within the limits of the present city 
 of Burlington. This was before the extinction of the Indian title, for that 
 did not take place before June 1st, 1833, when the government acquired the 
 territory under what was known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." There 
 was then a government military post at Eock Island, and some dragoons 
 came down from that place during the next winter and drove Tothero and 
 and White over the river, burning their cabins. White remained in Illinois 
 until the first of the following June, when the Indians surrendered posses- 
 sion of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and on that very day was on the ground 
 and built his second cabin. His cabin stood on what is now Front street, 
 between Court and High streets, in the city of Burlington. Soon after Mr. 
 White's return his brother-in-law, Doolittle, joined him, and in 1834 they 
 laid out the original town, naming it Burlington, for the town of that name 
 in Vermont. The name was given at the request of John Gray, a Ver- 
 monter and a friend of the proprietors. Thus White and Doolittle became 
 the Komulus and Remus of one of the leading cities of Iowa. During the 
 year 1833 there was considerable settlement made in the vicinity, and soon a 
 mill was erected by Mr. Donnell, on Flint creek, three miles from Burling- 
 ton. In 1837 Major McKell erected a saw-mill in* the town. In June, 
 1834, Congress passed an act attaching the " Black Hawk Purchase " to the 
 Territory of Michigan for temporary government. In September of the 
 same year the Legislature of Michigan divided this purchase into two coun- 
 ties, Des Moines and Dubuque. The boundary between them was a line 
 . running due west from the lower end of Rock Island. They also organized 
 a county court in each county, and for Des Moines county made the seat 
 of justice at Burlington. The first court was held in April, 1835, in a log 
 house. In 1838 Iowa was made a separate Territory and Burlington was 
 made the capital and so remained until after the admission into the Union 
 aa a State. The Territorial Legislature met for several years in the first 
 church erected in Burlington, known as " Old Zion." In this same building 
 the supreme judicial tribunal of the Territory also held its sessions, as well 
 as the district court. 
 
 The first, white man to settle permanently within the limits of Scott 
 county, was Capt. B. W. Clark, a native of Virginia. He had settled and made 
 some improvement on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, but in 1833 lie 
 moved across the river and made a " claim and commenced an improvement 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 145 
 
 10 
 
146 HISTORY or lOW^ 
 
 where the town of Buffalo was laid out. His nearest white neighbors on the 
 west side of the Mississippi, were at Burlington and Dubuque. David H. 
 Clark, a son of Capt. Clark, born April 21, 1834, was the first white child 
 bom within the limits of what is now Scott county. 
 
 Before the time, June 1, 1833, that the Indians were to give possession 
 to the whites, Geo. L. Davenport had been permitted to make a claim. He 
 had been a favorite with the Indians from boyhood, and for this reason he 
 was permitted to go upon the lands while others were kept off. The land 
 upon which a part of the city of Davenport is located, and adjoining or near 
 Le Claire's reserve, was claimed by R. H. Spencer, and a man named Mc- 
 Cloud. Mr. Le Claire afterward purchased their claim interest for $150. 
 
 The project of laying out a town upon Mr. Le Claire's claim was first dis- 
 cussed in the autumn of 1835, at the residence of Col. Davenport, on Eock 
 Island. The persons interested in the movement were Antoine Le Claire, 
 Maj. Thos. Smith, Maj. "Wm. Gordon, Phillip Hambaugh, Alexg,nder W. 
 McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and Col. Geo. Davenport. In 
 the spring of 1836, the enterprise was carried into effect by the purchase of 
 the land from Mr. Le Claire, and the laying out of a town to which the 
 name of Davenport was given, in honor of Col. Davenport. The survey 
 was made by Maj. Gordon. Some improvement had been made iipon the 
 ground by Mr. Le Claire, as early as 1833, but none of a substantial character 
 until 1836. 
 
 During this year Messrs. Le Claire and Davenport erected a building 
 which was opened as a public house or tavern, by Edward Powers. During 
 the same year John Litch from Newburyport, N. IL, opened the pioneer 
 whisky shop in a log shanty on Front street. A ferry across the Mississippi , 
 was established by Mr. Le Claire, who was also the same year appointed the ■ 
 first postmaster, and carried the mails in his pocket while ferrying. The 
 first white male child born in Davenport was a son of Levi S. Colton, in 
 the autmnn of 1836. The child died in August, 1840, at the Indian village 
 on Iowa river. The first female child was a daughter of D. 0. Eldridge. 
 Alex. W. McGregor, opened the first law office in 1836. Eev A. M. Gavit, 
 a Methodist minister, preached the first sermon in the house of D. 0. Eld- 
 ridge. At the close of the year 1836 there were some six or seven houses 
 in me town. The Indians still lingered about the place. Col. Davenport 
 still kept a trading house open on Eock Island, and furnished supplies. , 
 
 When the Sacs and Foxes removed from the lands embraced in the first 
 purchase they settled for a short time on Iowa river, and after the second, 
 purchase removed to the Des Moines river, where they remained until the 
 last sale of their lands in Iowa when they were removed by the government 
 to Kansas. 
 
 Scott county was organized and named in honor of Gen. "Winfield Scott at 
 the session of the Legislature of "Wisconsin in December, 1837. Major 
 Frayer Wilson was appointed sheriff. The election for county commission-, 
 ers was held on the third Monday in February, 1838, when the following 
 were elected: Benj. F. Pike, Andrew W. Campbell, and Alfred Carter. On 
 the 4th of July, 1838, by an aet of Congress, Iowa became a separate Ten> 
 tory, and Eobert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed the first Territorial Governor. 
 He made the following appointments for Scott county: "Williard Barrows, 
 notary public; Ebenezer Cook, judge of probate; Adrian H. Davenport, 
 sheriff; Isaac A. Hedges and John Porter, justices of the peace. D. C. 
 Eldridge received the appointment of postmaster at Davenport. The first. 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 147 
 
 District Court met in Davenport in October, 1838, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 
 of Dubuque, presiding. 
 
 For two years a contest had been going on between Davenport and a place 
 called Eockingham as to which should nave the honor of the county seat. 
 The fourth Monday of August, 1840, was fixed for holding an election to 
 decide the vexed question. It resulted favorably to Davenport, the citizens 
 of the successful town building a court house and jail free of expense to the 
 county. 
 
 On the 7th of July, 1838, Andrew Logan, from Pennsylvania, arrived 
 with a printing press, and on the I7th of September following issued . the 
 first number of a paper called loaoa Sun cmd Davenport and Moch Iskmd 
 News, the fi^-st newspaper published in the county. On the 26th day of 
 August, 1841, the first number of the Davenport Weehly Gazette was issued 
 by Alfred Sanders. 
 
 One of the most exciting incidents connected with the early history of 
 Davenport and Scott county was the murder of Col. George Davenport on 
 Rock Island, July 4, 1845. The country on both sides of the river had been 
 infested by a lawless band of freebooters, with their supposed headquarters 
 at Nauvoo. They had organized themselves into bands and engaged in 
 horse stealing, counterfeiting, burglary, robbery, and murder. In some 
 places men in official positions and of good standing in community were 
 associated with them. On the fatal 4th of July, Col. Davenport's family was 
 away at Stephenson attending a celebration when three men attacked him in 
 his house, one of whom shot him with a pistol through the thigh. They 
 then bound him with strips of bark and blindfolded him. They then made 
 a search for the key of his safe but were unable to find it. Returning to the 
 wounded man, they carried him up-stairs where the safe was and compelled 
 him to unlock it. The booty obtained was about $600 in money, a gold 
 watch-chain and seals, a double-barrelled gun, and a few articles of minor 
 value. Col. Davenport lived long enough to relate the incidents of the rob- 
 bery. For several weeks no trace could be found of the murderers. Edward 
 Bonney, of Lee county, Iowa, undertook to ferret out their place of conceal- 
 ment. About the middle of August he went to Nauvoo where he obtained 
 trace of them by representing himself as one of the gang. On the 8 th of 
 September he arrested a man named Fox at Centerville, Indiana, and com- 
 mitted him to jail there. On the 19th he arrested two others, Birch and 
 John Long, at Sandusky, Ohio, and brought them to Eock Island by way of 
 the lakes and Chicago. These three men were known at the west as leaders 
 of gangs of desperadoes, but operated under different names. Three others 
 were also arrested as accessories, Kichard Baxter and Aaron Long, near 
 Galena, Illinois, and Granville Young, at Nauvoo. Aaron was a brother of 
 John Long. On the 6th of October all of them were indicted by the grand 
 jury of Eock Island county, except Fox, who had escaped from jail in Indi- 
 ana on the 17th of September. On the 14th of October the two Longs were 
 pat upon trial, found guilty, and sentenced to be himg on the 27th of the 
 same month. Birch, the greatest villain, turned State's evidence. Baxter 
 was tried separately, convicted and sentenced to be hung on the 18th of No- 
 vember. Li his case a writ of error was obtained and a new trial granted, 
 when he was again found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life, 
 where he died two years after. Birch took a change of venue to Knox 
 county, and while awaiting trial escaped from jail. Upon the gallows John 
 I^ng confessed all, but died a hardened wretch without sign of repentance 
 or fear of death. 
 
148 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 , During tlie year 1834 settlements were made at various points besides 
 those mentioned, in what are now the counties bordering on the Mississippi 
 river, and soon other settlements began to extend to the western limit of tne 
 Black Hawk Purchase. 
 
 The first post-office in Iowa was established in Dubuque in 1833. Milo 
 H. Prentice was appointed postmaster. 
 
 The first justice of the peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as 
 " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers 
 and the Indians stiU remaining there." 
 
 The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on 
 the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that 
 year. 
 
 The first church bell brought into Liwa was in March, 1834. 
 
 The first mass of the Eoman Catholic Church in the Territory was cele- 
 brated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833. 
 
 The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners 
 in 1833. 
 
 The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer 
 of 1834. 
 
 The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to 
 permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832. 
 
 The fii'st family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, 
 in 1832. 
 
 The first meeting-house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
 Dubuque, in 1834. 
 
 The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Yisitor, issued May 11th, 
 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and WilUam C. 
 Jones, printer. 
 
 By the year 1836 the population had increased so that the people began 
 to agitate for a separate Territorial organization. There were also several 
 other matters in which they were deeply interested. In November, 1837, a 
 convention was called at Burlington to take action. Some account of this 
 first Iowa convention, and the action taken by it, wiU be of interest to every 
 citizen of the State. 
 
 TEEEITOEIAl CONVENTION. 
 
 On Monday the 6th of November, 1837, a convention of delegates from the 
 several counties in that portion of Wisconsin Territory west of the Missis- 
 sippi river, then sometimes called Western Wisconsin, convened in the town 
 of Burlington. Among the principal purposes for which this convention 
 was called were: 1. To memoralize Congress for the passage of an act 
 granting the right of pre-emption to actuS settlers on government lands* 
 2. To memoralize Congress on the subject of the attempt then being made 
 by the State of Missouri to extend her northern boundary line so as to 
 embrace territory claimed as being apart of Wisconsin; 3. To memoralize 
 Congress for the organization of a separate territorial government- in that 
 part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. m 
 
 The following were the accredited delegates in the convention from thi 
 several counties: 
 
 Dubuque Comity.— V. H. Engle, J. T. Pales, G-. W. Harris, W. A. "War- 
 ren, W. B. Watts, A. F. Eussell, W. H. Patton, J, W. Parker, J. D. Bell, and 
 J. H. Kose. 
 
 Des Movnes Oovmty. — David Eorer, Eobert Ealston, and Cyrus S. Jacobs. 
 
HISTOBT OF IOWA. 149 
 
 Tcm Bur&n Cov/nfy. — Yan Caldwell, J. G. Kenner, and James HalL 
 
 JSeivry Cownby. — ^W. H. Wallace, J. D. Payne, and J. L. Myers. 
 
 Muscaiine Cownty. — J. E. Struthers, M. Conch, Eli Eeynolds, S. C. 
 Hastings, James Davis, S. Jenner, A. Smith, and E. K. Fay. 
 
 Jjyvma Cotmty. — J. M. Clark, "Wm. L. Toole, and J. J. Kinearson. 
 
 Lee Govmty. — Henry Eno, John Claypool, and Hawkins Taylor. 
 
 The officers of the convention were: President, Cyrus S. Jacobs; Vice 
 Presidents, J. M. Clark, and Wm. H. Wallace; Secretaries, J. W. Parker, 
 and J. E. Strathers. 
 
 The following committees were appointed: 
 
 To draft and report a memorial in relation to the right of pre-emption — 
 Messrs. Engle, Kenner, Payne, Struthers, Patton, Eorer, and Smith. 
 
 To draft and report a memorial on the subject of the boundary line — 
 Messrs. Eno, Claypool, Kenner, Ealston, Davis, Watts, and Toole. 
 
 To draft and report a memorial on the subject of a separate territorial 
 organization — Messrs. Eorer, Hastings, Caldwell, Myers, Claypool, Einear- 
 son, and Harris. 
 
 The convention continued in session three days, and on the afternoon of the 
 last day all the committees reported, and their reports were unanimously 
 adopted. 
 
 MEMOEIAl ON THE SUBJECT OF PKE-EMPTIONS. 
 
 To the Sonorahle Senate and Mouse of JRepresentatives : 
 
 A convention of citizens representing all the counties in that part of Wis- 
 consin Territory lying west of the Mississippi river, have assembled at Bur- 
 lington, the present seat of government of said Territory, for the purpose of 
 taking into consideration several measures immediately affecting their in- 
 terests and prosperity. Among the most important of these is the passage 
 by your honorable bodies, at the session about to be commenced, of a pre- 
 emption law by which the settlers on the public land shall have secured to 
 them at the minimum price, the lands on which they live, which they have 
 improved and cultivated without fear of molestation, or over-bidding on the 
 part of the rich capitalist and speculator. It is a fact well known to your hon- 
 orable bodies, that none of the land in Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, 
 in what is called the " Iowa District," has yet been offered for sale by the 
 government. It is equally true that that tract of country is now inhabited 
 by twenty-five thousand souls, comprising a population as active, intelligent, 
 and worthy as can be found in any other part of the United States. The 
 enterprise of these pioneers has converted what was but yesterday a solitary 
 and uncultivated waste, into thriving towns and villages, alive with the en- 
 gagements of trade and commerce, and rich and smiling' farms, yielding 
 their bountiful return to the labors of the husbandman. This district has 
 been settled and improved with a rapidity unexampled in the history of the 
 country; emigrants from all parts of the United States, and from Europe, 
 are daily adding to our numbers and importance. An attempt to force these 
 lands thus occupied and improved into market, to be sold to the highest bid- 
 der, and to put the money thus extorted from the hard earnings of an indus- 
 trions and laborious people into the coffers of the public treasury, would be 
 an act of injustice to the settlers, which would scarcely receive the sanction 
 of your honorable bodies. In most cases the labor of years and the accu- 
 mulated capital of a whole lite has been emended in making improvements 
 on the public land, under the strong and mm belief that every safeguard 
 would be thrown aroimd them to prevent their property, thus dearly earned 
 
150 HISTORY OP IOWA* 
 
 by years of suffering, privation arid toil, from being unjustly wrested from 
 tlieir hands. Shall they be disappointed? Will Congress refuse to pass 
 such laws as may be necessary to protect a large class of our citizens from 
 systemized plunder and rapine? The members comprising this convention, 
 representing a very large class of people, who delegated them to speak in 
 their stead, do most confidently express an opinion that your honorable 
 bodies will at your present session, pass some law removing us from danger 
 and relieving us from fear on this subject. The members of this conven- 
 tion, for themselves, and for the people whose interests they are sent here to 
 represent, do most respectfully solicit that your honorable bodies will, as 
 speedily as possible, pass a pre-emption law, giving to every actual settler 
 on the public domain, who has made improvements sufficient to evince that 
 it is honajlde his design to cultivate ana-occupy the land, the right to enter 
 at the minimum government price, one-half section for that purpose, before 
 it shall be offered at pablic sale. 
 
 MEMOEIAi ON THE SITBJECT OF THE MISSOURI BOUNDARY LINE. 
 
 To the HoTvorable, the Senate and House of Bejpresentatives of the United 
 
 States in Congress assembled: 
 
 The Memorial of a Convention of Delegates from the several conntieB in 
 the Territory of "Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, convened at Bur- 
 lington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, respectfully represent: 
 
 That your memorialists are desirous of asking the attention of Congress 
 to the adjustment of the boundary line between the State of Missouri and 
 the Territory of Western Wisconsin. Much excitement already prevails 
 among the inhabitants situated in the border counties of the State and Ter- 
 ritory, and it is much to be feared that, unless the speedy action of Congress 
 should be had upon the subject, difficulties of a serious nature will arise, 
 militating against the peace and harmony which would otherwise exist 
 among them. At the last session of the legislature of Missouri, commis- 
 sioners were appointed to run the northern boundary line of the State. They 
 have recently been engaged in the work, and, according to the line run by 
 them, there is included within the limits of the State of Missouri a consid- 
 erable tract of country hitherto supposed to belong to the Territory of Wis- 
 consin, and which is still believed of right to belong to it. The northern 
 boundary line of Missouri was run several years ago by commissioners ap- 
 pointed by the State of Missouri, and will cross the Des Moines river at a 
 point about twenty-five miles from its mouth. This line, if continued on 
 due east, would strike the Mississippi river near the town of Fort Madison, 
 about ten miles above the rapids in said river, long since known as the Des 
 Moines rapids; and this line, so run by the commissioners, has always been 
 considered as the boundary Hne between the State and Territory. Tne pres- 
 ent commissioners, appointed by the State of Missouri, giving a difierent 
 construction to the act defining the boundary line of the State, passed up 
 the Des Moines river in search of rapids, and have seen proper to find them 
 some twelve or fourteen miles further up the river than the other commis- 
 sioners of Missouri formerly did, and, selecting a point which they call 
 the rapids in the Des Moines river, have from thence marked out a line 
 which is now claimed as the northern boundary line of the State. Were 
 this line extended due east, it would strike the Mississippi river at the town 
 of Burlington, some thirty miles above the rapids known,- as stated above, as 
 the Des Moines Eapids. : 
 
HISTOBT OF IOWA. 151 
 
 Missonri was created into an independent State, and her boundary line 
 defined, in June, 1820. At that time the country bordering on the Des 
 Moines river was a wilderness, and little was known, except irom the Indi- 
 ans who lived on its banks, of its geographical situation. There was'at that 
 time no point on the river known as the Des Moines rapids, and at the 
 present time between the mouth of the river and the Eaccoon forks, a dis- 
 tance of two hundred mile's, fifty places can with as much propriety be desig- 
 nated as the one selected by the commissioners of the State of Missouri. 
 
 Your memorialists conceive that no action of the State of Missouri can , 
 or ought to, affect the integrity of the Territory of "Wisconsin; and standing 
 in the attitude they do, they must look to the general government to protect 
 their rights and redress their wrongs, which, for so long a period of time, 
 existed between the Territory of Michigan and the State of Ohio relative to 
 their boundaries, will, it is hoped, prompt the speedy action of Congress on 
 this existing subject. Confidently relying upon the wisdom of the general 
 government, and its willingness to take such means as will settle this ques- 
 tion, the people of "Wisconsin will peaceably submit to an extension ot the 
 northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, if so be that Congress 
 shall ordain it; but until such action, they will resist to the utmost extrem- 
 ity any attempt made by the State of Missouri to extend her jurisdiction 
 over any disputed territory. 
 
 We, therefore, pray that Congress will appoint commissioners, whose duty 
 it shall be to run the line between the State of Missouri and the Territory 
 of Wisconsin according to the spirit and intention of the act defining the 
 boundary lines of the State of Missouri, and to adopt such other measures 
 as in their wisdom they shall deem fit and proper. 
 
 MEMOEIAL PEATING FOR A DIVISION OF THE TEEEITOET. 
 
 To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 
 States in Congress assembled: 
 
 The memorial of a general convention of delegates, from the respective 
 counties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, con- 
 vened at the capitol at Burlington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, 
 respectfully represents: 
 
 That the citizens of that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river, 
 taking into consideration their remote and isolated position, and the vast 
 extent of country included within the limits of the present Territory, and 
 the utter impracticability of the same being governed as an entire whole, by 
 the wisest and best administration of our municipal affairs, in such manner 
 as to Mly secure individual right and the right of property, as well as to 
 maintain domestic tranquility, and the good order of society, have by their 
 respective representatives,, convened in general convention as aforesaid, tor 
 availing themselves of their right of petition as free citizens, by representing 
 their situation and wishes to your honorable body, and asking for the organ- 
 ization of a separate Territorial government over that part of the Territory 
 west of the Mississippi river. 
 
 Without in the least designing to question the official conduct of those in 
 whose hands the fate of our infant Territory has been confided, and in whose 
 patriotism and wisdom we have the utmost confidence, your memorialists 
 cannot refrain from the frank expression of their belief that, taking into 
 consideratioil the geographical extent of her country, in connection with the 
 probable population of Western Wisconsin, perliaps no Territory of the 
 
152 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 United States lias been so mucli neglected by tbe parent government, so illy 
 protected in the political and individual rights of her citizens. 
 
 Western Wisconsin came into the possession of our government in June, 
 1833. Settlements were made, and crops grown, during the same season; 
 and even then, at that early day, was the impulse given to the mighty throng 
 of emigration that has subsequently filled our lovely and desirable country 
 with people, intelligence, wealth and enterprise. From that period until the 
 present, being a little over four years, what has been the Territory of West- 
 em Wisconsin? Literally and practically a large portion of the time with- 
 out a government. With a population of thousands, she has remained 
 ungovemed, and has been quietly left by the pa,rent government to take care 
 of herself, without the privilege on the one hand to provide a government of 
 her own, and without any existing authority on the other to govern her. 
 
 From June, 1833, until June, 1834, a period of one year, there was not 
 even the shadow of government or law in all Western Wisconsin. In June, 
 1334, Congress attached her to the then existing Territory of Michigan, of 
 which Territory she nominally continued a part, until July, 1836, a period 
 of little more than two years. During the whole of this time, the whole 
 country west, sufficient of itself for a respectable State, was included in two 
 counties, Dubuque and Des Moines. In each of these two counties there 
 were holden, during the said term of two years, two terms of a county court 
 (a court of inferior jurisdiction), as the only sources of judicial relief up to 
 the passage of the act of Congress creating the Territory of Wisconsin. Tliat 
 act took eifect on the third day of July, 1836, and the first judicial relief 
 afforded under that act, was at the April term following, 1837, a period of 
 nine months after its passage; subsequently to which time there has been a 
 court holden in one solitary county in Western Wisconsin only. This, your 
 memorialists are aware, has recently been owing to the unfortunate disposi- 
 tion of the esteemed and meritorious judge of our district; but they are 
 equally aware of the fact, that had Western Wisconsin existed under a sep- 
 arate organization, we should have found relief in the services of other mem- 
 bers of the judiciary, who are at present, in consequence of the great extent 
 of our Territory, and the small number of judges dispersed at two great a 
 distance, and too constantly engaged in the discharge of the duties of their 
 own district, to be enabled to afford relief to other portions of the Territory. 
 Thus, with a population of not less than twenty-five thousand now, and of 
 near half that number at the organization of the Territory, it will appear 
 that we have existed as a portion of an organized Territory, for sixteen 
 months, with but one term of courts only. 
 
 Tour memorialists look upon those evils as growing exclusively out of the 
 immense, extent of country included within the present boundaries of the 
 Territory, and express their conviction and belief, that nothing would so 
 effectually remedy the evil as the organization of Western Wisconsin into a 
 separate territorial government. To this your memorialists conceive them- 
 selves entitled by principles of moral right — by the same obligation that 
 rests upon their present government, to protect them in the free enjoyment 
 of their rights, until such time as they shall be permitted to provide protec- 
 tion for themselves; as well as from the uniform practice ana policy of the 
 government in relation to other Territories. 
 
 The Territory of Indiana, including the present States of Indiana, Illinois, 
 and Michigan, and also much of the eastern portion of the present Territory 
 of Wisconsin, was placed under one separate territorial government in the year 
 
HI8T0ET OF IOWA. 153 
 
 1800, at a time that the population amounted to only five thousand six hun- 
 dred and forty, or thereabouts. 
 
 The Territory of Arkansas was erected into a distinct Territory, in 1820, 
 with a population of about fourteen thousand. The Territory of Illinois was 
 established in 1809, being formed by dividing the Indiana Territory. The 
 exact population of Illinois Territory, at the time of her separation from In- 
 diana, is not known to your memorialists, but her population in 1812, one 
 year subsequent to that event, amounted to but eleven thousand five hun- 
 dred and one whites, and a few blacks — in all, to less than twelve thousand 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The Territory of Michigan was formed in 1805, by again dividing the 
 Indiana Territory, of which, until then, she composed a part. The popula- 
 tion of Michigan, at the time of her separation from Indiana, your memo- 
 rialists have been unable to ascertain, but in 1810, a period of five years sub- 
 Eequent to her separate organization, her population amounted to but about 
 four thousand seven hundred and sixty; and in the year 1820, to less than 
 nine thousand — so that Michigan existed some fifteen years, as a distinct 
 Territory, with a population of less than half of Western Wisconsin at pres- 
 ent; and each of the above named Territories, now composing so many 
 proud and fiourishing States, were created into separate territorial govern- 
 ments, with a much less population than that of Western Wisconsin, and 
 that too at a time when the parent government was burdened with a 
 national debt of millions. Tour memorialists therefore pray for the organ- 
 ization of a separate territorial government over that part of the Territory of 
 Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. 
 
 TEREITOET OF IOWA. 
 
 Territorial Organization — Members of First Legislative Assembly — Its Presiding OflBcers — 
 Important Acts — ^The Great Seal of the Territory — Provision for Locating Seat of Gov- 
 ernment — Some Prominent Members — ^The Boundary Dispute — Its Settement— Delegate 
 to Congress— Territorial Governors — Death of Wm. B. Conway — Various Incorporations. 
 
 CoHGEESs considered the prayer of the memorial favorably, and " An Act 
 to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial govern- 
 ment of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force 
 on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of 
 the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi Eiver, 
 and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the 
 Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor 
 whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Jus- 
 tice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve 
 four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white 
 male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of 
 age, of a House of Kepresentatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and 
 a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a 
 pubhc library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President 
 Van Buren appointed Ex-G-ovemor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first 
 Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburg, was 
 appointed Sera-etary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief 
 Justice; and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of 
 Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. 
 Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; 
 
151 
 
 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 Augustus C. Dodge, Eegister of the Land Office at Burlington, and, Thom- 
 as McKniglit, Eeceiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Al. 
 len, the District Attorney, died at Eockingham, soon after his appointmeDt, 
 and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, 
 the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the 
 Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to suc- 
 ceed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a procla- 
 mation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be 
 held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into election districts 
 for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for the meeting 
 of the Legislature to be elected, at Burlington. 
 
 The following were the names, county of residence, nativity, age, and 
 occupation, of the members of that fij-st Territorial Legislature: 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 COUTTTT. 
 
 NATIVITT. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 28 
 
 « 4* 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 62 
 
 Des Moines. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 60 
 
 (( u 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 81 
 
 Cedar. 
 
 New York. 
 
 31 
 
 Des Moines. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 S3 
 
 Lee. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 40 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 35 
 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 34 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 28 
 
 Dubuque. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 26 
 
 ** 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 32 
 
 Louisa. 
 
 New York. 
 
 25 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 E. A. M. Swarzy. . . , 
 
 J.Kieth 
 
 A. Ingram 
 
 Robert Ralston 
 
 C. Whittlesey 
 
 George Hepner 
 
 Jesse B. Browne. . . . 
 
 Jesse D. Payne 
 
 L. B. Hughes' 
 
 J. W.Parker 
 
 Stephen Hempstead. 
 
 Warner Lewis 
 
 J.M.Clark 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Gunsmith. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Farmer. ' 
 
 Formerly in U.S.J 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. ' • 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Farmer. « 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 OOTJNTT. 
 
 NATIVITY. 
 
 AGE, 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 Wm. H. Wallace 
 Wm. G. Coop. . . . 
 
 A. B. Porter 
 
 Laurel Summers . . 
 Jabez Burchard . . 
 James Brierly. . . . 
 Wm. Patterson. . . 
 
 H. Taylor 
 
 Harden Nowlin. . . 
 Andrew Bankston. 
 
 Thomas Cox 
 
 C. Swan 
 
 C. J.Price 
 
 J. W. Grimes .... 
 .George Teinple — 
 George H. Beeler. 
 V. B. Delashmutt. 
 
 Thomas Blair 
 
 James Hall 
 
 Samuel Parker . . . 
 
 G.S.Bailey 
 
 Levi Thornton. . . . 
 
 Wm.L, Toole 
 
 ' Robert G. Roberts 
 John Frierson.... 
 S. C. Haatings...... 
 
 Henry. 
 
 4« 
 
 Scott. 
 (. 
 
 Lee. 
 
 4i 
 
 44 
 
 Dubuque. 
 
 Lee. 
 Des Moines, 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 Louisa. 
 
 (4 
 
 Cedar. _ 
 Muscatine. 
 
 Ohio. . 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 New York. 
 
 N. G. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. H 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Penn. _ 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 New York. 
 
 27 
 33 
 30 
 24 
 34 
 29 
 37 
 27 
 34 
 51 
 51 
 89 
 37 
 22 
 34 
 89 
 37 
 49 
 27 
 34 
 27 
 42 
 .35 
 42 
 84 
 25 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Miner. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Physician.' 
 
 FarmSri 
 
 Farmer. , 
 
 Farmer. 
 
 Surveyor. 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 155 
 
 ' Jesse B. Browne, of Lee county, was elected president of tlie council. He 
 'Lad been an officer in the regular army, was a gentleman of dignified 
 appearance and commanding stature, being six feet and seven incbes in 
 height. William H. Wallace, of Henry county, was elected speaker of the 
 Ilouse. Some years after he held the position of receiver at the United 
 States land office located at Fairfield. He subsequently removed to Wash- 
 ington Territory, and at one time served as a delegate in Congress from 
 that Territory. 
 
 Among the acts passed were those for organizing the counties of Linn, 
 Jeflerson and Jones; fot changing the name of Slaughter county to Wash- 
 ington; providing for the election in each county of a board of commission- 
 ers, to consist of three persons, to attend to all county business, and acts 
 providing for the location of the capital and the penitentiary. The Terri- 
 tory was divided into three judicial districts, in each county of which court 
 was to be held twice a year. The counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and 
 Des Moines constituted the first district, to which Charles Mason, of Bur- 
 lington, was assigned as judge. The counties of Louisa, Washington, John- 
 Bonr, Cedar and Muscatine constituted the second district, with Joseph 
 Williams, of Muscatine, as judge. The counties of Jackson, Dubuque, 
 Scott and Clayton constituted the third district, with Thomas S. Wilson, of 
 Dubuque, as judge. 
 
 Among the proceedings was the passage of a resolution by the council, 
 instructing Wm. B. Conway, the secretary of the Territory, to procure 
 a seal, m compliance with this instruction, on the 23d of November, 
 Mr. Conway submitted to the inspection of the coimcil what became the 
 "great seal of the Territory of Iowa." The design was that of an eagle 
 b^iringin its beak an Indian arrow, and clutching in its talons an unstrung 
 bow. The seal was one inch and five-eighths in diameter, and was engraved 
 by William Wagner, of York, Pennsylvania. The council passed a resolu- 
 tion adopting the seal submitted by the secretary, but it does not appear 
 that it was adopted by the other branch of the legislature. In his communi- 
 cation to the council presenting the seal, Mr. Conway calls it the " great 
 seal of the Territory of Iowa," but the word "great" did not appear upon 
 it. This old territorial seal appears to have been lost in the removal from 
 Iowa City to Des Moines. 
 
 Under the act passed for the location of the capital, Chauncey Swan, of 
 Dubuque county, John Konalds, of Louisa county, and Robert Ralston, of 
 Des Moines county, were appointed commissioners, and were required to 
 meet at the town of Napoleon, in Johnson county, on the first Monday of 
 May, 1839, and proceed to locate the seat of government at the most suit- 
 able point in that county. They proceeded at that time to discharge the duties 
 of their trust, and procured the title to six hundred and forty acres. They 
 had it surveyed into lots, and agreed upon a plan for a capitol, selecting one 
 of their number, Chauncey Swan, to superintend the work of erecting the 
 building. The site selected was about two miles northwest of what was 
 then the town of Napoleon, a place which now is not known as a town. 
 The new town was named Iowa City, and the first sale of lots took place 
 August 16, 1839. In November, 1839, the second Territorial Legislature 
 assembled in Burlington, and passed an act requiring the commissioners to 
 adopt a plan for a building, not to exceed in cost $51,000. On the 4th day 
 of July, 1840, the comer stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, Sam- 
 
156 mSTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 uel 0. Trowbridge acting as marslial of the day, and Governor Eobert Lucas 
 as orator. 
 
 This first legislative body which enacted laws for the government of the 
 new Territory of Iowa held its sessions in the then unfinished Methodist 
 church in Burlington, the lower stoiy or basement being built of stone, and 
 the upper story of brick. It was known in later years as " Old Zion." Of 
 the members of that legislature several afterward held prominent ofiBcial 
 positions in the State.' Two of them, Stephen Hempstead, of Dubuque, 
 and James "W. Grimes, of Burlington, held the office of Governor. The 
 latter also became prominent in the United States Senate, and in the 
 National Cabinet. 
 
 "William G. Coop continued to be returned as a member of one or the other 
 branch of almost every General Assembly, up to the change of parties in 
 the election of James W. Grimes, as Governor. His later legislative career 
 was as a member of the State Senate from Jefierson county. He was the 
 Democratic candidate in that county against James F. Wilson in 1856, for 
 member of the constitutional convention, but was defeated by the latter. He 
 was a man of strong party attacliments, being a Democrat in the striatest 
 sense, but was faithful to his constituents, and honest in his discharge of duty. 
 We recognize (5ther names that were familiar in the subsequent history of the 
 Territory or State, and among them, the following: Asbury B. Porter, who 
 became the first colonel of the Fourth Iowa Cavalry during the KebeUion; 
 Hawkins Taylor, of Lee county, who, during later years, has resided most 
 of the time in Washington City; Warner Lewis, of Dubuque, who afterward 
 held the position of Surveyor General for Iowa and Wisconsin ; William L. 
 Toole, of Louisa county, after whom the town of Toolesboro in that county 
 was named; Laurel Summers, of Scott county, and others. In the organi- 
 zation of this first Territorial Legislature party ties do not seem to have 
 been very strictly drawn, for General Browne, who was chosen president of 
 the council without opposition, and Colonel Wallace, who was elected 
 speaker of the house, with but little opposition, were both Whigs, while 
 both branches of the legislature were largely Democratic. Party lines were 
 not tightly drawn until the campaign of 1840, when the young Territory 
 caught the enthusiasm which characterized that contest throughout the 
 country. 
 
 THE BO0NDAET DISPUTE. 
 
 One of the exciting questions with which the Territory of Iowa had to deal 
 was that in relation to the southern boundary. The constitution of Missouri 
 in defining the boundaries of that State had defined her northern boundarjr to 
 be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Momes 
 river. In the Mississippi river, a little above the mouth of the Des Moines 
 river, are the rapids, which had been known as the Des lloines Rapids, or the 
 Kapids of the Des Moines river. Just below the town of Keosauqua, in Van 
 Buren county, there are rapids (though very slight and inconsiderable) also 
 in the Des Moines river. The Missouri authorities claimed that the latter 
 rapids were referred to in the definition of her boundary, and insisted on ex- 
 ercising jurisdiction over a strip of territory some eight miles in width which 
 Iowa claimed as being a part of her territory. At the first court held in Far- 
 mington. Van Buren county, in April, 1837, by David Irwin, Judge of the 
 Second Judicial District of Wisconsin, an indictment was found against one 
 David Doose for exercising the office of constable in Van Buren county 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 157 
 
 under authority of the State of Missouri. This, and other similar acts 
 by Missouri officials, were the origin of the despute which resulted in demon- 
 strations of hostilities, and very nearly precipitated a border war. Governor 
 Boggs, of Missouri, called out the militia of that State to enforce its claims, 
 andGovemor Lucas, of Iowa, called out the militia of the Territory to main- 
 tain its rights. About 1200 men were enlisted and armed. There was no 
 difficulty m raising volunteers, for the war spirit ran high. At this stage, 
 however, it was considered best to send peace commissioners to Missouri 
 with a view of adjusting the difficulties. Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington; 
 Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were ap- 
 pointed and proceeded to discharge the duties of their mission. When they 
 arrived they found that the county commissioners of Clarke county, Mis- 
 Bouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of taxes in Iowa, and the 
 Governor of Missouri had sent messengers to Governor Lucas with a propo- 
 sition to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 This proposition was declined, but afterward both Iowa and Missouri 
 petitioned Congress to authorize a suit to settle the question. This was 
 done, and the decision was adverse to the claims of Missouri. Under an 
 order of the Supreme Court of the United States, WiUiam G. Miner, of 
 Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott, of Iowa, acted as commissioners to sur- 
 vey and establish the boundary line. They discharged the duties assigned 
 them, and peace was restored. 
 
 In September, 1838, the election was held for delegate to Congress. 
 There were four candidates in the field, to-wit: William W. Chapman 
 and David Eorer, of Des Moines county; B. F. Wallace, of Henry county, 
 and Peter H. Engle, of Dubuque county. William W. Chapman was elected 
 by a majority of thirty-six votes over P. H. Engle. During the time that 
 Iowa remained a separate Territory, from 1838 to 1846, the office of Gov- 
 eraor was held successively by Eobert Lucas, John Chambers, and James 
 Clarke. Robert Lucas had been one of the early Governors of Ohio, and 
 was appointed the first Governor of the Territory of Iowa by President Yan 
 Buren. John Chambers had been a Eepresentative in Congress from Ken- 
 tnckjr, and a warm supporter of Gen. Wm. H. Harrison lor President in 
 1840. After the change of the National administration he was appointed to 
 succeed Governor Lucas. James Clarke had been the editor of the Gazette 
 at Burlington, but at the death of Wm. B. Conway, Secretary of the Terri- 
 tory, which occurred at Burlington, November 6, 1839, Mr. Clarke was ap- 
 pointed his successor, and afterward succeeded John Chambers as the last 
 Territorial Governor. 
 
 The death of Wm. B. Conway, Secretary of the Territory, was an event 
 which cast a gloom over the Territory. Prior to his appointment by Presi- 
 dent Van Buren he had been a resident of Pittsburg, Penn. His remains 
 were taken to Davenport for interment, and on the 9th of November a pub- 
 lic meeting of the citizens of that place passed resolutions expressing the 
 highest esteem both for his character as a citizen and as an officer of the 
 Twritory. His remains were taken to St. Anthony's Church where the 
 solemn services for the dead were performed by Rev. Father Pelamorgues. 
 On the lltb a meeting of the members of the bar of the Territory waslield 
 at Burlington, in whicm his associates in the profession also passed resolutions 
 of respect for the deceased. Of this meeting Charles Mason was chairman, 
 and David Rorer was appointed to present the resolutions to the Supreme 
 
158 HISTOET or IOWA. 
 
 Court of the Territory, for the purpose of having thern entered on the record 
 of the court. The deceased left a wife and one child. 
 . The first Territorial Legislature provided by law that " no action commenced 
 by a single woman, who intermarries during the pending thereof, shall abate 
 on account of such marriage; secured religious toleration to all; vested the 
 judiciary power in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and 
 Justices of the Peace; made real estate divisible by will, and intestate prop- 
 erty to be divided equitably among heirs; made murder punishable by death, 
 and provided proportionate penalties for other crimes; established a system 
 of free schools, open to all classes of white children;- provided for a system 
 of roads and highways; enacted a law to prevent and punish gambling, and 
 in fact enacted a pretty complete code of laws, many of which stiU remain in 
 force. 
 
 Among the various institutions and associations incorporated were the fol- 
 lowing: The Wapello Seminary, in Louisa county; the Bloomington and 
 Cedar Kiver Canal Company; the Des Moines Mill Company, in Yan Buren 
 county; the Burlington Steam Mill Company; seminaries of learning in Fort 
 Madison, West Point, Burlington, Augusta, Farmington, Bentonsport, 
 EocMngham, Keosauqua, Dubuque, and Davenport; the Burlington and 
 Iowa River Turnpike Company; the Burlington and Des Moines Transpor- 
 tation Company; the Keosauqua Lyceum, and the Iowa Mutual Fire Insnr. 
 ance Company sit Burlington. 
 
 STATE OEGANIZATION. 
 
 First Constitution — Proposed Boundaries — Changed by Congress — Rejection of Constitution 
 by the People — Congress Repeals its former Provision as to Boundaries and Fixes the 
 Present Limits — ^The Second Constitution — Its Adoption by the People — Election of State 
 Offiers — First General Assembly — Seat of Government — Monroe City — Fort Des Moines— 
 Final Permanent Location — Removal — ^Third Constitutional Convention — New Capitol- 
 Case of Attempted Bribery in First General Assembly. 
 
 By the year 1844 the population of the Territoij had reached 75,152, and 
 the people began to desire a State organization. In October of that year a 
 constitutional convention was held at Iowa City, which formed a constitution 
 defining the boundaries of the State as follows: 
 
 "Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, 
 .opposite the mouth of the Dos Moines river; thence up the said river Des 
 Moines in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is in- 
 tersected by the Old Indian Boundary Line, or line run by John C. Sullivan 
 in the year 1816 ; thence westwardiy along said line to the ' Old northwest 
 comer of Missouri ' ; thence due west to the middle of the- main channel of 
 the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the river 
 last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet river; thence in a 
 direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peter's river, where 
 the Watonwan river (according to Nicollet's map) enters the same; thence 
 down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main 
 channel of the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main chan- 
 nel of said river to the place of beginning." 
 
 On the 3d of March, 1845, Congress passed an act providing for the admis- 
 sion of the State into the Union, but with boundaries different from those 
 defined in the proposed constitution. By this act the State was to extend 
 north to the parallel passing through Mankato, or Blue Earth river, in the 
 
" mSTOET OF IOWA. 159 
 
 present State of Minnesota, and west to tlie meridian of IT deff. 30 min. west 
 from Washington, These boundaries would have deprived the State of the 
 Missouri Slope and of one of the grand rivers by which it is now bounded,, 
 while in shape it would have been long and comparatively narrow. As a 
 result, at an election held August 4, 1845, the people of the Territory rejected 
 the constitution with the change of boundaries as proposed by Congress. 
 The vote stood 7,235 for, and 7,656 against it, being a majority of 421 against 
 the adoption. On the 4th of August, 1846, Congress passed an act repealing 
 so much of the act of March, 3, i845, as related to the boundaries of Iowa, ana 
 fixing the boundaries as now defined. On the 4th of May of that year a sec- 
 ond constitutional convention had convened at Iowa City, and after a session 
 of fifteen days formed the constitution which was sanctioned by the people 
 at an election held August 3, 1846. The popular vote stood 9,492 for, and 
 9,036 against the constitution at this election, being a majority of 456 in favor 
 of it. A copy of this constitution was presented in Congress, and on the 
 28th of December, 1846, an act was passed and approved for the admission 
 of the State of Iowa into the Union. 
 
 On the 26th of October, 1846, an election had been held for State officers, 
 when the following Were elected: Ansel Briggs, Governor; Elisha Cutler, 
 Jr:, Secretary of State; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor, and Morgan Eeno, Treas- 
 urer. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties with a popu- 
 lation, according to the census, of 96,088. 
 
 The first General Assembly imder the State organization, convened at 
 Iowa City, November 30, 1846. Thomas Baker was elected President of 
 the Senate, and Jesse B. Browne, Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. 
 As the latter had been President of the first Territorial Council, so he was 
 the first Speaker of the House when Iowa became a State. 
 
 The Capitol building at Iowa City being at this time stiU in an unfinished 
 condition, an appropriation of $5,500 was made to com;riete it. The boun- 
 dary being so much extended west of the limits of the Territory when the 
 capital was located at Iowa City, the question of removal and permanent loca- 
 tion at some point further west began to be agitated, and the first General 
 Assembly appointed commissioners to locate the seat of government, and to 
 select five sections of laiid which had been granted by Congress for the erec- 
 tion of public buildings. The commissioners in discharge of their duties 
 selected the land in Jasper county, lying between the present towns of 
 Prairie City and Monroe. The commissioners also surveyed and platted a 
 town, to wmch they gave the name of Monroe City. Four hundred and fif- 
 teen lots were sold, the cash payments yielding $1,797.43, being one-fourth 
 of the price for which they sold. When the commissioners made their re- 
 port to the next General Assembly, it was observed that their claim for 
 services and expenses exceeded the cash received by $409.14. The report 
 was reterred to a committee without instructions, but the location was never 
 sanctioned by the General Assembly. The money paid by purchasers was 
 mostly refimded. Meantime the question of re-location continued to be 
 agitated at each session. In 1851 bills were introduced in the House for 
 removal to PeUa and Fort Des Moines, but both of them failed to pass. At 
 the next session a bill was introduced in the Senate for removal to Fort Des 
 Moines, which was also defeated on a final vote. In January, 1855, the ef- 
 fort proved successful, and on the 15th of that month the Governor ap- 
 proved the biU re-locating the seat of government within two miles of the 
 Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and providing for the appointment of com- 
 
160 mSTOET'OF IOWA. 
 
 missioners for that purpose. Under this act the commissioner's made selec- 
 tion of the present site. A temporary building was erected by an associa- 
 tion of citizens of Dos Moines, or Fort Des Moines, as it was then called. 
 On the 19th of October, 1857, Governor Grimes, having been advised that 
 the building was completed and ready for occupancy, issued a proclamation 
 declaring the city of Des Moines the , capital of Iowa. The officers with 
 the archives of the State removed during the fall and wintej-, and on the 
 11th day of January, 1858, the Seventh General Assembly convened at Des 
 Moines. 
 
 Meantime a third constitutional convention had been called to frame a 
 new State constitution. It convened at Iowa City, Januaij, 19, 1857, and 
 adjourned March 5th of the same year. Francis Springer, of Louisa county, 
 was chosen President. The constitution as adopted by this convention was 
 approved by the people at an election held August 3d of the same year, the 
 vote being 40,311 for, and 38, 681 against it. It took effect by proclamation 
 of the Governor, September 3, 1 857. In this constitution the location of 
 the seat of government at Des Moines was made a part of the fundamental 
 law. In 1868 an amendment was made to this constitution, striking the 
 word "white" from the clause deiining the qualification of electors. The 
 whole vote cast by the people on this amendment was 186,503, with a ma- 
 jority in favor of striking out, of 24,265. 
 
 - The first capitol building erected in Des Moines being inadequate for the 
 growing wants of the State, being too small and not sufliciently safe, an act 
 was passed and approved April 13, 1870, providing for the erection of a 
 new one. The following were constituted a Board of Commissioners to 
 have charge of the erection: Grenville M. Dodge, of Pottawattamie county; 
 James F. "Wilson, of Jefferson county; James Dawson, of Washington 
 county; Simon G. Stein, of Muscatine county; James O. Crosby, of Clay- 
 ton county; Charles Dudley, of Wapello county; John N. Dewey, of Polk 
 county, and William L. Joy, of Woodbury county. The Governor was 
 also constituted a member of the Board, and President ex-offido. A. E. 
 Fulton was elected Secretary of the Board. It was provided in the act that 
 the plan to be selected should not be for a building exceeding in cost $1,500- 
 000, and the sum of $150,000 was appropriated to commence the work. 
 In the fall of 1870 excavation for the foundation was commenced, 
 and on the 23d of November of the next year, the ceremony of 
 laying the comer stone took place. Gen. N. B. Baker was chief marshal 
 of the day, and Governor Samuel Merrill delivered an appropriate address. 
 
 The Board of commissioners experienced many difficulties in finding 
 stone, especially within the limits of the State, that had been sufficiently 
 tested for a building of such magnitude. The law required them to give 
 preference to material obtained in the State, price and qut^lity being equal, 
 and they desired to comply with the spirit of the law. As a; resiiit, how- 
 ever, some material was placed in the foundation, which being exposed, dur- 
 ing the next winter, was affected by the weather, and the next season it was 
 neccessary to remove a portion of the foundation, involving a large addi- 
 tional expense. 
 
 The Fourteenth General Assembly convened in January, 1872j and in 
 March a joint committee was authorized to examine and report upon the 
 character of the material used. They reported that unfit material had been 
 placed in the foundation, and recommended its reraovaL An act was 
 passed at this session appropriating $100,000 for the work in 1872, and 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 161 
 
 $125,000 to be used annually thereafter for tlie prosecution of the work, 
 bat the whole cost not to exceed the limit of $1,380,000. The Board were 
 required, however, to direct all their action with a view to the completion 
 of the building for $1,500,000. The same act placed the work in charge 
 of a Board of commissioners consisting of five members, including the 
 Governor, who was also to be Pi-esident, ex-officio. The following were con- 
 stituted the members of the new Board: John G. Foote, of Des Moines 
 county; Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton county; Robert S. Finkbine, and 
 Peter A. Dey, of Johnson county, and the Governor, as above stated. Ed. 
 Wright was appointed Secretary by the Board. This Board proceeded with 
 the work in accordance with the general plan adopted by the foi'mer Board, 
 and when completed Iowa will have one of the finest and most substantial 
 capitol buildings in the Union. 
 
 Having presented a brief review of the legislation in regard to seat of gov- 
 ernment, which, as we have seen, was inaugurated by the first General As- 
 sembly, we return to that session. Th« contest between the two political 
 parties for ascendency was at that time a very earnest one, and especially in 
 view of the election of U. S. Senators. The two political parties in the 
 legislature were nearly equally divided. The friends of the several candidates 
 ■were present at the opening of the session to take part in the lobby branch, 
 in behalf of their respective favorites. Keokuk county was represented in 
 the House by Nelson King, a Whig, although his county at that time was 
 regarded as Democratic. Gen. A. 0. Dodge, of Burlington, was the prom- 
 inent Democratic candidate for Senator, and the name of J. C. Hall, also 
 of Burlington, was likewise favorably mentioned. On the afternoon of 
 December 9th, Mr. King, of Keokuk county, by consent of the House, rose 
 in his place and made a statement to the following effect: That since he had 
 presented his credentials, and taken his seat as a member, he had been ap- 
 
 C reached by several different persons relative to the casting of his vote tor 
 Tnited States Senators; that several distinct propositions for the payment of 
 money and other reward had been oftered him, if he would vote for certain 
 candidates, or either of them, as might be determined upon, which deter- 
 mination was to be made known to him previous to casting his vote for 
 United States Senator; and that the said parties offering thus to reward him 
 for his vote, had promised to secure him from all blame or suspicion, by 
 procnring written instructions from his constituents, urging him so to vote. 
 He further stated that one Marshall had the day previously given him a five 
 dollar note on the State Bank of Ohio, and told him to call on him at any 
 future time, and he would give him one hundred dollars, or any amount he 
 wanted. He said that Marshall had also surrendered to him two receipts 
 for indebtedness — one for legal service while he (King) had resided in Lee 
 county, and the other in discharge of a claim of two dollars and fifty cents, 
 held against him by one William Stotts. Mr. King having concluded his 
 statement, Mr. Stewart Goodrell, then a member of the House from Wash- 
 ington county, moved the appointment of a committee of five to investigate 
 the charges made by Mr. King. The committee was subsequently increased 
 to seven, as follows: W. J. Cochran, of Lee connty; Stewart Goodrell, of 
 Washington county; Alfred Hebard, of Des Moines county; Andrew 
 Leech, of Davis county; Samuel Whitmore of Jefferson county; John L. 
 Morton, of Henry county, and Robert Smyth, of Linn county. The com- 
 mittee commenced their investigations on the same day that Mr. King made 
 hie statement. Marshall was arrested, and various witnesses were com- 
 11 
 
162 HISTORY OF IOWA. 
 
 manded to appear before the committee to give evidence in the case, and the 
 investigation which was commenced on the 9th of December, 1846j appears 
 not to have ended until the 19th of January, 1847. Not until the 4&i of 
 February was any report made to the House, and then it did not show that 
 the committee had arrived at any conclusions. The report and testimony 
 were ordered to be laid on the table, subject to the further order of the 
 House. The report was never called up. On the same day that Mr. King 
 made his original statement to the House of the attempted bribery, a resolu- 
 tion tendering him a vote of thanks, was laid on the table. N^ear the close of 
 the session (Feb. 24) this resolution was called up, and a substitute offered for 
 it by Mr. Smyth, of Linn, censuring both King and Marshall. The original 
 resolution and the substitute were both laid on the table, and that was the 
 end of the bribery case, which excited a great deal of interest among the pol- 
 iticians and people of the State at that early day in her political history. It 
 should be stated that Mr. Marshall was not a member of either branch of 
 the General Assembly. The develepmeuts on investigation were generally 
 understood at the time to be qi^ite as damaging to the party making the 
 charge as to any other person. The legislature adiourned without electing 
 United States Senators at that session. The next General Assembly elected 
 George "W. Jones, of Dubuque, and Augustus C. Dodge, of Burlington. A. 
 Clinton Hastings, and Shepnerd Leffler, represented the State in the 29th 
 Congress, 1846 to 1847, being the first Representatives in Congress from 
 Iowa. 
 
 EDUCATIO]S"AL. 
 
 Public Schools — How Supported — State University — Its Presidents — Faculty — University 
 Fund — Agricultural College — State Normal School — Other State Educational Institutions 
 — Public and Private Colleges and Schools. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 We have seen that the first territorial legislature made provision for gen- 
 eral education by organizing a system of common schools. The famous or- 
 dinance of 1787 required that " schools and the means of education shall be 
 forever encouraged," and this has been the policy of the government in the 
 admission of every new State since that time, as evinced by the hberal 
 grants of the public lands for educational purposes. 
 
 The 'public schools are supported by funds arising from several different 
 sources. In the first place, the sixteenth section of every congressional town- 
 ship was set apart by the government for school purposes —being one thirty- 
 swsth part of all the land in the State. Congress also made to the State an 
 additional donation of 500,000 acres, and an appropriation of five per cent 
 on aU the sales of public lands in the State. The State also gives the pro- 
 ceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it. The money derived fiom 
 these sources constitutes the permanent school fwnd, and, including the 
 proceeds of the land still unsold, wiU amount to over four millions of dol- 
 lars. The interest on this fund is apportioned by the State Auditor semi- 
 annually to the several counties of me State, in proportion to the number 
 of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also ■ 
 levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several 
 district townships in the same way. A district tax is also generally levied 
 for the same puqDose. The money arising from these several sources consti- 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 163 
 
 tutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub- 
 district in the State to afford from six to nine months school each year. 
 
 While Iowa is fosterii^ and building up many excellent institutions of a 
 higher order, the glory of her educational work consists in her admirable 
 system of common schools — ^her peoples' colleges. The superintendent of 
 public instruction is the highest school officer of the State, and exercises a 
 
 fBneral supervision over its educational interests, so far as relates to the pub- 
 e schools. Each coimty has a county superintendent, who examines appli- 
 cants for teachers' certificates, visits the schools, reports annually to the State 
 Superintendent, and exercises a general charge over the schools of the counly. 
 Each civil township constitutes what is called a district township, which is 
 divided into sub-districts, and each sub-district elects a sub-director. The 
 several sub-directors in the district township constitute a board of directors. 
 In towns and cities there are independent districts, which elect officers to 
 manage their affairs independently of the district townships. 
 
 The common school system has recently been greatly improved by the in- 
 auguration of normal institutes, under the auspices of the superintendent 
 of public instruction, and also by the establishment of a permanent State 
 normal school at Cedar FaUs. The total permanent school fond, November 
 1, 1877, was $3,460,348.76. This is being augmented from different sources, 
 and the interest only is applied toward the support of the common schools. 
 
 STATE UNTVEESriT. 
 
 By an act of Congress of July 20, 1840, the secretary of the treasury was 
 authorized to set apart and reserve from sale not exceeding two entire town- 
 ships of land in Iowa, for the use and support of a university. The consti- 
 tution under which Iowa was admitted into the Union contained a provision 
 requiring the General Assembly to take measures for the protection, im- 
 provement, or other disposition of the land granted by Congress for the 
 university, and to create from the proceeds of the same a permanent ftind 
 for the use of a university. A bill was passed by the first General Assembly, 
 establishing at Iowa City an institution to be called the " State University," 
 with such branches as, in the opinion of the General Assembly, the public 
 convenience might thereafter require. The same act also granted for the 
 use of the university the public building, with ten acres of ground, at Iowa 
 City, the same to be used, however, for the purposes of the State government 
 nnm the removal of the capital. By acts of January 15, 1849, and January 
 16, 1849, two branches of the university, located respectively at Fairfield 
 and Dubuque, were established, and placed upon equal footing, " in respect 
 to funds and other matters," with the university established at Iowa City by 
 the act of 1847. The branch at Fairfield was organized May 6, 1849. A 
 site of twenty acres of ground was purchased and a building erected, upon 
 which twenty-five hundred dollars had been expended. The building was 
 almost destroyed by a hurricane in 1851. No aid from the State or the 
 UoiverBity fund was ever given in support of the branches. The board at 
 Fairfield requested the termination of its relation to the State, and, in ac- 
 cordance with this request, an act was passed January 24, 1853, severing the 
 connection. The branch at Dubuque was never organized. The new con- 
 stitution, which took effect September 3, 1857, provided that "the State 
 CJniversity shall be established at one place, without branches at any other 
 place, ana the university fund shall be applied to that institution and no 
 
164 HISTOET OB- IOWA. 
 
 At a special meeting of tlie board, February 21, 1 850, it recognized the 
 " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the IJpper Mississippi," au institu- 
 tion at Davenport established under the laws of the State as the " College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," but with tSe 
 express stipulation that such recognition should not render the university 
 liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the board to acquire any control over 
 the property or management of the medical association. Soon after this the 
 medical college removed to Keokuk. This arrangement was terminated by 
 the operation of the new constitution. 
 
 In March, 1855, the University was partially opened for a term of sixteen 
 weeks, and there was an attendance of from seventy-five to one hundred 
 students during the term. The first regular catalogue was published for the 
 year 185t5-7. At a meeting of the board, August 4, 1858, the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being uie first 
 degree conferred upon a student of the University. 
 
 From 1860 to 1877, inclusive, the total number of ladies in the collegiate 
 department was 2,994, and gentlemen 3,941 ; total number of ladies in the 
 law department since its organization, 6, and gentlemen, 632; total number 
 of ladies in the medical department since its organization 48, and gentlemen 
 469. 
 
 The presidents since its organization have been: 
 
 Amos Dean, of Albany, IS. Y., elected July 16, 1855. 
 
 Silas Totten, D. D., LL.D., elected Oct. 25, 1859. 
 
 Professor Oliver M. Spencer, elected August 19, 1862. 
 
 Professor Nathan R. Leonard, elected June 26, 1866, as president pro 
 tern., during absence of President Spencer in Europe fifteen months by leave 
 of the board. 
 
 James Black, D.D., elected March 4, 1868. 
 
 Eev. George Thacher, elected March 1', 1871. 
 
 C W. Slagle, of Fairfield, elected president ^to tern., June, 1877. 
 
 J. L. Pickard, elected in 1878. 
 
 The faculty of the University consists of the president, nine professors in 
 the collegiate department, one professor and six instructors in military sci- 
 ence; chancellor, three professors and four lecturers in the law department; 
 eight professor demonstrators of anatomy; professor of surgery and two 
 lecturers in the medical department, and two professors in the homeopathic 
 medical department. 
 
 The law department was established in June, 1868 ; the medical depart- 
 ment in 1869; the chair of miltary instruction in June, 1874, and the depart- 
 ment of homeopathy in 1876. 
 
 From 1858 to 1876, inclusive, the General Assembly has made appropria- 
 tions for buildings, and for the support of the University, sums aggregating 
 $264,757. The Seventeenth General Assembly, by an act approved March 
 22, 1878, made an appropriation, as an endowment fund, of $20,000 annually, 
 and an additional appropriation of $10,000 for repairs of buildings, fences, 
 walks and other purposes. On the 30th of September, the University held 
 interest bearing mortgage notes amounting to $195,423.13 ; contract notes 
 amounting to $10,357.74, and a fund ImOwn as the Saline fund, amounting 
 to $4,106.85. These amounts, aggregating $209,887.72, constitute a jjer- 
 manent fund, the interest of which goes to the support of the University. 
 There were also, September 30, 1877, remaining unsold, 2,059.70 acres of 
 University lands, and 3887.10 acres of Saline lahds, makihg atotal of 5,946.80 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. . 165 
 
 acres, the proceeds of which when sold, will go to increase the permanent 
 University fund. At five doUars per acre these lands will add to the perma- 
 nent fdnd $29,734, which amount added to the above will give to the Uni- 
 versity a permanent endowment fund of $239,621.72. 
 
 AGEICtTLTUEAL COLLEGE. 
 
 By an act of Congress passed in 1862, a grant of 240,000 acres of land 
 was made to the State for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the 
 mechanical arts. Under this act 240,000.96 acres were appropriated to the 
 State; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were 
 computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual number of acres in the 
 grant was 204,309.30. In addition to this grant Congress also gave its 
 assent to the State to use for the same purpose the five sections of land in 
 Jasper county, which had been selected for the seat of government of the 
 State. There were also donated in Story and Boone counties for the use of 
 the institution 921 acres, making a grand total of 208,430.30 acres. This 
 last donation of 921 acres was made by citizens of Story and Boone counties. 
 
 The Greneral Assembly passed an act which was approved March 22, 1858, 
 establishing the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. Under this 
 act a board of trustees was appointed, which at a meeting in June, 1859, 
 received propositions for the location, and in July the ofifer of the present 
 location in Story county, was accepted. In 1864 the General Assembly ap- 
 propriated $20,000 for the erection of a College building, and in 1866 
 an additional . appropriation of $91,000 was made. The building was com- 
 pleted in 1868. An oflice was opened in Fort Dodge for the sale of the Col- 
 lege lands, and Hon. George W. Bassett was appointed agent for their sale. 
 From the establishment of this agency in August, 1865, to November 1, 
 1867, the amount received on sales of lands was $68,782.81, and the amount 
 of interest collected on leases for the same time was $338,931.78, making a 
 total of $406,714.65, which is a permanent endowment fund. 
 
 The courses of study in the College, as revised in 1877, are as follows: 
 1 — ^The Course in Science as related to Agriculture. 2 — The Course in 
 Mechanical Engineering. 3 — ^The Course in Civil Engineering. 4 — ^The 
 Ladies' Course in Science. 5 — Course for Juniors and Seniors in Special 
 Indnstrial Sciences. 6 — Post-graduate Courses of Study. 7 — The Prepar- 
 atory Course. From 1872 to 1877, inclusive, the number of graduates of 
 the College was 123. 
 
 By the terms of the law, tuition in the Agricultural College is made for- 
 ever free to pupils from the State, over sixteen years of age, who have re- 
 sided in the State six months prior to their admission. Each county in the 
 State has a prior right of tuition for three pupils, and additional pupils to 
 the extent of the capacity of the College, are distributed by the board of 
 trustees among the counties in proportion to the population. 
 
 The following constitute the Faculty: — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President 
 and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science; Gen. J. L. Geddes, 
 Professor of Military Tactics and Engineering; ~W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. 
 D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Bot- 
 any, Zoology, Entomol ogy ; A. Thompson, C E., Mechanical Engineering 
 and Soperintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; 
 T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary 
 Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stan- 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OE IOWA. 
 
 ceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics; J. S. Lee, B. S , Assistant 
 Professor of Chemistry; Mrs. M. B. "Welch, Instructor of the English Lan- 
 guage, and Lecturer on Domestic Economy; J. C. Arthur, M. S., Librarian, 
 and Demonstrator of Botany and Zoology. There are also instructors in 
 Vocal and Instrumental Music. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 The State Normal School was established by the General Assembly, at Iowa 
 Falls, in 1876, and under the law the property of the Orphans' Home, at that 
 place, was transferred for the use of the Normal School. The first Board of 
 Directors organized June 7th, of that year. H. C. Ilemenway, was chosen 
 President; J. J. Tolerton, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. At the 
 same meeting Prof. J. 0. Gilchrist, A. M., was elected Principal of the 
 school. 
 
 The following constitute the Faculty: — J. 0. Gilchrist, A. M., Professor 
 of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., 
 Professor of Languages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Profes- 
 sor of Mathematics; Miss Frances L. "Webster, Teacher of Geography and 
 History; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. 
 
 During the second year 105 ladies and 50 gentlemen were in attendance, 
 33 counties of Iowa being represented. By an act of the General Assem- 
 bly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $13,500 was appropriated for the 
 maintenance of the school for the next biennial period of two years, ^By 
 the same act the board of directors were empowered to charge pupils a tui- 
 tion fee of not exceeding six dollars per term, if necessary, in order to prop- 
 erly support the school. 
 
 COLLEGES, SEMINAEIES AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 There are also in Iowa the following educational institutions: 
 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 COUNTT. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 TITLE. 
 
 Des Moines 
 Fayette . . . . 
 Fremont. . . 
 
 Henry 
 
 Henry 
 
 Humboldt . . 
 Jeifersou. . . 
 
 Linn 
 
 Linn 
 
 Mahaska . . . 
 Mahaska . . . 
 Marion .... 
 
 Mills 
 
 FaGfe 
 
 Polk...... 
 
 Poweshiek . 
 
 Scott 
 
 Warren. . . . 
 Winneshiek 
 
 Burlington .... 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Tabor 
 
 Mount Pleasant 
 
 Salem 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Mount Vernon. . 
 
 Western - 
 
 Oskaloosa 
 
 Oskaloosa 
 
 Pella 
 
 Malvern 
 
 College Springs 
 Des Moines.... 
 
 Grinnell 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Indianola 
 
 Decorah 
 
 Burlington University 
 
 Upper Iowa University 
 
 Tabor College 
 
 Iowa Wesleyan University. 
 
 Whittier College 
 
 Humboldt College 
 
 Parson's College 
 
 Cornell College 
 
 Western College 
 
 Oskaloosa College 
 
 Penn College 
 
 Central University of Iowa. 
 
 Baptist College 
 
 Amity College '. .. 
 
 University of Des Moines . . 
 
 Iowa College 
 
 Giiswold College 
 
 Simpson Centenary College. 
 Luther College 
 
HISTOET 05" IOWA. 
 
 \ 
 
 ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 167 
 
 COUNTr, 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 AUamaikee .. 
 AUaniakee . . 
 Allamakee. . 
 Appanoose.. c 
 Appanoose. . . 
 
 Benton 
 
 Benton.. .;. 
 
 Benton 
 
 Benton 
 
 Black Hawk 
 Black Hawk 
 Black Hawk 
 Black Hawk 
 Buchanan. . . 
 Chickasaw . . 
 Chickasaw . . 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Caarke 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Clinton..... 
 Clinton..... 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Davis 
 
 Davis 
 
 Delaware. .. 
 Delaware . . . 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Des Moines. 
 Dubuque . . . . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . . . 
 Dubuque . . . , 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dnbuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . . . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . ; , 
 Dubuque . ; . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dubuque . . . 
 Dnbuque ... 
 Dubuque.... 
 Dubuque... , 
 Greene. ... ;, 
 
 Srundy 
 
 Sutbrio , 
 
 Hamilton . . . 
 Hardin..... 
 
 Waukon 
 
 Lansing 
 
 Landng 
 
 Mouluon 
 
 CentervUle 
 
 Vinton 
 
 West Irving. . . 
 
 Blairstown 
 
 Vinton 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Independence . . . 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Fredericksburg. . 
 
 Murray 
 
 Osceola 
 
 Elkader 
 
 Guttenburg 
 
 McGregor 
 
 Clayton Center. . 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Lyons 
 
 Clinton 
 
 De Witt 
 
 OUve Township. 
 
 Bloomfield 
 
 Troy 
 
 Hopldnton 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Eossutn 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burlington ..;... 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burlingt-on 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Dyersville 
 
 New Vienna. . . . 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Table Mound. . . 
 Dubuque ....... 
 
 Sherrill'B Mount. 
 
 Bpworth 
 
 Farley 
 
 Jefferson........ 
 
 Grundy Center. . 
 
 Fanora 
 
 Webster Ciiy... 
 Ackley 
 
 Waukon Seminary 
 
 Sisters' School 
 
 Mrs. Houghton's School 
 
 Moulton Normal School 
 
 Cent^rviUe Academy 
 
 TUford Academy 
 
 Irving Institute 
 
 Blairstown Academy ^.. 
 
 Eclectic Institute 
 
 Conservatory of Music 
 
 Cedar Valley Institute 
 
 Prairie Home Seminary 
 
 Our Lady of Victory. 
 
 Notre Dame 
 
 Bradford Academy 
 
 Select School 
 
 Graded School 
 
 Osceola Private School .• 
 
 Sisters' School. 
 
 Sisters' School 
 
 Sisters' School 
 
 German School 
 
 Riverside Institute 
 
 Seminary of Our Lady of Angels 
 
 Latin School 
 
 Business College 
 
 Sisters' School » 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. 
 
 Troy Normal and Classical Institute 
 
 Lenox Collegiate Institute 
 
 Petersburg Cathohc School 
 
 Mr. Gordon's School for both sexes 
 
 Eossuth Academy 
 
 Graff's School 
 
 Young Ladies' School 
 
 German-American School 
 
 German Evangelical Zion School 
 
 First German Evangelical School 
 
 St. John's Convent < 
 
 St. Paul's School 
 
 St. Patrick's School 
 
 German Theological Seminary 
 
 St. Joseph's College 
 
 St. Joseph's Academy 
 
 St. Mary's School 
 
 St. Patrick's School 
 
 Academy of Visitation 
 
 St. Mana, (German) 
 
 Private Primary 
 
 Private Boarding School - 
 
 St. Francis , 
 
 St. Boniface 
 
 Church School 
 
 Church School 
 
 Church School ' 
 
 St. Peters' 
 
 Epworth Seminary 
 
 Gnurch School 
 
 Jefferson Academy 
 
 Grundy Center Academy 
 
 Guthne Counly High School 
 
 Webster City Academy 
 
 Catholic School 
 
168 HISTOKT OF IOWA. 
 
 ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTIUTIONS— Co»«»«ei. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 TITLE. 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Henry 
 
 Henry 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Henry 
 
 Howard 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jasper ..,. ... 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jeffei:son 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Jones 
 
 Jones 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Kossuth 
 
 Lee 
 
 Linn 
 
 Louisa 
 
 Lucas 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Mills 
 
 MitcheU 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Muscatine .... 
 Muscatine .... 
 Pocahontas . . . . 
 
 Polk 
 
 Polk 
 
 Polk 
 
 Polk ., 
 
 Pottawattamie . 
 Pottawattamie . 
 Pottawattamie . 
 
 Scott 
 
 Scott 
 
 Scott 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Van Buren. . . . . 
 
 Wapello 
 
 WapeUo 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington . . . 
 
 Webster. ., 
 
 Webster. ...... 
 
 Winneshiek. . . . 
 
 Winneshiek . . . . 
 
 Woodbury . 
 
 Alden 
 
 New Providence. . . 
 
 Eldora 
 
 Mt. Pleasant 
 
 Mt. Pleasant 
 
 Mt. Pleasant 
 
 New London 
 
 Cresco 
 
 Marsngo. 
 
 Lytleffity 
 
 Lytmville 
 
 Prairie City 
 
 Newton 
 
 Pleasant Plaine. . . 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Iowa City 
 
 Anamosa 
 
 Olin 
 
 Baden 
 
 Coal Creek 
 
 German Township . 
 
 Algona 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Cedar Rapids 
 
 Grand View 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Hopewell 
 
 Oskaloosa 
 
 Rose Hill 
 
 Knoxville 
 
 Albion 
 
 Le Grand 
 
 Le Grand 
 
 Stanford 
 
 Glenwood 
 
 Osage 
 
 Wilton 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Fonda 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 MitchellviUe 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 DaTenport 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 Farmington 
 
 Ottumwa 
 
 (Dttomwa 
 
 Ackworth 
 
 Washington 
 
 Fort Dodge 
 
 Fort Dodge 
 
 Decorah 
 
 Spillville 
 
 Sioux City. 
 
 Private School 
 
 New Providence Academy 
 
 Eldora Academy 
 
 Female Seminary, and Howe's Academy 
 
 German College 
 
 German Primary 
 
 Academy. 
 
 Private School 
 
 Root's Winter School 
 
 Catholic School 
 
 Lyunville Seminary 
 
 South Side Academy 
 
 Hazel Dell Academy 
 
 Pleasant Plaine Acadeiny 
 
 Fairfield Academy, and Private School 
 
 High School 
 
 McClain's Academy, and St. Joseph's Institute. 
 
 St. Agatha's Seminary 
 
 Anamosa Academy. 
 
 Olin High School 
 
 Baden Select School , 
 
 Friends' Select School .,.,, 
 
 German Lutheran School 
 
 Algona College ., 
 
 Denmark Academy 
 
 Collegiate Institute 
 
 Eastern Iowa Normal School 
 
 Chariton Academy 
 
 Hopewell Academy , 
 
 Select School 
 
 Select School 
 
 Knoxville Academy 
 
 Albion Seminary 
 
 Le Grand Christian Institute. . . • 
 
 Le Grand Institute 
 
 Stanford Institute 
 
 Private School 
 
 Cedar Valley Seminary ,. 
 
 Wilton Seminary, and Collegiate Institute 
 
 Sisters' School, and German School 
 
 Business College /. 
 
 Teachers' Normal 
 
 St. Ambrose School. ... 
 
 St. Mary's School, (German) 
 
 Business College 
 
 Mitchell Seminary ■ • 
 
 St. Francis' Boys School 
 
 St. Prancis' Girls' School 
 
 German School , ■•''•' 
 
 St. Margaret's, and Sisters' Academy ,.,:•■. 
 
 St. Cunigtindus' : • - ■ • 
 
 St. Anthony's, and Business College 
 
 Birmingham Academy 
 
 Select School • — 
 
 Convent of St. Joseph, and Commercial College. 
 
 Female Seminary, and Pecks' Normal 
 
 Ackworth Seminary 
 
 Washington Academy 
 
 Convent of Our Lady of Lourdes • 
 
 German School ■ • 
 
 Decorah Institute, and Business College 
 
 Catholic School 
 
 German School •inu. 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 169 
 
 STATE mSTITUTIOly'S. 
 
 Hospitals for the Insane-College for the Blind — Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb — Or- 
 
 flians' Homes — Asylum for Teeble-Minded Children — The Penitentiary — ^The Additional 
 enitentiary — State Reform School — State Historical Society. 
 
 HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE, MT. PLEASANT, HENET COUNTY. 
 
 The General Assembly,. by an act approved January 24, 1855, appropri- 
 ated $4,4:25 to purchase a site for a Hospital for the Insane, and $50,000 for 
 the erection of a building. Edward Johnston, of Lee county; Charles S. 
 Clarke, of Henry county, and the Governor (Grimes), were appointed to se- 
 lect the location and superintend the erection of a building. They made 
 the location at Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, and adopted a plan with suffi- 
 cient capacity to accommodate three hundred patients. Henry Winslow 
 was appointed to superintend the erection of the building. The building 
 was not ready for occupancy imtil March, 1861. Within the first three 
 monthg about one hundred patients were admitted. Richard J. Patterson, 
 M. D., of Ohio, was appinted Superintendent, and in 1865 he was succeeded 
 by Dr. Mark Kanney. From the opening of the Hospital to the 1st of No- 
 vember, 1877, there had been admitted 3,584 patients, of whom 1,141 had 
 been discharged recovered, 505 improved, 589 unimproved, and one died. 
 The total number discharged was 2,976, leaving 608 under treatment. 
 
 HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE, INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTY. 
 
 In 1868 a bill passed the General Assembly making an appropriation of 
 $125,000 for the erection of an additional Hospital for the Insane, at Inde- 
 pendence, Buchanan county. A board of commissioners was appointed, 
 who commenced their duties June 8, 1868. They made the location about 
 •a mile from Independence, on the west side of the Wapsipinicon river, and 
 about one mile from the river. The building was ready for occupancy 
 April 21, 1873. On the 1st of October, 1877, the Superintendent, Albert 
 Eeynolds, M. D., reported 322 patients in the hospital. 
 
 COLLEGE FOE THE BLIND, VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. 
 
 In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an in- 
 stitution at Keokuk for the instruction of the blind. In January, 1853, the 
 General Assembly passed an act by which the State adopted the institution 
 at Keokuk, and on the 4th of April, of the same year, it was opened for the 
 reception of pupils, at Iowa City. A board of trustees was appointed, with 
 authority to receive propositions and make a permanent location. Liberal 
 donations were made by citizens of Yinton, Benton county, and that place 
 was selected. In October, 1862, the institution was opened at Yinton with 
 twenty-four pupils. Up to 1878 about $285,000 have been expended in 
 buildings and improvements connected with this institution. During the 
 period of two years, ending November 6, 1877, about 135 pupils were 
 in attendance. The faculty is presided over by Eev. Eobert Carothers, A. 
 M., as Principal. 
 
170 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 INSTITUTIOir FOE THE DEAI" AOTJ DUMB, COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE 
 
 COUNTT. 
 
 This institution was established first at Iowa City, by an act of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. W. E. Ijams was the first 
 Principal. He resigned in 1862, and the board of trustees appointed Ben- 
 jamin Talbot his successor. In 1868 commissioners were appointed to re- 
 locate the institution and superintend the erection of a building, and the 
 sum of $125,000 was appropriated to commence the work. It was located 
 about two miles south of Council Bluffs, and connected with it is a tract ot 
 about ninety acres of ground. The main building and one wing were com- 
 pleted October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied. On the 25th of Feb- 
 ruaiy, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire, and 
 and on the 6 th of August, of the same year, the roof of the new west wing 
 was blown off and the walls partially injured by a tornado. About 150 
 pupils were in attendance at the time of the fire. About half of the classes 
 were dismissed, reducing the number to about seventy. The institution re- 
 mains in charge of Benjamin Talbot as Superintendent. By an act of the 
 General Assembly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $40,000 was ap- 
 propriated for the purpose of rebuilding and completing in a plain and sub- 
 stantial manner the main building. 
 
 SOLDIEES' OEPHANS' HOMES, DAVENPOET, OEDAE FALLS, GLENWOOD. 
 
 In 1866 the General Assembly passed an act establishing three Homes 
 for the soldiers' orphans, as follows: located at Davenport, Cedar Falls, 
 and Glenwood. This was the result of a movement inaugurated by Mrs. 
 Annie Wittenmeyer, d'^ring the civil war. In October, 1863, she 
 called a convention at Davenport, to devise measures for the support and 
 education of the orphan children of Iowa soldiers who had fallen in the na- 
 tional defense. An association was formed, and provision made for raising 
 funds. A suflicient amount of funds was raised to open the Home, and 
 at a meeting of the Trustees in March, 1864, they decided to commence op- 
 erations at once. A large brick building in Yan Buren county was secured, 
 and on the 13th of July, of the same year, the executive committee re- 
 ported that they were ready to receive pupils. In little more than six 
 months seventy pupils were in attendance. The Home continued to be sus- 
 tained by voluntary subscriptions until 1866, when it was assumed by the 
 State and the three Homes established as above stated. In 1876 the Homes 
 at Cedar Falls and Glenwood were discontinued, and the pupils remaining 
 in them removed to the Home at Davenport. The buildings at Cedar Falls 
 were appropriated to the use of the State Normal School, and those at Glen- 
 wood to the use of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. September 
 30, 1877, there were in attendance at the Home in Davenport 139 sol- 
 diers' orphans, and forty-one indigent children, the Sixteenth General As- 
 sembly having passed an act opening the Home for the admission of in- 
 digent children. 
 
 ASYLUM FOE FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDEEN, GLENWOOD, MILLS COUNTY. 
 
 By an act approved March 17, 1876, an Asylum for Feeble-Minded 
 Children was established at Glenwood, Mills county. The buildings and 
 grounds for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home were by the same act transferred 
 
HISTOET OP IOWA. 171 
 
 to the use of the new institution, which was placed under the management 
 of three trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. 
 The property having been repaired, the Asylum was opened September 1, 
 1876, and the school organized on the 6th with only five pupils. In Novem- 
 ber, 1877, the number had increased to eighty-seven. 
 
 THE PEinXENTIAET, FOET MADISON, LEE COUNTY. 
 
 The Territorial Legislature by an act approved January 25, 1839, provided 
 for the election by joint ballot of the Council and House of Kepresenta- 
 tives of the Territory, of three directors to locate the Penitentiary within 
 one mile of the public square in the town of Fort Madison, and provided 
 further, limiting the cost of the Penitentiary to an amount not exceeding 
 forty thousand dollars. The same act authorized the Governor to draw the 
 sum of twenty thousand dollars which had been appropriated by Congress 
 for the erection of public buildings in the Territory of Iowa, to pay for 
 materials and work on the building. The location at Fort Madison, how- 
 ever, was coupled with a proviso that the citizens of that place and Lee 
 county should execute to the directors a deed for ten acres of ground. All 
 the conditions were complied with, and the erection of the building was 
 commenced July 9, 1839. The main building and warden's house were 
 completed in the autumn of 1841. Since that time additions and other im- 
 provements have been made. 
 
 ADDITIONAL PENITENTIAEY, ANAUOSA, JONES CODNTT 
 
 The Additional Penitentiary at Anamosa was established under an act of 
 the General Assembly approved April 3, 1872. Three commissioners were 
 appointed to make the location and m-ovide for the erection of the necessary 
 buildings. They met at Anamosa, June 4, 1872, and made selection of a 
 site donated by the citizens. Work was commenced on the building Sep- 
 tember 28th of the same year, and May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were 
 transferred from the Penitentiary at Fort Madison to Anamosa. The entire 
 enclosure embraces fifteen acres. 
 
 THE STATE EEFOEM SCHOOL, ELDOEA, HARDIN COUNTY. 
 
 On the 31st of March, 1868, an act of the General Assembly was approved 
 establishing a State Peform School near the town of Salem, Henry county. 
 A board of trustees, consisting of one from each Congressional district, was 
 appointed. A proposition was accepted for the lease of White's Iowa Man- 
 ual Labor Institute at Salem, the buildings fitted up, and on the 7th of Octo- 
 ber, 1868, the first inmate was received from Jasper county. In 1872, an act 
 was passed and approved providing for the permanent location, and $45,000 
 appropriated for erecting the necessary buildings. The permanent location 
 was made at Eldora, B5,rdin county. Inmates are admitted at ages over 
 seven and under sixteen years. The object of this school is the reformation 
 of juvenile offenders. 
 
 STATE HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 This society was organized in 1856, under an act of the Sixth General As- 
 sembly, "for the purpose of collecting, arranging and preserving books, 
 pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other 
 
172 HISTOET OP IOWA. 
 
 materials illustrative of the history of this State; and also to preserve the 
 memory of the early pioneers of Iowa, their deeds, exploits, perils, and adven- 
 tures; to secure facts relative to our Indian Tribes; to exhibit faithfully the 
 , antiquities, and to mark the progress of our rapidly increasing common- 
 wealth; to puijlish such of the collections of the society as it shall from time 
 to time deem of value and interest; to bind such publications and other 
 books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers as they may publish or collect; 
 and to aid in all respects as may be within its province, to develop the his- 
 tory of this State in all its departments." At that time the sum of $3,000 
 per annum for two years was appropriated. The society is under the man- 
 agement of a board of Curators, consisting of one member appointed by the 
 governor from each congressional district, and of nine additional members 
 elected by the society. The officers consist of a president, secretary, treasurer 
 and librarian. 
 
 EAILROADS. 
 
 In May, 1854, the first rail was laid in Iowa, at or near high water mark 
 on the bank of the Mississippi, in the city of Davenport. That year the road 
 was completed to Iowa City, a distance of about 64^ miles. The first loco- 
 motive in Iowa was landed at Davenport in July of the same year, and was 
 called the "Antoine LeClaire." The road was then called the Mississippi 
 & Missouri Eailroad. The first rail was laid at Keokuk, on what was then 
 called the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Eailroad, on the 9th day 
 of September, 1856, and in October of the same year two locomotives for the 
 road were landed at Keokuk from a barge which arrived from Quincy. 
 They were called the "Keoltuk" and the "Des Moines." 
 
 In the meantime several lines of railroad had been projected to cross the 
 State from points on the Mississippi. On the 15th of May, 1756, an act of 
 Congress was approved making a grant of land to the State to aid in the 
 construction of railroads from JBurlington to the Missouri river, near the 
 mouth of Platte river; from Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines 
 to Council Bluffs; from Lyons northeasterly to a point of intersection with 
 the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa 
 thence on said main line, running as near as practicable on the forty-second 
 parallel across the State to the Missouri river, and from Dubuque to a point on 
 the Missouri river at or near Sioux City. The grant embraced 'the sections 
 designated by odd numbers six miles in width on each side of the four roads 
 named. Where lands had been sold the State was authorized to select other 
 lands equal in quantity from alternate sections or parts of sections within 
 fifteen miles of the lines located. The law provided certain conditions to be 
 observed by the State in disposing jof the lands to the railroads for which 
 they were granted. In consequence of this grant the governor called a spe- 
 cial session of the General Assembly which convened at Iowa City in July of 
 that year, and on the 14th of the same month an act was approved accepting , 
 the grant, and regranting the lands to the railroads named, on certain speci- 
 fied conditions. The roads, with the exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, 
 accepted the several grants, and located their lines before April 1, 1857, that 
 being a stipulation in the act of July 14th. The lands granted to the Iowa 
 Central Air Line road were again granted to the Cedar Eapids & Missouri 
 Eiver Eailroad Company. The act of Congress making, this grant named 
 no companies, but designated certain lines, in aid of which they should be 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 173 
 
 applied, leaving the State free to dispose of the lands to such companies as 
 would comply with the conditions. The state granted the lands to the fol- 
 lowing companies: Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company; Mis- 
 sissippi & Missonxi River Railroad Company; Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
 River Railroad Company, and Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company. 
 These became the first land grant roads in Iowa. Several subsequent acts 
 of Congress modified the conditions of the first act, especially with reference 
 to changes in the lines of the several roads. On the 12th of May, 1864, 
 Congress made another grant of land to the State to aid in the construction 
 of a railroad from Mc(3regor to Sioux City. This grant embraced every 
 alternate section ten miles on each side of the proposed road, with the riglit 
 to receive other lands for such as might be sold or pre-empted. 
 
 By an act approved August 8, 1846, Congress granted to Iowa the alter- 
 nate sections on each side of the Des Moines river for the purpose of improv- 
 ing the, navigation of that river from the mouth to the Raccoon Fork. In 
 1847 the State organized a board of public works. The board, constructed, 
 or partially constructed, dams and locks at some four or five points on the 
 river, when with the approval of Congress, the lands were transferred to a 
 company styled the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. At 
 this time (1854) the board of public works had disposed of most of the lands 
 below the Raccoon Fork, and 58,000 acres above it, and had incurred an 
 indebtedness of $70,000 over and above the proceeds of the sales made. 
 This indebtedness was assumed by the company. In the meantime there 
 were difierent and conflicting rulings as to whether the lands above the 
 Raccoon Fork were intended to be included in the grant. This led to a 
 compromise with the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. The 
 company took all the land certified to tlie State prior to 1857, and paid the 
 State $20,000 in addition to what they had expended, and abandoned the 
 work Congress, in 1862, settled the question as to the extent of the grant 
 by a definite enactment extending the grant to the north line of the State, . 
 and the General Assembly granted the remainder of the lands to the Des 
 Moines Valley Railroad Company to aid in building a railroad up and along 
 the Des Moines valley, and thus this road also became a land grant road. 
 
 Under the several acts of Congress there have been granted to the State 
 to aid in building railroads, an aggregate of 4,394,400.63 acres of land, 
 including the grant of August 8, 1846, for the Des Moines river improve- 
 ment, as follows: 
 
 Bnrhngton and Missouri River Railroad 292,806.41 
 
 Mississippi and Missouri River (now C. R. I. & P.) 482,374.36 
 
 Iowa Central Air Line (now Cedar Rapids & Missouri) 735,997.80 
 
 Dubuque & Sioux City & Branch 1,232,359.15 
 
 McGregor & Sioux City (now McGregor & Missouri River). . 137,572.27 
 
 Sioux City & St. Paul 407,910.21 
 
 Des Moines Yalley 1,105,380.43 
 
 Total number of acres 4,394,400.63 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1877, there were in Iowa 3,938 miles of railroad. 
 Since that time the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, as it is now called, has 
 been extended from Algona to Sheldon, and several bther lines have been 
 constructed or extended, making over 4,000 miles of railroad in the State, 
 with an aggregate assessed valuation of over $23,000,000. Several very 
 
174 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 important roads in the State have been constructed without the aid of land 
 grants^ while others are projected and will be completed in due time. 
 
 OFFICIAL EECOKD. 
 
 TEERITOEIAL OFFICEES. 
 
 Governors — Eobert Lucas, 1838-4:1; John Chambers, 1841-45; James 
 Clarke, 1845. 
 
 Seoretwries — ^William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke, 1839; 
 O. H. W. StuU, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843; Jesse WiUiams, 1845. 
 
 Auditors— 3 QS&Q "Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843; Eobert M. 
 Secrest, 1845. 
 
 Treasv/rers—ThomiOTi. Bayliss, 1839; Morgan Eeno, 1840. 
 
 Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; 
 Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. 
 
 Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9; Stephen Hempstead, 
 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. 
 Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845; Stephen 
 Hempstead, 1845-6. 
 
 Speakers of the ^owse— William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward John- 
 ston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M.' 
 Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; 
 George W. McCleary, 1845-6. 
 
 Fvrst Constitutional Con/vention, ISJ^Jf. — Shepherd Leffler, President; 
 Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. 
 
 Second ConstUutional Convention, 181fi — Enos Lowe, President; Vil- 
 liam Thompson, Secretary. 
 
 OFFICEES OF THE STATE GOVBENMENT. 
 
 Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead^ 1850 to 
 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ealph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; 
 Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868;. 
 Samuel Merrill, 1868 to 1872; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876; Samuel 
 J. Kirkwood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Ifewbold, Acting, 1877 to 187«; 
 John H. Gear, 1878 to . , 
 
 Ideutenant Governors — Office created by the new Constitution Septembei 
 
 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Eusch, 1860-1; John E. 
 IvTeedham, 1862-3; Enoch W.Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866- 
 67; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; fi. 0. Bulis, 1872-3; 
 Joseph Dysart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 
 1878 to . 
 
 Secretames of State — ^Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; 
 Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary,; 
 Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 6, 1863; 
 James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7,. 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan, 7, 1867, to 
 Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to 1879; J. A. T. Hull, 1879 
 to . 
 
 Auditors of ^#a!{e— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Deo. 2, 1850; 
 William Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dee. 
 
 4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859; 
 
HISXOBT OF IOWA. 175 
 
 Jonafliaii "W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliott, 1865. to 1871; John 
 Russell, 1871 to 1875; Bnren K. Sherman, 1875 to . 
 
 Treaswers of State — Morgan Eeno, Dee. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850; 
 Israel Ester, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 
 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863; William H. Holmes, 
 1863 to 1867; Samuel E. Eankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 
 
 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . 
 
 I Sv^ermtendenta of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 — 
 James Harlan, June 5, 1847 (Supreme Court decided election void); 
 Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1847, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 
 1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 
 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office de- 
 volved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. 
 
 Secreiaries' of Board of JSducation — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859- 
 1863 ; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1 864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. 
 
 Swperwievdents of PubUe Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 
 1864— Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867; D, Franklin 
 Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo 
 Abemethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. von Coelhi, 1877 to . 
 
 Registers of the State Land Office — ^Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 
 13, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. 
 Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to 
 Jan. 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. 
 Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, 
 to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875 to 1879; J. Z. Powers, 1879 
 to — -. 
 
 State Binders — Office created Februaiy 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, 
 May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. 
 Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 
 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to 1879; Matt. 
 C. Parrott, 1879 to , 
 
 State Printers: — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and 
 George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Horn- 
 ish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter 
 Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 
 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W, Edwards, 1870 to 
 1872; K. P. Clarkson, 1872 to 1879; Frank M. Mills, 1879 to . 
 
 4djutant8 General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855- 
 7; Eujah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel B. Baker, 1861 to 
 
 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to 1878; Noble Warwick, resigned; 
 
 G. L Alexander, 1878 to . 
 
 Attorneys General— Da,vid C. Cloud, 1853-56; Samuel A. Bice, 1856- 
 60; Charles C. -Nourse, 1861-4; Isaafi L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 
 1866); Frederick E. BisseU, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 
 ; 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877 to . 
 
 Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas Hughes, 
 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1: William E. Leffing- 
 weU, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. 
 Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
 Senate. 
 
 Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Browne, 1847-8; Smilgr H. Bonhan, 
 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2: James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 
 
176 HISTOET or IOWA. 
 
 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John 
 Edwards, 1860-1 ; Knsli Clark, 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 
 1866-7; John Eussell, 1868-9; Aylett K. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 
 1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7; John T. Stone, 1878. 
 
 New Constitutional Convention^ 1857 — Francis Springer, President; 
 Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. 
 
 STATE OFFICEES, 1878, 
 
 John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah 
 T. Young, Secretary ot State; Buren 1^. Sheaman, Auditor of State; Geo. 
 W. Bemis Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; 
 John H. Looby, Adjutant-General; John F. MSlunken, Attorney-General; i 
 Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; 
 John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. von CeoUn, Superin- 
 tendent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. 
 Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights 
 and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher 
 W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of 
 State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M.Davis, 
 Deputy Register Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Puh- 
 lic Instruction. 
 
 STATE orncEKS, 1879. 
 
 John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor; 
 J. A. T. Hull, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; 
 George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; J. K. Powers, Register of State Land 
 Office; G. L. Alexander, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attor- 
 ney-General; Mrs. Sadie B. Maxwell, State Librarian; Edward J.Holmes, 
 Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Cai-1 
 W. von Ooelln, Superintendent Public Instruction ; Frank M. Mills, State 
 Printer; Matt C. Parrott, State Binder. 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 SUPEEME OOUET OF IOWA. 
 
 Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; Joseph Wil- 
 liams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 
 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; George G. Wright, 
 Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; 
 Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; George G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to 
 Jan., 1866; Ralph P.Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, 
 Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; 
 James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871. to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck> Jan.l, 1872, 
 to Jan. 1, 1874; Wm. E. MiUer, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. 
 Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 
 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. 
 
 Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct.,- 
 1847; John F. Kinney, Jime 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1864; George 
 Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan 9, 1855; Jonathan 0. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to 
 succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 
 1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; LacenD. Stockton, 
 
HISTOET OF IOWA. 177 
 
 June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Bald- 
 win, Jan. 11, I860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; Geo. G. Wright, 
 June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; 
 John F. Dillon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester 
 C. Cole, March 1,1864, to 1867; Joseph M.Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W.E. Mil- 
 ler, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 
 1871, to succeed "Wright. 
 
 SUPEEME COUET, 1879. 
 
 Joseph M. Beck, Lee county. Chief Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque 
 county, Associate Justice; William H. Seevers, Mahaska county, Associate 
 Justice; James G. Day, Fremont county. Associate Justice; Jas. H. Eoth- 
 rock, Cedar county. Associate Justice. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. 
 
 UTNITED iSTATES 8ENATOES. 
 
 (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) 
 
 George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 1848-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- 
 lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; 
 James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858 — died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirk- 
 wood, Iowa City, elected Jan 13, 1866, to fill vacancy occasioned by resig- 
 nation of James Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; 
 James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by 
 the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, 
 Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 
 1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877. 
 
 MEMBEES OF HOUSE OE EEPEESENTATIVES. 
 
 Twenty^mmth Congress — 1846 to 18^7 — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd 
 Leffler. 
 
 Thirtieth Congress — 18j^7 to 18^ — First District, WiUiam Thompson ; 
 Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 
 
 , . . Thvrby-jvrst Congress — 181fi to 1851 — ^Firgt District, First Session, Wm. 
 "Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and 
 election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. 
 Miller; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 
 
 Thwty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853 — ^First District, Bemhart Henn ; 
 Second District, Lincoln Clark. 
 
 Thwty-thm'd Congress — 1853 to 1855 — ^First District, Bemhart Henn; 
 Second District, John P. Cook. 
 
 Thvrty-fov/rth Congress — 1855 to 1857 — First District, Augustus Hall; 
 Second District, James Thorington. 
 
 . Ihiaty-fifth Congress— 1857 to 1859— First District, Samuel R. Curtis; 
 Second District, Timothy Davis. 
 
 IMrty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861 — ^First District, Samuel R. Curtis; 
 Second District. William Vandever. 
 
 12 
 
178 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 Thvrty-s&oenth Congress — 1861 to 1863 — First District, First Session, 
 Samuel E. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, Jas. F. Wil- 
 son; Second District, Wm. Vandever. 
 
 Thwty-dghth Congress— 1863 to 1865— First District, James F. Wilson; 
 Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. AUison; Fourt{i 
 District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District, John A. Kasson; Sixth Dist,, 
 Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Thwty-rmhth Congress — 1865 to 1867 — First District, James F. Wilson; 
 Second District Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth 
 District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District John A. Kasson; Sixth District, 
 Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Fortieth Congress— 1867 to 1869— Yirst District, James F. Wilson; Sec- 
 ond District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth 
 District, William Lou^hridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth 
 District, Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Forty^rst Congress— 1869 to 1871— First District, Geo. W. McCrary; 
 Second District William Smyth; Third District, William B.Allison; Fourth 
 District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth 
 District, Charles Pomeroy. 
 
 Forty-seoond Congress — 1871 to 1873 — First District, George W. Mc- 
 Crary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District W. G. Donnan ; 
 Fourth District, Madison M. Walden; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; 
 Sixth District, Jackson Orr. 
 
 Forty-thwd Congress— 1873 to 1875— First District, Geo. W. McCrary; 
 Second District, Aylett E. Cotton; Third District, "William G. Donnan; 
 Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- 
 trict, William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A Kasson; Eighth Dis- 
 trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. 
 
 Fort/y-fowrth Congress — 1875 to 1877— -First District George W. Mc- 
 Crary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainswortb; 
 Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth Disti-ict, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- 
 trict, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth Dis- 
 trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. 
 
 Forty-ffth Congress— 1877 to 1879— First District, J. C. Stone; Second 
 District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Burdick; Fourth District, H. 
 C. Deering; Fifth District, Eush Clark; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson; 
 Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth 
 District, Addison Oliver. 
 
 Forty-sixth Congress — 1879 to 1881 — First District, Moses A. McOoid; 
 Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, Thomas TJpdegraff; Fourth 
 District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Eush Clark; Sixth District, J. B. 
 Weaver; Seventh District, E. H. Gillette; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; 
 Ninth District, Cyrus C. Carpenter. 
 
 STATE AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 
 
 On the 14th of April, 1853, the following editorial appeared in the Fair- 
 afield Ledger: 
 
 " State Fair. — Iowa is an Agricultural State, but as yet her agricultural 
 resources are but in the infancy ot their development. In some counties, 
 
 * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission of Brigadier General, and J. P. Wilson 
 chosen his successor. 
 
H18T0BY OF IOWA. 179 
 
 however, some attention has been paid to the organization of societies for the 
 promotion of the interests of agriculture. These several societies have had 
 their annual fairs, and in this way much good has been done, but the growing 
 importance of our agricultural and industrial interest now demands a more 
 
 General and extensive arrangement. Let us then have a State Agricultural 
 'air sometime in next October or November. Let some central point be 
 fixed upon for an exhibition which wiU be an honor to our young State. It 
 would not be expected that the first exhibition of the kind would vie with 
 those of older States, where societies have long been established. But in a 
 few years a well organized State Society with its annual fairs, would accom- 
 plish the same good results that have attended them in other States. The 
 mechanical arts, as well as the raising of stock or grain, might be brought 
 to a high state of perfection. "We suggest that this matter be taken into 
 consideration in time, and let there be a union of all the county societies 
 that are organized, with such as may be organized, for the purpose of hold- 
 ing a general Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition next ra,U." 
 
 The suggestions of the foregoing article were heartily seconded by several 
 papers of the State, and especially by the Iowa Fa/nner and Horticultwrist, 
 at Burlington. 
 
 No de&iite action was taken until the llth day of October, 1853, when 
 at the close of the Second Annual Exhibiton of the Jefferson County Agri- 
 cultural Society, that Society met for the election of a board of officers. 
 At this meeting C. W. Slagle offered the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That the officers of the Society be instructed to take immediate 
 steps to effect the organiztion of a State Agricultural Society and use their 
 influence to have said Society hold its first exhibition at Fairfield, in Octo- 
 ber, 1854. 
 
 This resolution was adopted, and on the 21st of November, a notice signed 
 by P. L. Huyett, 0. Baldwin, and J. M. Shaffer, was issued to the different 
 county societies, inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held at 
 Fairfield, Daeember 23, 1853, to take part in the organization of a State 
 Society. Pursuant to this call, the meeting was held, and delegates were 
 present from the counties of Henry, Jefferson, Lee, Van Buren and "Wap- 
 ello. Communications from officers of societies, and one from Hon. James 
 W. Grimes, were read, heartily approving of the movement. D. P. Ins- 
 keep, of Wapello county, was chairman of the meeting, and David Sheward, 
 of Jefferson county, secretary. A committee was appointed which reported 
 a constitution for the society. The society was duly organized with the fol- 
 following officers: Thomas "W. Olaggett, Lee county. President; D. P. Ins- 
 keep, "Wapello county, Vice President; J. M. Shaffer, Jefferson county, 
 Secretary; C. "W. Slagle, Jefferson county. Corresponding Secretary, and W. 
 B. Chamberlin, Des Moines county. Treasurer. 
 
 In addition to the above officers, the foUowing were appointed a Board of 
 Managers: 
 
 Lee Cotmi/y. — Arthui- Bridgeman, Reuben Brackett, and Josiah Hinkle. 
 
 Van Bv^en Cownty. — ^Timothy Day, Dr. Elbert, and "William Campbell. 
 
 Henry Oovnty. — ^Thomas Siviter, Amos Lapham, and J. "W. Frazier. 
 
 JW&rson County. — P. L. Huyett, John Andrews, and B. B. Tuttle. 
 
 Wapello Cownl/y. — K. H. "Warden, Gen. Kamsay, and Uriah Biggs. 
 _ Mahaika Comity. — ^Wm. McKinley, Sr., John White, and M. T. "Wil- 
 liams. 
 
 VolTi Cownty. — Dr. Brooks, Thomas Mitchell, and "William McKay. 
 
180 HISTOET OF IOWA. 
 
 Des Movnes Cotmty. — J. F. Tallant, A. K. Avery, and G. Neely. 
 LovAsa Gownty. — George Kee, Francis Springer, and Joshua Marshall, 
 MusGatwhe Coimty. — J. H. Wallace, James Weed, and John A. Parvin. 
 Dubuque Gownty. — W. Y. Lovel, Orlando McCraney, and L. H. Lang- 
 worthy. 
 
 Johnson Coumty. — E. H. Sylvester, LeGrand Byington, and 0. Saunders. 
 SooU Gou/nty.—S. A. Burchard, James Thorington, and Laurel Summers. 
 
 A resolution was adopted providing that the first State Fair be held at 
 Fairfield, commencing "Wednesday, October 25, 1854. A resolution was 
 also adopted for the appointment of a committee of five to memorialize the 
 General Assembly for pecuniary aid, and the following were appointed: 
 George W. McCleary, of Johnson county ; George S. Hampton, of Johnson 
 county; David Eorer, of Des Moines county; Kalph P. Lowe, of Lee 
 tounty, and George Gillaspy, of Wapello county. 
 
 At this meeting the following fourteen persons aflSxed their signatures to 
 the Constitution, agreeing to become members: Charles I^egus, J. M. 
 Shaffer, D. P. Inskeep, Amos Lapham, J. W. Frazier, Josiah Hinkle, J. T. 
 Gibson, Stephen Frazier, Evan Marshall, Thomas Siviter, John Andrews, 
 B. B. Tuttle, Eli Williams, and P. L. Huyett. 
 
 This meeting was held in the court house at Fairfield, and was not very 
 ■largely attended, for at that time there was not a mile of railroad in the 
 State. 
 
 THE FIRST STATE FATE. 
 
 In accordance with the arrangement made at the organization of the So- 
 ciety, the first annual fair was held at Fairfield, commencing October 25th, 
 1854, and continued three days. The number of people in attendance was 
 estimated at the time at from 7,000 to 8,000. The exhibition was consid- 
 ered a grand success. All portions of the State at that time settled, were 
 represented by visitors. The fair was held on the grounds which have foi' 
 many years been occupied as the depot grounds of the Burlington & Mis- 
 souri River Railroad. There was a fine display of stock, agricultural imple- 
 ments, farm products, and articles of domestic manufacture. In the ladies' 
 department there was an attractive exhibit of their handi-work. The nat- 
 ural history of the State was illustrated by Dr. J. M. Shaffer's collection of 
 reptiles and insects, and by a fine collection of birds shown by Mr. Moore, 
 of Des Moines. The dairy was well represented, and a cheese weighing 
 three hundred and sixty pounds was presented to Gov. Grimes by his Lee 
 county friends. 
 
 The most exciting incident of the fair was the equestrian exhibition by 
 ten ladies. This took place on the afternoon of the second and the forenoon 
 of the third day. The first prize was a gold watch, valued at one hundred 
 dollars. It was awarded by the committee to Miss Turner, of Keokuk. 
 One of the fair contestants was Miss Eliza J. Hodges, then only thirteen 
 years of age. She rode a splendid and high-spirited horse, the property of 
 Dr. J. C. Ware, of Fairfield. The daring style of her riding, and the per- 
 fect control of the animal which she maintained, enlisted the favor smd 
 sympathy of the throng present in her behalf. The popular verdict would 
 ■have awarded the prize to Miss Hodges. A purse of f 165, and some other 
 presents, were immediately contributed for the " Iowa City girl," as the 
 heroine of the day was called. Provision was also made for her attendance, 
 
HISTOKT OF IOWA, 181 
 
 free of all charge, for tliree terms, at the Ladies' Seminary at Fairfield, and 
 one term at Mt. Pleasant, all of which she gracefully accepted. 
 
 George 0. Dixon, of Keokuk, delivered the first annual address. Thomas 
 "W". Claggett was re-elected President, and Dr. J. M. Shaifer, Secretary. The 
 second annual fair was appointed also to be held at Fairfield, commencing 
 on the second Wednesday in October, 1855, and continuing three days. 
 
 Such is a brief account of the humble beginning, and first exhibition 
 of the Iowa State Agricultural Society, which has since grown to be one of 
 the important institutions of the State, attracting to its annual exhibits 
 many thousands of people, not only from all parts of Iowa, but from other 
 
 THE FISH COMMISSION. 
 
 The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for 
 the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of 
 Fishways tor the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to pro- 
 vide for famishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This 
 act appropriated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with ihe provisions 
 of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of 
 Ottumwa, Wapello county; B. F. Shaw of Jones county, and Charles 
 A. Haines, of Black Hawk county were appointed to be Fish Commission- 
 ers by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 
 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President; Mr. Shaw, 
 Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. During the 
 fii-st year the Commissioners erected a "hatching house" near Anamosa, 
 and distributed within the State 100,000 shad, 300,000 California salmon, 
 10.000 bass, 80,000 Penobscot salmon, 5,000 land-locked salmon, and 20,- 
 000 of other kinds. 
 
 The next General Assembly amended the law, reducing the commission 
 to one member, and B. F. Shaw was appointed. Daring the second year 
 there were distributed 583,000 California salmon, and 100,000 young eels; 
 in 1877, there were distributed 303,500 lake trout in the rivers and lakes 
 of the State, and several hundred thousands of other species. During the 
 years 1876 and 1877, the total number of diiferent kinds distributed, and 
 on hand, was over five and a half million. The Seventeenth General As- 
 sembly, by an act approved March 23, 1878, appropriated $6,000 for con- 
 tinuing the promotion of fish culture in the State. B. F. Shaw was con- 
 tinued as Commissioner. 
 
 STATE ENCOTTEAGEMENT OF IMMIGEATION. 
 
 The first legislative act in Iowa designed to promote immigration, was 
 passed in March, 1860. The law provided for the appointment by the Gov- 
 ernor of a Commissioner of Immigration to reside and keep an office in the 
 city of New York, from the first of May until the first of December of 
 each year. It was made the duty of the Commissioner to give to immi- 
 grants information in regard to the soil and climate of the State, branches 
 of business to be pursued with advantage, the cheapest and best routes by 
 which to reach the State, and to protect them from imposition.'* To carry 
 ont the objects of the law, the sum of $4,500 was appropriated to be ap- 
 plied as follows: for the payment of the Commissioner two years, $2,400; 
 
182 mSTOEY OF IOWA. 
 
 for printing documents in English, German, and such other languages aa 
 the Governor might deem advisable, $1,000, and for office and office ex- 
 penses for the Commissioner, $1,100. Under tliis law, Hon. N. J. Ensch, of 
 Scott county, who had previously been Lieutenant Governor, was appointed 
 Immigration Commissioner, and in May, 1860, established an office in New 
 York. The object of the law seems to have had special reference to foreign 
 immigration. The Commissioner in his report to the Governor, in Decem- 
 ber, 1861, gave it as his opinion, that the establishment of an agency in 
 New Tork was not the most successful method of inducing immigration to 
 a particular State! He thought far more could be accomplished at less ex- 
 pense by the distribution ot documents. In February, 1862, the law was 
 repealed, and the office of Commissioner of Immigration was discontinued 
 May 1st of that year. 
 
 The next eifort put forth by the State to promote immigration was under 
 an act passed by the Thirteenth General Assembly, in 1870. Hon. M. J. 
 Eohlfs, of Scott coimty, had at the previous session introduced a bill in the 
 House of Representatives for the purpose, but the measure did not then 
 succeed. At the next session he renewed his eiforts with success. The law 
 provided for the appointment by the Governor of a Board of Immigration, 
 to consist of one member from each Congressional district, and the Gov- 
 ernor, who was ex-offido President of the Board. It also provided for a 
 Secretary, to be ex-qfficio Commissioner of Immigration, and td be chosen 
 by the Board. Provision was also made for the appointment of agents in 
 the Eastern States and in Europe, and for the publication and distribution 
 of documents. To carry out its objects an appropriation of $5,000 was 
 made. This was designed to pay expense of d!ocuments, salary of Secre- 
 tary, and compensation of agents, the members of the Board receiving no 
 compensation, except mileage for two meetings each year, to be paid out of 
 the general fund, tinder this law the following persons were appointed by 
 Governor Merrill : Edward Mumm, of Lee county ; M. J. Eohlfs, of Scott 
 county; C. L. Clausen, of Mitchell county; C. Ehynsburger, of Marion 
 county; S. F. Spoiford, of Polk county, and Marcus Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo 
 county. At their first meeting, held in April, 1870, they elected A. E. 
 Fulton their Secretary, and authorized him to prepare a pamphlet for dis- 
 tribution, in the English, German, Holland, Swedish and Norwegian lan- 
 guages. Many thousands of copies of a pamphlet entitled "Iowa: The 
 Home for Immigrants," were printed in the several languages named, and 
 distributed throughout the East and in European countries. Many other 
 pamphlets and documents were also distributed, and several agents com- 
 missioned. So successful were the effiarts of the Board that the next Gen- 
 eral Assembly appropriated $10,000 for continuing the work. The amend- 
 atory law, however, reduced the Board to five members, including the Gov- 
 ernor. The Board, as reduced, was composed of the following members: 
 M. J. Eohlfs, of Scott county; S. F. Spofibrd, of PoUc county; Marcus 
 Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo county; C. V. Gardner, of Pottawattamie county, 
 and the Governor. The new Board continued the former Secretary, and 
 pursued its work by the distribution of documents, through agents and by 
 con*espondence. After four years existence the Board of Immigration was 
 discontinued, but not until it had doubtless been the means of inducing 
 thoiisands to find homes within the borders of Iowa. 
 
Statistics. 
 
 NUMBEE OF TEOOPS FUENISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA 
 
 DUELNG THE WAE OF THE EEBELLION, 
 
 TO JAMJAEY 1, 1865 * 
 
 No. Regiment. 
 
 No. of 
 men. 
 
 No. Regiment. 
 
 No. of 
 men. 
 
 Ist Iowa 
 
 2d " 
 
 3d '■ 
 
 4th " 
 
 5th " 
 
 6th " 
 
 7fli " 
 
 Sth " 
 
 9th " 
 
 10th " 
 
 11th '■ 
 
 12th " 
 
 13th " 
 
 14th " 
 
 15th " 
 
 16th " 
 
 17th " 
 
 18th " 
 
 19th " 
 
 20th " 
 
 21st " 
 
 ^d " 
 
 23d " 
 
 24th " 
 
 25th " 
 
 26th " 
 
 27th " 
 
 28th " 
 
 29th " 
 
 30Ui " 
 
 31st " 
 
 32d " 
 
 33d " 
 
 34th '• 
 
 35th •• 
 
 36a " 
 
 37th " 
 
 38th " 
 
 Infantry . 
 
 959 
 
 1,247 
 
 1,074 
 
 1,184 
 
 1,037 
 
 1,013 
 
 1^138 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,090 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,022 
 
 981 
 
 989 
 
 840 
 
 1,196 
 
 919 
 
 956 
 
 875 
 
 985 
 
 925 
 
 980 
 
 1,008 
 
 961 
 
 979 
 
 995 
 
 919 
 
 940 
 
 956 
 
 1,005 
 
 978 
 
 977 
 
 925 
 
 985 
 
 953 
 
 984 
 
 986 
 
 914 
 
 910 
 
 39th Iowa Infantry 
 
 40th " _ " 
 
 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry .... 
 44th Infantry (lOO-days men) .... 
 
 45th 
 
 46th " " " .... 
 
 47th " " " .... 
 
 48th Battalion " " .... 
 
 Ist Iowa Cavalry 
 
 2d " " 
 
 3d " " 
 
 4th " " 
 
 5th " " 
 
 6th " " 
 
 7th " " 
 
 8th •' " 
 
 9th " " 
 
 Sioux City Cavalry t 
 
 Co. A, 11th Penn. CavaJiy 
 
 1st Battery Artillery 
 
 2d " 
 
 3d " " 
 
 4th " '• 
 
 1st Iowa African Inf 'y, 60th U. S.^ 
 
 Dodge's Brigade Band 
 
 Band of 2d Iowa Infantry 
 
 Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 
 1 , '64, for the older Iowa regiments 
 Bnlistments of Iowa men m regi- 
 ments of other States, over. . . 
 
 Total 
 
 Re-enlisted Veterans for different 
 
 regiments 
 
 Additional enlistments 
 
 Grand total as far as reported up to 
 Jan. 1, 1865 f. 
 
 933 
 
 900 
 
 294 
 
 867 
 
 912 
 
 892 
 
 884 
 
 346 
 
 1,478 
 
 1,394 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,227 
 
 1,245 
 
 1,125 
 
 562 
 
 1,234 
 
 1,178 
 
 93 
 
 87 
 
 149 
 
 123 
 
 142 
 
 152 
 
 903 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 2,765 
 
 2,500 
 
 61,653 
 
 7,202 
 6,664 
 
 75,519 
 
 * This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments (^ other States, 
 nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. 
 
 t Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry. 
 
 t Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 
 
184: 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 •I«^OX 
 
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BTATISTIOS. 
 
 185 
 
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186 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 'moi 
 
 •!lU3Tn 
 
 -(jnioddB ^g 
 
 C^ T-* t* 00 CO iO »0 -r-l -i-^ 
 
 US 1-1 00 1- N egi> i> 05 ■* .rfi a 
 
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 C005iOC0f:0cDCD'^CM'<*<C0i:Oi-HI> 
 
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 r-( 1-1 C<I r-1 1-i rH 1-1 W 1-1 
 
 ■Smnjioip ig 
 
 TtlCO<N-*(N-*t--*C0 
 
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 C-00-* 
 
 cooco 
 
 1-1 WM 
 
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 »i-lC-*fS<MOSOC(Si-li-t 
 
 •IB^OX 
 
 •in'Biuaptooy 
 
 00 OS -* "^ CO CIS 00 CO T-l • • 1-1 
 
 ■^l:^Q0[>5©cC)C--^iOI:^i— i(N 
 
 COCOlOOSCOi-tCOCvl 
 
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STATISTICS. 
 
 187 
 
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188 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 TAELE. 
 
 SHOWING THE BATE OP ORGANIZATION, AND THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTUig 
 OF IOWA, FOR THE TEARS NAMED. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 AGGREGATE. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Voters. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Adams 
 
 Allamakee. . 
 Appanoose. . 
 Audubon. . . 
 
 Benton 
 
 Black Hawk 
 
 Boone 
 
 Bremer 
 
 Buchanan. . 
 Biiena Yista 
 
 Butler 
 
 Calhoun. . . . 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Ca=s 
 
 Cedax 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 Cherokee. . . 
 Chickasaw. . 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Crawford. . . 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Davis 
 
 Decatur. . . . 
 Delaware. .. 
 Des Moines. 
 Dickinson. .. 
 Dubuque. . . 
 Emmett. . . . 
 
 Favette 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Franklin. . . 
 Fremont. . . , 
 
 G-reene 
 
 Grundy. . . . 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 Hamilton. . . 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Harrison. . . 
 
 Henry 
 
 Howard. . . . 
 Humboldt. . 
 
 Ida 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Jackson. . . . 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jefferson. . . 
 Johnson. . . . 
 Jones 
 
 1854 
 1853 
 1849 
 1846 
 1855 
 1846 
 1853 
 1849 
 1853 
 1847 
 1858 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1853 
 1836 
 1855 
 1856 
 1853 
 1851 
 1858 
 1838 
 1840 
 1855 
 1847 
 1844 
 1850 
 1840 
 1834 
 1857 
 1834 
 1859 
 1850 
 1854 
 1855 
 1849 
 1854 
 1856 
 1861 
 1857 
 1858 
 1853 
 1853 
 1836 
 1855 
 1857 
 1858 
 1845 
 1838 
 1846 
 1839 
 1838 
 1839 
 
 7045 
 
 7832 
 
 19158 
 
 2370 
 
 17405 
 
 28807 
 
 22913 
 
 17251 
 
 13220 
 
 17315 
 
 3561 
 
 11734 
 
 3185 
 
 5760 
 
 10552 
 
 17879 
 
 6685 
 
 4249 
 
 11400 
 
 10118 
 
 3559 
 
 27184 
 
 34295 
 
 6039 
 
 14386 
 
 15757 
 
 13249 
 
 16893 
 
 35415 
 
 1748 
 
 43845 
 
 1436 
 
 20515 
 
 13100 
 
 6558 
 
 13719 
 
 7028 
 
 8134 
 
 9638 
 
 7701 
 
 1482 
 
 15029 
 
 11818 
 
 21594 
 
 7875 
 
 8455 
 
 794 
 
 17456 
 
 23061 
 
 24128 
 
 17127 
 
 24654 
 
 19168 
 
 4614 
 
 17868 
 
 16456 
 
 1212 
 
 22454 
 
 21706 
 
 14584 
 
 12528 
 
 17034 
 
 1585 
 
 9951 
 
 1602 
 
 2451 
 
 5464 
 
 19731 
 
 4722 
 
 1967 
 
 10180 
 
 8735 
 
 1523 
 
 27771 
 
 35357 
 
 2530 
 
 12019 
 
 15565 
 
 12018 
 
 17432 
 
 27256 
 
 1389 
 
 38969 
 
 1392 
 
 16973 
 
 10768 
 
 4738 
 
 11173 
 
 4627 
 
 6399 
 
 7061 
 
 6055 
 
 999 
 
 13684 
 
 8931 
 
 21463 
 
 6282 
 
 2596 
 
 226 
 
 16644 
 
 22619 
 
 22116 
 
 17839 
 
 24898 
 
 19731 
 
 984 
 
 1533 
 
 12237 
 
 11931 
 
 ' 454 
 
 8496 
 
 8244 
 
 4232 
 
 4915 
 
 7906 
 
 57 
 
 3724 
 
 147 
 
 281 
 
 1612 
 
 12949 
 
 940 
 
 58 
 
 4336 
 
 5427 
 
 52 
 
 20728 
 
 18938 
 
 383 
 
 5244 
 
 13764 
 
 8677 
 
 11024 
 
 19611 
 
 180 
 
 31164 
 
 105 
 
 12073 
 
 3744 
 
 1309 
 
 5074 
 
 1374 
 
 793 
 
 3058 
 
 1699 
 
 179 
 
 5440 
 
 3621 
 
 18701 
 
 3168 
 
 332 
 
 43 
 
 8029 
 
 18493 
 
 9883 
 
 15038 
 
 17573 
 
 777 
 3131 
 
 672 
 135 
 735 
 
 517 
 
 8941 
 
 79 
 
 3873 
 2822 
 
 854 
 7264 
 
 965 
 
 1759 
 
 12988 
 
 10841 
 
 825 
 
 1244 
 
 8707 
 
 822 
 7210 
 1280 
 9904 
 4472 
 8007 
 
 1253 
 
 1101 
 821 
 
 168 
 5577 
 
 3059 
 
 3772 
 
 1411 
 
 2773 
 
 1491 
 
 471 
 
 1616 
 1727 
 3653 
 
 527 
 3679 
 4778 
 4877 
 3515 
 2656 
 3890 
 
 817 
 2698 
 
 681 
 1197 
 2422 
 89:^4 
 1526 
 1001 
 2892 
 2213 
 
 868 
 6272 
 6569 
 1244 
 3170 
 3448 
 2882 
 3662 
 6654 
 
 894 
 8759 
 
 299 
 4637 
 2884 
 1374 
 2998 
 1622 
 1525 
 2839 
 1455 
 
 303 
 3215 
 2658 
 4641 
 1712 
 
 695 
 
 172 
 8576 
 4901 
 5239 
 8721 
 5225 
 4180 
 
STATISTICS. 
 
 189 
 
 TABLE 
 
 BHOWIHQ THB DATE OF OBGANIZATION, AKD THE POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES 
 OF IOWA, FOB THE TEARS NAMED. 
 
 Continued. 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 AGGKEOATB. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Voters. 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 1844 
 1855 
 1837 
 1839 
 1839 
 1849 
 1872 
 1850 
 1844 
 1845 
 1850 
 1851 
 1854 
 1864 
 1851 
 1858 
 1838 
 1860 
 1872 
 1851 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1846 
 1848 
 1848 
 1856 
 1858 
 1838 
 1863 
 1860 
 1853 
 1864 
 1851 
 1853 
 1837 
 1844 
 1849 
 1839 
 1851 
 1853 
 1857 
 1851 
 1853 
 1857 
 1855 
 
 20488 
 
 3765 
 
 33913 
 
 31815 
 
 12499 
 
 11725 
 
 1139 
 
 16030 
 
 23718 
 
 24094 
 
 19629 
 
 10556 
 
 11523 
 
 2267 
 
 12811 
 
 10389 
 
 21623 
 
 2349 
 
 1778 
 
 14274 
 
 2728 
 
 5282 
 
 2249 
 
 31558 
 
 21665 
 
 16482 
 
 7546 
 
 2873 
 
 39763 
 
 5664 
 
 3720 
 
 13111 
 
 18771 
 
 10418 
 
 8827 
 
 17980 
 
 18541 
 
 19269 
 
 23865 
 
 13978 
 
 ■ 13114 
 
 24233 
 
 2986 
 
 8568 
 
 4908 
 
 3244 
 
 19434 
 
 3351 
 
 38210 
 
 28852 
 
 12877 
 
 10388 
 
 221 
 
 13884 
 
 22508 
 
 24436 
 
 17676 
 
 8718 
 
 9682 
 
 3654 
 
 12724 
 
 5934 
 
 21688 
 
 715 
 
 13271 
 416 
 29232 
 18947 
 10370 
 5766 
 
 4822 
 
 
 4202 
 
 
 773 
 
 Trf^» 
 
 18861 
 
 6444 
 
 4939 
 
 471 
 
 6093 
 1373 
 1927 
 
 5709 
 
 
 7274 
 
 
 2899 
 
 
 2464 
 
 
 287 
 
 
 7339 
 
 14816 
 
 16813 
 
 6015 
 
 4481 
 
 3409 
 
 832 
 
 8612 
 
 1256 
 
 16444 
 
 8 
 
 1179 
 
 5989 
 
 5482 
 
 338 
 
 
 2632 
 
 
 5287 
 
 
 4988 
 
 Marshall 
 
 4445 
 
 jlills 
 
 2365 
 
 Mi'trhpll 
 
 
 1 
 
 2338 
 
 
 
 
 1292 
 
 
 2884 
 
 
 2743 
 
 
 2485 
 
 
 5731 
 
 1942 
 
 6588 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 695 
 
 
 
 
 498 
 
 Page 
 
 9975 
 
 1336 
 
 2199 
 
 1446 
 
 27857 
 
 16893 
 
 15581 
 
 5691 
 
 1411 
 
 38699 
 
 2540 
 
 576 
 
 11651 
 
 16131 
 
 6989 
 
 6986 
 
 17672 
 
 22346 
 
 17980 
 
 18952 
 
 11287 
 
 10484 
 
 1562 
 
 23570 
 
 6172 
 
 2892 
 
 2392 
 
 4419 
 
 132 
 
 148 
 
 103 
 
 11625 
 
 4968 
 
 5668 
 
 2923 
 
 246 
 
 25959 
 
 818 
 
 10 
 
 4061 
 
 6285 
 
 3590 
 
 2012 
 
 17081 
 
 14518 
 
 10281 
 
 14235 
 
 6409 
 
 2504 
 
 168 
 
 13942 
 
 1119 
 
 766 
 
 653 
 
 561 
 
 
 3222 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 556 
 
 
 
 
 1136 
 
 
 
 
 ARi. 
 
 Polk- 
 
 4613 
 
 7828 
 615 
 
 
 6842 
 
 Poti^waittfiniie. . ..*• > 
 
 4392 
 
 
 36.34 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 1496 
 
 
 
 657 
 
 Scott 
 
 5986 
 
 2140 
 
 7109 
 
 Sionx 
 
 1084 
 637 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2574 
 
 Tama 
 
 8 
 
 204 
 
 
 3911 
 
 
 2282 
 
 
 1924 
 
 
 12270 
 8471 
 
 961 
 4957 
 
 340 
 
 6146 
 ""i594 
 
 3893 
 
 Wapello 
 
 3923 
 
 
 4168 
 
 Washington 
 
 5346 
 
 
 2947 
 
 Webster 
 
 3747 
 
 
 
 
 4117 
 
 Winneshiek 
 
 546 
 
 
 406 
 
 
 1776 
 
 Worth.... 
 
 
 
 763 
 
 
 
 
 694 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . . , 1353118J 
 
 1191792 
 
 674913 
 
 192214 
 
 43112 
 
 284657 
 
190 
 
 SIATISTTCS. 
 
 VOTE FOE GOVEKNOR, 187T, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. 
 
 
 
 1877. 
 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 
 1877. 
 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 
 QOVKENOB. 
 
 
 PBESIDENT. 
 
 
 
 OOTBBNOB. 
 
 
 PEBSIDKHT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OODNTLKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Pro. 
 
 Bep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Bep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Pro. 
 
 Kep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Adair 
 
 982 
 876 
 
 161 
 397 
 
 681 
 485 
 
 16 
 38 
 
 1334 
 1376 
 
 693 
 626 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Jones 
 
 1881 
 1868 
 
 2345 
 1218 
 
 18 
 14 
 
 273 
 68 
 
 2345 
 2691 
 
 3563 
 
 A.dam8 
 
 176.1 
 
 Allamakee. .... 
 
 1547 
 
 1540 
 
 69 
 
 36 
 
 1709 
 
 16+6 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 1772 
 
 1526 
 
 322 
 
 105 
 
 236+ 
 
 1863 
 
 Appanoose . . . 
 
 U65 
 
 1049 
 
 729 
 
 83 
 
 1711 
 
 1419 
 
 Kossuth 
 
 463 
 
 236 
 
 13 
 
 89 
 
 638 
 
 337 
 
 
 410 
 
 352 
 
 26 
 
 
 427 
 
 352 
 
 Lee 
 
 2157 
 
 2883 
 
 350 
 
 299 
 
 3160 
 
 S682 
 
 
 U32 
 178C 
 
 712 
 
 mi 
 
 667 
 95 
 
 449 
 
 244 
 
 2901 
 2979 
 
 1356 
 
 1592 
 
 
 2.524 
 1328 
 
 2316 
 817 
 
 75 
 89 
 
 . 685 
 108 
 
 4331 
 1920 
 
 2917 
 
 Black Hawfe... 
 
 Louisa 
 
 1003 
 
 Boone 
 
 1612 
 
 981 
 
 466 
 
 10 
 
 2018 
 
 1305 
 
 Lucas 
 
 1203 
 
 804 
 
 103 
 
 12 
 
 1'478 
 
 1044 
 
 Bremer 
 
 1180 
 
 582 
 
 196 
 
 1 
 
 1737 
 
 757 
 
 Lyon 
 
 261 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 262 
 
 46 
 
 Baohanan 
 
 1390 
 
 769 
 
 725 
 
 223 
 
 2227 
 
 1416 
 
 Madison 
 
 1792 
 
 1077 
 
 616 
 
 56 
 
 2246 
 
 1638 
 
 BuenaTlsta... 
 
 747 
 
 192 
 
 161 
 
 20 
 
 770 
 
 200 
 
 Mahaska. 
 
 1823 
 
 1086 
 
 1011 
 
 696 
 
 3221 
 
 1701 
 
 Butter.., 
 
 1453 
 
 768 
 
 19 
 
 95 
 
 18:18 
 
 780 
 
 Marion 
 
 1976 
 
 1866 
 
 760 
 
 95 
 
 2736 
 
 2,104 
 
 Galhotm 
 
 418 
 
 75 
 
 171 
 
 74 
 
 622 
 
 196 
 
 MarshaU 
 
 1448 
 
 837 
 
 389 
 
 604 
 
 3066 
 
 11S9 
 
 Carroll 
 
 633 
 159J 
 1315 
 
 744 
 839 
 1093 
 
 141 
 116 
 
 206 
 
 11 
 30 
 446 
 
 799 
 1876 
 2328 
 
 771 
 979 
 1445 
 
 MiUs 
 
 1435 
 1396 
 680 
 
 1102 
 459 
 119 
 
 93 
 35 
 432 
 
 28 
 36 
 9 
 
 1452 
 1663 
 713 
 
 1165 
 
 Oass 
 
 MitoheU 
 
 Mouona 
 
 671 
 
 Cedar 
 
 304 
 
 Cerro Gordo . . 
 
 903 
 
 348 
 
 72 
 
 40 
 
 1274 
 
 448 
 
 Monroe 
 
 1034 
 
 09K 
 
 247 
 
 26 
 
 141S 
 
 1246 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 662 
 
 74 
 
 383 
 
 86 
 
 864 
 
 176 
 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 1122 
 
 441 
 
 532 
 
 47 
 
 1749 
 
 759 
 
 Chickasaw .... 
 
 1279 
 
 1107 
 
 37 
 
 94 
 
 1574 
 
 1090 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 1753 
 
 1775 
 
 171 
 
 3S7 
 
 2523 
 
 a07.'> 
 
 Clarke 
 
 1054 
 
 267 
 
 813 
 
 19 
 
 1405 
 
 816 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 306 
 
 21 
 
 201 
 
 14 
 
 463 
 
 IM 
 
 Clay 
 
 617 
 1873 
 
 16 
 
 1770 
 
 20 
 66 
 
 67 
 167 
 
 567 
 2662 
 
 94 
 2621 
 
 Osceola 
 
 Page 
 
 295 
 1166 
 
 40 
 608 
 
 13 
 348 
 
 33 
 293 
 
 329 
 2243 
 
 69 
 
 Clayton 
 
 861 
 
 Clinton 
 
 2444 
 
 2327 
 
 236 
 
 66 
 
 3654 
 
 3398 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 311 
 
 357 
 
 
 3 
 
 343 
 
 333 
 
 Crawford 
 
 898 
 
 651 
 
 19 
 
 111 
 
 1043 
 
 638 
 
 Plymouth. ... 
 
 779 
 
 487 
 
 77 
 
 39 
 
 835 
 
 603 
 
 Dallas 
 
 1541 
 893 
 
 215 
 1231 
 
 1241 
 
 803 
 
 80 
 12 
 
 2136 
 1686 
 
 752 
 1631 
 
 Pocahoutas.... 
 Polk 
 
 370 
 3171 
 
 93 
 
 laa^ 
 
 44 
 1363 
 
 36 
 94 
 
 374 
 4321 
 
 141 
 
 Davis. 
 
 2383 
 
 Decatur 
 
 1269 
 
 961 
 
 310 
 
 19 
 
 1647 
 
 1282 
 
 Pattawattamie. 
 
 2223 
 
 2059 
 
 218 
 
 121 
 
 2666 
 
 2414 
 
 Delaware 
 
 1226 
 
 1143 
 
 82 
 
 625 
 
 2233 
 
 1466 
 
 Poweshiek . ,. 
 
 1496 
 
 882 
 
 420 
 
 346 
 
 2609 
 
 1083 
 
 Des Hoines . . 
 
 2315 
 
 1384 
 
 767 
 
 6 
 
 3325 
 
 2917 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 964 
 
 71 
 
 671 
 
 47 
 
 1246 
 
 422 
 
 
 197 
 1687 
 
 8 
 3415 
 
 '"ioi 
 
 12 
 63 
 
 259 
 2798 
 
 48 
 4977 
 
 Sac ! 
 
 656 
 3031 
 
 128 
 1963 
 
 177 
 309 
 
 13 
 37 
 
 661 
 3819 
 
 166 
 
 
 Scott 
 
 2853 
 
 
 213 
 1933 
 
 28 
 1067 
 
 
 
 246 
 3029 
 
 36 
 1709 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 Sioux 
 
 888 
 436 
 
 639 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 16 
 
 897 
 439 
 
 631 
 
 FayettB 
 
 889 
 
 27 
 
 220 
 
 Floyd 
 
 1233 
 
 208 
 
 162 
 
 30 
 
 2032 
 
 761 
 
 Story 
 
 1260 
 
 344 
 
 644 
 
 187 
 
 1843 
 
 679 
 
 Franklin 
 
 1311 
 
 336 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 1178 
 
 879 
 
 Tama 
 
 1426 
 
 833 
 
 196 
 
 133 
 
 2337 
 
 1317 
 
 
 1250 
 1031 
 
 1331 
 215 
 
 334 
 651 
 
 " '27 
 
 1658 
 1310 
 
 1682 
 610 
 
 
 1325 
 899 
 
 293 
 616 
 
 868 
 830 
 
 ""63 
 
 1727 
 
 lass 
 
 676 
 
 Greene .... 
 
 Union 
 
 795 
 
 Grundy 
 
 909 
 
 504 
 
 
 S 
 
 1099 
 
 417 
 
 Van Buren...: 
 
 1490 
 
 1305 
 
 301 
 
 130 
 
 2113 
 
 1661 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 1160 
 
 496 
 
 SM 
 
 21 
 
 1434 
 
 629 
 
 Wapello 
 
 1710 
 
 102S 
 
 1265 
 
 296 
 
 .2982 
 
 2413 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 842 
 
 266 
 
 422 
 
 57 
 
 1187 
 
 425 
 
 Warren 
 
 1726 
 
 944 
 
 742 
 
 101 
 
 2439 
 
 1315 
 
 Hancock 
 
 340 
 
 95 
 
 29 
 
 a 
 
 281 
 
 99 
 
 Washington... 
 
 1687 
 
 1221 
 
 303 
 
 112 
 
 246'i 
 
 1608 
 
 Hardin 
 
 1492 
 
 661 
 
 238 
 
 IM 
 
 2152 
 
 980 
 
 Wayne 
 
 1316 
 
 832 
 
 404 
 
 3 
 
 1692 
 
 
 Harrison 
 
 134S 
 
 863 
 
 52S 
 
 19 
 
 1557 
 
 1386 
 
 Webster. 
 
 850 
 
 127 
 
 1421 
 
 47 
 
 .1299 
 
 
 Henry 
 
 1770 
 
 424 
 
 1041 
 
 140 
 
 2809 
 
 1485 
 
 Winnebago..,. 
 
 644 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 498 
 
 89 
 
 Howard 
 
 651 
 
 647 
 
 201 
 
 619 
 
 1194 
 
 600 
 
 Winneshiek... 
 
 2074 
 
 lOOS 
 
 279 
 
 238 
 
 2759 
 
 1617 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 882 
 
 149 
 
 115 
 
 «4 
 
 623 
 
 183 
 
 Woodbury . . . 
 
 1108 
 
 867 
 
 226 
 
 9 
 
 1034 
 
 149 
 
 Ida 
 
 321 
 1132 
 1619 
 
 54 
 1120 
 1966 
 
 104 
 642 
 224 
 
 '"228 
 16 
 
 212 
 1870 
 2126 
 
 57 
 1348 
 2486 
 
 Worth 
 
 62S 
 391 
 
 132 
 166 
 
 8 
 U7 
 
 14 
 
 98 
 
 674 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Wright 
 
 181 
 
 Jackson 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112121 
 
 Jasper 
 
 1971 
 
 1154 
 
 1018 
 
 268 
 
 3376 
 
 1804 
 
 Totals 
 
 121546 
 
 79368 
 
 34228 
 
 10639 
 
 171332 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 1396 
 
 763 
 
 67« 
 
 lOi 
 
 2166 
 
 1449 
 
 Majorities... 
 
 42193 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total vote, 
 
 1877,2. 
 
 16,766; 
 
 1876 (i 
 
 Quladii 
 
 Ig 9,001 
 
 Green 
 
 back), 292,454. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Centennial Awards. 
 
 TO IOWA EXHIBITORS. 
 
 TJnbee the system of awards adopted at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, 
 every article exhibited was placed in one of thirty-six groups, numbering 
 from 1 to 36. The examination was not of a competitive character, but 
 upon the merit of the article. Each article of merit was entitled to receive 
 a, diploma and a bronze medal of uniform value. The following awards 
 were made to Iowa exhibitors: 
 
 GROUP NO. I. 
 
 Wesley Redhead and Mahaska Coal Mining Company are accredited with 
 samples of coal. The committee says: "Commended as samples of bitum- 
 inous coal of Iowa," 
 
 LEAD OEE. 
 
 John Harvey, of Dubuque. — Report says a large and instructive exhibit 
 of Galena lead ores of Iowa. 
 
 W. P. Fox, of Des Moines, — Commended for an instructive exhibit of the 
 stratified deposits of the State of Iowa. 
 
 [Note. — In this group were shown fifty-five varieties from stone quarries 
 in Iowa, prepared by Donahue & McCosh, of Burlington, in blocks six by 
 nine inches square; also were shown samples of building and moulding 
 sands, and three specimens of glass sands, twelve of fire and potters' clay, 
 six or eight samples of mineral paint, and one sample of peat; also some 
 fine samples of geodes from Keokuk. Judge Murdock, of Clayton county, 
 exhibited a collection of relics of the mound builders. Tlie most prom- 
 inent one was his large collection of mound builders' skulls.] 
 
 GROUP NO. IV. 
 
 State of Iowa.— Commended as a very fine ccillection of cereals in the 
 straw, beautifully cleansed; also grasses and seeds — sixty varieties — a fine 
 collection beautifully arranged; also a collection of Indian corn, seventy 
 varieties. 
 
 BUTTER. 
 
 Stewart & McMillen, of Manchester, Delaware county. Entry No. 
 880. — Commended for the best samples of 200 lbs. and 30 lbs. respectively, 
 made at Newberg factory, Edgewood and Hebran, 
 
192 CEirrENnriAL awards. 
 
 Stewart & McMillen, Entry No. 895. — Commended for clean, sweet 
 flavor, firm texture and superior excellency generally, comprising samples 
 of different creameries. 
 
 [Note. — The general report of the committee on butter puts the yield of 
 the United States for 187tf at 710,000,000 lbs. Messrs. Stewart & McMil- 
 len had about ninety competitors, among whom were the best butter makers 
 of the world. In addition to the centennial awards, they got the golden 
 medal awarded by the national butter and egg association. Iowa creamery 
 butter sells in the Philadelphia market readily with the gilt edged brand. 
 The butter crop in Iowa is an item of interest, and the State owes Stewart 
 & McMillen a debt of gratitude for their very active exertion at the centen- 
 nial in raising Iowa butter to a level with the gilt edge manufacturers of 
 the eastern States. Delaware county, Iowa, is to our State what Chester 
 county is to Pensylvania.] 
 
 Bryan & Curtis' butter, Strawberry Point, Clayton county. — Commended 
 for tine quality and superior skill in manufacturing. 
 
 GEOUP NO. VI. 
 
 Collection of woods by Prof. McAfee, Agricultural College. — Commended 
 as a good State exhibit, containing 160 specimens arranged in vertical and 
 transverse sections. 
 
 J. C. Arthur, Charles City, No. 185. — Herbarium of plants. The her- 
 barium contains species named and clasitied, neatly mounted, labeled and 
 one in duplicate. The duplicate collection ingeniously arranged for exhi- 
 bition on large sliding frames within a glass case. The whole accompan- 
 ied with a printed catalogue. 
 
 AWARDS ON COLLKCrrVB STATE EXHIBITS. 
 
 State of Iowa, No. 11. — Commended for a large display of its minerals, 
 soils, native and cultivated grasses, its pomology in large variety, and col- 
 lection of woods and a valuable collection of mound buildera' relics. 
 
 GROUP NO. XXVIII. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 Board of Education, Burlington, No. 76. — Commended for * creditable 
 display of the work of pupils. 
 
 State Educational Department, No. 77. — Report good exhibit of the sta- 
 tistics of State school system and work of public schools. 
 
 Board of Education of West Des Moines, No. 78. — A creditable exhibit 
 of work of pupils. 
 
 GROUP XXII. 
 
 PLOWS. 
 
 Skinner Bros., Des Moines, No. 63. — Commended for excellence of ma 
 terial, good workmanship and beauty of form. 
 
OESTESSIAL AWABDS. 193 
 
 GEOUP IJ^O. XXIII. 
 
 BOOK BINDING AND PAPEE INDUSTET. 
 
 John D. Metz, Dubuque, No. 94. — ^Blank books with patent ends and 
 mode of stitching. Keport an admirable made book aside from the patent 
 i'uiprovement claimed. 
 
 GEOUP XXX. 
 
 HOESES AND CATTLE. 
 
 Eli Elliot, West Liberty. — Short Horn bull, Baron French, TSo. 8. — ^Ee- 
 port in form, quality and useful characteristics he is entitled to rank as a 
 Boperior specimen of the Short Horn breed. 
 • State of Iowa, Short Horn Herd, Ifo. 12. — One bull and four cows. The 
 animals composing this herd, in high excellence of form, quality and useful 
 characteristics, are entitled to be ranked as first-class specimens of the 
 Short Horn breed. 
 
 J. W. Jacobs, West Liberty, Wo. 13. — Two co-ws, Maid of Honor and 
 Lucy Ifapier, commended for high excellence of form and useful charac- 
 teristics, entitled to rank as first-class specimens of the Short Horn breed. 
 
 E. S. Wilson, West Liberty, Wo. 35. — Heifer, Louden Mirvine, for high 
 excellence in form, quality and nsefnl characteristics is entitled to rank as 
 a first-class specimen of the Short Horn breed. 
 
 E. S. Wilson, No. 36. — Emma Down and heifer calf Centennial Mine. 
 In form and useful characteristics they are entitled to be ranked as first- 
 class specimens of the Short Horn breed. 
 
 GEOUP XXXVL 
 
 Henry Avery, Burlington. — Commended for a collection of apples, 
 among which Grimes' Golden Pippin, an excellent kind, is especially mer- 
 itorious in size and flavor. 
 
 David Leonard, Burlington, Wo. 16. — Commended for a valuable selec- 
 tion of varieties very well grown, and especially for a seedling named 
 Kobinson, which promises well for the northwest, both as respects to tree 
 and fruit. 
 
 No. 27. — Polk County, by James Smith, Des Moines. Commended for 
 160 varieties of apples, and for the very large number of valuable varieties 
 and for the very superior manner in which they are grown ; also for great 
 care and correctness in naming. 
 
 No. 30. — E. H. Caulkens commended for twenty varieties and their val- 
 uable characteristics; also great excellence and beauty in growth. 
 
 R. S. Willet, Malcolm. — Commended for 40 varieties of apples of gen- 
 eral value and the superior manner of growth. 
 
 No. 39, L. HoUingsworth, Montrose. — Seventy-five varieties of apples, 
 commended for a large number of useful sorts and for the meritorious 
 manner in which they are grown. 
 
 No. 65, G. B. Brackett, Denmark. — Pears are Plate White Doyenne. 
 
 13 
 
194 CENTENNIAL AWAEDS. 
 
 These specimens of this old and important variety reach the highest stan- 
 dard of excellence of large size and beautifully colored. 
 
 No. 81, Wilson T. Smith, Des Moines. — Twenty varieties of pears 
 commended for being well grown, and handsome collection. The Flemish 
 Beauty and Beaurae Clangean being superior. 
 
 No. 83, White Elk Vineyard, Keokuk. — Eighteen varieties, creditable 
 display of pears. The Beaurae Clangean having brilliant coloring. 
 
 Iowa State Horticultural Society wax models of fruit. No. 209. — Three 
 hundred varieties of apples in wax, of perfect accuracy and beautifully dis- 
 played — the work of the Iowa State Horticultural Society. 
 
 [Note. — There were in all 1020 specimens. The fruit furnished as 
 models was by various members of the State Horticultural Society, crop of 
 1876, the greatest number of which was by James Smith, of Des Moines, 
 and to whom the nomenclature is mainly due; 610 of the casts were made 
 by Mrs. Wm. Greenland, of Des Moines, and 410 of them by Col. Gt. B. 
 Brackett, of Denmark. This was the most attractive display made by . 
 Iowa, and was universally admired; and in this line Iowa can boast of as 
 fine talent for accuracy as to model and coloring as is found anywhere. 
 Two hundred of these casts were sold to and exchanged with the Japanese 
 authorities, and are now doing duty in the archives of their government.] 
 
 Iowa State Horticultural Society, No. 217. — September collection, report 
 a very good collection, containing many varieties. 
 
 [Note. — The Horticultural Society showed in May thirty-five varieties 
 of apples of late keepers, also the summer varieties were shown in their 
 season. The fall display was very fine, covering seven tables 35x6, and 
 numbering about 335 varieties of apples, and filling over 2,000 plates.] 
 
 W. W. Winterbotom, Fort Madison, No. 191. — Timothy grass seed. The 
 seed is remarkably clean, and every way meritorious. 
 
 H. C. Gordon, Davis county, No. 204. — His yellow corn was of peculiar 
 weight and good quality, one ear weighing one pound and thirteen ounces. 
 
 L. T. Chute, Manchester, No. 207. — The cereals and roots in the Iowa 
 collection exhibited are a well grown collection of twenty-five varieties. 
 Potatoes especially meritorious. 
 
 State of Iowa, September exhibits of the crop of 1876, No. 208. — They 
 make a collection of cereals, grasses and roots, exhibiting the ability of the 
 State to produce these articles in the highest degree. 
 
 The information contained in the notes is additional to that given in the 
 ofiicial reports of the Exposition, and is furnished by Dr. Alex. Shaw, of 
 Des Moines, who held an official position in connection with Iowa exhibits 
 up to August 18, 1876. 
 
Abstract of Iowa State Laws. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHAITGE AlilD PEOMISSOET NOTES. 
 
 Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shaU be al- 
 lowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper fall- 
 ing due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any 
 day appointed or recommended by the President of the U nited States or the 
 Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as 
 due on the day previous. 'No defense can be made against a negotiable in- 
 strument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee wimout notice, 
 except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due dili- 
 gence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. If otes 
 payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, 
 must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred 
 by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guar- 
 antor of payment, nnless otherwise expressed. 
 
 la computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month 
 shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than 
 a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only 
 bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, 
 even if not stated. 
 
 INTEEEST. 
 
 The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, 
 on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten 
 per cent is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent to the school 
 fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 
 
 DESCENT. 
 
 The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- 
 ment of debts and expenses of administration; (2) property set apart to 
 widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of 
 twelve months' support to widow, ana to children under fifteen years of age), 
 including life insurance, descends as does real estate. 
 
 One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by the 
 husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution 
 or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment 
 of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive 
 him. 
 
 The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased 
 wlte. 
 
196 ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless- 
 she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of 
 provisions of the will. 
 
 The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband 
 or surviving wife. 
 
 Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died 
 siezedj shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend 
 
 Fvrst. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts; the 
 descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their 
 deceased parents in equal shares among them. 
 
 Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no 
 widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal 
 parts; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there 
 is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their 
 descendants. 
 
 Thwd. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or 
 children, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend 
 to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely; and the other half of the 
 estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving 
 husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. 
 
 Fov/rth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of 
 either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according 
 to like rules. 
 
 Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- 
 scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no 
 child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such 
 widow or surviving husband, it snail escheat to the State. 
 
 WILLS Airo ESTATES OF DECEASED PEESONS. 
 
 No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. 
 Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age 
 of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will; it must 
 be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, 
 and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent 
 witnesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses arfe not interested in the 
 will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen 
 days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and 
 administrators' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and 
 for proceeds one-half per cent on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and 
 one per cent of sale of real estate, five per cent for first one thousand dol- 
 lars, two and one-half on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such 
 additional allowance as shall be reasonable for extra services. 
 
 "Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor 
 or administrator shall give such tbotice of appointment as the court or clerk 
 shall direct. 
 
 Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one yea/r thereafter, or are 
 forever barred, wj-Zess the clmm is pending in the District or Supreme Court, 
 or vrnZess pecuUa/r circumstanoes entitle the claimant to eqi^itable reUef. 
 
 Claims are classed anA payable in the follo^ving order: 
 
 1. Expenses of administration. 
 
 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 
 
ABSTEAOT OF THB LAWS OF IOWA. ^ 197 
 
 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made bj the court. 
 
 4. Debts preferred under the lawg of the United States. 
 
 5. Public rates and taxes. 
 
 6. Claims filed within six months after tTieJirst jmbUcation of the notice 
 given by the executors of their appointment. 
 
 7. All other debts. 
 
 8. Legacies. 
 
 The moard, or property which must be sei apart to the widow, in her own 
 right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of 
 the deceased, as head of the family, would have been exem/pt from execution. 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 The owners of personal property, on the first day of Jamiary of each year, 
 and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, 
 are Udble for the taxes thereon. 
 
 The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 
 
 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including uni- 
 versity, agricultural, college and school lands, and all property leased to the 
 State; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school dis- 
 trict when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary 
 profit; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire 
 engines, and aU implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used 
 exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; 
 all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, 
 agricultural and religious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the 
 appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, 
 and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit; and all 
 property leased to agricultural, charitable institutions and benevolent soci- 
 eties, and so devoted during the term of such lease; provided, that aU deeds, 
 by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the 
 property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 
 
 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; 
 used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of 
 students in any such institutions, used for their education. 
 
 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and de- 
 voted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the 
 sum prescribed by their charter. 
 
 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging 
 to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested witmn one year 
 previous to the Ksting; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dol- 
 lars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite 
 for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for 
 the family; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging 
 is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within 
 the intent of this clause. 
 
 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or in- 
 firmity, may, in the opinion of the assessor, be unable to contribute to the 
 pubKc revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in 
 all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other 
 person, and subject to reversal by them. 
 
 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farm- 
 
198 ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OV IOWA. 
 
 ing, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hun- 
 ■ dred dollars in value. 
 
 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this 
 State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or pur- 
 chase is made. 
 
 There is also a suitable exemption, in amoant, for planting fruit trees or 
 forest trees or hedges. 
 
 Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado, or other unavoidable cas- 
 ualty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate 
 taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold/or 
 taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the 
 time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such 
 loss only as is not covered by insurance. 
 
 All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age 
 and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in hsting all taxable property of 
 which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, 
 guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, 
 mortagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. 
 
 Koad beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of ad- 
 jacent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for 
 purposes of taxation; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be as- 
 sessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for 
 such public purpose. 
 
 The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed 
 and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed 
 and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an in- 
 dividual. 
 
 The Township Board of Equalization shaU meet the first Monday in April 
 of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 
 
 The County Board of Equalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at 
 their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 
 
 Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without in- 
 terest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. 
 
 Tax sale is held on first Monday of October in each year. 
 
 Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of 
 sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amoimt of sale, and twenty per 
 centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, 
 interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, 
 and also all subsequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after 
 March 1st of each year, and a sixmhir periaUy of twenty per centum added 
 as before, with ten- per cent interest as before. 
 
 If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemp- 
 tion is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety 
 days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or 
 holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. 
 
 JUEISmCTION OF COUETS. 
 
 District Counts have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and 
 criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdic- 
 tion. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices 
 of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs ot 
 error. 
 
ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA, 199 
 
 Ci/rffwit Gowrts have jurisdiction, general and original, with the Dis- 
 trict Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and excVuswe ju- 
 risdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil 
 matters. And exclusive jtunsdiction in matters of estates and general 
 probate business. 
 
 JvMices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 
 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be ex- 
 tended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try 
 and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their 
 respective coimties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed %100 or the 
 imprisoTmient thirty days. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a statute penalty; 
 and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. 
 
 Those against a public officer within three (3) years. 
 
 Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for 
 relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not provided for, 
 within five (5) years. 
 
 Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except 
 those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, 
 within ten (10) years. 
 
 Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, 
 within twenty (20) years. 
 
 All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended 
 in favor of minors and insane persons, untU one year after the disability is 
 removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall 
 not be included in computing any of the above periods. 
 
 Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, 
 must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed 
 and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the 
 owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in 
 which to bring action. 
 
 JUEOES. 
 
 AU qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judg- 
 ment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are compe- 
 tent jurors in their respective counties. 
 
 United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, 
 acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons dis- 
 abled by bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from 
 liability to act as jurors. 
 
 Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own inter- 
 ests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the 
 state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his ab- 
 sence. 
 
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 
 
 was restored by the Seventeenth Greneral Assembly, making it optional 
 with the jury to inflict it or not. 
 
200 ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 A MAKEIED WOMAN 
 
 may convey or inctiinber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her; 
 may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons 
 may convey, encumber, control or contract. 
 
 She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband 
 may. 
 
 Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. 
 
 She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. 
 
 She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. 
 
 EXEMPTIONS FEOM EXECUTION. 
 
 A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following 
 property exempt from execution: All wearing apparel of himself and 
 family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or 
 other receptacles necessary to contain the same; one musket or rifle and 
 shot-gun; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical in- 
 struments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew 
 occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship; an 
 interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two 
 cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter pro- 
 vided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured 
 from said wool; six stands of bees; five hogs and all pigs under six 
 months; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months; all flax 
 raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bedstead 
 and necessary bedding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured 
 by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen 
 furniture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels 
 and looms; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic labor 
 kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the 
 family for six months; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, 
 if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or 
 professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or 
 mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the 
 proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, 
 public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living; 
 and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press 
 and the types, furniture and material necessary for the use of such printing 
 press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars; the 
 earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety 
 days next preceding the levy. 
 
 Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have 
 exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. 
 
 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding 
 forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value 
 not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its 
 acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material 
 furnished for the same. 
 
 An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase 
 money thereof. 
 
 Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he 
 
ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 201 
 
 shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, 
 and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy- 
 five dollars in value. 
 
 A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband 
 or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. 
 
 WOLF SCALPS. 
 
 A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. 
 
 UABKS AND BRANDS. 
 
 Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, 
 or have a description thereof recorded by the township clerk. 
 
 No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any person residing 
 in his township. 
 
 DAMAGES FEOM TRESPASS. 
 
 When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of 
 any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the 
 damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by 
 distraining the animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects 
 to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by 
 the trustees, as in case of distraint. 
 
 When trespasring animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sun- 
 day not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, 
 if known; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four 
 hours thereafter, the party shall have the township trustees assess the dam- 
 ages, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the town- 
 snip, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting 
 the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 p. m., be sold to the highest bidder, 
 to satisfy said damages, with costs. 
 
 Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the trustees to the 
 circuit court. 
 
 Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running 
 at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any do- 
 mestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by dis- 
 training such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the 
 injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. 
 
 ESTRATS. 
 
 An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st 
 and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the law- 
 ful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless 
 some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on 
 liis place; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray; 
 any other householder of the township may take up such estray and pro- 
 ceed with it as if fciken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the 
 Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray 
 was taken up. 
 
202 ABSTBAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for 
 damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be 
 treated as an estray. 
 
 "Within five days after taking up an estray, notice containing a full de- 
 scription thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in 
 the township; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go 
 before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where 
 such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been al- 
 tered, to his knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of 
 the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, 
 marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book 
 kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certi- 
 fied copy thereof to the Coimty Auditor. 
 
 When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the 
 Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray 
 on his book, and if no owner appears witliin six months, the property shall 
 vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. 
 
 "Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, 
 if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has 
 complied with the law and paid costs. 
 
 An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and mod- 
 eration. 
 
 If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail 
 to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to 
 above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the 
 county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such 
 oflfender shall forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may re- 
 cover double damages with costs. 
 
 If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year 
 after the taking np, and the tinder shall have complied with the law, a com- 
 plete title vests in the tinder. 
 
 But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, 
 prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the tinder shall pay him 
 the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the es- 
 tray. 
 
 FENCES. 
 
 A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, 
 with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet 
 where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair; or any 
 other fence, in the opinion of the fence viewers, shall be declared a lawful 
 fence — ^provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more than twenty nor 
 less than sixteen inches from the ground. 
 
 The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain parti- 
 tion fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they 
 improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. 
 
 If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should main- 
 tain, the fence viewers (the township trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved 
 party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if 
 found insufficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re- 
 build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. 
 
 If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may 
 
ABSTHACT OV THE LAWS OT IOWA. 303 
 
 do 80, and the same being adjudged suflSoient by the fence viewers, and the 
 value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their 
 liands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascer- 
 tained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover 
 it with one per cent a month interest, by action. 
 
 In case of disputes, the fence viewers may decide as to who shall erect or 
 maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shaH be done; and in 
 case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to 
 liim, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover 
 double damages. 
 
 No person, not wishing his land enlosed, and not using it otherwise than 
 in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence; but when 
 he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute 
 to the partition fences. 
 
 Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the 
 owners desire to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other 
 refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when di- 
 vided, the fence viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the 
 other to build as ordered by the viewers, the one may build the other's part 
 and recover as above. 
 
 And when one incloses land which has lain nninclosed, he must pay for 
 one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. 
 
 Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining 
 his neighbor, out to the public to be Uoed in common, he must give his 
 neighbor six months' notice thereof. 
 
 Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the 
 owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material 
 within six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the 
 material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was 
 built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay 
 for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor 
 shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open 
 or expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be given be- 
 yond the six months to remove crops. 
 
 ADOPTION OF CHILDEEN. 
 
 Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor 
 child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced 
 or separated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of 
 the parent lawfully having the custody of the child; or if either parent is 
 dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the 
 child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the 
 Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court of the^ county shall be given to such 
 adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by parties consenting, and stat- 
 ing the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, 
 the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if 
 known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called 
 and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, 
 for the pm-pose of adoption as his own child. 
 
 The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties 
 
204: ABSTBAOT OF THK LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 shall acknowledge the same In the manner that deeds conveying lands shall 
 be acknowledged. 
 The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the Countj Recorder. 
 
 SUEVETOES A20> SUEVETS. 
 
 There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as a County Surveyor, 
 who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. 
 It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his deputy, to 
 make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as 
 soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and 
 other assistance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be 
 done, and to be by him paid, imless otherwise agreed; but the chainmen 
 must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by 
 him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall 
 furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of tho 
 same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his sur- 
 vey shall be made in accordance therewith. 
 
 Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, 
 twenty-five cfents. 
 
 mechanics' lieh-s. 
 
 Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or fiirnish 
 any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other im- 
 provement upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair 
 of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the 
 owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contrrctor, shall have a lien, on 
 complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement 
 for his labor done or materials furnished. 
 
 It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub-con- 
 tractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the 
 labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, 
 with the clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, 
 after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was fur- 
 nished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct 
 description of the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole 
 verified by affidavit. 
 
 A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as 
 above. 
 
 Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a 
 mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is acustomed to managing 
 such liens, to consult at once an attorney. 
 
 Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a prin- 
 cipal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions 
 to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can 
 much better be done with an attorney. 
 
 EOADS AMD BRIDGES. 
 
 Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of 
 the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule 
 shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, 
 not exceeding five dollars. 
 
A33STEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 205 
 
 The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person 
 wronged. 
 
 Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, 
 in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on 
 conviction, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not 
 exceeding thirty days. 
 
 It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Eoad Supervisor, 
 to break upon, plow or dig within, the boundary lines of any public high- 
 way. 
 
 The money tax levied ^on the property in each road district in each town- 
 ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, ma- 
 chinery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or 
 County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, 
 and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another 
 district. 
 
 The Eoad Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and 
 bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit; 
 to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and 
 when notified in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any 
 bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this pur- 
 pose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not 
 more than two days at one time, without their consent. 
 
 Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon 
 vacant or non-resident lands or vacant lots, within his district, the owner, 
 lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. 
 
 Bridges when erected and maintained by the public, are parts of the high- 
 way, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. 
 
 A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk 
 across any such bridge. 
 
 The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well 
 known to all township officers, that it sufficient here to say that the first step 
 is by petition, filed in the Auditors' office, addressed in substance as follows: 
 
 The Board of Supervisors of County: The undersigned asks that 
 
 a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating 
 
 at— , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be). 
 
 "When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeding steps will be shown 
 and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. 
 
 SUPPORT OF POOB. 
 
 The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for 
 aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or sev- 
 erally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by 
 the Township Trustees. 
 
 In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall ex- 
 tend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the 
 male grandchildren who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. 
 
 The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to main- 
 tain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit 
 Court for an order to compel the same. 
 
 Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a 
 hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the 
 poor person. 
 
206 ABSTBAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of 
 the Circuit Court. 
 
 Wlien any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or 
 husband, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the 
 public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff 
 to take into possession such estate. 
 
 The court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as 
 well as the rents and profits ot the real estate, if any, to the support of 
 children, wife or husband. 
 
 If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- 
 son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, 
 and the property taken returned. 
 
 The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township 
 Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to 
 every township ofiBcer, and the circumstances attending applications for re- 
 lief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each 
 county to provide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT. 
 
 A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and 
 afterward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over 
 the premises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. 
 
 Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, 
 is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. 
 
 Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party 
 before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is 
 reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice 
 need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In 
 case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the ter- 
 mination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st of March, except in cases 
 of field tenants and croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the 
 crop is harvested; provided, that in a case of a crop of corn, it shall not be 
 later, than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But 
 when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to 
 writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without 
 notice. 
 
 But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or 
 not, the tanancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 
 
 If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required 
 may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the prem- 
 ises ; or if the premises be vacant, by aflSxing the notice to the principal door 
 of the building, or on some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no 
 building. 
 
 The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the 
 premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the 
 premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for a period of 
 one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due; 
 but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration 
 of the term. 
 
 The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the 
 
ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 207 
 
 period abova described, for rent alone; and the landlord is entitled to a writ 
 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to re- 
 cover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises de- 
 scribed in the affidavit. 
 
 WEIGHTS AOTJ JTEAStTEES. 
 
 Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or 
 delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the con- 
 trary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to wit: 
 
 Apples, Peaches or Quinces 48 
 
 Apples, reacnes or yumctss ^to 
 
 Cnemes.Grapes, Currants or Gooseber's, 40 
 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackber's, 32 
 
 Osage Orange Seed 32 
 
 Mfllet Seed 45 
 
 . Stone Coal 80 
 
 Lime • 80 
 
 Corn in the ear 70 
 
 Wheat 60 
 
 Potatoes 60 
 
 Beans 60 
 
 Clover Seed 60 
 
 Onions 57 
 
 SheEedCom 56 
 
 Rye 56 
 
 Flax Seed 56 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 46 
 
 Sand 130 
 
 Sorgum Seed 30 
 
 Broom Com Seed 30 
 
 Buckwheat 52 
 
 Salt. 
 
 50 
 
 Barley 48 
 
 ComMeal 48 
 
 Castor Beans 46 
 
 Timothy Seed 45 
 
 Hemp Seed 44 
 
 Dried Peaches 33 
 
 Oats 33 
 
 Dried Apples 24 
 
 Bran 20 
 
 Blue Grass Seed 14 
 
 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 
 
 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and 
 costs and iive dollars addition thereto as a fine. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount 
 and time of payment are mentioned: 
 
 $100. _ Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- 
 dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowet. 
 
 A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts 
 substituted for money in the above form. 
 
 OBDEBS. 
 
 Orders should be worded simply, thus. 
 Mr. F. H, Coats: Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to 
 
 F. D. SiLVA. 
 
 BILLS OF PUEOHASE. 
 
 W. N. Mason, 
 
 Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. 
 
 Bought of A. A. GrEAHAM. 
 
 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 
 
 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 
 
 Received payment, 
 
 A. A. Qbaham. 
 
 $6 60 
 
208 ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 EE0EIPT3. 
 
 ileceipts should always state when received and wtat for, thus: 
 $100. Ohioago, Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Eeceived of J. "W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for ser- 
 vices rendered in grading his Jot in Fort Madison, on account. 
 
 Thomas Beady. 
 If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. 
 
 DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TEEMS. 
 
 $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly 
 
 placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, 
 United States Currency. 
 
 £ means pounds, English money. 
 
 @ stands for at or io; B) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels; ^ for per or 
 hy the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f fb, and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. 
 
 % for per cent, and tt for number. 
 
 May 1. "Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means 
 that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any 
 time during the month of June. 
 
 Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, 
 at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not 
 the stock ou hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to 
 depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and till 
 his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." 
 
 Buying loncf, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or 
 shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, ex- 
 pecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed 
 " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices 
 upward as mnch as possible. 
 
 CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 -, Iowa, , 18- 
 
 after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, 
 
 at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent per annum after 
 
 until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, 
 
 interest at same rate and conditions. 
 
 A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the 
 whole note to become due and collectible at once. 
 If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed aa attorney fees. 
 
 No.—. P.O. , . 
 
 CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 — VS. — In Court of County, Iowa, , of ■ 
 
 County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the 
 
 sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees,_with 
 
 interest thereon at ten per cent from , and — hereby confess judg- 
 ment against — ■ as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of 
 
 $ , and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the 
 
 Court of said county to enter np judgment for said sum against 
 
 with costs, and interest at 10 per cent from , the interest to be paid — . 
 
 Said debt and judgment being for . 
 
ABSTBAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 209 
 
 It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within 
 
 twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, 
 
 convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said 
 
 so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable 
 
 on execution for this judgment. 
 
 Dated , 18—. . 
 
 The State of Iowa, ] 
 
 County. j 
 
 being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the fore- 
 going statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and 
 
 that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained 
 therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become 
 
 due said as aforesaid. 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said 
 . this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. 
 
 AETICLES OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain 
 thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always 
 reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstand- 
 ings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be 
 clearly and explicitly^ stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reason- 
 able consideration. 
 
 Oeneral Form of Agreement. — This agreement, made the second day of 
 June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, county of Lee, State of Iowa, 
 of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second 
 part — 
 
 Witrvesseth: That the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement 
 of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees 
 to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and 
 marketable condition, at the village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of 
 November, of this year, one hundred tons of prairie hay, in the following 
 lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the 
 seventh of November, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the 
 month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hun- 
 dred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. 
 
 And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfill- 
 ment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to 
 and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per 
 ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 
 
 In case of failure of agreenient by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby 
 stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, one 
 hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first 
 above written. John Jones, 
 
 Thomas Whiteside. 
 
 Agreement with Clerk for Services. — ^This agreement, made the first day 
 of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben 
 Stone, of Dubuque, county of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first 
 
 U 
 
210 ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, county of Clayton, State of Iowa, 
 party of the second part — 
 
 Witnesseth: That the said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently 
 to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the 
 space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, 
 without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time he, the 
 said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and 
 honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman 
 aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the 
 said Stone. 
 
 In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, 
 the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand 
 dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day 
 of each month; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by 
 said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement 
 due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay 
 
 "Witness our hands. Eeuben Stone. 
 
 George Baeclat. 
 bills of sale. 
 
 A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration 
 to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The jpurchmer 
 must take actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale must be ac- 
 knowledged and recorded. 
 
 Common Form, of Bill of Sale. — Know all men by this instrument, that 
 I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration 
 of five hundred and ten dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, 
 of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, 
 and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second 
 part, bis executors, administrators and assigns, my undivided half of ten 
 acres of corn, now growing on the farm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above 
 mentioned; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to rae 
 and in my possession at the farm aforesaid; to have and to hold the same unto 
 the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, 
 for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second 
 part, and his legal representatatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the 
 aforementioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, 
 and his legal representatives, against all and any person whomsoever. 
 
 In witness whereof, T have hereunto aflixed my hand, this tenth' day of 
 October, one thousand eight hundred and s«venty-six. 
 
 LoiTis Olat. 
 
 NOTICE TO QUIT. 
 
 To John Wontpay: You are hereby notified to quit the possession of 
 the premises you now occupj', to-wit: 
 
 [Insert Description.] 
 
 on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. 
 
 Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. 
 
 [Reversed for Notice to Landlord.] 
 
AB8TEA0T OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 211 
 
 GENEEAL FOEM OF WILL FOE EEAL AND PEESONAL PEOPEETT. 
 
 I, Charles Mansfield, of the town of Bellevne, county of Jackson, State of 
 Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of 
 sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and 
 testament, in manner following, to-wit: 
 
 First. I give, devise and bequeath nnto to my eldest son, Sydney H. 
 Mansfield, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the 
 Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, 
 in the township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all 
 the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and 
 to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna 
 Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars, in 
 bank stock, in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio; and also each 
 one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in the township of 
 Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the recorder's oflSce in the county 
 where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said 
 half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. 
 
 Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, 
 five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Kailroad, and my one 
 hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, 
 Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belong- 
 ing, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where 
 situated. 
 
 FovHh. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, aU my house- 
 hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not 
 hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in 
 the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Eailroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and 
 benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to 
 which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. 
 ' Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income 
 from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, 
 during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to 
 revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise 
 of my said father. 
 
 Sixmth. It is also my wiU and desire that, at the death of my wife, Vic- 
 toria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relin- 
 quish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may ye- 
 vert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. 
 
 Arid VastVy. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last 
 will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest 
 son, Sidney H. Mansfield. 
 
 I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be 
 paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the 
 residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, 
 for her use forever. 
 
 Li witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testa- 
 ment, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eight- 
 een hundred aiid seventy-two. 
 
 Chaeles Mansfield. 
 
212 ABSTEACT OT THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and 
 testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, 
 and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as 
 witnesses thereof. 
 
 Petee a. Schenok, Dubuque, Iowa. 
 
 FEAiirK E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. 
 
 CODICIL. 
 
 Wheeeas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, 
 1 do now, by this writing, add this codocil to my said will, to be taken as a 
 part thereof. 
 
 Wheeeas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, 
 has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three; and 
 whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard 
 Albert Mansfield, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all 
 right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeaAed to 
 my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. 
 
 In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
 March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. 
 
 Chaeles Mansfield. 
 
 Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles 
 Mansfield, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. 
 And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each 
 other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. 
 
 Feank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. 
 
 John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. 
 
 {Form No. 1.) 
 satisfaction of moetgage. 
 
 State of Iowa, , 
 
 County, j 
 
 I, , of the county of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge 
 
 that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the day of , A. D. 
 
 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on 
 
 the following described Real Estate, in the county of , and State of 
 
 Iowa, to-wit: (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of 
 
 the Recorder of the county of , and State of Iowa, on the day of 
 
 , A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of 
 
 Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and dis- 
 charged in full. . [seal.] 
 
 State of Iowa, ) 
 
 County, P^- 
 
 Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18—, before 
 
 me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared 
 
 , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the 
 
 above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged • 
 
 signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above 
 
 written. ^ — -. 
 
ABSTBAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. — - 213 
 
 ONE FOEM OF EEAL ESTATE MOETQAGE. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents: That , of county, and 
 
 State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of 
 
 county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said 
 
 the following described premises, situated in the county of , and 
 
 State of , to- wit: (here insert description) and do hereby covenant 
 
 with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they 
 
 are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority 
 
 to sell and convey the same; and do hereby covenant to warrant and 
 
 defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To 
 
 be void upon condition that the said shall pay the fall amount of 
 
 principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promis- 
 sory note for the sum of dollars. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18, — with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 And the said Mortgagee agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon 
 the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if 
 it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall 
 
 be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby 
 
 relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above de- 
 icribed premises. 
 Signed this day of , A. D. 18—. 
 
 [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1 .J 
 
 SECOND FOEM OF EEAL ESTATE MOETGAGE. 
 
 This Indentuee, made and executed by and between of the 
 
 county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the 
 
 county of and State of ^part of the second part, Witnesseth, that 
 
 the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 
 
 dollars, paid by the said part of the second part, the receipt of which is 
 hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, 
 bargain, seU, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, 
 heirs and assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate, sit- 
 uated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit: 
 
 {Here insert description.) 
 
 The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part 
 of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said prem- 
 ises, that they are free from incumbrancg, and that he will warrant and de- 
 fend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do ex- 
 pressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relin- 
 quish and convey all rights of homestead therein. 
 
 This instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- 
 ditions, to-wit: 
 
 First. Said first part agree to pay said or order 
 
 Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note,-'that 
 
214 ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 
 
 if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest 
 at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, 
 and this mortgage shall stand security for the same. 
 
 Thvrd. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and 
 assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, 
 and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of 
 money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay 
 such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the 
 rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security 
 for the amount so paid. 
 
 Fowrih. Said first part further agree that if he fail- to pay any of 
 
 said money, either principal or interest, within days aftCr the same 
 
 becomes due; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing con- 
 ditions or agreements, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and 
 payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immedi- 
 ately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. 
 
 Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment 
 of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill 
 of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall be- 
 come due and payable, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage 
 shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the de- 
 cree of foreclosure, and shall be made by the sherifi' on general or special 
 execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract em- 
 bodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects 
 
 be governed, construed and adjudged by the laws of , where the 
 
 same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance 
 to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. 
 
 ■■5 
 
 [Acknowledge as in form No. l.J 
 
 FOEM OF LEASE. 
 
 This Article of Ageeement, Made and entered into on this day of 
 
 -, A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and 
 
 State of Iowa, of the first part, and — ■ , of the county of 
 
 and State of Iowa, of the second part, wicnesseth that the said party of the 
 first part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following 
 described premises, to- wit: 
 
 {Here insert description.] 
 
 for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, at 
 
 the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to-wit : 
 
 [S^ere insert terms.'] 
 
 And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if 
 default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be 
 lawful for the said party of the first part to re-enter said premises, or to 
 destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of 
 forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding tlie provision of Section 3612 
 of the Code of 1873; or he may use any or all of said remedies. 
 
 And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the 
 first W^ *^® ^®^* ^ above stated, except when said premises are untenable 
 
ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 215 
 
 by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party 
 of the" second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by supe- 
 rior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part 
 
 covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other 
 
 purposes whatever; and that especially will not use said premises, or 
 
 permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; 
 
 that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without 
 
 the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all 
 
 rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part; and 
 
 that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with 
 
 the buildings,' gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may 
 at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable 
 necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the 
 
 lessee, or persons of family, or in employ excepted; and at the 
 
 expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said 
 
 covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, 
 
 quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good 
 condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, dam- 
 ages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties have subscribed their names on the 
 date first above written. 
 
 In presence of 
 
 FOEM OF HOTE. 
 
 , 18- 
 
 On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to 
 
 pay or order, dollars, with intesest from date until paid, 
 
 at ten per cent per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest 
 
 shall bear interest at ten per cent per annum. On failure to pay interest 
 within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall be- 
 come due at once 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 
 
 Know all Men bt these Peesents: That of County, and 
 
 State of^ in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of 
 
 County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the 
 
 following described personal property, now in the possession of in the 
 
 county, and State of , to- wit: 
 
 [Here inseH Description.^ 
 
 And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from 
 
 any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in 
 and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This 
 conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said 
 grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
 
 therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for 
 
 the Slim of— — dollars. 
 
 One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
216 ABSTRACT OP THE LAWS OT IOWA. 
 
 The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part 
 or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed 
 by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said 
 notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such 
 
 foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after 
 
 paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. 
 
 Signed the day of , 18 — . . 
 
 [Acknowledged as in Form No. l.J 
 
 WAEEAUTT DEED. 
 
 Know all Men by these Peesents: That of County and 
 
 State of — -, in consideration of the sum of dollars, in hand paid by 
 
 of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto 
 
 the said and to — heirs and assigns, the following described premises, 
 
 situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit: 
 
 [Here insert Description.] 
 
 And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee 
 
 simple of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance; that — ha good 
 right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- 
 rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, 
 
 against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said 
 
 hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the 
 above described premises. 
 
 Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . 
 
 IN PEESENCE of 
 
 [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 
 
 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 
 
 Know all Men bt these Peesents: That , of County, State 
 
 of , in consideratiou of the sutn of dollars, to — in hand paid by 
 
 , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby ac- 
 knowledge, have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do 
 
 bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns 
 
 forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, botli at law and 
 in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the fol- 
 lowing described premises, to-wit: [here insert description] with all and 
 singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. 
 
 Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 
 
 Signed in Peesenoe or 
 
 [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 
 
ABSTEAOT OF THB LAWS OF IOWA. 5J17 
 
 BOND FOB DEBD. 
 
 Know all Men by these Peesents: That of County, and 
 
 State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and 
 
 State of , in the sum of dollars, to be paid to the said , his 
 
 executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind 
 myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . 
 
 The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay 
 to said obligor or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at 
 the time therein specified, of — promissory note of even date herewith, for 
 the sum of Dollars. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , dne , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , dne , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 And pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obli- 
 gor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or par- 
 cel of real estate, situated in the County of , and State of Iowa, des- 
 cribed as follows, to-wit: [here insert description] by a "Warranty Deed, 
 with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. 
 
 If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or 
 any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, 
 by notice to the obligee, terminate his liability under the bond, and resume 
 the possession and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence 
 of this agreement. 
 
 On the fulfillment of the above conditions, this obligation to become 
 void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue; unless terminated by 
 the obligor as above stipulated. 
 
 [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] 
 
 GAME LAWS. 
 
 By the laws of Iowa, as amended by the Legislature of 1878, it is nnlaw- 
 fiil to do any of the following acts: 
 
 BIBDS AND QUADEUPEDS. 
 
 1. To kill, trap, ensnare, or in any manner destroy any of the birds of 
 the State, except birds of prey and game birds, during the open seasons as 
 provided by law; or to destroy the eggs of such birds as are protected by 
 this section — except that persons Mfling birds for scientific purposes, or 
 
 f reservation in miiseums and cabinets, are not liable under this section, 
 'enalty, $5 to $25. 
 
 2. To shoot or kill any prairie chicken from Dec. 1 to Sept. 1, woodcock 
 from Jan. 1 to July 10, pheasant, wild turkey or quail from Jan. 1 to Oct. 
 1, wild duck, snipe, goose or brant from May 1 to Aug. 15, deer or elk from 
 Jan. 1 to Sept. 1, beaver, mink, otter or muskrat from April 1 to Novem- 
 ber. Penalty, deer or elk, $25; the others, $10. 
 
 3. To take or attempt to take at any time with trap, net or snare any 
 bird or animal mentioned in Sec. 2, or to willfully destroy the eggs or nests 
 of such birds. Except that beaver, mink, otter or muskrat may be trapped 
 
218 ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWfe OV IOWA. 
 
 or snared during the open season, or at any time for the protection of .pri- 
 vate property. Penalty the same as in section 2. 
 
 4. To shoot or kill any wild duck, goose or brant with any kind of gim, 
 except such as is commonly shot from the shoulder, or to use medicated or 
 poisoned food to capture or kill any of the birds mentioned in section 2. 
 Penalty, $25, and thirty days in jail unless sooner paid. 
 
 5. To shoot or kill for traffic any prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail 
 or pheasant at any time; for one person to kill during one day mote than 25 
 of either kind of said birds; to ship or take out of the State any bird 
 mentioned in section 2, deer or elk; to buy, sell, or have in possession any 
 such bird, deer or elk during the close season, except the first five days. Pen- 
 alty, deer or elk, $25 ; others, $10. 
 
 6. For any person, firm, or corporation to have in possession, at one 
 time, more than twenty-five of either prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail 
 or pheasant, unless lawfully received for transportation; to ship to any per- 
 son in the State in one day more than one dozen of the birds mentioned in 
 section 2; and in case of shipment an affidavit must be made that the birds 
 have not been unlawfully killed, bought, sold, or had in possession, and are 
 not . shipped for sale or profit, and giving name and address of consignee 
 and number of birds shipped, and a copy of the affidavit shall accompany 
 the birds, etc. .Penalty, same as in section 2. The making of a false affi- 
 davit is perjury. 
 
 7. For any common carrier, its agent or servant, to knowingly receive 
 for transportation any bird or animal mentioned in section two, during the 
 close season (except the first five days), or at any other time, except in the 
 manner provided by law. Penalty, $100 to $300, or 30 days in jail, or 
 both. 
 
 8. The having in possession during the close season, except the. first five 
 days, of any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk, \i prima facie evidence 
 of a violation of the law. 
 
 9. Prosecutions, except under section 1, may be brought in any county 
 where the game is found, and the court shall appoint an attorney to prose- 
 cute, who shall be entitled to a fee of $10; and the person filing the infor- 
 mation to a fee equal to half the fine imposed on tlie defendant; both fees 
 to be taxed as costs. The county is, however, in no event liable for either. 
 
 FISH AUD FISH WATS. 
 
 10. To catch or kill bass or wall-eyed pike from April 1 to June 1; sal- 
 mon or trout from November 1 to February 1. Penalty, $5 to $25. 
 
 11. To use any seine or net for the purpose of catching fish, except 
 native minnows, and except by the fish commissioner for propagation and 
 
 . exchange. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 for second. 
 
 12. To place across any river, creek, pond or lake, any trot line, dam, 
 seine, weir, fisli-dam, or other obstruction, in such manner as to prevent the 
 free passage of fish, except under the direction of the fish commissioner, and 
 except dams for manufacturing purposes provided with fish-ways. Penalty, 
 $25 to $100, or 10 to 30 days in jail. 
 
 13. To continue any dam or obstruction heretofore erected, for an unrea- 
 sonable length of time, after the 6th day of April, 1878, without having 
 fish- ways provided therein. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 
 for the second, and the dam abated as a nuisance. 
 
ABSTEACrr OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 219 
 
 14. Persons raising or propagating fish on their own premises, or own- 
 ing premises on which there are waters having no natural outlet, supplied 
 with fisli, shall absolutely own said fish. No person shall take, or attempt 
 to take, fish therefrom without consent of the owner. Penalty, $5 to $25, 
 or 30 days in jail. 
 
 The " close " season is when killing is forbidden ; the " open " season is 
 when it is not. 
 
 PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSOEIPTION. 
 
 The business of publishing hooks hy subscription, having so often been 
 brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations 
 not <mthorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as'much as possi- 
 ble, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation sach 
 agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the follow- 
 ing statement is made: 
 
 A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by 
 which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; 
 the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book 
 named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price 
 named. The nature and character of the work is described by the pro- 
 spectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before 
 subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, 
 and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely 
 employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commis- 
 sion for each subscriber, and has no authority to cJiange or alter the con- 
 ditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the 
 publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription 
 conditional, or -modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out 
 by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the sub- 
 scriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in con- 
 nectionwith his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. 
 
 All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any 
 otiier business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can 
 not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be 
 done in writing. It is therefore important that 2M persons contemplating 
 subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the 
 subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the 
 contract. 
 
 Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as 
 canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a 
 ^escribed mode and have no authority to do it any other way to the pre- 
 judice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other 
 matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made 
 in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment 
 beyond the time of delivery nor hind their principal for the payment of 
 expenses incurred in their business. 
 
 It would same a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, 
 before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instru- 
 ment, would examine carefully what it is; and if they cannot read them- 
 selves call on some one disinterested who can. 
 
Constitution of State of Iowa. 
 
 We, the People of the State of Iowa, grateful to the Supreme Being for the 
 blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him J or a con- 
 timiation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independ- 
 ent government, hy the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof 
 sJmLI be as follows: 
 
 Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, 
 at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the 
 Des Moines river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said 
 Des Moines river, to a point on said river where the northern boundary 
 line of the State of Missouri — as established by the Constitution of that 
 State, adopted June 12, 1820 — crosses the said middle of the main channel 
 of the said Des Moines river; thence westwardly along the said northern 
 boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, 
 until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of 
 the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said 
 Missouri river, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big 
 Sioux river, according to Nicollett's map; thence up the main channel of 
 the said Big Sioux river, according to said map, until it is intersected by the 
 parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east 
 along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes, until said par- 
 allel intersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence 
 down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi river, to the place 
 of beginning. 
 
 Aeticle 1. — Bill of Eights. 
 
 Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain in- 
 alienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and 
 liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and 
 obtaining safety and happiness. 
 
 Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is 
 instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they 
 have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever the pub- 
 lic good may require it. 
 
 Sec. 3, The General Assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- 
 ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any per- 
 son be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 
 
 rates, for building or repairing places of worship, or the maintenance of any 
 minister or ministry. 
 
 Sbo. 4. 'No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any 
 ofBee of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, 
 privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his 
 public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any 
 court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of re- 
 ligion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use 
 as a witness, or take the testimony of any other person, not disqualified on 
 acconnt of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact material to the case; 
 and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 5. Any citizen of this State who may hereafter be engaged either 
 directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the 
 fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the Consti- 
 tution of this State. 
 
 Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the 
 General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privi- 
 leges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong 
 to all citizens. 
 
 Sec. T. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on 
 all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be 
 passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all 
 prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to 
 the jury, and if it appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous 
 was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the 
 party shall be acquitted. 
 
 Sec. 8. Tlie right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches shall not be 
 violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by 
 oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searciied, and 
 the persons and things to be seized. 
 
 Seo. 9. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the Gen- 
 eral Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve 
 men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or 
 property, without due process of law. 
 
 Seo. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life or 
 liberty of an individual, the accused shall have a right to a speedy and pub- 
 lic trial by an impartial jury; to be informed of the accusation against him ; 
 to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the wit- 
 nesses against him; to have compulsory process for his own witnesses; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel. 
 
 Seo. 11. All oftenses less than felony, and in which the punishment 
 does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty 
 days, shall be tried summarily before a justice of the peace, or other officer 
 authorized by law, on information under oath, without indictment, or the 
 intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal; 
 and no person shall be held to answer for a higher criminal offense, unless 
 on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
 the army or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war 
 or public danger. 
 
 Seo. 12. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same offense. 
 
222 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except 
 for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. 
 
 Seo. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or refused 
 when application is made as required by law, unless in the case of rebellion 
 or invasion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 Seo. 14. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No 
 standing army shall be kept up by the State in time of peace; and in time 
 of war no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than 
 two years. 
 
 Sec. 15. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in the manner 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 16. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war 
 against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No 
 person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses 
 to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 
 
 Sec. 17. Excessive bail shall not be required ; excessive fines shall not be 
 imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 
 
 Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just 
 compensation first being made, or secured to be made, to the owner thereof, 
 as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who shall not take into 
 consideration any advantages that may result to said owner on account of 
 the improvement for which it is taken. 
 
 Sec. 19. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on 
 mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud; and no person shall be im- 
 prisoned for a military fine in time of peace. 
 
 Sec. 20. The people have the right freely to assemble together to coun- 
 sel for the common good ; to make known their opinions to their represen- 
 tatives, and to petition for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Sec. 21, No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. 
 
 Sec. 22. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents of this 
 State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, 
 and descent of property, as native born citizens. 
 
 Sec. 23. There shall be no slavery in this State; nor shall there be in- 
 voluntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime. 
 
 Sec. 24. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any rent or 
 service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than twenty years. 
 
 Sec. 25. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or 
 deny others, retained by the people. 
 
 Aetiole 2. — Right of Suffrage. 
 
 Section 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- 
 one years, who shall have been a resident of this State six months next pre- 
 ceding the election, and in the county in which he claims his vote sixty 
 days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter 
 may be authorized by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of 
 the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their 
 attendance at such elections, going to and returning therefrom. 
 
OONSTrrUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 
 
 Sbo. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day 
 of election, except in time of war or public danger. 
 
 Seo. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United 
 States shall be considered a resident of this State by being stationed in any 
 garrison, barrack, or military or naval place or station within this State, 
 
 Seo. 5. No idiot or insane person, or person convicted of any infamous 
 crime, shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. 
 
 Seo. 6. All elections by the people shall be by baUot. 
 
 Article 3. — Of the Disteibution of Powees. 
 
 Section 1. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into 
 three separate departments: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial; 
 and no person charged with the exercis.e of powers properly belonging to one 
 of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of 
 the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 
 
 Legislative Depaetment. 
 
 Section 1. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a 
 General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Kepresen- 
 tatives; and the style of every law shall be — "jBe it enacted iy the General 
 Assembly of the State of Iowa." 
 
 Sec. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be biennial, and 
 shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing the election 
 of its members; unless the Governor of the State shall, in the meantime, 
 convene the General Assembly by proclamation. 
 
 Sec. 3. The members of the House of Ktspresentatives shall be chosen 
 every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on 
 tiie second Tuesday in October, except the years of the Presidential elec- 
 tion, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday 
 in November; and their term of office shall commence on the first day of 
 January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their 
 successors are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec 4. No person shall be a member of the House of ^Representatives 
 who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years; be a free white 
 male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this 
 State one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election 
 shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he 
 may have been chosen to represent. 
 
 Seo. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four yeers, at ths same 
 time and place as Kepresentatives; they shall be twenty-five years of age, 
 and possess the qualifications of Kepresentatives, as to residence and citi- 
 zenship. 
 
 Seo. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one-third, nor 
 more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by 
 lot, that one class being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every 
 two years. "When the number of Senators is increased, they shall be an- 
 nexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as 
 nearly, equal in numbers as practicable. 
 
224 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Seo. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the quali- 
 fication, election and return of its own members. A contested election 
 sliall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. 
 
 Seo. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact 
 business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
 compel the att«!ndance of absent members in such manner and under such 
 penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Sec. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal 
 of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceed- 
 ings, pnnish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of 
 two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and 
 shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly 
 of a free and independent State. 
 
 Sec. 10. Every member of the General Assembly shall have the liberty 
 to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think 
 injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent 
 entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
 liouse, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be 
 entered on the journals. 
 
 Seo. 11. Senators and Representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, 
 or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest djuring the session 
 of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same. 
 
 Sec. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the per- 
 son exercisii^g the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to iill 
 such vacancies. 
 
 Sec. 18. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occas- 
 sions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. 
 
 Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
 for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they 
 may be sitting. 
 
 Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, al- 
 tered, or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both houses, 
 sliall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses. 
 
 Sec. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, shall, 
 before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he 
 shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the 
 house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, 
 and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass 
 both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members 
 of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objec- 
 tions. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall 
 have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in 
 like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by ad- 
 journment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the Governor for 
 his approval during the last three days of a session of the General Assem- 
 bly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the Secretary of State within 
 thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval if approved by him, 
 and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof. 
 
 Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of 
 all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, and the 
 question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last 
 reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal. 
 
OONSTITTmON OF THE STATE 01" IOWA. 226 
 
 Sec. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the 
 public money shall be attached to and atfd published with the laws at every 
 regular session of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 19. The House of Eepresentatives shall have the sole power of 
 impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When 
 sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or afiSrmation ; and 
 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 Sec. 20. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, 
 and other State oflScers, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor 
 or malfeasance in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or 
 profit under this State; but the party convicted or acquitted shall neverthe- 
 less be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment according to law. All 
 other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, 
 in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. 
 
 Sec. 21. No Senator or Kepresentative shall, during the time for which 
 he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under 
 this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall 
 have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled 
 by elections by the people. 
 
 Seo. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, 
 or this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the 
 General Assembly. But offices in the militia, to which there is attached 
 no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose 
 compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary 
 public, shall not be deemed lucrative. 
 
 Seo. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- 
 lie moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the General Assembly, or 
 be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this State, until he shall 
 have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may 
 be liable. 
 
 Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence 
 of appropriations made by law. 
 
 Sec. 25. Each member of the first General Assembly under this consti- 
 tution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further 
 sum of three-dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and return- 
 ing from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; 
 after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law; 
 but no General Assembly shall have the power to increase the compensa- 
 tion of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall re- 
 ceive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed by law for the 
 regular session, and none other. 
 
 Seo. 26. No law of the General Assembly, passed at a regular session, 
 of a public nature, shall take effect until the Fourth day of July next, after 
 the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect 
 ' ninety days after the adjournment of the General Assembly, by which they 
 were passed. If the General Assembly shall deem any law of immediate 
 importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication 
 in newspapers in the State. 
 
 Seo. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the General Assembly. 
 
 15 
 
226 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE Off IOWA. 
 
 Sec. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this State; nor shall the sale 
 of lottery tickets be allowed. 
 
 Seo. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly 
 connected therewith ; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if 
 any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the 
 title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be ex- 
 pressed in the title. 
 
 Seo. 30. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in 
 the following cases : 
 
 For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, or road pur- 
 poses ; 
 
 For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; 
 
 For changing the names of persons; 
 
 For the incorporation of cities and towns; 
 
 For vacating, roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; 
 
 For locating or changing county seats. 
 
 In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general 
 law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform ope- 
 ration throughout the State; and no law changing the boundary lines of 
 any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of 
 the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be ap- 
 proved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it. 
 
 Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public 
 agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the con- 
 tract entered into; nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject 
 matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and 
 no public money or property shall be appropriated for local or private pur- 
 poses, unless such appropriation, compensation or claim, be allowed by two- 
 thirds of the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly. 
 
 Seo. 32. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they enter 
 upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following 
 oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), 
 that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitu- 
 tion of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 
 Senator (or Kepresentative, as the case may be), according to the best of 
 my ability." And members of the General Assembly are hereby empow- 
 ered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. 
 
 Seo. 33. The General Assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight 
 hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and 
 sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy-five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an 
 enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the State. 
 
 Sec. 3i. The number of Senators shall, at the next session following 
 each period of making such enumeration, and the next session following 
 each United States Census, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the 
 several counties according to the number of inhabitants in each. 
 
 Sec. 35. The Senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, nor 
 the House of Eepresentatives of more than one hundred; and they shall 
 be apportioned among the several counties and representative districts of 
 the State according to the number of inhabitants in each, upon ratios' to be 
 fixed by law; but no representative district shall contain more than four 
 
OONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 227 
 
 organized connties and each district shall be entitled to at least one Repre- 
 sentative. Every county and district which shall have a number of inhabi- 
 tants equal to one-half the ratio fixed by law, shall be entitled to one Kep- 
 resentative; and any one county containing in addition to the ratio fixed 
 by law one-half of that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional 
 Eepresentative. No floating district shall hereafter be formed. 
 
 Sec. 36. At its first session under this Constitution, and at every subse- 
 quent regular session, the General Assembly shall fix the ratio of repre- 
 sentation, and also, form into repsesentative districts those counties which 
 will not be entitled singly to a Representative. 
 
 Sec. 37. When a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district 
 shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely sepa- 
 rated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be 
 divided in forming a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district. 
 
 Sec. 38. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members thereof 
 shall vote viva-voce; and the votes shall be entered on the journal. 
 
 Aeticle i. — Executive Depabtment. 
 
 Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested 
 in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of 
 Iowa. 
 
 Seo. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the 
 time and place of voting for members of the General Assembly, and shall 
 hold his office two years, from the time of his installation, and until his suc- 
 cessor is elected and qualified. 
 
 Seo. 3. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall hold his office 
 two years, and be elected at the same time as the Governor. In voting for 
 Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, the electors shall designate for vmom 
 they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant-Governor. The returns 
 of every election for Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be sealed up 
 and transmitted to the seat of government of the State, directed to the 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish them 
 in the presence of both houses of the General Assembly. 
 
 Seo. i. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for 
 Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall oe declared duly elected ; but in 
 case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the highest number of 
 votes for either office, the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith 
 proceed to elect one of said persons Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, as 
 the case may be. 
 
 Sec. 5. Contested elections for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, shall 
 be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 6. 'No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, or Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States; 
 and a citizen of the State two years next preceding the election, and 
 attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the 
 army, and navy of this State. 
 
 . Seo. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of gov- 
 ernment, civil and military, and may require information in writing from 
 
228 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF I0T7A. 
 
 the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices. 
 
 Sec. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. 10. Wlien any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no 
 mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the 
 Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, by granting a commission, 
 which shall expire at the end of the next session of the General Assembly, 
 or at the next election by the people. 
 
 Sec. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General As- 
 sembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the 
 purpose for which they shall have been convened. 
 
 Sec. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the General Assembly, 
 at every regular session, the condition of the State, and recommend such 
 matters as he shall deem expedient. 
 
 Sec. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to 
 the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the 
 General Assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such ad- 
 journment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next 
 General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 14. l^o person shall, while holding any office under the authority of 
 the United States, or this State, execute the office of Governor, or Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided. 
 
 Sec. 15. The official term of the Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, 
 shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, 
 and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and quali- 
 fied. The Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall receive the 
 same pay as provided for Governor; and while presiding in the Senate shall 
 receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem 
 pay provided for a Senator, and none other. 
 
 Sec. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commuta- 
 tions and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases 
 of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. 
 Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution 
 of sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly at its 
 next meeting, when the General Assembly shall either grant a pardon, com- 
 mute the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to re- 
 mit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by 
 law; and shall report to the General Assembly, at its next meeting, each 
 case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reason therefor; 
 and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall 
 have been made, and the several amounts remitted. 
 
 Sec. 17. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from 
 office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office 
 for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability 
 removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Sec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the Senate, but 
 shall only vote when the Senate is equally divided; and in case of his ab- 
 sence, or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the 
 Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. 
 
 Sec. 19. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall 
 be impeached, displaced, resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of 
 
OONSTITtTTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 
 
 performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the Senate 
 shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; 
 and if the president of the Senate, for any of the above causes, shall be ren- 
 dered incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Gover- 
 nor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Kepresenta- 
 tives. 
 
 Sec. 20. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the 
 Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of 
 the State of Iowa. 
 
 Sec. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the 
 authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the Great Seal of 
 the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 22. A Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State, 
 shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in office two 
 years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; and perform such 
 duties as may be required by law. 
 
 Aeticle 6. — Judicial Department. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, 
 District Court, and such other courts, inferior to the Supreme Court, as the 
 General Assembly may, from time to time, establish. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, two of whom 
 shall constitute a quorum to hold court. 
 
 Sec. 3. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quali- 
 fied electors of the State, and shall hold their court at such time and place as 
 the General Assembly may prescribe. The judges of the Supreme Court so 
 elected, shall be classified so that one judge shall go out every two years ; 
 and the judge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, 
 shall he Chief Justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation. 
 After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the 
 term of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be six years, and until his 
 successor shall have been elected and qualified. The judges of the Supreme 
 Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State, during the term 
 for which they have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in 
 cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at 
 law, under such restrictions as the General Assembly may by law prescribe; 
 and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure jus- 
 tice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial 
 tribunals throughout the State. 
 
 Sec. 5. The District Court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be 
 elected by the qualified electors of the district in which he resides. The 
 judge of the District Court shall hold his office for the term of four years, 
 and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified; and shall be 
 ineligible to any other office, except that of judge of the Supreme Court, 
 during the term for which he was elected. 
 
 Sec. 6. The district Court shall be a court of law and equity, which shall 
 be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have jurisdiction in civil and 
 
230 CONSTITUTION OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 criminal matters arising in their respective districts, in sucli manner as shall 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 Seo. 7. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be conser- 
 vators of the peace mroughout the State. 
 
 Sec. 8. The style of aU process shall be " The State of Iowa," and all 
 prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the 
 same. 
 
 Sec. 9. The salary of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be two 
 thousand dollars per annum ; and that of each District Judge one thousand 
 six hundred dollars per annum, until the year eighteen hundred and sixty; 
 after which time they shall severally receive such compensation as the Gen- 
 eral Assembly may, by law, prescribe; which compensation shall not be 
 increased or diminished during the term for which they have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into eleven judicial districts; and 
 after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the General Assembly may re-or- 
 ganize the judicial districts, and increase or diminish the number of districts, 
 or the number of judges of the said court, and may increase the number of 
 judges of the Supreme Court; but such increase or diminution shall not be 
 more than one district, or one judge of either court, at any one session; and 
 no re-organization of the districts, or diminution of the judges shall have 
 the effect of removing a judge from office. Such re-organization of the dis- 
 tricts, or any change in the boundaries thereof, or any increase or diminution 
 of the number of judges shall take place every four years thereafter, if nec- 
 essary, and at no other time. 
 
 Sec. 11. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be chosen 
 at the general election; and the term of office of each judge shall com- 
 mence on the first day of January next after his election. 
 
 Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election 
 of an Attorney-General by the people, whose term of office shall be two 
 years, and nntil his successor shall have been elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 13. The qualified electors of each judicial district shall, at the time 
 of the election of District Judge, elect a District Attorney, who shall be a 
 ■f-esident of the district for which he is elected, and who shall hold his office 
 for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected 
 and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the 
 carrying into effect of this article, and to provide for a general system of 
 practice in all the courts of this State. 
 
 Aktiole 6. — Militia. 
 
 Section 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able-bodied 
 male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such 
 as are or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States, or of 
 this State; and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assem- 
 bly may provide by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms 
 shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace: provided, that such 
 person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same 
 maimer as other citizens. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 
 
 Seo. 3. AH commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers excepted) 
 shall be elected by the persons liable to perform military duty, and shall be 
 commissioned by the Governor. 
 
 Aeticle 7. — State Debts. 
 
 Section 1 The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given or 
 loaned to, or in aid of, any individual, association, or corporation; and the 
 State shall never assume, or become responsible for, the debts or liabilities 
 of any individual, association, or corporation, unless incurred in time of war 
 for the benefit of the State. 
 
 Sko. 2. The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures 
 in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggre- 
 gate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by one 
 or more acts of the Greneral Assembly, or at different periods of time, shall 
 never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the 
 money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be applied to the pur- 
 pose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to no 
 other purpose whatever. 
 
 Seo. 3. AU losses to the permanent, school, or university fund of this 
 State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement, 
 or fraud of officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by 
 the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a per- 
 manent funded debt against the State, in favor of the respective fund sus- 
 taining the loss, upon which not less than six per cent annual interest shall 
 be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part 
 of the indebtedness authorized by the second section of this article. 
 
 Seo. 4. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the 
 State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend 
 the State in war; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall 
 be applied to the piirpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, 
 and to no other pm'pose whatever. , 
 
 Seo. 6. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article, no debt 
 shall hereafter be contracted by, or on behalf of tliis State, unless such debt 
 shall be authorized by some law for some single work or object, to be dis- 
 tinctly specified therein ; and such law shall impose and provide for the 
 collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, 
 as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt, 
 within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; bnt no such 
 law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted 
 to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and 
 against it at such election ; and all money raised by authority of such law, 
 sliall be applied only fa the specific object therein stated, or the payment of 
 the debt created thereby; and such law shall be published in at least one 
 newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, 
 for three months preceding the election at which it is submitted to the peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Legislature may, at any time, after the approval of such 
 law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance 
 thereof, repeal the same; and may, at any time, forbid the contracting of 
 
232 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 any further debt, or liability under such law; but the tax imposed- by such 
 law, in proportion to the debt or liability, which may have been contracted 
 in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be an- 
 nually collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid. 
 
 Sec. 7. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, shall dis- 
 tinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied; and' it shall 
 not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. 
 
 AkTICLE 8. COEPOEATIONS. 
 
 Section 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but the 
 General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all 
 corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 2. The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit, shall be 
 subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. 
 
 Sec. 3. The State shall not become a stockholder in any corporation, 
 nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability of any corporation, unless 
 incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. 
 
 Sec. 4. N^o political or mimicipal corporation shall become a stock- 
 holder in any b'l.nking corporation, directly or indirectly. 
 
 Sec. 5. !N o act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating corpo- 
 rations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto shall 
 take effect, nor in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been 
 submitted separately, to the people, at a general or special election, as pro- 
 vided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the 
 act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors voting 
 for and against it at such election. 
 
 Sec. 6. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the General 
 Assembly may also provide for the establishment of a State Bank with 
 branches. 
 
 Sec. 7. If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual 
 specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each others' 
 liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended for circulation as 
 money. 
 
 Sec. 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for 
 the registry and coantersigning, oy an officer of State, of all bills, or paper 
 credit designed to circulate as money, and require security to the full 
 amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, in IJnited States 
 stocks, or in interest paying stocks of States in good credit and standing, to 
 be rated at ten per cent below their average value in the city of New York, 
 for the thirty days next preceding their deposit; and in case of a deprecia- 
 tion of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten per cent on the 
 dollar, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall be required to make up 
 said deficiency by depositing additional stocks; and said law shall also pro- 
 vide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such coi-porations, 
 the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom. 
 
 Sec. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall 
 be individually responsible and liable to its creditx)rs, over and above the 
 amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to liis or her re- 
 spective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accruing wliile he or she re- 
 mains such stockholder. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 
 
 Sec. 10. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the bill- 
 holders shall have a preference over its other creditors. 
 
 Sec. 11. The suspension of specie payments by banking institutions 
 BhaU never be permitted or sanctioned. 
 
 Seo. ,12. Subject to the provisions of this article, the General Assembly 
 shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation 
 of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immunities, 
 by a vote of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly; and no 
 exclusive privileges, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted. 
 
 Article 9. — Education and School Lands 
 1 . — Education. 
 
 Section 1. The educational interest of the State, including common 
 schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management 
 of a board of education, which shall consist of the Lieutenant Governor, 
 who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in 
 case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in 
 the State. 
 
 Seo. 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall 
 not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall have been one year 
 a citizen of the State. 
 
 Sec. 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified elec- 
 tors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and 
 until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under 
 this constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into 
 two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the 
 expiration of two years; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every 
 two years thereafter. 
 
 Seo. 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the 
 seat of government, on the first Monday of December, after their election; 
 after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. 
 
 Seo. 5. The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and 
 but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinary oc- 
 casions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board, the 
 Goremor may order a special session. 
 
 Sec. 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be 
 the executive officer of the board, and perform such duties as may be im- 
 posed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They shall keep 
 a journal of their proceedings, which shall be pubHshed and distributed in 
 the same manner as the journals of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published 
 and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as 
 may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published, and dis- 
 tributed, th^ shall have the force and effect of law. 
 
 Sec. 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to 
 legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common 
 schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid 
 from the school or university fund of this State; but all acts, rules and 
 
234 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the Gen- 
 eral Assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed, they shall not 
 be re-enacted by the board of education. 
 
 Seo. 9. The Governor of the State shall be, ae-offioio, a member of said 
 board. 
 
 Sec. 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appro- 
 priations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the 
 Genera] Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 11. The State University shall be established at one place, without 
 branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that 
 institution, and no other. 
 
 Sec. 12. The board of education shall provide for the education of all 
 the youths of the State, through a system of common schools; and such 
 schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three 
 months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive ;years, to or- 
 ganize and keep up a school, may be deprived of their portion of the 
 school fund. 
 
 Sec. 13. The members of the board of education shall each receive the 
 same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and 
 returning therefrom, as members of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 14. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the 
 transaction of business, but no rule, regulation or law, for the regulation 
 and government of common schools or other educational institutions, shall 
 pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the 
 board, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final passage. 
 The style of all acts of the board shall be, " Be it enacted by the board of 
 education of the State of Iowa." 
 
 Sec. 15. At any time after the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 sixty-three, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or re-organize 
 said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the State 
 in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. 
 
 2. — School Funds and School Lands. 
 
 Section 1. The educational and school funds and lands, shall be under 
 the control and management of the General Assembly of this State. 
 
 Sec. 2. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all moneys 
 belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the 
 State University. The interest arising from the same shall be annually ap- 
 propriated for the support and benefit of said university. 
 
 Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, 
 the promotion o^ intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improve- 
 ment. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be; 
 granted by the United States to this State, for the support of schools, which 
 may have been, or shall hereafter be, sold or disposed of, and the five hun- 
 dred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of 
 Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several 
 States of the Union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have 
 died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as has been, or 
 may hereafter be, granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 
 
 shall be, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of wMch, together with 
 all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the General As- 
 eembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of 
 common schools throughout the State. 
 
 Sec. i. The money which may have been, or shall be, paid by persons 
 as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds 
 of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal 
 laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which such 
 money is paid, or fine collected, among the several school districts of said 
 counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enumeration in 
 such districts, to the support of commen schools, or the establishment of 
 libraries, as the board of education shall, from time to time, provide. 
 
 Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall take measures for the protection, 
 improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may here- 
 after be reserved, or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, 
 to this State, for the use of a university, and the funds accruing from the 
 rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose afore- 
 said, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be 
 applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, 
 the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. 
 And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to pro- 
 vide efiectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the 
 funds of said university. 
 
 Sbo. 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same, that 
 by law, receive and control the State and county revenue, for other civil pur- 
 poses, under such regulations as may be provided by law. 
 
 Sec. T. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common 
 schools shall be distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of 
 youths, between the ages of five and twenty-one years, in such manner as 
 may be provided by the General Assembly. 
 
 Aetiole 10. — ^Amendments to the Constitution. 
 
 Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be 
 proposed in either House of the General Assembly; and if the same shall 
 be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two 
 houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their journals, with 
 the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be cho- 
 sen at the next general election, and shall be published, as provded by law, 
 for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if, in the 
 General Assembly so next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or 
 . amendments shall be agreed to, by a majority of all the members elected to 
 each house, then it shall be the daty of the General Assembly to snbmit 
 such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner, 
 and at such time as the General Assembly shall provide; and if the people 
 shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of 
 the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting 
 thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Consti- 
 tution of this State. 
 
 Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same 
 
236 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 time, they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for 
 or against each of such amendments separately. 
 
 Sec. 3. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also at such 
 time as the General Assembly, may, by law, provide, the question: " Shall 
 there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same?" shall 
 be decided by the electors qiialified to vote for members of the General As- 
 sembly ; and in case a majority of the electors so qualified, voting at such 
 election for and against such proposition, shall decide in favor of a Conven- 
 tion for such purpose, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall pro- 
 vide by law for the election of delegates to such Convention. 
 
 Article 11. — ^Miscellaneous. 
 
 Section I. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend in all 
 cases (except cases in chancery, and cases where the question of title to 
 real estate may arise), where the amount in controversy does not exceed one 
 hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may be extended to any 
 amount not exceeding three hundred dollars. 
 
 Sec. 2. No new county shall be hereafter created containing less than 
 four hundred and thirty-two square miles; nor shall the territory of any or- 
 ganized county be reduced below that area, except the county of Worth, and 
 the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of the State, may be or- 
 ganized without additional territory. 
 
 Sec. 3. IS'o county, or other political or municipal corporation shall be 
 allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount 
 in the aggregate exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable prop- 
 arty within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last State 
 and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. 
 
 Sec. 4. The boundaries of the State may be enlarged, with the consent 
 of Congress and the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 6. Every person elected or appointed to any office shall, before en- 
 tering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the 
 Constitution of the United States, and of this State, and also an oath of 
 office. 
 
 Sec. 6. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring be- 
 fore the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold for the 
 residue of the unexpired term; and all persons appointed to fill vacancies in 
 office, shall hold until the next general election, and until their successors 
 are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. .7. The General Assembly shall not locate any of the public lands, 
 which have been, or may be granted by Congress to this State, and the lo- 
 cation of which may be given to the General Assembly, upon lands actually 
 settled, without the consent of the occupant. The extent of the claim pi 
 such occupant so exempted, shall not exceed three hundred and twenty 
 acres. 
 
 Sec. 8. The seat of government is hereby permanently established, as 
 now fixed by law, at the City of Des Moines, in the county of Polk, and the 
 State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. 
 
constitution of the state of iowa. 237 
 
 Article 12, — Schedule. 
 
 Section 1. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the State, and 
 any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The General Assembly shall 
 pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect. 
 
 Sec. 2. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with this Constitu- 
 tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. 
 
 Sec 3. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints, process, and 
 other proceedings pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final 
 judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of errors, certiorari, and 
 injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts, in the same manner as 
 now provided by law; and all offenses, misdemeanors and crimes that may 
 have been committed before the taking effect of this Constitution, shall be 
 subject to indictment, trial and punishment, in the same manner as they 
 would have been had not this constitution been made. 
 
 Seo. 4:. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, or ac- 
 cruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, shall 
 inure so the State, county, or school fund, in the manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 5. All bonds executed to the State, or to any omcer in his official 
 capacity, shall remain in force and inure to the use of those concerned. 
 
 Seo. 6. The first election under this constitution shall be held on the 
 second Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 fifty-seven, at which time' the electors of the State shall elect the Governor 
 and Lieutenant Governor. There shall also be elected at such election, the 
 successors of such State Senators as were elected at the August election, in 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and members of the 
 House of Kepresentatives, who shall be elected in accordance with the act 
 of apportionment, enacted at the session of the General Assembly which 
 commenced on the first Monday of December, one thouasnd eight hundred 
 and fifty-six. 
 
 Seo. 7. The first election for Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, 
 Attorney-General, District Judges, Members of the Board of Education, 
 District Attorneys, members of Congress, and such State officers as shall 
 be elected at the April election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 fifty-seven (except the Superintendent of Public Instruction), and such 
 county officers as were elected at the August election, in the year one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and fiftj'-six, except Prosecuting Attorney, shall be held 
 on the- second Tuesday of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- 
 eight; Provided, that the time for which any District Judge, or any other 
 State or county oflicer, elected at the April election in one thousand eight 
 hundred and fifty -eight, shall not extend beyond the time fixed for filling 
 like oiiices at the October election in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and fifty-eight. 
 
 Sec. 8. The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and such 
 eoiunty officers as shall be elected at the August election, in the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the second Tuesday 
 of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. 
 
 Sec 9. Tlie first regular session of the General Assemliily shall be lield 
 in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, commencing on the 
 second Monday of January of said year. 
 
 Sec 10. Senators elected at tlie August election, in the year one thou- 
 
238 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 sand eight hundred and fifty-six, shall continue in office until the second 
 Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, 
 at which time their successors shall be elected as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Seo. 11. Every person elected by popular vote, by a vote of the General 
 Assembly, or who may hold office by Executive appointment, which office 
 is continued by this constitiition, and every person who shall be so elected 
 or appointed, to any such office, before the taking effect of this constitution, 
 (except as in this constitution otherwise provided) shall continue in office 
 until the term for which such person has been or may be elected or ap- 
 pointed shall expire; but no such person shall continue in office after the 
 taking effect of this constitution, for a longer period than the term of such 
 office, in this constitution prescribed. 
 
 Sec. 12. The General Assembly, at the first session under this eonstitu- 
 tion, shall district the State into eleven judicial districts, for District Court 
 purposes ; and shall also provide for the apportionment of the General As- 
 sembly, in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. 
 
 Sec. 13. The foregoing constitution shall be submitted to the electors of 
 the State at the August, election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 fifty-seven, in the several election districts in this State. The ballots at such 
 election shall be written or printed as follows : Those in favor of the constitu- 
 tion — "New Constitution — ^Yes." Those against the constitution, "New Con- 
 stitution — ISTo." The election shall be conducted in the same manner as the 
 general elections of the State, and the poll-books shall be returned and can- 
 vassed as provided in the twenty -fifth chapter of the Code; and abstracts 
 shall be forwarded to the Secretary of State, which abstracts shall be can- 
 vassed in the manner provided for the canvass of State officers. And if it 
 shall appear that a majority of all the votes cast at such election for and 
 against this constitution are in favor of the same, the Governor shall imme- 
 diately issue his proclamation stating that fact, and such constitution shall 
 be the constitution of the State of Iowa, and shall take efi'ect from and after 
 the publication of' said proclamation. 
 
 Sec. 14. At the same election that this constitution is submitted to the 
 people for its adoption or rejection, a proposition to amend the same by 
 striking out the word " white," from the article on the " Eight of Suffrage," 
 shall be separately submitted to the electors of this State for adoption or 
 rejection, in manner following, viz ; 
 
 A separate ballot may be given by every person having a right to vote at 
 said election, to be deposited in a separate box; and those given for the 
 adoption of such proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word ' white ' 
 be stricken out of the article on the 'Eight of Suffii-age?' — Yes." And 
 those given against the proposition shall have the AVbrds, " Shall the word 
 'white' be stricken out of the article on the 'Eight of Suffrage?' — No." 
 And if at said election the number of ballots cast in favor of said proposi- 
 tion, shall be equal to a majority of those cast for and against this constitu- 
 tion, then said word " white " shall be stricken from said article and be no 
 part thereof. 
 
 Sec. 15. Until otherwise directed by law, the county of Mills shall be in 
 and a part of the Sixth Judicial District of this State. 
 
 Done in convention at Iowa City, this fifth day of March, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and of the independence 
 of the United States of America, the eighty-first. 
 
CONSTITXITION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 239 
 
 In testimony whereof, we have hereimto subscribed our names : 
 
 Timothy Day, 
 S. G. Winchester, 
 David Bunkee, 
 D. P, Palmee, 
 Geo. "W. Ells, 
 J. 0. Hall, 
 John H. Petees, 
 "Wm. H. Waeeen, 
 H. W. Geay, 
 
 EOBT. GOWEE, 
 
 H. D. Gibson, 
 Thomas Seeley, 
 A. H. Maevin, 
 J. H. Emeeson, 
 K. L. B. Clarke, 
 James A. Young, 
 D. H. Solomon, 
 
 Attest! 
 Th. J. Satindees, Secretary. 
 E. N. Bates, Assistant Secretaan/. 
 
 m. "w. eobinson, 
 Lewis Todhttntee, 
 John Edwaeds, 
 J. 0. Teaee, 
 James F. Wilson, 
 Amos Haeeis, 
 Jno. T. Claek, 
 S. Ayees, 
 Haevey J, Skiff, 
 J. A. Paevin, 
 W. Penn Claeke, 
 Jeee. Hollingwoeth, 
 Wm. Patteeson, 
 D. W. Peioe, 
 Alpheus Scott, 
 Geoege Gillaspy, 
 Edwaed Johnston. 
 
 Francis Speingee, President. 
 
Constitution of United States. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, vn, order to form a more perfect wiiion, 
 establish justwe, insure domestic tra/ngwhUl/y, provide for the common 
 defence, promote the general welfare, and secwre the hlessmgs of Uberty 
 to owrseVves and owr posterity, do ordam and estaMish this Constitution 
 for the United States of America. 
 
 Aeticle I. 
 
 Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
 Eepresentatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. The House of Eepresentatives shall be composed of members 
 chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors 
 in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
 numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age 
 of twenty -five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
 States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
 numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free 
 persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and exclud- 
 ing Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumer- 
 tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress 
 of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such 
 manner as they shall by law direct. 
 
 The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
 sand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such 
 enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
 choose three, Massachusetts eight, Khode Island and Providence Plantations 
 one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
 Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Caro- 
 lina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu- 
 tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 The House of Eepresentatives shall choose their speaker, and other officers 
 and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sen- 
 
AUTD ITS AMENDMENTS. 241 
 
 ators from eacli State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and 
 each Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The 
 seats of the Senators of the first dass shall be vacated at the expiration of 
 the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; 
 and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third 
 may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation 
 or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive 
 thereof may make temporary appointments nntQ the next meeting of the 
 Lemslature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
 years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 The Yice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate; 
 hut shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tem- 
 pore, in the absence of the Yice-President, or when he shall exercise the of- 
 fice of President of the United States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- 
 ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. "When the Pres- 
 ident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no 
 person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- 
 bers present. 
 
 Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend farther than to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
 trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall, never- 
 theless, be hable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment 
 according to law. 
 
 Seo. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
 and Kepresentatives, shall be prescribed, in each state, by the Legislature 
 thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such reg- 
 ulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
 shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint 
 a different day. 
 
 Sec. 6. Each house shall be the judge of the elections returns, and quali- 
 fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum 
 to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
 may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such 
 manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- 
 hers for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel 
 a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, 
 pnbhsh the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require 
 secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any ques- 
 tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
 journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
 of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than 
 that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 
 16 
 
242 OONSTITTTTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
 for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
 the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from arrest" during their attendance at the sessioij 
 of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and, 
 for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 No Senator or Kepresentative shall, during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the United 
 States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
 been increased during such time; and no person, holding any office under 
 the United States shall be a member of either house, during his continuance 
 in office. 
 
 Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Eepresentatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, 
 as on other bills. 
 
 Every bill which shall have passed the Hoiise of Kepresentaties and the 
 Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the 
 United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, 
 with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 
 shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
 it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of 
 that, house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
 houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
 voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
 respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten 
 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
 shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by 
 their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
 ment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before 
 the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by 
 him shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a 
 biU. 
 
 Seo. 8. The Congress shall have power — 
 
 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and'excises; to pay the debts, and 
 provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; 
 but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United 
 States; 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
 and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
 subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
 standard of weights and measures; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
 coin of the United States; 
 
AND ITS AMEMDMENTS. 243 
 
 To establish post-offices and post-roads; 
 
 To promote tne progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited 
 times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings 
 and discoveries; 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 
 
 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and offenses against the law of nations; 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
 cerning captures on land and water; 
 
 To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use 
 shall be tor a longer term than two years; 
 
 To provide ana maintain a navy; 
 
 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
 forces; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
 suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
 
 Soveming such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
 Tnited States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment ,of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline 
 prescribed by Congress; 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district 
 (not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular States, and 
 the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
 States, and to exercise like authorify over all places purchased by the consent 
 of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
 forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
 execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 
 tution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or 
 officer thereof. 
 
 Seo. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
 now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax 
 or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
 each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
 when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
 census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
 preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the 
 ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels, bound to or from 
 one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appro- 
 priations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
 and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 No title of nobUity shall be granted by the United States; and no person 
 holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent 
 of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind 
 whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
214 coNSTiruTioif of the TiNrrED states 
 
 Sec. 10. !N"o State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; 
 grant letters of marqne and risprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make 
 anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any 
 bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 No State sbaU, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties 
 on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
 its inspection laws; and the net produce of aU duties and imposts, laid by 
 any State on imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the 
 United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
 the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
 of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any 
 agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
 engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
 not admit of delay. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Section 1. Tlie executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
 United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
 years, and, together with the Yice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
 elected as follows: 
 
 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
 direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and 
 Hepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no 
 Senator or Eepresentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
 under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
 two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
 for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and cer- 
 tify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, 
 directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, 
 in the presence of the Senate and House of Pepresentatives, open all the 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the 
 greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a major- 
 ity of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than 
 one who have such ma,]'ority, and have an equal number of votes, then the 
 House of Pepresentatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them 
 for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest 
 on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But 
 in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representa- 
 tion from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shaU ron- 
 sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
 of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
 choice of a President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
 electors, shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or 
 more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the 
 Vice-President. 
 
 The Congress iaay determine the time of choosing the electors, and the 
 day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same 
 throughout the United States. 
 
AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 245 
 
 No person, except a natural-bom citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
 at the time of the adoption of tliis Constitution, shall be eligible to the office 
 of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not 
 have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
 within the United States. 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- 
 nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the 
 same shall devolve on the Yice-President; and the Congress may, by law, 
 
 frovide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabiHfy, both of the 
 'resident and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi- 
 dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
 or a President shall be elected. 
 
 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensa- 
 tion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for 
 which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period, 
 any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
 oath, or affirmation: 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of 
 President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy 
 of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called 
 into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in 
 writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon 
 any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
 have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofienses against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
 make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he 
 shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
 appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the 
 Supreme Court, and aU other officers of the United States, whose appoint- 
 ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior 
 officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or 
 in the heads of departments. 
 
 The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen dur- 
 ing the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at 
 the end of their next session. 
 
 Seo. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of 
 the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
 as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinay occasions, 
 convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between 
 them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
 time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public 
 ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall 
 eommission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 Seo. 4. The President, Yice-President, and aU civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of 
 treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
246 OCiNSTITOTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Ajjtiolb III. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power of tte United States shall be vested in 
 one Supreme Ccurt, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from 
 time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and 
 inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
 stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
 diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, aris- 
 ing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
 or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases alfecting ambas- 
 sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and 
 maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
 party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citi- 
 zens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens 
 of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between 
 a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and 
 those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have orig- 
 inal jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court 
 shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
 and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 The trial of aU crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shaU be by jury; 
 and such trials shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have 
 been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall 
 be at such place or places as the Congress may, by law, have directed. 
 
 Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
 war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving fhem aid and com- 
 fort. !N'o person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to declare the pimishment of treason, but 
 no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
 during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 Article IV 
 
 Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to the pub- 
 lic acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- 
 gress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records 
 and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and 
 immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 A person charged, in any State, with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
 shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of 
 the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
 to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
 escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, 
 be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim 
 of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 Seo. 3. New States may be admitted, by the Congress, into this Union ; 
 
AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 247 
 
 but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
 other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, 
 or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- 
 cerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make aU needful rules 
 and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
 United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
 as to prejudice any slaims of the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union, 
 a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
 invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when 
 tlie legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 Aeticle V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two- thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
 shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the 
 Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro- 
 posing amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and 
 purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of 
 three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, 
 as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- 
 gress; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first 
 and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, 
 without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 Aeticle VL 
 
 All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption 
 of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, imder this 
 Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
 in pursuance thereof, and aU treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the 
 judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution 
 or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 The Senators and Kepresentatives before mentioned, and the members of 
 the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of 
 the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath, or affirm- 
 ation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be re- 
 quire, as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United 
 States. 
 
 Article YII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the 
 establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same 
 
 Done in convention \yy the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
 seventeenth day of iSeptember, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 
248 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 hundi'ed and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States 
 of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed 
 our names. 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON, 
 President and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New Hwmpshire. 
 John Langdon, 
 Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 Nathaniel Goeham, 
 KuFus King. 
 
 Comneeticut. 
 Wm. Sam'l Johnson, 
 
 EOGEK ShEEMAN. 
 
 New Yorh. 
 
 A LEY ANDES HAMILTON. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 WiL. Livingston, 
 Wm, Pateeson, 
 David Beeaelet, 
 JoNA. Dayton. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 B. Feanklin, 
 Eobt. Moeeis, 
 Thos. Fitzsimons, 
 James Wilson, 
 Thos. Mifflin, 
 Geo. Cltmee, 
 Jaeed Ingeesoll. 
 Gouv. Moeeis. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Geo. Read, 
 John Dickinson, 
 Jaco. Beoom, 
 Gunning Bedfoed, Je., 
 
 ElOHAED BaSSETT. 
 
 Maryland. 
 James M'Henet, 
 Danl. Caeeoll, 
 Dan. of St. Thos, Jenifee. 
 
 Virginia. 
 J OHN Blaie. 
 James Madison, Je. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Wm. Blount, 
 Hu. Williamson, 
 Eioh'd Dobes Spaight. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 J. Kutledge, 
 Chaeles Pincknet, 
 Chas. Ooteswoeth PmoKNEr, 
 
 PlEECE BuTLEE. 
 
 Georgia. 
 William Few, 
 Abe. Baldwin. 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS 
 
 To the Constitution of the Urdted States, ratified according to the provis- 
 ions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. 
 
 Aetiole I. 
 
 Confess shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
 prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
 or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- 
 tition the government for a redlresss of grievances. 
 
AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 249 
 
 Aeticlb II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, 
 the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. 
 
 Aeticlb III. 
 
 Ko soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
 bylaw. 
 
 Aeticlb IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
 effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; 
 and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
 affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- 
 sons or things to be seized. 
 
 Aeticlb Y, 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
 cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the mUitia, when in actual 
 service, in time of war, or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
 for the same ofiense to be twice put in jeapordy of life or limb; nor shall 
 be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be 
 deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall 
 private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 Aeticle VI. 
 
 In aU criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
 and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
 crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
 ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
 sation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compul- 
 sory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
 of counsel for his defence. 
 
 Aeticlb VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy^ shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, 
 tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
 States, than according to the rules of common law. 
 
 Aeticle VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
 and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
250 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- 
 strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 Aeticle X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the TJnited States by the Constitution, nor 
 prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
 the people. 
 
 Aeticle XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United shall not be construed to extend to any 
 suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
 States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign 
 State. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, for 
 President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab- 
 itant of the same State with themselves; they shall name, in their ballots, 
 the person voted for as President, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted 
 tor as Yice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
 for as President and of all persons voted for as Yice-President, and of the 
 niunber of votes for each, which lists they shall sim and certify, and trans- 
 mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to 
 the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in pres- 
 ence of the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, open all the certificates, 
 and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a ma- 
 jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have 
 such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- 
 ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Eep- 
 resentatives shall choose immediately by ballot, the j?resident. But, in 
 choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
 from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
 a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
 the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of JRepresenta- 
 tives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
 upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice- 
 President shall act as President, as in the case of the death, or other consti- 
 tutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall 
 be the Vice-President, if siich number be a majority of the whole number 
 of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the tw» 
 highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a 
 quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- thirds of the whole number of 
 Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall 
 be eligible to that of Vice-President ot the United States. 
 
AND ITS AMENDMKNTS. 251 
 
 AitTICLB XIII. 
 
 1. Neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
 the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
 lation. 
 
 AUTICLE XIV. 
 
 1. All persons born, or naturalized, in the United States, and subject to 
 the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the States 
 wherein they reside. JTo State shall make or enforce aiw law which shall 
 abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor 
 shall any State deprive any person of life liberty, or property, without due 
 process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
 protection of the laws. 
 
 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, ac 
 cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
 in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; Dut whenever the right to vote 
 at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President 
 of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial 
 officers of the State, or members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any 
 of the male .inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and 
 citizens of the United States, or in any way abridge, except for participation 
 in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation shall be reduced in 
 the proportion which the whole number of such male citizens shall bear to 
 the whole number of male citizens, twenty-one years of age in such State. 
 
 3. No person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elec- 
 tor of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
 under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
 an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
 as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
 of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States shall have 
 engaged in insurrection or rebellion, against the same, or given aid and com- 
 fort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of 
 each house, remove sueh disability. 
 
 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by 
 law, including debts incurred for the payment of pensions and bounties for 
 suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
 the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation 
 incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any 
 claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but such debts, obliga- 
 tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
 the provisions of this article. 
 
 Aeticle XV. 
 
 The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
 abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or 
 previous condition of servitude. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
Miscellaneous. 
 
 PEACTICAL EULES FOR EYERY DAT USE. 
 
 Mow to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price a/re 
 given. 
 
 EuLE. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which will 
 be the gain or loss. 
 
 Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price; 
 the result will be the gain or loss per cent. 
 
 How to change gold into currency. 
 
 Rule — Multiply the given sum of gold, by the price of gold. 
 
 How to change currency into gold. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. 
 
 How to find each partner^ s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership 
 business. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quotient 
 will be the gain or loss per cent. 
 
 Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent, the result will be each 
 one's share of the gain or loss. 
 
 How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. 
 A short and simple method fior finding the net weight, or price ofihogs, 
 when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. 
 
 Note. — It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminislied by 1-5 or 20 
 per cent, of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by }4 <" 25 per cent, 
 of itself equals the gross weight. 
 
 To fine the net weight or gross price. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) 
 
 To find the gross weight or net price. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) 
 
 How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cupic feet by 6308, 
 and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct answer in 
 bushels and tenths of a bushel. 
 
 J^or only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and 
 point off one decimal place. 
 
 How to find the contents of a corn-crib. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or by 4i 
 
MISCELLAKEOUS. 253 
 
 ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the 
 answer in bushels. 
 
 Note.— In estimating com in the eax, the quality and the time it has been cribbed 
 must be taken into consideration, since com mil shrink considerably during the Winter and 
 Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided 
 it is sound and dean. 
 
 How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. 
 
 KuLE. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in 
 feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal 
 place — the result will be the contents in barrels of Z\\ gallons. 
 
 Sow to find the contents of a iarrel or cash. 
 
 KcjLE. — Under the sqnare of the mean diameter, write the length (all in 
 inches) in reversed order, so that its units will fall under the tens; multi- 
 ply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal 
 place, and the result will be the answer in wirie gallons. 
 
 How to measure hoards. 
 
 Ktjle. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide 
 the product by 12— the result will be the contents in sqnare feet. 
 
 How to measure scantlings, joists, pla/nhs, sills, etc. 
 
 KoLE. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the 
 width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the pro- 
 duct by 12 — the result will be square feet. 
 
 How to find the nurtiber of acres vn a body of land. 
 
 EuLE. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the pro- 
 duct by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remain- 
 der); the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. 
 
 When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add 
 them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. 
 
 How to find the number of square yards in afioor or wall. 
 KtiLE. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide 
 the product by 9, the result will be square yards. 
 
 How to find the number of bricks required in a building. 
 
 EuLE. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22J-. 
 
 The number ot cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and 
 thickness (in feet) together. 
 
 Ericks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches 
 thick; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but 
 it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 
 
 How to find the number of shingles required vn a roof. 
 
 EuLE. — ^Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shin- 
 gles are exposed 4|- inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. 
 
 To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by 
 twice the length of the rafters. 
 
 To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the ■ 
 width of the building by .66 (hundredths); at oNE-TraED pitch, by .6 
 (tenths); at two-eifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at one-half pitch, by 
 .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to 
 the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into 
 consideration. 
 
 Note.— By M or J^ jntch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be ^ or J^ the 
 width of the buuding mgher than the waUs or base of the rafters. 
 
254 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 How to reckon the cost of hay. 
 
 EuLE. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and 
 remove the decimal point three places to the left. ' 
 
 Sow to measure grain. 
 
 KuLE. — Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; 
 multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. 
 
 Note. — Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra 
 bushel. 
 
 The foregoing rale may be used for finding the number of gallons, by 
 multiplying the number of bushels by 8. 
 
 If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the 
 number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn 
 to make 1 of shelled corn. 
 
 Rapid rules for measuring land without instrum,ents. 
 
 In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any 
 given plot in square yards; then, given the number of yards, find out the 
 number of rods and acres. 
 
 The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an 
 ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the 
 average, with sufiicient accuracy for ordinary purposes. 
 
 To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk 
 in a straight line; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in' a line straight 
 ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walking, keep 
 these objects constantly in line. 
 
 Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious 
 contrivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct 
 yard measure. 
 
 Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the 
 left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left 
 arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. 
 
 To find how many rods in length will malce an acre, the width being 
 
 Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. ^ 
 
 Sow to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of 
 rods being given. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and 
 remove the decimal point two places to the left. 
 
 The diameter being given, to find the circumference. 
 Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. 
 
 Uow to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. 
 Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. 
 
 To find how many solid feet a round stick oftimher of the same thick- _ 
 ness throughout will contain when squared. 
 
 Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by 
 the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. 
 
 General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then 
 multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. 
 
MISCELLAHEOUS. 255 
 
 To find the numher of feet of timber in trees with the hark on. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply tlie square of one-fifth of the drcumference in inches, 
 by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 
 according to the thickness of the bark. 
 
 Eoward^s new rule for computing interest. 
 
 Rule. — ^The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on 
 any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point 
 two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place 
 to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the 
 left. 
 
 Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. 
 Note. — ^The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate; thus 3 per cent, per 
 month, inverted, becomes J^ of a month, or ten days. 
 
 When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, 
 three ones. 
 
 Rule for converting English into American currency. 
 
 Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 
 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. 
 
 POPULATION OF IOWA CITIES. 
 
 The following table presents the population of thirteen of the principal 
 cities of Iowa for the years 187Q, 1875 and 1878 — the population for the last 
 named year being, in the main, estimated: 
 
 Pop. in 1870. Pop. in 1875. Pop. in 1878. 
 
 Des Moines 12,035 14,443 25,000 
 
 Burlington 14,930* 19,987 25,000 
 
 Davenport 20,038 21,234 26,827 
 
 Dubuque 18,434 23,605 27,500 
 
 Keokuk 12,766 11,841 15,000 
 
 Cedar Eapids '. 5,940 7,179 11,350 
 
 Iowa City 5,914 6,371 8,000 
 
 Council Bluffs 10,020 9,287 11,000 
 
 Clinton 6,129 7,028 9,000 
 
 Muscatine 6,718 7,537 8,000 
 
 Sioux City 3,401 4,290 6,000 
 
 Ottumwa 5,214 6,326 10,000 
 
 Marshalltown 3,288 4,384 6,416 
 
 Fort Madison, Mt. Pleasant and Waterloo are, probably, entitled to appear 
 in the above table, as each of them, doubtless, has a population of over 
 six thousand. 
 
 * Includes whole township. 
 
THE PIONEER 
 
 In the heart of the grand old forest^ 
 
 A thousand miles to the West, 
 Where a stream gashed out from the hill side. 
 
 They halted at last for rest. 
 And the silence of ages listened 
 
 To the axe-stroke loud and clear, 
 Divining a kingly presence 
 
 In the tread of the pioneer. 
 
 He formed of the prostrate beeches 
 
 A home that was strong and good; 
 The roof was of reeds from the streamlet, 
 
 The chimney he built of wood. 
 And there by the winter fireside, 
 
 While the flame up the chimney roared, 
 He spoke of the good time coming. 
 
 When plenty should crown their board — 
 
 When the forest should fade like a vision, 
 
 And over the hill-side and plain 
 The orchard would spring in its beauty, 
 
 And the fields of golden grain. 
 And to-night he sits by the fireside 
 
 In a mansion quaint and old. 
 With his children's children around him, 
 
 Having reaped a thousand-fold. 
 
History of Keokuk County. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 There is nothing in the whole realm of knowledge more important than 
 the history of words, and the science of etymology affords nothing more 
 interesting than the origin of proper names. In naming localities and 
 streams of water the discoverers and first settlers of America originated 
 the plan of adopting Indian names. As new streams of water were dis- 
 covered, new territories formed, and new towns laid out this plan was ad- 
 hered to. The precedent thns formed by the fathers, grew into an estab- 
 lished custom, the wisdom of which has become more and more apparent 
 as by use the ear becomes accustomed to the sound and the eye familiar 
 with the sight of them. By following this custom our language becomes 
 greatly enriched, and each successive generation is reminded of a people 
 once numerous and powerful, but now so weak and abject as to be virtually 
 eliminated from, the family of nations. These names have invariably a 
 pleasing sound when the ear becomes accustomed to them, and their adop- 
 tion is a most befitting tribute to a nation which, although savage, pos- 
 sessed certain characteristics that make the story of their misfortunes the 
 most remarkable to be found on the pages of history, and the most pathetic 
 that has been wrought by the stern vicissitudes of time. 
 
 Among the Aboriginies whose swift feet roamed these western prairies, 
 and whose facile canoes were borne toward the great Father of Waters, long 
 before the white man' claimed this goodly heritage, was a young Indian 
 whose early life gave much promise of future greatness. At an early age 
 he was elevated to the dignity of chief. He was a man of great personal 
 courage, capable of more than ordinary physical endurance, and by reason 
 of his eloquence held the first place in the council of his nation. Moreover 
 he was the triend of our ancestors. His voice was always for peace, and his 
 hand ever ready to defend the life and property of the wljite man when 
 menaced by his savage followers, prompted by feelings of vengeance or cu- 
 pidity; and this, too, when his judgment told him that the destiny of his 
 own race was sealed by the coming of the pale face. He was the principal 
 chief at the treaty which guaranteed to the white man a home within the 
 limits of the county, the history of which we are about to narrate. During 
 the Black Hawk difficulty his voice was for peace with the white man, and 
 his influence contributed much to shorten the war. His name was Keokuk 
 and as an honor to this chief the county bears his name. 
 
 17 
 
258 HISTOJSY OF KEOKUK COUNXr. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 The physical geography of Keokuk county is a topic which might be 
 expanded into a book. Such a book from a competent author would afford 
 a most interesting and profitable study for all students of natural history. 
 In its physical features this county differs in many respects from any other 
 section. Each and all of these features are found in other counties, but 
 nowhere else are they similarly grouped and correlated, and in this respect 
 they may properly be termed distinctive and characteristic. A productive 
 soil, rich mines, numerous streams and extensive belts of timber, furnish a 
 diversity of natural resource ample for the employment of every phase of 
 human industry. The large and productive prairies yield sure and abun- 
 dant returns for the investment of agricultural skill and labor; the grazier 
 is attracted by sections of graceful undulations, where all kinds of grass 
 grow in luxuriant abundance, near streams which furnish an inexhaustible 
 supply of living water; stone quarries supplying sufficient material for all 
 kinds of building purposes are of easy access; for fuel and mechanical 
 uses there is a supply of coal and timber for all time to come. The aver- 
 age elevation of the county is about 814 feet above the level of the sea, or 
 about 375 feet above the low water mark in the Mississippi river at Keo- 
 kuk. At a point in the northeastern part of the county, near the Wash- 
 ington county line, the elevation above the level of the sea is 750 feet. Be- 
 ginning at this point and thence west to the highest point the rise is very 
 marked, being as much as 130 feet; from this point to the public square in 
 Sigourney the descent is quite marked, the difference in elevation being 91 
 feet. The public square in Sigourney is a little over 800 feet above the 
 level of the sea. From Sigourney to the head-waters of Steady run, in 
 the south part of the county, the descent is gradual, the difference in ele- 
 vation being about 75 feet. From these data it would appear that the gen- 
 eral direction of the large streams should be eastward and the greater num- 
 ber of tributaries should be southward; upon investigation this will be 
 found to be the case. 
 
 The county is watered by the two branches of Skunk river, running in a 
 general direction from west to east through the southern part of the county, 
 and by South English river from west to east through the northern part of 
 the county. These streams divide the county' into six water-sheds, and 
 their tributaries afford a most ample drainage to every part of the county. 
 The banks of these streams abound with timber, rock, and in many places 
 • bituminous coal. The water-shed south of South Skunk is for the most 
 part a rolling prairie, broken at intervals by small streams skirted with 
 timber, presenting a landscape of surprising beauty, and a soil unsurpassed 
 in fertility. 
 
 The divide between the Skunk rivers, though not so inviting in appear- 
 ance, possesses many advantages, not only in the richness of this alluvial, 
 soil, but in its abundant water power, its grazing lands, and its excellent 
 timber and rock for building purposes. 
 
 The water-shed north of JSforth Skunk is much the largest of water- 
 sheds, and embraces about one-half the territory of the county. In its 
 southern parts, bordering on the river, and for a few miles back, it is the 
 most broken part of the county; but this apparent defect is more than 
 compensated in the richness of its soil, its abundant timber, its superior 
 quarries of sand and lime rock, and its exhaustless coal mines. 
 
HI8T0ET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 259 
 
 . English river. — This streara enters the county near the northwest 
 corner, flows a little sonth of east till it reaches a point about 
 midway across the county; from there its course is north of east, 
 and leaves the county near the northeast corner. It is shallow, and the 
 channel narrow. It has a medium current and the bed is sandy. without 
 roek. The banks are low, and consist of alluvial deposit, with neither 
 stone nor gravel. On the north side there are some small tracts of bottom 
 land of more than ordinary fertility. These are especially desirable, as 
 "the stream seldom overflows its banks. There are no bridges of import- 
 ance, as the stream can be safely forded at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Sistmk river. — The name comes from the Indian word Checauqua, 
 which means skunk, and should never have been translated. There is noth- 
 ing romantic nor poetical about the name, but those who think lightly of 
 this river on account of the name, should remember that the garden city 
 of the West derives its origin from no better source. Chicago and Chicaqua 
 are slightly different pronunciations of an Indian word, that means the same 
 thing. This stream is formed by the junction of two streams, designated 
 by the names North and South Skunk, the point of confluence being in the 
 county, about four miles from the county line. The south fork is much 
 the larger, with this exception the streams are very similar. Their general 
 course is eastward, the south fork being nearly directly so, while the north 
 fork makes a considerable bend toward the north, near the center of 
 the county. The heads of these streams are sandy, and rock is found in 
 some places. The current is in the main very sluggish, though in certain 
 places the fall is sufficient to afford splendid water power, which has been 
 utiUzed by the establishment of mills for the manufacture of flour and 
 lumber. At some points the land slopes gradually away from the stream, 
 thus permitting large portions of the bottom to be overflowed during rainy 
 seasons, and making travel across the country difficult or impossible, where 
 there are no good roads and bridges. At other places there are rocky 
 bluffs, which preclude the possibility of an overflow at any season of the 
 year. These streams are properly renowned for the fish which they contain, 
 it being no unusual thing to catch tish weighing from fifteen to twenty 
 pounds, while there are instances in which fish weighing as much as fifty 
 pounds have been caught. IsTorth Skunk has numerous tributaries entering 
 it from the north. Some of the principal ones alone will be mentioned. 
 Clear creek, so called on account of the transparency of its waters; German 
 creek, so named after the nationality of the early settlers of this territory; 
 Bridge creek, which received its name from the fact that it was almost im- 
 possible to cross it at any point without the medium of a bridge; Smith 
 creek, so named after the Smith family which early settled there; Cedar 
 creek and Coal creek, so named from the physical structure of the soil, and 
 natural scenery. Most of these streams are characterized by lively cur- 
 rents, sandy bottoms and some stone. The tributaries of South Skunk 
 enter from the south. They are not as numerous and important as the others, 
 the following four being all worthy of mention: Richland creek, so named 
 from the first town of the county; Kock creek, which received its name 
 from the abundance of rock along its banks; Steady run, which received 
 its name from the gait which it travels ; and Sugar creek, which was desig- 
 nated on account of the sugar maples originally found along its banks. 
 
 Prairies. — Over four-fifths of the surface of the county originally con- 
 sisted of prairie lands, with the exception of an extensive level tract in the 
 
260 HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 eastern part of the county, which wonld be improved by draining, also 
 large tracts in the northwest and southeast portions of the county. The 
 prairies are rolling and the natural drainage is abundantly sufficient to 
 carry off the surplus water, even in the wettest seasons. There are no 
 swamps or sloughs of any importance. These prairies are covered with a 
 light, loamy soil of great richness, and a remarkable capacity of with- 
 . standing both drouth and an excessive amount of rain. At a depth of 
 about four feet there is a substratum of yellow clay. There are scarcely 
 any boulders, and scarcely any stone except in the quarries, which do not 
 interfere with cultivation. 
 
 Timber. — About fifteen per cent of the county was originally timber; 
 much of this has been cut off for fuel, and in the manufacture of native 
 lumber. The timber which has been destroyed in this manner has been 
 miore than replaced by the rearing of artificial groves. In the cultivation, 
 of trees it has been found that soft and hard maple, elm and Cottonwood 
 flourish with great luxuriance, and groves of remarkable beauty and impos- 
 ing grandeur, are now found in various parts of the county. 
 
 Stone. — With the exceptions of the north part of the county there is an 
 abundant supply of building stone. Some of the quarries contain lime- 
 stone, and others sandstone. At an early date these quarries were renowned, 
 and we find some of them located on a rough plat made by Bernhart 
 Henn, of the United States Land Office, as early as 1852. Many perm- 
 anent improvements of other counties have had their beginnings at some 
 Keokuk county stone quarry. . 
 
 Mineral paint. — Eight miles southwest of the county seat is an extensive 
 deposit of clay, which is likely to prove a very fine quality of mineral 
 paint. The deposit covers an area of about thirty acres, is sixteen feet be 
 neath the surface, and 'the layer is about one foot in thickness. The clay 
 was found while prospecting for lead, and from certain indications it would 
 seem that the mine or bank had been rbarked in early days, probably by 
 the Indians, who here procured the material from which was prepared the 
 paint so extensively used by the Aborigines. There are some six or seven 
 distinct colors, and a building which was painted some years ago, with a 
 mixture of these colors, reveals the colors in a remarkable state of preser- 
 vation. There are also indications that lead exist in the same locality. 
 
 Coal. — In the report of the Geological Survey, published in 1870, we 
 find the following statement: "Although Keokuk county lies quite within 
 the limits of the coal field, as defined upon the geological map, it is not 
 probable that it will ever take rank among tlie more important coal coun- 
 ties of Iowa. This statement should not be understood to imply that no 
 important deposits of coal exists within its limits, because it is a well known 
 fact, that some good mines are already opened there. The county, however, 
 lies near the eastern border of the field, where the coal formation would 
 naturally be expected to be thinner, besides which, the sub-carboniferous 
 limestone is so exposed along the valley of Skunk river as to show that 
 there cannot be in many places, any considerable development of coal meas- 
 ure strata between the limestone and the drift above. Of course no coal 
 need be sought for beneath that limestone." 
 
 This paragraph sc.arcely does the coal interest of the county justice; no 
 detailed examination of the county had been made at the time, and recent 
 investigation goes to show that while Keokuk county does not rank as the 
 first of the coal producing counties, nevertheless, it is destined to develop 
 
HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COtTNTT. 261 
 
 a supply of this important mineral, which in the quantity and quality of the 
 material will far exceed the most sanguine expectations of the original 
 prospectors. Extensive mines have already been opened, and are now be- 
 ing operated at three or four localities in various parts of the county, and 
 these lack but the important item of suitable means of transportation, to 
 make coal mining one of the leading industries of this section. 
 
 Springs. — A glance at any good county map, will readily convince any- 
 one that the county is well watered. But aside from the net work of streams 
 which traverse the county in every direction, there are innumerable springs 
 which flow the year round, and an inexhaustible supply of water may be 
 produced anywhere by digging or boring a distance of twenty or thirty feet. 
 
 Sand. — Sand for building purposes can readily be procured along any of 
 the streams, and an excellent quality is found in some parts, whicn is now 
 .being utilized in the manufacture of an excellent quality of glass. We shall 
 treat of this very important branch of industry further on 
 
 Geological formation. — This county is situated partly in the sub-car- 
 boniferous grant, and partly in tlie middle and lower coal-measures. A 
 line running from the northwestern part of the county diagonally across, 
 cutting off nearly two-thirds of the county, would form a tolerably accurate 
 boundary between the two; the southwestern part belongs to the latter. The 
 middle and lower coal-measures, are not very distinct from each other. 
 They both contain coal, the thickest being in the lower. They are des- 
 cribed as being made up of beds of sandstone, shales and clay, with rarely 
 a thin bed of limestone. The beds of coal lie between these beds of rock, 
 just as if they were also beds of rock. There is usually a bed of shale im- 
 mediately beneath the coal and clay, immediately under the shale. The 
 sub-carboniferous group, in which a little more than one-third of the 
 county lies is explained, after a manner, by reference to the definition of 
 the term, sub-carboniferous, meaning below or under the coal. It consists 
 of limestone of a greyish color, and is characterized by the presence of a 
 peculiar class of fossils found therein. 
 
 Climate. — The first two winters following the settlement of the western 
 part of the county were remarkably mild, and favored the rapid develop- 
 ment of the country. The winter of 1848-9 was a winter of deep snow. 
 The climate of the county has always been regarded as uncommonly healthy, 
 the prevalence of ague, that scourge of all new countries, being chiefly 
 confined to the territory bordering on the larger streams. There have been 
 seasons in which crops have suffered from an excessive amount of rain, and 
 also times when they have been cut short by drouth ; also seasons which 
 have been attended by an unusual amount of sickness, but the people of 
 this county have, doubtless, suffered as little from these calamities as in 
 any other section of the State. There have been instances in which certain 
 portions of the county have been peculiarly afllicted. Such will be men- 
 tioned under the appropriate head, at another place. Some of the older set- 
 tlers think that there has been a marked change in the climate in the past 
 quarter of a century, and this is probably the case, resulting from the 
 marked change which has taken place in the physiognomy of the country. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL GEOGEAPHY. 
 
 Keokuk county is situated in the southeastern part of the State, it being 
 in the third tier of counties, numbering from the south, and also from the 
 
262 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 east boundary of the State. The center of the county is in latitude forty;; 
 one degrees and twenty-five minutes, being nearly the same as l^ew York 
 city, and in longitude ninety-two degrees and ten minutes west of Greenr 
 wich, and fifteen degrees and ten minutes west of the ^National Capital. 
 It is bounded on the north by Poweshiek and Iowa counties; on the 
 east by Washington; on the south by Jefferson and Wapello; on the west 
 by Mahaska. It is twenty-four miles square, and were the original surveys 
 strictly accurate, it would contain 368,640 square acres of surface. In sub- 
 sequent surveys, when the county was subdivided into townships, and these 
 again into sections, it was found that there remained fractional quarters. 
 The exact area of the county is not far from 370,000 acres. The congres- 
 sional townships are sixteen in number, and there is a correspond- 
 ing number of civil townships. The congressional townships are 74-^ 
 75, 76 and 77 north; ranges 10, 11, 12 and 13 west. The civil 
 townships are Richland, Jackson, Steady Run, Benton, Warren^ 
 Lancaster, Clear Creek, Lafayette, German, Sigourney, Yan Buren, 
 Washington, Prairie, Adams, English River and Liberty. This arrange- 
 ment of civil townships is the one adopted in 1847, there having been 
 others previously made, of which we shall speak when we treat of the 
 county organization. The boundaries of the following civil townships cor- 
 respond with the congressional townships: Richland, Clear Creek, La- 
 fayette, Liberty, English River, Adams, Prairie and Washington. The 
 area of eachis about 23,500 acres. The following, while in the main they 
 follow the congressional boundaries, are somewhat smaller, Jackson con- 
 taining about 20,990; Steady Run, 19,900; Warren, 19,950; Sigourney,, 
 12,650; Van Buren, 19,680. Three townships are larger than the corres- 
 ponding congressional township. They are Benton, containing about 
 25,900 acres; Lancaster, 26,275; German, 35,280. It will be seen, by 
 reference to the map, that in this location of the townships the commis- 
 sioners followed natural boundaries to a large extent. From the foregoing 
 figures it will be seen that German township is the largest and Sigourney 
 the smallest, the former being nearly three times as large as the latter. 
 
 INDIATSrS AND mDIAN AFFAIRS. 
 
 Until the year 1837 the Indians held undisputed possession of the ter- 
 ritory now included in Keokuk county. The Indians who dwelt in this 
 particular locality were the Sac and Fox tribe. They held unquestioned 
 sway across the western boundary of the Black Hawk purchase, westward to 
 the Missouri river, and northward to the neutral territoKy which divided 
 them from the Sioux. The eastern boundary was fifty miles this side of 
 the Mississippi river and neutral ground, stretched east and west near 
 where the Illinois Central railroad now extends. These Indians had no 
 right to invade the territory ceded to the government at the time of the 
 Black Hawk purchase, and it was certain death to be caught in the territory 
 of the Sioux, and extremely hazardous to venture upon the neutral ground'. 
 Few if any white people in those days ventured as far west as this, and the 
 country was comparatively unknown except as reports were brought to the 
 frontier by roving bands of Indians intent on barter. In the main the In- 
 dians subsisted upon the wild animals then inhabiting this country. Oc- 
 casional patches of Indian corn were cultivated, which furnished them 
 scanty food during a portion of the year; but wild turkeys, pheasants, deer^ 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 263 
 
 fish and muskrats formed the chief artfcles of diet. This was prior to the 
 year 1837. In this year a new treaty was made wliereby the Indians ceded 
 additional territory westward. This new territory ceded included a small 
 portion of this county. Nearly all of what is now Richland township and 
 small portions of Clear Creek, Jackson and Lafayette were included in it, 
 As soon as this treaty went into effect the whites rushed in and the Indians 
 were compelled to retire further west. It was in October, 1837, that the 
 red man first parted with his title to certain lands now comprised in the 
 hmits of Keokuk county, and the white man first obtained the right to 
 gain a permanent foothold. By far the larger part of the comity, however, 
 remained in the hands of the Indians. It was not till October, 1842, that 
 the original possessors of this soil parted with their right to occupy it, and 
 turned their unwilling steps to the far off and nuknown regions west of the 
 Missouri. Tliis last treaty was made at the government agency, now Agency 
 City, in Wapello county. 8. A. James, Esq., of Sigourney, was present at 
 this treaty, and gives a very graphic description of the affair. The delib- 
 erations, he says, lasted about a week. A number of chiefs were present, 
 the principal of whom were Keokuk, Appanoose, Poweshiek and Panassa. 
 The commissioner on behalf of the United States was the Hon. John 
 Chambers, of Iowa Territory. The question of reservations was the most 
 perplexing one to dispose of. The commissioner had been instructed not to 
 grant any. reservation, and the Indians had coine to the council fully deter- 
 mined to exact a reservation in the interests of certain heirs of Gen. J. M. 
 Street, for whom they always manifested the greatest reverence, and in 
 whom they had the utmost confidence, growing out of his honorable and 
 liberal dealings with them while acting as government agent. It appears, 
 that on the death of Gen. Street, in 1840, his family procured an air-tight 
 coffin, intending to remove the body to Prairie du Chien, where some of his , 
 relatives had been previously buried. The chiefs thereupon held a council 
 and remonstrated, offering any part of their country which might be cho- 
 sen for a burying ground, and adding that if their wishes were complied 
 with, they would give to the widow of Gen. Street a section of land, and a 
 half section to each of her children. Accordingly Gen Street's remains 
 were interred near the Agency, and no reference was made to the land 
 promise until the time of the treaty. On the evening of the second day of 
 the treaty, council one of the government officials came to Gen. Street's 
 son, VVm. B. Street, now of Oskaloosa, at that time employed at the 
 Agency, and said: " I do not think we will sxicceed in making a treaty be- 
 cause the chiefs demand the reservation of one section for Gen. Street's 
 widow, and a half section for each of her ten children, and also a half sec- 
 tion for each of Smart's children, who were half breeds." Mr. Street held 
 a conversation with several of the chiefs, telling them he did not care for 
 any reservation, and as his brothers and sisters were in another territory he 
 thought they would not be particular in having the Indians carry out their 
 contract. Keokuk and some others reluctantly consented, but old Powe- 
 shiek remonstrated and insisted upon the reservations first demanded. Mr. 
 Street portrayed the results which would follow a failure of the treaty, and 
 again remarked that he did not care for the land. " Wiiat, do you decline 
 the gift?" said the indignant old chief — for refusing a gift was regarded 
 as a great insult among the Indians. Mr. Street says that Poweshiek re- 
 fused to speak to hfm for six months thereafter, when one day Poweshiek, 
 
264 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 being very merry under the influence of whisky, Street presented him with 
 a pony, and thereafter they were again good friends. 
 
 At last the Indians agreed to take a reservation of one section to be given 
 Mrs. Street. The commissioner would not consent. Then old Keokuk 
 arose and made a speech. Mr. James heard this speech and the impression 
 which Keokuk made upon his auditors is graphically portrayed in an arti- 
 cle from the pen. of Mr. James, which appeared some time ago in the local 
 papers, an extract of which will be found in the life of Keokuk, farther on. 
 Among other things, the speaker said, pointing to the place where Gen. 
 Street was buried : " There lies the body of our father, the best white man 
 that ever lived, and the best friend we ever had, and without this reserva- 
 tion, this laud shall never be sold while a single one of our tribe remains." 
 
 On the next day Governor Chambers agreed to the reservation of one sec- 
 tion and directed the Indians to make a choice. They selected that upon which 
 the Agency buildings were situated and including General Street's grave. 
 The government had spent some $4,000 in improving this section and the 
 commissioner was loth to part with the land and its improvements. Tlie 
 Indians then proposed to pay for the improvements, which they finally did, 
 paying therefor the sum of $2,500. Tluis was effected a treaty by the 
 provisions of which the white man acquired a right to settle a tract of land 
 comprising the greater portion of Iowa, and in which is included the greater 
 
 fiortion of Keokuk county. In consideration of the land thus ceded the 
 ndians were to receive $800,000 on good State stocks upon which the gov- 
 ernment guaranteed the payment of five per cent interest per annum. In 
 the words of the treaty, they "ceded to the United States all their lands west 
 of the Mississippi river to which they had any claim or title." It was 
 stipulated that they were to be removed from the country at the expiration 
 of three years, and all who remained after that were to remove at their own 
 expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the 
 remainder in the spring of 1846. 
 
 The treaty was signed on the 11th day of October 1842, but before it was 
 binding it had to be ratified by the United States Senate. After, signing 
 the treaty Keokuk remarked to the commissioner that if the Senate changed 
 it by (sven so much as a scratch of the pen it would not be observed by the 
 Indians. It was laid before the Senate for approval or rejection. A motion 
 was made to strike out the reservation clause. The Senate was reminded of 
 Keokuk's remark. After some discussion the treaty was approved and its 
 ratification was officially proclaimed by the President on the 23d of March, 
 1843. This is said to have been the only Indian treaty ever made by the 
 United States which did not subsequently undergo some alteration. The 
 treaty had now been signed by the commissioner and the Indian chiefs, had 
 been approved by the Senate and the proclamaton made by the President, 
 and yet tlie white people had no riglit to settle on the lands as the Indians 
 according to a provision of the treaty had three years in which to give pos- 
 session. It was subsequently arranged that the Indians were to give pos- 
 session of all that part lying east of Rod Rock, now in Marion county, on 
 the 1st of May, 1843. This last date is, therefore, tlie period when the 
 whole of Keokuk county was thrown open to white settlement. The ex- 
 citement which prevailed along the borders during the last days of the 
 preceding April, and the great rush of people across tlie boundary line, 
 which occurred at midnight, furnish a chapter of amusing and thrilling in- 
 cidents. They will be treated of at another place. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 265 
 
 As a result of this peacable arrangement and the earnest efforts of the 
 government to carry out, to the letter, the provisions of the treaty, the 
 early settlers of Keokuk county experienced none of the hardships which 
 fell to the lot of the early settlers in other parts of the country, where mis- 
 understanding about the ownership of the soil gave rise to frightful mas- 
 sacres and bloody wars. The Indians gave no serious difficulty, and seldom, 
 if ever, disturbed the early settlers of this county after they had rightfully 
 came into possession of it. 
 
 By the various treaties made with the Sac and Fox Indians, the govern- 
 ment paid these $80,000 per year by families. Mr William B. Street, of 
 Oskaloosa, was disbursing clerk for John Beach, Indian agent during the 
 year 1841, and still retains in his possession the receipts for the part pay- 
 ment of the annuity, in his own hand-writing, and the marks of the chiefs 
 in signing. We give an extract, including the names of part of the In- 
 dians who were at that time living at Kish-he-kosh's village, in what is 
 now the eastern part of the county, west of Keokuk county: 
 
 "We, the chiefs, warriors, heads of families and individuals without fam- 
 ilies, of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, within the same agency, acknowl- 
 edge the receipt of forty thousand dollars of John Beach, United States 
 Indian Agent, in the sums appended to our names, being our proportion of 
 of the annuity due said tribe, for the year 1841 : 
 
 NAMES 
 
 Esh-ke-kosh" 
 
 Ko-ko-ach 
 
 Pas-sa-sa-she-ahiek . . . 
 
 Mo-ka-qua 
 
 Pa-ko-ka 
 
 Ka-ke-wa-wa-te-sit 
 
 Mnch-e-min-ne' 
 
 Wa-pes-e-qua5 
 
 Wa-pe-ka-kah* 
 
 Mus-qua-kes 
 
 And fifty-nine others. 
 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 
 4 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 6 
 7 
 
 $ 71 30 
 
 106 95 
 
 55 65 
 
 17 82 
 
 71 30 
 
 53 47 
 
 71 30 
 
 71 30 
 
 106 95 
 
 124 78 
 
 "We certify that we were present at the payment of the above-mentioned 
 amounts, and saw the amounts paid to the several Indians, in specie, and 
 that their marks were affixed in our presence this 19th day of October, 
 
 "(Signed) JNO. BEACH, 
 
 V. S. Indian Agent. 
 THOMAS McCRATE. 
 
 Lieut. 1st Dragoons. 
 JOSIAH SMART, 
 
 Interpreter. 
 
 "We, the undesigned chiefs of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, ac- 
 knowledge the correctness of the foregoing receipts. 
 
 KEOKUK,« his X mark. 
 P0WESHIEK,7 his X mark." 
 
 ' Kish-ke-kosh means "The man with one leg off.'' 
 
 ' Mnch-e-min-ne means " Big man. 
 ' Wa-pes-e-qua means "White eyes.'' 
 ■•Wa-pe-ka-kah means "White crow." 
 
 s Mus-qua-ke mean "The fox." 
 
 ' Keokuk means "The watchful fox." 
 
 'Poweshiek means "The roused bear." 
 
266 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Among tlie old settlers of the sontheastern part of the coiintj who, 
 prior to May 1, 1843, had the Indians for near neighbors, the names of 
 Keokuk and Wapello are the most noted and familiar. These two illns-i 
 trious chiefs live not only in the recollections of these early settlers, but 
 in the permanent history of our common country. Short biographical 
 sketches of these two noted characters, therefore, will be of great interest 
 to the people of this county, and peculiarly appropriate for a work of this 
 kind. To the school-boy who has frequently read of these Indians, the 
 fact that they roved around on this very ground where their feet tread, and 
 that iu their hunting excursions these Indians crossed the same prairies 
 where now they gather the yellow eared corn, will give to these sketches 
 intense interest. While the early settler who talked with Wapello and 
 Keokuk, ate with them, hunted with them and fished with them, cannot 
 fail to find in these brief and necessarily imperfect biographies something 
 fascinating as they are thus lead back more than a quarter of a century, to 
 live over again the days of other years, and witness again the scenes of 
 early days when the tall prairie grass waved in the autumn breeze, and the 
 country, like themselves, was younger and fresher than now. 
 
 KEOKUK AND WAPELLO. 
 
 Keokuk belonged to the Sac branch of the nation, and. as mentioned in 
 the first part of this work, was born on Rock river, Illinois, in 1810. Ac- 
 cordingly he was sixty-three years old at the time the county was thrown^ 
 open to the white settler, and fifty-seven when the boundary line of 1837 
 was established. The best memory of the earliest settlers cannot take them 
 back to a time when Keokuk was not an old man. When in 1833 the im- 
 patient feet of the white men first hastened aci'oss the Mississippi, eager 
 for new conquests and fortunes, this illustrious chief was already nearing 
 his three-score years, and when with longing eyes he took the last look at 
 the fair lands bordei'ing on the Great Father of Waters, and turned his 
 weary feet toward the west, his sun of life had already ci'ossed the meridian 
 and was rapidly approaching its setting. 
 
 Little is known concerning the early life of Keokuk, except that from 
 his first battle, while yet young, he had carried home the scalp of a Sioux, 
 whom he had slain in a hand-to-hand conflict, and between whose tribe and 
 the tribe to which Keokuk belonged there ever existed the most deadly 
 enmity. For this feat Keokuk was honored with a feast by his tribe. He 
 first came into prominence among the whites at the breaking out of the 
 second war with England, commonly known as the war of 1812. Most of 
 the Indians at that time espoused the cause ot the English, but Keokuk, 
 at the head of a large number of the Sacs and Foxes, remained faithful to 
 the Americans. In 1828 Keokuk, in accordance with the terms of a treaty, 
 crossed the Mississippi river with his tribe and established himself on the 
 Iowa river. Here he remained in peace, and his tribe flourished till the 
 breaking out of the Black Hawk war iij 1832. He seemed to have a mucK 
 more intelligent insight into the great national questions which were raised' 
 during these early Indian difliculties, as well as a more thorough apprecia- 
 tion of the resources of the national government. He opposed the Black 
 Hawk war, and seemed to fully forecast the great disasters which thereby 
 befell his tribe. Although many of his warriors deserted him and followed 
 Black Hawk in his reckless campaign across the Mississippi, Keokuk pre- 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 267 
 
 vailed upon a majority of his tribe to remain at home. When the new& 
 reached Keokuk that Black Hawk's warriors had gained a victory over 
 Stillman's forces in Ogle county, Illinois, the war-spirit broke out among^ 
 his followers like fire in the dry prairie grass; a war-dance was held, and 
 the chief himself took part in it. He seemed for a while to move in 
 sympathy with the rising storm, and at the conclusion of the war-dance he 
 called a council to prepare for war. In a work entitled "Annals of Iowa," 
 published in 1865, there is reported tlie substance of a speech made by 
 Keokuk on this occasion. We quote: " I am your chief, and it is my duty 
 to lead you to battle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are fully 
 determined to go." He then represented to them the great power of the 
 United States, against whom they would have to contend, and that their 
 prospect of success was utterly hopeless. Then continuing, said: "But 
 if you are determined to go upon the war-path, I will lead you on one con- 
 dition — that before we go we kill all our old men, and our wives, and our 
 children, to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and that every 
 one of you determine to leave his bones on the other side of the Missis- 
 sippi." This was a strong and trxithful picture of the prospect before them^ 
 and was presented in such a forcible light, that it caused them to abandon 
 their rash undertaking. 
 
 After the Black Hawk war Keokuk was recognized as the head of the 
 Sac and Fox nation, by the United States government, and in this capacity 
 he was looked upon by his people from that time on. This honor, however,, 
 was sometimes disputed b}' some of the original followers of Black Hawk. 
 A gentleman of some prominence, as a writer, and who is said to have wit- 
 nessed the affray, says : "A bitter feud existed in the tribe during the 
 time Keokuk resided on the Des Moines river, between what was denomi- 
 nated 'Keokuk's band and Black Hawk's band. ' Their distrust, and in- 
 deed hatred, were smothered in their common intercourse, when sober; but 
 when their blood was fired with whisky, it sometimes assumed a tragic fea- 
 ture among the leaders of the respective bands. An Instance of this char- 
 acter occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines river, on the return of 
 a party making a visit to the 'half-breeds,' at the town of Keokuk, on the 
 Mississippi. In a quarrel incited by wiiisky, Keokuk received a dangerous 
 stab in the breast by a son of Black Hawk. The writer saw him conveyed 
 by his friends, homeward, lying in a canoe, unable to rise." The writer 
 continues: " Hardfisii (who was the pretended chief of the rival party), 
 and his coadjutors, lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk's adminis- 
 tration. The payments were made in silver coins, put up in boxes, con- 
 taining five hundred dollars each, and passed into Keokuk's hand's for dis- 
 tribution. The several traders received each his quota according to the 
 several demands against the tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably 
 consumed the far greater portion of the amount received. The remainder 
 was turned over to the chiefs and distributed among the respective bands. 
 Great complaints were made of these allowances, to the traders, on the 
 ground of exhorbitant prices charged on the goods actually furnished, and 
 it was alleged that some o'f these accounts were spurious. In confirmation 
 of this charge, over and above the character of the items exhibited in these 
 accounts, an aflSdavit was filed with Governor Lucas, by an individual, to- 
 which the governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk had proposed 
 to the maker of the aiBdavit to profer a purely ficticious account against 
 the tribe for the sura of $10,000, and he would admit its correctness, and 
 
268 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and 
 share alike. To swell the trader's bills, items were introduced 
 of a character that should brand upon their face, such as a large number of 
 blankets, coats, articles which the Indians never used, and telescopes, of 
 the use of which they had no knowledge. This showed the reckless man- 
 ner in which these bills were swollen to the exhorbitant amounts com- 
 plained of, in which Keokuk was openly charged with being in league with 
 the traders to defraud the Indians." At this time the nation numbered 
 about two thousand and three hundred, and it is not possible that Keokuk 
 could have carried on an organized system of theft, without the fact be- 
 com'ing apparent to all. As it was, however, Governor Lucas thought best 
 to change the manner in which the annual payments were made. The 
 matter was referred to the Indian bureau, and the mode was changed so 
 that the payments were made to the iieads of families, approximating a per 
 capita distribution. This method of payment did not suit the traders, and 
 after a short trial the old plan was again adopted. That the Indians, then 
 as now, were the victims of sharp practice, cannot be doubted, but the fact 
 can be attributed to the superior tact and the unscrupulous character of 
 many of the traders; this furnishes a more probable explanation, and is 
 more in accord with the character of Keokuk, as known by his intimate 
 friends, still living, than to attribute these swindling operations to a con- 
 spiracy in which the illustrious chief was the leading actor. 
 
 In person, Keokuk was of commanding appearance. He was tall, 
 straight as an arrow, and of very graceful mien. These personal character- 
 istics, together with his native fervor, and ready command of language, 
 gave him great power over his people as a speaker. If, as a man of energy 
 and courage, he gained the respect and obedience of his tribe, it was more 
 especially as an orator that he was able to wield his people in times of 
 great excitement, and in a measure shape their policy in dealing with the 
 white man. As an orator rather than as a warrior, has Keokuk's claim to 
 greatness been founded. 
 
 " He was gifted by nature," says the author of the Annals, " with the ele- 
 ments of an orator in an eminent degree, and as such is entitled to rank 
 with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh; but unfortunately for his fame 
 «,mong the white people, and with posterity, he was never able to obtain an 
 interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaintance with philosophy. 
 With one exception, only, his interpreters were unacquainted with the ele- 
 ments of the mother tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame 
 Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, who had received 
 a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the 
 latter died broken down by exposure and dissipation ; but during the me- 
 ridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit 
 his speeches for translation, to uneducated men, whose range of thoughts 
 fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from 
 nature, was beyond their power of reproduction. He had a sufficient 
 knowledge of the English tongue to make him sensible of this bad render- 
 ing of his thoughts, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling 
 •efforts was depicted upon his countenance while he was speaking. The 
 proper place to form a proper estimate of his ability as an orator, was in 
 the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who 
 understood his language, and where the electric effects of his eloquence 
 could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that by 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 269 
 
 the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the 
 strongly predetermined opinions of its members." A striking instance of 
 the influence of his eloquence is that one already related in which he de- 
 livered a speech to his followers, who were bent on joining Black Hawk, 
 after the Stillman reverse in Ogle county, Illinois. Mr. James, who has 
 already been mentioned as being present at the council, at Agency City, 
 when the treaty of 1842 was made, says of Keokuk: " "We heard him 
 make a speech on the occasion, which, by those who understood his tongue, 
 was said to be a sensible and eloquent effort. Judging from his voice and 
 gestures, his former standing as an Indian orator and chieftain, we thought 
 his reputation as a dignified yet gentlemanly Aboriginal had not been over- 
 rated. During the Black Hawk war his voice was for peace with the white 
 man, and his voice added much to the shortening of the war. As an 
 honor to the chief our county bears his name." 
 
 Keokuk, in company with Black Hawk, Poweshiek, Kish-ke-kosh, and 
 some fifteen other chiefs, under the escort of Gen. J. M. Street, visited 
 Washington city and different parts of the East In 1837. The party de- 
 scended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio by steamer, and thence 
 up the latter to Wheeling, where they took stage across the mountains. 
 When the party arrived in "Washington, at the request of some of the gov- 
 ernment officials, a council was held with some chiefs of the Sioux there 
 present, as the Sacs and Foxes were waging a perpetual war with the 
 Sioux nation. The council was held in the Hall of Representatives. To 
 the great indignation of the Sioux, Kish-ke-kosh appeared dressed in a 
 buffalo hide which he had taken in war from a Sioux chief, and took his 
 position in one of the large windows, with the mane and horns of the 
 buffalo as a sort of a head-dress, and the tail trailing on the floor. The 
 Sioux complained to the officials, claiming that this was an insult to them, 
 but they were informed that the Sacs and Foxes had a right to appear in 
 any kind of costume they chose to wear. The first speech was made by a 
 Sioux, who complained bitterly of the wrongs they had suffered, and how 
 they had been driven from their homes by the Sacs and Foxes, their war- 
 riors killed and their villages burned. Then followed Keokuk, the great 
 orator of his tribe, who replied at some length, an interpreter repeating 
 the speech after him. There were those present who had heard "Webster, 
 Calhoun, Clay and Benton in the same hall, and they declared that for the 
 manner of delivery, for native eloquence, impassioned expression of coun- 
 tenance, the chief surpassed them all, and this while they could not under- 
 stand his words, save as they were repeated by the interpreter. From 
 Washington they went to New York, where they were shown little atten- 
 tion, and Gen. Street attempting to show them the city on foot, the people 
 in their anxiety to see Keokuk and Black Hawk, crowded them beyond the 
 point of endurance, and in order to escape the throng they were compelled 
 to make their escape tlirough a store building, and reached their hotel 
 through the back alleys and less frequented streets. At Boston they were 
 met at the depot by a delegation of leading citizens and conveyed in car- 
 riages to the hotel. The next day they were taken in open carriages, and 
 with a guard of honor on foot, they were shown the whole city. During 
 their stay in Boston they were the guests of the great American orator, 
 Edward Everett, who made a banquet for them. "When the Indians re- 
 turned and were asked about I^ew York, they only expressed their disgust. 
 Boston was the only place in the United States, in their estimation, and 
 
270 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 their opinion has been shared in by many white people, who since that 
 time have made a pilgrimage from the West to the famous shrines of the 
 East. 
 
 While residing at Ottumwah-nac, Keokuk received a message from the 
 Mormon prophet, Joseph Smith, in which the latter invited Keokuk, as 
 king of the Sacs and Foxes, to a royal conference at his palace at l^auvoo, 
 on matters of the highest importance to their respective people. The in- 
 vitation was accepted, and at the appointed time the king of the Sacs and 
 Foxes, accompanied by a stately escort on ponies, wended their way to the 
 appointed interview with the great apostle of the Latter Day Saints. Keo- 
 kuk, as before remarked, was a man of good judgment and keen insight 
 into the human character. He was not easily misled by sophistry nor be- 
 guiled by flattery. The account of this interview with Smith, as given by 
 the author of the "Annals," so well illustrates these traits of his character 
 that we give it in full: 
 
 " Notice had been circulated through the country of this diplomatic in- 
 terview, and quite a number of spectators attended to witness the denoue- 
 Tnent. The audience was given publicly in the great Mormon temple, and 
 the respective chiefs were attended by their suits, the prophet by the dig- 
 nitaries of the Mormon church, and the Indian potentate by the high civil 
 and military functionaries of his tribe, and the Gentiles were comfortably 
 seated as auditors. 
 
 " The prophet opened the conference in a set speech of some length, giv- 
 ing Keokuk a brief history of the Children of Israel, as detailed in the 
 Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the history of the lost tribes, and that he, 
 the prophet of God, held a divine commission to gather them together and 
 lead them to a land ' flowing with milk and honey.' After the prophet 
 closed his harrangue, Keokuk 'waited for the words of his pale-faced 
 brother to sink deep into his mind,' and in making his reply, assumed the 
 gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would not controvert 
 anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condition of his 
 race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great Spirit 
 to collect them together and lead them to a new country it was his duty to 
 do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had 
 not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. 
 The red man were not much used to milk, and he thought they would pre- 
 fer streams o"f water; and in the country tliey now were there_was a good 
 supply of honey. Tlie points they wished to inquire into were, whether 
 the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was 
 plenty of whisky. Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and 
 that Keokuk was not the proper material with which to increase his army 
 ■of dupes, and closed the interview in as amiable and pleasant manner as 
 possible." 
 
 Until 1836 Keokuk resided with his tribe, on a reservation of 400 square 
 miles, situated on the Iowa river. His headquarters were at a village bear- 
 ing his name, located on the right bank of the stream. In this year, in ac- 
 cordance with the stipulations of a treaty held at Davenport, Keokuk with 
 his followers removed to this territory, now comprised in the bounds of 
 Keokuk, Mahaska and "Wapello counties. The agency for the Indians, 
 was located at a point where is now located Agency City. At this time an 
 •effort was made to civilize the red man. Farms were opened up, and two 
 mills were erected, one on Soap creek, and one on Sugar creek. A salaried 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 271 
 
 agent was employed to superintend these farming operations. Keokuk, 
 Wapello and Appanoose, each had a large field improved and cultivated. 
 Keokuk's farm was located upon what is yet known as Keokuk's Prairie, 
 in what is now Wapello county. The Indians did not make much progress 
 in these farming operations, and in the absence of their natural and wanted 
 excitements, became idle and careless. Many of them plunged into dissi- 
 pation. Keokuk himself became badly dissipated in the latter years of his 
 life. Pathetic as was the condition of these savages at this time, it was but 
 thelegitimate result of the treatment which they had received. They were 
 confined to a fixed location, and provided with annuities by the government, 
 sufficient to meet their wants from year to year. They were in this manner 
 prevented from making those extensive excursions, and embarking in those 
 war-like pursuits, which for time immemorial had formed the chief avenues 
 lor the employment of those activities, which for centuries had claimed the 
 attention of the savage mind; and the sure and regular means of subistence 
 furnished by the government, took away from them the incentives for the 
 employment of these activities, even had the means still existed. In addi- 
 tion to this the Indian beheld his lands taken from him, and his tribe grow- 
 ing smaller year by year. Possessed of an ideal and imaginative intellect 
 he could not help fore-casting the future, and thus being itnpressed with the, 
 thought, that in a few years, all these land would be in the possession of the 
 white man, while his tribe and his name would be swept into oblivion by 
 the tide of emigration, which pressed in upon him from every side. Keo- 
 kuk saw all this, and seeing it, had neither the power nor inclination to pre- 
 sent it. Take the best representative of the Anglo-Saxon race, and place 
 him in similar circumstances, and he would do no better. Shut in by re- 
 straint from all sides, relieved from all the anxieties comprehended in that 
 practical question, what shall we eat and wherewithal shall we be clothed? 
 and deprived of all those incentives springing from, and inspired by a lofty 
 ambition, and the best of us, with all our culture and habits of industry, 
 would fall into idleness and dissipation and our fall would be as great if not 
 as low as was the fall of that unhappy people who formerly inhabited this 
 country, and whose disappearance and gradual extinction we shall now be 
 called upon to contemplate. 
 
 Wapello, the cotemporary of Keokuk and the inferior chief, after whom 
 a neighboring county and county-seat were named, died before the Indians 
 were removed the State, and thus escaped the humilation of the scene. He 
 like his superior chief, was a fast friend of the whites and wielded an im- 
 mense influence among the individuals of his tribe. As is mentioned in a 
 former chapter, he presided over three tribes in the vicinity of Fort Arm- 
 strong, during the time that frontier post was being erected. In 1829 he 
 removed his'village to Muscatine Swamp, and then to a place near where is 
 now located the town bearing his name. Many of the early settlers of Keo- 
 kuk county remember him well, as the southern part of this county was a 
 favorite resort for him and many members of his tribe. It was in the lim- 
 its of this county that this illustrious chief died. His favorite hunting 
 ground, is that portion of the county which is now within the limits of 
 Jackson township. Although he willingly united in the treaty ceding it to 
 the whites, it was done with the clear coviction that the country would be 
 shortly overrun and his hunting ground ruined by the advance of palefaces. 
 He chose to sell rather than be robbed, and then quietly receeded with his 
 band. 
 
272 HISTOET OF KEOKTJK COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. Searcy relates au incident in the life of this chief which we here 
 quote: " Between the Sioux, and the Sacs and the Foxes, a bitter and 
 deadly hatred existed. This enmity was carried to such a bitter extent 
 that it caused the establishment, by the government, of the neutral ground, 
 in the north part of the territory, which was a strip of country about 
 thirty miles in width, over which the tribes were not allowed to pass in 
 order to slay each other. The love of revenge was so strongly marked in 
 the Indian character that it was not to be suppressed by imaginary geo- 
 
 fraphical lines, and consequently it was not a rare occurrence tor a Sac or 
 'ox Indian, or a Sioux, to bite the dust, as an atonement for real or imag- 
 inary wrongs. In this manner one of the sons of Wapello was cruelly 
 cut down, from an ambush, in the year 1836. When the chief heard of 
 the sad calamity he was on Skunk river, opposite to the mouth of Crooked 
 creek. He immediately plunged into and swam across the stream. Upon 
 arriving at a trading post nealr by, he gave the best pony he had for a barrel 
 of whisky, and setting it out, invited his people to partake, a very unwise 
 practice, which he doubtless borrowed froriithe white people, who availed 
 themselves of this medium ip wbich to drown their sorrow. 
 
 Wapello's death occured in "Keokuk county,; in March, 1844. In accord- 
 ance with the provisions of the treaty- of- d 843, he had retired with his 
 tribe, west of Red Rock, and it was during a temporary visit to his old 
 hunting ground on Rock- creek, that he breathed his last. We quote from 
 an address of Mr. Romig , the following pathetic account of the death of 
 the warrior: 
 
 " As the swallow, returns to the place where kst she, had built her nest, 
 cruelly destroyed. by thjB. ruthless hands of SQme rude boy, or as a mother 
 would return to the empty crib wh,erei. once had reposed herdnnocent babe, 
 in the sweet embrace of sleep, and weep Jbr the treasure she had once pos- 
 sessed, so Wapello; mourned for the- hunting, grounds he had been forced 
 to leave behind, andllonged to roam, over the broad expanse again. It was 
 in the month of March ;; heayy, Xyinter had begun to shed her mantle of 
 snow ; the sun peeped forth through the fleeting clouds ; the woodchuck 
 emerged from his subterranean retreat ,to greet the morning breeze, and 
 all nature seemed to rejoice at the prospect of returning spring. The old 
 chief felt the exhilirating influence of reviving nature, and longed again 
 for the sports of his youth. He accordingly assembled a party and started 
 0)1 a hunting excursion to the scenes of his former exploits. But alas, the 
 poor old man was not long destined to mourn over his misfortunes. While 
 traveling over the beautiful prairies, or encamped in the picturesque groves 
 that he was once want to call his own, dise.ase fastened upon his vitals and 
 the chief lay prostrate in his lodge. How long the burning fever 
 raged and racked in hife , brain, or iifho it was that applied the cooling 
 draught to his parched lips, tradition Ijas failed \to inform us; but this we 
 may fairly presume: that- his trusty followers were deeply, distressed at 
 the sufferings of their chief, whom they loved and administered all the 
 comforts in their power to alleviate his sufferings, but all would not avail. 
 Grim death had crossed his path, and touched her finger upon his brow, 
 and marked him for her own. Human efforts to save could avail nothing. 
 Time passed, and with it the life of Wapello'; The last word was spoken, 
 the last wish expressed, the last breath drawn, and his spirit took its flight. 
 The passing breeze in seolean notes chanted a requiem in the elm tops. 
 The placid creek in its meandering course murmured in chorus over the 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 276 
 
 dead. The squirrel came forth in the bright sunshine to frisk and chirp 
 in frolicsome glee, and the timid fawn approached the brook, and bathed 
 her feet in the waters, but the old man heeded it not, for Manatah, his 
 God, had called him home. 
 
 "Although it is a matter of regret that we are not in possession of his 
 dying words, and other particulars connected with his death, let us en- 
 deavor to be content with knowing that Wapello died some time in the month 
 of March, in the year 18i4, in Keokuk county, on Rock creek, in Jackson 
 township, on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter, section 21, 
 township 7i, range 11 west, where a mound still marks the spot; and with 
 Snowing also that his remains were thence conveyed by Mr. Samuel Har- 
 desty, now of Lancaster township, accompanied by twenty-two Indians and 
 three squaws, to the Indian burial ground, at Agency City, where sleeps 
 the Indian agent, Gen. Street, and numbers of the Sac and Fox tribe, and 
 where our informant left the remains to await the arrival of Keokuk, and 
 other distinguished chiefs to be present at the interment." 
 
 Keokuk, Appanoose, and nearly all the leading men among Indians . 
 were present at the funeral, which took place toward evening of the same 
 day upon which the body arrived at Agency. The usual Indian ceremonies 
 preceded the interment, after which the body was buried by the body 
 of Gen. Street, which was in accordance with his oft repeated request to 
 be hurried by the side of his honest pale faced friend. 
 
 In 1845 in accordance with the stipulations of the treaty, and in obedi- 
 ence to the demand of the white man, whose friend he had ever been and 
 whose home he had defended, both by word and act, in times of great ex- 
 citement, Keokuk led his tribe west of the Missouri river, and located 
 upon a reservation now comprised in the boundaries of what is now the 
 State of Kansas. What must have been the emotions which swelled the 
 heart of this renowned savage, and what must have been the peculiar 
 thoughts which came thronging from his active brain when he turned his 
 back for the last time upon the bark covered huts of his Iowa village, the 
 graves of his friends, and that portion of country which, but the year be- 
 fore, had been honored by his name. It was leaving everything familiar in 
 life and dear to the heart. To him it was not going West to grow up with 
 the country, but to lose himself and his tribe in oblivion and national an- 
 nihilation. 
 
 Keokuk lived but three years after leaving the Territory of Iowa, and we 
 have no facts at our command in reference to his career at the new home 
 west of the Missouri. The Keokuk Register of June 15, 1848, contained 
 the following notice of his death, together with some additional sketches of 
 his life: 
 
 " The St. Louis New Era announces the death of this celebrated Indian 
 chief. Poison was administered to him by one of his tribe, from the eflfecta 
 of which he died. The Indian was apprehended, confessed his guilt and 
 was shot. 
 
 "Keokuk leaves a son of some prominence, but tliere is little probability 
 of his succeeding the same station, as he is not looked upon by the tribe as 
 inheriting the disposition and principles of his father." 
 
 We close this sketch by appending an extract from a letter recently writ- 
 ten by Judge J. M. Casey, of Fort Madison, to Hon. S. A. James, of 
 Sigourney. 
 
 18 
 
276 BISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 " "While Keokuk was not a Lee county man, I have often seen him liiere. 
 He was an individual of distinguished mark; once seen would always be re- 
 membered. It/was not necessary to be told that he was a chief, you would 
 at once recognize him as such, and stop to admire his, grand deportment. 
 I was quite young when I last saw him, bnt 1 yet remember his appearance 
 and every lineament of his face as well as if it had been yesterday, and this 
 impression was left upon every person who saw him, whether old or young. 
 It is hard for us to realize that an Indian could be so great a man. But it 
 is a conceded fact, by all the early settlers who knew him, that Keokuk pos- 
 sessed, in a prominent degree, the elements of greatness." 
 
 INDIAN INCIDENTS AND REMINISCENCES. 
 
 During the visit of Keokuk, Wapello and their party at Boston, which 
 has already been referred to, there was a great struggle between the man- 
 agers of the two theaters of that place to obtain the presence of the Indians 
 in order to "draw houses." At the Tremont, the aristocratic one, the 
 famous tragedian, Forrest, was tilling an engagement. His great play, in 
 which he acted the part of a gladiator, and always drew his largest audi- 
 ences, had not yet come off, and the manager was disinclined to bring it 
 out while the Indians were there, as their presence always insured a full 
 house. General Street, who, as before remarked, was in charge of the 
 party, being a strict Presbyterian, was not much in the theatrical 
 line, hence Major Beach, to whom we are indebted for the facts 
 of this incident, and who accompanied General Street at the time, took the 
 matter in hand. He knew that this particular play would suit the Indiana 
 better than those simple declamatory tragedies, in which, as they could not 
 understand a word, there was no action to keep them interested, so he pre- 
 vailed upon the manager to bring it out, promising that the Indians would 
 be present. 
 
 In the exciting scene, where the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the 
 Indians gazed with eager, and breathless anxiety, and as Forrest, finally 
 pierced through the breast with his adversary's sword, fell dying, and as 
 the other drew his bloody weapon from the body, heaving in the convul- 
 sions of its expiring throes, and while the curtain was descending, the whole 
 Indian coitapany burst out with their fiercest war whoop. It was a fright- 
 ful yell to strike suddenly upon unaccustomed ears, and was immediately 
 followed by screams of terror from the more nervous among the women 
 and children. For an instant the audience seemed at a loss, but soon ut- 
 tered a hearty round of applause — a just tribute to both actor and Indians. 
 
 During the same visit to Boston, Major Beach says that the Governor 
 gave them a public reception at the State House. The ceremony took place 
 in the spacious Hall of Eopresentatives, every inch of which was jammed 
 with humanity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and appropri- 
 ate address of welcome, it devolved upon one of the chiefs to reply, and 
 Appanoose, in his turn, as, at the conclusion of his "talk," advanced to 
 grasp the Governor's hand, said: "It is a great day that the sun 
 shines upon when two such great chiefs take each other by the hand!" 
 The Governor, with a nod of approbation, controlled his facial mus- 
 cles in a most courtly gravity. But the way the house came down " was 
 a cavition," all of which Appanoose doubtless considered the Yankee way 
 of applauding his speech. 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COTJNTT. 277 
 
 The Indians seldom occupied their permanent villages except during the 
 time ofplanting or securing their crop, after which they would start out on 
 a short hunt, if the annuity — which was usually paid within six weeks 
 from the 1st of September— had not been received. Immediately after pay- 
 ment, it was their custom to leave their village for the winter, hunting 
 through this season by families and small parties, leading the regular 
 nomad life, changing their location from lime to time, as the supply of 
 game and the need — so essential to their comfort — of seeking places near 
 the timbered streams best protected from the rigors of winter, would re- 
 qiiire. It was, doubtless, on one of these tours through the country that 
 Kish-ke-Kosh once stopped over night at the house of a white man. He 
 was accompanied by several companions, who slept together on a buffalo 
 hide within view of the kitchen. In the morning when he awoke Kish-ke- 
 Kosh had an eye on the culinary preparations there going on. The lady of 
 the house — it is possible she did it intentionally, as she was not a willing 
 entertainer of such guests — neglected to wash her hands before making up 
 the bread. Kish thought he would rather do without his breakfast than 
 eat after such cooking, and privately signified as niuch to his followers, where- 
 upon they mounted their ponies and departed, much to the relief of the 
 hostess. When they arrived at a house some distance from the one they had 
 left, they got their breakfast and related the circumstance. 
 
 This Krsh-ke-kosh previous to 1837 was simply a warrior chief in the 
 village of Keokuk. The warrior chief was inferior to the village chief, to 
 which distinction he afterward attained. The village presided over by this 
 chief is well remembered by many of the early settlers of Richland town- 
 ship. It was located, some say, just over the line in what is now White 
 Oak township, Mahaska county. Major Beach thus describes it: "The 
 place cannot be located exactly according to our State maps, although the 
 writer has.often visited it in Indian times; but somewhere out north from 
 Kifkville, and probably not twelve miles distant, on the banks of Skunk 
 river, not far above the Forks of Skunk, was a small village of not over fif- 
 teen or twenty lodges, presided over by a man of considerable importance, 
 though not a chief, named Kish-ke-kosh. The village was on the direct 
 trail — in fact it was the converging point of two trails — from the Hardfish 
 village, and the three villages across the river below Ottumwa, to the 
 only other permanent settlement of the tribes, which was the village of 
 Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with Wapello, situated upon the 
 Iowa river." 
 
 Here the squaws, after grubbing out hazel brush on the banks of the 
 creeks or the edge of the timber, unaided by either plow or brave, planted 
 and tended their patches of corn, surrounding them by rude fences of wil- 
 low, which were renewed each year. Here the men trained their ponies, 
 hunted, fished and loafed, until the 1st of May, 1843, when they bade adieu 
 to their bark covered huts. The following incident is located at this point: 
 Some time about 1841 Major Beach, Indian agent, in company with W. B. 
 Street and others, came up from Agency City on some business with Kish- 
 ke-kosh. Arriving late in the evening they encamped near the village, and 
 on the following morning Kish-ke-kosh with his assistants came over to the 
 camp to receive them. Tlie pipe of peace was lighted and passed around, 
 and the business transacted. After the council the whites were invited to 
 come over in the evening to the feast which the Indians proposed having 
 in honor of their visit. The invitation was accepted, and presently the 
 
278 HISTOET OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 
 
 whites heard a great howling among the dogs, and looking in the direction 
 of the village they could plainly see the preparations for the supper. A 
 number of dogs were killed and stretched on stakes a few inches above the 
 ground. They were then covered with dried grass, which was set on fire 
 and the hair singed off, after which, after the dogs had passed through the 
 scraping process, they were cut up and placed in pots along with a quantity 
 of corn. The whites were promptly in attendance, but on account of their 
 national prejudice they were provided with venison instead of dog meat. 
 After the feast dancing was commenced: first, the Green Corn dance, then 
 the Medicine dance, and closing just before morning with the Scalp dance. 
 Kish-ke-kosh did not take part in this Terpsichorean performance, but sat 
 with the whites, laughing, joking, and telling stories. 
 
 On another occasion, Kish-ke-kosh and his suit, consisting of several 
 prominent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk river, 
 went to the house of a Mr. Micksell on a friendly visit, and he treated them 
 to a feast. Besides Kish-ke-kosh and his wife, who was a very lady like 
 person, this party consisted of his mother (Wyhoma), the son of Wapello, 
 and his two wives; Mashaweptine, his wife, and all their children. The 
 old woman on being asked how old she was, replied : " Mach-ware-renaak- 
 we-kauh" (may be a hundred); and indeed her bowed form and hideously 
 shriveled features would justiiy the belief that she was that old. The 
 whole party were dressed in more than ordinarily becoming style; prob- 
 ably out of respect for their hostess, who, knowing something of their vo- 
 racious appetites, had made ample preparations for them. When the table 
 was surrounded, Kish-ke-kosh, who had learned some good manners, as well 
 as acquired cleanly taste, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion 
 before eating anything himself. With an amusingly awkward imitation of 
 what he had seen done among the whites, Kish-ke-kosh passed the various 
 dishes to the others, showing the ladies especial attention, and helped them 
 to the best of everything on the table, with much apparent disinterested- 
 ness. But when he came to help himself his politeness assumed the In- 
 dian phase altogether. He ate like a person with a bottomless pit inside 
 of him for a stomach, taking everything within his reach, without regard 
 to what should come next in the course, so only that he liked the taste of 
 it. At last, after having drank some five or six cups of coffee and eaten a 
 proportionate amount of solid food, his gastronomic energy began to 
 abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and with apparent concern 
 for his want of appetite, said: " Why, Kish, do you not eat your dinner ? 
 Have another cup of coffee and eat something." In reply to this hospita- 
 ble urgency Kish-ke-kosh leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and 
 drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he 
 was. Of course, the others had eaten in like proportion, making the most 
 of an event that did not happen every day. 
 
 The Indians in this region had a novel way of dealing with drunken peo- 
 ple. When one of them became unsafely drunk he was tied neck and 
 heels, so that he could be rolled about like a hoop, which operation was- 
 kept up till the fumes of liquor had vanished, when he was released. The 
 sufferer would beg for mercy, but to no avail. After he was sobered off he 
 showed no marks of resentment, but seemed to recognize the wisdom of 
 the proceeding. 
 
 The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were a very religious peoplej^ 
 in their way, always maintaining the observance of' a good many rites. 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 279 
 
 ceremonies and feasts in their worship of the Kitche Mulito or Great Spirit. 
 Feasts did not seem to be prescribed in any of their missals, however, be- 
 cause, perhaps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other eatables, 
 were not of impossible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was 
 to let to-morrow take care of itself. Some of the ceremonies bore such re- 
 semblance to some of those laid down in the books of Moses, as to have 
 justified the impression among Biblical students, that all the lost tribes of 
 Israel might have found their way to this continent, and that the North 
 American Indians are the remnants of them. 
 
 During the few years previous to the treaty of 1842, when the boundary 
 line between the white settlements and the reservation ran across the south- 
 eastern corner of the county, it was not of unfrequent occurrence for 
 whites to come across the line and "squat" on the forbidden ground. Un- 
 der these circumstances, it became necessary for the Indian Agent to drive 
 them back and burn their dwellings. Major Beach, to whose published 
 notes we are indebted for many of the foregoing incidents, relates the fol- 
 lowing: "A proclamation had been issued by the Governor of the Territory 
 to remove by military force all tresspassers, who having received a reasona- 
 ble notice had not retired by a certain day. Such military expeditions 
 would of course abound with incidents sometimes amusing, sometimes ex- 
 citing and sometimes disagreeable and embarrassing. We would fre- 
 quently find the men gone and the premises in charge of the women and 
 children, under the belief that they would in some way or other get over 
 the trouble. Excuses would be various, mostly of wagons broken in the 
 very act of starting, or of oxen strayed or horses lost or stolen just a day too 
 Boon; sometimes of sickness, although we failed of observing signs of it. 
 On oue accasion, a soldier over-lieard a well grown girl tell a bright-eyed 
 Junior one not to cry, for 'Pap' was just gone down the branch, and Would 
 come back as soon as the soldiers were gone. And sure enough when the 
 smoke of the burning cabin curled above his hiding place, convincing him 
 that his plan had proved abortive, 'Pap' came rushing around a point of 
 the grove, apparently out of breath, with a long story of his strayed horses 
 that he had hunted till the last day, and then gone to some kindred, some 
 six or eight miles across the line, who were then on the road with their 
 wagons; and that he having heard the bugle, had left them, that in order, 
 by short cuts across the timber and hollows, to get home in time to save 
 his 'plunder'. Well, the Lieutenant told him, that it was all safe, the sol- 
 diers had set it out carefully, without giving his family any trouble to help 
 them; and if only he- had time, he would be glad to remain till his friends 
 arrived and help him load up. The mansion being now burned beyond sal- 
 vation, the bugle sounded to mount and the troop resumed its march. 
 
 " The next amusing incident was in our encounter, soon after the troop 
 had resumed its march, with an old fellow whom we met coming up the 
 somewhat dim road, just along the edge of the timber, on this side of the 
 river. The troop was of between thirty and forty men, with a lieutenant, 
 the captain having stayed at the agency, with the rest of his company, to 
 take care of his supplies in camp. The lieutenant and writer were comfort- 
 ably walking their nags along the said road, the troops at some distance in 
 the rear, following the same easy gait, with their two six-mule wagons be- 
 hind, when we espied a wagon coming around the point of the road not 
 far ahead of us. The team soon showed itself to be a span of black sleek 
 horses, and the entire outfit indicated that the old chap in charge of it was 
 
280 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 not as hard np as his personal look would have lead one to believe. He 
 was for giving us the entire right-of-way, but as we turned ofl" to face him 
 as if we intended to collide, bowed to him, he reined up. 
 
 "According to his story he was out for just a pastime drive up the 
 the ridge, without much object or motive of any kind; but he liad a scythe 
 to cut grass, a good lot of oats and shelled corn in sacks, an extra wagon 
 sheet that would have improvised a tolerably comfortable tent in short, 
 order, a plentiful supply of 'grub' for himself and a boy he had with 
 him, thirteen or fourteen years old, and a forty gallon empty barrel, all 
 suggestive of a contemplated raid upon the bee trees. After some parly, 
 the lieutenant turned him over to the sergeant, who had, in the meantime 
 come up with his Tnen, who in his tarn placed him with a file of troopers 
 as a guard of honor between the two baggage wagons. The old fellow 
 soon got the hang of what was' up, from the soldiers, and as misery loves 
 company, he soon seemed to lose sight of his own disgust in contemplating 
 that of the inmates of the two squatters' cabins we had yet to visit. We 
 soon reached the nearest one and found it abandoned, though very recently, 
 as all signs pi-oved. Stopping long enough to burn the cabin, we then 
 kept on our way to the only remaining trespasser who had put up his cabin 
 on that side of the ridge we were descending. As we turned off to cross 
 the ridge our former captive, whom we now released, seemed for awhile a» 
 if disposed to relieve himself from the engagement of our society as soon 
 as possible. But in a short time he changed his mind, for long before he 
 had traveled the half mile across the ridge we saw that he had turned off' 
 and was in pursuit of us. He reached the house almost as soon as we did, 
 and in full time to say to the lieutenant and myself what could not have 
 been less than an unpleasant feeling of personal sympathy for the family 
 we were about to dislodge. As in several previous instances, the man had 
 gone off, leaving the woman to give reasons and offer excuses for his ab- 
 sence. It was very near night and not less than five mites to the nearest 
 house in the direction in which the woman desired to go. Slie had several 
 children, of whom not the largest even was 3'et of an age to be other than 
 an encumbrance at such a time; nor was there team, wagon, or other means 
 of transportation to be seen. While she was bitterly complaining of her 
 cruel fate in thus being turned out of her house to see it consumed, with 
 herself, children and chattels all night under the open heavens, our lately 
 made acquaintance came to a halt among us, the expression of his features, 
 indicating a much more enjoyable expectation of witnessing the scene 
 ahead than was ever felt by any among us whose duty it was to bring it 
 into action. 
 
 "We accordingly concluded to press him into service, soothing by that 
 proposal much of the distress of the materfamilias, who appeared to be a. 
 person rather superior to the ordinary grade of squatters. The soldiers set 
 about the work of removing her property from the house, and loading such 
 portions of it as she was least disposed to abandon for the night into the 
 old fellow's wagon, and comfortably stowing herself and children on the 
 load, we started him off as soon as she was ready to leave, after having 
 placed the . rest of her effects in as secure a condition as we could. To 
 guard against any possible treachery on the part of the old bee hunter, aS 
 well as in view of any break dDwn before he could strike a smoother road, 
 the lieutenant took the precaution to detach a corporal with a half dozen 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 281 
 
 men to act as an escort over the three miles or so to tlie Indian boundary, 
 beyond which our jurisdiction ceased. 
 
 ' The bouse with its combustible appendages having been set on fire,, we 
 continued our march to a point a mile or two within the civilized part of 
 Iowa Territory, where a well fixed, thrifty settler supplied our commissa- 
 riat, as well as our forage department, with sundry items that a three days 
 expedition through the brush had made acceptable, if not actually needful. 
 Night had fairly set in. The corporal had rejoined the command, and re- 
 ported the bee-hunter and his cargo to be making satisfactory and appar- 
 ently friendly progress at the point lie was ordered to leave them. Our 
 camp fires were soon blazing and the tents pitched, and in a short time a 
 good supper increased the contentment which the lieutenant and agent 
 could not fail to enjoy over the final conclusion of a most unpleasant duty. 
 An early reveille, and the next day at noon found us at the agency." 
 
 Some years ago Mr. A. C. Komig delivered an address before the Sigour- 
 ney Literary and Historical Society, in which he gave an account, by Mr. 
 William Scearcy of a drunken revel he once witnessed among the Indians 
 who resided in his neigborhood: 
 
 "The village consisted of about forty wigwams or lodges, built of poles 
 and bark, and contained about seven hundred inhabitants — Indian squaws, 
 pappooses, dogs and all, under, the chieftainship of the memoi-able Wapello. 
 This band of Indians lived, as Indians usually do, by hunting, fishing, and 
 cultivating a few acres of corn, or Indian maize, rudely enclosed by a 
 miserable excuse of a fence, consisting of stakes driven into the ground 
 and light poles secured by bark. Their flimsy enclosures were a poor pro- 
 tection, and offered but little resistance to the cattle and stock of the neigh- 
 boring white settlers, that continually broke into their fields and destroyed 
 their crops. The natural result of all this was to embitter the feelings and 
 excite the hatred of the savages, whose natural, thirst to revenge their 
 wrongs, either real or imaginary, was not ameliorated in the least; but on 
 the contrary it was vastly increased and irritated by the use of ardent spir- 
 its, which they obtained a short distance down the river at a mill, and which 
 they used to great excess. 
 
 "I have been a frequent witness," continues Mr. Scearcy, "of their drunk- 
 en carousals, and saw at one time not less than five hundred drunken In- 
 dians and squaws upon the ground at once, presenting a scene, of squalid 
 wretchedness, and human degradation painful to behold. There, a squad of ' 
 stalwart Indians, drinking, carousing, quarreling and fighting, while close at 
 hand were a squad of fiftj', perhaps a hundred, squaws in alike unenviable con- 
 dition, chattering, drinking, quarreling and pulling each other's hair, scratch- 
 ing, biting, gouging, crying, laughing, yelling, and making all sorts of hide- 
 ous noises — the scene relieved occasionally by a member of the sterner sex 
 pitching in to display his superior qualities, while to add comicality to the 
 affray the dusky mother might be seen with pappooses strapped upon their 
 backs, and safely screened by some friendly tree, or other shelter, quietly, 
 contemplating the scene, but, like Falstafi", taking good care to keep out of 
 harm's way. We stood and gazed in mute amazement upon this living, re- 
 volving, squirming mass of human flesh and hair, utterly unconscious of 
 any danger to ourself until approached by the chief, Wapello, and admon- 
 ished by the friendly word, puck-a-chee, which signifies you had better 
 
282 HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COITNTT. 
 
 leave, and then deeming discretion the better part of valor we gave them 
 ' French leave' and turned aiir faces homeward." 
 
 During sickness there was usually great attention given to tlie comfort of 
 the Indians, and diligent efforts to cure the patient, but when it became 
 apparent that recovery was impossible, the patient, while still alive,, was 
 dressed in his best attire and painted according to the fancy of the relatives 
 present, ornamented with all the trinkets, jewels and badges, dressed in his 
 best attire, and then placed upon a mat or a platform to die. The guns, 
 bows, arrows, axes, knives and other weapons, were all carried away from 
 the house or lodge and concealed. Tliey alleged that these preparations 
 were necessary to evince their respect to the Great Spirit who, at the mo- 
 ment of death, visits the body of the dying, receives the spirit, and carries 
 it with Him to Paradise, while the concealment of all warlike implements 
 shows their humble submission to, and non-resistance of, the Divine will. 
 
 Dead bodies were sometimes deposited in graves; others placed in a sit- 
 ting posture, reclining against a rock or tree; others, again, were deposited 
 in boxes, baskets, or cases of skins, and suspended in the branches of trees, 
 or upon scaffolds erected for the purpose. Elevated parcels of dry ground 
 were usually selected as burial places, and not so much re^gard was had for 
 the cardinal points of the compass as to the relative position of some neigh- 
 boring object. The graves were arranged usually with reference to some 
 river, lake or mountain. Where it was convenient, the grave when enclosed, 
 was covered with stones and under other circumstances it was enclosed 
 with wooden slabs, upon which were painted with red paint certain signs 
 or symbols commemorative of the decea,sed's virtues. The death of a near 
 relative was lamented with violent demonstrations of grief. Widows vis- 
 ited the graves of their deceased husbands with hair disheveled, carrying a 
 bundle composed of one or more of the deceased's garments, and to this 
 representative of her departed husband she addressed her expressions of 
 grief and assurances of. undying affection, and extreme anxiety for the 
 comfort and well being of the departed. 
 
 EAELY SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Every nation does not possess an authentic account of its origin, neither 
 do all communities have the correct data whereby it is possible to accu- 
 rately predicate the condition of their first beginnings. Nevertheless, to 
 be intensely interested in such things is characteristic of the race, and it is 
 particularly the province of the historian to deal with first causes. Should 
 these facts, as is often the case, be lost in the mythical tradition of the past, 
 the chronicler invades the realm of the ideal, and compels his imagination 
 to paint the missing picture. The patriotic Eoinan, was not content till he 
 had found the "First Settlers", and then he was satisfied, although they 
 were found in the very undesirable company of a she bear, and located on a 
 drift, which the receeding waters of the Tiber had permitted them to pre- 
 empt. 
 
 One of the advantages pertaining to a residence in a new country, and 
 the one possibly least appreciated, is the fact that we can go back to the 
 first beginnings. We are thus enabled not only to trace results to their 
 causes but also to grasp the facts which have contributed to form and mould 
 these causes. We observe that a State or county has attained a certain po- 
 sition, and we at once try to trace out the reasons for this position in its 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 283 
 
 «arly settlement and surroundings,in the class of men by whom it was peo- 
 pled and in the many chances and changes which have wrought out results 
 in ali the recorded deeds of mankind. In the history of Keokuk county, we 
 may trace its early settlers to their homes in the Eastern States and in the 
 countries of the Old World. We may follow the course of the hardy wood- 
 man of the "Buckeye" or the "Hoosier" State on his way west to "grow up 
 up with the country," trusting only to his strong arm and his willing heart 
 to work out his ambition of a home for himself and wife, and a competence 
 for his children. Yet again, we may seethe path worn by the Missourian in his 
 new experience in a land which to him was a land of progress, far in advance 
 of that southern soil upon which he had made his temporary home, in his ef- 
 fort to adapt himself to new conditions. We may see here the growth which 
 came with knowledge, and the progress which grew upon him with progress 
 around him, and how his better side developed. The pride of Kentucky 
 blood, or the vain glorying of the YirginiaF. F. V's, was here seen in an 
 early day only to be modified in its advent from the crucible of democracy 
 when servitude was eliminated from the solution. Yet others have been 
 animated with the impulse to "move on," after making themselves part of the 
 community, and have sought the newer parts of the extreme West, where 
 civilization had not penetrated, or return to their native soil. We shall 
 find little of that distictive New England character which has contributed 
 80 many men and women to other portions of our State and the West, but 
 we shall find many an industrious native of Germany or the British Isles, 
 and a few of the industrious and economical French — all of whom have 
 contributed to modify types of men already existing here. With confidence 
 that general results will prove that there is much of good in everything, 
 and that a justice almost poetic has been meted put to the faults and follies, 
 to the tbibles and the virtues of the early settlers of this county, we may 
 now enter upon their story. 
 
 As before stated, prior to October 21, 1838, the whites were not allowed 
 to settle in any part of the territory now embraced in the boundaries of 
 Keokuk county. At that time the United States came into possession of 
 territory before held by the Indians; this new territory embraced within 
 its bounds a small portion of what is now Keokuk county, including nearly 
 all of the southeastern (Kichland) township, and about half of the first, 
 and a small portion of the secona townships north of it. Upon this 
 " strip," as has already been shown, the whites were then entitled to set- 
 tle. This, however, cannot be taken as the date of first settlement; prior 
 to that time a number of claims had been made and improvements com- 
 menced. The treaty had been made, and although, theoretically, this was 
 forbidden ground, and the pioneers could at best but take a position on 
 the border line and view at a distance the promised land, yet, practically, 
 the country was open for exploration some months sooner, and the more 
 adventuresome land-viewers and claim-seekers crossed over, looking at the 
 country and marking the best localities, in order that they might be the 
 better prepared to make an intelligent selection before settling a perma- 
 nent claim. Early in the spring of this year a claim had been taken and a 
 permanent settlement began. From this time, therefore, must be traced 
 the history of Keokuk county, and at that time must be dated the "first 
 settlement." 
 
284: HisTOBr OF keokuk county. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLERS. 
 
 In some counties there is great uncertainty as to who was the veritable 
 "First Settler." In Keokuk county no such dispute is likely ever to oc- 
 cur. All accounts agree in attributing this distinction to Mr. Aaron Mil- 
 ler, who, together with his son, John Miller, took claims and settled in the 
 immediate vicinity of the present site of Richland. The first habitation 
 erected was a cabin built by Mr. Miller, near the present residence of Mr. 
 Isaac Davis. Mr. Miller is now dead ; so is his son, John Miller, but his 
 son-in-law "Wm. Scearcy, still lives in an adjoining township. 
 
 In the fall of the same year a few others came, and in the spring of 183ft 
 Robert Pringle, James Higginbotham, Wm. Lewis, Wm. Bristow, John 
 Wasson, Mitchell Gill and James M. Smith, came from the same neighbor-i 
 hood in Indiana, and settled near to and east of the present site of Rich- 
 land. Some of these still live near where they originally settled; some are 
 dead, while others, after remaining a number of years, again fell in with, 
 the tide of emigration and have been borne westward. 
 
 Mr. Bristow is the oldest settler in the county who still resides on hia 
 original claim. He knows all that is comprehended in the meaning of the 
 word " Pioneer," and has experienced all the trials and hardships incident 
 to frontier life. ISTotwithstanding this, Mr. Bristow is still robust and 
 healthy, and thanks to a more thaii ordinarily vigorous constitution, has 
 not known a day during the past forty years when he was not able to attend 
 to his aifairs of business. 
 
 Mr. Smith was prominently identified with the organization of the 
 county, and became a member of the first board of county commissioners. 
 
 Prominent among those who came during the years 1839-40 were the 
 following: Joseph Kellum, Joab Bennett, five brotliers by the name of 
 Brown, to-wit: Jerry, Bowzier. William, Talton and Monroe; Jerry- Keui 
 dall, James Roy, Henry Hardin, Peter Perry, James Miller, Wm. Miller, 
 Elijah Searc}', ]3avid Myers, Richard Quinton, Horace Bagley, Wm. Lew- 
 man, James Lewraan, Elias Whetston, Theodore Cox; and three brothers: 
 William, John, and Ross Franklin; and four brothers: Henry, Thomas, 
 Joel, and Pleasant Pringle; S. P. Bristow, Cyrus Jordan, Jacob Wimer, 
 Mr. Troxel, Ed. Faj^es, Robert Blacker, J. O. Casterline, and J. J. 
 Franklin. 
 
 Mr. Kellum became the first Probate Judge of the county. Mr. Quin- 
 ton was one of the delegates, to the first constitutional convention; and 
 others of the afore-mentioned gentlemen became, in one way and another, 
 prominently associated in the early development and organization of the 
 county. 
 
 Prominent among those on the north side of the river were Harvey Ste- 
 vens and the Hendersons, Dr.Worthington, Dr. Mealy, William Grimsley,. 
 Wm. Shockley, John Baker, Wesley Goss, James Junkin, E. B. Holmes, 
 Robert Alexander, John Crill, Sr., Ed. Cooley, and Michael Hornish. 
 
 Not many of the settlers of the spring of 1839 came early enough to 
 raise a crop that season. A few, however, with their long team of oxen, 
 and wooden mould-board plows, turned the sod and raised some sod corn, 
 which helped them much in getting their stock through the winter. Most 
 of the people, however, had to depend on prairie hay for feed for their 
 stock which they had driven from the States, and which were by the long 
 journey reduced to great poverty. The result was that mnch of this stock 
 
HI8TOKY OP KEOKUK COUNTY. 285 
 
 died during the winter, arid the teams with which they were compelled to 
 begin the spring work were not in a condition to do the vast amount of 
 work consequent upon the opening of farms. Their bread was made of 
 cornmeal and water. Their meat was such as they were able to procure by 
 the use of their trusty rifles. Flour was scarce and dear, and they had to 
 go to Burlington to procure it. 
 
 Two of these early settlers deserve to be especially mentioned: William 
 Scearoy and Jacob Wimer. The former still resides in the county. AU 
 tbongh he is now quite aged, and his life one of trial and hardship, yet his- 
 step is still elastic and his mind clear and memory reliable. A short sketch 
 of his early life will be interesting to the reader and eminently proper ia 
 this place. We will let him tell his own story : 
 
 " My father, Robert Scearcy, was born in Virginia in the year 1782, and 
 died and was buried in this township April 18, 1857. My mother's name 
 was Mary Spivey. They were married in North Carolina, and were the 
 parents of thirteen children: ten girls and three boys, 1 being the fifth 
 child. 
 
 I was born in Buncombe county, Nortii Carolina, in the year 1813. When 
 quite young my parents moved to Warren county. Tennessee, where we re- 
 mained until the fall of 1829, when we started for Indiana, but owing to 
 sickness we did not reaeh our destination until the spring of 1830; stayed 
 a while in Morgan county, Indiana, and from there to Sangamon county,. 
 Illinois, where I was married April 7, 1836, to Sarah Miller (daughter of 
 Aaron Miller, who was the first settler in this county, and died several 
 years ago in this township). The same spring after I was married, myself 
 and wife, in company with two brother-in-laws, John and James Miller and 
 their families, started for Iowa, and being the first emigrants with teams 
 that came west farther than Lockridge, we followed the township line from 
 there by the marks on the trees in the timber, and the stakes and mounds 
 on the prairies, until we reached what is now known as Pleasant Plain, in 
 Jefferson county. The land at that time had not been surveyed out in smaller 
 subdivisions than townships, and was not yet in market. I purchased a 
 claim of 160 acres and adjoining my claim I laid out that town, consisting 
 of 300 lots. The town of Brighton, in Washington county, was located 
 the same fall. I broke about twelve acres of prairie that spring, during 
 which time we lived in a tent. The greater part of the summer we spent 
 in breaking prairie on the north side of Skunk river. A great many emi- 
 grants came in without families, would take claims and hired us to break a 
 few acres — -just sufficient to hold their claims until they should return in 
 the fall, agreeing to pay us for the work when they returnd; but they did 
 did not come back, and we found that we had done our work for nothing — 
 lost it all. 
 
 "While on the north side of the river we lived in an Indian 'wigwam' 
 made of bark. Here is where Wapello and his tribe lived at that time. 
 They had quite a town, and some of them had small patches of ground 
 that they cultivated, raising some corn and a few vegetables. It was a 
 great sight to the Indians to see the prairie plow turning the sod over. 
 The little fellows would follow us day after day, watching the plowing pro- 
 cess. The Indians, as a general thing, treated us kindly enough, but seemed 
 to look upon us with a kind of jealousy. They were great fellow's for whisky 
 ■ at all times, but on special occasions they made whisky a special resort. 
 
286 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 On the occasion of the death of one of Wapello's sons, the old chief him- 
 self swam across the river, procured a barrel of whisky, floated it across 
 the river, and such a time as they had .1 never witnessed before or since. 
 Men, women and children beastly drunk for several days, some shouting the 
 war whoop, some crying and wailing, and some sleeping — one continuous 
 uproar as long as the whisky lasted. 
 
 " After laying out the town of Pleasant Plain, I made a sale of lots and 
 sold about five hundred dollars worth, some desirable ones going as high 
 as forty dollars. The land not yet being in market, I could make no deeds, 
 but gave bonds for deeds to be made as soon as I should get deeds from the 
 government, taking their notes, to be paid when they received the deeds. 
 
 "The only ferries we had to cross the river was our wagons; we had no 
 other means of crossing except by swimming the teams, wagons and all. 
 In the fall we went back to Sangammon county. 111., expecting to return in 
 the spring, as our provisions were all gone, and no means of securing a sup- 
 ply for the winter, as we had no money and could not have bought supplies 
 if we had money. Owing to sickness in my family, I did not return to 
 Iowa until the spring of 1839. When I came to Pleasant Plain I found the 
 Quakers had taken advantage of my absence and 'jumped' my claim, 
 town and all, and as I could not legally hold it, they would not give it up 
 nor pay me anything for what I had done. So I came on west and settlea 
 in Richland township, where Moses Mendenhall now lives. David MyerS' 
 took a claim adjoining on the south, and although there was not a solitary 
 house between him and Fairfield, yet he had not room enough. He 
 crowded me out, and I abandoned that claim and settled another, the one 
 •which J. 0. Johnson now lives on. I lived around in that vicinity until the 
 spring of 1843. On the 30th day of April I moved into Jackson town- 
 ehip, although, according to the treaty, we were not allowed to settle on 
 this purchase until the first day of May. I commenced staking out my 
 claim early the next morning. William Brown, who was then living at 
 Blue Point, tried to frighten me away from the claim, threatening to mob 
 me; but having actual possession first, I held the claim, on which I have 
 lived ever since. The first year I fenced forty acres, broke out thirty acres 
 ■of sod and put it in corn, on which I raised a good crop — plenty to do me 
 and some to sell. I raised as good potatoes and cabbage as I have ever 
 raised since. I planted the corn before I fenced the ground, made the rails 
 and fenced it during the summer. I laid out in my corn many nights with 
 a sod for a pillow, watching the cattle off my crop, and this barefooted, 
 when rattlesnakes were as numerous as the grasshoppers and squirrels — 
 and have actually killed thetn in the dark. I lived in a tent that summer, 
 and in the fall I built a cabin. 
 
 "A great deal of trouble was caused to settlers on account of 'claim 
 jumping;' when the land came into market there were a great many poor 
 men who had not money to pay for their land, and others more able would 
 enter the land at the office, and had it not been for a kind of club law got- 
 ten up by the settlers for their own protection, probably much more dis- 
 tress would have been than really was. 
 
 "The first church organization in this county was by Andrew P. Tanne- 
 hill, building on Spainshower's foundation, in the fall of 184.3; organized 
 the Baptist church. 
 
 " The first school taught in the township was by a man by the name of 
 Brown, in a log cabin near where John Dare now lives. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKTJK COUNTY. 28T 
 
 "I have raised a family of ten children: six boys and four girls, all of 
 whom are still living; and they are all here, except one daughter who live& 
 in Kansas. 
 
 t, "I professed religion in the year 1819 and joined the Baptist church, of 
 which I have been a member ever since. 
 
 "Politically, I am a Democrat, alway have been, and always expect to be; 
 my first vote being cast for Martin Yan Bnren for President. 
 
 " In looking over the county now, and contrasting its appearance with 
 thirty-five years ago, what a remarkable change we discover: then a vast 
 ocean of prairie, upon miles and miles of which nothing could be seen but 
 the native grass, interspersed with groves, belts of timber, rivulets and 
 streams, inhabited only by the red skins and wild animals. Now, how dif- 
 ferent! The white man has made his mark here. All over this country, 
 what was then one vast wild prairie, we see, we might say, one continuous 
 farm, separated only by roads and fences. In looking over those few yeara 
 past, it seems that such a change could not have taken place in so short a 
 time. Then we had our log cabin school-houses, with split logs or fence 
 rails for seats. Then we had preaching in our log cabins, and people were 
 not ashamed to ride in an ox wagon four or five miles to meeting, and if 
 they were not able to wear shoes they did not hesitate to go barefoot and 
 without any coat. They went to meeting for the enjoyment of true relig- 
 ion, and had no fears of being insulted by Mr. Etiquette or Madame Fash- 
 
 Jacob "Wimer settled in the vicinity of Kichland in the year 1839. He 
 proved to be the most valuable accession which had, up to this time, been 
 made to the little colony. He was a man of the most invincible energy, 
 possessed of other striking traits of character, and, moreover, a practical 
 mill-wright. No one man did more to advance the interests of the early 
 settlers, and to develop the resources of the county, than he. Soon after 
 arriving, Mr. "Wimer set about the work of mill-building. The first mill 
 in the county was commenced by him in June, 1842, and located on South 
 Skunk river, near the confluence of the two streams. It was completed in 
 the following February. The mill was built about five rods west of the- 
 boundary line of the original Black Hawk purchase. In selecting the site 
 he found that he could not erect the mill to advantage unless he put it on 
 the Indian side of the line. The trespass was but a few steps, and he sup- 
 posed that it would work no injury to the red man. But the red man 
 came and pointed out to him the line between Che-mo-keman and Mus- 
 qua-ke. Mr. Wimer was apparently too dull of comprehension to under- 
 stand the import of the Indians' protestations, and went on with his milL 
 The red skins had learned too much of freedom in their own wild forests 
 to be thus encroached upon, and regarded in a diplomatic manner a tres- 
 pass of fifty yards as equal to the inundation of the whites to the very 
 center ot their hunting grounds. The consequence was that they appealed 
 to the United States authorities, and a troop of dragoons was dispatched 
 to drive Mr. "Weimer off the forbidden ground and burn his. buildings. 
 One morning, shortly after the completion of the mill, these epauletted 
 gentlemen bore down upon Mr. Wimer. This gentleman, however, was 
 not altogether taken by surprise, as he had certain intimations of the raid 
 upon his premises. He had, accordingly, prior to the arrival of the dra- 
 goons, removed all vestiges of the boundary line, for several miles on 
 
■288 HISTORY OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 ■either side of the river. * When the dragoons arrived they rode up to the 
 side of the stream on the south bank of the river, and there hitched their 
 (horses. Thereupon the whole squad crossed upon the ice, each man having 
 girted at his side an immense sword, which trailed on the ground, at his 
 side. The oflScer, in a very pompous style, started up to Mr. Wimer and 
 said: 
 
 "Do you know, sir, where you are?" Mr. Wimer met his gaze firmly, 
 ■and in a very decided manner replied: "I think I do, sir." 
 
 The officer then stated to Mr. Wimer that the mill was on the Indian's 
 land, and his instructions were to destroy it, and his imperative duty was 
 to obey. This was a critical moment for the millwright. He had invested 
 ■all his means in the mill, and looking at the building and then at the 
 ■officer, scarcely knew what to say. He could not for a moment entertain 
 ■the thought that years of toil and labor should be in vain, and that 
 this structure which represented that toil and labor should be demolished 
 merely to satisfy the caprices of a few savages, and that too at a time when 
 it was known that they would, as they did, sell out as soon as a treaty 
 could be concluded. After exhibiting his machinery to the party, and 
 making himself as agreeable as his unsafe condition would permit, he 
 cooly requested the dragoons to accompany him about one hundred yards 
 west of the mill, where, pointing to each side of the river, he called atten- 
 tion to marks and notches on the trees, and turning to the commander re- 
 marked : 
 
 " You see, sir, I knew where I was, and we need not disturb one another," 
 •at the same time he gave him a look which seemed to say: " Do you com- 
 prehend my meaning?" 
 
 Whether the dragoon captain believed this to be the true line or not, at 
 least he pretended that he did, and venting a few oaths upon the swarthy 
 faCes for causing them a cold and needless ride, called off his men and de- 
 parted, to the great relief of the mill owner. 
 
 Soon after this circumstance Mr. Wimer sold the mill to Mr. L. B. 
 Hughes, and removed to a mill-site on North Skunk river, where he began 
 the erection of what was afterward known as the " Whisler Mills." After 
 Ihese mills were nearly completed, he sold an interest in them to Mr. J. B. 
 Whisler. Shortly after the mills were completed he sold the remainder of 
 his interest to Mr. Whisler, and removed to Mahaska county, where he 
 commenced the erection of the Union Mills, on North Skunk, finishing 
 them about two years afterward. Some time having elapsed, he sold this 
 mill, and returned to Keokuk county, and built what was known as the 
 Wimer Mill, on South 'Skunk. A sawing attachment was put up in this 
 mill by Mr. Abrams soon after. Mr. Harvey Ray, of Burlington, who, up 
 to this time, had furnished burrs for most of the mills in southeastern 
 Iowa, said that this mill was the best grist-mill in the State. 
 
 In 1857 Mr. Wimer moved to Eay county, Missouri, and erected another 
 large grist and saw-mill, and also conducted a large farm. In 1859 he again 
 returned to Keokuk county, having sold out in Missouri, and this time pur- 
 chased the Goodheart mill, on North Skunk, about one mile from Lancas- 
 ter. After Mr. Wimer bought this mill he repaired it and remodeled its 
 machinery, and then sold it to Mr. Austin Jacobs. He then moved to a 
 farm near Lancaster, declaring his intention of retiring from the milling 
 business, but subsequently removed to Oregon, where he was at last ao- 
 ■counts following Ms old business. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 289 
 
 Mr. Wimer was a man of great benevolence, and many still living in 
 the county have reason to remember him with feelings of gratitude. In 
 1^11 public enterprises, whether for a charitable object, a church building, a 
 bridge, or any other thing to enhance the general good, Mr. Wimer was 
 always among the most liberal; and yet modest, not taking one-half the 
 alms he gave to keep the other half sounding. Soon after he purchased 
 the last mill there was a great scarcity of breadstuffs; just preceding the 
 harvest many of the best prepared farmers were closely pushed to obtain 
 the staif of life. During this time Mr. Wimer freely distributed to the 
 more necessitous class all the toll and other grain he could control. It is 
 gratifying to know that Mr. Wimer is but one representative of a large 
 class of men who lived in this county at an early day, and who did so much 
 to mould the character of the people and develop the resources of the 
 country. 
 
 We have been th.us concise and yet explicit in the account of these rep- 
 resentative men because we deem it important, and the reader can judge 
 from the history of one of them, so graphically and intelligently given in 
 his own language, what manner of men they were. It will be observed 
 that we have here no rude adventurers, driven out from their fellows by 
 crime or melancholy; nor hunters or fishermen, too indolent to work; but 
 we see intelligent, industrious men, who felt the lack of all those blessings 
 which adhere to older civilization, yet strong enough to break away from 
 them. Men who were ambitious to make their own future, and thus make 
 the future of the country in which they settled. It will be perceived from 
 what has been said of them, that they immediately upon their arrival pro- 
 ceeded to work; that they broke prairie, built mills, erected houses, exter- 
 minated noxious animals — in short, they were the forerunners of that thrift 
 and industry and content which have made the county great and populous 
 and wealthy, as well as intelligent and progressive in all the arts of higher 
 civilization. The first settlers of Keokuk county were, therefore, men who 
 were worthy to be among her citizens of to-day. The forerunners who car- 
 ried civilization into the wilderness were of such a cast, of such a nature, 
 of such strength and industry, of such ability and such a character, that 
 the best of to-day might yet follow where they would lead, confident that 
 they would work for the upbuilding of the county, and that nothing of dis- 
 honor would come to them through their leaders. 
 
 It would be interesting could we but go back, even in fancy, to the con- 
 dition of affairs when these men first saw this county in 1839. Could we 
 but have seen the sublimity of this great and fertile region, where but few, 
 even of the red men, were then living; could we but imagine what were 
 the thoughts, hopes, ambitions, purposes of these pioneers, as they recalled 
 the rocky hills and mountains of their native States, and compared them 
 with these prairies, waving with naught but the luxuriant growth of wild 
 grasses, the noble forests, of these water-courses, all fulfilling the natural 
 conditions of comfort and wealth for man, and only waiting his.advent to 
 blossom as the rose with the productions of a civilized race, we might have 
 seen, as they saw, that here, " wild in woods, the noble savage ran," with 
 •11 that there could be of nobility in his «ntanght, or rather ill-taught, and 
 treacherous nature, and that suddenly the face of the white man was seen 
 in the forest, surveying its unimpi'oved wealth, and preparing the way for 
 » mightier and greater people. The taciturn, grunting savage heard the 
 unwonted sound of laughter in regious where that meloay might not have 
 
290 HISTOKY OF KEOKTJK OOUNTT. 
 
 been heard since the'long-forgotten days of the mound builders, and he pre- 
 pared to move further aiield, away from his aggressive and more powerful 
 brother. The sound of the ax and the crash of falling timber spoke of 
 new life and animation. For the new-comer in all this wild region there 
 was in every bubbling spring a music sweet as the voices of children. The 
 ripples of the lonely river, flashing against its sides, gave prophecy of towns 
 to spring up amid the sterner sounds of daily toil for a rich reward, iu 
 which all natural forces must become tributary to man's well-being. 
 
 The first white child born in the limits of Keokuk ■county was probably 
 J. F. Searcy, who was born December 15, 1840. An older son of Mr. Win. 
 Searcy was but three months old when brought to the county. 
 
 A NEW DEPAKTUKE. 
 
 From the time of the first settlement of the county in the vicinity of 
 Richland, there was a steady and continuous growth, and what is com- 
 monly known as the " old strip," became well settled for those days. Ifot 
 all the land was taken up by any means; not even a large part of the best 
 land was secured, but such portions as offered the greatest inducement to 
 settlers were pre-empted; and all along the boundary line here, as else- 
 where, were gathered many prospectors, who impatiently awaited the night 
 of April 30, 1843, when they would have a right to pass over and possess 
 the land. 
 
 Those expecting to make settlements on the " new purchase " were for- 
 bidden to come to the reserve until tlie time of its delivery into the hands 
 of the government by, the Indians, May 1, 1843. Dragoons were stationed 
 all along the border, whose. duty it was, to keep the whites out of the coun- 
 try till th^appointed time. For some .weeks previous to the date assigned, 
 settlers came up into the- new country,, prospecting for homes, and were 
 quietly permitted to cross the border and look around, so long as they were 
 unaeco^jcipanied by wagon, and carried no ax. This latter weapon was 
 sometimes placed, without a handle, in the knapsack of the traveler, and 
 an impromptu |iand]e fitted in by a penknife when necessity called for 
 its use. During the lalst few days of April the dragoons relaxed their strict 
 discipline, and an occasional wagon slipped in through the brush. The 
 night of April 30 found some scores of new-comers on the ground, who 
 had been prospecting the country, who had decided mentally what claims 
 they would make, and had various agreements among themselves. These 
 settlers were mostly along or near the river, it then being thought that 
 prairie land was not half so desirable as the river and timber country. 
 
 As it neared midnight on the morning of May 1, settler after settler 
 took his place upon the border of his claim with his bunch of sharpened 
 stakes and lantern, or his blazing torch, and when it was thought twelve 
 o'clock had arrived, there was some lively surveying by amateur engineers 
 in the dark. The claims were paced oflF, .and strange to say there were few 
 cases of dispute, the matter having been pretty generally understood on 
 the preceding day. Some of the claims, were pretty large, more, in fact, 
 than the law sufi'ered the claimants to hold, some of whom were not un- 
 mindful of the wholesome advice of a mother in Hoosierdom, who possibly 
 lived in a later day, but who counseled, "git a plenty while you're gittin,'^ 
 to which the settler added, " and git the best." 
 
 The memorable midnight of that " last day " of April, 1843, dark as it 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 293 
 
 may have been, opened to the welcome dawning of a glorious " May day " 
 in the prosperity of this heaven-favored land as the crowds of anxious em- 
 igrants, so long held in check by the old boundaries, began to cross the line 
 in multitudes and press forward to " possess the land " and secure their 
 claims of 320 acres each in goodly heritage. It was a rapid, successful 
 movement in the advancement of emigration and civilization, which gave 
 evident and assuring proof of the wisdom of the government in promptly 
 securing the title to this valuable territory. It is estimated that before the 
 nightfall of May 1, 1843, there were nearly one thousand of such claims 
 occupied by pioneers, and including in the count the families and attend- 
 ants of these, in so short a time an aggregate population of about four 
 thousand souls, had crossed the old limits to find homes in the new posses- 
 sions, and convert the Indian's hunting ground into the white man's earthly 
 Eden. 
 
 Thus had come at last the much desired day, bringing to the unsettled 
 pioneer the welcome privilege to choose, from all the goodly land before 
 him, his future home. When the last barrier of restraint was 
 thus removed, the tide of emigration so long held in check be- 
 gan to come in at a rapid rate over these prairies, and thus has it continued 
 to roll, wave after wave, in rapid succession, until it has reached the West- 
 em shore, carrying with it the energy and talents and enterprise of nations, 
 and washing to the surface the gold from the mountains and valleys on the 
 Pacific slope, it has enveloped our land in the mighty main of enterprise 
 and civilization. 
 
 After the way had thus been opened by that memorable treaty, emigra- 
 tion began at once to pour in and spread especially along the river; claim 
 after claim was taken, cabin after cabin was erected, settlement after settle- 
 ment was made, and the enterprising sound of the white man's ax was 
 heard echoing from every side, as with busy stroke he felled the trees, and 
 prepared logs for his humble cabin home. 
 
 Before many days had passed the curling smoke was seen rising through 
 the tree tops from many such hopeful, happy pioneer homes in the west- 
 em wild; and within these rustic walls were found thankful hearts, cheer- 
 ful faces, welcome voices and liberal hospitality, which displayed on every 
 side an air of prosperity and contentment, and made " assurance doubly 
 sure " that the great work of the settlement and cultivation of this fertile 
 land was actually begun by the white pioneer, even within the present ter- 
 ritory of Keokuk county, and that it would be thoroughly carried on to 
 the western territory. 
 
 In order to the improvement of a pioneer home in the West, in those 
 days, timber for fuel and fencing and shelter was considered the material 
 thing in importance, second only to the " staff of life," and therefore the 
 timber lands and tracts of prairie adjoining were almost invariably taken 
 first, since these were considered by the early settlers to be the cream of 
 the country. 
 
 But in this regard, experience, the effectual teacher, soon worked a radi- 
 cal change in the minds of men. When they began to test the fertility 
 and richness of the prairie soil, they soon found that it was much easier 
 and cheaper to haul timber and prepare shelter and dwell in the fresh, pure 
 air on the bleak, yet fertile prairie, feeling sure of an abundant crop with 
 less labor from a large acreage, than it was to have the best advantages of 
 
 19 
 
294 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTr. 
 
 a timber location, and spend time, labor and money in clearing and grub' 
 bing and fertilizing, and then fall short in the yield per a,ore, and be con- 
 fined to a limited area of farming land. 
 
 The timber settlers slowly but surely' became convinced of the fact, and 
 began to reach ont and secure, in some cases, large tracts of the prairie 
 land adjoining them, thus combining these two important elements in one 
 large estate, and securing some of the very finest farms in the country. 
 While, on the other hand, very many of the first settlers on timber claims, 
 from want of means or fear of failure in speculation, did not become awake 
 to the real importance of this until the best sections adjoining them were 
 all taken, and they were compelled either to go out, perhaps miles from 
 their homes, to secure more farming land for their increasing families, or 
 to remain shut in upon their original claims. 
 
 In difi^erent localities throughout our State, many of the first settlers, 
 and best of men, have thus been compelled to sell their comfortable, hard- 
 earned homes when " the boys grow up," and " move out west for more 
 land," or they have found out at last, perhaps, that they are " timber poor," 
 with limited income, and meagre support in return for the faithful, ardu- 
 ous labors, while many of their wealthy prairie neighbors, who only a few 
 years before were the hired hands working by the month or the day for 
 small wages, are now prosperous and independent on their large prairie 
 farms, which yield them bountiful incomes. 
 
 Others, again, soon discovering their mistake in choosing river or timber 
 locations for agricultural pursuits, disposed of the claims as soon as possible 
 at reasonable profits, to their adjoining neighbors, or later arrivals, and 
 moved on toward the front, better prepared by experience to make new and 
 more judicious selections. 
 
 In treating of the early settlements of the county, the reader must bear 
 in mind that at that time none of the present artificial organizations of 
 townships, or even of the county itself, were then in existence. Geograph- 
 ical distinctions, after the removal of the Indian boundary line of 1837, 
 were only such as were made by such natural boundaries as rivers. The 
 township organization, as it now exists, was not made till 184:7, and such 
 distinctions as are made by reference to township lines cannot be spoken of 
 till further on. 
 
 From the older settlements in the southeastern part of the county, the 
 work of permanent improvement spread west and north. South of South 
 Skunk river we find some of the first settlers of Richland taking the best 
 claims. The Eock creek district, now in the bounds of Jackson town- 
 ship, had the reputation of being a goodly land ; and there, especially, was 
 a speedy increase of settlement during the fall of 1843. Among the early 
 settlers in that neighborhood we notice the names of such as Aaron Miller, 
 "William Scearcy, Eobt. Blacker, William Webb and Richard Quinton, most 
 of whom had come over from the Richland settlement, on the night of May 
 1st, while at least one of them, Mr. Scearcy, who had a good many things to 
 move, and to be sure that he would be in time had started a day or two be- 
 forehand. Settlements still further west were made the same day that legal 
 possession was given. Among some of these settlers we mention the names 
 of William Hutton, G. W. Hayes, Christopher M. Wood, and a Mr. Mo- 
 Nutt, who was the first white man buried in that section. Still further 
 west, at a later period, claims were taken and settlements made by D. P. 
 Helm and J. W. Palmer. 
 
HISTOKY OF KBOKtJK COUNTY. 2^5 
 
 Among the first settlers in these neighborhoods south of the river, there 
 was manifested a spirit of enterprise and a desire for the establishment of 
 all branches of industry, as well as the foundation and maintenance of re- 
 ligious and educational institutions. 
 
 We have already spoken of the mill erected by Mr. Wimer, near the 
 forks of the river, and completed in February, 1843. Farther west, some time 
 afterward, Cornelius Hurley and Benjamin Hollingsworth erected a flour- 
 ing mill. It was started with one run of burrs, in the spring of 1846, and 
 is now known as the old " Clapboard Mill." A tannery was erected, in 
 1845, by E. B. Whitted. The first mercantile enterprise started was in 
 Eichland, some time in 1843, by L. J. Smith, the merchandise consisting 
 of groceries and liquors. The first dry goods store was opened by 
 Beriah Haworth, in the year 1844; followed by "William A. Jordan, who 
 established a dry goods and grocery store the following year. Mr. Wil- 
 liams was the first postmaster, followed by William Tingle, who, it seems, 
 was a doctor, and the first one to locate in the county. He — that is, the 
 doctor — was followed by Drs. Jones, Fidler, Efner, etc. Farther west, in 
 1852, a post-office was established by the name of Olean. It was kept at 
 the house of Samuel Bowman, who was the first postmaster. Previous to 
 this time, the nearest post-office was at Eichland, or Fairfield. The office 
 of Olean was removed to loka six years later. As is the case of other 
 times and other places, schools and churches followed, but in a different or- 
 der from that in which we find them elsewhere. It is usual for 'school- 
 houses to be erected first, and here the people meet for public worship until 
 they are able to erect church buildings. The early settlers in the neighbor- 
 hoods now referred to established their church buildings and organized 
 churches before they built school-houses and organized schools. "For sev- 
 eral years the schools were taught in the houses of public worship, or in 
 private dwellings," is the account which the chronicler gives of early 
 school matters in those parts. In 1851 John Davis erected a school build- 
 ing in Eichland, which was known by the name of " The Seminary.' ' 
 •Zachariah Trueblood and John Callet taught the first school in this build- 
 ing. Since then " The Seminary " has had quite a career of usefulness, 
 to which we allude more fully further on. In the Eock creek neighbor- 
 hood,the first school taught was by a teacher of the name of Brown, in a 
 cabin near where John Dare afterward resided. As we shall refer to 
 church buildings and church organizations at length under a special topic,- 
 snfiice it to say here tliat churches were erected as early as 1848, and organ- 
 izations were formed long before that time. Among the early pioneer 
 preachers we mention the names of Andrew P. Tannehill, Elder Kirkpat- 
 rick, Elder Gilmore, and Elder Hutton. 
 
 North of the river we find that quite a settlement had been formed prior 
 to May 1, 1843; after that date settlements spread rapidly north and west. 
 In taking up these claims, some very exciting contests took place between 
 parties whose rights to the same claims interfered. We give the following 
 account of one of the most exciting incidents growing out of one of these 
 contests : 
 
 A valuable water-power had been found on the Indian side of the line, 
 on Forth Skunk river, about two miles above its mouth. The settlers ob- 
 served this, and two of them, each having his adherents, intended to claim 
 and occupy it as soon as they could be entitled to cross over into the new 
 territory. One of these men, L. B. Holmes, as early as February, 1843, 
 
296 HI8T0BT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 built a cabin at the mill-site and moved into it with his family, although 
 the' whites were not legally entitled to settle before the first day of May! 
 The other party, composed of the Messrs. Hendersons, arrived on the 
 ground at dark on the evening of April 30th, and proceeded without delay 
 to smoke out Mr. Holmes. This resulted in the burning of the cabin. 
 Mr. Holmes, then, apparently defenseless with his family, suggested that 
 they should all wait till morning, and then decide who should hold the 
 claim, the other party agreeing to wait till midnight. After that hour, the 
 first claim made was the legal one, according to the rules of the settlers, 
 and the other party, finding that they had force enough to keep Mr. Holmes 
 a prisoner and make the claim. too, agreed to an armistice for a few hours. 
 They were totally unaware that Mr. Holmes had a choice squad of friends 
 concealed, who were quietly noting all that was being done. His direction 
 to these men before night was : " Keep quiet till twelve o'clock ;. after that 
 make the claim as soon as possible. If you are pushed for time, close your 
 lines inside of theirs and make the claim good if you don't get more than 
 ten acres." 
 
 At 12 o'clock, the Henderson party started with their torches, leaving a 
 guard with Mr. Holmes. The party, having the advantage of the lights, 
 kept ahead, and by a signal agreed upon announced that they had sur- 
 rounded the claim. Mr. Holmes cried out, " Boys, have you closed your 
 lines ? " " "We have," was responded with a whoop, and the new party 
 now made their first appearance. The guard lost no time in informing his 
 comrades, who returned without so much as closing their lines, saying they 
 were resolved to have the claim. Mr. Holmes proposed to settle the dis- 
 pute by paying or receiving $280, which the other party agreed to take 
 and quit-claim the premises. In the fall of the same year Mr. Holmes 
 sold the property to Mr. Cooley. Mr. Cooley put up a dwelling house and 
 mill, surveyed lots and called the place Eochester. In the spring of 184:5 
 Eochester contained the families of Cooley, A. H. Haskell, and Charles 
 Frisbie. 
 
 Frisbie was from the town of Eichland, and brought witli him an old 
 bachelor by the name of L. J. Smith, who sold whisky and tobacco. The 
 lands were not yet in market but were subject to pre-emption, and Smith 
 and Frisbie thought to make a good thing of it by pre-empting the mill 
 tract, as they resided on it, and which they actually did. Information of 
 • this fact was soon received from Fairfield, and the country for miles around 
 turned out to have Cooley reinstated in his title to the claim. Smith and 
 Frisbie fied to Eichland, where the company forthwith marched. On 
 hearing of their approach. Smith took his gun and made for the brush. 
 The company soon surrounded the spot. Smith was induced to surrender, 
 and, with Frisbie, was escorted by the company back to the mill. On the 
 route, Frisbie complained of feeling faint and wanted to get ofi' his horse, 
 but the company only regarded it as a ruse to get away, when Holmes, 
 upon looking closely, saw blood on his clothes and inquired, " why, Fris- 
 bie, have you stabbed yourself?" "Yes," said Frisbie, "and a mortal 
 wound, too ; and I am dying a perjured man." The company came to a 
 halt. The wound was examined and found to be a dangerous thrust in the 
 side, near the region of the heart ; it was dressed as well as the circum- 
 stances would permit, and the wounded man made a full statement of the 
 Tilliany by which he and Smith had pre-empted the mill. His knife was 
 then taken from him, and a litter was constructed, on which he was carried 
 
HI8T0ET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 29T 
 
 to the mill. Upon arriving there, Mr. Holmes, who had been selected as 
 captain, addressing Frisbie, said : 
 
 "Mr. Frisbie, your guilty conscience has prompted you to an act quite 
 as severe as the committee had intended to inflict upon you. Should you 
 survive the effects of your self-inflicted wound, you are expected to leave 
 the territory within three days." 
 
 Then, turning to Mr. Smith, Holmes continued in the blandest manner : 
 
 " Now, Mr. Smith, be good enough to take off your hat." Smith com- 
 plied. 
 
 "Now, Mr. Smith, be good enough to take off your coat." Smith 
 again complied. 
 
 "Now, Mr. Smith, take off your shirt." 
 
 Mr. Smith was good enough to do this also without hesitation. He was 
 then infornaed that he could retain .his pantaloons if he desired to do so. 
 
 "Now," continued Mr. Holmes, " Mr. Smith, we have a duty to perform 
 and I want you to act the man while Mr. Goodheart is discharging his 
 duty. Mr. Goodheart, will you be good enough now to invest Mr, Smith 
 with the regalia of his oflSce ? " 
 
 Whereupon Mr. Goodheart emptied about half the contents of a bucket 
 of tar over the defenceless head, shoulders and arms of Smith. A feather 
 pillow which had been provided was then opened and the contents placed in 
 profusion over Smith, after which the remainder of the tar was applied 
 over the feathers, when he was informed that he was at liberty to leave the 
 territory as soon as Frisbie, but advised not to take Frisbie's route to the 
 next world until he should be better prepared. 
 
 Smith then thanked the company from the bottom of his heart ; was as 
 polite as possible for a man in his garb, and said that he had expected to be 
 burned alive; that in the "multiplicity of business" he had got into this 
 unjust speculation, and now politely backed out. It is not known what be- 
 came ot Smith. Frisbie died some two years later, in Missouri, from the 
 effects of his wound. It may be added that Frisbie also expected nothing 
 less than being hung or tortured to death by the company, the fear of 
 which led him to attempt suicide. 
 
 We are next led to consider the early settlement of the country lying 
 between the two forks of Skunk river. In this section the primitive set- 
 tlements were made by Obadiah Tharp, John W. Snelson, Presley Doggett, 
 Wm. Trneblood, James Robinson," B. F. Ohastain, William McGrew, James 
 M. Mitts, Jesse B. Mitts, George Wimer, J. B. Whisler, Amos Hollow- 
 way, David Stout, and J. G. Dement. Farther west, a settlement was made 
 on the 3d day of May, 1843, in what has always been known as the Mc- 
 Nabb neighborhood. 
 
 Mr. Snelson located on a claim which afterward became the home of 
 Corbin Utterbach. For some time Mr. Snelson maintained a ferry across 
 North Skunk at that point. A cabin was erected here, where Mr. J. B. 
 Whisler commenced selling goods in 1844. Mr. Holloway was known as 
 the great " bee hunter." We are indebted to Mr. S. A. James for the fol- 
 lowing account of this pioneer : 
 
 " Wild bees at that time were plenty, and were generally found in the 
 trunk or limb of a tree, twenty, and sometimes thirty, feet from the ground. 
 Mr. Holloway would start out with a yoke of oxen, a wagon, two, or three 
 «mpty barrels, provisions and conveniences for camping. He would camp 
 out at night, and would generally be gone from three to four weeks on one 
 
298 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUHTT. 
 
 expedition. At the end of that time he would usually return with his bar- 
 rels full of a delicious sweet which no Yankee patent receipt has yet been' 
 able to equal. Whether any philosopher ever contemplated a barrel of 
 honey with other than gustative reflections we are unable to say ; our own 
 reflections upon an ox load of this commodity was that the million little 
 laborers whose industry had gathered the store, and then had their homes 
 despoiled and robbed, were in no worse condition than many of our fellow- 
 beings in despotic countries, whose labors enrich the rulers and whose sting 
 is only felt when too closely pressed, but whose minds remain ignorant of 
 their true remedy. The process of finding a bee-tree was to place a small 
 vessel, with some substance which emitted a sweet odor, near the forest. 
 A few bees finding this would sip satisfaction, and then invariably make a 
 * bee-line,' or straight fly, to their tree of deposit. ' At this point con- 
 sisted the greatest skill of the hunter, and it grew into a settled quotation! 
 that Hollb way ' could see a bee plumb a mile.' "When the bee-tree wa» 
 found, it was felled to the ground and the bees driven away from the honey 
 by fumes of brimstone." 
 
 J. B. Whisler afterward removed to the town of Lancaster, where he' 
 sold goods, and at his mills, four miles west of the town. Although the 
 river has since swept away nearly all the improvements, the site continiies'' 
 to be known as the " Old Whisler Mill." He was a persevering man at 
 whatever he engaged, possessed a large amount of patience and good 
 humor, and made fast friends of all his acquaintances. His business pros-' 
 pared and enabled him to assist many persons in securing their homes. 
 He sold the settlers Mexican bounty warrants on time, making it advan- 
 tageous to both parties. The settler who could not secure a sufficient 
 amount of money to " enter " his claim, and many could not, were at any 
 time liable to be entered out by some speculator in warrants, who conld 
 snap his finger at club laws and remain beyond the jurisdiction of Judge 
 Lypch. Scores of worthy settlers, in the absence of a homestead law, thus-' 
 secured their lands and continued to enjoy their homes in prosperity. On 
 coming to the county, he was supposed to be an unmarried man, although 
 he never alluded to his domestic afikirs. Some five years after settling, he 
 was married to a lady of the neighborhood, with whom he lived happily 
 till his death, which occurred in 1852. Some time after the death ot Mr.' 
 Whisler, a woman from Pennsylvania appeared in the county, who claimed 
 to be his wife, and, moreover, came prepared with evidence to prove the^ 
 relation. She instituted suit for the possession of Mr. Whisler's estate, 
 which, through the industry and business sagacity of that gentleman, had 
 grown to be very valuable. The courts decided that the Pennsylvania lady 
 was the rightful wife and heir to the property, the second wife receiving 
 but common wages during the time she had lived with the deceased, which 
 extended through a period of about five years and amounted to about 
 $1,000. While living with his second wife, there was born to Mr. Whisler 
 one child, a daughter, who is married and living at this time in the county.; 
 Mrs. Whisler was married a second time and is now living in the county. 
 
 Among the first settlers in the McNabb neighborhood were A. J. Mc- 
 Nabb and T. J. Hicklin. The former located on section 2 and the latter 
 on section 3. McNabb plowed the first furrow in that neighborhood and 
 planted potatoes. He still lives on his first claim. 
 
 On the 7th day of May, 1843, Maxon JRandall located a claim, where he ' 
 resided until recently, when he removed to the county seat. Mr. Eandall' 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 299 
 
 describes the first house he lived in as a cabin one and a half stories high, 
 size 16x20, built of round logs; puncheon floors, covered with clap- 
 boards; containing two rooms, one below, and one above, to which they 
 ascended by means of a ladder. Mr. Randall says that in early days they 
 were very much troubled with wolves. He and his neighbor, McNabb, 
 bought traps, but did not succeed in capturing many. Finally they bought 
 a bottle of strychnine and prepared a repast for the intruders. The next 
 morning Mr. Randall says there were four dead wolves in sight of his sheep 
 pen and afterward found seventeen more. He and Mr. McNab exterminat- 
 ed in this way over one hundred of the wolves, and after that were troubled 
 no more. In the spring of 1844 Jacob Kansler began the erection of a 
 saw and grist-mill on North Skunk, west of range 12. The people erected 
 a school-house in this neighborhood the same year. The same year John 
 Hasty, John Scott and E. Sampson located claims in this neighborhood, 
 the latter being the father of the Hon. E. S. Sampson, who for two terms 
 represented this district in Congress. 
 
 The first marriage solemnized in this neighborhood was that of Eobt, 
 Mann to Miss L. Pence, by John Ellis, Esq. The license was obtained at 
 Washington, Iowa. This marriage was soon followed by three or four 
 others in quick succession. Mr. Thos. J. Hicklin was chosen to be the 
 father of, and to provide food and clothing for, the first child born in that 
 locality. 
 
 Gen. James A. Williamson, at present Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office, at Washington, D. C, was one of the early settlers of the McNabh 
 neighborhood. After an absence of twenty-three years he returned to de- 
 liver an address before the annual meeting of the Old Settlers' Assoeia^ 
 tion. We take the liberty of quoting liberally from such parts of the ad- 
 dress as refer to the early settement of the country : 
 
 " After a long and wearisome march from the central portion of the 
 State of Indiana, keeping time to the slow tread of the gentle, patient ox 
 team, which it had been my business to guide and goad through the bad 
 roads of the Hoosier State, and the almost trackless prairies of Illinois and 
 Eastern Iowa, you may imagine with what feelings of delight I laid down 
 the implement of ray continuous warfare with the noble bovines which had 
 drawn that rare specimen of the architecture of N^ortli Carolina known in 
 the West at that time as a prairie schooner (a very large projecting top 
 wagon), upon my arrival in what was then known as the McNabb settle- 
 ment — since more familiarly known to old settlers as 'Zion's Lane,' ow- 
 ing, as I suppose, to the piety of us early settlers in that vicinity. 
 
 " Some small portion of the southeastern part of the county was em- 
 braced in what was then known as the ' Old Purchase,' and save in that 
 part there was but little or no settlement in the county made prior to the 
 year 1844. 
 
 " I think the first crops grown in Warren township, and perhaps in all other 
 parts of the county, except the part embraced in the old purchase, were 
 planted in 1844. The first I saw was in 1845. During that year, before 
 the maturity of the crops, many had the misfortune of going hungry to 
 bed, contenting ourselves with dreams of the fullness and fatness which 
 should follow the harvest. 
 
 "At the appointed time the harvest came, and with it a corporeal increase 
 in the physique of most of the old settlers with whom I was then 
 
300 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 acquainted. The dreams of the harvest had not beeii as potent in produc- 
 ing muscle, tissue and avoirdupois as its realization. 
 
 " I see many of my friends here to-day who were then my nearest neigh^ 
 bors. You will not, perhaps, give full faith and credit to the statement 
 that I feel, for truth's sake, compelled to make concerning them. These 
 persons were so slender as to make them almost incapable of casting shad- 
 ows, and they tightened their girdles another hole with the buckles instead 
 of taking their dinners until after their early potatoes and green corn were 
 suflBciently matured for food. 
 
 " In the fall of that year when our little ' sod crops ' had ripened, mil- 
 lions of prairie chickens came to feed upon them. This was providential, 
 though it threatened destruction of our crops, .for we shot and trapped 
 thetn by thousands, thus supplementing our bill of fare with that most 
 excellent game. The quails and the manna were not more needed and 
 appreciated by the Hebrew hosts wlio followed Moses in his slow and cir- 
 cuitous marches beyond the Red Sea than were the corn bread and grouse 
 to the sturdy but hungry pilgrims who spent the winter of 1845 in this _ 
 now most rich, productive and beautifnl country. The early settlers of thifi " 
 county were strong, sturdy and determined men and women, otherwise they 
 tvould not have been here in those early days. 
 
 " Having heard of this, fair land of promise while cultivating the poorer 
 soil of their native States, they, with the energy and bravery so character- 
 istic of their natures, and so necessary to the settlement and development 
 of a new country, resolved upon the trans- Mississippi journey of many 
 hundreds of weary miles of overland travel. Upon arriving at their points- 
 of destination, most of those hardy and determined men found themselves 
 possessed of little or nothing except their strong arms and brave hearts — 
 their wives and little ones — a small quantity of household furniture and 
 Wearing apparel, a few nide farming implements with which they tilled 
 the soil in States farther east, which were wholly unadapted to the cultiva- 
 tion of the soil of Iowa. 
 
 " I have seen many men on their arrival in this county drive their teams 
 upon the places which were to be the sites of their dwelling houses and their 
 future homes, descend from their wagons and tenderly assist, with their 
 strong arms, their wearied wives and children to the ground which they 
 hoped to some day call their own. 
 
 " After arriving at their destination, the iirst thing to be done was to 
 'stake off' a claim of 160 acres, which each head of a family might hold 
 under the local ' claim laws ' then or thereafter to be made, and in addition 
 to this, a small timber lot, not exceeding forty acres, might be taken and held. 
 This being done, our hardy pioneers immediately set about building a log 
 house, which was the only kind possible, as there were no saw-mills or 
 lumber within reach. If two or three or more families, as was often the 
 case, moved in company and made their claims adjoining, they would 
 Unite their force and build one house, which would serve for a time as a 
 home for all. 
 
 " In the meantime, while the house was building, the good, patient and 
 loving wives — Grod bless them — had been cooking their frugal meals by tiie 
 fires built upon the ground, and in unpacking and airing their goods, 
 washing and mending the clothing, and preparing generally for the grand 
 good time which they were to have on the occasion of tlie 'house warm- 
 
HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 301 
 
 ing,' which was to take place as soon as the mansion ot one room, not 
 more than 16x16 feet, should be completed. 
 
 " It would be diflScult to convince the younger children and later genera- 
 tions of those same early settlers how much comfort and happiness was 
 found in one of those humble dwellings, which first suggested the feeling 
 of home and ownership to their fathers and mothers, who had borne the 
 hardships and privations of the long move or march into the Territory, 
 and had finally succeeded in getting a home, however humble, which they 
 could call their own. 
 
 " The settler who, by priority of a few weeks in his settlement, had suc- 
 ceeded in getting his house built, stood upon his threshold, his face beam- 
 ing with joy and his heart swelling with pride as he welcomed the 
 emigrant, who, a few days or weeks later came along in search of a loca- 
 tion, into his hospitable mansion, assuring him thdt there was room and 
 plenty for all. I shall never cease to be astonished when I reflect upon 
 the holding capacity of some of those log cabins which were built by the 
 first settlers of this county. It was no uncommon thing for four or five 
 families to occupy for a time a room not more than 16 or 18 feet square. 
 
 " The hospitality of the settlers in those early days Taiew no hounds / a 
 house was never full, and a larder never empty. As long as it contained 
 one morsel of food, so long would the generous hearted housewife set it be- 
 fore the home or claim hunter, and bid him eat, without a thought of re- 
 ward or compensation. If such boundless hospitality existed to-day, when 
 the people are so able to entertain and to give, I fear that it would have at 
 least one bad result, viz.: that of increasing the number of tramps. 
 
 " The difliculties of settling any portion of the territory of the United 
 States at the present day are nothing when compared with those of settling 
 this county thirty-five years ago. Then the nearest railroad was many 
 hundreds of miles away ; but little, if any, was then built west of the 
 State of Ohio. Now, railroads, under the munificent policy of the gen- 
 eral government in aiding in their construction, are built in advance of the 
 settlement, so there is, in reality, no frontier for the agricultural settler ; 
 no place is so far away from 'another as Iowa was from the Ohio river in, 
 those days. Then there were no telegraph wires, no stage coaches, no lines 
 or means of public conveyance anywhere within hundreds of miles, save an 
 occasional steamer upon the Mississippi river, almost a hundred miles dis- 
 tant from our settlement. The transportation of mails was slow, and for 
 many years all we received was carried from or near the Mississippi river 
 on horseback. The postage was twenty-five cents on a single letter, and we 
 had no money with which to pay it. Now all these conditions are changed. 
 All the appliances and results of a high civilization are found almost 
 equally in all parts of the countrj, North and West. 
 
 " The improved plows, mowers, reapers, and indeed all other improved 
 machinery, precede the agricultural settler to his new home. 
 
 " It is hard to find a place where a daily mail is not received ; letter post- 
 age is only one-eighth now of what it was then. I well remember 
 the first letter which I received through the Sigourney post-oflSce. It was 
 in the year 1845. My friend, S. A. James, was postmaster, or, if not, he 
 was acting for that official. I heard that there was a letter in the post- 
 office for me, and knowing that it would require twenty-five cents to pay 
 the postage, the problem of getting that sum of money taxed my energy 
 and financial ability to the utmost for many days. None of my neighbors 
 
302 _ HISTOKT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 were in such affluent circumstances as to be able to ' do my paper ' for that 
 sum. Suspecting that the letter might be from my little sweetheart, from 
 whom I had reluctantly parted some time before, I w'as exceedingly anxious- 
 to break the wafer seal of that letter, but the ransom for.it 1 could not 
 procure, and I was about despairing of being able to pay the postage, when 
 I heard of a kind-hearted man (since dead, peace to his ashes), living, in the 
 western part of the county, some miles from where Idid, who was reported 
 to have received twenty-five dollars some time before from the East. It 
 was also alleged that he had loaned the sum of twenty-five cents to each, of 
 several persons in the McNabb settlement with which to pay postage. 
 This news gave me new hope and courage. I started early one «aorning 
 to find the capitalist, and negotiate with him for the loan of ' a quarter,^ 
 which, with some difficulty, I accomplished; and then, with hastening 
 steps and palpitating heart, walked to Sigourney and procured the letter, 
 and returned home tlie same day, after a walk of something over twenty 
 miles. Whether that letter was from my sweetheart or not, and what she 
 said if it was from her, I will never tell. 
 
 " Then the public lands were offered for sale to the highest bidder sooa 
 after the same were surveyed, and the settler had no right or advantagiei 
 over the speculator except such as was given him by the pre-emption laws.' 
 of that time, and' the still more effefctive claim laws,- framed and adopted by> 
 the settlers themselves for their mutual protection. An infraction of these 
 claim laws by speculators was sometimes punished by a well-aimed shot 
 from the rifle of some one of the law-makers. 
 
 " Now, in nearly all parts of theconntr}', the public lands are withheldl 
 from market for actual settlement under the homestead and pre-emption 
 laws. The lands are now freely given to any citizen, or to any person who 
 has declared his intention to become such, if he will only settle upon and 
 cultivate the same for a period of five years. If the homestead law of the 
 present time had been in force in Iowa in 1843, and since, it is safe to say 
 that this State would contain one million of inhabitants more than it does 
 to-day. 
 
 " Only think of the Herculean task of earrting and saving two hundred 
 dollars, with which to pay for the 160 acres of land in those days, when it 
 is remembered with what difficulty twenty-five cents was procured by an 
 enterprising young man to pay the postage on a single letter. No more> 
 equitable thing could be done by the general government than to restore 
 every dollar that was paid for land actually settled vpon and cultivated 
 iy the early settlers in this and other Northwestern States and Territories j"^ 
 and if ever lam in a position where my voice will be potential in urging 
 this measure, I shall not fail to do it. There would be far more justice ia 
 doing that than in taking money out of the treasury to pay for losses in- 
 curred by citizens of the Southern States during the late war for the pres- 
 ervation of the Union. 
 
 " In those early days when the farms were to be broken or plowed for 
 the first time, and the rails were to be made and hauled from the timber 
 land to fence them, the manual labor necessary to do this was a sort of 
 legal-tender for nearly all kinds of indebtedness. The doctor who wantedl 
 to make a farm would give his physic when yow were sick, and you might 
 make fence rails for him when you regained your health and strength, if 
 you were so fortunate. The manufacture of about one hundred fence rails,, 
 or the cutting of one cord of wood, would pay for one small portion of jalap 
 
HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 303^ 
 
 and calomel, which was the standard remedy in those good old times of 
 allopathie practice, before President Lincoln liad been, interviewed and ex- 
 pressed his terse opinion as to the virtue and efficacy of homoepathic 
 system of medical practice. The settler who came the year before would 
 give to the settler who came the year after one bushel of corn for making' 
 one hundred fence rails, or for one day's work at other labor, which was 
 considered an equivalent and legal-tender therefor. The shoemaker and 
 blacksmith of the village or settlement would perform labor of their kind,, 
 and take in exchange for it the less skilled labor of the rail-splitter or the- 
 wood-chopper. 
 
 " I know how this was by experience, having bartered in the exchange of the- 
 . above named commodities, exchanging as I did the unskilled for the skilled 
 article, submitting to an immense discount on what I had to offer. 
 
 " Within two miles and less of the place where we are now standing, for 
 many weary days and months when I was a boy, and not a very strong one,. 
 I wielded the ax, the. maul and the mattock, for more than ten hours a day,, 
 receiving therefor the liberal wages of ten dollars a month in 'store pay*^ 
 — this I did when the mercury ranged from twenty degrees below zero in 
 January to ninety jibove in July. I trust that your present able represent- 
 ative in congress, -who hajs won renown on the battle field, who has wora 
 with honor the judicial ermine, and won an enviable reputation in the hallfr 
 , of Congress will not be offended with me for stating in this public manner 
 that I knew him when he was isngaged in the same kind of labor that fell 
 to my lot, and that he performed them well. 
 
 "I do not mention this in the belief that it will ever materially aid either 
 of us in being President, as the same kind of labor, perhaps, did the most 
 illustrious man of modern times, in procuring that office. I only mentioft 
 it to show that honest toil of the rudest and hardest kind will not prevent 
 a man from rising to an equality with those who were more favored with for- 
 tune in early life. 
 
 " In those days, as is well known, and perhaps regretfully remembered by 
 us old settlers, we had absolutely no money, and whatever could not be pro- 
 cured for labor in the first year or two, and after that for several years, for 
 labor and farm products, could not be procured at all. People were edu- 
 cated to this view of life and its realization. This was not so great acalam- 
 ' ity as it may now appear to the young, or to those who cannot realize the 
 fiitnation in consequence of not having been forced to learn it, as we were> 
 
 " The daily labor of a strong man was rated at and paid for with a com- 
 modity or produce which the owner would willingly sell for from twenty- 
 five to fifty cents in cash. The price of all kinds of merchandise was. 
 exceedingly high as compared with the price at the present day; the pur- 
 chasing power of a dollar, which cost at the very least, two days of labor, 
 was not then nearly so great as the purchasing power of a dollar now,, 
 which does not cost more than one day of labor and often not so much as 
 that. 
 
 " It would be hard to deduce from tlie foregoing statement of facts a reason 
 why in those early days of hard times and cheap labor in the history of our 
 old county, and indeed of the territory and State, why every man seemed 
 intent upon laboring for himself or for others — intent upon earning by 
 honest industry all that he desired or expected to enjoy or call his own,, 
 why there were no vagabond tramps endangering the lives and property of 
 honest men who had acquired their substance by faithful honest toil, or 
 
304 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 why the reverse of all this is the true situation of the case to-day, not' only 
 in this country and in this State, but throughout our whole common coun- 
 
 " I have dwelt sufficiently long upon what we suffered, and think it but 
 right that some reference should be made to the joys which come as a com- 
 pensation for the suffering and self denial. 
 
 " The kind and generous soil which you secured by being here at an early 
 ■day has yielded you rich rewards for the labor bestowed. You have lived 
 in affluence and comfort, rearing healthful, stalwart children, deeply imbn- 
 . ing them with a love of freedom, home and country, educating them un- 
 der the auspices of the noblest free school system ever inaugurated and 
 maintained by man. These results achieved, life may be said to have been 
 well spent and rewarded. 
 
 " Many of you who were the first to settle in this county as young mar- 
 ried men and women, are still young and strong, with much yet to be en- 
 joyed. Many who started.in the race with you have fallen ; some who have gone 
 lived to see the fruition of their hoipes; others fell early in the struggle 
 with the hard life of the pioneer. 1 remember, with pleasure for having 
 known them, and with deep regret for their loss, many settlers who have 
 passed over; a few of whom I shall name in the order in which their names 
 ■occur to me: 
 
 " J . B. Whisler, J. G. Crocker, P. B. Shawhan, George Shawhan, Judge 
 Pinkerton (and I think all of his family), Wm. A. Jordan, Joseph Knox, 
 Samuel Johnston, Jacob Goodheart, Thomas Hendryx, Ezekiel Sampson, 
 James L. Hogin, J.T. Axtell, Judge Baker, William Landers, B. S. McOoy, 
 John C. McNablj, Sanford Leathers, Austin Jacobs, Wm. Jacobs, and last 
 but not least, the gallant General Marcellus M. Crocker — 
 
 'He was a man, take him all in all, 
 We shall not look upon his like again. ' 
 
 "Many of you remember the fact, if not the circumstances, connected with 
 the warm and almost more than brotherly friendship between Gen'l Crocker 
 and myself. We became acquainted when we were boys, and that friend- 
 ship grew and strengthened with increasing years, until the end ef his life. 
 The last letter I ever received from him, written but a short time before 
 his death, and when he knew that his life was fast drawing to a close, was 
 ■one in which he poured out his soul to me in such words as he only, of all 
 the men I ever knew, could utter, referring'to the friendship which was the 
 result of our mutual struggles in early life to maintain our lives and 
 those dependent upon us. Plis great indomitable soul was called from 
 •earth all to soon. 
 
 "I hope I may be pardoned, and not thought vain or immodest, when I 
 refer to the fact that of the general officers in the late war who achieved dis- 
 tinction, and whose acts during the war became a part of the history of the 
 Kepublic, no less than three were pioneer settlers in this county, though all 
 had removed from the county before the war commenced. My friend 
 <jreneral Crocker, was one of the number, and I do hope and believe that 
 the old settlers of Keokuk county still cherish and love his memory, and 
 feel a just pride in the fact that his boyhood days, and a part of the ' 
 of his early manhood were spent among you. 
 
 " I have not referred to the record of Keokuk county soldiers during 1 
 
HI8T0EY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. SOS- 
 
 late struggle for the nation's life. I have not had at my command the roll 
 of honor, and cannot remember the history of many of the brave men who- 
 offered their lives that the Union might live, yet I should not hesitate to 
 assert before all the world that the soldiers wJhom this county sent to the 
 army were loyal, brave and fearless, and helped to create and fully sustain 
 the high reputation borne by Iowa soldiers throughout the Republic. I can 
 at this moment only recall the history of one private soldier of the county 
 who fell in the late war. "When I was myself a boy, a very young man, I 
 knew a fair young boy, many years my junior. I loved this beautiful boy 
 for his intelligence and gentleness. Years rolled by; I grew into manhood 
 and went away from among you while he was still a young boy of great 
 promise. The cruel, wicked war came on, and I heard that my young^ 
 friend had enlisted. Later on I learned the number of his regiment, and 
 also in what portion of the army it was serving. Bearing this in mind, I 
 visited his brigade commander, on the first opportunity, and asked him ta 
 send for the young soldier. That gallant, great hearted soldier, General 
 Wm.W. Belknap, told me, while tears streamed from his eyes, that I was too 
 late. He told me that my gallant young friend had fought his last battle 
 — had laid down his young life for the salvation of the nation — that he had 
 fallen in the face of the enemy on Kenesaw's rugged embattled front. That 
 young hero was Robert Lowe. He also stated, if I remember aright, that 
 my young friend had been appointed a cadet at West Point, and was to- 
 , have left in a few days for that place." 
 
 Prior to the summer of 1843 very little progress had been made in the 
 settlement of the country west and north of North Skunk river. It was at 
 this time there appeared in this part of the coiinty a man, who, probably 
 more than any other, contributed to the future prosperity, development and 
 good name of the county. Energetic in manner, upright of character, 
 
 Erompt and accurate in business matters, his fellow citizens long and often 
 onored him with the most important office in the county. His name is S. 
 A. James. We have frequently referred to him as authority heretofore, an^ 
 shall hereafter refer to him possibly still more frequently. There is 
 nothing which we could say as appropriate and relevant, at this period of 
 the history of the county, as the following so aptly said in this gentleman's- 
 own language. 
 
 "About the first of June, 1843, I left the town of Washington, Iowa, in- 
 tending to make a claim in Keoknk county. 1 went in the company of 
 Ardra Clemons and family, who had a yoke of oxen and lamber wagon, 
 with which they hauled some provisions and a very small amount of house- 
 hold plunder. Mr. Clemons had, before that time, been up to Keokuk 
 county, made him a claim, and had built on it a small log cabin at the 
 grove on the present (1879) John Holzworth farm, about a mile north of 
 Harper. Staying with Mr. Clemons the first night, at his cabin, I set out 
 early next morning to find a couple of friends who were improving a claim,, 
 lately known as the Jack Lightfoot farm, but now owned by Mr. Detchon 
 and Mr. Renfro, about three miles northwest of Sigourney. 
 
 At this time there was not, besides Mr. Clemons, a single inhabitant in 
 the northeast fourth of the county. Taking the landmarks with which I 
 had been furnished, I struck out, as stated, to find my two friends. But I 
 bore off too much southwest, crossed over the prairie where Sigourney now 
 stands, and first learned I was too far south by finding one Robert Linder 
 and some others cutting logs for a cabin where Mr. John M. Brunt now 
 
306 HISTOEY OF FSIOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 lives. Tliey could give irie no tidings or directions to find my friends, and 
 I eomraenced to retrace my steps. At the close of th'e day I found myself 
 alone in the small elm grove where Joel Long now resides, about three 
 miles northeast of Sigourney, and finding a bark cover beside a large log, 
 where some one had previously camped, I determined to make a night of 
 it there, which I did, after making supper on two or three cold biscuit I 
 had with me. 
 
 " The next morning when I awoke at sunrise, my ears were greeted with 
 the songs of birds, and the calls of numerous turkeys, not fifty yards from 
 me. I had no gun, or any arms larger than a penknife, and, perforce, I stood 
 •and gazed at tlae large gobblers as they strutted by. 
 
 " I then struck northward, visiting every grove, to find some settler. In 
 this way I continued my search till i came to the timber of South English 
 river, on the outskirts of which was a pretty well beaten road, made by the 
 bee hunters. I was now satisfied I could not find my friends without a 
 better direction and equipment, so I went down this bee hunters' road till I 
 ^ame in. sight of the upper timber of Crooked creek, for which I aimed, 
 and spent ray third night out from Washington at David Delong's, some 
 -eight or nine miles northwest of that town. 
 
 " The next day I returned to Washington, rested a day or two, obtained 
 better directions, a rifle, an ax, a pint of salt, a few more biscuit, and' 
 vSgain started out in search of my two Keokuk county friends. It had been, 
 meantime, raining very much, and in many places the prairie was three to 
 six-ipches deep in water, especially on the bottoms. I found my ax of ser- 
 vice, in crossing small streams, by felling saplings, and finally made my 
 ■destination about dark, all O. K, but oh! so tired. 
 
 " I soon after made me a claim four miles north of Sigourney (where 
 Leander Delong now lives), and after assisting my friends in their improve- 
 ments for a month or two, we all returned to Washington to spend the 
 winter. On this return trip we found a Mr. Schnakenberg had settled on 
 -German creek. We reached his cabin at dark. The family were about to 
 take mush and milk for ther supper, but gave us the first table. I know 
 the family must have thought our stomachs were made of India rubber. 
 We were so hungry, and it was so palatable! The next day we got to 
 Washington. And this was my first trip to Keokuk county." 
 
 Eichard Schnakenberg, mentioned in the foregoing sketch, together with 
 five or six others, had formed the first settlement in that neighborhood. May 
 1, J843. Among others who came about this time, or shortly afterward, 
 were Casper Klett and John Beinhart, wiio are both now dead, the latter dy- 
 ing shortly after arriving. These gentlemen, as well as a large majority of 
 the people who afterward settled in that neighborhood, were Germans, and 
 upon the organization of the county, the township was called German 
 from that fact. The people in that settlement, have always been noted 
 for their industry and thrift, and have fully contributed their share toward 
 the development of the material resources of the county. 
 
 Shortly after locating upon his claim, Mr. Schnakenberg, in company with 
 an old gentlemen by the name of Seaba, visited the place where Sigour.ney 
 is now located. The latter was by no means enthusiastic over the -pros- 
 -pects of the present county-seat, and remarked that there never could be 
 any market here, and that he would return to Cincinnati and make a living 
 by doing " days' work." Mr. Seaba, however, did not go back to Gincin- 
 nati, but settled down and lived long enough in the county to surround 
 
HISTORY OF EEOKTJK COUHTY. 307 
 
 himself with all the comforts of life, and died at a, very advanced a^e, re- 
 spected by all his neighbors as one of the most intelligent and enterpris- 
 ^.citizens of German township. Mr. Klett. was always noted for his lib- 
 erality. It is said that he would divide his last pancake with a neighbor, 
 iwonld lend anything he had, and was very accommodating in various ways. 
 He did a great deal of freighting with horses and oxen to and from Keo- 
 tuk and Burlington. On one of these trips the roads were so bad that it 
 tooli two days to go four miles. He always kept the best of horses, and 
 (plenty of them, and when their was a boiler or anything particularly heavy 
 to move, Mr. Klett was generally called on to perform the work. 
 
 Farther west, in the neighborhood of what was destined to become the 
 metropolis ot the county, and the center of trade, there had been very little 
 4dohe in the way of settlement as early as the summer of 1844. About this 
 time S. A. James, who had recently been appointed county clerk, came into 
 this neighborhood looking for the county-seat, which had just been located. 
 Upon reaching the place he found a stout pole planted in the ground, the 
 etake of the commissioners, but nothing else to disturb the ramblings of 
 1;he grey wolf or the cooings of the wild grouse. The eye swept the cir- 
 «le of vision to rest on one single habitation, that of Jacob Shaver, who 
 had located in the grove southwest, now known as " Skillman's Grove." 
 Mr. Shaver had made his claim and erected his cabin the previous season, 
 and early that spring had moved his family upon the premises. William 
 Shaver, John Shaver and Robt. Linder located about the same time, one 
 mile southwest of Jacob Shaver. This constituted the whole of the settfe- 
 ment in the neighborhood of the present county-seat. East, west, and 
 north, the whole county for miles lay unclaimed, and remained so for some 
 time. 
 
 Upon arriving at the seat of justice, Mr. James forthwith set to work 
 erecting a cabin. This cabin was erected in short order. Considering the 
 ■speed with which this bulling was erected, the total absence of all building 
 material and the complicated plans which necessarily entered into the erec- 
 tion of a building which was to subserve such a variety of purposes, we 
 hesitate not in saying that one would search in vain to find it surpassed in 
 the whole annals of public improvements. This remarkable edifice was 
 12x16, floored with puncheons and covered with clapboards put on with 
 nails purchased in Washington. Here were the county offices and the public 
 'reeords; the judge's room and the jury-room; indictments filed and suits 
 tried; the county's cash hoarded and its criminals incarcerated; here, , 
 also, the county officials ate, lodged and slept. 
 
 Later in the fall another cabin was erected, and the following spring the 
 population was augmented by the arrival of a lawyer by the name of Mair, 
 who for a while had a monopoly of the criminal as well as the civil business 
 in the courts of the county. Mr. Blair was soon followed by a representa- 
 tive of the medical profession. Dr. B. P. Weeks, who was succeeded by Dr. 
 E. H. Skillman, who for several years was the only physician in that part 
 of the country, his professional visits leading him to the various settlements 
 scattered around throughout the county. During this time there were the 
 following arrivals : G. B. Cook, A. Covey, Joseph Adams, E. Shugart, 
 Wm. Basey, James Shields, Josiah Crawford, W. Hulbert and B. F. Ed- 
 Wards. The nearest settlements were as follows : The Eosecrans neigh- 
 borhoood, three miles northwest ; the German creek neighborhood, six 
 railes east, and the Smith settlement on Smith creek, fi^ve miles west. 
 
308 HI8T0EY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 During this summer James Shields erected a cabin a'nd stood behind k 
 rough counter offering groceries for sale. Mr. Crawford reared a pole 
 shanty or house, and placed therein a very fair law library. It was prob- 
 ably the best the county afforded, and Mr. Crawford was studying law. At 
 the July term of the District Court, that year, he applied for license to 
 practice law, the committee reported adversely to his admission, whereupon 
 he arose and made a speech to the court in which the bar, and especially 
 the committee, were severely handled : his practice would not leave them 
 much to do; they were jealous of his abilities, jealous of his library, and 
 he intended to rise yet head and shoulders above them. He closed his 
 speech by announcing that he intended to emigrate from the judicial dis- 
 trict, which he accordingly did. 
 
 Schools and churches were not organized till some time later; the first 
 church, the Methodist, being organized and a building erected the follow* 
 ing year. There was a post-oflBce established, and the first mail received on 
 the 7th of February, 1846 ; the mail was carried on horseback from 
 Washington to Oskaloosa by Mr. J. H. Bragg, the contractor, once every two 
 weeks. Mr. James was the first postmaster. This was the only post-office 
 in the whole section of the country at that time, and as there was but one 
 mail every two weeks, mail day was a very important occasion. 
 
 Before the close of the next year several new business enterprises had 
 been started. Joseph Knox began to sell dry goods ; Martin Grimsley 
 and J. G. Crocker sold groceries ; Joseph, Adams started a blacksmith shop, 
 Kob't Linder a harness shop, Jacob Shaver a cooper shop, and Haskell & 
 Burgess a shop for. manufacturing, fanning mills. B. F. Edwards erected 
 a log building where he displayed quite a creditable assortment of general 
 merchandise for sale. 
 
 At that time there were but seven families residing along English river. 
 One hot summer day while Edwards was rubbing his hands for a customer, 
 a man from that part of the country came in and inquired the price of bees- 
 wax. He was informed that he could have twenty-five cents a pound in 
 trade. He produced a small quantity tied up in a pocket handkerchief, 
 which upon being weighed proved to amount to a half-pound. Upon being 
 asked what he would have for it he surveyed the shelves for a few minutea 
 in silence and then. replied that his wife would be in town in a few weeks 
 and he believed that he would prefer to have her " take up the goods." 
 ' The first settlements made in the vicinity of English river were in the 
 neighborhood of the present site of South English, in 1845. The first set- 
 tlers were Jas. Mahaffa, James Thomas and John Houston. Thomas took a 
 claim on the northwest quarter of section 22 ; Houston on section 24, and 
 his place was for many years known as "Houston's Point." Afterward 
 came James, Chambers and H. H. Hodman, who located on section 30. 
 John Duke and John Ballard made settlements farther west. Some later 
 Thomas Morgan came. Chambers Kodman froze to death some few years 
 after he located in the county. 
 
 Churches were organized in this neighborhood shortly after its settle- 
 ment. They were organized in the following order : first came the Metho- 
 dist, then the Baptist, Christian and Congregational. The first school was 
 taught by S. M. Glandon in a school-house which had no windows in it. 
 The first store was kept by Ethan Post, and it is said by the old settlers 
 that he could generally be found at his post, fast asleep. 
 
 Mr. Arora Clemmons, in 1842, took a claim and began a settlement south- 
 
-^^U^2<ri;v-J^ 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOTJNTT. 311 
 
 east of South English, near what is now known as Holsworth's- Grove. 
 Although the land in that vicinity is not excelled by any other tract in the 
 State for its beauty and the fertility of the soil, on account of the scarcity 
 of timber it was not settled till some time after the other parts of the 
 county where timber was more abundant. We quote from the centennial 
 address delivered at Keota, July 4, 1876, by Hon. Isaac Farley: 
 . " In fact, our most beautiful prairies were shunned by early settlers. In- 
 habitants of to-day whilst contemplating our broad prairies, dotted with 
 neat, commodious dwellings, barns, orchards and artificial groves, look back 
 with surprise at the choice of the first settlers. The uninviting features 
 of our Western prairies remind me of a poem descriptive of them which I 
 used to read in my boyhood days. The poem was doubtless written by some 
 New England pedagogue after returning from a flying visit to some. such a 
 country as this was in early days : 
 
 " 'Oh, lonesome, windy, grassy place. 
 
 Where buffalo and snakes prevail; 
 The first with dreadful looking face, 
 
 The last with dreadful sounding tail. 
 I'd rather Kve on camel hump 
 
 And be a Yankee doodle beggar, 
 Than where I never see a stump 
 
 And shake to death with fever 'n' agr.' " 
 
 Fortunately for the settlers of this locality, owing to its high and dry 
 surface, they were seldom afflicted with malarial diseases and fever and ague 
 have been almost unknown. In 1843 came J. J. Kreamer and J. P. 
 Ereamer and settled on Clear creek. This was prior to the time the land 
 was put into the market, consequently settlers at that time were called 
 squatters. Six of the first settfers, to-wit. : the Kreamers, Newton, Gil- 
 bert, Keeley and Carris, still live upon the land they first entered. 
 
 PIONEEE LIFE. 
 
 The account of early settlements as has already been narrated extends 
 from the time of the first settlement, in the spring of the year 1839, to the 
 time of the admission of the State into the Union, in the autumn of 1846. 
 The account therefore embraces a period of less than eight years from the 
 first settlement on the " old strip," and less than four years from the 
 time when authority was first given to settle that portion of the county 
 west. 
 
 During these years the first settlement of Keokuk county was in the 
 earliest stage of pioneer life. All that can be known of this period must 
 be drawn chiefly from tradition. 
 
 In those days the people took no care to preserve,history — they were too 
 bnsily engaged in making it. Historically speaking, those were the most 
 important years of the county, for it was then the foundation and corner- 
 stones of all the county's hist'^ and prosperity were laid. Yet this 
 period was not remarkable for ing events. It was, however, a time of 
 self-reliance and brave, perseve .ng toil; of privations cheerfully endured 
 through faith in a good time ling. The experience of one settler was 
 just about the same as that o ners. They were almost invariably poor, 
 they faced the same hardshipt .jd stood generally on an equal footing. 
 
312 aiSTOET OP KEOKUK OOfNTr. 
 
 All the experience of the early pioneers of this county goes far to con- 
 firm the theory that, after all, happiness is pretty evenly balanced in this 
 world. They had their privations and harships, but they had also their 
 own peculiar joys. If they were poor they were free from the burden of 
 pride and vanity; free, also, from the anxiety and care that always attend 
 the possession of wealth. Other people's eyes cost them nothing. If they 
 had few neighbors, they were on the best of terms with those they had. 
 Envy, jealousy and strife had not crept in. A common interest and a 
 common sympathy bound them together with the strongest ties. They 
 were a little world to themselves, and the good feeling that prevailed was 
 all the stronger because they were so far removed from the great world of 
 the East. 
 
 There was a peculiar sort of free-masonry among the . pioneers. New- 
 comers were made welcome, and ready hands assisted them in building 
 their homes. Neighbors did not even wait for an invitation or request to 
 help one another. Was a settler's cabin burned or blown down ? No sooner 
 was the fact known throughout the neighborhood than the settlers assem- 
 bled to assist the unfortunate one to rebuild his home. They came with as 
 little hesitation, and with as much alacrity, as though they were all mem- 
 bers of the same family, and bound together by ties of blood. One man's 
 interest was every other man's interest also. Now this general state of 
 feeling among the pioneers was by no means peculiar to this county, al- 
 though it was strongly illustrated here. It prevailed generally throughout 
 the West during the time of the early settlement. The very nature of 
 things taught the settlers the necessity of dwelling together in this spirit. 
 It was their only protection. They had come far away from the well-estab- 
 lished reign of law and entered a new country where the civil authority 
 was still feeble, and totally unable to afford protection and redress griev- 
 ances. Here in Keokuk county the settlers lived for quite a time before 
 there was a single officer of the law in the county. Each man's protection 
 was in the good will and friendship of those about him, and the thing any 
 man might well dread was the ill will of the community. It was more 
 terrible than the law. It was no uncommon thing in the early times for 
 hardened men, who had no fears of jails or penitentiaries, to stand in great 
 fear of the indignation of a pioneer community. 
 
 Owing to the fact that one of the early settlers was an energetic mill- 
 wright, he employed all his energy and what means he possessed in erect- 
 ting mills at a few of the favorable mill-sites, which abound in the county, 
 yet going to mill in those days, when there were no roads, no bridges, no 
 ferry-boats, and scarcely any convenience far traveling, was no small task, 
 where so many rivers and treacherous streams were to be crossed, and such 
 a trip was often attended with great danger to the traveler when these 
 streams were swollen beyond their banks. But even under these circum- 
 stances some of the more adventurous and ingenious ones, in cases of emer-, 
 gency, found the way and means by which to cross the swollen streams and 
 succeed in making the trip. At other times, again, all attempts failed' 
 them, and they were compelled to remain at home until the waters subsided,; 
 and depend on the generosity of their fortunate neighbors. 
 
 An interesting comparison might be drawn between the conveniences 
 which now make the life of the farmer a comparatively easy bne, and the 
 almost total lack of such conveniences in early days. A brief description 
 of the accommodations possessed by the first tillers of this soil will be riow 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKtTK COFNTT. 3113 
 
 given. Let the children of such illustrious sires draw their own compar- 
 isons, and may the results of these comparisons silence the voice of com- 
 plaint which so often is heard in the land. 
 
 The only plows they had at first were what they styled "bull plows." 
 The mould-boards were generally of wood, but in some cases they were 
 half wood and half iron. The man who had one of the latter description 
 was looked upon as something of an aristocrat. But these old " bull plows " 
 did good service, and they must be awarded the honor of first stirring the 
 soil of Keokuk county. 
 
 It was quite a time after the first settlement before there was a single 
 store in the county. Kude fire-places were built in the cabin chimneys, 
 and they served for warmth, cooking and ventilation. 
 
 The first buildings in the county were not just like the log cabins that 
 immediately succeeded them. These latter required some help and a good 
 deal of labor to build. The very first buildings constructed were a cross 
 between " hoop cabins " and Indian bark huts. As soon as enough men 
 could be got together for a " cabin raising ' ' then log cabins were in style. 
 Many a pioneer can remember the happiest time of his life as that when 
 he lived in one of these homely bnt comfortable and profitable old cabins. 
 
 A window with sash and glass was a rarity, and was an evidence of 
 wealth and aristocracy which but few could support. They were often 
 made with greased paper put over the window, which admitted a little 
 light, but more often there was nothing whatever over it, or the cracks be- 
 tween the logs, without either chinking or daubing, was the dependence for 
 light and air. 
 
 The doors were fastened with old-fashioned wooden latches, and for a 
 Iriend or neighbor or traveler the string always hung out, for the pioneers 
 of the west were hospitable, and entertained visitors to the best of their 
 ability. 
 
 It is noticeable with what afiection the pioneers speak of their old log 
 cabins. . It may be doubted whether palaces ever sheltered happier hearts 
 than those homely cabins. The following is a good description of these 
 old land-marks, but few of which now remain : 
 
 " These were of round logs notched together at the comers, ribbed with 
 poles and covered with boards split from a tree. A puncheon floor was 
 then laid down, a hole cut out in the end and a stick chimney run up. A 
 clapboard door is made, a window is opened by cutting out a hole in the 
 side or end about two feet square, and it is finished without glass or trans- 
 parency. The house is then 'chinked' and 'daubed' with mud made of 
 the top soil. 
 
 " The cabin is now ready to go into. The household and kitchen furni- 
 ture is adjusted, and life on the frontier is begun in earnest. 
 
 " The one-legged bedstead, now a piece of the furniture of the past, was 
 made by cutting a stick the proper length, boring holes at one end one and 
 a-half inches in diameter, at right angles, and the same sized holes corres- 
 ponding with these in the logs of the cabin the length and breadth desired 
 for the bed, in which are inserted poles. 
 
 "Upon these poles .clapboards are laid, or lind bark is interwoven con- 
 aecntively from pole to pole. Upon this primitive structure the bed is laid. 
 The convenience of a cook stove was not thought of then, but instead the 
 {Cooking was done by the faithful housewife in pots, kettles and skillets, on 
 and about the big fireplace, and very frequently over and around,, too,, the 
 
314 HISTOET OF KEOKTTK COTINTT. 
 
 distended pedal extremities of the legal sovereigns of the household, while 
 the latter were indulging in the luxury of a cob pipe, and discussing the 
 
 ?robable results of a contemplated elk hunt up and about "Walled Lake." 
 base log cabins were really not so bad, after all. 
 
 The living in those days was not such as to tempt the epicure to leave 
 his comfortable luxuries, or even necessities, in the East in order to add to 
 the population of the country. Flour was at first unknown and meal was 
 scarce. 
 
 They had corn bread in those days " as was corn bread," such as many a 
 resident of the county of this day knows nothing of ; and the pone made 
 by the grandmothers of the young people of the present day was some- 
 thing for pride. 
 
 Before the country became supplied with mills which were of easy 
 access, and even in some instances afterward, hominy-blocks were used ; 
 these now exist only in the memory of the oldest settlers, but as relics of the 
 "long ago" a description of them will not be uninteresting: 
 
 A tree of suitable size, say from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter, 
 was selected in the forest and felled to the ground. If a cross-cut saw 
 happened to be convenient, the tree was "butted "—that is, the kerf end 
 was sawed off so that it would stand steady when ready for use. If there 
 were no cross-cut saw in the neighborhood strong arms and sharp axes were 
 ready to do the work. Then the proper length, from four to five feet, was 
 measured off and sawed or cut square. When this was done the block was 
 raised on end and the work of cutting out a hollow in one of the ends 
 was commenced. This was generally done with a common chopping ax. 
 Sometimes a smaller one was used. When the cavity was judged to be 
 large enough, a fire was kindled in it and carefully watched till the ragged 
 edges were burned away. When completed the hominy-block somewhat 
 resembled a druggist's mortar. Then a pestle or something to crush the 
 corn was necessary. This was usually made from a suitably sized piece of 
 timber- with an iron wedge attached, the large end down. This completed 
 the machinery and the block was ready for use. Sometimes one hominy- 
 block accommodated an entire neighborhood and was the means of staying 
 the hunger of many mouths. 
 
 It is sometimes remarked that there were no places for public entertain- 
 ment till later years. The fact is there were many such places; in fact, 
 every cabin was a place of entertainment and these hotels were sometimes 
 crowded to their utmost capacity. On such an occasion, when bed-time 
 came, the first family would take the back part of the cabin and so con- 
 tinue filling up by families until the limit was reached. The young men 
 slept in the wagons outside. In the morning those nearest the door arose 
 first and went outside to dress. Meals were served on the hind end of a 
 wagon, and consisted of corn bread, buttermilk and fat pork, and occasion- 
 ally coffee to take away the morning chill. On Sundays, for a change, 
 they had bread made of wheat " tread out " by horses on the ground, 
 cleaned with a sheet and pounded by hand. This was the best the most 
 fastidious could obtain, and this only one day in seven. 
 
 Not a moment of time was lost. It was necessary that they should raise 
 enough sod corn to take them through the coming winter, and also get as 
 much breaking done as possible. They brought with them enough corn to 
 give the horses an occasional feed in order to keep them able for hard work, 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 315 
 
 bnt in the main they had to live on prairie grass. The cattle got nothing 
 else than grass. 
 
 In giving the bill of fare above we should have added meat, for of this 
 they had plenty. Deer would be seen daily trooping over the prairie in 
 droves of from twelve to twenty, and sometimes as many as fifty would be 
 seen grazing together. Elk were also found, and .wild turkeys and prairie 
 chickens without number. Bears were not unknown. Music of the natural 
 order was not wanting, and every night the pioneers were lulled to rest by 
 :the screeching of panthers and the howling of wolves. When the dogs 
 ventured too far out from the cabins at night they would be driven back 
 by the wolves, chasing them up to the very cabin doors. Trapping wolves 
 became quite a profitable business after the State began to pay a bounty 
 for wolf scalps. 
 
 One of the peculiar circumstances that suri-ounded the early life of the 
 pioneers was a strange lonliness. The solitude seemed almost to oppress 
 them. Months would pass during which they would see scarcely a human 
 face outside their own families. The isolation of these early days worked 
 apon some of the settlers an effect that has never passed away. Some ot 
 them say that they lived in such a lonely way when they first came here 
 that afterward, when the county began to fill up, they always found them- 
 selves bashful and constrained in the presence of strangers. But when the 
 people were once started in this way the long pent-up feelings of joviality 
 .and sociability fairly boiled over, and their meetings frequently became 
 enthusiastic and jovial in the highest degree. It seems singular to note 
 bashfnlness as one of the characteristics of the strong, stalwart settlers, but 
 we are assured by the old settlei'S themselves that this was a prominent 
 characteristic of the pioneers. And some of them declare that this feeling 
 became so strong during the early years of isolation and lonliness that 
 they have never since been able to shake it off. 
 
 But there were certainly some occasions when , the settlers were not in 
 the least degree affected by anything in the nature of bashfulness. When 
 their rights were threatened or invaded they had " muscles of iron and 
 hearts of flint." It was only when brought together for merely social pur- 
 poses that they seemed ill at ease. If any emergency arose, or any business 
 was to be attended to, they were always equal to the occasion. 
 
 On occasions of special interest, such as elections, holiday celebrations or 
 camp-meetings, it was nothing unusual for a few settlers who lived in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the meeting to entertain scores of those who 
 had come from a distance. There was a grove on Mr. Scearcy's claim, and ; 
 this was a favorite place for holding camp-meetings. It was no unusual 
 thing for Mr. Scearcy and his estimable lady to feed hundreds for days in 
 succession during the progress of these meetings, free of charge. This cir- 
 cumstance is given to illustrate the boundless generosity which prevailed in 
 those days. Scores of other instances could be adduced, showing that at 
 least in this particular we live in degenerate days. 
 
 Rough and rude though the surroundings may have been, the pioneers 
 were none the less honest, sincere, hospitable and kind in their relations. 
 It is true as a rule, and of universal application, that there is a greater de- 
 gree of real humanity among the pioneers of any country than there is 
 when the country becomes older and richer. If there is an absence of re- 
 ifinement that absence is more than compensated in the presence of gener- 
 ous hearts and truthful lives. They are bold, courageous, industriouSj en- 
 
316 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 terprising and energietio. Generally speaking, they are earnest thinkerB 
 and possessed of a diversified fund of useful, practical information. As a 
 rule they do not arrive at a conclusion by means of a course of rational 
 reasoning, but nevertheless have a queer way of getting at the facts. They 
 hate cowards and shams of every kind, and above all things falsehood and 
 deception, and cultivate an integrity which seldom permits them to prosti- 
 tute themselves to a narrow policy of imposture. 
 
 Such were the characteristics of the men and women who pioneered the 
 way to the country of the Sac and Fox' Indians. Those who visited them 
 in their homes in a social- capacity were made as welcome as if they were 
 the members of the same household. To tender them pay in return for 
 their hospitality was only to insult the better feelings of their natui;e. If 
 a neighbor fell sick and needed care or attention the whole neighborhood 
 was interested. If a house vfas to be raised every man " turned out," and 
 often the women too, and while the men piled up the logs that fashioned 
 the primitive dwelling-place the women prepared the dinner. Sometimes 
 it was cooked by big log fires near the site where the cabin was building. 
 In other cases it was prepared at the nearest cabin and at the proper hour 
 was carried to where the men were at work. If one man in the neighbor- 
 hood killed a beef, a pig, or a deer, every other family in the neighborhood 
 was sure to receive a piece. One of the few remaining pioneers has re- 
 marked: 
 
 " In tliose days we were neighbors in a true sense. We were all on an 
 equality. Aristocratic feelings were unknown and would not have been 
 tolerated. Wiiat one had we all had, and that was the happiest period of 
 my life. But to-day, if yoii lean against a neighbor's shade tree he will 
 charge you for it. If you are poor and fall sick you may lie and suffer 
 almost unnoticed and unattended, and probably go to the poor-house ; and 
 just as like as not the man who would report you to the authorities as a 
 subject of county care would charge the county for making the report." 
 
 Of the old settlers some are still living in the county, in the enjoyment 
 of the fortunes they founded in the early times, " having reaped a hundred- 
 fold." Others have passed away, and many of them will not long survive. 
 Several of them have gone to the far West, and are still playing the part 
 of pioneers. But wherever they may be, and whatever fate may betide 
 them, it is but truth to say that they were excellent men as a class, and have 
 left a deep and enduring impression upon Keokuk county and the State. 
 " They builded better than they knew." They were, of course, men of ac- 
 tivity and energy or they would never have decided to face the trials of 
 pioneer life. They were almost invariably poor, but the lessons taught them 
 in the early days were of such a character that few of them have remained 
 so. They made their mistakes in business pursuits like other men. Scarcely 
 one of them but allowed golden opportunities, for pecuniary profit at least, 
 to pass by unheeded. What are now some of the choicest farms in Keokuk 
 county were not taken up by the pioneers, who preferred land of very 
 much less value. They have seen many of their prophecies fulfilled and 
 others teome to naught. Whether they have attained the success they de- 
 sired their own hearts can tell. 
 
 To one looking back over the situation at that time from the present 
 standpoint of progress and comfort, it certainly does not seem very 
 cheering; and yet, from the testimony of some ot these same old 
 
SISTOET or KEOKUK COTTNTT. 317 
 
 settlers themselves, it was the most independent and happy period of 
 their lives. 
 
 At that time it certainly would have been much more diflScult for those 
 old settlers to understand how it could be possible that thirty-two years 
 hence the citizens at the present stage of the county's progress would 
 be complaining of hard times and destitution, and that they themselves, 
 perhaps, would be among that number, than it is now for us to appre- 
 ciate how they could feel so cheerful and contented with their meager 
 means and humble lot of hardship and deprivation during those early 
 pioneer days. 
 
 The secret, doubtless, was that they lived within their means, however 
 limited, not coveting more of luxury and comfort than their income would 
 afford, and the natural result was prosperity and contentment, with always 
 room for one more stranger at the fireside, and a cordial welcome to a place 
 at their table for even the most hungry guest. 
 
 During the first three years, and perhaps not until some time afterward, 
 there was not a public highway established and worked on which they could 
 travel; and as the settlers were generally far apart, and mills and trading 
 points were at great distances, going from place to place was not only very 
 tedious bnt attended sometimes with great danger. Not a railroad had yet 
 entered Chicago, and there was scarcely a thought in the minds of the peo- 
 ple here of such a thing ever reaching the wild West; and if thought of, 
 people had no conception of what a revolution a railroad and telegraph 
 through here would cause in the progress of the country. Then there were 
 less than 5,000 miles of railroad in the United States, and not a mile of 
 track laid this side of Ohio, while now there are over ] 00,000 miles of 
 railroads extending their trunks and branches in every direction over our 
 land. 
 
 Supplies in those days came to this Western country entirely by river 
 and wagon transportation. Mail was carried to and fro in the same w y, 
 and telegraph dispatches were transmitted by the memory and lijjs of emi- 
 grants coming in or strangers passing through. 
 
 In the autumn of 1846, when Iowa ceased to be a territory and became a 
 State, Keokuk county likewise was entering upon a new career. Koads 
 were being laid out and worked and temporary bridges constructed in dif- 
 ferent localities for the convenience of travel. Schools and school-houses 
 were rapidly increasing, and conveniences of public worship multiplied. 
 Manufactories of various kinds began to be talked of by the more enter- 
 prising men of some capital, and the general work of improvement and 
 civilization progressed most encouragingly. 
 
 The emigration to the unsettled regions further west made a good market 
 for all kinds of farm produce at the very doors of the settlers. Mills as 
 well as markets had come to the very doors of the pioneers of Keokuk 
 county, and the county may be said to have entered upon its career of per- 
 manent prosperity. But the distinctively pioneer times had gone. With 
 all their hardships and all their joys, they were a thing of the past. 
 
 CLAIM CLUBS AND CLUB LAWS. 
 
 During the early settlement of all this portion of country, while the dif- 
 ferent lands were being claimed and taken np, the greater part of the first 
 settlers banded themselves together for mutual protection in organizations 
 
318 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COITNTT. 
 
 called " claim clubs," to prevent the encroachment of land speculators, pro- 
 fessional "claim-jumpers," and various kinds of intruders who had no in- 
 tention of settling here and enduring their share of the hardships and labor 
 involved in opening up and improving a new country. 
 
 It was a perilous act for any one outside of these claim clubs to take a 
 claim in any of the more desirable parts of the county, lest he should settle 
 upon or interfere with some club member's previous claim or interest, and 
 if such a thing did occur, no matter how innocent he may have been as to 
 his intentions of intruding, in all such cases the non-initiated could' do 
 nothing but give up his claim, improvements and all, either peaceably or 
 through compulsion of the combined force of the club, and resignedly seek 
 elsewhere for lands. If he did not feel like submitting to this treatment, 
 his only hope was to join the club for protection and advice, and thus be 
 admitted to the secrets of its plan of working. 
 
 In many instances these claim clubs did good service when the enforce- 
 ment of law and order seemed otherwise impossible in protecting settlers 
 in their rights of home and property. While, on the other hand, doubtless 
 a good many honest and innocent persons were caused to suffer serious loss 
 and inconvenience through the workings and sometimes unfair means of 
 these clubs. 
 
 The very best intentioned organizations and individuals sometimes make 
 mistakes in running to extremes, and cause injury to others by that which 
 was only originally intended to be beneficial. Especially is this the case 
 where so many different minds and dispositions are united to govern one 
 organization. 
 
 So it was, to a greater or less extent, with these early claim clubs. While 
 the chief design in their work was the mutual protection and benefit of all 
 the members and the proper settlement and development of the country, 
 the injudicious, selfish members sometimes caused the institution of means 
 that resulted in the injury and oppression of the innocent. 
 
 But professional claim-jumpers were plentiful, as well as very shrewd 
 and persistent in their modes of working to get the advantage, and these 
 organized clubs seemed to prove the only effectual checkmates for them. 
 In this respect, therefore, the latter accomplished a good work and afforded 
 a formidable defense. 
 
 These clubs existed in almost every community and were by no means 
 a new institution when first introduced here. The claim rights of settlers 
 were then regulated by what was called the claim law, which had its origin 
 in Jefferson county, and was in a certain sense sanctioned by the legislature 
 of 1839. 
 
 The plan of organization was very simple. A captain was selected, and 
 each member of the club signed a pledge in the form of by-laws: and 
 these by-laws form a curiosity well worth reading. 
 
 In addition to having a captain, whose duty it was to direct the action of 
 the club and act as a sort of general executive officer, the club had another 
 officer still more important, whose duty it was to attend the public land 
 sales and bid off such tracts of land as he was ordered to purchase by order 
 of members of his club. General Lowe was captain of one of these clubs 
 and S. A. James was bidder. 
 
 The Steady Run Club was organized at Elizabethtown, on the 23d day of 
 August, 1846. The following regulations were adopted, to-wit.: 
 
X^^^,/t9-7^ 
 
HISTOET OF KEOK0K COtJNTT. 
 
 321 
 
 1st. Thatwe will protect the claims of each other on the lands of the Umted states 
 Mspectively, by using all proper means to assist each other to purchase our claims from the 
 Government, and that we will use every effoH to prevent any one from buying any claims who 
 is not a proper owner thereof. 
 
 2d. That if any one shall enter any claim belonging to another, he or they shall not be 
 considered a citizen and shall be discountenanced by us. 
 
 3d. That a committee shall be appointed, consisting of five persons, to settle all claim 
 disputes ; that any party to a dispute may have the privilege of objecting to any one or all 
 of the committee ; that it shall be the duty of said committee to appraise the lands so wrong- 
 fully entered as aforesaid ; that the money paid to the government for the same shall be de- 
 ducted from the appraised value thereof, and that the person so wrongfully entering lands 
 shall be compelled to pay to the rightful owner of the claim the overplus ; that said com- 
 mittee shall have power to fill any vacancy in their body by appointment. 
 
 4th. That only 320 acres shall be protected as aforesaid, and that any part thereof being 
 , entered or bought of the Government by the proper owner shall not entitle such claimant to 
 extend the boundaries of his claim. 
 
 5th. That any non-resident owning aclaim in this territory shall be entitled to the bene- 
 fits of these by-laws upon agreeing to render the same assistance to the club as others in- 
 terested. 
 
 6th. That any neighborhood in the county or contiguous to this territory shall be entitled 
 to the benefits of these regulations upon agreeing to render like assistance to this neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 7th. That the secretary of this meeting shall be ex-officio clerk of the neighborhood, and 
 shall have charge of all papers and books pertaining thereto. 
 
 8th. That the clerk shall keep a record of the boundaries of all claims presented to him 
 in writing, and shall file in his ofBce the said descriptions. 
 
 9th. That the oldest record of a claim shall be prima facie evidence of ownership, pro- 
 vided no person shall be bound to have the boundaries of his claim recorded previous to the 
 15th day of September next or within twenty days after making the same. 
 
 10th. That all transfers of claims shall be registered within twenty days after said trans- 
 fer. 
 
 11th. That a bidder for said club shall be appointed, who shall bid off any tract or tracts 
 of land as may be directed by any owner or claimant, or the committee, in case of a dispute. 
 
 12th. That the committee shall be sworn to perform their duties faithfully and impar- 
 tially, and that each witness shall be sworn in like manner as in a justice's court. 
 
 13th. That the committee shall have power to appoint a meeting of the club when, in 
 their discretion, the exigencies of the case require it. 
 
 • ( A. Tatioe, Henry Knotson, 
 
 Co»i. -jD. Howard, ' Clerk. 
 
 [ J. Hurley. 
 
 Comehus Hurley, 
 Milton Britton, 
 John Larmore, 
 John Hurley, 
 David Howard, 
 Chas. Moore, 
 Wm. Button, 
 Jesse Shoemaker, 
 Henry Barrith, 
 Enos Darnell, 
 Andrew Taylor, 
 Wm. Stinson, 
 Madison Harman, 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Thos. Gaston, 
 Francis Britton, 
 Chas. P. Lyon, 
 John Hooker, 
 Alex Jones, 
 James M. Brown, 
 Moses McConnell, 
 Josiah Borrough, 
 Benj. Hollingsworth, 
 James Rasser, 
 Dan McGowen, 
 Anson Richardson, 
 Isaac Petre, 
 
 Isaac N. Garrott, 
 Joel Skinner, 
 John Garrott, 
 C. M. Woods, 
 R. F. Weller, 
 John McGowen, 
 R. B. Whited, 
 Owen Monahon, 
 David McBwen, 
 Frank Strots, 
 Thos. Richardson, 
 G. W. Hayes. 
 
 The following is a facsimile of a tally-sheet at the election of bidder: 
 
 R. p. W . . . . '. 1111111111111. 
 
 J. Garrotte 1111111. 
 
 S.Burr 111111111. 
 
 C. Lyon 11111. 
 
 A. R 111111. 
 
 As a rule, land speculators and others had very tender consciences, 
 which prompted them to respect the rights of the settler when he was a 
 21 
 
322 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 member of one of these organizations. A certain club had among their 
 by-laws the following : 
 
 Besolved, That the filing of any intention to pre-empt, in contravention of the right of 
 any member hereof, shall be regarded as an attempt to deprive one member of his rights un- 
 der the eternal fitness Of things, and we pledge ourselves, one to another, to meet the offender 
 on the home stretch with logic of life or death. 
 
 Notwithstanding this, there weve occasional instances in which persons 
 dared to contend with the clubs, but the " logic" proved too much for them 
 on the " home stretch." 
 
 In the Rock creek neighborhood one August Wunderlich made a claim 
 and located on it. Some two years afterward one Samuel Daniels went to 
 the land-oiSce and entered it. After having entered the land, the latter 
 came on and signified his intention of taking possession of it. Mr. Wun 
 derlich made complaint to tlie club of which he was a member, and a com- 
 mittee of the club waited on the offender and informed him of the conse- 
 quences of his action. Daniels made sport of the committee, and told 
 them that he thought he understood his business; that he had bought the 
 land of the government and expected to take possession of it; that so far 
 from being intimidated by the committee he despised them ; that the club 
 was simply a mob organized in defiance of law; that he knew his rights 
 and intended to maintain them. At this interview the offender was very 
 brave, and from his conduct on that occasion the committee supposed that 
 he would be a hard customer to deal with. The club held a meeting, and it 
 was decided that prompt and vigorous measures should be resorted to. The 
 following day was selected as the .time when these measures were to be car- 
 ried into execution. When the time fixed upon arrived, some two or three 
 hundred of the settlers called upon Daniels and again informed him of 
 their intention, should he not immediately abdicate his claim. Daniels was 
 considerably frightened this time, but insisted on taking possession of 
 Wunderlich's claim. The settlers, concluding that fnrther remonstrance 
 would be unavailing, proceeded to enforce their rules by using the Idgic of 
 tar and feathers. Daniels left the country and was never again heard of. 
 
 The following article, which appeared in the " "Whig and Eegister " in 
 1849, was written by a gentleman who yet resides in the county. We give 
 the article in full, as it illustrates a peculiar phase of pioneer life, and 
 shows how fertile in expedients were the members of these claim clubs in 
 dealing with trespassers. The western county spoken of was Keokuk; the 
 little town, Cambridge, was Lancaster, then the county-seat; the frontiers- 
 man alluded to was Henry Knox, and the merry son of Erin answered to 
 the name of Bowles ; the claim-owner was Jacob Pay ton : 
 
 A BOEDER SKETCH. 
 
 Traveling, last summer, through the Western counties of Iowa, and one 
 day becoming somewhat weary, I put up, a short time before night, at the 
 principal inn of a little town which for the present incident I shall call 
 Cambridge. Supper not yet being ready, and finding my hotel somewhat 
 deserted, I concluded to take a stroll through the village, and, seeing quite 
 a crowd collected about a common covered wagon which stood in the direc- 
 tion I had taken, I soon mingled among them, hoping to gain some infor- 
 mation, or, perchance, to see some familiar face. My acquaintance, how- 
 
HI8T0ET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 323 
 
 ever, did not embrace any of the crowd, though I cannot say I did not 
 receive some information. 
 
 The wagon contained two men: one a regular-looking, out-and-out 
 frontiersman ; the other a merry son of Erin, who seemed to enjoy every- 
 thing and rejoiced that he lived, which perhaps was the result of himself 
 and his companion being fully " half-seas over." 
 
 They were on their way, or rather intended to proceed, to the land-oflBce 
 at Fairfield to secure the title to some government land, and, as is some- 
 times the case with men in their condition, were very independent citizens: 
 plenty of money, whisky, good span of horses and a wagon, they felt them- 
 selves a little above the ordinary, and of course only condescended to hear 
 what some of the crowd had to communicate to them. 
 
 It seems, as I learned from a good-natured Hoosier, and a clever fellow 
 {I always stick to first impressions), who stood looking on, that the team 
 had then and there been stopped by the good citizens to " argue the ques- 
 tion," as Jack Easy has it, as to the propriety of their entering the certain 
 tract of land for which purpose they had started, upon the ground that the 
 "claim" belonged to another person. 
 
 Through the influence of this other person, the citizens generally had 
 giren judgment in his favor; and if Judge Lynch was not presiding, it 
 was because the " committee " were not present to order summary jus- 
 tice to be done, all governments, I believe, taking measures to prevent the 
 commission of offenses as well as to punish the offender. 
 
 Our teamsters were quietly requested to return and abandon their pur- 
 'pose, expostulated with, and even threatened with subsequent punishment if 
 they persisted in and accomplished their designs, but all to no purpose; go 
 they would, and as yet they had done nothing more than declare their inten- 
 tion, it was deemed sufficient to administer to them but light specimens of, 
 retributive justice. 
 
 Accordingly, some half-dozen began quite a pleasant conversation with 
 onr patrons of the liquor-dealer at the front end of the wagon, while the 
 hinder wheels, through the quiet efforts of some half-dozen more, were un- 
 de^oing the process of losing their linch-pins. 
 
 fills being accomplished, they were permitted to proceed in the even 
 tenor of their way. 
 
 Nature seems, and wisely too, to have constituted all men differently, 
 and, allowing the " claim-jumpers " to have been " tenants in common " 
 and alike partakers in the contents of the jug, the effect produced upon 
 them fully justified that, even in this case, there was no exception to the 
 rule, — the one being in his opinion much more intelligent, wealthy, gener- 
 ous and capable than the other, and in consequence of thus being the 
 tighter, as a matter of course insisting in his ability, took command of the 
 team, and they thus proceeded on their " winding way," anxioufely watched 
 by a number of urchins and " big boys " to witness their discomfiture. 
 
 Now it so chanced that when they had driven about a mile the horses 
 seemed inclined to take a right-hand road which diverged from the right 
 one, slightly at first, but finally led off and was lost in the bottom timber, 
 such as is very common in that region, and which more than once betrayed 
 ine, ere I knew it, into a settlement of stumps. 
 
 They proceeded on their wood-road out of sight without any disaster, 
 much to the chagrin of many of the watchers, and after a short walk I re- 
 turned to the hotel. 
 
324 HI8T0ET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 About sunset my attention was arrested by a shout of boys, and, stepping 
 to the door, I discovered, in the same direction it had come in the after- 
 noon, the wagon — minus, however, both hinder wheels, by reason of which 
 the axles were doing ample justice in the moist earth. 
 
 The wagon being again surrounded, the soberer inmate recognized a face 
 among the crowd. 
 
 " Hallo, Young," said he, "is that you? " 
 
 " Aye, aye," replied Young. 
 
 " How long have you been here? " 
 
 " Do you mean since I came here? " 
 
 "Thunder! yes." 
 
 " About three years." 
 
 " Thunder, Young! yon needn't think I am drunk. Didn't I see you in 
 Cambridge to-day ? " 
 
 " You did. I think you must have made a quick trip to Fairfield." 
 
 "To Fairfield! Why, Young, you must be drunk. Ain't we in Fair- 
 field?" 
 
 "Fairfield! No, sir; you are in Cambridge." 
 
 "Cambridge — the devil! Why, Young, you know there's no hillside 
 like this in Cambridge — no, siree! I'm not that drunk yet, Young." 
 
 " Indeed, sir," said Young, " your hind wheels are gone; you are on the 
 level ground — it's only your wagon-bed." 
 
 " Oh, Young, don't be trying to fool a feller this way? That cuss didn't 
 get you to come here to keep us from entering that land? " 
 
 " Just stick your head outside your wagon-cover and satisfy yourself 
 where you are," replied Mr. Young. 
 
 Crawling up to the end-gate and taking a view, he began to realize the 
 truth, drunk as he was, that they had only been winding about through the 
 timber, and were no further advanced now than in the middle of the after- 
 noon. 
 
 Turning to his companion, "Patrick!" shouted he, "we've played the 
 devil! Here we are in Cambridge yet, and the hind-wheels gone — stir np 
 here!" 
 
 Patrick, however, who had some time before released the reins, was close 
 bordering on dreamland, and only muttered out to " dhrive on, and don't 
 be a-jawin' thravelers." 
 
 Patrick's companion, finding himself called upon to exercise some judg- 
 ment to extricate themselves, signified his intention to return on the track 
 of his axles in search of his wheels. 
 
 Sundry remarks from the crowd, that they, the men of the two-wheeled 
 wagon, were puppies, dogs, cowards, etc., had the effect of bringing Pat- 
 rick's companion on terra firma, and there, divesting himself of coat and 
 vest, very unsolemnly made oath that he could whip any man that said 
 such things of them, and thereupon elevating both feet from the ground at 
 the same time, made an effort to smack his feet together." 
 
 Finding that no one would brave the danger of making any of the charges 
 to his face, he gathered his apparel and started in search of his wheels. 
 
 Tracing in the dust, and by the aid of a friendly moon till he could no 
 longer observe the marks, he set about a search for the wheels, and after a 
 fruitless search of an hour or more returned to town to find his wagon up- 
 set, and Patrick still in it and occupying the bows for a pillow; he seemed, 
 however, to be slightly opposed to the inverse plan of bedding, for on the 
 
HISTORY or KEOKTTK COUNTY. 325 
 
 Reappearance of his companion with a " Hallo, Fatrick," he only stam- 
 mered out something about a "long trip" and " rough roads." 
 , The truth is that when some of the boys found that the wheels were to 
 be looked for they made a forced march, found the wheels and hid them 
 ^way in the grass so that a sober man, in day time, would have been excused 
 for not finding them. 
 
 To cut short the facts of the incident, for facts they are, the two team- 
 sters were taken to a convenient branch and there threatened with imme- 
 diate immersion if they did not renounce their intentions, which they 
 unhesitatingly did. Patrick, however, was scarcely responsible for his 
 promise on the occasion, even taking the duress out of the question, for on 
 going to the branch on which he required a " right and left scene sup- 
 porter " he complained that there was a " divilish crowd wanten land." 
 
 Having, however, obtained their solemn promise not to meddle with the 
 " claim " they were conducted to my hotel and provided with comfortable 
 quarters. 
 
 Next morning they were duly sober, wagon top undermost, two wheels 
 gone, horses missing and jug broken. 
 
 The same men who but yesterday had helped to do all this now assisted 
 to restore everything that could be done by them, and the horses having 
 strayed home the real owner of the claim who had been " about " all the 
 time, actually lent them his horse and procured another from mine host, 
 who, by the way, took no small part in effecting a reconciliation of the 
 parties. They rigged again their team, and claim-owner and claim-jumpers, 
 ^ide by side, started to their several homes. 
 
 SUEYEYS AND LAND SALES. 
 
 All the lands of Keokuk county were surveyed from 1843 to 1845. At 
 that time Gen. James Wilson was surveyor-general of the United States 
 for Wisconsin and Iowa. Gen. Wilson entered into contract with various 
 deputy surveyors, who entered upon the work of surveying the lands 
 shortly after the ratification of the treaty whereby the Indians ceded the 
 land to the government. From copies of field notes of the original sur- 
 veys, it appears that the work of running the township lines for Keokuk 
 county was performed by deputy surveyor Alvin Burt, and was completed 
 July 31, 1843. The sub-divisions of the township into sections was begun 
 shortly afterward. Townships 74 and 75, range 10, were surveyed by dep- 
 uty surveyor S. W. Durham, and the work was completed September 30, 
 1843. Township 76, range 12, was surveyed by the same deputy, and the 
 work completed October 20, 1843. Also townships 74 and 76, range 11. 
 Deputy surveyor George W. Harris sub-divided townships 76 and 77, 
 range 10, completing the work November 10, 1843. Township 75, range 
 13, was sub-divided by deputy James E. Freeman, finished November 30, 
 1843. Geo. W. Harris also certified to the survey of 76 and 77, in 11, on 
 the 20th day ot November, 1843. November 26, 1844, Henry Wiltse 
 ■completed the survey of township 77, range 12. Townships 76 and 77, 
 range 13, were surveyed by the same deputy, the work being completed 
 December 9, 1844. The remaining townships were surveyed later by dep- 
 uty surveyor Samuel 0. Wiltse, the entire survey having been completed by 
 March 1, 1845. As a matter of course no lands could be sold by the gov- 
 lernmeat till these surveys were completed, and it was fortunate for the 
 
326 HISTOBT OF KEOKUS COUNTY. 
 
 settlers that they were not offered until some time after, as very few oi 
 them were in a condition to purchase. So long as the lands remained un- 
 snrveyed, there was no danger of the settler losing his claim, but when the 
 surveys were completed the lands were liable to be thrown on the market 
 at any time; and in such a case the claim-holders who were not prepared' 
 to purchase were at any time liable to lose their homes, or else come into 
 conflict with the general government. It was probably in- view of these 
 difficulties, and the hardships wliich would befall many worthy pioneers, 
 that no land located in Keokuk county was thrown upon the market tilt 
 1846. 
 
 In 1846 the government offered for sale all the lands in the county. 
 The land office at that time was located at Fairfield and on the first day of 
 the sales all the settlers who had provided means, either in person or rep- 
 resented by bidders, were on liand. The sales were made exclusively for 
 cash, and the government would receive nothing but bills on the State Bank' 
 of Missouri and specie in payment. General Lowe, who had been depu- 
 tized to purchase land for quite a number of the settlers, started for the 
 land office with a large sack of gold and silver, it being all that a large 
 strong horse could do to bear up under the weight of that bag of specie 
 and the rider. The minimum price of the land was a dollar and a quarter 
 per acre. The sale continued two days and ostensibly, the land was sold to- 
 the highest bidder, but in reality there was but one bidder to each tract 
 and that was the owner of the claim or his representative. During the two 
 days sale there were disposed of about one hundred and fifty tracts. The 
 following are the names of the men who entered land at this, the first land 
 sale for the county : 
 
 "William Basey, William Dunn, O. Tharp, J. W. Snelson, Daniel Con- 
 nor, Conrad Shivey, Joseph Lowe, Jacob Wimer, Jacob B. Whisler, William 
 ■ Jacobs, J. A. Pitzer, Aaron Gaskell, Rawley Ice, Joseph Knox, George M. 
 HoUiday, Benjamin P. Shawhan, Samuel Singmaster, Samuel Walley, 
 John Oswald, Elisha Byers, David Morgan, Mahlon Haworth, John 
 Haworth, John Singleton, Jeremiah Hollingsworth, Eli Haworth, Alien; 
 Hayworth, G. Hayworth, J. E. Edwards, Moses H. Husted, William 
 Bales, Elizabeth Pringle, Thomas Ehodes, J. R. Hobson, M. A. Wood- 
 ward, Joseph Hadley Henry Dickerson, Griffin Abraham. David Stout, 
 William W. McGrew, James Hutton, Walter Braden, Samuel Fye, Jere- 
 miah Eye, James Williams, Aaron Miller, Elijah Menefee, Meshacfc 
 Davis, Thomas Sater, Mitchell Gill, Valentine Nelson, Jacob Shoemaker, 
 J. B. Brown, Samuel Bowman, Robert Blacker, Jacob Ashcraft, Benjamin 
 Eobinson, John J. Franklin, Reuben Whitson, William Scearcy, Williaim 
 Campbell, Charles Friend, Caleb Scott, Theodore Cox, John J. Smith. Z. 
 Bothkin, Milton Brittain, Charles }*. Lyon, John Cox, F. M. Brittain, EliaSs 
 Petre, Owen Monahon, Andrew Taylor. Joel Skinner, Thomas Richardson^. 
 C. M. Wood, Moses McConnell, Philip Henninger, Jacob Smith, David 
 Hawk, Jeremiah Brown, James Green, Finley Messick, J. G. Brooks, 
 Roland Driskell. William T. Beard. Henry Koons, G. W. Hathhorn, D. E 
 Helm, Joseph Hillery, N. Macy, Solomon Beaver, David Lentz, Tinsley 
 Brooks, B. McCoy, William Trimble, Henry Able, Joseph M. Manifold, 
 Joseph Young, William Waugh, Parrish Ellis, Maxon Randall, Andrew 
 J. McNabb, John Scott, William McCann, Jacob Luce, William Lacy, 
 Joseph McGlasson, James Chitwood, Mary Burnside, Joseph Butler, John 
 Stroup, Samuel Mealley, David N. Henderson, Thos. Henderson, James- 
 
HISTOKY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 32T> 
 
 Jenkins, John Baker, John Shocklej. Wesley Goss, Eobert Alexander, 
 Michael Hornish, William Shockley, John Warner, William C. Cole, Ben- 
 jamin Cobb, William Trneblood, Asa Cobb, James Williams, John 
 Greenlee, Elijah Shockley, Peter Helwig, William Lyle, David Yoltmer,, 
 Charles Bakehouse, James Keegan, Thomas Cobb, Johnson CoUings, Pres- 
 ley Doggett,' John Lambert, John Cobb. 
 
 This was the. only public sale of lands that was held for the land lying 
 in Keokuk county. Thereafter individuals went in person, or by agent, to 
 the land office and entered such lands as were available. Some time after- 
 ward there was a land office established at Iowa City. Lands situated in 
 the southern half of the county, as before, were to be entered at Fairfield,, 
 while those lying in the northern half of the count}', had to go to Iowa 
 City to enter their lands. Several, whose names appear in the foregoing 
 list of purchases, still live on the identical tract of land purchased in May, 
 1846, and all such, without exception, are pleasantly situated and have 
 acquired quite handsome fortunes. Of the land originally entered the 
 largest share was situated on or contiguous to streams of water, the settler 
 thinking it impossible to live away from timber. On this account the 
 best land in the county was not entered for some time, and thus fell in the 
 hands of non-residents and speculators. Large portions of such land lay 
 untouched for years, but at tlie present time the plow has found its way 
 into these rich alluvial prairies. 
 
 TEADING POINTS. 
 
 It has already been remarked that quite a number of business houses for 
 the sale of dry goods, groceries and general merchandise had been estab- 
 lished in various parts of the county prior to the year 1846, when Iowa be- 
 came a State.; but up to that time, and for many years afterward, Burling- 
 ton and Keokuk were the chief trading points for Keokuk county. Some 
 trade was carried on at Muscatine, but this was chiefly confined to lumber. 
 There was very little farm produce which needed to be marketed for a num- 
 ber of years, the home demand being sufficient to exhaust the supply. The 
 first hogs taken to market from the county was a drove of two hundred, 
 head, which was bought up in various parts of the county in 1848 by J. B. 
 "Whisler and driven to Burlington. The next season the same gentleman 
 drove about four hundred hogs to the same market. In 1850 Mr. A. E. 
 Lowe engaged in the stock business, and continued in it till 1855. Mr; 
 Lowe's operations the first year were confined to hogs; he bought about 
 three hundred and fifty head and drove them to Burlington ; they averaged 
 240 pounds, and brought, in the Burlington market, $1.75 per hundred 
 pounds. The basis upon which operations of this kind were carried on in 
 those days forms a marked contrast with the basis of such operations in 
 this day of quick- returns and small profits. The dealer bought up the 
 stock and gave his note for the purchase price. After he had accumulated 
 a drove sufficiently large he started for the market, and this, owing to the 
 great distance and the slow movements of the fattened stock, often required 
 weeks for the round trip. There was indeed one circumstance which expe- 
 dited business. In the language of Mr. Lowe, " The hogs were good 
 travelers." After disposing of the drove and returning, the stock dealer 
 again made the round of his circuit and paid for the stock. If his venture 
 proved a fortunate one, he could pay all his bills and have something left 
 
328 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 as a compensation for his trouble; if not, some of the stock raisers had to 
 wait until the drover made another trip. The money which the drovers 
 thus circulated through the country was principally bank-bills on the State 
 banks of Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 An incident peculiar to these times, illustrating the status of commer- 
 cial operations, is related of a gentleman who may or may not have resided 
 in Keokuk county, but the authenticity of the statements can be vouched 
 for. Mr. M. was proprietor of a store where was sold a line of general 
 merchandise. Mr. M. carried on quite an extensive trade with the farmers 
 of that section, and was doing a flourishing business. However, as is gen- 
 erally the case with establishments of that kind, there accumulated quite a 
 large amount of old goods, out of style and out of date. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, some merchants would have offered the old goods at " less than 
 cost," or employed a loquacious auctioneer to dispose of them to the high- 
 est bidder — but not so with Mr. M. He proceeded as follows: It being a 
 prosperous year with farmers, he entered the field early as a hog-buyer, 
 buying hogs of all sizes and descriptions; bought late and early, and 
 bought continuously for a number of weeks, giving his note for the pur- 
 chase-money, as was customary in those days. After he had bought all the 
 hogs in the county which were for sale, and which were old enough to 
 travel, the word was passed around that all hogs thus purchased should be 
 delivered at the county-seat on a given day. The hogs came, filling the 
 town and the region round about. Mr. M., in the meantime, had employed 
 quite a force of medium-sized boys and vocal men, who, on the given day, 
 were to take charge of the hogs and drive them to Keokuk, Mr. M. accom- 
 panying them. 
 
 Upon arriving at Keokuk, Mr. M. concluded that the St. Louis market 
 was preferable to the Keokuk market, so he chartered a large boat, after 
 dismissing all of his employes except a few who were in his secret, put the 
 hogs on board, and, having given final instructions to the remaining em- 
 ployes, dismissed them and himself set sail for St. Louis. Upon the return 
 of the first delegation of drovers, there was some little uneasiness on the 
 part of Mr. M-'s note-holders. The former persons could give no satisfac- 
 tory account of Mr. M., and it was whispered among the latter tliat he had 
 lost heavily by the transaction. After a few days the rest of the drovers 
 returned, and on being questioned appeared to know as little of Mr. M. as 
 those who had preceded them. Soon it was whispered around that Mr. M. 
 had failed, and most likely would not return. One by one came the per- 
 sons of whom Mr. M. had bought hogs and turned in their notes for goods 
 at the store, and soon the crowd became so numerous that they could not 
 be waited on by the force of clerks then employed ; more clerks were em- 
 ployed, and Mr. M.'s establishment was so thronged that it resembled a 
 rush at a savings bank in time of a panic. All styles of dry goods and 
 clothing, which had lain on the shelves for years, were bought up with avid- 
 ity; boxes, containg groceries which had not been opened for months, were 
 soon emptied and were heaped up in the rear of the building; all kinds of 
 cutlery, hardware, agricultural implements, jewelry, musical instruments 
 and toys were carried off by the wagon-load. In short, there was a press- 
 ing demand for everj'thing and anything which farmers could eat, drink or 
 wear, both useful and ornamental, and at the end of a week Mr. M's entire 
 stock, including all the old goods which had long been a drug on the mar- 
 ket, was disposed of, and the shelves bare. At this supreme moment Mr. 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 329 
 
 M. returned with a large stock of new goods and his pockets full of money. 
 He pretended to be greatly surprised when he found his store-room empty 
 and manifested great feeling when informed of the reports which were 
 afloat; he even threatened to prosecute the parties who originated the story 
 of his insolvency. Mr. M., however, took no steps to discover the names 
 and location of his traducers; he even regained his accustomed urbanity, 
 and it was a matter of surprise to many how quickly Mr. M. rallied from 
 the fit of gloom and despondency which seized him on his first return. Mr. 
 M. continued to buy stock for many years thereafter, but his patrons never 
 made another run on his store. 
 
 There were persons in every settlement who made a business of freight- 
 ing, making regular trips to Burlington and Keokuk, while stage lines were 
 operated to and from the principal cities for the accommodation of the 
 public. 
 
 The journey was often long and wearisome. The sloughs were not 
 bridged, and in the spring it was no uncommon thing for a passenger on 
 the stage to make his journey on foot and carry a rail with which to help 
 pry the stage out of the mire. This was " high-toned " traveling, and 
 from this may be imagined what sort of a journey was that of a lone settler 
 and an ox team. 
 
 Sigourney was quite a pioneer town itself then, and accommodations were 
 limited: It is related that on one occasion the boarders at a certain 
 house had rather a late breakfast. It happened in this wise: The landlord 
 had noticed that his larder was running low, but he was in hourly expecta- 
 tion of supplies. One evening the pantry was bankrupt, but the host was 
 in hopes his team would come with provisions before morning. But " hope 
 •deferred maketh the heart sick " at every dawn. The landlord looked wist- 
 fully down the divide in vain. Finally he mounted a horse and rode to 
 a house down the road, where he secured a little meal and half a side of 
 bacon from a settler and started for home. The half-dozen hungry board- 
 ers sat in front of the cabin pining for the fiesh-pots of civilization, and 
 soon their spirits arose and " their mouths began to water, for away to the 
 south came the plucky landlord, riding like a Jehu, and holding aloft the 
 half-side of bacon as a sign of relief." 
 
 For a long time the post-offices at Richland and Sigourney, receiving 
 a mail twice a month, afforded all the mail facilities there were in the 
 county, and from these offices the mail was sometimes taken in bulk to the 
 •country store, and kept in a dry goods box^marked, as likely as not, 
 •"Smith & Co., Burlington, Iowa," from which the gentlemanly shop- 
 keeper distributed the precious missives to the anxious inquirers, who had 
 traveled, perhaps, many weary miles on foot to receive from the rude box 
 the long delayed letter that brought a message of love from the dear ones 
 far away. 
 
 The towns which had been laid out being so small, and the means of 
 transportation to them being so limited and irregular, they were unable to 
 supply, regularly, the now increasing demand from all around them, and 
 settlers in these parts thought themselves happy if they were not compelled 
 to go on far beyond there to Keokuk or Burlington to obtain, the necessa- 
 ries of life. 
 
 In order to secure many of the necessaries of life they were often under 
 the necessity of going to Burlington and Keokuk to supply the wants of 
 their pioneer homes. After stores and trading-points began to be estab- 
 
330: HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 lished in this connty, the merchants for many years were in the habit of 
 going to these distant points on the river to purchase their stock of goods 
 and bring them through by wagon transportation. 
 
 Occasionally a number of families in a community would club together » 
 make out a list of what they needed, and send off to the trading-post as, 
 many men and teams as necessary, or as could be obtained, to procure and 
 bring home supplies for all; and thus to a great degree they worked together,, 
 and to, one one another's interest as one great family. 
 
 In this way, also, they took turns in going to mill, to the stores, for the- 
 mail, etc., and when a cabin was to be raised, or a neighbor assisted in any 
 way, all within reach or hearing turned out with one accord, quite willing 
 to lend the helping hand, and enjoy in .common the feast and frolic that; 
 was sure to accompany all such gatherings. 
 
 In this isolated condition, pioneer life here, as elsewhere, was one of 
 stern realities and serious trials, especially for the sick and aged ones, while 
 so far removed from points of supply, and almost completely cut off fromi 
 communication with the outside world. If a stranger from any distance 
 came into the new settlement he was treated with unusual cordiality, and- 
 questioned with unabating zeal with regard to the great world-mattersr 
 without; and if he saw fit to accept the urgent invitation of the settlers tO; 
 share their humble hospitality in welcome for many days, he might rest 
 assured that he must pass through that long siege of innocent questioning 
 by the inquisitive settlers, from which he would often derive as much 
 pleasure and profit as they. 
 
 TRAPPING AND HUNTING. 
 
 The sports and customs of the early settlers were not so numerous andf 
 varied as at present, but they were no less enjoyable and interesting. 
 
 Hunters now-adays would be only too glad to be able to find and enjoy 
 their favorable opportunities for hunting and fishing; and even travel hun-t 
 di'eds of miles sometimes, counting it rare pleasure to spend a few weeks. 
 among the lakes and on the wild prairies and woodlands, in hunt and chase 
 and fishing frolics, where not half so good hunting and fishing sport was- 
 furnished as was in this vicinity twenty-five or thirty years ago. There 
 were a good many excellent hunters here at an early day, too, who enjoyed 
 the sport as well as any can at the present. 
 
 Wild animals of various kinds were found here in abundance during tlie 
 time of the early settlement. The prairies, and woods, and streams, and 
 various bodies of water, were all thickly inliabited before the white man, 
 and even for some time after the white man caliie. 
 
 Serpents were to be found in such large numbers and of such immense- 
 size that some stories told by the early settlers would be incredible were it 
 not for the large array of concurrent testimony which is to be had from the 
 most authentic sources. 
 
 Deer, turkeys, ducks, geese, and various other kinds of choice game,. 
 Avere plentiful, affording freely and at the expense of killing what are now; 
 considered the choice and costly dishes in the restaurants. The fur animals,, 
 also, were abundant, such as the otter, beaver, mink, muskrat, raccoon, pan- 
 ther, fox, wolf, wild-cat and bear. 
 
 Deer and elk were quite numerous on these prairies for some time after 
 the first settlements were made. These various kinds of game afforded not 
 
SISTOEY OF KEOKUK OOTJNT^T. 331' 
 
 only pleasure, bnt profit, for those amono; the early settlers who were lovers 
 of hunt and chase; and skillful hunters were not scarce in those days in 
 proportion to the number of inhabitants. Many interesting incidents and 
 daring adventures occurred in connection with these hunting excursions, 
 which the old settlers who still remain seem never tired of relating, and we 
 here propose to insert a few of these reminiscences, related in the lajiguage- 
 of the actors in them. 
 
 A gentleman who formerly lived on South Skunk, near the forks of the- 
 river, says that in early days the grass and weeds along the river were so- 
 tall and the wolves and rattlesnakes so plenty that it was necessary to pro- 
 ceed with great care, and it was not prudent to even start out to liunt the- 
 eows without being provided with a large club or other weapon of defence- 
 against these noxious animals. "Often," says he, "have I gone through 
 the Skunk river bottoms in search of my cattle with a large club in one- 
 hand and a bowie-knife in the other, the wolves howling on either side and 
 for miles not out of the hearing of the rattling and hissing of snakes."" 
 Mr. Adams informs us that he once stopped over night with two old batch- 
 elors, who were living near the Washington coimty line, that during the- 
 day had killed two hundred twenty-five rattlesnakes, and who were not in- 
 the least damaged in their numerous encounters save as to their appetite^ 
 the remembrance of the slimy reptiles, after returning from the slaughter,, 
 interfered with the enjoyment of their frugal evening meal. Capt. Baker- 
 says that there was formerly a rattlesnake-den in Eichland township where 
 the serpents of all sizes and species seemed to congregate. On a certain- 
 occasion a number of persons undertook to exterminate them; they put in- 
 an entire day and in the evening they had three large piles which resem- 
 bled brush heaps, the rattlesnakes in one heap, the black-snakes in another 
 heap and a third heap composed of common garter-snakes. Mr. James re- 
 lates the particulars of an encounter he once had with a rattlesnake. It 
 was in the summer of 1843, about three miles northwest of Sigourney. He- 
 was assisting one W. H. Harrison in digging a well. They had gone to- 
 the depth of fifteen or twenty feet when night closing in they suspended 
 their labors till the next day. No settlers and no stock being in the vicin- 
 ity the well was left quite uncovered. On the next morning it was the lofr 
 of Mr. James to first descend into the well. Before being lowered he dis- 
 covered that the well had fallen in all around for a few inches above the- 
 bottom and that in spots water was visible. Takinsr, therefore, only a titt 
 cup he was lowered to see the state of afiairs. Wlien he arrived at the 
 bottom he directed the bucket to be hoisted out of the way in order that he- 
 might make a fuller and more accurate inspection. There were good indi- 
 cations of plenty of water and Mr. James fancied that he heard the gurg- 
 ling of water coming in at .the side. Turning his gaze in the direction- 
 from which the sound proceeded he beheld the curled up form of an im- 
 mense rattlesnake, the gurgling noise proceeding from the snake's 
 rattles. The rapidity with which the reptile revealed and concealed" 
 its malicious tongue convinced Mr. James that in its fall it had not lost its- 
 deadly power of attack. For some time he stood and viewed his 
 adversary. But one short step could be taken in retreat and he did not 
 thing best to take it. Without taking his eye away from the serpent Mr. 
 James directed the bucket to be lowered with the spade. This was 
 promptly done. He then took hold of the rope with one hand and the- 
 spade in the other and requested to be raised a short distance. As soon as h& 
 
332 HISTORr OF KEOKUK COFNTT. 
 
 ■came in reach of the snake he dealt it a blow with the spade which severed 
 its head from the body. The prairie rattlesnake never grew to be very 
 large; this one was three feet long and had seven rattles. 
 
 Wolves were very numerous and troublesome. It was impossiable to 
 raise sheep, and hogs as well as larger animals were not safe from the at- 
 tacks of these gaunt and ferocious wild beasts. On account of their many 
 and persistent depredations, as well as the fact that the State ofiered a pre- 
 mium on their scalps, systematic and continued efforts were made by cer- 
 tain indivduals to capture them. In some instances poison was nsed, in 
 other cases steel traps, and others had resort to their dogs and guns. 
 In 1844 Mr. A. Covey invented and manufactured a wolf-trap which 
 proved to be quite successful in its way. During the month of February; 
 that year. Covey caught in that trap sixteen wolves and among the number 
 a very large one which had made itself notorious for years and which many 
 liunters had vainly tried to capture. The trap was on exhibition at a 
 a-ecent Old Settlers' reunion and will probably be well cared for during the 
 life time of the inventor. 
 
 "Quincy" Adams, John W.Snelson and G.B. Cook were the mostrenowned 
 -deer hunters. Mr. Adams says that it was no unusual occurrence to see from 
 forty to fiftj' deer witliiii a radius of one mile from Sigourney. In those 
 -days Mr. Adams never thought it worth his while to leave the shop for a 
 hunt unless he brought down at least four or five deer. Mr. Cook had a 
 peculiar way of shooting deer; his plan was to climb a tree and await the 
 •coming of the game, when he would fire upon them from the tree. He is 
 said to have been very successful in this manner and seldom returned from 
 the hunt without bringing home an abundant supply' of venison. 
 
 Samuel Hardesty, who, since 1843, has resided on the divide between the 
 two forks of Skunk river, says that for many years his cabin was never 
 "without a good supply of venison. He regarded it a very easy task, at any 
 time, to take his rifle and kill three or four deer. He generally went on 
 foot, and when a deer came in range it generally was his meat; it was im- 
 material whether the animal was standing still or running. Sometimes, 
 •especially when there was snow on the ground, he would go on horseback, 
 and when he killed a deer it was lashed to his horse's tail, and then, mount- 
 ing the horse, the rider set out for further conquests. When another ani- 
 mal fell before the unerring aim of his rifle, it was tied on to the other 
 •deer, and some times he might be seen returning from the chase dragging 
 three or four deer, all lashed to the caudal appendage of his horse. Mr. 
 Hardesty also frequently took part in the circle-hunts. The plan was for 
 •some two or three hundred men to surround a considerable area of country 
 and gradually close in, thus driving the wolves into a very small area, 
 where they were slaughtered by the hundred. These circles frequently had 
 for their centre a point in the Skunk river bottom not far from the place 
 ■where Mr. Hai'desty now resides, and said ravine proved to be the last ditch 
 for hundreds of these predatory quadrupeds. It was not long after the 
 ^State offered a premium on wolf scalps that these troublesome representa- 
 tives of the canine species were exterminated. 
 
 GEOWTH OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 The official act of the Territorial Legislature naming Keokuk county and 
 ■defining the boundaries thereof, bears date February 5th, 1844. So it 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK CO0NTT. 33S 
 
 appears that the county was not named and laid out until nearlj' a year 
 after the first settlement had been made west of the treaty line of 1837^ 
 and five years after the first settlement had been made on the " Old Strip." 
 
 The Indians had left, and the whites had not yet appeared in large num- 
 bers. Although the county contained but few citizens, yet the white man 
 had marked it for his own. 
 
 During these years the county was in an undefined state of existence, or 
 non-existence. In one sense it was a county, in another it was not. It was 
 named and laid out. So that, in point of fact, there was a region of terri- 
 tory described as Keokuk county, in the then unorganized State of Iowa, as- 
 early as January, 1844. But there was no county organization proper, no 
 connty government, and not even many citizens for several months. In a^ 
 few months, however, the new county gained citizens, but in other respects 
 it continued for some time in the same undefined state. 
 
 The work of organization was only begun when the county was named 
 and laid out. It remained to hold an election, and organize a county gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Thus the early settlers were for a time in a peculiar situation. They 
 dwelt in, but were not properly citizens of, Keokuk connty, since there 
 were no county courts or other authority to control their actions, and they 
 were still, in these respects, under the discipline of another county. 
 
 For judicial and other purposes the new county was still a part of Wash- 
 ington county, and so continued until its formal organization was com- 
 pleted. It does not appear that there was much call for the exercise of this 
 authority, or that the loose and ill-defined county government produced 
 any bad results. "The laws are for those who need them," and the early 
 settlers dwelt together in harmony that did not call for the interference of 
 sheriff or judge. This is a somewhat remarkable feature of Keokuk 
 county, and contrasts vividly with the early experience of some other 
 counties. 
 
 The county seems to have prospered well during this period of loose, half- 
 formed organization. The settlers were too busy with tlieir own afikirs to 
 intermeddle with those of others, and so had little occasion to call for the 
 authority of the law. But it was soon apparent that the business affairs 
 of the community called for a county organization. Roads should be laid 
 out, a county-seat located, and other preparations made for a thriving and 
 prosperous future. So in 1844 the county was formally organized in the 
 manner spoken of more fully under the head of " organization." 
 
 The people in the county at the time of the organization were mostly 
 Germans, or native born Americans, and from that time to the present the 
 population has been mostly of that character. The connty filled up steadily 
 and rapidly. Nearly always the new-comers were poor in purse. Few 
 men of means came to Keokuk county in the early days. But, although, 
 they came almost witliont exception poor in pocket, they brought with 
 them industry, economy and intelligence, so that, in the course of years, 
 wealth has been the result. The growth of the "county never slackened or 
 came to a stand-still, except for a very short time, but continued steadily 
 year by year. The brunt of the pioneer battle was borne by the very early 
 settlers, for within a few years the great hardships of pioneer life had dis- 
 appeared, and the people lived m comfort. 
 
 At the time of the organization in 1844, the county contained less than 
 1>000 souls. In 1847 there were 2,918, which shows an increase of about 
 
334 HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 one hundred per cent each year for the three years following the organizar 
 tion. In 1849 the population had increased to 3,953. In 1850 the popu- 
 lation was 4,822, and in 1852 it had reached the number 6,306. In 1854, 
 which ended the first decade of the county's history, the population had 
 reached the remarkable number of 7,299. This certainly shows a remark- 
 able degree of progress and prosperity. 
 
 Passing over the next ten years, which include the war period, it will be 
 interesting to note the increase of population a decade later. In 1865 the 
 population had grown to 13,996, and in 1867 to 15,429. In 1870 the 
 county numbered 19,434. In 1875 the population was 20,488, and at this 
 present time it is estimated that the number will approximate 21,500. 
 
 But the rapid increase of population is not the only datum whereby we 
 may estimate the rapid growth of the county. In 1850 there were in farms 
 21,075 acres of improved land, and 62,263 acres of unimproved. In 1856 
 there were in farms, of improved land 52,517 acres, of unimproved 163,- 
 725. In 1875 there were 208,125 acres of improved land in farms, in addi- 
 tion to 98,999 acres of unimproved land in farms in connection with these 
 lands. 
 
 In 1850 there were 24,990 bushels of wheat raised, 346,650 bushels of 
 corn, and the value of the live stock was $103,285. In 1856, 64,113 
 bushels of wheat, 983,097 bushels of corn; the value of live stock was 
 ,$108,073, and the value of cattle alone which were sold that year was 
 $79,390. In 1875 there were harvested in the county 368,528 bushels of 
 wheat, and 3,327,282 bushels of corn. 
 
 In 1865 the total value of the personal property in the county was 
 $1,056,328, and the value of farm lands was $1,909,794. In 1875 the value 
 of personal property was $1,473,649, and the value of farm lands was 
 ^3,087,216. 
 
 In 1850 there were in the county 820 dwellings and 857 families; in 1856 
 there were 1827 dwellings and 1889 families; in 1875 the number of 
 dwellings was 3,690, and the number of femilies 3,763. 
 
 The church and school statistics also aflford a datum whereby we may 
 estimate the growth of the county, and these statistics give even a more 
 striking illustration of its unparalleled development than the facts and 
 figures relating to material prosperity. 
 
 In 1850 there were 39 schools, 39 teachers, 1015 pupils; $200 were 
 raised by taxation for the maintenance of these scho'ols, $640 from the 
 public fund and $1,800 from other sources. In 1875 there were 128 un- 
 graded schools, 8 graded schools, 218 teachers, and the number of pupils 
 in these schools was 8,042 ; this does not include 4 private schools, employ- 
 ing 6 teachers, with an enrollment of 151 pupils. To carry on this educa- 
 tional system for one year, the county expended the sum of $46,911. 
 
 In 1850 there were 16 church buildings, valued at $3,450; they were as 
 follows: Baptist, 4 churches, valued at $900; Christian, 3, valued at $800; 
 Friends, 2, valued at $450; Methodist, 7, valued at $1,300. At present, 
 .there is probably not a township in the county but what contains better 
 facilities for religious meetings than the entire facilities of the county 
 twenty years ago. 
 
 The total value of the property of the county in 1865 was $3,071,126, 
 against $4,845,323 in 1875, showing an increase in ten years of $1,774,197, 
 -or more than 55 per cent. 
 
 Thus, from the very first, the history of the county shows a steady career 
 
■HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 335 
 
 of thriving, prosperous growth. The following table of important events 
 shows the general landmarks of the county's growth and history to the 
 present time: 
 
 TABLE OF EVENTS. 
 
 First settler, Aaron Miller, March, 1838. 
 
 Oldest settler still residing on original claim, William Bristow. 
 
 County laid out, 1844. 
 
 County formally organized, 1844. 
 
 Bigouriiey located, May 10, 1844. 
 
 First white child born. J. F. Scearcy, December 15, 1840. 
 
 First marriage license issued in county, April 5, 1844, Nelson Green 
 and Elizabeth Warner. 
 
 First term of court, July 22, 1844. 
 
 First land entered, 1846. 
 
 First land transfer, February 15, 1846, 
 
 First mill erected, commenced June, 1842 ; finished February, 1843. 
 
 County-seat removed to Lancaster, August 7, 1846. 
 
 First newspaper published, "Western Friend," June 1, 1854. 
 
 First mail received at Sigourney, February 7, 1845. 
 
 County-seat returned to Sigourney, April 12, 1856. 
 
 Gold excitements, 1849, 1859, 1876. 
 
 Old court-house built, 1844. 
 
 Old jail built,. 1848. 
 
 New court-house completed, 1858. 
 
 New jail completed, 1875. 
 
 First railroad train in Sigourney, April 9, 1872. 
 
 This-brief table represents a large amount of history, and will be very 
 instructive to those who may "ponder it fittingly." 
 
 Speaking generally, the growth of the county has been steady and con- 
 tinuous, although there have been, of course, times of ebb and flow. The 
 first period of the county's growth was one of much hardship and priva- 
 tion. The California emigration, however, brought golden days to the 
 county, and prosperity continued in high tide until the panic a few years 
 before the war. These were evil days for Keokuk county, there was 
 very general discontent, and many business men in the county were ruined. 
 A slow recovery followed and introduced the war-period. From the close 
 of the war up to the panic of 1873, Keokuk was again in a prosperous 
 condition. The county did not sufiier in this directly so much as indirectly, 
 in the general derangement of the business of the country. But the ex- 
 
 ?erience was much the same as that in the former period of high times, 
 'roperty depreciated and become unsalable, and general discontent and 
 uneasiness spread among the people. There has been nothing peculiar to 
 Keokuk county in this experience — it has been that of the country in gen- 
 eral. At the present time the county is fairly started again on a career of 
 prosperity. 
 
 So, in Keokuk county, good times have followed close upon evil times, 
 and vice versa all through the period of its growth. It would seem that 
 old sage's thought would be a good thing to keep ever in mind, both in 
 prosperity and distress : "Even this shall pass away." Such a lesson is 
 taught by the experience of the county, from the organization to the pres- 
 ent time. 
 
336 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 COUNTY OKGANIZATION. 
 
 ' It was not long after the first settlement of Keokuk county before the 
 necessity of county organization in the interests of good government, good 
 roads and the proper management of other local affairs was fully appreci- 
 ated and agitated. Indeed, steps were taken toward organization during 
 the year 1843, but were not carried out for some time thereafter. 
 
 With regard to the origin of dividing individual States into county and 
 township organizations, which, in an important measui-e, should have the 
 power and opportunity of transacting their own business and governing 
 themselves, under the approval of, and subject to, the State and general 
 
 fevernment of which they each formed a part, we quote from Elijah M.. 
 [aines, who is considered good authority on the subject. 
 
 In his '"Laws of Illinois, Relative to Township Organizations," he saya 
 the county system, originated with Virginia, whose early settlers soon 
 became large landed proprietors, aristocratic in feeling, living apart in- 
 almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the labor- 
 ing part of the population. Thus the materials for a town were not at 
 hand, the voters being thinly distributed over a, great area. 
 
 "The county organization, where a few influential men managed the 
 whole business of the community, retaining their places almost at their 
 pleasure, scarcely responsible at all, except in name, and , permitted to con- 
 duct the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was more- 
 over consonant with their recollections or traditions of the judicial and 
 social dignities of the landed aristocracy of England, in descent from 
 whom the Virginia gentlemen felt so much pride. In 1834 eight counties 
 were organized in Virginia, and the system, extending throughout the 
 State, spread into all the Southern States, and some of the Northern 
 States; unless we except the nearly similar division into 'districts' in South 
 Carolina, and that into 'parishes' in Louisiana, from the French laws. 
 
 "Illinois, which, with its vast additional territory, became a county of 
 Virginia, on its conquest by Q-en. George Rogers Clark, retained the 
 county organization, which was formerly extended o;ver the State by the 
 constitution of 1818, and continued in exclusive use until the constitution 
 of 1848. 
 
 "Under this system, as in other States adopting it, most local business 
 was transacted by those commissioners in each county, who constituted a 
 county court, with quarterly sessions. 
 
 "During the period ending with the constitution of 1847, a large portion 
 of the State had become filled up with a population of New England birth 
 or character, daily growing more and more compact and dissatisfied with 
 the comparitively arbitrary and inefficient county system. It was main- 
 tained by the people that the heavily populated districts would always 
 control the election of the commissioners to the disadvantage of the more 
 thinly populated sections — in short that under that system, 'equal and 
 exact justice' to all parts of the county could not be secured. 
 
 "The township system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back 
 to 1635. 
 
 "The first legal enactment concerning this system, provided that, whereas, 
 'particular townships have many things which concern only themselves, and 
 the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own 
 town,' therefore, 'the freeman of every town, or a majority part of them, 
 
a^ c^ /§ 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKTTK COITNTT. 339 
 
 shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all 
 the appurtenances of said town, to grant lots, and to make such orders a& 
 may concern the well-ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the 
 laws and orders established by the General Court.' 
 
 "They might also (says Mr. Haines), impose iines of not more than 
 twenty shillings, and 'choose their own particular oflScers, as constables, 
 surveyors for the highways, and the like. 
 
 "Evidently this enactment relieved the general court of a mass of mu- 
 nicipal details, without any danger to the power of that body in controling 
 general measures of public policy. 
 
 "Probably also a demand from the freemen of the towns was felt for the 
 control of their own home concerns. 
 
 "The New England Colonies were first governed by a 'general court,' or 
 legislature, composed of a governor and a small council, which court con- 
 sisted of the most influential inhabitants, and possessed and exercised both 
 legislative and judicial powers, which were limited only by the wisdom of 
 the holders. 
 
 "They made laws, ordered their execution by officers, tried and decided 
 civil and criminal causes, enacted all manner of municipal regulations, and, 
 in fact, did all the public business of the colony. 
 
 "Similar provisions for the incorporation of towns were made in the 
 first constitution of Connecticut, adopted in 1639 ; and the plan of town- 
 ship organization, as experience proved its remarkable economy, efficiency 
 and adaptation to the requirements of a free and intelligent people, became 
 universal throughout New England, and went westward with the emigrants 
 from New England into New York, Ohio, and other Western States." 
 
 Thus we find that the valuable system of county, township and town 
 organizations had been thoroughly tried and proven long before there was 
 need of adopting it in Iowa, or any of the broad region west of the Missis- 
 sippi river. But as the new country soon began to be opened, and as 
 eastern people continued to move westward across the mighty rivei*, and 
 form thick settlements along its western shore, the Territory and State and 
 county and township and town organizations soon followed in quick suc- 
 cession, and those different systems became more or less modified and im- 
 proved, accordingly as deemed necessary by the experience and judgment 
 and demands of the people, until they have arrived at the present stage of 
 advancement and efficiency. 
 
 In the settlement of the Territory of Iowa the legislature began by or- 
 ganizing counties on the Misssissippi. As each new county was formed it 
 was made to include, under legal jurisdiction, all the country bordering 
 west of it, and required to grant to the occidental settlers electoral priv- 
 ileges and an equal share in the county government with those who prop- 
 erly lived in the geographical limit of the county. The counties first or- 
 ganized along the eastern border of this State were given, for a short time, 
 jurisdiction over the lands and settlements adjoining each on the west, until 
 these different localities became sufficiently settled to support organizations 
 of their own ; and finally, at the first session of the legislature, after the 
 Indians sold out, the newly acquired territory, including all northwestern 
 lowaj was laid off into counties, provisions were made for their respective 
 organizations when the proper time should arrive, and these were severally 
 named. 
 
 22 
 
340 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Thus Keokuk and Mahaska counties were originally attached to Wash- 
 ington county for judicial, revenue and election purposes. 
 
 On the 17th day of February, 1843, an act was passed by the legisla- 
 ture of the Territory of Iowa defining the boundaries of certain counties, 
 and designating each by name; among these were Keokuk and Mahaska 
 counties. The writer is unable to designate the man or the committee who 
 gave the name to this county, but it is quite evident that a generous dispo- 
 sition to perpetuate the memory of the Indian chief of the land existed 
 among the members of the legislature, as no less than seven other coun- 
 ties were established at the same time bearing aboriginal titles. "With a 
 single exception, these counties all bear their original names, and it was 
 probably on account of a lack of euphony that afterward induced the leg- 
 islature to change the name of Kish-ke-kosh county to that of Monroe 
 county. 
 
 On the oth day of February, 1844, an act was passed by the Territorial 
 legislature which provided for the organization of the two counties, Keo- 
 kuk and Mahaska. 
 
 The Hon. Thomas Baker, afterward of California, was then representa- 
 tive from Washington county, and upon him properly devolved all matters 
 pertaining to the interests of this county. Several eftorts were'made to in- 
 duce him to draft a bill locating the seat of justice at certain points in the 
 county, the points, however, all being within the southeastern part of the 
 county. 
 
 The following extract of a letter to Mr. Baker from Mr. Lawson B. 
 Hughes, may serve to show some of the interest and anxiety manifested at 
 that time : 
 
 " Beighton, Jan. 2, 1844. 
 " Hon. Thomas Baker: 
 
 " Deae Sie: — The citizens of Keokuk county wish to have a law enacted 
 authorizing them to vote for some particular point or place whereby the 
 county-seat may be located. I believe, sir, that there will be at least eight 
 out of ever}' ten in the county go for such a law, and are anxious that you 
 will do all you can in effecting such a law. The Rock Creek country, the 
 Blue Point country, and north of the main river, together with the inhabi- 
 tants in the forks and north of the north fork to at least twelve miles from 
 the Washington line west, will go for it. The place or point that is con- 
 templated to make the location is exactly in the northwest corner of the 
 southeast township, making it six miles from the south part of the county 
 and six miles from the east line. I will be glad if you will go in for the 
 law; and in organizing the county, have it organized and the election to 
 take place in April, and then if this law is enacted, giving the location of 
 the county-seat to the people, let that election be the 1st of May. If any 
 one point does not get a majority of the entire vote on the first ballot, let 
 there be a second election between the two highest points." 
 
 It is quite probable that, had such a law been passed, the location would 
 have been voted to Eichland, then more generally designated " Frogtown." 
 
 Said act providing for the organization of the county, appointed three 
 commissioners, whose duty it was to select the county-seat. They were 
 John Stewart and Dr. George H. Stone, of Washington county, and Samuel 
 Shuffleton, of Jefferson county. Of these men, Mr. Stewart was an unas- 
 suming farmer living on English river, in the north part of the county, but 
 
HISTOET or KEOKUK COUNTY. 341 
 
 a man of rather more than ordinary energy and good sense, and scrupulously 
 honest and correct in all his transactions with his neighbors. 
 
 Mr. Shnffleton resided in Fairfield, was a practicing lawyer of very fair 
 ability and might have been a star in his profession but for the wreck to 
 which strong drink was evidently hastening him. He was called " Shuf " 
 for short and was regarded as a good, clever fellow, with whom might gen- 
 erally be found on his jaunt from one court to another the requisite to 
 "wood up." Even while making the tour of the county for the location, a 
 pocket-flask was his constant companion. He has long since fallen a victim 
 to the Clip. 
 
 With Dr. Stone the early settlers were more intimately acquainted than 
 •with either of the other two commissioners. He lived in Washington and 
 practiced medicine. He was a thoroughly educated physician and surgeon, 
 and for a number of years acted in the latter capacity on board a vessel of the 
 United States navy. Whether natural or acquired, his gait and appearance 
 bore marks of youthful training at the military academy of '\Vest Point. 
 He was rather reserved in conversation unless to his friends, and possessed a 
 keen sense of honor and integrity and heartily despised baseness or dishon- 
 esty in the smallest measure. Perhaps once in twelve months, or it might 
 not be so frequently, or yet it might be more frequently, the Doctor in- 
 dulged in a "spree." This would usually last about a week, and during 
 such time all business was suspended and for most part he was shut up in 
 his dwelling with his family. 
 
 It may be said that the location of Sigourney was made by Dr. Stone; 
 for although Mr. Stewart fully concurred with him, yet the former actually 
 suggested and made the location. Mr. Shuflleton did not concur in the lo- 
 cation, but dissented in writing. 
 
 The name also was the choice of the Doctor. He had always been a great 
 admirer of the writings of Mrs. Sigourney, and no doubt observed their 
 moral influence and salutary eflfects in his young family, although he, himself, 
 might sometimes feel rebuked when with her pen she spared not the sin of 
 profanity. 
 
 After examination of full five days, said commissioners on the 10th day of 
 -May, 1844, fixed the location of Sigourney. 
 
 ■In the same legislative act organizing the county, the late Harvey Ste- 
 vens, Sr., was commissioned as sherifi', and shortly after, the Hon. S. A. 
 James was appointed clerk of the District Court, by the judge thereof. 
 
 Upon the latter officer devolved the duty of organizing the county, by 
 fixing the places of election for county officers, the number of justices and 
 constables to be elected, etc. 
 
 There were six places appointed for holding this election. These places, 
 with the names of the judges appointed to conduct the election, were as 
 follows: 
 
 At the house of L. J. Smith, in the town of Richland ; judges, Joseph R. 
 Edwards, William Lewis, Jeremiah Brown. 
 
 At the house of John W. Snelson; judges, Amos HoUoway, J. W. Snel- 
 son, Joseph Kellum. 
 
 At the house of John Grill; judges, John Grill, Sr., Thomas Hicklin, 
 John Hasty. 
 I At the house of William Hutton ; judges, William Hutton, William Stin- 
 «on, Richard Dickerson. 
 
342 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 At the house of John Troxel; judges, JohnTroxel, Joseph B. CasterJine, 
 James Lewman. 
 
 At the house of Wesley Goss; judges, ■William Grimsley, Thomas Hen- 
 derson, John Shockley. 
 
 At the house of William Martin; judges, Joseph Hillery, George Hath- 
 horn, Joab Bennett. 
 
 The following are the names of .the county bfficers elected at this elec- 
 tion: 
 
 County Commissioners — Jeremiah Hollingsworth, James M. Smith, Enos- 
 Darnell. Judge of Probate — John M. Waters. County Treasurer — Wil- 
 liam H. Brown. County Surveyor— Samuel E. McCracken. County As- 
 sessor — Andrew Ogden. County Sheriff — Geo. W. Hayes. County Re- 
 corder — A. P. Tannahill. Clerk of Board of County Commissioners — 
 Edom Shugart. 
 
 This election, it is hardly necessary to say, had nothing, of the nature o-f 
 a political contest. The object was simply to organize the county, and po- 
 litical differences had not yet appeared in the county. But very soon there 
 came a change. 
 
 The citizens were then generally quiet, industrious and peaceable with 
 one another. Occasional differences and disputes arose, which, in the main, 
 were soon overlooked, or forgotten on account of their necessary and mutual 
 dependence for aid and convenience, as well as for common defense in their 
 pioneer homes. 
 
 Dissensions and enmities, however began to creep in gradually, as the 
 settlement progressed, and continued to increase in working mischief very 
 much in proportion as the settlement became more independently situated 
 and more exclusive in their devotion to self-interest and advancement. 
 
 This unwelcome spirit of dissension began to manifest itself to the pub- 
 lic most clearly, perhaps, about the time the proclamation of the organiz- 
 ing sheriff announced the organization of the county, which would create 
 numerous ofSces to be filled from the ranks of first voters. 
 
 These offices, during the first term, of course, presented no great induce- 
 ment for being very eagerly sought after so far as salary was concerned; 
 but then they afforded positions of influence' and preference, and they 
 might, in the near future, prove very convenient stepping-stones to more 
 lucrsPtive and influential positions; beside, it was no mean thing to be 
 elected to fill the first offices created in the new county. In this regard 
 they afforded considerable inducement for being sought after by those who 
 were at all inclined toward official distinction, and they called forth numer- 
 ous aspirants. 
 
 At that time as well as now, doubtless, there was a good per cent of 
 worthy, infiuential citizens who, so far as their own desire for official posi- 
 tion were concerned, were entirely disinterested in the political canvass. 
 These persons sought no such positions for themselves, and would not 
 accept one if offered. Public applause and criticism were not at all coveted 
 by them. Df evertheless they were as deeply interested in the welfare of the- 
 county as any other citizens, and had a decided preference for those who- 
 should receive their votes. They desired to entrust the county government 
 to efficient trustworthy men, who were willing to assume the responsibility, 
 and capable pf conducting it in an efficient and capable manner, while they 
 themselves were content to engage in . some other department of the- 
 county's progress, more congenial to their tastes and dispositions. On the- 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COTTNTT. 343 
 
 other hand, there were always enough of those who would accept these 
 official positions — more or less reluctantly or cheerfully — if duly elected, 
 or urged a little to fill them; so that it was soon found the various offices 
 were not sufiBcient to give each of the aspirants a position. Evidently 
 some of these must gain the honored distinction, while others must be left 
 Out, part of whom, doubtless, would be disappointed not a little over their 
 defeat. 
 
 , Who, then, of these various aspirants, were the best qualified to fill these 
 several positions? Who had the most deserved claim oh the public sup- 
 port? Who were the shrewdest political tricksters and wire-pullers? Who, 
 of all the number, could wield the most extended and efifective influence, 
 «itlier by honorable or, it may be, by unfair means in securing the majority 
 vote. These, and many other questions of similar character, would quite 
 naturally arise, even in the minds of early settlers, as the memorable first 
 olection day drew near, when they must each receive a decisive answer at 
 the ballot-box. 
 
 This was the first, or what was called the organizing election. It was 
 held in April, 1844, and some of the officers then elected, held their offices 
 only until the regular election, which occurred the following August. 
 ■ About the 1st of March, 1844, S. A. James, the county clerk, set about 
 organizing the county as required by law, and until a county-seat should 
 be located, fixed his place of business at a point called Western City, or 
 iNewton. This was about three miles north of Richland, and consisted of 
 a log school-house, a tenant cabin, and a number of stakes driven into the 
 ground. The proprietor, Mr. Joseph R. Edwards, resided on his farm in 
 the immediate vicinity of the village. At his house the clerk was fed and 
 lodged, and it may be recorded for the benefit of epicureans and others, 
 that his landlady was an excellent woman of Scotch descent, claiming the 
 blood of Sir William Wallace, and who could present a meal to the com- 
 plete satisfaction of a hungry traveler or a sojoui-ning invalid. 
 
 A general law of the territory required clerks' offices to be held at the 
 county-seat, so that soon after the filing of the location in the clerk's office, 
 Mr. James, gathering the county papers and the statutes of Iowa in. one 
 hand, and a bundle of old clothes and his cane in the other, took up his 
 line of march for Sigourney. 
 
 The county commissioners learning that the seat of justice was, located 
 upon a spot where no court-house stood, hastened to convene at Riohland, 
 and on the 15th day of May, 1844, passed the following orders: 
 
 "Ordered by the Board that in consequence of receiving the petition of 
 -eighty citizens of Keokuk county, asking the Board to defer any proceed- 
 ings with regard to the location of the seat of justice of Keokuk county; 
 they, therefore, in compliance with said petition, defer any proceedings 
 with regard to the county-seat at this time." 
 
 " Ordered by the Board that suitable rooms be provided in the town of 
 Eichland for holding the first term of the District Court in, and for Keo- 
 kuk county." 
 
 The "suitable rooms," if any, which were provided in accordance with 
 the order of the county commissioners, were not honored by the presence 
 
344 HiSTOEr OF keokuk county. 
 
 of the judge, the place where the first District Court was held being the 
 cabin erected in Sigourney by Mr. James; Judge Williams presided. The 
 court was not in session over three hours. ]S"o jury was impaneled and 
 no cases tried. Four aliens were naturalized and two law students were ad- 
 mitted to the bar, one of these being S. Harned, afterward most intimately 
 identified with the interests of the county and now everywhere in the 
 county known as Judge Harned. This was on the 1st day of July, 1844. 
 After transacting the business just referred to, the court adjourned into- 
 the country for dinner. 
 
 In the latter part of the same month in which the first session of the 
 District Court was held, the county commissioners, finding that Jadge "Wil- 
 liams ignored their "orders" and did not avail himself of their "suitable 
 rooms " in Richland, met, and very properly ordered their own official re- 
 moval to Sigourney. 
 
 ELECTION PRECINCTS. 
 
 The first division of the county into eight election precincts was made 
 May 14, 1844, as follows: 
 
 Eichland Precinct was all of township 74, range 10, lying south of 
 Skunk river, and elections to be held in the town of Richland. 
 
 Pock Creek Precinct was all. of township 74, range 11, lying south of 
 Skunk river, and elections to be held at the house of John Troxel. 
 
 Steady Pun Precinct was all of township 74, range 12, lying south of 
 Skunk river, and elections to be held at the house of Enos Darnell. 
 
 Sugar Creek Precinct was all of township 74, range 13, Iving south of 
 Skunk river, and elections to be held at the house of Joseph HJllery. 
 
 Pidge Precinct was all lying between the Skunk rivers in the county,; 
 and elections to be held at the house of Benjamin F. Chastain. 
 
 Goss Precinct was all Of township 74, range 10, north of Skwnk river, 
 and townships 75, 76, 77, range 10, and elections to be held at the house 
 of Wesley Goss. 
 
 German Precinct was all north of Skunk river in townships 75, 76, 77, 
 range 11, and east halves of townships 75, 76, 77, range 12, and electiona- 
 to be held at the house of James Eosecrans. 
 
 Cedar Creek Precinct was all north of Skunk river in townships 75, 76,. 
 77, range 13, and west halves of townships 75, 76, 77, range 12, and elec- 
 tions to be held at the house of John Crill, Sr. 
 
 The county machinery now being set in motion, everything was ready 
 for the 
 
 FIRST EEGTJLAE ELECTION. 
 
 This was held on August 5, 1844. , The following is the ofiicial vote for 
 German precinct, which included, among other territory, all of what is now 
 Sigourney township, and Ridge precinct, which included all the territory 
 between the two Skunk rivers. The vote as given is from the original 
 poll-books. 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKUK CO DUTY. 345 
 
 GERMAN PEECINOT. 
 
 Poll-book of an election held at the house of James Eosecrans, in Ger- 
 man precinct, Keokuk county, on the 5th day of August, 1844, James 
 Eosecrans, Casper Klett and Alexander Smith, judges, and S. A. James and 
 M. G- Driskell, clerks, being duly sworn as the law directs, previous to 
 their entering upon the duties of their respective offices. 
 
 Barnes of voters. — A. P. Moody, Jacob Shaver, Kobert Linder, A. Clem- 
 ens, Andrew Strosser, Jacob Goodheart, Joel Landers, M. G. Driskell, 
 Christopher Crawford, Henry Coleman, Richard Snakenberg, Henry Bevins, 
 James Eosecrans, Casper Klett, Samuel Smith. Alexander Smith, S. A. 
 James, William Smith, Albert Smith, Wesley Smith. 
 
 Tally sheet of votes cast at an election of county officers, held at the res- 
 idence of James Eosecrans, German precinct, Keokuk county, on the first 
 Monday, the 5th day of August, 1844: 
 
 Delegate to Convention. Sheriff. 
 
 Richard Quinton 14 Harvey Stevens, Jr. 20 
 
 William Tingle 1- Coroner. 
 
 County Commissioners. Henry Keith 20 
 
 Wm. Grimsley 20 Recorder of Deeds. 
 
 Alex. Smith 19 Jacob Shaver 20 
 
 Edwin Stanlield 1 Inspector of Weights and 
 
 Judge of Prohate. Measures. 
 
 Joseph Kellum 18 • Jacob Shaver 20 
 
 County Treasurer. Justices of the Peace. 
 
 A. P. Moody 20 James Eosecrans 13 
 
 Commissioners' Cleric. A. P. Moody 12 
 
 Edom Shugart 7 Constables. 
 
 County Surveyor. M. G. Driskell 12 
 
 0. T. Eagland 20 Henry Colman 12 
 
 Subscribed to this is the certificate of the result of the election and the 
 oaths of the judges and clerks of the election. 
 
 EIDGE PEECINCT. 
 
 Poll-book of an election held at the residence of Benjamin F. Chastain, 
 in Ridge precinct. Keokuk county, on the first Monday of August, 1844, 
 Daniel Stout, Sr., and Obadiah Tharp, Judges, and J. B. Whisler and 
 Joseph Kellum, clerks, being duly sworn, as the law directs, previous to 
 their entering upon the duties of their respective offices. 
 
 Barnes of voters. — Amos HoUaway, J. B. Whisler, William W. McGrew, 
 Samuel E. McCracken, John Borough, William Trneblood, David Stout, Jr., 
 Daniel Conner, George Wimer, Jesse Stout, James M. Mitts, Jesse B. 
 Mitts, Jesse H. Marshall, John Stout, William Shaver, Joseph Kellum, 
 James McGrew, I. G. DeMent, John Cox, David Stout, B. ?. Chastain, 
 Obadiah Tharp. 
 
 Tally sheet of the votes cast at election for county officers, held at the 
 residence of B, F. Chastain, Ridge precinct, Keokuk county, on the first 
 Monday of August, 1844: 
 
346 
 
 mSTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Delegate to Convention. 
 
 Hichard Quinton 3 
 
 ■William Tingle 18 
 
 County Commissioners. 
 
 O. Tharp 17 
 
 Elias Whetstone 18 
 
 Andrew Taylor 14 
 
 Alex. Smith 4 
 
 William Tinsley 1 
 
 Joel Bennett 2 
 
 Judge of Prohate. 
 
 John W. Snelson 8 
 
 Joseph Kellum 3 
 
 John W. Waters 8 
 
 County Treasurer. 
 
 Nathan Kuth 9 
 
 William W. Brown 9 
 
 Alex Moody 1 
 
 Commissioners^ Glerh. 
 
 Edom Shngart 21 
 
 County Surveyor. 
 
 S. E. McCracken 16 
 
 O. T. Eagland 6 
 
 Sheriff. 
 
 G. M. Holliday 14 
 
 G. W. Hayes 7 
 
 Harvey Stevens 1 
 
 Coroner. 
 
 James M. Mitts 15 
 
 William Bristow 3 
 
 Henry Keith 1 
 
 Recorder of Deeds. 
 
 B. F. Chastain 6 
 
 Edom Shngart 13 
 
 Jacob Shaver 1 
 
 Justices of the Peace. 
 
 Jacob Wimer 7 
 
 Jesse H. Marshall 15 
 
 Isaac G. Dement 12 
 
 Constables. 
 
 George Wimer 11 
 
 James M. Harmon 10 
 
 J. W. Snelson 1 
 
 Subscribed to this, as before, is the certificate of the result of the elec- 
 tion and the oaths of the juages and clerks of the election. * 
 
 FIRST COMMISSIOKERS' COURT. 
 
 The first board of county commissioners, consisting of Jeremiah Hol- 
 lingsworth, James M. Smith and Enos Darnell, who were elected at the 
 special election in April, 1844, met at Richland on the 24th day of April 
 of the same year. 
 
 The following is the record of their first ofiicial act : 
 
 "TERRITORY OF IOWA, 
 
 " Keokuk County. 
 
 Special Term, April S^th, IS^Jp. 
 
 " A meeting of the board of commissioners being called at the house of 
 James M. Smith for a special purpose. 
 
 "Present, James M. Smith and Jeremiah Hollingsworth. 
 
 "As the office of county assessor had become vacant on account 
 of Andrew Ogden failing to comply with the requisitions of the law 
 in due time, the board therefore proceeded to appoint Mr. Andrew Ogden 
 county assessor in and for the county of Keokuk, Territory of Iowa, until 
 his successor shall be duly elected and qualified to office. The board then 
 adjourned until the 13th day of May following. 
 
 " Attest; Edom Shugaet, 
 
 " Clerk of the Board. 
 
 James M. Smith. 
 Jeeemiah Hollingswokth." 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 347 
 
 The next meeting of the board was held at the same place, on the 13th 
 of May, the same year, all the board being present, and among other things 
 empowered theii; clerk, Edom Shugart, to borrow the sum of fifty dollars 
 to purchase the following named books and stationery: 
 
 "For the commissioners'clerk : one minute book, worth $4.00; one es- 
 tray book, worth $1.50; one road book, worth 50 cents. 
 
 "For the connty recorder: one personal property record, worth $3.00 ; 
 one real property record, worth $10.00. 
 
 "For the judge of probate: one minute book, worth $4.00; one record 
 book, worth $4.00. 
 
 "For the clerk of the district court: one minute book, worth $3.00; one 
 docket book, worth $4.00; one judgment book, worth, $4.00; one cost 
 book, worth $4.00 ; one sheriff's return book, worth $1.00; one marriage 
 license book, worth 50 cents. For stationery, $3.00; total, $50.00. " 
 
 On the next day, however, the board reconsidered this order, and re- 
 duced the amount to $30.00. 
 
 The board also districted the county into eighteen road districts, and ap- 
 pointed a supervisor in each one, as follows: 
 
 District No. 1, "William B. Smith; No. 2, JohnLafferty; No. 3, Joseph 
 E. Edwards; No. 4, G. M. Holliday; No. 5, James Lewman; No. 6, Kich- 
 ard Dickerson; No. 7, David P. Helm; No. 8, Madison Mitts; No. 9, 
 Obadiah Tharp; No. 10, John Baker; No. 12, A. P. Moody; No. 13, 
 James Eosecrans; No. 14, John Hasty; Nos. 11, 15, 16, 17 and 18 were 
 composed of the present townships of Lafayette, Prairie, Adams, English 
 Eiver and Liberty, and the bdard having no knowledge of any person liv- 
 ing in any of these road districts, the appointments were not made. 
 
 At the same meeting of the board, the commissioners selected the names 
 of the 
 
 FIEST GEAND AND PETIT JUEIES. 
 They consisted of the following: 
 
 GEAND JUEOES. 
 
 Geo. W. Hathhorn. John Troxel. 
 
 William Trimble. "William Lewis. 
 
 Moses E. McConnell. "W. B. Smith. 
 
 Eichard Dickerson. William Duncan. 
 
 William Ealston. E. Johnson. 
 
 Madison Mitts. John B. Eain. 
 
 L. B. Hughes. B. Haworth. 
 
 Lemuel B. Holmes. E. Moffett. 
 
 Obadiah Tharp. Joseph Borough. 
 
 David Stout. ' Samuel Pence. 
 
 Jeremiah Brown. Casper Klett. 
 J. B. Brown. 
 
348 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 PETIT JUEOES. 
 
 David P. Helm. L. B. Brown. 
 
 Joab Bennett. John Baker. 
 
 Miles Driskell. Harvey Stevens. 
 
 Elias Hollingsworth. Thos. J. Hicklin. 
 
 Andrew Taylor. John Lafferty. 
 
 "William Franklin. Stephen Cook. 
 
 Amos Holloway. Henry Pringle. 
 
 Jesse Shoemaker. M. Gill. 
 
 Eli Haworth. C. A. Frisbie. 
 
 John Singleton. A. M. Lyon. 
 
 Geo. Holliday. P. C. Woodward. 
 
 E. G. Staniield. Jacob Wimer. 
 
 These men having, by order of the board, been summoned to appear at 
 Kichland, and failing to present themselves at the proper place as jurors, 
 were not paid anything for such service. 
 
 THE FIRST CLAIMS ALLOWED. 
 
 At the April term of 1844 the following claims were allowed: 
 
 Samuel A. James, stationery f 4.0O 
 
 Judges and clerks of special election 35.25- 
 
 Harvey Stevens, services as sheriff 40.00 
 
 Samuel A. James, services as clerk 32.00 
 
 James M. Smith, services as commissioner 8.25 
 
 Jeremiah Hollingsworth, services as commissioner 8.50 
 
 Enos Darnell, services as commissioner 7.50 
 
 Geo. W. Hayes, attendance on the commissioners' court 3.00 
 
 Total amount of bills allowed at the April term $138.50 
 
 At the July term the following bills were allowed: 
 
 Andrew Ogden, services as assessor $ 33.00 
 
 Edom Shugart, services as clerk 50.00 
 
 Chas. E. Woodward, road commissioner 14.00 
 
 Geo. M. Holliday, road commissioner 14.00 
 
 Richard Parker, road commissioner 12.00 
 
 S. E. McCracken, surveyor 21.50 
 
 John Marshal, chain-carrier 8.75 
 
 N. S. Woodward, wagon and team 14.00 
 
 E G. Stanfield, working road. 3.75 
 
 W. A. Woodward, working road 3.75 
 
 N. S. Woodward, driving stakes 1.00 
 
 G. W. Hayes, services as sheriff 18.90 
 
 James M. Smith, services as commissioner 7.50 
 
 Jeremiah Hollingsworth, services as commissioner 7.50 
 
 Enos Darnell, services as commissioner '. 7.50 
 
 G. W. Hayes, attendance upon court 3.00 
 
 Edom Shugart, services as clerk 7.40 
 
 Samuel A. James, stationery 1.80 
 
 Total amount allowed, July terra $229.35 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 34^ 
 
 At the September term the following bills were allowed : 
 
 John Hurley, wolf scalps $ 4.50 
 
 Judges and clerks of election 48.20 
 
 Yiewers, markers and chain-carriers 33.75^ 
 
 A. P. Moody, swearing in commissioners '. 1.37 
 
 G. W. Hayes, services as sheriff 66.00 
 
 Green Atwood, canvassing poll-books 2.0O 
 
 Eeuben Whitson, books and stationery 30.00 
 
 Edom Shngart, clerk 12.18 
 
 G. W. Hayes, services as sheriff 6.00 
 
 S. A. James, clerk court 2.50 
 
 Obadiah Tharp, services as commissioner 4.00 
 
 EUas Whetstone, services as commissioner 4.00' 
 
 Andrew Taylor, services as commissioner 4.00- 
 
 Total amount allowed, September term $218.50 
 
 At the October term the following bills were allowed : 
 
 William Troxell, services as constable $ l.OO 
 
 Commissioners, markers, chain-men, etc 22.25- 
 
 Commissioners, markers, chain-men, etc 85.00 
 
 William Webb, canvassing poll-books 4.0O 
 
 0. T. Ragland, surveying 12.50' 
 
 G. W. Hayes, services as sheriff 6.0O 
 
 G. W. Hayes, posting notices 26.00 
 
 Andrew Taylor, services as commissioner 7.50 
 
 Obadiah Tharp, services as commissioner 7.50- 
 
 Edom Shugart, services as clerk 17.87 
 
 Total, October term |189.62t 
 
 At the November term the following bills were allowed : 
 
 Philip Wareham, wolf scalps f .50 
 
 William Trimble, wolf scalps 50 
 
 Judges and clerks 28.60 
 
 John Baker, wolf scalps 50- 
 
 Thos. Alexander, wolf scalps 50. 
 
 John Shockley, wolf scalps 50 
 
 0. T. Ragland, surveying 16.75 
 
 0. T. Eagland, surveying 7.50 
 
 Henry !^ith, canvassing poll-books 2.64 
 
 Total, November term f 57.9& 
 
 These constitute all the claims allowed during the first year's history of 
 the county, the total amount allowed being $833.96. 
 
 THE FIRST TAX LEVY. 
 
 The following is the order of the court making the first tax levy: 
 " Ordered by the board, that a road tax of fifteen cents on the hundred 
 dollars valuation of taxable property in said county be levied. 
 
350 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOTJNTT. 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that a county tax of five mills to the dollar, on 
 «,11 taxable property as returned by the assessor, be levied. 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that a territorial tax of one-half mill on the 
 ^dollar, on all taxable property as returned by the assessor, be levied. 
 
 "Ordered by' the board, that a poll-tax of fifty cents be levied on each 
 person subject to poll tax within the county." 
 
 TOWNSHIP OEGANIZATION. 
 
 As has already been remarked, the first subdivision of the county into 
 •eight election precincts was made May 14, 1844. They were formed with 
 reference to the location of the settlements and the physical characteristics 
 •of the country, and were named as follows: Ricliland, Rock Creek, Steady 
 Run, Sugar Creek, Ridge, Goss, German and Cedar Creek. This was really 
 the first attempt at the organization of civil townships and formed the basis 
 for future action in this direction. The civil townships as they now exist 
 "were not formed at one time, but gradually grew out of this original subdi- 
 vision of the county into election precincts. Some of the civil townships 
 retained the same name and the same territory as the original election pre- 
 ■cinct. Thus, Richland precinct as defined by the county commissioners at 
 their meeting May 14, 1844, was identical with Richland township now. 
 Rock Creek precinct was the same as Jackson township now. Steady Run 
 precinct and Steady Run township were the same. Benton township is 
 what was formerly Sugar Creek precinct. 
 
 Goss precinct, as it originally existed, included all territory which now 
 •composes Clear Creek, Lafayette and Liberty townships. At the meeting 
 of the county board, January 6, 1845, the following record was made: 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that in compliance with the petition of a num- 
 ber of the citizens of Keokuk county, the name of the precinct known as 
 ■Ooss precinct shall be changed to that of Clear Creek precinct, and the 
 place of holding elections shall be at the house of L. B. Holmes instead of 
 ^t the house of Wesley Goss." 
 
 At the April term of the same year the board of commissioners formed 
 'the precinct known as English River precinct, which was made to consist 
 ■of the territory now comprised in the limits of Adams, English River and 
 Liberty townships; by this arrangement the territory now known as Liberty 
 township was taken from Clear Creek precinct and put into the new pre- 
 <5inct of English River. The following is the order: 
 
 "Ordered by the board, that all that part of Keokuk county lying in 
 township No. 77 north, range Nos. 10, 11, 12 west, be, and the same shall 
 be, from and" after the 13th day of June next, established as a seperate pre- 
 cinct, to be known by the name of English River precinct, and that the 
 •elections be held at the house of James- Tiiomas." 
 
 From this time on frequent changes were made, both in the names and 
 boundaries of the precincts. Ridge precinct was changed and called La- 
 fayette precinct, the name again being changed to Lancaster. The name 
 Lafayette, which was then dropped, again appeared when there was a new 
 precinct formed out of the congressional township 76, range 10. 
 
 At the September term the board ordered that German precinct be ex- 
 tended westward and the name changed to Sigourney. The name German, 
 thus dropped, again reappeared when this precinct was subdivided. Wash- 
 ington township was at one time called Coal precinct, and Sugar Creek pre- 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 351 
 
 cinct became Benton township. Finally, names and boundaries became 
 fixed and crystalized into the condition in which they are now found. 
 
 The earliest record of the proceedings of the board of commissioners 
 which refers to the civil townships as they now exist, was that made at the 
 April session, 1847. It is as follows: 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that the county of Keokuk be now districted 
 into three county commissioner's districts, to- wit: 
 
 " The first district shall compose Richland, Clear Creek and Jackson 
 townships. 
 
 "The second district shall compose Lancaster, Sigourney, Steady Run 
 and Benton townships. 
 
 "The third district shall compose Lafayette, Liberty, German, Englisb 
 Kiver, Yan Buren, Adams, Warren, Washington and Prairie townships." 
 
 THE FIRST COURT. 
 
 As has already been remarked. Judge Williams arrived in the county and 
 proceeded to hold the first court, which did not arise to the dignity of a 
 court, there being no jury impaneled and no cases tried, the business be- 
 ing confined to the naturalization of some aliens and the admission of twO' 
 candidates to the bar. The first term of court was not, then, this in reality, 
 but the one which was held the following year. 
 
 This court was held in the court-house in Sigourney, beginning on the 
 28th day of July and continuing for six days. Both grand jury and petit 
 jniy were impaneled and the court docket shows the following business- 
 transacted : 
 
 " State cases : United States vs. John Henderson and William John Stur- 
 gon; indicted for malicious mischief; jury trial as to Henderson and ver- 
 dict of guilty; fined fifty cents. Court trial as to Sturgon and same result. 
 
 "United States v. Moses Beard; indicted for resisting officer; jury trial 
 and verdict of "not guilty; defendant discharged. 
 
 "United States v. Cynthia Ann Beard; indicted for resisting officer; in- 
 dictment quashed. 
 
 "United States v. William B. Thompson and Elijah A. Lathrop; indicted 
 for larceney; indictment quashed. 
 
 " United States V. John Henderson; indicted for firing the prairie; indict- 
 ment quashed. 
 
 "United States v. John Henderson, JSTicholas Henderson, Thomas Hendei"- 
 son, Pleasant Sanford, Joseph Middleton and William John Sturgon; in- 
 dicted for riot; indictment quashed." 
 
 Beside these State cases there were forty civil cases disposed of. 
 
 The first indictment found by the grand jury of Keokuk county was 
 against John Henderson and William Sturgon. The court records in the 
 case run as follows: 
 
 "United States 
 vs. 
 " John Hendeeson and 
 Wat. John Stukgon. 
 
 Mecognized for malioious miscMef. 
 
 "The grand jury now here returns a true bill of indictment against the^ 
 said defendants for malicious mischief. 
 
352 history of kkoktjk cotintt. 
 
 " United States 
 vs. 
 " John Henderson and 
 
 Wm. John Stuegon. 
 
 " This day came the district prosecutor, as well as one of the defendants, 
 "Wm. John Sturgon, in proper person, and consent that this cause shall be 
 submitted to the court on said defendants' plea of guilty to the first count 
 in said indictment without a jury; whereupon the court, being fully ad- 
 vised in the premises, on said defendants plea of guilty, assesses the fine of 
 the said defendant at fifty cents, and thereiipon it is ordered that plain- 
 tiff have and recover of said defendant, Wm. John Stuygon, to and for 
 the use of Keokuk county, a fine of fifty cents and the costs of this suit, 
 and that said defendant stand committed till this order be complied with. 
 
 " United States ) 
 
 vs. > Indictment Jvr malicious mischief. 
 
 " John Henderson. ) 
 
 " And now comes E. H. Thomas, Esq., district prosecutor, and the said 
 defendant in his own proper person, comes, and being arraigned, pleads 
 'not guilty,' whereupon comes a jury, to-wit: James Whitson, Riley Bales, 
 Amaziah Covey, Lewis Crill, Wm. Scearcy, Horace Bagley, James M. 
 Brown, Joshua Hadley, David McEwin, Robert Linder, Joseph Hillery and 
 Wm. Dixon, who, being impaneled and sworn well and truly to try and 
 true deli ^erance make between the United States and said defendant, on 
 their oaths do say that the said defendant is guilty, and assess the fine to 
 be paid by him at fifty cents; whereupon it is considered by the court that 
 the said United States recover of said defendant for the use of the county of 
 Keokuk, the said sum of fifty cents, as aforesaid, together with costs of this 
 prosecution, and that said John Henderson stand committed till the fine and 
 costs are paid." 
 
 The Sheriff's return runs thus: 
 
 " Fine, fifty cents; costs, $31.30; levied the within on one three-year-old 
 bay colt, August 12, 1845; no sale; satisfied. 
 
 G.W. Hates, Sheriff." 
 
 The court record for this term closes with the following: 
 
 " On motion of W. W. Chapman, Esq., it is ordered that the following 
 proceedings be spread upon the record of this court, to-wit: 
 
 " At a meeting of the Keokuk County Temperance Society, held at the 
 court-house, in Sigourney, on Friday evening, July 31, 1845, President, A. 
 W. Blair, Secretary, S. A. James, the following pledge was presented, 
 and signed by the following named persons, to-wit: 
 
 " We, the undersigned, by hereto setting our names, pledge our sacred 
 honor, each to the other, that we will abstain from all intoxicating drink as 
 a beverage : 
 
 A. W. Blair, S. A. James, D. C. Stover, G. B. Cook, Nancy Cook, C. A. 
 Jewett, Lydia Hulbert, Britton Edwards, W. W. Chapman, G. Acheson, 
 Joseph Adams, Wm. Hall, Joseph Hillery, Ebenezer John, Lewis B. Orill, 
 John Shaver, Thos. Alexander, E. Hollingsworth, Lemuel Hall, W. 0. 
 Brown, Wm. R. Bailes, John Scott, Alex. Cochran, J. Williams, Wm. Hul- 
 bert, S. Harned, J. B. Way, Jacob Shoemaker, A. M. Lyon, Jas. Wiliams, 
 Wm. Scearcy, Wm. I)ixon, G. W. Waters, Joel Skinner, W. R. Harrison, 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 353 
 
 Vm. Williams, Thos. Frazier, I. D. Stark, "Wm. Vincent, Wm. Shaver, 
 "Wm. Shockley, Cnrtis Crawford, Elisha Byers, Stephen Fowler, Thomas 
 Stanfield, Wm. D. Shugart, M. B. Friend, J. M. Brown, James Whitson, 
 E. Shugart, W. J. Carruthers, Joshua Hadlej, E. G. Stanfield, Joseph 
 Hockett, Horace Bagley, G. M, Holliday. J. E. Hobson, A. Covey, A. P. 
 Moody, J. Crawford, Eli Haworth, J. Hollingsworth, M. Harmon, An- 
 drew Taylor, E. L. Mark, O. Tharp, M. G. Driskell, James Small. 
 
 W. W. Chapman, Esq., offered the following resolntion, which was 
 
 "Resolved, that the foregoing pledge and signatures be placed on the 
 record of the District Court, now in session, as a tribute of respect to the 
 Hon. Joseph Williams, judge of said court, and as a memorial of the un- 
 exampled revival of temperance and total abstinence." 
 
 The second court met in the court-house, in Sigourney, on Wednesday 
 the 16th day of March, 1846, and the grand jury was composed of Henry 
 Pringle, Josiah Burge, Alex. Jones, Joel Long, Green Atwood, John 
 Palmer, Amos Barnett, D. P. Helm, Elijah Shockley, John Shockley, John 
 Mealey, John Baker, E. I. Harris, Daniel Conner, Jeremiah Fye, Evan 
 Thomas, Moses E. McConnell, Daniel McEwen, Joseph Stephenson, Caster 
 Troxel, David Stout, Sr., A. H. Haskell, Eichard Quinton. 
 
 The first trial by jury recorded this term was entitled the United States 
 vs. Thomas Hendrix, indicted for pei;iury; it runs as follows: 
 
 "This day comes the prosecuting attorney in behalf the United States, 
 ind the defendant in his own proper person, being arraigned, pleads, ' not 
 guilty,' and for trial puts himself upon the country, whereupon comes a 
 jury of twelve good and lawful men, to- wit: 
 
 "John Lacy, John Hooker, Frederick Bucher, James Hutton, John 
 Borough, D. G. Burgess, Charles Connor, Elijah Stout, Lewis Gregory, 
 George Wertz, A. M. Lyon and William Trueblood, who, being impan- 
 eled and sworn the truth to speak upon the issue joined between the par- 
 ties, after hearing the evidence, and being charged by the court, upon their 
 oaths do say, and find the defendant, Thomas Hendrix, not guilty, as he 
 stands charged in the indictment. It is therefore adjudged by the court 
 the defendant be released thereof, and that he go hence thereof without 
 day" 
 
 During this term of court was tried the first case for violation of the 
 liquor law. Benjamin F. Edwards was the defendant ; he was found guilty 
 and fined fifty dollars. 
 
 The first change of venue granted was in the case of the State of Iowa 
 vs. Joseph Knox, indicted for inducing an elector to vote contrary to his 
 ■own inclination; the case was sent to Iowa county. 
 
 During the September term, 1847, which was the first term held at Lan- 
 caster, the following record was made: 
 
 " Comes now Joseph Knox, Esq., by Curtis Bates, Esq., and moves to 
 adjourn this court to the town of Sigourney. The said motion being ar- 
 |;ued and heard, the court being advised in the premises, it is ordered by 
 the court that the said motion be overruled." 
 
 The first citizens naturalized in the county were Andrew McWilliams, a 
 native of Ireland, and Michael McGinnis, Charles C. Sangster and Edward 
 Redhead, of Great Britain and Ireland, all naturalized at the first term 
 of court, July 1, 1844. 
 
354 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 OLD EECOEDS. 
 
 The earlj' oflBcial records of Keokuk county, while they are meagre, yet 
 some of them show great care in keeping, while in some cases the spelling 
 and punctuation and penmanship are curiosities to' behold, yet it must be 
 borne in mind that they only inaugurated the " spelling reform," which is 
 now becoming such a mania. Few of the old records have been copied, 
 and yet there are some of the books in a good state of preservation and the 
 writing is as legible as the day that the entries were first made. The first 
 proceedings of the county commissioners are as legible as when they 
 were first written down, in April, 1844. The first commissioner's clerk, 
 Edom Shugart, was a good penman, and evidently a fair scholar, as the 
 writing is very legible, the spelling good, and verj* few examples of false 
 syiitax are visible in the construction of the sentences. 
 
 The first district court record is particularly well preserved. Thanks to 
 the thirty-dollar appropriation made for books by the first commissioners' 
 court, these records were placed in a volume which up to the present time 
 has withstood the ravages of rats and the tooth of time. Mr. James, the 
 first clerk of court, was a, good penman, a scholar of more than ordinary 
 ability and possessed of all the qualifications requisite to this position. He 
 was careful, industrious and reliable; although it has been thirty-five years 
 since these records were made, they now compare favorably with the best 
 records of recent date. "When we recollect that at first the character of the 
 books and quality of paper was inferior, that the county clerk attended to 
 all the work of the office without the aid of a deputy, and owing to his mea- 
 gre salary was compelled to spend a large portion of his time earning a 
 living as a farm hand, and further, that for many years there was no suita- 
 ble place to. keep. these, records,, the fact appears that the county must have 
 been most fortunate in the selection of its first public officials. 
 
 The original tax levies and tax sales are perhaps the most faulty, as the 
 file is incomplete and some of them in existence are so badly rat-eaten 
 and faded that they are illegible; some of them are also faulty in that they 
 do not bear the date of the levy or the sale. These records are as varied as. 
 Joseph's coat, and it is hard to tell in some cases just whose work it was and 
 when done. 
 
 But however disappointing to the historian, the old record has its virtues 
 and has many strange and often amusing features. Those who wrote it did 
 not think, perhaps, that they were making history, but the smallest inci- 
 dents of that early day have now become of interest. 
 
 They- were kept on foolscap paper, sewed together in the form of a book 
 and covered with the coarsest kind of brown wrapping-paper. They are 
 ancient and faded little volumes and afibrd a remarkable contrast to the 
 elaborate and carefully kept records of the present day. They exist now 
 only as curiosities, their usefulness haying long since departed. 
 
 The bond of the first treasurer of the county was fixed at two thousand 
 dollars, and the first allowance which the commissioners made as compen- 
 sation for their own services was the sum of $7.60 each. 
 
 The following order explains itself: 
 
 " Ordered, that the eagle side of an eagle ten cent piece, American coin, 
 be adopted as the temporary seal of the board of commissioners of said 
 county until an official seal shall be provided by said board." 
 
 L. J. Smith, Charles E. "Woodward and J. B. "Whisler were the first men 
 
HI8T0BT OF KEOKUX COUNTY. 357 
 
 authorized by the board to keep a grocery for the sale of intoxicating liquors. 
 The license were issued at the October term, 1845, to run for one year, and 
 the cost of the license was twenty-five dollars. The next year Martin 
 Grimsley and Jacob Wimer were licensed to keep gi'oceries, for which they 
 each paid twenty-five dollars. It must not be supposed, however, that these 
 were the only places where intoxicating liquors could be obtained, as the 
 records of the district court for those years show that numerous persons 
 were indicted for selling liquor without license. 
 
 In these days there were as yet no bridges, and it became necessary for 
 the convenience of the settlers, that ferries be maintained at certain points 
 along the rivers. This matter was taken charge of and prices regulated by 
 the county board. The first record bearing on this matter runs as follows: 
 " Ordered by the board, that John W. Snelson be authorized to keep a 
 skiff or canoe ferry across the north fork of Skunk river in section No. 13 
 in township No. 75 north, range No. 12 west, upon the said Snelson pre- 
 senting to the clerk of the board the treasurer's receipt for the sum of two 
 dollars therefor for the term of one year. 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that the rates of ferriage to be charged by said 
 Snelson be six and one-fourth cents for each footman. 
 
 "Ordered by the board, that George W. Hayes be authorized to keep a 
 skiff or canoe ferry across the south fork of Skunk river in section No. 4, 
 township No. 74 north, range 12 west, upon the said Hayes presenting to 
 the clerk of the board the treasurer's receipt for the sum of two dollars as a 
 tax therefor for the term of one year. 
 
 "Ordered by the board, that the said Hayes be authorized to charge as 
 the rates of ferriage the sum of six and one-fourth cents for each footman." 
 In the early settlement of the country farmers were much annoyed by the 
 depredations of wild animals. Wolves especially were troublesome. In 
 order to raise sheep or hogs it was necessary to keep them enclosed in a 
 secure building, and even then when the careful farmer had secured his 
 stock to the best of his ability, these noxious animals would often succeed 
 in making their way into the stock-pens and devour the inmates. Several 
 organized movements were set on foot to exterminate the wolves, but in 
 order to make the riddance permanent and effectual, the necessity became 
 apparent for some special inducement in the way of compensation for each 
 wolf killed. It was therefore ordered by the board of commissioners as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 " Ordered by the board that a reward of twenty-five cents be allowed to 
 any person who shall kill any prairie-wolf, not exceeding six months old, 
 in the county of Keokuk, Iowa Territory, according to law. 
 
 " Ordered by the board that a reward of fifty cents be allowed to any 
 person who shall kill any prairie-wolf, over six months old, in the county 
 of Keokuk, Territory of Iowa. 
 
 " Ordered by the board that a reward of fifty cents be allowed to any 
 person who shall kill any large gray or black wolf, not exceeding six months 
 old, in the county of Keokak, Territory of Iowa, according to law. 
 
 " Ordered by the board that a reward of one dollar be paid to any person 
 who shall kill any large gray or black wolf, over six months old, in the 
 county of Keokuk, Territory of Iowa, according to law." 
 In this way hundreds of dollars were paid out of the county fund to in- 
 
 23 
 
358 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 dividaals who assisted in the extermination of these pests. Probably no 
 money expended by the commissioners proved to be as good an invest. 
 ment. 
 
 TEREITORIAL AND COUNTY ROADS. 
 
 The fact lias already been mentioned that at the first meeting of the 
 county commissioners, in April, 1844, the county was divided into eighteen 
 road districts, and supervisors were appointed. Prior to this time there 
 were, of course, no county roads laid out, and what roads there were ex- 
 isted by common consent, with the exception of such territorial roads as 
 were authorized by the general government, and which led through the 
 county. There were three of these roads, as follows: one leading from 
 Brighton, in Washington county, to Oskaloosa, in Mahaska countj'; a sec- 
 ond leading from Fairfield, in Jefferson county, to Oskaloosa, in Mahaska 
 county, via Bennett's Point, in Keokuk county, a third leading from Iowa 
 city, in Johnson county, to Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county, via Sigourney, 
 in Keokuk county. Some of the first acts of the board of commissioners 
 had reference to the improvement of these territorial roads. The first road 
 record found in the proceedings of the commissioners is the following: 
 
 ".Ordered by the board, that the sum of one hundred and one dollars and 
 fifty cents be allowed to defray the expenses of the territorial road leading 
 from Brighton, in Washington county, to Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county, 
 so much thereof as lies in Keokuk county." 
 
 The first county roads were projected at the J uly meeting, 1844. The 
 record runs as follows: 
 
 " Ordered by the board, in consequence of the petition of a number of 
 the citizens of Keokuk county, a view of three county roads is accordingly 
 granted, to-wit: 
 
 First, beginning at the old boundary line of said territory, near Dr. 0. T. 
 Ragland's, to extend a road on the divide between the south and north 
 forks of Skunk river to the line of said county of Mahaska, crossing the 
 north fork of said river at Edward Cooley's mill site, to pass on the north- 
 east quarter of section No. 30, township 75 north, and range 11 west. 
 
 "Second: One from the town of Richland to intersect the aforesaid 
 road on the ridge above L. B. Hughes' mill, to pass by the way of Western 
 City, and cross the south fork at the said mill. 
 
 " Third : One from the farm of Willis C. Stone, on the line of said 
 county adjoining the county of Jefferson, to intersect the road on the divide 
 east of the northeast quarter of section 30, in township 75, range 11 west. 
 
 "Ordered by the board, that Jesse Gabbert, Levi Cline and Jeremiah 
 Brown be appointed viewers, and the county surveyor of Keokuk county be 
 appointed surveyor, to survey the ridge road from the old boundary line, 
 near Dr. Ragland's, to the county line of Mahaska county. 
 
 _ " That Eli Haworth, Horace Bagley and Isaac Jones be appointed 
 viewers, and the aforesaid county surveyor be appointed surveyor, to view 
 and survey the Richland road to intersect the aforesaid road on the ridge 
 above L. B. Hughes' mill. 
 ■ ^' That Reuben Whitson, Richard Quinton and Jesse Shoemaker be 
 appointed viewers, and the aforesaid county surveyor be appointed sur- 
 veyor, to view and survey the Rock Creek road, commencing at Willis 0. 
 Stone's, to intersect the last aforesaid road. 
 
HtSTOEY OV KEOKUK COUNTY. 359 
 
 ■ <' Ordered, that said viewers on the first aforesaid road meet at the house 
 of 0. T. Eagland on the 20th day of August next, or within five days 
 thereafter, and proceed to view, survey and lay out said road. 
 
 "That the viewers on the next aforesaid road meet at the town of Rich- 
 Sand on the 1st day of September next, or within five days thereafter, and 
 proceed to view, survey and lay out the same. 
 
 " That the viewers on the last aforesaid road meet at the house of Willis 
 C. Stone on the 10th of September next, or within five days thereafter, and 
 proceed to view, survey and lay out the same." 
 
 FIRST LAND TRANSFERS. 
 
 The first page of the record of deeds contains a plat of the town of 
 Sigourney, with a description of the original town site. This was recorded 
 in 1844. Then follow the plats of several other towns. The first transfer 
 of individual real estate was made in February, 1845, as follows: 
 
 " This indenture, made the 15th day ot February, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, between Joshua Hadley 
 and Lydia, his wife, of the county of Keokuk, Territory of Iowa, of the 
 one part, and Dudley H. Davis and Charity, his wife, of the county of Jet- 
 pferson, Territory of Iowa, of the other part, to-wit: 
 
 If " The said Joshua Hadley and Lydia, his wife, for and in consideration 
 "*f the sum of fifty-one dollars and six cents, to them paid in hand, the re- 
 ceipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained and sold, 
 and they by these presents do grant, bargain and sell and convey to the 
 fiaid Dudley H. Davis, his heirs and assigns, all that tract of land lying 
 and situated in the county of Keokuk, and Territory of Iowa, known as 
 the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section twenty-nine, in 
 township seventy-four north, range ten west, containing forty acres, more or 
 ess, together with all the privileges and appurtenances thereunto belong- 
 ing, or in any wise appertaining thereunto. The said Joshua Hadley and 
 ■^Lydia, his wife, do covenant and agree with said Dudley H. Davis to war- 
 rant and forever defend unto him, the said Dudley H. Davis, the aforesaid 
 premises against all and every person lawfully claiming the same. In wit- 
 ness whereof the said Joshua Hadley and Lydia, his wife, have hereunto 
 set their hands and seal the day and year above written. 
 
 "Joshua Hadley. 
 
 "Jitest: Jesse B. Way. "Lydia Hadley." 
 
 "Jane Way." 
 
 "lowA Teeeitoey, 1 
 Keokuk County. ) 
 
 "Be it remembered, that on the 15th day of February, one thousand eight 
 hundred and forty-five, before me, a justice of the peace in and for the 
 county aforesaid, appeared Joshua Hadley and Lydia^ his wife, who are 
 Jjersonally known to me to be the persons whose names are subscribed to 
 the foregoing instrument as parties thereunto, and severally acknowledged 
 said instrument to be their act and deed for the purpose there, mentioned. 
 And Lydia Hadley, the wife of the said Joshua Hadley, having by me 
 been made acquainted with the contents of said deed, and examined sepa- 
 rate and apart from her said husband, acknowledged that she had executed 
 
360 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 the same, and relinquished her dower in the premises therein conveyedi 
 voluntarily, freely and without compulsion of her said husband. 
 
 " Given under my hand this 15th day of February, 1845, at my ofl5oe 
 in Kiohland precinct. "Jesse B. Wat, 
 
 '■'■Justice of the Peace." 
 
 THE OLD COUKT-HOUSE. 
 
 The cabin erected by Mr. James away out on the prairie, which had 
 been selected as the county-seat, has already been alluded to. Although it 
 was erected on Mr. James' sole responsibility, and at his individual expense^ 
 yet it was properly the first court-house, for here the clerk of the court had 
 his office and kept the court records; here also the first term of the District 
 Court was held, and it was to all intents and purposes a court house. 
 
 At the first meeting of board of commissioners held in Sigourney, Julyj. 
 27, 184:4-, the first official action was taken with reference to the building of 
 a court-house. The following is the record as made on that occasion: 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that Samuel A. James be, and he is hereby au- 
 thorized to receive sealed proposals for building a temporary court-house in 
 Sigourney, of the following manner and description, to-wit: to be a hewn 
 log house, twenty by twenty-four feet in dimensions, the logs to be hewn 
 seven inches thick and notched down close with square corners and at least 
 nine feet high above the floor; to have thirteen sleepers put in, to be hewn 
 straight on the upper side, and also thirteen joist to be hewn straight on 
 the upper and under sides; to be well covered by putting up rafters and 
 sheeting close; and the roof shall be put on with good joint shingles to 
 show six inches; to be done in workmanlike manner, and also the gable 
 ends to be well enclosed by weather boarding the same." 
 
 It will be observed that by these specifications there was no provision 
 made for any floor, nor door whereby to gain any access to the build- 
 ing, nor yet any windows to admit light whereby the county officials, after- 
 having gained admission, could see the floor, or flnd the door, had there- 
 been any. 
 
 The new board of commissioners elected, in August, of this year, met in 
 September and amended the plan of the building by supplementing the- 
 former order by the following additional specifications: 
 
 "Ordered that in addition to the requisites to build a court-house in 
 Sigourney there be the following: That it be laid with a floor of good 
 plank flooring and ceiled with plank overhead; to have three fifteen-light 
 windows, one on each side of the house and one in one end; to have a good' 
 batten door in the other end; and the house to be well chinked, daubed 
 and pointed with good lime mortar, all to be done in workmanlike manner. 
 
 "And it is further ordered that Joseph Kellum is hereby appointed tO' 
 offer the said job on 13th of September instant, to the lowest bidder, and 
 the said lowest bidder shall be entitled to proceed to build said house by 
 entering into bond, with security in the sum double that of the bid, to be- 
 approved by the clerk of the board, to complete said house in a workman- 
 like manner on or before the second Monday of November next. 
 
 "Ordered that the temporary court house be built upon the lot next 
 west of the southeast corner lot in the block immediately north of the- 
 public square." 
 
 On the 13th of September, 1844, Joseph Kellum offered said court-house- 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COTTNTT. 36l 
 
 job. " William B. Thompson being the lowest bidder, received the contract 
 for the sum of $218. The building was finished and accepted, by the 
 board in January, 184:5. 
 
 A history of the Keokuk county court-houses would be almost a history 
 «f the county itself, and no more vivid picture of the county's growth 
 conld be suggested than that which comes from a comparison of the pres- 
 ent house with the old one of pioneer days. 
 
 But that old house is enshrined in memories that the present can never 
 know. It stood on the ground now occupied by Jackson's hardware store, 
 and was used for every possible purpose and had a career of great useful- 
 ness. School was taught, the gospel preached and justice dispensed wityn 
 its substantial old walls. Then it served frequently as a resting place for 
 weary travelers, and indeed its doors always swung on easy hinges. 
 
 If the old settlers are to be believed, the old oak logs often rang on 
 the pioneer Sabbath with a more stirring eloquence than enlivens the pul- 
 pits of the present time. Many of the earliest ministers have officiated 
 •within its walls, and if those old walls could speak, they would tell many a 
 strange pioneer tale of religion, that is now lost forever. The preacher 
 would mount a store box in the center of the room, and the audience would 
 disperse themselves about on benches. 
 
 To that old log court-house ministers came of different faiths, but all 
 eager to expound the simple truths of a s«blime and beautiful religion, and 
 point out for comparison the thorny path of duty, and the primrose path of 
 dalliance. Often have those old walls given back the echoes of those who 
 did a song of Zion sing, and many an erring wanderer has had his heart 
 moved to repentance thereby more strongly than ever by the strains of 
 homely eloquence. With Monday morning the old building changed its 
 icharacter, and men came there seeking not the mercy of God, but the jus- 
 tice of man. The scales were held with an even hand. Fine points of law 
 were doubtless often ignored, but those who presided knew every man in 
 the county, and they dealt out substantial justice, and the broad principles 
 of natural equity prevailed. Children came there to school, and sat at the 
 feet of the teachers who knew but little moi'e than themselves, but however 
 humble the teacher's acquirements, he was hailed as a wise man and a ben- 
 efactor, and his lessons were heeded with attention. The doors of the old 
 eonrt-house were always open, and there the weary traveler often found a 
 resting place. There, too, the people of the settlement met to discuss their 
 ■swn affairs, and learn from visitors the news from the great world so far 
 «way to the eastward. 
 
 Simple emigrants stood there, and filled listening ears with tales of events 
 over the sea. There the shameful story of the coup d''etat was made clear 
 with many explanatory passages and matters of detail never dreamed of on 
 the boulevards of Paris, where the drunken and infuriated soldiery fired upon 
 Tinresisting, peaceful citizens, merely to create a stupefying terror upon 
 which the Empire might be founded. There, long after this event, was told 
 another story of a difl'erent character. The sufferings from the Irish famine 
 ■were expounded by men and women racy of the soil, who could tell with a 
 diudder of the days when it first became apparent that the food crops of 
 <lie nation had failed. The story was a truly sickening affair, such as no 
 European people had unfolded for more than a century, and when the first 
 recital was ended the wanderers were urged to begin again. The sad story 
 Was continued for days and weeks at intervals, with a pathos which brought 
 
362 filSTOET OF KEOKTJE COVSTT.- 
 
 tears to the eyes of the strongest men. The doubts that brooded in the air 
 in old Ireland when stories came to the peasants from afar, about crop& 
 looking beautiful at night and by morning were a stench over the country 
 side. How the poor creatures said an Ave Maria with redoubled faith over 
 their potato fields, but could not postpone the evil day when a smell of 
 putrefaction penetrated every dwelling, and it was known that over millions 
 of acres of food upon which many millions relied for sustenance, the de- 
 stroying angel had passed. The famine followed, with its deaths beyond 
 number, reckoned by the ignorant at millions in excess of the whole popu- 
 lation of Ireland, but actually carrying off nearly seven hundred thousand 
 men, women and children. Then their eyes would glisten for a moment, 
 says a countryman, as they told with tears of joy of the fleets of ships that 
 came over the Atlantic laden with grain, which a noble charity had sent 
 from America to the sufferers. "Even England, the hard-hearted Saxon 
 race, which since the days of the Plantagnet has never ceased to be our 
 oppressor — even England bowed down in the dust by our side to pray for 
 us, and to give us succor." Thus the court-house of the old time was the- 
 scene of many" an affecting pow-wow. 
 
 This old court-house continued to stand on the ground where first located' 
 until the vear 1873. when it was torn down and for its successor appeared' 
 the commodious business room where Mr. Jackson now dispenses hardware 
 and agricultural implements to many ot the same persons who formerly 
 had dispensed to them from that location justice tempered with mercy, and' 
 theology characterized by good practical sense. 
 
 On the removal of the county-seat to Lancaster the court-house became the- 
 property of Mr. Joseph Knox who was one of the Tuost successful merchants 
 of early days, and after his day it fell into other hands and continued in use- 
 till 1873, when it was removed two miles east of Sigourney and is now 
 doing duty as a cow stable on the farm of Mr. Wm. Bineman. 
 
 It is a shame that the people of modern times have such little reverence 
 for the relics of former days. After this house ceased to be available, for 
 business purposes, and its removal was determined on, it should have been 
 taken to some other part of the city and located upon some lot purchased by 
 public subscription, where it might have remained, to have at least witnessed 
 the semi-centennial of the county's history. It is sad that, in their haste to- 
 grow rich, so few have care even for the early work of their own hands. How 
 many of the early settlers have preserved their first habitations ? The sight 
 of that humble cabin would 'be a source of much consolation in old age, as it 
 reminded the owner of the trials and triumphs of otlier times, and its pres- 
 ence would go far toward reconciling the coming generation with their lot, 
 when comparing its humble appearance with the modern residences, whose- 
 extensive apartments are beginning to be too unpretentious for the enter- 
 prising sport of the irrepressible " Young Americas." 
 
 On removing the county-seat to Lancaster, it became necessary to erect 
 another court-house. 
 
 At a meeting of the board at Lancaster, August 9, 1847, the following 
 record, relating to the erection of a court-house, was made : 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that sealed proposals will be received by the- 
 clerk of the board of commissioners until the 10th day of September- 
 next, for building a court-house in Lancaster, of the following dimensions,, 
 to-wit: thirty-two feet by eighteen feet, a two-story frame house; first story' 
 nine feet in the clear; upper story eight feet in the clear; the sillfl teij- 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 363 
 
 indies by twelve; the posts eight inches square, resting on a wall eighteen, 
 inches thick, of limestone rock, two and one-half feet high, one foot above 
 ground and one and one-half under ground; good oak sleepers, oak floor-, 
 ing: lower, one and one-half inches thick, and the upper one inch thick; 
 tight and grooved floor, square jointed; the upper joists eight by three 
 inches, upper and lower joists two feet from center to center; six fifteen- 
 light windows, upper and lower story; one panel door, six panels, and 
 one plain door; and upper story one panel door and one plain door, as be- 
 low; weather-boarding black walnut, front weather-boarding jointed; oak 
 shingles; good rafters; all to be done in a workmanlike manner. The con- 
 tractor to furnish all the material." 
 
 This order was never carried into effect, as the record of the January 
 meeting shows the following : 
 
 " Ordered that a court-house be built in Lancaster, of the following di- 
 mensions: 30 feet by 20; a two-story building, frame house; the first story 
 ten feet in tlie clear, the upper story eight feet in the clear. The clerk, is 
 ordered to advertise for sealed proposals, to be received at the clerk's oflSce 
 by the 24th inst." 
 
 In accordance with this order, the following contract was made and en- 
 jtered into on the day named: 
 
 " Contract entered into this day with Jesse B. Mitts and James M. 
 Mitts for the erection of a court-house in Lancaster, with items of specifi- 
 cation, for tlie sum of six hundred and ninety-nine dollars, when finished, 
 and which contract is deposited with S. A. James, to be retained by him 
 till called for by both contracting parties, or their orders. Ordered, that 
 Jesse B. Mitts and James M. Mitts be allowed the sum of two hundred 
 dollars, town funds, on their contract of date January 26, 1848, for the 
 erection of a court-house in Lancaster; and the clerk of this Board is in- 
 structed and prohibited from issuing the same to the said Mitts until the 
 frame for said house shall have been erected according to contract." 
 
 This, the second court-house, was completed according to contract and 
 received by the commissioners. It was-used for county purposes and for 
 holding public meetings and served the varied other purposes which are 
 required of a public hall. During the period in which the county-seat was 
 located at Lancaster this building was the scene of many hotly contested 
 cases at law, and during the hot political campaigns of 1848 and 1852 it rang 
 with the most fervid appeals, and the political issues of the day were ex- 
 pounded from the Democratic standpoint, the Whig platform was enun- 
 ciated, and even the Free-soil principles were elaborated. Politics ran 
 high in those days and the character of the appeals which were made 
 by county central committees was even more enthusiastic and urgent than 
 in more modern times. The following call for a political meeting in 1848 
 is reproduced because it is thought that the novelty of the phraseology and 
 references to local affairs will interest the reader: 
 
 "to democeats. 
 
 " J.# Whisler's Mills, in Keokuk county, on Saturday, the 27th day of 
 May, is where each Democratic voter of the county is requested to attend. 
 The intention of the meeting is to take such measures as will unite the 
 Democratic party of the county at the next August election and for its per- 
 manent organization thereafter. Another duty of the meeting will be to 
 
364 HISTOKT OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 
 
 appoint delegates to attend the State Democratic Convention at Iowa City 
 and the Congressional Democratic Convention at Fairfield, both of which 
 are to be held in June next. 
 
 " Democrats! You are often appealed to for the protection of your princi- 
 ples. Was the appeal ever more necessary than now? Will you stay away 
 from this meeting and thus permit the murderers of our friends now in 
 Mexico to gain additional voices in our national council? God forbid! 
 Our national honor and the blood of our beloved Mills, with a host of brave 
 spirits cry for our action. Let us do ! 
 
 " The time is fixed and it is hoped that every true Democrat who can, will 
 be there. 
 
 "William Jacobs, 
 
 "Jacob Patton, 
 
 "Jacob Wimee, 
 
 " S. A. James, 
 " May 1, 1848. Democratio Central Committee." 
 
 On the return of the county-seat to Sigourney there was considerable lit- 
 igation about the matter, an account of which is given elsewhere. In con- 
 sequence of this litigation no measures were immediately provided for the 
 erection of another court-house at Sigourney, the county officers being lo- 
 cated in different buildings around the square. This litigation having 
 been disposed of in 1857, S. Rarned, who was then acquiring his title, judge, 
 began the erection of the present court-house. At this time there was no 
 board of county commissioners or supervisors, and the county judge dis- 
 charged the duties of the board as well as to act as auditor and attend to 
 probate matters. There was no provision of law whereby it was necessary 
 to take a vote on the proposition to build a court-house. The building of a 
 court-house, its location and the alnount to be expended, all came within 
 the individual jurisdiction of Mr. Harned, and although the building was 
 erected at a time when there existed the most bitter sectional animosity, 
 there was never a breath of suspicion, and so faithfully and honorably did 
 he manage the work that his official acts were never for once called into 
 question. The plans and specifications of the building were prepared early 
 in the year 1857, and the contract immediately let to Coleman & Lehman, of 
 Mt. Pleasant. The building was completed the following year and the re- 
 cords and county offices removed there late in the fall. The total cost of 
 the building was seventeen thousand two hundred dollars. Although the 
 building is no great ornament to the public square, and no particular credit 
 to the county, yet it well serves all the purposes of a court-house, and will 
 not suffer by comparison with any court-house erected in the State at so 
 early a period. The different county officers are comfortably and conven- 
 iently located, and the fire-proof vaults and safes are ample and reliable, so 
 that the large number of records and documents which have accumulated 
 in the county archives are well provided for. The court-room is commo- 
 dious and well furnished ; it was recently greatly improved and now pre- 
 sents quite an inviting appearance. 
 
 THE JAIL. 
 
 The county jail was built in 1875. Prior to that time the prisoners were 
 kept at Washington and Muscatine. When the county-seat was at Lancas- 
 
HI8TOET OF KBOKUK OOTTNTT. 365 
 
 ter there was a jail erected at that place, but it was never noted for elegance 
 or safety. The present jail is one of the best in the State and Keokuk 
 county now returns the compliment by keeping the prisoners for the county 
 vhich formerly kept hers. 
 
 The first action in reference to the building of a jail was at the Septem- 
 iber term, 1874, as follows. 
 
 " On motion it is resolved that the board of supervisors submit to the 
 voters of Keokuk county, Iowa, a proposition to build a jail in said county, 
 to be voted on at the October election,, 1874." 
 
 The election was held according to order, with the following result: for 
 jail, 1,631; against jail, 314. 
 
 In the following January the board resolved that they collectively be ap- 
 pointed a committee to visit Chicago and intermediate towns for the pur- 
 pose of examining city prisons, county jails, etc., with a view to the erec- 
 tion of a jail in Keokuk county. It was also ordered that three warrants 
 ■of thirty-five dollars "each be issued by the auditor to defray the expenses of 
 the trip. This action of the board was the occasion of some very severe 
 criticism on the part of certain tax-payers of the county. Among other 
 manifestations of dissatisfaction was a poster, printed at South English, 
 which was extensively distributed throughout the county, of which the fol- 
 lowing is a copy: 
 
 "Indignation meeting! Tax-payers of Keokuk county, you are hereby 
 requested to meet at South English on Saturday, July 17, 1875, at 2 o'clock 
 IP. M., to consider what action shall be taken in regard to the wholesale 
 plunder of the treasury by the board of supervisors. 
 
 "Signed, MAirr Citizens." 
 
 The board, however, went on this tour of inspection and probably did 
 the best thing for the county which coilld have been done. For on this 
 trip they learned something relative to prisons and jail building, and 
 •whether it may be directly attributed to what they learned on this trip or 
 not, one thing is certain, viz: The jail was erected, and when finished, 
 proved to be' the best building of the kind in this part of the State. On 
 their trip to Chicago, the board of supervisors arranged for the cells and 
 cell doors which formerly were used in the city prison of Chicago. They 
 also contracted with W. L. Carrol, of Chicago, to draw plans and specifica- 
 tions for the jail building. 
 
 At the April session the board ordered that bonds should be issued, ne- 
 gotiated and sold, to the amount of ten thousand dollars for the erection of 
 the jail. 
 
 This order for the issue of bonds called forth another outburst of indig- 
 nation in the north part of the county, and at a public meeting held at 
 South English the following resolutions were adopted: 
 
 " Wheeeas, We, the tax payers of Keokuk county, have reason to be- 
 lieve that our county supervisors have been recreant to their trust in so 
 much that they have voted to themselves for services since the 1st of Jan- 
 uary, 1875, an amound equal to |65 a month each for the entire six months; 
 that they have treated with disrespect a petition of tax -payers; that they 
 have clearly shown their incompetency to fill the important positions they 
 ■occupy, in issuing the county jail bonds without legal authority, and by 
 keing unable, or imwilling, to transact the business of the county within 
 
366 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 the time specified by law, to-wit: thirty days; (see Sec. 3791, Code 1873) p; 
 therefore, be it • 
 
 " Resolved. 1st — That a committee be appointed to investigate the pro-, 
 priety of enjoining the board from making further appropriations for ser- 
 vices, and the auditor and treasurer from drawing and paying the same. 
 
 " 2d. — Tliat the issuing by the board of supervisors of the county bonds,, 
 known as the jail bonds, without the proposition for a tax having been, 
 adopted by the people, and the sale of said bonds absolutely void in law, 
 under the representation that they were valid, meets our unqualified cen- 
 sure. 
 
 " 3d. — That the present board be requested to resign, and allow the peo- 
 ple to fill their places by members who can transact tlie business of the 
 county within the time specified by law." 
 
 The supervisors, however, did not resign, but went on with the plans for 
 the erection of the building. 
 
 The jail was completed in the latter part of the year 1875, and, as be- 
 fore remarked, is one of the most substantial buildings of the kind in the- 
 State. The following description of the building, published in the "News," 
 of the issue January 5, 1876, will give a good idea of the building: 
 
 " For a proper understanding ot the buildings described, it is necessary 
 to state that although described as two buildings, they are connected and 
 separated only by a partition wall. 
 
 " Ground plan of dwelling, 38 feet 8 inches by 28 feet 8 inches, divided! 
 into four rooms, viz: pantry, vegetable, furnace and fuel rooms. These- 
 divisions are made by brick walls. The outer walls, forming the founda- 
 tion of the structure, are of stone, four feet thick at the base, and by ofi- 
 sets reduced to one foot eight inches at a height of eight feet, receiving a 
 water-table as a base for the brick work. 
 
 "The main walls are of brick, fifteen inches thick, with air chambers of 
 two inches, stone sills and caps for the openings. .First story, nine feet 
 eight inches, second story, nine feet two inches, in height, divided as fol- 
 lows: First floor, hall, parlor, dining-room, office, kitchen and' pantry,' all 
 of which are provided with the necessary cupboards, drawers, shelving,: 
 chests and outfit pertaining to first-class rooms. The second- story is di- 
 vided into four rooms, two of which are provided with wardrobes, neatly 
 fitted and furnished with shelving, hooks, etc. In the attic are two nice, 
 large, well-ventilated chamber rooms. 
 
 "The building is neatly plastered, hard finished and painted throughout 
 with three coats of paint, and blinds to all the windows. The roofing is- 
 of black slate, with water gutters and spouting leading to the cistern, to be; 
 described hereafter. 
 
 " The ground plan of the jail building proper is thirty-one feet two inches- 
 by twenty-one feet four inches; footings, five feet thick, of heavy limestone,, 
 laid in cement. The foundation walls are ten feet in height, extending six 
 feet into the ground and four feet above, being three feet thick where they 
 receive the water-table and floor. The main or outside walls are of sand- 
 stone, three of which are twenty-two inches, and the other twenty-six 
 inches, thick, each stone reaching through the wall, laid in cement, weighing 
 from one to four thousand pounds each, and doweled with a two-inch round 
 cast-iron ball to prevent them being slipped out. The style of the work is. 
 rock face, cut beads and drave margins. 
 
HISTOBT OP KEOKUK COUNTY. 36T 
 
 "These walls are eighteen feet high, mounted with neat cornice and cap- 
 pings, with four windows two by six feet. Each window is guarded with, 
 two sets of mixed steel bars, one and one-half inches in diameter, set six. 
 inches into tlie rock, with live stays crosswise with the bars passing through, 
 them, and with ordinary sash and ground glass. 
 
 "Inside of the walls described, commencing at the same depth, are three 
 other walls, the main wall making the fourth, surrounding a space ten by 
 seventeen feet which forms the privy vaults On these walls sit 
 the cells, which are nine in number, and located so as to leave a corridor 
 on three sides seven feet wide, which is flagged with stone eight inches 
 thick, and long enough to reach and be built into the main walls on one 
 side, and under and form a part of the foundation for the cells on the other. 
 Under the corridor, and surrounding the foundation wall of the vault, is ai 
 cistern of four hundred to five hundred barrels capacity, for general use of 
 the building. The cells are five by seven feet, floor surface, and seven feet, 
 high, formed from six stones eight inches thick, and of proper size for on& 
 each to form bottom, top. sides and end, and weighing from one to three^ 
 tons. Each cell is provided with two iron cots, solidly fastened to the wall,, 
 and a sail-stool bolted to the floor. Four of these nine cells are located. 
 60 as' to form a square. On top of these cells are situated four other cells,, 
 which are reached by an iron stairway which lands on an iron platform in, 
 front of the doors. On top of the eight cells under the roof is the ninth, 
 cell, or female department, thirteen by eighteen feet, formed by rubble- 
 walls planked inside with two-inch plank, and lined with iron. 
 
 '*The cells are located on one side of the building, so as to connect with 
 one of the outside walls, and between the cell stone and the wall is two- 
 inches of solid iron to prevent cutting through the wall. The cell rock 
 floor, and sitting of the entire jail is of limestone from the Joliet quarries. 
 The window-frames and sash are all the wood there is inside the jail. Each 
 cell is provided with two iron doors, one grated, and the other a solid slab 
 covering the grates, each of which has a strong separate fastening. 
 
 "The entrance to the jail is from the sheriff's office in the dwelling through 
 five iron doors, all of which have separate fastenings. Inside the jail, sur- 
 rounding the entrance, is a cage of iron lattice-work, into which the sheriflT 
 will pass, locking two doors behind him, and passing the key to an attend- 
 ant in the office before opening the door of the cage admitting him to the 
 prisoners. 
 
 "The prison is ventilated by an air duct leading from the vault under the- 
 corridor floor into a ventilating flue built between the two main chimneys^ 
 and arranged so that if there is fire either in the furnace or cook-stove it 
 will rarefy the air in the ventilating flues, causing draft and a flow of air 
 down through the sail-pipes into the air duct and out the top of the chim- 
 ney. From experiments that have been made it is believed that the jail 
 will he free from the offensive and unhealthy smell that is present in most- 
 places where prisoners are confined. Both jail and dwelling are warmed' 
 throughout from a furnace located in the basement of the dwelling. It re- 
 quired about five hundred perch of rock to construct the building." 
 
 Hon. B. A. Haycock, of Richland, and J. H. Terrel were the contractors.. 
 The contract was originally let for $9,600. This, together with the cost of the: 
 real estate, supervision and architect's fee, amounted to the sum of $14,222.31.. 
 
 The board of supervisors at the time consisted of Messrs. Merryfield, 
 Bower and Morgan. 
 
368 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 COUNTY-SEAT CONTESTS. 
 
 The most bitter and unfortunate controversies which ever occur are those 
 _:growing out of county-seat controversies. They engender animosities 
 which are transmitted from father to son, and the strife in which people 
 thereby become embroiled lasts from generation to generation. By reason 
 ■of the ill-feeling thus engendered, the material progress of a community is 
 retarded, and the evil effects produced on the manners and morals of a peo- 
 ple are truly deplorable. 
 
 Keokuk county has been peculiarly unfortunate in this respect, and 
 although more 'than twenty years have elapsed since the last county-seat 
 ■contest, the vicious effects of the early struggles over this question are still 
 •discernable. 
 
 The county-seat question was one of the first to be agitated. The con- 
 ^troversy began with the organization of the county in 1844 and continued 
 till 1857, a period of thirteen years. During this period there never was a 
 itime when this was not a question of dispute. There were times when the 
 rival factions ceased from actual hostilities and became comparatively quiet. 
 JBut these seasons of short peace with but this brief quiet, was butthegtill- 
 .ness which proceeds a storm, an armistice entered into by the tacit consent ot 
 ^he belligerents during which time they were laying their plans and burn- 
 ishing their weapons for a fiercer conflict. 
 
 The south-eastern part of the county being the first to be settled, there 
 was at first an effort to get the county-seat in that locality. It was argued 
 ■that the seat of justice should be located with reference to the center of 
 population rather than a geographical center. 
 
 The attempt to fix the county-seat within the bounds of Kichland town- 
 iship has already been alluded to; also the appointment, by the territorial 
 legislature, of a locating commission, has been mentioned in connection 
 Tvith the organization of the county. 
 
 As a result of this first contest the report of these commissioners appears 
 on the county records; it is as follows: 
 
 " Record of the retnrns of the locating commissioners, appointed to locate 
 the seat of justice of Keokuk county: 
 
 ■" To the Honorable Board of Commissioners of the County of KeohuTc: 
 
 " The undersigned having been appointed commissioners to locate the 
 rseat of justice for said county, met according to the provisions of said act, 
 and having been duly sworn, proceeded to examine said county, and after 
 an extensive examination have selected the north-east quarter of section No. 
 two in township seventy-five (75) north, range twelve (12) west, and have 
 ■consequently designated the same as the seat of justice for Keokuk couiity, 
 and have called the same Sigourney. 
 
 " All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 " Sigourney, May 10, 1844. "Geo. H. Stone. 
 
 "John A. Stbwaet, 
 " Sam'l Shuffleton. • a 
 
 ■" S. Shuffleton dissents from the above selection." ' " 
 
HISTORY OP KEOKUK OOUNTT. 369' 
 
 " Board of commissioners of Keokuk county to George H. Stone for six 
 
 days services locating county seat, Dr $12.00 
 
 "John A. Stewart, seven days 14.00 
 
 "S.Shuffleton, " « 14.00, 
 
 " I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a correct record of the return 
 of the locating commissioners appointed by the legislative assembly to lo- 
 cate the seat of justice for Keokuk county. 
 
 "Attest: Edom Shugaet, Clerk of Board?'' 
 
 At another place the fact has been referred to that the commissioners did 
 not favor this selection, and on the petition of eighty citizens of the county 
 they took ofl&cial action whereby the seat of justice was directed to remain 
 at Richland. Notwithstanding the action of the board. Judge Williams^ 
 and his appointee to the office of clerk, Mr. James, proceeded in conformity 
 with the decision of the locating commissioners, and at the first term of the- 
 District Court held at the new county-seat, the judge made an extra judicial 
 decision which induced the board to reconsider their former action and re- 
 move their headquarters to Sigourney. 
 
 Thus for a time it seemed that the question of a county-seat had been' 
 finally disposed of, and that the location was permanently fixed; but not so, 
 lor while the friends of Sigourney were triumphant in having gained their 
 point, and laboring under the delusion that the matter was permanently 
 fixed, were investing their means and employing their energies to build up- 
 the town, there was not by any means a general concurrence in the selection 
 of the location, and those opposed to it were quietly but industriously en- 
 gaged in working up a sentiment hostile to Sigourney and laying their 
 plans to bring about a removal. Presently the fact became known that a 
 petition was in circulation asking for authority from the legislature to re- 
 locate the county-seat. The friends of Sigourney, upon hearing of this, cir- 
 culated a remonstrance. 
 
 The legislature before which this petition would be presented convened 
 in May, and the one chief business of the leaders of one faction was to cir- 
 culate a petition, of the othei-, to circulate a remonstrance; the all-absorbing- 
 topic of conversation, discussion and dispute, was the county-seat; in the 
 language of one " who was there to see," " from the rivers to the ends of 
 the county the news was agitation, and the talk county-seat." 
 
 On the eve of the great battle which was to decide the matter there was 
 a review of the forces, and it was found that the number of names on the pe- 
 tition considerably outnumbered the names on the remonstrance, and, con- 
 sequently, the friends of Sigourney saw that if the legislature were to be 
 influenced by the number of names, they would be compelled to enter the 
 lists under a great disadvantage. 
 
 The petition was carried to the legislature by J. B. Whisler, and S. A. 
 James was deputed to present the remonstrance. The latter shrank from 
 the responsibility; he was wholly inexperienced in legislative diplomacy, 
 had barely an acquaintance or two in either body whose " appreciation of" 
 good dress," he says, " he could not hope to gratify in his homespun at- 
 tire." But go he must, and go he did. On his way through Washington 
 he contrived to borrow some clothes, among other articles a blue cloth coat 
 with pretentious buttons. Equipped with these borrowed "store clothes,"' 
 
:370 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 which fitted "like the bark on a tree," and letters of introduction from 
 Tthe same party who was sole proprietor of the clothes, he arrived at the 
 •capital, Iowa City, a few hours in advance of the enemy. 
 
 It is a fact here worthy of note that Washington as a town had always 
 Ibeen favorable to the interests of Sigourney, while Fairfield had always 
 '©pposed those interests. Tliese preferences had probably originated in the 
 topography of the country which regulated to some extent the travel and 
 ^traffic of the county. Another reason might be adduced in the fact that 
 Sigourney and vicinity had been settled by Washingtonians, while people 
 from Fairfield had settled in the south part of the county. The cause of 
 ■^these preferences have long ceased to exist. 
 
 On the 26th day of May Mr. James and Mr. Whisler conferred together 
 and erased from both the petition and the remonstrance what they regarded 
 as improper names. A majority of over fifty was found to be in favor of 
 ithe petition. The papers were all placed in the bands of Col. Shelledy, mem- 
 ber from Keokuk and Mahaska counties. On the 27th a bill was introduced 
 to relocate the county-seat by commissioners. On. the 28tli this bill was 
 read a second time, and a third time, and passed by a majority of one vote. 
 •On the 23d the bill was read the first time in the senate, and on the 30th 
 it was referred to a select committee, which reported, the next day, against 
 the bill. The house refused to concur in the report and the senate laid the 
 bill on the table by a vote of eight to five. 
 
 This was the end of the matter for that session, and Mr. James says, " we 
 joyfully wended our way homeward, being the first to break the news to 
 the town whose inhabitants had awaited our return with much the same 
 feeling that a party interested in a verdict awaits the coming of a jury." 
 
 Whether Mr. James' success may be attributed to the influence of the 
 blue coat, the favorable impression produced by the letters of introduction, 
 or the persuasive eloquence of the gentleman himself, cannot be determ- 
 ined at this late day. It will be safe to assert, however, that his success 
 resulted from all three causes, and especially the blue coat, since his influ- 
 ence was most marked in the senate, which always has had the reputation 
 •of being an aristocratic body, and very susceptible to display of any kind. 
 Whether or not Mr. James returned the coat is not a matter of speculation. 
 There is the very best of evidence that he did. 
 
 For a short time after the action of the legislature had been made known, 
 affairs were comparatively quiet, and the people of Sigourney were jubi- 
 lant. The young town was the scene of great activity, new arrivals being 
 reported each day, and new business enterprises being engaged in. This 
 ■ quiet, however, was destined not to be of long duration. Early in July the 
 •county-seat question again began to be agitated, and it was generally un- 
 derstood that another fight was to be made before the legislature during 
 the coming winter. 
 
 When the legislature met, the controversy was again taken before the 
 legislature. This time the lobby was increased from two to six individ- 
 uals. Col. Crocker, Richard Quinton, and' another individual being sent 
 in the interests of the petition, and Dr. Weeks, A. H. Haskell and G. M. 
 Holliday representing the people of Sigourney. 
 
 In this contest before the legislature the petitioners were successful, as 
 the following extract of a bill passed, and approved January 9, 1846, will 
 fihow: 
 
HISTOKY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 3T1 
 
 *'An act to provide for the appointment of Commissioners to re-locate 
 ike County-seat of Keokuk county : 
 
 "Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Kepresentatives 
 of the Territory of Iowa, tliat Josepli Foster, of the county of Van Buren, 
 Joshua Owens, of the county of Lee, and John Brophy, of the county of 
 Olinton, be and Iiereby are appointed commissioners to re-locate the county- 
 «eat of Keokuk county. 
 
 "Sec. 3. Said commissioners when qualified shall proceed to select a 
 suitable site for the county-seat of said county; taking into consideration 
 the relative advantages and disadvantages of different points, the present 
 4vnd future interest and convenience of the population of said county; and 
 among the several points so examined including the town of Sigourney, 
 they shall select such point as they may deem most suitable for the county- 
 iseat of said county. 
 
 "Sec. 5. That if the commissioners shall determine that Sigourney is a 
 proper and suitable point for the county-seat of said county, said decision, 
 3)roperly certified, shall be reduced to writing and filed with the clerk of 
 the board of county commissioners of said county and the same shall be 
 and remain the county-seat of said county as provided by law; but if any 
 •other point should be selected as aforesaid then the clerk of the board of 
 «onnty commiseioners shall give at least twenty days notice by posting up 
 the same in at least four of the most public places in said county; that at 
 ithe next August election, a poll will be opened, for the qualified electors of 
 «aid county to determine by ballot which of the two points, the one so se- 
 lected by the commissioners or the town of Sigourney shall be the county- 
 .-seat of said county. Those voting for the town of Sigourney, shall write the 
 word, "Sigourney," on their ballots. Those voting for the point selected by 
 the commissioners as aforesaid shall write on their ballots the name agreed 
 on by the commissioners for the new location, and whichever point shall 
 receive the majority of votes cast at said election shall be and remain for- 
 ever afterward the county-seat of Keokuk county. 
 
 "Sec. 7. That if the qualified electors shall decide at said election in 
 favor of the new location made by the commissioners aforesaid then the 
 <»mmiissioDers of said county shall immediately proceed to make a survey 
 of said new location, and as soon as the plat of the survey of the new loca- 
 tion is filed and recorded in the office of the clerk of the board of county 
 commissioners the said commissioners shall make such imderanity to the 
 lot holders of the town of Sigourney as they may have sustained to reim- 
 burse them for any loss or losses sustained by the removal of the county- 
 eeat; Provided,, that any person aggrieved by the decision of the board of 
 •county commissioners under and by virtue of this act may take an appeal 
 to the District Court as in other cases." 
 
 This act narrowly escaped defeat in the House of Representatives, and 
 ■was only saved by the act of William Thompson, the chief clerk. The 
 bill had passed the House by a bare majority, and on the same evening it 
 Was ascertained that upon a reconsideration of the vote the bill could be 
 defeated. The rules of the House provided for a reconsideration of any vote 
 «n the following day. An extract of a letter from a Des Moines county 
 member, to Dr. Weeks, will further explain this: 
 
 " Iowa City, January 11, 1846. 
 
 " Deab Sib: — There was an effort made in the House to reconsider the vote 
 in the passage of your bill, but the chief clei'k had taken said bill to the 
 
372 HI8T0EY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 council, and they had concurred in the amendment made by the House. 
 It was an oversight of the clerk, and caused great interest and excitement. 
 
 " Tours with esteem, 
 
 " John D. Wki&ht." 
 
 It was generally regarded, however, by the friends of Sigourney, as au 
 intentional act of the chief clerk, done for the accommodation of the op- 
 ponents of Sigourney. Whatever may have been the facts, so confidently 
 was this believed in all parts of the county, that, when the said chief clerk 
 afterward became a candidate for nomination to congress, the two southern 
 delegates from Keokuk county warmly sustained him for nomination,, 
 while the two northern delegates as decidedly opposed him. 
 
 Mr. Brophy did not meet with the other commisssioners, so that Mr. 
 Foster and Mr. Owen proceeded to make the selection. 
 
 It seems that the commissioners had imbibed the idea that the law con- 
 templated indirectly that their business was to make a selection other than 
 Sigourney. This was most attentively impressed upon their minds while 
 traveling over the county. The great argument being that if a new point 
 were selected, and on a vote Sigourney should win it, that then the war 
 was at an end, but that if Sigourney were selected it was only to be only a 
 prolonged and continued struggle. 
 
 Laboring under these impressions,, and with a view to the earliest termi- 
 nation of the strife which was telling, with disastrous effect, upon the 
 whole count3'^,more, doubtless, from these prudential reasons, than from the 
 merits of the two places,; the commissioners selected another point for the 
 county-seat, and designated it by the name of Lancaster. 
 
 This location was owned by J. B. Whisler, who kept a dry goods store, 
 and which had previously been known as Lafayette. 
 
 The ensuing August election was to determine "forever" this vital ques- 
 tion, and, metaphorically speaking, the houses of York and Lancaster began 
 to marshal their forces for a renewal of the " War of the Roses." 
 
 The strife was a fierce one,, and full of personal animosity.' Those who 
 were on the defensive fought as only men will fight when their property is 
 at stake. 
 
 During the canvass it beca,me necessary to use great circumspection a& 
 to one's associates and friends. If a southerner were treated with marked 
 civility and cordial welcome, there were those w;ho branded the entertainer 
 as a traitor, and an anti-Sigourneyite. The oldest resident of Sigourney, 
 and one who, more than any other, had thus far distinguished himself as a 
 friend of Sigourney, was charged with aiding and abetting the cause of 
 Lancaster for the sole reason that he refused to break off old personal 
 friendships. 
 
 The feud existing between the clan of Grant and that of McPherson, as 
 described by Sir Walter Scott, although older and deadlier, could not have 
 been more real than the fend between the clan of Sigourney and that of 
 Lancaster, and North Skunk was the Rubicon at whose banks a Caesar 
 might well pause before crossing. 
 
 The time for the final struggle at last arrived, and Lancaster won by a 
 majority of sixty-four. At the next meeting of the board of county com- 
 missioners the result was declared, and the county-seat ordered to be re- 
 moved. This seemed to virtually end the contest; but not so. Having 
 been defeated in the legislature and at the polls, the cause was now carrieo 
 into the courts. In accordance with the order of the board, all the county 
 
^^^^.^^^ 
 
HI8T0KT OB" KEOKUK COUNTT. 375 
 
 oflBces were moved to Lancaster, except that of the clerk of the District 
 Court. Instead of moving his office, the clerk, Mr. James, set off in com- 
 
 Eany with Mr. Joseph Xnox, for Muscatine, where they employed R. P. 
 lowe, Esq., to enjoin the removal of the district clerk's office from Sigour- 
 ney, and to prevent the county commissioners from taking further steps to 
 advance Lancaster as a county-seat. ■ 
 
 A few days after the return of Mr. James the injunction was granted, 
 and was based on the allegation of Mr. Knox, that the law authorizing 
 the vote was unconstitutional; that he had purchased town lots of the 
 county as county-seat property; that this peculiar quality in such prop- 
 erty was a vested right which could not be taken under the constitution; 
 and if it were constitutional the county-seat could not be removed until the 
 indemnity was all paid, as provided for in the act. 
 
 The case came up for hearing in the fall term, 1846, when a change of 
 venue from the judicial district was asked for by the board of county com- 
 missioners. 
 
 The motion was granted, and the cause sent to Burlington. At the 
 spring term of the District Court, held at Burlington, in 1847, a decision 
 was made in favor of Mr. Knox, the complainant. The county commis- 
 sioners appealed to the State Supreme Court, and in June, of the same 
 year, the decision of the District Court was reversed, the injunction dis- 
 solved, and the bill of Mr. Knox dismissed. 
 
 It was now nearly one year that the clerk had prevented the removal of 
 his office tromSigoumey bypermittinghimself to be enjoined, but now legal 
 restraint seemed to be at an end. There yet remained, however, one for- 
 lorn hope, one step more possible to be taken, and Mr. Knox decided to 
 take it. This was to carry his case to the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. For this purpose Mr. Knox went to Iowa City. It was thought 
 that an appeal to that court, with the filing of a supersedeas bond, would 
 continne to restrain the clerk's office at Sigourney. 
 
 It was also well known that those who were in the interests of Lancaster 
 were wide awake, and that an order to remove the office would be brought 
 from the District Judge, Cyrus OIney, as soon as obtained. 
 
 To avoid service of notice of this kind for removal, and to give Mr. 
 Knox time to return with his supersedeas, Mr. James, the clerk, "was not 
 at home," or, in other words, he secreted himself at the house of one Cook. 
 
 When Mr. Knox returned the clerk acknowledged service of the notice 
 of supersedeas. 
 
 Two days after this Mr. James received a letter from Judge Olney, of 
 which the following is a copy : 
 
 « Fairfield, July 26, 1847. 
 
 " Deae Sie: — I have received official notice from the clerk of the Supreme 
 Court that the bill of Mr. Knox against the commissioners has been dis- 
 missed, and the injunction dissolved, and Lancaster decided to be the county- 
 seat. It, therefore, becomes my duty to hold the District Court at Lancaster, 
 while that decree remains unreversed. The public records should also be 
 kept there, and the public business transacted there. If you find it inconven- 
 ient to attend yourself at Lancaster, you can act through a deputy except 
 during court. 
 
 " Eespectfully yours, 
 
 "Oteus Olnet." 
 
 24 
 
376 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Upon receipt of this letter Mr. James replied, stating the condition of 
 the case, and the collision, as he deemed it, in the jurisdiction of the two 
 courts. Mr. Olney^s reply, which came a few days afterward, was quite 
 unequivocal, and left no doubt as to the course he must pursue in order to 
 avoid a contempt of court. It was as follows: 
 
 "Fairfield, August 5, 1847. 
 "Sir: — The decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Knox vs. The Board 
 of Commissioners of Keokuk County makes it my duty to hold the Dis- 
 trict Court at Lancaster, you are therefore notified hereby, and required to 
 remove your office, as clerk of said court, to the latter place, as soon as pos- 
 sible. "Yours, etc., 
 
 " Cyrus Olnky, 
 
 " Judge." 
 
 Still hoping that the Supreme Court would shield him from the power 
 of the district judge to punish for contempt, Mr. James forthwith re- 
 paired to Fairfield to consult with Judge Carleton, whom he knew to be 
 then at that place. The integrity and ability of Judge Carleton were above 
 suspicion. Upon having a confidential conversation with him, he advised 
 Mr. James, that, under the circumstances, it would be the safer course to 
 remove the office. This was accordingly done on the 7th day of August, 
 just one year and one day after the vote was taken on the removal of the 
 county-seat. 
 
 After the removal of the office, Mr. Knox obtained a rule from the su- 
 preme court requiring the defendants to show cause why they should not 
 be held to answer for a contempt in disobeying the injunction. This rule 
 was heard at the June term, 1848, of the Supreme Court, and so much of 
 the decision as relates to the merits of the case is hereby appended: 
 
 "At the July term of the court the injunction was dissolved and the bill 
 dismissed. The parties were thereby restored to the same position they oc- 
 cupied antecedent to the issuing and service of the writ of injunction. If 
 it was made the duty of the defendants to remove the records of the county 
 to Lancaster by the vote of the people of Keokuk county, which was shown 
 to be the fact by the testimony which formed the basis of the action of the 
 court in dismissing the bill and dissolving the injunction, that duty became 
 revived by removing the restraint with which they were surrounded by the 
 effects of the injunction upon its dissolution. But it is contended that the 
 appeal of the cause to the Supreme Court of the United States continued the 
 injunction in full force. If this position be well taken, and we are not dis- 
 posed to question it, 3'et we are at a loss to know how the defendants are 
 in contempt of this court. The decree of this court was, that the bill be 
 dismissed and the injunction dissolved, and although by operation of law, 
 case having been appealed, the injunction may not have lost its power, still 
 the defendants, in the absence of the appeal, are but carrying out the decree 
 of this court by removing the records to Lancaster. 
 
 "The mere taking of the appeal, then, we think, could not place the de- 
 fendants in contempt of this court by disregarding an injunction it has dis- 
 solved, although the effect of the appeal is to preserve the writ in full 
 force. 
 
 " Kule dismissed." 
 
 Tbusended the first county-seat contest. Some of the 'people who had 
 settled in Sigourney followed the county-seat to Lancaster, others moved to 
 
HI8T0ET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 377 
 
 other parts of the country, while many settled down in Sigourney, deter- 
 mined that the connty-seat should again return, and to this hope many of 
 them clung through the changing Vicissitudes of the next decade, at the end 
 of which time their hope was realized. 
 
 The indemnity guaranteed by the re-locating act was ordered to be paid 
 from time to time by the board of commissioners, but the amounts received 
 by the lot-holders was a poor return for the loss of the county-seat. Al- 
 though beaten at length in the courts, Mr. Knox made a record which in- 
 spired the commissioners with great care and caution in their subsequent 
 ■dealings with him. This is illustrated by the wording of the following or- 
 der made by the board with reference to Mr. Knox's indemnity: 
 
 " Ordered by the board, that Joseph Knox be allowed the sum of one 
 thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars as his indemnity in full for losses 
 sustained in consequence of the removal of the county-seat from Sigourney, 
 the indemnity being allowed on the following lots, to- wit: Lot No. 6 in 
 block 2, lot 7 in block No. 6, lot 1 in block 8, out-lots 15, 16, 17 and 18, 
 and that the clerk of this board be required to issue said amount upon the 
 treasurer in two orders of the sum of five hundred dollars each, and the 
 residue in fifty-dollar orders, to complete the said amount of sixteen hun- 
 <iaed and fifty dollars; provided, and it is understood that this order is made 
 with the understanding with the said Joseph Knox, that no appeal shall be 
 taken by him to the District Court of this county from this allowance or 
 <leeision of the board. 
 
 " And it is further ordered, that the clerk of this board make out to the 
 «aid Knox, under his hand and the seal of this board, a certificate of the 
 settlement of this indemnity, and that he certify in said certificate that this 
 board has released the said Knox from any and all obligations on his bond 
 in the Supreme Court of the State of Iowa, for the taking to the Supreme 
 Court of the United States the case of Joseph Knox, complainant, and the 
 Board of County Commissioners and Samuel A. James, defendants, which 
 release is hereby granted and made." 
 
 The county-seat having thus been removed to Lancaster, and the lot- 
 owners of Sigourney having been indemnified, in a measure for the depreci- 
 ation of the value of real estate, the county-seat war was for the time- 
 feeing ended in the third year after it began. 
 
 THE SECOND CONTEST. 
 
 The presidential campaign of 1848, the war with Mexico and State poli- 
 itics absorbing the attention of the people, county questions were for a 
 ■ffhile overshadowed by national issues, the Sigourney party and the Lan- 
 caster party both became either Whigs or Democrats, and the location of 
 the county-seat for a while was of less importance in Keokuk county than 
 the acquisition of Mexican territory. 
 
 There were those, however, who constantly and hopefully looked forward 
 1^ the time when the county seat would be brought back to the former lo- 
 cation. They were men of sagacity and patience, and did not propose to 
 give the Lancaster party the advantage which would fall to the latter by 
 their own rashness and ill-timed agitation. The northern part of the county 
 was rapidly filling up and their chances of success improving each year. 
 They felt that they could wait so long as waiting improved their chances 
 
378 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOTJNTT. 
 
 of ultimate victory, consequently they divided their time between business- 
 and national politics. 
 
 In 1853 there was considerable talk about another change of the county- 
 seat, but no open and organized effort was made; skirmishers were sent out 
 to feel the enemy, with instructions not to bring on an engagement. Itt 
 1854 the movement assumed definite shape and petitions were circulated.. 
 In the winter of this year a pressure was brought to bear upon the legisla- 
 ture which resulted in the passage of the following bill : 
 
 '^An Act to Relocate the County Seat of Keokuh County: 
 
 " Section 1 . Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa,, 
 that at the August election, to be held on the first Monday in August, 
 1855, there shall be, at the several places of voting in Keokuk county, iiii 
 the State of Iowa, a poll opened for the purpose of determining by ballot 
 whether the county-seat shall be removed from its present location in the- 
 town of Lancaster, in said county, to the town of Sigourney, in said county. 
 
 " Seo. 4. That if there shall be a majority of votes cast at said electioft 
 in favor of removing the county seat of said county to the town of Sigour- 
 ney, in said county, the county officers of said Keokuk county shall remove- 
 their offices, and the books, papers, records, and other personal property of 
 their respective offices, belonging to said county, to said town of Sigourney 
 BO soon as the county judge of said county can procure proper rooms fof 
 the temporary use of their respective offices; Provided, Said removal shall 
 not take place until, by proper bonds and securities, said Keokuk county is-, 
 secured in the sum of five thousand dollars, to be paid into the treasury of 
 said county, one-half on the first Monday in January, 1856, the other half 
 on the first Monday in January, 1857, to be secured on or before the first 
 day of October, 1855. 
 
 " Sec. 5. That in case said county-seat is removed to Sigourney, the lot- 
 holders in the town of Lancaster shall be indemnified, said indemnity to- 
 be assessed by three disinterested commissioners, viz.: William P. Organ,, 
 of Washington county, James Bridges and Henry Blackburn, of Mahaska 
 county, who shall first be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duties, as 
 such commissioners, and shall proceed to discharge the same, and make 
 their return thereof to the county judge of said county on or before the- 
 first day of December, 1855, and said county judge shall give each claim- 
 ant an order on the treasury of said county for the amount assessed to him, 
 as in other claims against said county." 
 
 Under this special act the election was held at the time named, and from 
 the abstracts returned to the county judge it appeared that there was a» 
 majority against the proposed" removal. This result, however, was arrived" 
 at by the action of the canvassers, who threw out the vote of certain pre- 
 cincts on the ground of alleged irregularities. From the total vote as cast 
 it appeared that there was a majority of seven in favor of the removal. It 
 ■was the duty of the county judge, however, to declare the result as certified 
 to by the canvassers, and the verdict was against the proposed removal. . ^ 
 
 The matter was thereupon taken to the District Court, and is known in - 
 the court records as the case of Price and Wait vs. Harned et al. It ap- 
 pears that the plaintiffs, being citizens of the county, and having voted at 
 said election, claimed that their votes had not been properly canvassed;, 
 that a majority of the votes was in fact cast for Sigourney, and that the 
 canvassers had improperly and illegally excluded trie returns from four- 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 379 
 
 jtownships of the county, and which votes, if counted, would show a ma- 
 jority in favor of Sigourney; and they therefore claimed that the county 
 «fiBcers should remove their offices to Sigourney. For the purpose of com- 
 pelling this removal, the plaintiffs presented their sworn information to 
 the Hon. Wm. H. Seevers, judge of the District Court, praying for a writ 
 of mandamus compelling Harned, who was then county judge, to order 
 the removal of the said offices. The district judge decided in favor of 
 Sigourney, and ordered the removal. 
 
 The county officials who represented the case of Lancaster, and who were 
 the defendants in this case, appealed from the decision of the District 
 Judge, and the case came before the Supreme Court at the next term. The 
 ■case was ably argued pro and con, J. C. Hall, of Burlington, appearing 
 for the appellants, and D. Korer, of the same city, appearing for the 
 appellees. The decision, which was against Sigourney, was given by Chief- 
 Justice Wright. The opinion is somewhat lengthy. We give only the 
 ■closing paragraph: 
 
 " Yery great injustice may have been done by the first canvass. If so, 
 we have no doubt but the writ of mandamus could properly issue to compel 
 the board to correct the mistake and do their duty. And upon such cor- 
 rection, if the majority was in favor of Sigourney, it is just as clear that 
 upon a failure of the county officers to remove, they could be compelled to 
 •do so by mandamus. While we would not say that the alternative writ 
 might not issue, commanding the canvassers to correct the canvass, and 
 upon sudi correction commanding the county officers to remove their 
 •offices; yet we think the better practice would be to first compel the board 
 to act so as to correct the canvass. When this has been done, and the duty 
 ■of the county officers clearly fixed, so that their duty can be said to be 
 * specially enjoined,' and they refuse, then let the mandate of the court 
 issue, commanding them to act. And less objection, it is believed, obtains 
 to this course, from the fact that the law contemplates speedy action. The 
 ■defendants may be required to answer forthwith. The very nature of the 
 writ carri€s with it the necessity of prompt and decisive action on the part 
 ■of the court. By pursuing this course, confusion will be avoided, and 
 ■each tribunal and -officer held liable for their own actions, for their own 
 •contempts, and their own costs, and this, too, it is believed, without any 
 prejudice to the rights of the relators. 
 
 " Judgment reversed and cause remanded." 
 
 This apparent victory for Lancaster caused great satisfaction to the 
 friends of the latter place, who gave themselves over to a season of rejoic- 
 ing. But their triumph was of short duration; in fact, it proved in the 
 end to be th« very best thing that could have happened for the friends of 
 Sigourney, for they got the county-seat the next year, and that, too, with- 
 ■out paying any indemnity whatever to the lot-holders of Lancaster. 
 
 A general act, entitled " An Act in relation to County-seats," was passed 
 by the legislature, and approved January 21, 1856, which provided that 
 •«ray county-seat might be re-located by taking the following course: A pe- 
 -tition, signed by at least one-half of the qualified electors, must be pre- 
 ■Sented to the county judge, asking for a re-location. The county judge 
 must then order a vote to be taken, at the next April election, between the 
 place designated and the existing county-seat. If the point designated in 
 ihe petition obtain a majority of all the votes cast, the county judge must 
 
380 HISTOET OF KEOKTJK COUNTY. 
 
 make a record thereof, and declare the same to be the connty-seat, and re- 
 move the records and documents thereto as early as practicable thereafter." 
 
 Accordingly, a petition was circulated early in the year 1856, and it hav- 
 ing been made to appear that a majority of the qualified voters had signed 
 the petition, the county judge, the Hon. S. Harned, ordered a vote to be- 
 taken at the ensuing election on the first Monday in April. 
 
 The result of this election was that a majority of the votes cast were for 
 removal to Sigourney. Upon the canvass of the votes and this fact ap- 
 pearing. Judge Harned declared Sigourney the county-seat. The severaJB 
 county officers, with their official records and books, accordingly removed 
 from Lancaster to Sigourney on the 12th of April, 1856 — just eight years, 
 eight months and five days from the time that the clerk's office was re- 
 moved from Sigourney to Lancaster, and over eleven years from the time 
 ■when the question first began to be agitated. 
 
 The county-seat was now back at Sigourney, but the contest was not yet 
 ended; the case must first be taken to the District and Supreme Courts be- 
 fore the friends of Lancaster would submit. Sigourney had set Lancaster a 
 good example in the matter of litigation, and the latter were not slow tO' 
 profit by it. 
 
 At the term of the District Court next following the removal of the- 
 county-seat, the case was taken into the courts. It is known on the court 
 records as " Casey vs. Harned." The plaintiff applied for and obtained a. 
 writ of certiorari, directed to the county court, in substance requiring that 
 court to return the facts attending said election and removal. The return 
 being made and the case heard, the action of Judge Harned in ordering- 
 the removal of the county-seat was affirmed. 
 
 The case was then taken to the Supreme Court, Knapp & Caldwell ap- 
 pearing for the appellant, and Seevers & Seevers appearing for the appellee. 
 
 The main point which the attorneys for the appellant attempted to- 
 make and upon which they chiefly relied for a verdict was the fact that the 
 special act under which the vote of August, 1855, had been taken was-, 
 passed subsequently to the general act under which the election of April,, 
 1856, had been held. They claimed that the special act of January 24th, 
 1855, in effect repealed the general act of January 22, 1855, so far as it 
 concerned Keokuk county; that after having held an election to determine- 
 whether the county-seat should be removed from Lancaster to Sigourney^ 
 the latter indemnifying the former, and it being decided against removal 
 that Sigourney could not now come in and under the general act procure a 
 removal without paying any indemnity. It was also held that in the- 
 special act it was provided that in case there was a majority against re- 
 moval then Lancaster should forever remain the county-seat. 
 
 Chief Justice Wright gave the decision which was in favor of Sigour- 
 ney, affirming the judgment of the lower courts. In substance the court 
 held that the word forever ment only until such a time as it should be- 
 legally otherwise ordered, and that it cannot be the effect of a special act 
 to repeal a general act. We give the concluding paragraph of the opinion:: 
 
 "We conclude, therefore, that the right of the citizens of Keokuk county 
 to vote on the subject of the re-location of their county-seat under the act 
 of January 22d, 1855, was not taken away by the special act of the 24th of 
 the same month; and consequently that the county judge of that county 
 being properly petitioned had full power to submit such question to a vote 
 of the people at the April election, 1856. And we thus deternaine that thft 
 
HI8T0BT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 381 
 
 judgment of the District Court must be affirmed without considering the 
 <jbjeetion that the relator, Casy, had no right to institute this proceeding; 
 without deciding whether the special act is public or private in its charac- 
 ter, and without noticing the further point, that if the special act repealed 
 the general act, 'pro tanto, the statute would be rendered thereby uncon- 
 Btitntional, in view of tlie provisions of the constitution which require all 
 laws of a general nature to have a uniform operation. These questions it 
 is unnecessary to enter upon at this time. 
 
 Judgment affirmed." 
 
 THE FOOL'S BOOK. 
 
 When the old court-house was still in use and before the county-seat was 
 removed to Lancaster there flourished what was called the "Fools Book." 
 
 This affair originated with the every day loafers' society; it was a quire 
 or two of paper stitched together in which any one whose spirit moved him 
 could indite whatever thoughts presented themselves. It had no special 
 custodian, but laid around loose and contained many specimens of 
 chirography. It was not intended for the ladies although it did sometimes 
 emigrate into tlieir presence. A few extracts from this book will save its 
 memory from oblivion if they do not interest the reader. 
 
 The following are the rules of writing: 
 
 "Ist. Every person writing in this book must write a plain legible hand. 
 
 "2d. No person shall write anything of a vulgar, obscene or immoral 
 nature. 
 
 " 3d. All fines collected under these rules are to be paid in foolscap pa- 
 per, to be attached to this book for the benefit of the fool writers. 
 
 •' 4:th. In commencing a writing on any subject, the writer must leave 
 at least one inch of white paper between the commencement of his writing 
 and the end of the preceding piece, on penalty of paying one whole sheet 
 of fair, white foolscap paper, and shall number his piece in consecutive 
 order. 
 
 " 5th. If any fool should blot or tear this book, he shall be fined a like 
 fiheet of foolscap paper. 
 
 " 6th. Every fool writing in this book must sign his real or fictitious 
 name to his composition. 
 
 "7th. All persons writing in this book must be fools, arid are requested 
 not to write anything without saying something either witty, instructive, 
 amusing, pleasing, funny, ridiculous — or somehow else." 
 
 m. 1. 
 
 " Well, I am going to dinner, certain — thank my stars! It is not every 
 fool that can get his dinner just when he wants it. Lucky dog am I, if I 
 do wear an old coat; and that is not all: I am a contributor to the fools' 
 book, which is a great honor to a chap of my cloth; reckon the fools are 
 about as numberless as any society of great men." 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 " Now, I suppose there are many persons who are not aware of any such 
 publication as the fools' book; and it is well that this is the case, for there 
 
382 HI8T0BY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 is at present such an insatiate rage for new books that the whole commu- 
 nity run mad and remain so until they have perused the last new work,,! 
 and the knowledge of the existence of the fools' book would excite such a 
 tremendous sensation, such universal interest, find so many favorites and be 
 read with such avidity by a large and respectable majority of the citizens 
 of Keokuk county and vicinity, that it might have a deleterious effect upon 
 the mental organization of the species of animal sometimes called komo." 
 
 No. 70. 
 
 "She has a pretty face, has she, eh? "Well, what of it if she has? If 
 that is all the good quality she has, if a quality it may be called, I would 
 not give a snap for her. I have seen a number of such girls that even did 
 not darn their own stockings; but while their mothers were making slaves- 
 of themselves their promising daughters were sighing, longing and look- 
 ing sentimentally before a mirror. Away with such trash! I say; give me 
 the real buxom, tom-boy romp of a farmer's daughter, who is out of her 
 bed-room of a morning ere the lark begins to warble forth his morning 
 hymn; the glow of health is on her rosy cheek; her eyes sparkle with wit 
 and good humor; her step is dignified and majestic; her countenance dis- 
 plays an air of cheerfulness and maiden simplicity, when thus in the bright 
 and rosy morn, ere the sun has yet gilded with rose-tint hues the Oriental 
 horizon, she goes forth amid the song of birds to feed the pld hen and 
 chickens." 
 
 No. 76. 
 
 " SiGouENET, April 6, 1846. 
 " My Deab Fools : 
 
 " I am happy to inform you that I am yet alive an able to kick. 
 
 " This has been the most all-fired particular queer day I have ever seen. 
 It has been both good and bad; and both good and evil have been com- 
 pletely mixed up with mud. I think it would be a good idea for the peo- 
 ple here to commence brick-making, for two reasons: first, the mortar is al- 
 ready mixed up; second, we need the brick-bats to throw at birds and 
 other varmints that infest this town. The folks had an election here to- 
 day, and it beat Bunqombe. The rains beat down all day something like 
 Noah's deluge, End yet the folks were so dry that they drank something 
 less than seven barrels of whisky; in fact, with some that was the all- 
 absorhing question. The people were all hot as pepper about something, 
 and could not keep cool no how you could fix it. The way they election- 
 eered beat all nature and Davy Crockett into the bargain. Everybody was 
 on one side or t'other — only some, and they were afraid to be on any side. 
 I guess they want ofiice, and go on what we used, in Buncombe, to call the 
 non-committal question. I tell you what! the Hawkeyes are great folks 
 for office, so I will say no more about the election — only that one side beat, 
 and t'other didn't. 
 
 "The wind has just set in to blowing very hard, and I may be blowed 
 off to dear-knows-where, and I am sick, anyhow; but if yon should never' 
 see or hear of me again, remember that I am your sincere friend and 
 brother, Buncombe. 
 
 " P. S. — As the hurricane is now kinder over, and I aint much scared 
 nohow, I will just say that there is not many of our society here, the pec- 
 
HI8TOEY OF KEOKTJK GOUNTT. 383 
 
 pie being mostly very smart folks; but what few fellows are fools are of 
 the real grit. A more noble set of fellows never lived, and have ever 
 treated me with the most fo61ish kindness, which shall always be recipro- 
 cated in the same tender spirit by Buncombe." 
 
 "Probably the most appropriate article which could be selected from this 
 fool's book is the Declaration of Independence. It is rather lengthy, but 
 its adaptability to the phraseology of our National Declaration, and its ex- 
 ceeding fitness for the occasion when written, has induced us to copy it. 
 To its better understanding let it be premised that Sanford Earned was 
 the Whig candidate for delegate to the convention for the formation of a 
 State Constitution; resided at Richland, and had always been favorably 
 ■disposed toward Sigourney. J. B. Whisler was his Democratic opponent; 
 was the owner of, and merchant at, Lafayette, now Lancaster, and was con- 
 sidered the embodyment of the opposition to Sigourney. 
 
 This Declaration was greatly applauded by several individuals, and, on 
 request, was probably read to more than a hundred persons before election. 
 There is little doubt but that the Fools' Book thus elected our Judge 
 Harned as delegate. The first paragraph we omit, being an exact copy of 
 that of seventy-six. The rest of the Declaration is as follows : 
 
 " We hold these trutlis to be self evident, that all men are created iequal; 
 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; tliat 
 among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure 
 these rights in some measure political parties are instituted among men, 
 deriving their infiuence from nominations and leading men ; that whenever 
 a party becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
 lay it aside for a time, and to take such steps as to them shall seem most 
 likely to efiect their safety and happiness. 
 
 " Prudence would indeed dictate that the Democratic nomination long ad- 
 hered to should not be bolted for light and transient causes, and accordingly 
 all. experience has shown that the rank and file are more disposed to suffer, 
 while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abandoning the nom- 
 ination, for once, to which they politically belong. 
 
 "But when a long train of abuses and usurpations pursuing invariably the 
 «ame object, evinces a design to take away our county-seat and reduce the 
 value of our property, it is their right, it is their duty to abandon such nom- 
 inations and provide other guards and candidates for their safety and future 
 security. Such has been the political suffering of the northern side of 
 Skunk river, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to aban- 
 don the Democratic convention. 
 
 "The history of the present king of Lafayette, and his coadjutors, is a 
 history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object 
 the establishment of the county-seat in the forks of Skunk river, and conse- 
 quently taking it away from its present judicious and charming location. 
 
 "To prove this let facts be submitted to a candid mind. 
 
 "They have refused to acknowledge the county-seat as the place of doing 
 <!ounty business. 
 
 "They have called together the county commissioners at places unusual 
 and distant from the depository of the public records for the sole purpose 
 of fatiguing ns into compliance with their measures. 
 "They have forbidden their county commissioners to pass orders of im- 
 
384: HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 mediate and pressing importance, such as laying out a town at the county- 
 seat. 
 
 " They have endeavored to prevent the population of the north side of 
 this county, for that purpose misrepresenting the face of the country, the 
 abundance of timber, fertility of soil, etc. 
 
 "They have made John Borough, assessor, and other officers dependent 
 on their will, alone, for the tenure of their offices. 
 
 "They have selected a multitude of new hobbies and sent hither swarms 
 of electioneerers to harrass our people and take from them the value of 
 county-seat property. 
 
 " They have kept among us, in times of peace, spies and item catchers 
 without our knowledge and consent. 
 
 " They have affected to render a faction independent of and superior to- 
 the laws of the land. 
 
 " They have plundered the reputation of our locality, ravaged our court, 
 retarded our town and impeded the settlement of our people. 
 
 " They have repeatedly professed friendship to us for the sole purpose of 
 tightening their grasp upon us while we should be napping in fancied se- 
 curity. 
 
 " In every stage of these apprehensions we have petitioned for redress and 
 remonstrated in the most humble terms. Our repeated remonstrances have 
 been answered only by repeated injury. 
 
 "A 'set' whose character is thus marked by every act which may define- 
 a speculator and a miser is unfit to have their nominee elected. 
 
 " Nor have we been wanting in. our attention to our southern brethern. We , 
 have warned them from time to time of attempts by their leading men to set 
 the county-seat on wheels. We have reminded them of the circumstances- 
 of our emigration and settlement here in good faith. We have appealed 
 to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by 
 the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations which would 
 inevitably interrupt our political harmony and the success of Democratie 
 principles. 
 
 " They too, with a few noble exceptions, have been deaf to the voice of 
 justice and equal rights. We must therefore acquiesce in the necessity, 
 this once, which announces our separation, and hold them as the Whigs,, 
 enemies in war; in peace, friends. 
 
 " We, therefore, the advocates of Sigourney and equal rights, wherever we 
 may be in Keokuk county on the first Monday of April, 1846, appealing 
 to the good sense of the people of this and adjoining counties for the rec- 
 titude of our intentions, do, in and by the love we have for justice, equal 
 rights and the preservation of our property, solemnly publish and declare 
 that this county ought not to support, either directly or indirectly, the 
 nominees and advocates of the removal party of the county, as we would 
 thereby place ourselves entirely within their power. 
 
 ■' And that the Democracy favorable to the removal of the county-seat,, 
 are, and of right ought to be, free and independent of the pretended nom- 
 inee for delegate. That they are absolved from all obligations to vote for 
 the said nominee, and that all political connection between us and the re- 
 moval party is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. 
 
 And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the sup- 
 port of the voters of Keokuk county, we roll up our sleeves and pitch in."' 
 
HISTOEY or KEOKUK COUNTT. 385" 
 
 EARLY EEMINISCENCES OF MEN AND THINGS. 
 
 The first sheriff of Keokuk county was George "W. Hayes. He was a 
 very eccentric individual, aud some of his peculiarities, as exhibited during- 
 the days of his official dignity, are cleverly delineated by one who then 
 knew him : 
 
 " In weather hot or cold, wet or dry, he always wore the insigna of his- 
 office in the shape of an old blue blanket overcoat. 
 
 "To see him the first time was to know him at any other time or place^ 
 We had occasion one day to place in his hands a subpoena in which several 
 persons were defendants. To avoid the repetition of all their names, we- 
 added, as is usual after the first name, the abreviation, et al., meaning, also 
 others. 
 
 "In the course of a week, Hayes returned the writ, declaring that neither 
 he, nor any other of the witnesses he had notified, were acquainted with 
 or knew anything of this man et al." 
 
 Some time in the spring of 1847 there was a political meeting at Lan- 
 caster for the purpose of appointing delegates to a congressional convention.. 
 The meeting was held in a new building being erected by "Whisler and 
 Mitts, for a store room, and was attended by about twenty-five persons.. 
 About the close of the meeting a shower of rain came up, attended with 
 vivid lightning, and terrific thunder. One bolt came down, striking the- 
 front end of the house where the meeting was assembled, killing two men 
 and a horse. Joshua Bennett, one of the persons killed, was standing just 
 beside the door, and between it and the counter; Charles Pay ton, the other 
 one, was standing somewhat on the other side of the door, holding a large horse- 
 by a chain halter; some were seated on the counter and others on benches;, 
 others were standing up, and one gentleman within a foot of Payton.. 
 There was no warning, no getting out of the way, no refuge or flight from> 
 the lightning shaft. One terrible crash, mingled with the sound of break- 
 ing of window glass, and a sulphureous odor was the first thing realized- 
 Bennett and Payton gently and slowly sank to the floor, and for the first 
 minute or two their eyes indicated perfect mental intelligence, but breath- 
 ing had ceased, and the fire of mortality had gone out. Every effort known 
 to those present was resorted to for the purpose of restoring them, but to- 
 no purpose, and in fifteen minutes they were quite livid. 
 
 One of the characteristic features of Lancaster in early days was its lib.! 
 ertypole. It was erected by a man of the name of Allen, who had been 
 a seafaring man. The pole was one hundred feet high, and was made to 
 represent the main-mast of a ship. It had four platforms at various eleva- 
 tions from the ground, and these communicated with each other by meana- 
 of rope ladders. In 1855 the top blew off, and finally the pole was cut off 
 at the base. Many readers will remember this pole, and the mention of it 
 will call back to their minds many fond recollections of that wonderful 
 little town, which once played such an important part in the history of the- 
 county. 
 
 In early days the mail facilities were not what they now are; even in the- 
 more populous sections of the country, and in the chief metropolis of thftr 
 nation, were the facilities much inferior to what they now are at any ordi- 
 nary railway station in the far West. The first mail received at Sigourney,,. 
 I'ebruary 7, 1845, consisted of one paper for "Wm. B. Thompson, one paper- 
 
^86 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 for S. Ai James, and some post-office blanks. The mail-carrier was John 
 m. Bragg, who made semi-monthly trips from Washington to Oskaloosa, 
 via Sigournej. There were no postage stamps used, the amount of post- 
 :age being marked on the letter, which amount could be paid either by the 
 person sending the letter or the one receiving it. The postage on an ordi- 
 nary letter was five, ten, twelve and a-half, twenty-five, and thirty-seven 
 -and a-half cents, according to the distance sent. Letters would sometimes 
 be months in reaching their destination, and then when they did arrive the 
 person to whom they were directed would have great difficulty sometimes 
 to raise enough money to pay the back postage. Gen. James A. William- 
 rson, at present Register of the General Land Office at Washington, and 
 formerly of this county, averred at an old settlers' meeting, held at Sigonr- 
 ney a few years since, that in those days he walked twenty miles to borrow 
 twenty-five cents in order to lift a delicate missive from his sweetheart in 
 Indiana. 
 
 In the summer of 1845 Dr. B. F. Weeks located in Sigourney. He was 
 a bachelor, nearly forty years of age. In his earlier days the course of true 
 love did not run smooth, and a cloud seemed to hang over him. His inti- 
 .raate friends were few but warm. He had first studied law in the East, and 
 then came to Illinois. Whatever his love affair was, it evidently caused a 
 •change in the whole course of his life. He changed his life programme, 
 ■came to Iowa and studied medicine. After coming to Sigourney he had a 
 very successful practice. On the 16th of July, 1846, he was taken suddenly 
 ill at the house of Maxon Randall. A son of Mr. Eandall came to 
 ■Sigourney for Mr. James, who was soon at his bed-side. The latter says 
 that he found him calm and composed, but firm in his opinion that he 
 would not long survive. At the earnest solicitation of Mr. James, a mes- 
 ■senger was sent for Dr. Stone, who resided in Washington; but at a quarter 
 •of one the same afternoon, being fully conscious, and with a prayer upon 
 his lips of " Lord, receive my spirit!" he breathed his last. 
 
 In the winter of 1851 and '52, the typhoid fever made its appearance at 
 Lancaster. It baffled the skill of the best physicians, and quite a number 
 •of deaths ensued; among them were John Baker, at that time county 
 judge, and B. P. Shawhan, county recorder. The next winter it re-_ 
 -appeared with equal fatality, and after selecting its victims as suddenly 
 ■disappeared. In the summers of 1854 and 1855 the cholera visited Lancas- 
 ter, and proved fatal in many instances. During the summer of 1855 ex- 
 aggerated reports of the sick and dead list were circulated, producing so 
 much alarm that scarcely a farmer ventured into the town for weeks after 
 it had subsided. For all these diseases there was apparently no local 
 -cause, the town being on a high, rolling prairie, and no stagnant ponds 
 •anywhere in the vicinity. 
 
 One of the first merchants of the county, and the first to engage in busi- 
 ness in Sigourney, was B. F. Edwards. He was an old bachelor; had habits 
 •of great economy, and gathered up all the nails, buttons, bits of old iron, 
 pins and the like. The under side of his coat lappel was always literally 
 padded with pins. When the feet of his socks would not bear any further 
 •darning, he would cut them ofi" and lay by the legs, and to such an extent 
 had he saved these, that he actually obtained the cognomen of " Sock-legs." 
 In the autumn of that year he sold out and migrated to or near St. Louis. 
 
 A. W. Blair, the first attorney in Sigourney, came over from Oskaloosa 
 in the fall of 1844, preferring the former place because of the competition, 
 
HISTOET or KEOKUK OOUNTT. 387" 
 
 two lawyers having already located at the latter place. He was a short,, 
 heavy set young man, with a good brain, somewhat cultivated, but came^ 
 to our place greatly discouraged by poverty and the " chills," both of which 
 clung to him all winter. He was a native of North Carolina, and how he- 
 ever got out of the limits of the State where the summit of ambition is to- 
 Bay "gimme chaw tobacker," has never been found out. But he had somehow 
 drifted to Bloomington, Ind., attended law school, and was really well 
 qualified to become a lawyer. His location here, however, at that time- 
 looked as unpropitious as the building of a steam saw-mill in the middle- 
 of a large prairie. He remained long enough, though, to cut out consid- 
 erable timber. 
 
 When the Mexican war broke out Blair went to Mexico, and for a year 
 was a cavalry scout along the frontier, on the Rio Grande. Returning, he- 
 purchased, with the assistance of Dr. Lowe, of Burlington, an outfit for 
 the "Fort Des Moines Star," the first newspaper published in Des Moines; 
 but before the first number of his paper was issued, and in the early part 
 of the year 1849, he was carried off by an epidemic fever then sweeping 
 over the country, and with a half-dozen other young men w.ent overland to- 
 the then newly-discovered gold fields of California. He left his press in 
 charge of Barlow Granger, which eventually fell into the hands of Curtis- 
 Bates, formerly of Iowa City, a very good man, who was afterward the- 
 first of that successive line of thirteen defeated candidates for Governor,, 
 beaten by James W. Grimes. 
 
 Blair finally settled down at Watsonville, a town about fifty miles south 
 of San Francisco, where, if he had permitted it, he might have beefi elected 
 to Congress. A few years ago he removed to Reno, N^evada, where he now 
 probably resides. He never married, but continued to be the life of social 
 gatherings; almost a lady's man, and delighted to put himself on easy 
 and familiar terms with all the school-children. 
 
 A short time prior to the election in August, 1845, late in the evening 
 " a solitary horseman might have been seen " slowly wending his way 
 toward the capital of Keokuk county. He had been bewildered and missed 
 the direct route from Oskaloosa to Sigourney, and was none other than 
 Gen. Lowe, afterward Governor of the State, who was then canvassing the 
 State, as a candidate for delegate to Congress against A. C. Dodge, of Bur- 
 lington. An audience to justify an extensive speech could not be obtained 
 on such short notice, and the few who did gather together had to content 
 themselves with a general war talk from the candidate, and on leaving the 
 next day he left the people very much pleased with his graceful manners 
 and frank deportment. 
 
 "While the first court-house was being built in Sigourney, a young man 
 appeared at the clerk's office and obtained that paper which permits to be 
 united in one two willing hearts. He departed with all the joy beaming- 
 through his face that a gold digger might expose when approaching a rich 
 placer. On the next day he suddenly returned, with face wan as Adam 
 when walking out of Eden ; he had lost his pocket-book containing his 
 marriage license, and after long search had returned to know what could be 
 done. Thompson was present, and, giving the clerk a wink, as well as a 
 twinkle of the eye, at once took up the conversation. He informed the 
 young man that he had known of one case, and had heard of two others- 
 of the same kind ; that the only course left him was -to go to Bloomington 
 
388 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 and before Judge Williams make affidavit of the loss, upon which the jadge 
 would send an order directing the clerk to issue another. 
 
 Upon this announcement the mercury in the young man's face fell at 
 least twenty degrees. Tears came to his relief, and in most doleful accents 
 he shadowed forth the disappointment to be caused by the delay; they 
 were to be wedded on the following day, and, beside, .before his return 
 many of the good things of the table might be spoiled or badly damaged. 
 Such, in fact, were his feelings that the clerk was constrained to interpose, 
 and agreed to take the responsibility of a re-issue. Thereupon Joel Lan- 
 dreth, afterward Rev. Joel Landreth, left the clerk's office the second time 
 inspired by high hope of conjugal bliss. 
 
 THE FIEST DISTEICT JUDGE. 
 
 As Judge Williams was a somewhat noted character, more particularly 
 for eccentricity than for legal attainments, though we believe he had the 
 reputation of being a good judge, we deem it proper to give a brief sketch 
 of him. 
 
 With regard to his history we know but little, either previous to the 
 time of which we are writing, or since. At that time he was about fifty 
 years of age, and had worn the ermine many years. In a territorial act 
 fixing the appointee over what was then called the Second District, com- 
 posed of the counties of Louisa, Muscatine, Cedar, Johnson and Slaughter. 
 He was a person of remarkably good conversational power, and delighted 
 in telling anecdotes. His musical talent was much above the average, both 
 vocal and instrumental. Often after delivering a temperance lecture, full 
 of eloquence, and interspersed with humorous passages, he would sing a 
 favorite song called ' ' Little Billy Neal," with an efiect seldom surpassed, 
 ■calling up an applause of such hearty, boisterous delight as had seldom 
 greeted a star actor. He was master of most musical instruments, but for 
 drawing tunes out of that sweetest, sweetest toned of all, " the fiddle and 
 the bow," he was particularly distinguished in this attainment. In addi- 
 tion to his vocal talent as a singer, he possessed that wierd, mysterious 
 power of using his voice as a ventriloquist, and could imitate the cry of 
 various kinds of animals so correctly that the uninitiated could not fail 
 being deceived. He would sometimes imitate the squalling of a belligerent 
 cat, to the great alarm and mystification of the ladies, who could neither 
 •discover the brawler, nor learn from whence the noise came. 
 
 At this point we beg leave to introduce a couple of anecdotes bearing 
 upon his notoriety as a musician: Many years ago, on the occasion of a 
 convention at Iowa City in the interests of a proposed railroad from Mus- 
 catine to thatplace. Judge Williams and LeGrand Byington were in violenf; 
 opposition to each other upon some points of which we are not informed, 
 nor does it matter so far as the interest of this sketch is concerned. After 
 the convention, a young amateur in the art of drawing produced a carica- 
 ture representing Joe. Williams seated asti-ide an enormous bull, playing a 
 clarionet. The bull was on the railroad, with tail erect and head down, 
 pawing up the earth, and prepared to combat the further progress of a 
 locomotive which was close upon him, upon which was LeGrand Byington 
 as engineer, and from the whistle of which ascended the words, " Music 
 hath charms, but cannot soothe a locomotive." 
 
 On another occasion, being that of an election of Supreme Judge and 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKITK COUNTY. 389 
 
 United States Senator, by the State Senate, Judge Williams was before the 
 Democratic cancns for the judgeship, and Geo. W.Jones (sometimes called 
 ]!fancy Jones, and known as a dancing master), for the Senate. Their com- 
 petitors of the same party were S. 0. Hastings, formerly president of the 
 territorial council, for the judgeship, and Hon. T. Wilson for the Senate. 
 The last named gentlemen were at low^ City just previous to the time of 
 ■election, laboring earnestly with the members of the Senate to secure their 
 ■choice. But at the caucus, which came off during the night preceding the 
 •day of election, it was decided to elect Williams and Jones. 
 
 The following instance of his peculiar powers as a ventriloquist is related 
 of him: It occurred during the first term of the District Court at Knox- 
 Tille. Most of those attending court there boarded at Babbit's, and it so 
 iappened that one night the little boarding-house was so full that it was 
 barely possible for all to find sleeping room. The Judge, with lawyers 
 Xnapp, Wright and Olney, were supplied with beds in the lower story, 
 whilst the jurors and numerous other attendants found room to stretch 
 themselves on the loose upper floor, using blankets, coats and whatever else 
 they had provided for beds. When, after much ado, they had all got set- . 
 tied down for a nap, they were suddenly startled by the terriflSc squalling- 
 ■of what appeared to be a couple of tom-cats in mortal combat in the room. 
 Instantly all hands were up and in search of the supposed disturbers, but 
 no cats could be found, and the surprised boarders returned to their beds 
 without any very satisfactory conjectures as to the whereabouts of the noc- 
 turnal brawlers. But they had hardly composed themselves again for rest, 
 when the loud and boisterous growling and snapping of a couple of bellig- 
 •erent bull-dogs, apparently in their very midst, brought them all up stand- 
 ing. And then followed an uproar such as language could convey but an 
 indistinct idea of, the dogs maintaining the combat with mingled growling, 
 barking and whining, and the men endeavoring, with all the noise they 
 ■could make, to oust them from the room. How they came to be there was 
 a wonder indeed, but the evidence of their presence was too unmistakable 
 to admit of a doubt, even in total darkness. Presently the fight ceased, 
 and with that the general uproar abated. Then came a solution of the 
 mystery. The Judge and lawyers could no longer restrain their merri- 
 ment at the expense of the frightened and mystified lodgers up stairs, but 
 let it come in a gush of laughter that quickly reminded some of the com- 
 pany that the Judge was a ventriloquist, and had undoubtedly just played'^ 
 them one of his mysterious tricks. But so far from being offended at it, 
 they took a sensible view of its ludicrousness, and all joined heartily into 
 the laugh. 
 
 Judge Joseph Williams, above referred to, should not be confoun(Jed by 
 'joung readers with M. T. Williams, the clerk of tlie first court, and cur- 
 rently known as Judge Williams. This latter gentleman is not eccentric, 
 nor a great fiddler, nor a ventr iloquist. The only analogy we think of is 
 in his temperance proclivities, and his ability to tell a good story. 
 
 M. T. Williams is justly regarded as one of the oracles of Mahaska 
 county. His duties as first clerk of the county brought him in contact 
 with its pioneers and territory in such a manner as to afford him a more 
 thorough knowledge of the very early history of Mahaska county than any 
 other man now living. Sometimes Mr. Williams is induced by his friends, 
 publicly, or in a small circle, to narrate his early experience and reminis- 
 censes, which he can do in a most irresistible manner. The Judge is not 
 
390 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 fond of making a speech, not for the reason which kept " Single Speech 
 Hamilton " in the background, but from an unassuming and retiring dis- 
 position, and a probable under-estimation of his own abilities, for the Judge 
 can make a good address. This peculiarity, the modesty of Mr. Williams^ 
 is illustrated by the following anecdote: 
 
 In an early day, when he was running for county clerk, and without any 
 opposing candidate, he was, after much persuasion, induced to go out with 
 a campaign speaker from abroad, to hold a meeting in a school-house in 
 one of the border townships. While on the way the stranger. asked Wil- 
 liams how the Whig ticket was going to run in the county. 
 
 " Oh, I guess all right, unless it be the clerk," said M. T. 
 
 " Clerk! why, what is the matter with that? Are you not popular, Wil- 
 liams?" 
 
 " No, not very, I guess. Some of the Democrats are finding fault." 
 
 " Well, who is running against you?" 
 
 " Oh, well — ahem — oh, there is not anybody else running in particular." 
 
 Of course the laugh was on the agitated independent candidate, with 
 no opponent in the field. 
 
 POOR FAEM. 
 
 Asylums for the poor, the disabled and the unfortunate are peculiarly 
 Christian institutions, it has been said, and they become more common 
 with the growth of civilization. None of, the heathen nations, Rome, 
 Greece or Macedon, in their times of greatest wealth and power, ever 
 established any public institutions for the , relief of the destitute, but in 
 this age a State, or evien a county of any considerable size or prosperty, 
 would be considered far behind in all the elements of progress unless some 
 provision was made for the care of paupers arid other unfortunates. 
 
 Keokuk county has been rather remarkably free from abject poverty, but 
 nevertheless' has been diligent and generous in providing a place for those 
 too poor to have any other. Care is taken to make the institution adapted 
 to its purposes and to keep it always in good ^ order. 
 
 Although the poor of the county have been cared for from the beginning 
 by appropriations made by the county board, it was not till more recent 
 times that a county infirmary was established. Before that time it was the 
 custom to have the paupers boarded in private families, and also to fur- 
 nish provisions to indigent families. This plan was very expensive, the 
 county frequently being compelled to pay as high as four dollars per week 
 for the board and lodging of a single pauper; also the plan of furnishing 
 provisions was unsatisfactory, as thereby the way was left open for the 
 practice of fraud, many persons in this way frequently reijeiving aid who 
 were not deserving. 
 
 The first step taken toward the establishment of a county infirmary was 
 taken in June, 1866. The county board at that time consisted of one mem- 
 ber from each township. There were sixteen members, and notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that it was too large a body to transact business promptly, and 
 as such a large board would necessarily be made up in part of men unused 
 to business transactions, work was not always transacted in the best of man- 
 ner, yet the old board of sixteen looked after the interests of the county 
 thoroughly, and many public improvements which to-day reflect credit 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 393 
 
 upon the county and placed it in the front rank in all matters of public 
 enterprise, had their origin in this miniature legislature. 
 
 It was at the June session, 1866, that the first official action was taken 
 with reference to the establishment of the infirmary. A committee had 
 been appointed to investigate the propriety of such action, and at the meet- 
 ing referred to the committee made the following report: 
 
 "The committee on care of the poor, to whom the resolution in regard 
 to the purchase of an infirmary was referred, would recommend the propri- 
 ety of purchasing a farm for this purpose, not to exceed in price the sum 
 of two thousand dollars, and that a vote on this question be submitted to 
 the electors at the next election." 
 
 At the January meeting, 1867, a committee was appointed to purchase a 
 farm, which was not to exceed two hundred acres and to be not less than fifty 
 acres. The committee appointed consisted of William Jackson, B. A. 
 Haycock, Samuel West, William McLoud and Lewis Hollingsworth. 
 
 This committee did not purchase a farm, but made a selection of two and 
 recommended the purchase of one of them. 
 
 In 1868 another committee was appointed to purchase a farm and erect 
 buildings. This committee at a subsequent meeting reported the purchase 
 of a farm, but did not proceed further on account of there being no funds 
 for that purpose. The committee was accordingly discharged. 
 
 The farm purchased by the committee was the one belonging to Richard 
 Payton, one mile east of Sigourney, and consisted of two hundred and 
 four acres. The price paid was $3,500. 
 
 In 1869, at the January meeting a committee, consisting of Messrs. 
 Jackson, Bandalland Morgan, was appointed to erect suitable buildings on 
 the poor farm. At the same meeting it was ordered that the sum of $5,000 
 be placed at the disposal of said committee. 
 
 The business of superintending the erection of the building was left in 
 the charge of Mr. Jackson, who himself drew the plans and specifications 
 and entered upon the erection of the house, which was completed in 1870. 
 
 The following report of the committee will afiford a good idea of the 
 cost and nature of the building: 
 
 " To the Honorable Board of Supervisors, KeoTcuk County, Iowa: 
 
 " Tour committee on building county poor-house beg leave to report 
 that the building is now nearly finished and may be occupied at any time, 
 and it may not be considered out of place to briefly review the progress of 
 the work from its commencement. 
 
 "Your committee, on the first of February, 1869, made a contract with 
 B. Fixmer for 110,000 brick, to be made on the county farm and delivered 
 at the kiln at $7.50 per thousand. 
 
 "They then gave public notice, inviting bids for the erection of the 
 building. A number of bids were presented; the committee being all 
 present, on opening the same, Mr. Blaise's bid was found to be $4,255.50, 
 and being the lowest of all the bids for the work specified, the work was 
 awarded to , him, to be completed by the first day of October, 
 1869. Owing to the extremely wet season and the great amount of heavy 
 material to be hauled before the basement was erected, it was so late in the 
 season that it was thought advisable to suspend the work till spring, and 
 the board authorized that to be done. 
 1^ 25 
 
394 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOTJNTT. 
 
 " Your committee met in the spring, before the brick work was com- 
 menced, and examined the foundation carefully and found it to be in a 
 good condition, and the contractor has since been faithfully going on with 
 the work. 
 
 " Before the June meeting, your committee, on visiting the building, 
 thought it advisable to request the members of the board to visit the 
 building and decide on the propriety of finishing the same at once, when 
 it was determined that it would be most judicious to do so, and an appro- 
 priation of $2,000 was made for that purpose. 
 
 "Tour committee requested Mr. Blaise to make out his lowest estimate 
 on the additional work to be done, and if not reasonable it was their in- 
 tention to call in competition, although it would have occasioned consider- 
 able inconvenience and delay in the work. 
 
 " Messrs. Jackson and Kandall visited the building and pointed out the 
 work to be done, and Mr. Blaise presented his bid in items, amounting to 
 $3,323, to complete the building, grading, etc. On the suggestion of Mr. 
 Kandail the bid was accepted on condition that Mr. Blaise should waive all 
 claims for extras, he having previously presented a claim for upwards of 
 $300 for solid partitions in rooms to be adapted to the care of the harmless 
 insane, drain to foundation, to which he was entitled, and also for heavier 
 walls in the foundation, etc. 
 
 " The entire cost of the building is as follows: 
 
 K. Fixmer, for brick $ 825.00 
 
 Original contract 4,255.50 
 
 Additional contract 2,323.00 
 
 Total $7,403.50 
 
 Amount paid on first contract - $3,500.00 
 
 Amount paid on second contract .^ 2,100.00 
 
 Total $5,600.00 
 
 Amount due on first contract $ 755.50 
 
 Amount due on second contract 223.00 
 
 Total due \ $978.50 
 
 " We will now make a short statement of the work accomplished: 
 
 "The dimensions of the building are 40x50. feet; basement story is 
 seven feet in the clear; the first and second stories are ten ieet, and the 
 attic is eight and one-half feet. 
 
 " The attic contains a hall four feet wide lengthwise, six rooms and six 
 closets; the second story, ten rooms and seven-foot hall; the first floor con- 
 tains a seven-foot hall and six rooms. The basement, on the north side, is 
 a cellar, divided into two departments. The cellar and hall floors are laid 
 with six inches of spawls, grouted over with lime mortar ai\d finished with 
 cement, and the walls all plastered. The south side of the baseineiit is 
 finished up for kitchen and dining-room. 
 
 " Lightning rods and spouting have been put up and a large cistern con- 
 Btructed; stone steps, front and rear of the building, grade steps and grade 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUX COUNTY. 395 
 
 iwalls have been built up in tlie most substantial manner, and a heavy 
 amount of grading done around the building. 
 
 " It is the opinion of your committee that the county will possess a good 
 and substantial building, and fully up to the contract. The contracts and 
 receipts for money paid contractors are herewith submitted, and we would 
 xeqnest the board to visit and examine the building. 
 " All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 " Maxon Randall, 
 '* "Wm. Jackson, 
 
 " T. A. MOEGAN, 
 
 "September 7, 1870. Committee on huildijig poor-house." 
 
 In addition to this building there is another, which was erected in 1878 
 for use as an insane department. This building was likewise planned by 
 Mr. Jackson, and cost $2,700. 
 
 The farm is one of the best in the county, and by reason of its con- 
 tiguity to the county-seat is probably the best selection that could have 
 been made. The house is located on a high piece of ground, immediately 
 east of a creek, and there are the best facilities for drainage. There are 
 one hundred and eighty acres of the farm under cultivation. The fences 
 ard out-buildings are in a good state of repair, and a fine young orchard 
 promises in a few years to furnish the household with an abundance of fruit. 
 The number in tlie household varies from time to time, tiiere being usually 
 from twenty to thirty. On the completion of the insane department there 
 were ten insane persons brought from the State Asylum. 
 
 Medical attendance is pri)vided by the board of supervisors, the contract 
 being allowed to the lowest bidder. Dr. Cook is at present the county 
 •physician. 
 
 u The first superintendent was J. R. Hall. This gentleman had charge of 
 "the farm at the time of the completion of the building. When tlie house 
 was opened for the reception of inmates Mr. Hall was retained, and con- 
 tinned to remain in the position until the beginning of 1879. T. M. Dickey 
 is at present the superintendent. He gives all his time, furnishes all the 
 iLelp, except such as is rendered by tiie paupers, also all the teams and 
 farming implements required for the cultivation of the farm, receiving for 
 the same seven hundred and seventy-five dollars per annum, with board 
 and house room. 
 
 Of the male inmates, few are able to do anything, and several of them 
 require much attention. Of tlie female inmates, there are several who ren- 
 der considerable assistance. Tiie female inmates, in connection with Mr. 
 Dickey's farailv, do all the work of the house, including thoir own cooking, 
 and attending to persons unable to assist themselves. A number of the 
 inmates are wholly or partially insane, and six or seven have fits very fre- 
 quently. But few of them are physically able to earn a living, and one or 
 two of them will soon cease to be a charge to any one in this world. 
 
 The home, with the new additions built, has a capacity for more than 
 the number of present inmates. All the arrangements and plans now in 
 operation would require little, if any, change or additional cost if the num- 
 ber of inmates was largely increased. 
 
 The county supervisors and the steward appear to be doing all they can 
 
 promote the comfort and welfare of the inmates. The inmates are all 
 
396 HISTOET OF KEOKtJK OOTTNTT. 
 
 Well clad, and have an abundance of good, plain, substantial and! welT- 
 cooked food. 
 
 With such facilities for receiving inmates, it is certainly proper tjiat 
 parties requiring aid from the county be removed to that place just as sooo 
 as possible, and that in all possible cases the payment of money to out-door 
 paupers should cease. There may be certain cases in which it may b» 
 proper to pay a weekly sum to an individual or family for support,. but 
 these cases are very few. This is especially the case when the county-house 
 has facilities for accommodating a much larger number of inmates. Towu'- 
 ship trustees should see that the poor fund is not depleted by such heavy 
 payments, as in times past, to those outside of the county-house. Economy 
 demands this, and in most cases humanity also, for it cannot but be ad- 
 mitted that persons in want or insane can be much better accommodated on 
 a county farm than in private residences. This is a question that lies with 
 the township trustees, and almost beyond control of the board of supervis- 
 ors. The funds for the support of the inmates of the county-house have 
 been exhausted largely by the heavy drafts for assistance to persons out- 
 side of the county- house; but the abundant crops pn the farm will do' 
 much toward sustaining the whole concern during the year. 
 
 Mr. Dickey keeps his books on a scientific basis, showing cost of every 
 item, as also revenue from each and every source itemized. This is setting 
 a good example, one which might well be followed by many farmers on 
 their own account. 
 
 The above statements show that the affairs of the farm are managed wiA 
 care and good judgment. " Over the hills to the pDor-house " is a sadf 
 story at best, but there is one far sadder. A painting at the Centennial 
 
 Eortrayed an aged Indian squaw left to perish on the plains, while those of 
 er own tribe — her own family and children even, were wending their way 
 out of sight, followed by the despairing, worn out, deserted old woman'. 
 Such is life among those who know nothing of charity. 
 
 There are at the present time twenty-six inmates, ten of whom' are in- 
 sane and sixteen sane. The following are the names of the insane: 
 
 A. Stone, Edward Boeaw, James Hoo%'er, John Doran, Catharine Mills, 
 Mary Horning, Mary Holliday, Margery Beggs, Anne Ruplinger, John 
 Aired. Some of these are harmless and easily managed, while five of them 
 have to be confined, while one, Catharine Mills, must be closely confined 
 in a cell. 
 
 The following are the names of the paupers: 
 
 John Gamble, George Campbell, Presley Clark, George Miller, Henry 
 Sampson, Frank Long, William Gusler, Mary Priest, Celia Pollock, Mag- 
 gie Garver, Clovy Seaton, Laura Thralekill, Rosa Wareham, Ida Payton, 
 Adaline Wareham, Mary Bradley. 
 
 Among the insane, John Doran was admitted last May; the rest were 
 all brought from the State Asylum, December, 1878. 
 
 Among the paupers the following have been admitted during Mr. Dickey's 
 administration: William Gusler, Ida Payton and George Miller. The 
 others have been inmates for a longer time ; some of them for a number of 
 years. Mary Priest and Celia Pollock have been inmates ever since the in- 
 firmary was started. The former has traveled life's rugged road three score- 
 years, during eight of which she has been totally blind in consequence of 
 having had sore eyes. She was born in Greene county, Ky., and has- at tlu9- 
 time a brother living in Mahaska county, and one also, Wm. Priest, in this- 
 
HISTOET OP KEOKUK COTJNTy. 39f 
 
 coTiiity. Mrs. Davis, liviug three-fourths of a mile east of the poor-house, 
 as, we believe, her only living sister. Mary was never married, and pre- 
 vious to coming to the poor-house, on the 30th of September, 1870, had 
 never called on the county for aid, except in one instance. She appears to 
 be in the full possession of her mental faculties, and boasts that while com- 
 pelled to seek a home in the poor-house, she is still able to pay her own 
 way if famished with enough knitting to keep her busy. The first year 
 «he knit 64 pairs of stockings; has been knitting at the same rate ever 
 since. 
 
 Celia Pollock doesn't know when she was born and can't tell anything 
 about her liistory, consequently was not an easy subject to interview. Na,- 
 ture failed to endow Celia with a mind above that of an idiot, and her 
 powers of speech are such as can only be understood by those familiar with 
 her gibberish. We learn that she is 53 years of age, has a sister living 
 about nine miles southwest of Sigourney, and a brother near Springfield, in 
 this county. She is not capable of doing anything about the house without 
 watching, and may be put down as a harmless simpleton with animal pas- 
 «ions fully developed. Celia's case furnished a good illustration of man's 
 inborn depravity, brutes in human form having made her the mother of 
 eight children. 
 
 The nativity of the paupers is as follows : Five are natives of Iowa, 
 two were born in Illinois, two in Indiana, one in !New York, one in Scot- 
 land, one in North Carolina, one in Maryland, one in Pennsylvania, one in 
 Kentucky and one in Germany. 
 
 KAILWATS. 
 
 The importance of railroads was early appreciated by the people of Keo- 
 kuk county, and projects of that nature have been discussed for more than 
 a quarter of a century. Although it required years of agitation, and before 
 there was anything definite accomplished, there was an outlay of thousands 
 opon thousands of dollars by way of individual subscription, and thousands 
 open thousands in public taxation, the county has now very good railway 
 «ommunication with the outside world, and this bids fair to increase in the 
 immediate future. 
 
 The first railroad projected was the "Air Line" road through the State 
 trom New Boston on the Mississippi to Council. Blufis. The agitation of 
 this question was quite active as is shown by the notice of the county 
 judge submitting the question to the people whether or not aid should be 
 extended to this line. The following is the notice: 
 
 "In 1853 the petition of many people of the county was presented, asking 
 that the question be submitted to a vote of the people of Keokuk county, 
 Iowa, whether the county of Keokuk, aforesaid, will aid in the construction 
 of tlve^PhHadelphia, Ft. Wayne & Platte River Air Line Eailroad' by 
 subscribing the sum of one hundred thousand dollars to the capital stock 
 «f the said road. 
 
 "Now, therefore, in order that the sense of the voters of said county may 
 % taken in the premises, it is hereby ordered that a special election be held 
 for the purpose of voting 'for' or 'against' the following proposition, to-wit: 
 That the county of Keokuk, in the State of Iowa, will aid in the construc- 
 ;tiou of said road, to-wit: the 'Philadelphia, Ft. Wayne & Platte Eiver Air 
 tine Railroad,' by subscribing one hundred thousand dollars to the capital 
 
898 HISTORY OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 stock of the company of said road. That county honds be issued therefor^ 
 payable in twenty years of their date, bearing interest at a rate not to exr 
 ceed six per centum per annum, payable semi-annually, and that whenever 
 said company has obtained a sufficient amount of subscription to its stock 
 as will, in the opinion of the county judge, secure the completion of the 
 road, then that county bonds shall be issued to the company of said road. 
 That in addition to the taxes usually levied an annual tax not to exceed one- 
 per cent upon the county valuation be levied from year to year so long as- 
 the same is required to be applied to the liquidation of the interest and 
 principal of the bonds aforesaid, unless it is found that the interest an(i 
 principal can be satisfied by the dividends arising from, or sale of, stock 
 above mentioned. That the county judge of Keokuk county represent in 
 person, or by proxy, the stock taken by said county. That the form of 
 ballots for the said elections shall be 'For the county subscription' or 
 'Against the county subscription'; a majority of votes for the county sub- 
 scription will be considered as adopting the above proposition entire. It 
 is further directed that the law governing elections shall so far as compati.- 
 ble, be applied to this election." 
 
 The election to decide on this proposition was not held as it became ap- 
 parent that the enterprise could not be successful, and the early settlers- 
 were compelled to do without a railroad. 
 
 Although railroad matters were discussed from time to time nothing 
 definite was done for some seven or eight years. The war then breaking 
 out railroad building was discontinued everywhere, and the public mind 
 was so much absorbed with war matters that railroads ceased to be talked! 
 of. At the close of the war the attention of the people which had for sO' 
 long a time been directed from the question of railroads was again called 
 to this important matter. Lines leading in all directions were projectedl 
 from the leading centers of trade and the peace of the interior towns which 
 for five years had been so frequently broken by noisy war meetings was now 
 interrupted no less frequently by equally exciting railroad meetings. 
 
 The war had scarcely closed and Keokuk county soldiers had not yet alll 
 returned to their homes when the building of a railroad through the- 
 county began to be agitated. A company was organized known as thfr 
 North Missouri & Cedar Rapids Railroad Company and the proposed line 
 was to run from Ottumwa to Cedar Rapids, passing through Keokuk 
 county in a northeast direction. Early in July, 1865, George D. Woodin,. 
 Esq., visited Cedar Rapids for the purpose of consulting with the people 
 of that place upon the subject. Upon his return he reported that the peo- 
 ple of Cedar Rapids were heartily in favor of the project and would cot 
 operate in the enterprise. Shortly after this a delegation of citizens of 
 Sigourney, consisting of H. E. Havens, J. H. Sanders, G. H. Higgins and 
 L. McCoy, visited Ottumwa. A public meeting was called at the City 
 Hall of Ottumwa for the purpose of welcoming the delegation and confer-^ 
 ing with tliem on the subject of the proposed Hue. As a result of the in- 
 terview it was resolved to call a general convention at Ottumwa on the- 
 10th of August, to be participated in by all the people along the line of 
 the proposed road. The convention was held, and from this time J. H- 
 Sanders, a wealthy and enterprising citizen of Sigourney was promir 
 nently identified with this enterprise. George D. Woodin, T. A. Morgan, 
 J. C. Hogin, William McGrew and H. E. Havens were also very active iq> 
 the matter. About this time a railroad meeting was held at the courtr 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUX COUNTY. 399 
 
 house in Sigonrney. At this meeting Mr. "Woodin estimated the amount 
 necessary to be subscribed by Keokuk county at $160,000 and offered the 
 following resolution: 
 
 " Resolved, That the citizens of Keokuk county can and will raise $160,- 
 000 toward the construction of the Iowa extension of the North Missouri 
 railroad." 
 
 Which resolution was unanimously adopted. 
 
 It will be remembered that at this time tliere was no legislative provis- 
 ion whereby townships could vote a railroad tax, and the only way it could 
 be procured was by voluntary subscription. 
 
 In September another railroad convention was held at Cedar Eapids, 
 which was attended by delegates from ten different counties. At this 
 meeting it was resolved that the capital stock should be five millions of 
 dollars, and that measures should be immediately taken for the completion 
 of the road. 
 
 The persons who were most interested, officially and otherwise, canvassed 
 the country through which the proposed line lay, and solicited subscrip- 
 tions to the capital stock. Quite an amount was subscribed along the line 
 between Sigourney and Ottumwa, and considerable grading was done be- 
 tween these two points. 
 
 Such was the state of affairs in the summer of 1869. Up to this time 
 it was impossible to make much progress in building, as the people along 
 the line were unable to pay their subscriptions. To facilitate matters, and 
 give subscribers time to pay, it was arranged with the contractors that the 
 work should 'go on, provided the subscribers would give their notes for the 
 amount of their subscriptions. About seventeen thousand dollars in notes 
 were thus procured from people living along the line in Keokuk county. 
 , On the 27th of September, this year, a railroad meeting was held in the 
 court-house, Sigourney, and after considerable talk an arrangement was en- 
 tered into by which the merchants of Sigourney agreed to close their stores 
 for three days, commencing the Tuesday following, and canvass for notes. 
 A great number of notes were in this manner procured, and the work of 
 grading was pushed forward and completed from Ottumwa to Sigourney. 
 There were also quite a number of bridges built, and there was quite a flat- 
 tering prospect that the road would soon be completed between these two 
 points. However, when the people of the county, and especially those liv- 
 ing at the county-seat, thought themselves on the very eve of having rail- 
 road communication with the outer world, they were doomed to disappoint- 
 ment. Many living along the line, who had given their notes, were either 
 unable or unwilling to pay tliem, and, their collection being inforced by the 
 the courts, there was engendered a feeling of hostility toward the road, and 
 the enterprise now met with the most stubborn opposition from those who 
 at first were most friendly. Suddenly all work ceased. The railroad was 
 no longer talked of except in derision. The next spring farmers built 
 fences across the road-bed, and that part of it which was not cultivated be- 
 came rank with weeds. 
 
 Still other causes worked disastrously to the enterprise. The board of 
 
 |;trade of St. Louis had promised that the citizens of that place would put 
 
 ■ in dollar for dollar to the extent of the amount subscribed along the line 
 
 in Iowa. The citizens of St. Louis did not put a dollar into the enterprise. 
 
 The North Missouri Railroad Company promised in the beginning to aid 
 
 and foster the enterprise, but about one year after the movement was com- 
 
400 HISTORY OF KEOKUK OOUin'T. 
 
 menced instead of continuing their line north, temporarily abandoned their 
 line north and tnrned their attention to the construction of a road to Kan- 
 sas City. Thus matters stood in 1870. During the latter part of this year 
 and the former part of 1871, there was a new departure. The high hopes 
 which were then entertained are portrayed in the following local item which' 
 appeared in the columns of the local press: 
 
 " The long talked of forward movement all along the line of the railroad, 
 between this place and Ottumwa, commenced on Monday, of this week. 
 Skirmishing has been going on for the last two or three weeks, but the 
 state of the weather has greatly retarded the operations. The work is now 
 going on in earnest, and we are assured will be prosecuted with the greatest 
 vigor. The completion of the road to this point by August, seems to be 
 fully determined on. The good time coming is almost here." The good 
 time coming was, however, much farther oif than was anticipated. 
 
 In October, the president of the company started to New York, to deliver 
 the bonds of the railroad company, and order foward iron for the track. 
 Just at this time occurred the great Chicago fire. When he arrived at 
 New York, the president of the company wrote to the friends of the enter- 
 prise, here, as follows: 
 
 " When I arrived at New York, panic was written on the face of every 
 denizen of Wall Street to such an extent as to be almost ridiculous, to an 
 outsider. The result to our enterprise, however, presented nothing ludi- 
 crous. All but one of our associates in New York and Philadelphia 
 promptly telegraphed me withdrawing from the syndicate. I stayed a 
 week and tried to get them to reconsider their action, but to no avail. The 
 commission merchant sold the iron to other parties, and I went home feel- 
 ing very blue." 
 
 The Eock Island Railroad extending their road, shortly afterward, to 
 Sigourney, all interest in the Ottumwa road died out. Persons who had 
 invested money in the enterprise lost all they put into it, and some were 
 financially ruined thereby. Mr. Sanders, who had invested heavily, and 
 devoted years of labor upon the road, settled up his affairs as well as he 
 was able to do, and removed to Chicago. The road-bed fell into the 
 hands of private individuals, and a large portion of it has reverted to its 
 former uses, and in the production of corn and potatoes yields a better 
 return than it ever has done as a commercial thoroughfare. The road-bed 
 and right-of way, however, is too valuable to be always devoted to agricul- 
 tural purposes. Even at the present time, November, 1879, measures are 
 being taken which promise, at no far distant day, to result in the comple- 
 tion of the road already costing so many years of toil, and the expeuditure 
 of so many hundreds of hard earned dollars. 
 
 Certain gentlemen, having the matter in charge, have recently visited 
 Sigourney, and various points along the route between the latter place and 
 Ottumwa. Quite an interest is being awakened, and the preliminary steps 
 have been taken for calling an election in the various townships through 
 which the road is to extend. 
 
 THE C, E. I. & p. EAILEOAD. 
 
 The next railroad enterprise in the county was the Chicago, Eock Island 
 & Pacific. This company had, for a number of years, been operating a 
 road to Washington, in the adjoining county, and repeated overtures were 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 401 
 
 made, from time to time, to induce the said company to extend the line to 
 itlie county-seat of Keokuk county. In the fall of 1870, Ebenozer Cook, 
 vice-president of this company, made a proposition to build the road by 
 the first of December, 1871, provided the people of the county would raise 
 by subscriptions the sum of fifty thousand dollars, secure the right-of-way 
 from the Washington county line, and provide suitable depot grounds in 
 ."Sigourney. The committee to whom the people had delegated the man- 
 agement of this matter consisted of J. P. Terger, J. H. Shawhan 
 and George D. Woodin. This committee, on canvassing the matter, 
 •wrote to Mr. Cook, stating that his proposition would be accepted, but they 
 (preferred to raise part of the subsidy by taxation, in several townships, 
 flnder the laws of Iowa, instead of by subscription. To that the Rock Is- 
 land Company assented, agreeing to take the amount assessed as a part of 
 the fifty thousand dollars; but as a delay had been occasioned by these ne- 
 gotiations, thus preventing any work being done till the following spring, 
 the time tor completion was extended to July 1, 1872. 
 
 In January, 1871, elections were held in the several townships of the 
 county which would be immediately benefited by the building of the pro- 
 posed road. These townships were Lafayette, German, Sigourney and Yan 
 Buren. The vote in all these townships was in favor of the tax, and 
 through the energetic efforts of the committee the right-of-way was soon 
 secured. The depot at Sigourney was located on the farm of Messrs. 
 Woodin and Clark in the north part of town. Having agreed to assist in 
 purchasing the right-of-way for the road and depot grounds at Sigourney, 
 these gentlemen furnislied the land free of cost as a means of discharg- 
 ing their share of the obligation. The donation was a liberal one and went 
 far toward lessening the expense to those who signed the bond for the 
 dght-of-way. Work was commenced on the road in the summer of 1871 
 and was completed some time in advance of that specified in the contract; 
 trains were running into Sigourney by the 9th of April following. The 
 promptness which characterizes this company in all of its enterprises when 
 it once determines to act was manifest in this instance and presents a 
 marked contrast with the long years of vascillation and uncertainty which 
 •characterized the movements of the north and south road already described. 
 
 The road once completed proved to be a good investment both for the 
 pe )ple of the county and the company which built it. The following tables 
 show the shipments of produce and manufactured articles from Sigour- 
 ney station for the years 1875 and 1878 These tables were carefully com- 
 piled by Mr. J. C. Baird, agent of the C, R. I. & P. railroad, at Sigourney, 
 and not only show the business of the road but furnish a good basis from 
 which to make an estimate of the resources of the county: 
 
402 
 
 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 1866. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 Barley 
 
 22 
 
 462,000 
 
 28,760 
 
 2.718,000 
 
 13,965,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 900.610 
 
 5,245 
 
 1,560 
 
 8,345 
 
 63,745 
 
 100,000 
 
 40,485 
 
 3,712,500 
 
 220,000 
 
 3.160 
 
 3,318,000 
 
 304,945 
 
 16,840 
 
 1,480 
 
 231,000 
 
 20,085 
 
 108,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 182,635 
 
 7.340 
 
 3,318,000 
 
 2,200 
 
 9,625 
 
 249,375 
 25.000 
 
 87 
 
 70 
 
 103,685 
 5,085 
 
 ■■5,135 
 
 ■ ■4,658 
 "55,366 
 
 $ 7,281.75 
 
 4,846.00> 
 
 135 900^0^ 
 
 Butter 
 
 Cattle 
 
 151 
 
 665 
 
 10 
 
 Com 
 
 14,962.50- 
 
 'Mm 
 
 1,201.20' 
 
 524 50' 
 
 Coal 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 
 Dry hides 
 
 
 234 00" 
 
 Dressed hogs •. 
 
 
 58415. 
 
 Eggs 
 
 
 3,187.30' 
 2,500.00' 
 2 839 95. 
 
 Flour 
 
 5 
 
 Green hides i 
 
 Hoars 
 
 275 
 11 
 
 185,625.00' 
 
 11,275.00- 
 
 52 50 
 
 
 Millet seed 
 
 Oats 
 
 158 
 15 
 
 46 658 2,'i. 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 3,551.00' 
 
 1,012.20- 
 
 89 60' 
 
 Poultry 
 
 Pelts 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,337.75- 
 300 25. 
 
 Rags 
 
 Sheep 
 
 12 
 6 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5,440.00' 
 126 00' 
 
 
 Stalk cutters 
 
 2,565.00 
 
 9,130.50 
 
 513 80= 
 
 Timothy seed 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Wheat 
 
 158 
 
 38,710;b* 
 1,650.0(5- 
 
 Wool and woolen goods 
 
 
 
 
 1,509 
 
 29,218,965 
 
 457,420 
 
 1484,278,2^ 
 
 The shipments for the year 1875 as given furnish a good basis for estima- 
 ting the business of the road and also the resources of the county. From the 
 following statement for the year 1878 it will be seen that there was quite- 
 a falling pff. This resulted from the partial failure of crops and the exten- 
 sion of the road westward, much shipping heretofore done at Sigourney 
 now being done from stations further west. 
 
HI8T0BT OF KEOEUE COUNTY. 
 
 1878. 
 
 405 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 Apples 
 
 Butter 
 
 Beeswax 
 
 Barley 
 
 Brick 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Com 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Eggs (15,390 dozens). 
 
 Floor 
 
 QoTer seed 
 
 Feathers 
 
 Hides 
 
 Horses 
 
 Oats 
 
 Ponltry 
 
 Bye 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Syrap (210 gallons). 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Timothy seed 
 
 Wool goods 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Total 5347,421,285 19,149 $136,693.ia 
 
 7 
 125 
 
 212 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 6 
 61 
 
 a 
 
 p 
 o 
 a. 
 
 H 
 
 CD 
 
 & 
 
 pq 
 
 7,050 
 
 42,395 
 
 450 
 
 40,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 12,455 
 
 140.000 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 365 
 
 470 
 
 34,245 
 
 3,180,000 
 
 300.000 
 32,000 
 
 340,000 
 36,000 
 
 10,424 
 
 120,000 
 
 15,430 
 
 1,220,000 
 
 125 
 '850 
 
 62 
 
 9,375 
 
 ' e^oii 
 
 2,666 
 
 o 
 
 ■i 
 > 
 
 62.50' 
 
 4,289.50 
 
 22.50' 
 
 255.00 
 
 30.00- 
 
 622.75 
 
 425.00- 
 
 57,000.00' 
 
 1,599.00- 
 
 3,000.00- 
 
 248.00> 
 
 115.00- 
 
 1,712.25- 
 
 79,506.00 
 
 10,880.00- 
 
 1,171.85- 
 
 1,600.00- 
 
 1,821.3* 
 
 900.00- 
 
 84.00- 
 
 521.25- 
 
 2,.S99.40' 
 
 12,354.00 
 
 12,199.80 
 
 In the sunaaier of 1875 Mr. Riddle, the superintendent of the C, R. L 
 & P. Railroad, proposed to the citizens of Oskaloosa that the company 
 wonld immediately extend their road from Sigourney if the citizens would 
 raise the sum of $20,000 and furnish the right-of-way. At the same time- 
 J. P. Terger, of Sigourney, was employed to secure the right-of-way from 
 Sigourney to the Mahaska county line. The citizens of Oskaloosa raised 
 the required subsidy by local subscription, and Mr. Terger secured the- 
 right-of-way to the Mahaska county line. The road was finished to Oska- 
 loosa in February, 1876, and now extends to Knoxville, in Marion county^ 
 
 The stations on the road in Keokuk county are Keota, Harper, Sigourney^ 
 and Delta. 
 
 Tlie length of the road belonging to the company in Keokuk county is- 
 ehown in the following proceedings of the boar I of supervisors: 
 
 In accordance with chapter 5, section 1.321, Code of 1873, the board of 
 supervisors of Keokuk county make the following division of railroad lines- 
 in Keokuk, county, Iowa: 
 
 CHICAGO, EOCK ISLAND & PACIFIC EAILWWAT. 
 TOWSSHIPS MIIjES. townships MII/E8.. 
 
 Xafayette 6.23 Sigonrnev 6.90 
 
 German 6.32 Warren.' <o.\^ 
 
 Total length of road 25.64 
 
404 HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 LESSEE DIVISIONS. 
 
 Sub-district No. 7, Lafayette township, one mile, and pays a tax of 
 '$67.70. 
 
 Sub-district No. 8, Lafayette township, two miles, pays a tax of $154.00. 
 
 Sub-district No. 9, Lafayette township, 2.25 miles, pays a tax of $173.27. 
 
 Independent district of Keota, 0.75 miles, and pays a tax of $90.76. 
 
 Sub-district No. 10, Lafayette township, 0.25 miles, and pays a tax of 
 $27.51. 
 
 Sub-district No. 7, German township, 2.10 miles, pays a tax of $167.47. 
 
 Sub-district No. 8, German township, 2.05 miles, pays a tax of $163.50. 
 ■ Sub-district No. 9, German township, 2.17 miles, pay a tax of $173.06. < 
 
 Sub-district No. 1, Sigourney township, 2.95 miles, pay a tax of $251.49. 
 
 Sub-district No. 3, Sigourney township, 3.95 miles, pays a tax of $423.64, 
 
 Independent district of Delta, 1.05 miles, and pays a tax of $138.61. 
 
 Sub-districts Nos. 1 and 2, Warren township, 2.27 miles, pays a tax of 
 •$299.65. 
 
 Sub-district No. 8, Warren township, 2.87 miles, pays a tax of $189.48. 
 
 The valuation of the road is $5,500' per mile, and in addition to the taxes 
 ■enumerated pays a special railroad commissioners' tax amounting to 
 .$210.32. 
 
 I. & W. EAILEOAD. 
 
 The next railroad enterprise was the Iowa City & Western, which is a 
 Tjranch of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern. This latter, named 
 ■corporation, although it has had for years quite an extensive line, was un- 
 .able to get coal without trouble and expense, as its line at no point passed 
 through any extensive coal fields. Some two years since the company pro- 
 iected a road to Iowa City with a view ultimately to reach the coal fields of 
 Keokuk or Mahaska county. 
 
 Early in 1878 there was talk of extending the road southwest into Keokuk 
 ■county, several lines were surveyed, the enterprise extensively agitated and 
 the question of subsidies canvassed. Finally a proposition was made to the 
 northern tier of townships to build the line through that part of the coun- 
 ty if the required tax should be voted. Liberty township refused to vote 
 the tax. August 20, 1878, English River township voted on the tax; 
 Adams voted July 20, same year; Prairie voted August 29 and Washing- 
 ton August 28, in all of which there was a majority in favor of the tax. 
 
 The result of the elections being favorable, and the other conditions be- 
 ing satisfactorily arranged, the company began to make preparations to 
 build the road. The work of grading began early in 1879 and has been 
 •energetically pushed forward till the present time. The grading is about 
 finished and the work of track-laying approaches completion. The present 
 terminus of the road is WJiat Cheer, in Washington township. This point 
 is in the most productive part of the coal field of Keokuk connty, while 
 the entire line in tlie county passes through the most fertile region of the 
 State. Owing to the diversity of resources of the county and the distance 
 from other lines of communication this part of the connty will be greatly 
 benefited by the road, while the company building it will reap large returns 
 for its investment in the heavy amount of traflSc which it will undoubtedly 
 receive. 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 405- 
 
 The stations SO far established along the line of the road in Keokuk 
 comity are Kinross, South English, Webster, Keswick, Thornbnrg and 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Beside the roads already mentioned there were several other roads pro- 
 jected across the county. Some of these were surveyed, of others the pro- 
 posed lines were simply prospected on horseback, while still others were only 
 talked of and prospected from the counting-rooms and offices of Eastern 
 capitalists. The Iowa City & Sauthwestern, commonly known as the- 
 Kirkwood road, was to have followed, in part, the same direction as the Iowa 
 City and Western, with the exception that its general course was south of 
 the latter line and its terminus was to have been Ottumwa. The Burling- 
 ton & Northwestern was to have started from Burlington and having 
 passed through Louisa, Washington and Keokuk counties reach out for any^ 
 prize which offered the greatest temptation in the way of subsidies and 
 traffic. The Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Council Bluffs railroad was an en- 
 terprise much talked of. It was in fact but a resurrection of the old Fort 
 Wayne & Platte Kiver Air Line road. The proposed route lay through 
 the counties of Muscatine, Washington, Keokuk and thence due west to- 
 Council Bluffs. In this enterprise were enlisted the leading men from 
 every county-seat of that tier of counties between Muscatine and Council 
 Bluffs. Without the aid of any other corporation these men proposed to- 
 build a road across the State and although it was a tremendous undertakings 
 it probably would have finally been carried to a successful termination had 
 it not been for the early completion of other trunk lines across the State 
 which rendered this road less necessary, and as a consequence less feasible. 
 
 The agitation of this railroad enterprise was at lever heat in January,. 
 1868, when a mammoth convention was held at Oskaloosa. Delegates 
 were present from Muscatine, Washington, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion,. 
 Warren, Madison, Adair, Cass and Pottawattamie counties. The delegates 
 
 J resent from Keokuk county were J. C. Johnson, J. H. Sanders, L. McCoy, 
 . W. Havens, J. H. Shawhan, L. Hollingsworth, W. M. Rogers, M. C, 
 Boswell, S. Kogers, B. A. Haycock, A, C. Romig, S. T. Street, C. H. Smith 
 and B. F. Crocker. G. E. Griffiths, of Warren, was chosen chairman and 
 each county had a vice-president; J. C. Johnston had the honor of being 
 the vice-president from Keokuk county. There was a corporation formed 
 with sixty-six incorporators. There were fourteen articles of incorpora- 
 tion. A committee consisting of ten persons was appointed to nominate 
 directors. B. A. Haycock and L. McCoy had the honor to serve on the 
 said committe from Keokuk county. There were fifteen persons nomina- 
 ted for directors and the persons nominated had the honor to be elected. 
 The persons elected from Keokuk county were J. H. Sanders and B. A. 
 Haycock. The Board of Directors thereupon held a meeting for the pur- 
 pose of electing officers. A President, Vice-President, Secretary. Treasurer, 
 Executive Committee and Attorneys were elected. B. A. Haycock, of 
 Keokuk county, had the honor of election to a place on the executive 
 committee. 
 
 The convention adjourned, and tlie delegates went home, to gladden the 
 hearts of their constituents with the assurance of a speedy completion of 
 the road. The corporation was doubtless large enough to have built, and 
 the officers numerous enough to have operated, a road twice the length of 
 the proposed one, together with feeders and branch lines; but there proved 
 not to be enough money, or enough credit, or sufficient pluck, to grade across 
 
406 HISTOKY or KEOKUK COTINTY. 
 
 a county or lay a mile of track. Upon the return of the delegates rousing 
 meetings were held at the county-seats of all tiie counties aloug the pro-; 
 posed lines; eloquent speeclies were made, subscription books passed around 
 and the meetings adjourned to afford the people an opportunity to disciiarge- 
 the pressing duty of selecting depot sites. In a county-seat town west of 
 this the people did in fact agree upon a depot site and on the plat of that 
 town at the present time is a block termed "Muscatine, Oskaloosa and 
 ■Council Bluffs Railroad Depot Grounds." 
 
 But alas for the vanity of human hopes and expectations when inspired 
 by the flattering unction of a railroad; the Muscatine, Oskaloosa & Coun- 
 cil Bluffs Kaiiroad like the Pliiiadelphia, Ft. Wayne & Platte Valley 
 Eailroad and many other railroads of high-soundins and far-reaching 
 names, never became a railroad only on paper and like the relics of the 
 mound-builders and the fossils of the mastadon will be unearthed at future 
 limes to paint the antiquarian's moral and adorn the historian's tail. 
 
 POLITICAL. 
 
 There is perhaps not another county in Iowa whose political experience 
 has been more varied. When the county was first organized the great im- 
 pending question in American politics was that growing out of slavery, and 
 from whatever State in the Union the early settlers had come they were as a 
 rule opposed to the extension of the peculiar institution of the South into 
 the territory yet unpolluted by it. There was. of course, a difference of 
 opinion as to the best methods to be adopted for thisend, but all were agreed 
 that any movement toward the abolition of slavery would result in a dis- 
 ruption of the Union. There were few, if any. abolitionists in the county 
 during the first years of its history. There were the Whig and Democratic 
 parties, but while they were separated on questions of finance, tarift" and 
 banking, they were agreed that slavery should not be molested in the States 
 where it existed. From the organization of the county until 1866, when 
 the question of abolition became the dividing line in politics, the Demo- 
 cratic party controlled the county and unless there were local questions to 
 modify the condition, a Democratic nomination was equivalent to an elec- 
 tion. 
 
 The exciting contest between A. 0. Dodge and Gen. Lowe for the office 
 -of territorial delegate will be remembered by the first settlers of the county 
 and also the contest in which liichard Quiuton was elected delegate to the 
 Constitutional Convention. 
 
 The contest between J. B. Whisler, the Democratic nominee, and San- 
 ford Harned, the Whig candidate, has already been alluded to in the ac- 
 count of the county-seat controversy. Although ihe 1 democratic party 
 was largely in the majority', and Whisler was the nominee, he was defeated 
 by Harned by reason of the popularity of the Whig candidate, and because 
 of the modifying influence of the county-seat war, Mr. Whisler being the 
 -leader of the Lancaster party. 
 
 One of the most exciting elections of early times was the contest for 
 representative in 1846. Upon the members of the legislature was to de- 
 volve the duty of electing two United States Senators for the new State 
 just to be admitted into the Union. The Whig candidate was Nelson King 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 407 
 
 •while the Democrats were so unfortunate as to have two candidates, L. B. 
 Hiighes and "William "Webb. Mr. King, of coarse, was elected and for 
 years afterward he was accustomed to boast about the result, sa^'ing: "I 
 fceat two Democratic opponents and believe I could have whipped a half 
 dozen of them." 
 
 Upon the assembling of the legislature, in the following November, 
 King was in attendance, and before the adjournment of that body he had 
 achieved a notoriety throughout the State. The circumstances were as 
 follows: 
 
 Owing to a complication of circumstances, the Democrats, who really 
 were in a large majority in. the State, failed to organize the House, and so 
 «venly were the two parties balanced upon holding a joint session of the 
 House and Senate, that it was exceedingly doubtful whether they would be 
 able to elect their candidates to the United States Senate. Bodge, of Bur- 
 lington, and Jones, of Dubuque, were the Democratic nominees for the 
 Senate, and their friends spared no effort to secure their election. One 
 vote gained by the Democrats would make a tie, and prevent an election, 
 while two votes would enable them to elect their men. 
 
 King having been elected by a plurality vote over his two Democratic op- 
 ponents, and representing a county largely Democratic, was thought by 
 some to be a proper subject to operate upon; and as a first inducement a 
 paper was gotten up and circulated through the county and signed by a 
 majority of all the voters in the county, instructing him to vote for a Dem- 
 ocrat. This move being known by the Whigs, and they fearing that King 
 might be influenced by such instructions, caused them to watch him very 
 dosoly and show him special attention; and for a while King commanded 
 more attention from both parties than any other man in the State. 
 
 S. T. Marshall, of Lee county, having previously been well acquainted 
 with King as a citizen of his own county, and having been employed by him 
 as an attorney to defend him in a case in which he liad been arrested, in his 
 attempts to influence King in his votes made a little too free with his old 
 client while under the guardianship of the "Whig politicians. 
 
 On the afternoon of the 9tli of December, the legislature then having 
 been in session ten days, and the members thus far having almost entirely 
 been engaged in canvassing and electioneering, as soon as the house was 
 called to order. King, with a hurried step approached the clerk's desk and 
 laid upon it a Ave dollar bill and two pieces of paper, and said he wished 
 to make a statement. 
 
 These movements surprised most of the members of the House, and not 
 knowing what the conduct of King meant, and from a curiosity to hear, 
 unanimous oonsent was given for him to proceed. He said that he had 
 been approached by several members relative to the casting of his vote for 
 United States Senator, and several distinct propositions had been made to 
 him. He stated further, that S. T. Marshall gave him a five dollar note on 
 the State Bank of Oliio and promised him one hundred dollars additional 
 if he would vote for Dodge. That he also gave him two receipts of indebt- 
 edness. 
 
 The following is a correct copy of the receipts which King laid upon the 
 clerk's desk, and which he claimed was a part of the bribe oflPered by Mar- 
 ehall : 
 
408 histoet of keokuk county". 
 
 "West Point, 'Nov. 26, 1846. 
 "Me. Nelson King — Sir: — Please to pay S. T. Marshall or bearer 4eo 
 dollars and fifty cents on my account, and oblige, 
 
 "William Stotts." 
 "Keceived payment. 
 
 "S. T. Maessall." 
 "I, S. T. Marshall, hereby release and relieve all my right, title and claim 
 or claims which I may have against Nelson King for legal services done- 
 heretofore, and this shall be his receipt. 
 
 "S. T. Maeshall." 
 
 Upon this statement by King, and the evidence of the receipts, the- 
 house immediately appointed a committee to investigate the charges of 
 bribery, and authorized the speaker to issue his warrant for the arrest of 
 Marshall. 
 
 The committee continued in session and prosecuted their investigations 
 till February. There was a large number of witnesses called on behalf of 
 the prosecution, and, as an effort was made to injure the character of King^ 
 he, too, had witnesses summoned. It was claimed by the Democrats that 
 King had stolen bacon when living in Lee county, and that this was the 
 ofiense for which Marshall had defended him. A. H. Palmer, editor of the 
 " Capital Reporter," had published this charge, and King, meeting him 
 afterward, made an assault upon him, and gave him a severe beating. Mr. 
 Crocker and S. A. James, from this county, were at the capital at this 
 time for the purpose of laboring witli their representative, and King took 
 advantage of their presence to have them subpoenaed as witnesses to estab- 
 lish his character. 
 
 The committee finally made a report, which consisted of only the testi- 
 mony taken, without any recommendation ; the report was laid on the table, 
 and this ended the whole affair. 
 
 The legislature, after several ineffectual attempts, failed to elect United 
 States Senators, and late in February adjourned without an election. Thus, 
 for the first two years after organizing a State government, Iowa was not 
 represented in the United States Senate. 
 
 At the fall election in 1846, when King was elected to the legislature, 
 affairs seem to have been very much mixed. There were three candidates 
 for representative to the State legislature, six candidates for Governor, 
 and four candidates for representative to the United States Congress. For 
 the other offices there were but the two candidates — the Whig and Demo- 
 cratic. The following is the abstract of the vote as cast: 
 
 GOVEENOE. 
 
 Ansel Briggs 214 
 
 Thomas McKnight 158 
 
 K. Lucas 10 
 
 — Bailey 10 
 
 T. B. Wright 6 
 
 A. Jones 4 
 
 SEOEETAET OP STATE. 
 
 James H. Cowles '. ... 167 
 
 Elisha Cutler 212 
 
// y^ /f^^T-^i^ 
 
HI8T0KT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 411 
 STATE TEEASUEEE. 
 
 Egbert T. Smith 166 
 
 Morgan Reno 199 
 
 STATE AUDITOE. 
 
 Eastin Morris 169 
 
 Joseph T. Fales 208 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVE TO OONGEESS. 
 
 Joseph H. Headrick 165 
 
 G. 0. E. Mitchell 163 
 
 S. C. Hastings 321 
 
 Shepherd Lefller 239 
 
 STATE SENATOE. 
 
 S. B. Sheladay 168 
 
 R. E. Harbor 240 
 
 STATE BEPEESENTATITE. 
 
 Nelson Zing 160 
 
 William Webb 124 
 
 L. B. Hughes 77: 96 
 
 The following is an abstract of the votes cast at the election in August, 
 1847: 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVE TO CONGEBSS, 
 
 William Thompson 357 
 
 Jesse B. Brown... 295 
 
 BOAED OF PUBLIC WOBKS. 
 
 George Wilson 210 
 
 H. W. Sample .' 322 
 
 Charles Coskerj 40 
 
 STATE TEEASUEEE. 
 
 P. B. Fagen 211 
 
 Paul Bratton 329 
 
 SECEETAET OF STATE. 
 
 Charles Ooskery 309 
 
 Madison Dagger 291 
 
 JUDGE OF PEOBATE. 
 
 Joseph Kellum 287 
 
 Joseph Adams, 178 
 
 Sanford. Harned 1 
 
 . SHEEIFF. 
 
 'J.B. Mitts 239 
 
 James .Eobi^on 310 
 
412 HISTORY or KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 COUNTY C0MMISSI0ITEE8, 
 
 Ebenezer Johnson ". 310 
 
 E. Alexander 205 
 
 oommissiokee's cleek. 
 
 Sedley 0. Harris 296 
 
 Elijah Shockley 253 
 
 PEOSECUTING ATTOENEY. 
 
 Joseph Casey 248 
 
 Sanford Harned 13 
 
 CLEEK DISTEICT COUET. 
 
 S. A. James ,. 313 
 
 S. E. McCracken 171 
 
 TEEASUEEE AND EECOEDEE. 
 
 Joel Long 288 
 
 Kobert Galbraith 149 
 
 SUEVEYOE. 
 
 John Baker 386 
 
 David T. Vittetoe 121 
 
 COEONEE. 
 
 Jacob Pay ton 318 
 
 INSPECTOE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES. 
 
 CM. Wood 363 
 
 Jacob Shaver 29 
 
 At this election there was an approximate vote cast of six hundred and 
 fifty, and the Democrats had a clear majority of seventy, votes. Four 
 years afterward, at the August election, there were nearly* eight hundred 
 votes cast, and the Democrats had a majority of one hundred. 
 
 The following is an abstract of the votes cast at said election: 
 
 COUNTY JUDGE. 
 
 George Pinkerton 102 
 
 J.B. Whisler, 293 
 
 John Baker 373 
 
 TEEASUEEE AND EECOEDEE. 
 
 Ben. P. Shawhan 394 
 
 E. F. Weller 327 
 
 BHEEIFF. 
 
 Joseph Butler 337 
 
 Green Atwood 102 
 
 "W.A^Blair 237 
 
HISTOEr OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 413 
 CO0NTT SUPEBVISOKS. 
 
 Maxon Kandall 191 
 
 James Carr i 295 
 
 Jacob Payton ^ 37 
 
 Owen Monahan 189 
 
 COUNTY SUETEYOE. 
 
 George Cuspin 537 
 
 George Gray 31 
 
 COEONEE. 
 
 M. G. Driskill 179 
 
 Obed King 205 
 
 John Pennington 56 
 
 Scattering 16 
 
 At the election held in Angust, 1852, for Congressman, State oflScers 
 and county officials, the following was the result: 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVE IN CONGEESS. 
 
 Bernhart Henn 442 
 
 Philip Viele 194 
 
 J. S. Stephenson 30 
 
 Scattering 8 
 
 SECEETAKY OF STATE. 
 
 Geo. W. McCleary 337 
 
 J. "W. Jenkins 173 
 
 T. M. Clagget 21 
 
 TEBASUEEE OF STATE. 
 
 Martin S. Morris 336 
 
 Hosea B. Horn 172 
 
 AUDITOE OF STATE. 
 
 William Pattee 335 
 
 Asbury B. Porter 172 
 
 OLEKK OF DISTKICT COUET. 
 
 D.KHenderson 259 
 
 Andrew Alexander 407 
 
 John J. Franklin 1 
 
 PEOSECUTING ATTOENET. 
 
 M. M. Crocker 423 
 
 A. P. Moody 5 
 
 A. J. Stevens' 3 
 
 Eowley Martin 1 
 
4:14 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 EECOEDBB AND TEEASUEEE. 
 
 Sedley C.Harris 305 
 
 Harvey T. Smith 403 
 
 Solomon Sharp 5 
 
 A. Smith... 2 
 
 SHEEIFF. 
 
 James McGrew. 309 
 
 Joseph Butler 29 
 
 Isaac Whitacre 26 
 
 J. B. Butler 2 
 
 The political complexion of the county can best be determined by refer- 
 ence to the vote on Congressman, H^nn being the Democratic candidate, 
 and Viele being a Whig. In addition to being on the popular side in poli- 
 tics, Mr. Henn viras personally very popular, he having been connected 
 with the land office in early days, and having made the first plat of the 
 county. 
 
 In August, 1853, there was a sheriff, treasurer, recorder and coroner 
 elected. The following is an abstract of the vote: 
 
 SHEEIFF. 
 
 Morrison F. Bottoff 253 
 
 James McGrew 181 
 
 Joel Long 117 
 
 TEEASUEEE AND EEOOEDEE. 
 
 Harvey L. Smith 400 
 
 Daniel D. Slaughter. , 1 
 
 Pail Seever 1 
 
 SUEVEYOE. 
 
 D. K Henderson 87 
 
 Elijah A. Lathrop 167 
 
 E. A. Lathrop 15 
 
 Elijah Lathrop 44 
 
 S. C. Harris 19 
 
 Scattering 11 
 
 OOEONEE. 
 
 John Pennington 52 
 
 G. A. Tally 45 
 
 Scattering 31 
 
 At the election in 1854, Andrew Alexander was elected clerk of the 
 District Cotirt, J. T. Axtele, prosecuting attorney, and Joel Grossman, sur- 
 veyor. 
 
 Abstract of votes given fdr the offices of county judge, recorder, sheriff, 
 surveyor and coroner, and for and against th? removal of the county-seat, 
 at an election held on the first Monday of August, 1865 : 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 415 
 
 COUHTY JUDGE. 
 
 Sanford Harned 707 
 
 George Crispin 537 
 
 Scattering 4 
 
 EEOOEDEE. 
 
 M. J. Batluff 660 
 
 A. 0. Komig 593 
 
 A. B. Cuny 85 
 
 Scattering 6 
 
 SHBEirr. 
 
 C. D. McCalley 621 
 
 K W. Whited 464 
 
 Scattering 14 
 
 SUEVEYOE. 
 
 Joel Grossman 716 
 
 J. W. Morgan 316 
 
 Scattering 5 
 
 COEONEE. 
 
 John Pennington 447 
 
 Isaac M, Hughes 110 
 
 Scattering 1 
 
 FOE COUNTY-SEAT. 
 
 Lancaster 758 
 
 Sigourney ; 531 
 
 In April, 1856, there was an important election held at which it was de- 
 cided who was to be school-fund commissioner, whether Sigourney or 
 Lancaster should bp the county-seat, and whether hogs and sheep should 
 be restrained or allowed to run at large. It will be seen from the following 
 abstract of that election that the people had materially changed on the 
 last qaestion: 
 
 SCHOOL-FUND COMMISSIONEE. 
 
 Wm. H. Brunt 1021 
 
 Benjamin Parrish 797 
 
 COUNTY-SEAT. 
 
 Sigourney 982 
 
 Lancaster 930 
 
 EESTEAINING HOGS AND SHEEP, 
 
 For restraining 427 
 
 Against restraining 1284 
 
416 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 In 1856 the people of the county were very evenly divided on the ques- 
 tions of national politics. Samuel A. Curtis and Augustus Hall were the 
 candidates for Congress, and of the fifteen hundred and seven votes cast 
 Curtis received seven hundred and eighty-four and Hall seven hundred 
 and twenty-three. The great reaction had come which transferred the 
 State from the Democratic to the opposite party. The tidal wave which 
 carried James W. Grimes into the gubernatorial chair and which was so 
 unexpected as to cause astonishment among the most sagacious party lead- 
 ers throughout the Union, occurred in 1854; but then, as now, the people 
 of Keokuk county were not easily diverted from the old political land- 
 marks. The change came, it is true, but gradually, and the verdict of that 
 change has never been so emphatic and unequivocal as to invest either or 
 any party with the ownership of its offices. Ever since 1854 hard work 
 and good behavior have been requisites to political preferment in Keokuk 
 county. 
 
 At the August election, 1856, the follpwing were elected: 
 
 Representative, A. C. Price; clerk of district court, A. S. Alexander; 
 prosecuting attorney, E. S. Sampson. 
 
 Abstract of election in October, 1857: 
 
 QOVEENOE. 
 
 Ealph B. Lowe 87^ 
 
 Ben. M. Samuel 780 
 
 LIETITENANT-GOVEENOE. 
 
 Oran Faville. .,,,,. , 881 
 
 George Gillispie 775 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVE. . 
 
 "William McGrew '. 881 
 
 J. T. Sales 767 
 
 COUNTY JUDGE. 
 
 Sanford Harned 948 
 
 Maxon Eandall 71S 
 
 EECOEDEE AND TEEASUEEE. 
 
 Alvin C. Eomig 1005 
 
 Morrison F. Bottuff ' 645 
 
 SHEEIFF. 
 
 Joel Long ; 962 
 
 A. H. Smith 65S 
 
 James McConnell 14 
 
 SUEVEYOE. 
 
 Joel Grossman 916 
 
 George Crispin 714 
 
 COEONEE. 
 
 James McConnell ; . . . . 767 
 
 P. L. Eckley 745 
 
HISTOBT OP KEOKUK OOUHTT. 4:17 
 
 At the October election in 1858, Samuel E. Curtis received 728 votes 
 lor representative to Congress, and H. H. Trimble received 689. For the 
 ofSce of clerk of the District Court there were polled 1388 votes, of which 
 A. S. Alexander received 1388, there being at least one unanimous choice 
 of the people of Keokuk county. 
 
 The following ofBcial directory is a correct list of the county officers 
 elected during the twenty years, 1859 and 1879 inclusive: 
 
 1859. 
 
 County Judge — J. M. Casey. 
 
 Recorder — W. H. Brunt. 
 
 Sherift — J. M. Adams. 
 
 Surveyor — B S. Irwin., 
 
 Drainage Commissioner — R. C. Lypes. 
 
 Coroner — James McConnell. 
 
 Superintendent of Common Schools — James Frey. 
 
 Representative — H. Campbell. 
 
 1860. 
 
 Lincoln Presidential Electors 1330 
 
 Douglas Presidential Electors 1194 
 
 Breckenridge Presidential Electors 14: 
 
 Bell Presidential Electors 2 
 
 Clerk District Court — J. H. Sanders. 
 
 186i: 
 
 State Senator — Isaac P. Teter. 
 
 Representatives — John "Wasson and Lewis HoUingsworth. 
 
 Treasurer — A. S. Alexander. 
 
 Shei'iff — James M. Adams. 
 
 County Judge — John Rogers. 
 
 Surveyor — Joel Crossman. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — D. Y. Smock. 
 
 The questions of building a jail and levying a bridge tax were both de- 
 cided in the negative. 
 
 1862. 
 
 Clerk District Court — J. B. Shallenbarger. 
 
 1863. 
 
 State Senator — John C. Hogin. 
 
 Representatives — Joseph Andrews and Roswell S. Mill. 
 
 County Judge— John Rogers. 
 
 Sherift^— W. B. Merriman. 
 
 Treasurer — Lycnrgus McCoy. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — D. V. Smock. 
 
418 HISTOBT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 1864. 
 
 Lincoln Presidential Electors 1149 
 
 MoOlellan Presidential Electors 938 
 
 Clerk District Court — John A. Donnell. 
 Eecorder — James E. Woods. 
 
 1865. 
 
 Senator — E. S. Sampson. 
 
 Kepresentatives — T. A. Morgan, D. A. Stockman. 
 
 County Judge — John Rogers. 
 
 Treasurer — Lycurgus McCoy. 
 
 Sheriff— J. T. Parker. 
 
 Surveyor — J. B. Peck. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — D. Y. Smock, 
 
 1866. 
 
 Clerk of Court — Joseph Andrews. 
 Recorder — James E. Woods. 
 Senator — John C. Johnson. 
 Representative — John Morrison. 
 
 1867. 
 
 Representatives-^John Morrison, William Hartsock. 
 
 County Judge — William McLond. 
 
 Treasurer — J. Q. Howard. 
 
 Sheriff— John T. Parker. 
 
 Surveyor — Joel Grossman. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — A. J. Kane. 
 
 1868. 
 
 Grant Electors 1938 
 
 Seymour Electors 1503 
 
 Clerk of Court— J. M. Brunt. 
 
 Recorder — James E. Woods. 
 
 1869. 
 
 Senator — J. W. Havens. 
 
 Representatives — John Morrison, B. A. Haycock. 
 
 Auditor — L. Hollingsworth. 
 
 Treasurer — J. Q. Iloward. 
 
 Sheriff — Andrew Stranahan. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — J. A. Lowe. 
 
 Surveyor — J. A. Benson. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Clerk of Court — John M. Brunt. 
 
 Recorder — N. Warrington. 
 
 Members Board of Supervisors — W. F. Morgan, J. P. Terger. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKTJK OOTTNTT. 419 
 
 1871. 
 
 Kepresentatives— John Morrison, John F. "Wilson. 
 Auditor — Lewis Hollingsworth. 
 Treasurer — John Q. Howard. 
 Sheriff — Andrew Stranahan. 
 Superintendent of Schools — T. J. Hasty. 
 Member of Board of Supervisors — 0. B. Merz. 
 Surveyor — G. W. Halferty. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Grant Presidential Electors 1,862 
 
 Greeley Presidential Electors 1,361 
 
 O'Connor Presidential Electors 54 
 
 Representative — C. 0. Wilson. 
 
 Clerk of Court— M. Wightnaan. 
 
 Recorder — J. M. Jonies. 
 
 Member Board Supervisors — Joseph Merryfield. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Senator — H. IST. l!fewton. 
 
 Representatives — David Archer, J. T. Harper. 
 
 Auditor — A. A. Davis. 
 
 Treasurer — John M. Brunt. 
 
 Sheriff — Andrew Stranahan. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — H. D. Todd. 
 
 Surveyor — E. B. Kerr. 
 
 Member Board of Supervisors — G. W. Morgan. 
 
 1874. 
 
 Clerk of Court — M. Wightman. 
 
 Recorder — J. M. Jones. 
 
 Member Board of Supervisors — Levi Bower. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Representatives — B. A. Clevland, Sanford Harned. 
 Auditor — John Morrison. 
 Treasurer — L. Hollingsworth. 
 Sheriff — Andrew Stranahan. 
 Superintendent ot Schools— H. D. Todd. 
 Member Board of Supervisors — William Jackson. 
 Surveyor — Nathan Warrington. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Hayes Presidential Electors 2,366 
 
 Tilden Presidential Electors 1,862 
 
 Clerk of Court — M. Wightman. 
 
 Recorder — J. M. Jones. 
 
 Member Board of Supervisors — Isaac E. Stanley. 
 
420 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Senator — Sanford Harned. 
 
 Kepresentative — Matthew Williams. 
 
 Auditor— T. F. McCarty. 
 
 Treasurer — Levi Bower. 
 
 Sheriff— H. 0. Adams. 
 
 Surveyor — E. B. Kerr. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools — H. D. Todd. 
 
 Member Board of Supervisors — D. 0. Baker. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Clerk of Court — Joel Kichardson. 
 
 Kecorder — W. C. McWilliams. 
 
 Member Board of Supervisors — J. C. Winget. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Eepresentative — C. H. Mackey. 
 Auditor— T. F. McCarty. 
 Treasurer — Levi Bower. 
 Sheriff— H. C. Adams. 
 Surveyor — E. B. Kerr. 
 Coroner — L. Hollingsworth. 
 Superintendent of Schools — John Bland. 
 Member Board of Supervisors — Daniel Dodge. 
 
 The following is an abstract of the vote cast at the October election, 1879: 
 
 GOVEKNOE. 
 
 John H. Gear 2,017 
 
 H. H. Trimble 1,918 
 
 Daniel Campbell 151 
 
 D. K. Dungan '. 22 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVE. 
 
 E. S. Sampson 1,996 
 
 C. H. Mackey 2,008 
 
 S. W. Huff. ; 78 
 
 AUDITOR. 
 
 Leslie Bassett 1 ,933 
 
 T.F. McCarty . . .2,068 
 
 James Thompson ' 98 
 
 TEEASUEBE. 
 
 Elmer Moses 1,942 
 
 Levi Bower 2,057 
 
 James Cline 96 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK OOtTNTT. 421 
 
 8HEKIFF. 
 
 John Morrison 1,950 
 
 H. C. Adams 2,965 
 
 J. Barnhizer , ^ 79 
 
 STJEVEYOE. 
 
 E. B. Kerr 2,041 
 
 J. P. Harris 1,065 
 
 SUPBEINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 J. K. Pickett 1,984 
 
 John Bland , 2,011 
 
 H. D. Gortner 106 
 
 COEONEE. 
 
 L. Hollingsworth 2,025 
 
 Harman Seaba 1,948 
 
 Sidney Sherwood 104 
 
 MEMBEE BOAED OF SUPEEVI80ES. 
 
 Samnel McFarland 1,977 
 
 Daniel Dodge 1,996 
 
 A. Warnock 125 
 
 SHALL STOCK BE EESTEAINED 1 
 
 Yes 1,984 
 
 No 1,567 
 
 COUNTY FINANCES. 
 
 There is very little cause for complaint in regard to the financial man- 
 agement of the county. . There has been an absence of extravagance from 
 the beginning, and in the main, county affairs have been managed in an 
 economical and judicious manner. Indeed, many are of the opinion that 
 the management of county affairs has been too conservative. The greatest 
 expenditures have always been those voted by the people themselves. 
 
 Elsewhere we have given statistics of the earlier financial affairs of the 
 county. They will afford interesting points of comparison with statementa 
 of the present time and a few years back. 
 
 The permanent improvements have been quite generally made, and with 
 the one exception of keeping up the immense bridge system of the county, 
 there is no reason why expenses may not yet be considerably reduced. 
 
 The following is the total valuation of lands and personal property, and 
 also the aggregate amount of each tax levied in the county for the year 
 1878, as shown by the tax-books when the same was delivered to the county 
 treasurer for collection : 
 
 Total valuation $ 4,999.537 
 
422 
 
 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOtTNTT. 
 
 TAXTilfi. 
 
 LEVY. 
 
 AMOTTNT. 
 
 State 
 
 2 mills. 
 
 3 " 
 
 1 mill. 
 1 " 
 1 " 
 1 " 
 1 « 
 
 $ 9,997.01 
 
 14,995 61 
 
 Comity 
 
 School 
 
 4,998 54 
 
 Bridge 
 
 4,998.54 
 4,998.53 
 4,998.54 
 4,998.54 
 2,361.00 
 1,473.15 
 31,155,34 
 55,307.58 
 1,032.60 
 
 Insane 
 
 Poor farm 
 
 Oounty Bond 
 
 Poll 
 
 Eoad 
 
 
 District, loans of 
 
 
 Eallroad 
 
 
 City 
 
 
 
 
 
 $141,315.04 
 
 In order that a comparison may be made with another county of nearly 
 equal population and valuation, the taxes levied in Warren county for the 
 same year are hereby subjoined. They were as follows: 
 
 Total valuation 
 
 4,905,937 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 LEVY. 
 
 AMOUNT. 
 
 County 
 
 State 
 
 School 
 
 Bridge 
 
 Poor Farm . . 
 
 Bond 
 
 Insane 
 
 Poll 
 
 Eoad 
 
 District 
 
 School-house . 
 Contingent , . 
 City 
 
 Total. 
 
 4 mills. 
 2 « 
 1 mill. 
 1^ mills. 
 
 H" 
 14" 
 
 19,«07.03 
 9,803.50 
 4,901.75 
 7,352.59 
 2,450.85 
 2,450.85 
 2,450.85 
 2,158.00 
 4,915.88 
 
 18,185.16 
 5,708.12 
 8,567.46 
 2,118.99 
 
 90,733.03 
 
 The following table will show the tax levied for the ten years beginning 
 with 1870 and ending with 1879: 
 
 Total tax for 1870 . 
 
 . . . $ 85,935.78 
 
 Total tax for 1875 . . . . 
 
 $113,561.80 
 
 Total tax for 1871 . 
 
 . . . 174,863.72 
 
 Total tax for 1876 .. . 
 
 113,917.65 
 
 Total tax for 1872. 
 
 . . . 105,626.58 
 
 Total tax for 1877..,. 
 
 98,168.19 
 
 Total tax for 1873. 
 
 93,164.29 
 
 Total tax for 1878.... 
 
 141,315.04 
 
 Total tax for 1874. 
 
 96,312.29 
 
 Total tax for 1879 . . . . 
 
 74,001^66 
 
HISTOET OB" KEOKUK COUNTY. 423 
 
 The general expenses of the county for the fiscal year 1878, as shown by 
 the auditor's books, are shown by the following exhibit : 
 
 Courts $ 2,390.34 
 
 Supervisors 765.86 
 
 Superintendent of Schools 980.27 
 
 Other county officials 2,999.15 
 
 Township officers 2,235.66 
 
 Koads and bridges 6,270.86 
 
 Fuel, light and repairs county buildings 873.44 
 
 Books and stationery 1.197.20 
 
 Sheriff's deputies and bailiffs 797.29 
 
 Jail expenses 754.45 
 
 Deaf, dumb and insane 1,705.24 
 
 Justices and constables 716.5S 
 
 Witnesses in justices' courts 755.25 
 
 Elections 579.75 
 
 Poor-house 2,709.83 
 
 Insane building 2,864.20 
 
 Poor outside infirmary 1,800.11 
 
 Printing 1,463.58 
 
 Miscellaneous 204.15 
 
 Total $32,063.16 
 
 For the sake of comparison we present the following exhibit for Warren 
 county, for the same year. As before remarked Warren county has some- 
 thing near the same valuation and population as Keokuk and for the pur- 
 pose of comparison furnishes a fair standard, with the exception of court 
 expenses; in this particular Warren county should not be regarded as a 
 good standard as the court expenses there were unusually high owing to a 
 very unusually expensive murder trial. 
 
 Courts , $12,390.34 
 
 Grand jury 876.25 
 
 Township officers 1,419.55 
 
 Supervisors and county officers 7,608.68 
 
 Collection delinquent taxes 50.90 
 
 Eoads , 23.50 
 
 Certificate of balance 5,219.76 
 
 Assessors 991.00 
 
 Fuel for court-house and jail 315.29 
 
 Goods for court-house and jail 181.29 
 
 Jail expense 644.55 
 
 Books, stationery and printing 3,036.97 
 
 Janitor 520.00 
 
 Miscellaneous 2,541.34 
 
 Total county fund 14,044.76 
 
 Total bridge fund 5,580.10 
 
 Total poor farm fund l,784.0a 
 
 Total insane fund 357.55 
 
 Total $41,158.10 
 
 The county has no indebtedness except a bonded debt which amounts to 
 thirteen thousand dollars. 
 
424 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COtTNTT. 
 
 KELIGIOUS. 
 
 You raised these hallowed walls; the desert smiled, 
 And Paradise was opened in the wild. — Pope. 
 
 The first settlement of the county was scarcely completed before the 
 servants of the Lord were at work in the new vineyard. "Within the last 
 fifty years the agents of the Christian religion have been tanght and trained 
 to accompany the first advance of civilization, and such was their advent 
 here. In the rude cabins and huts of the pioneers they proclaimed the same 
 gospel that is preached in the gorgeous palaces that, under the name of 
 churches, decorate the great cities. It was the same gospel, but the sur- 
 roundings made it appear different, in the effect produced, at least. 
 
 The Christian religion had its rise, and the days of its purest practice, 
 ■among an humble, simple-minded people, and it is among similar surround- 
 ings in modern times that it seems to approach the purity of its source. 
 This is the best shown in the days of pioneer life. It is true, indeed, that 
 in succeeding times the church attains greater wealth and practices a wider 
 benevolence. Further, it may be admitted that it gains a firmer discipline 
 and wields a more general influence on society, but it remains true tliat in 
 pioneer times we find a manifestation of Christianity that we seek in vain 
 at a later time and under contrasted circumstances. The meek and lowly 
 ■spirit of the. Christian faith — the placing of spiritual things above vain 
 pomp and show — appear more earnest amid the simple life and toil of a 
 pioneer people than it can when surrounded with the splendors of wealth 
 and fashion. But we may take a comparison less wide, and instead of con- 
 trasting the Christian appearances of a great city with that of the pioneers, 
 we may compare that of thirty years ago here in the West with that in the 
 present time of moderately developed wealth and taste for display, and we 
 find much of the same result. 
 
 The comparison is, perhaps, superficial to some extent, and does not fully 
 weigh the elements involved, nor analyze them properly. We simply take 
 the broad fact, not to decry the present, but. to. illustrate the past. So that 
 looking back to the early religious meetings in the log-cabins we may say: 
 "Here was a faith, earnest and simple, like that of the early Christian." 
 
 The first religious meetings in the county were held in the cabins of the 
 «ettlers, with two or three families for a congregation. On pleasant days 
 they would gather outside in the shade of the cabin or under the branches 
 ■of a tree and here the word would be expounded and a song of Zion sung. 
 
 The Friends, or as they were more generally known, the Quakers, were 
 the pioneers of religious organization. The remarkable sagacity wliich 
 always seems to characterize these people in their selection of lands early 
 lead quite a number of them to locate on the rich and productive soil of 
 what is now Eichland township. For the first few years after the settle- 
 ment of the county, members of this denomination were much more 
 numerous than all others. In 1841 they erected a small lionse of worship 
 about one-fourth of a mile north. of the. present town of Eichland. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists and Christians, always among the first in pioneer 
 -work, were not long after the Quakers. In 1847 the Methodists and 
 ■Christians built houses of worship in Eichland which were probably the 
 ^rst church buildings of note in tlie county, although organizations were 
 formed and temporary buildings erected long prior to that time. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COTINTT. 425 
 
 There was a Methodist church organized at Kichland in 1840 by Eev. 
 Moses Shinn, the original members being James Looman and wife, H. 
 Harden and wife, Mrs. LavinaEuggles and George Euggles. The Christian 
 church of Richland was organized shortly afterward, and as before re- 
 marked a substantial church building was erected in 1847. One of the 
 first Baptist churches organized, was by Andrew P. Tannyhill in the south- 
 ern part of the county in 1843. 
 
 Benjamin F. Chastain organized a Christian Church in Jackson town- 
 ship, in 1844. The original members were Woodford Snelson and wife, 
 Jesse Gabbert and wife. Dr. Raglin, ]S"athan Kuth and Benjamin Chastain, 
 Meetings were held at the house of Woodford Snelson who lived on section 
 thirteen. 
 
 Among the first Baptist preachers was Andrew P. Tannyhill, who 
 preached in barns, dwelling houses or in the woods, wherever and when- 
 ever he could get an audience. 
 
 The Mt. Zion M. E. Church was organized in the south part of the 
 county in 1854. The following were the original members: Jas. D. Wil- 
 liams, Jacob Battorff, Philip Heninger, Andrew Taylor, Benjamin Hol- 
 lingsworth, Joel Skinner, Benjamin Parish, Thomas M. Thompson, Jas. M. 
 Cheeny, James Cowger. 
 
 There was a Christian Church organized at Lancaster, in 1848, with the 
 following membership: William Trueblood and wife, J. W. Snelson and 
 wife, Thomas Cobb and wife, Asa Cobb and wife, James Mitts and wife, 
 Samuel Williams, Elizabeth Williams, W. H. Brant and others. 
 
 A Methodist Church was organized in the same place, about 1852, the 
 original members being: S. A. Evans and wife, Mrs. Jessie 0'!N"eal and 
 Miss Mary CNeal. 
 
 In 1846 there was a Methodist church erected at Sigourney. The pas- 
 tor at that time was Kev. S. Hestwood ; the church having been organized 
 some time previous by Rev. Mr. Hulbert. 
 
 A Baptist Church was organized in Sigourney, in 1845, by Rev. Mr. 
 Elliott. 
 
 Churches were also organized in the eastern, northern and western parts 
 of the county in an early day. 
 
 In 1850 there were in the county four Baptist churches valued at nine 
 hundred dollars; three Christian churches, valued at eight hundred dol- 
 lars; two Qnaker churches, valued at four hundred and fifty dollars; seven 
 Methodist churches, valued at thirteen hundred dollars;, or in all sixteen 
 churches, valued at three thousand four hundred and fifty dollars. 
 
 The following are the names of the ministers, or as they were then called 
 preachers, who first labored among the people of Keokuk county: Moses 
 Shinn, a Methodist, who was probably the first of the denomination to 
 preach in the county. Revs. Haynes, Kirkpatrick, Orr, Hulburt, Hest- 
 wood and Snakenburg were also pioneer Methodist preachers, some of 
 whom are still living. 
 
 Eev. Mr. Spainshower was probably the first Baptist preacher who trav- 
 eled among the people of Keokuk county. He was followed by Eev. 
 Andrew P. Tannyhill, and Eev. Mr. Elliott. These men labored among the 
 people with considerable success and their work is still visible, especially 
 in the 8f)nthern part of the county. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church was late in getting a foothold in Keokuk county. 
 About the year 1856, a small church of less than a dozen members was or- 
 
426 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ganized in Sigourney. N. H. Hall, then of Webster, J. F. Wilson and the 
 Gregg family, of Lafayette township, constituted the membership. S. C.- 
 Kerr was their first pastor. In 1858 Eev. D. Y. Smock settled in Sigour- 
 ney and took charge of the organization. Some four or five years after- 
 ward Mr. Smock moved to Lafayette township and was succeeded in Sigour- 
 ney by Kev. A. A. Mathews. On moving to Lafayette, Mr. Smock organ- 
 ized a church there and in 1860 another church at Martinsburg. Mr, 
 Smock was a useful and highly respected citizen of the county, and like 
 Eev. Mr. Snakenberg, of German township, had great influence among the 
 people. Their influence upon the morals of the people cannot be overesti- 
 mated. Mr. Smock was elected to the oflBce of county superintendent of 
 schools, in 1861, and continued to hold the office till 1868. He is now 
 dead, but his works still live. 
 
 Many other particulars might be given relative to the churches of the 
 county, but the details are reserved for another place, where they will be 
 given in connection with other matters pertaining to the history of the sev- 
 eral townships where they are located. 
 
 GOLD EXCITEMENT. 
 
 No doubt the desire tor "gold" has been a main-spring of all progress 
 and exertion in Keokuk county, from the beginning until the present time, 
 and will so continue unto ages remote. But usualfy. this desire has been 
 made manifest only in the usual avenues of thrift, industry and enterprise. 
 
 On two occasions,, however, it has passed the bounds of reason, and as- 
 sumed the character of a mania or delusion, which produced nothing but 
 evil effects. The desire for riches is a benefit only when it comes like a 
 gentle and steady rain, sinking into the ground and refreshing the earth; 
 but when like a wild; storm, it leaves only wreck and disaster in ItB path. 
 Such is the moral easily drawn from the experience of Keokuk county. 
 
 The first gold mania here dates back to the fall, of 184:9, when stories first 
 began to spread of the wondrous richness of the placer mines of California. 
 The excitement grew daily, feeding, on the marvelous reports that came from 
 the Eldorado of the West, until at last nothing was talked of but the ad- 
 ventures and achievements of the Argonauts of '49. 
 
 Instead of dying out, the fever mounted higher and higher. It was too 
 late that season to attempt to cross the plains, but many of the Keokuk 
 county people began their preparations for starting early in the coming 
 spring. The one great subject of discussion about the firesides of the log- 
 cabins of Keokuk county that winter was the gold of California. At one^ 
 time nearly every man in the county was unsettled in mind, and seriously 
 considering the project of starting for California. The more hardy and 
 adventurous impatiently awaited the time when they should abandon the 
 little property and comfortable homes already gained by honest thrift, and 
 join the wild rush for California as soon as the weather and grass would 
 permit. Even the most thoughtful and sober-rninded men found it difficult 
 to resist the infection. 
 
 Wonderful sights were seen when this great emigration passed through — 
 sights that may never be again seen in the county, perhaps. Some of the 
 wagons were drawn by cows; other gold-hunters went on foot, and hauled 
 their worldly goods in hand-carts. The gold-hunters generally had left 
 ibe moralities of life behind them, and were infested with a spirit of dis- 
 
/* 
 
 5^,^. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKDK COUNTY. 429 
 
 order and demoralization. Tlie settlers breathed easier when they had 
 
 Early in the spring of 1850 the rush began, one line of the California 
 trail passing directly through this county. It must have been a scene to 
 beggar all description. There was one continuous line of wagons from 
 east to west as far as the eye could reach, moving steadily westward, and, 
 like a cyclone, drawing into its course on the right and left many of those 
 along its pathway. The gold-hunters from Keokuk county crowded eagerly 
 into the gaps in the wagon-trains, bidding farewell to their nearest and 
 dearest friends, and many of them never to be seen again on earth. Sadder 
 farewells were never spoken. Many of the gold-hunters left their quiet, 
 peaceful homes only to find in the " Far West " utter disappointment and 
 death. Very, very few of them ever gained anything, and the great ma^ 
 jority lost everything, including even " their lives, their fortunes and their 
 Bacred honor." The persons who really gained by the gold excitement 
 were those who remained on their farms and sold their produce to the gold- 
 crazy emigrants. The rush continued until about the first of June, 1850, 
 when the great tide began to abate, although belated gold-hunters kept 
 passing through for some time. But the excitement began to die away, 
 and those citizens who had judgment enough to resist the contagion now 
 settled down in qniet to pursue the even tenor of their way. 
 
 The scene along this line, through this vicinity, in thus described by one 
 who was an eye-witness: 
 
 " It seemed that Bedlam itself had been let loose. A continuous line of 
 wagons, stretching away to the west as far as the eye could see. If a wagon 
 was detained by being broken down, or by reason of a sick horse or ox, it 
 was dropped out of line and the gap closed up immediately. If a poor 
 mortal should sicken and die, the corpse was buried hurriedly by the way- 
 side, without cofiBn or burial service. When night came on, the line of 
 wagons was turned aside, and their proprietors would go into camp. Very 
 soon the sound of revelry would begin around the camp-fires thickly set on 
 every hand, first to bottle and then to cards, to the echo of the most horrid 
 oaths and imprecations that were ever conceived or uttered since the fall of 
 man. These poor deluded votaries of Mammon scattered that dreadful 
 scourge, small-pox, everywhere that they came in contact with the settlers 
 on the way. Game cards were strewn all along the line of travel. Glass 
 bottles, after being emptied of their nefarious contents down the throats of 
 the men, were dashed against wagon wheels, pieces of which were thickly 
 strewn all along the road, as if to mock the madness of the advancing column 
 of these fervent janizaries of the golden calf. 
 
 "At the time of the treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo, the population of 
 California did not exceed thirty thousand, while at the time of which we 
 are writing (1850) there were more than one hundred and fifty thousand 
 people that had found their way thither, of which number at least one 
 hundred thousand were 'gold-hunters' from the States. There had been 
 taken from the auriferous beds of California, up to January, 1850, over 
 $40,000,000 in gold. ' 
 
 "The evil eflects of this gold mania upon the moral status of the people 
 of the United States is still seen and felt everywhere, and among all classes 
 of society, and no man can see the end. It has popularized the worship of 
 
 27 
 
430 HISTOBY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Mammon to an alarming extent througliout the country, and to this worship 
 may be imputed, to a great extent, the moral declension of to-day." 
 
 Years after, this county had another gold excitement, which, happily, 
 was not so serious as the first, and did not produce the same evil effects. 
 But it is an equally good illustration to show how quickly men will lose 
 their senses when they hope to gain wealth more rapidly than by honest 
 work and thrift. 
 
 The excitement of the discovery of gold at Pike's Peak, in 1859, drew 
 off a large nnmber of the citizens of the county, many of whom returned 
 poorer than they went, and glad and anxious to get home again from that 
 land of high prices and small profits trom mining. We have not been able 
 to discover that any of the gold-seekers from the county ever became 
 ''bonanza kings." 
 
 When the leading men of the nation were bending all their energies 
 toward the perfecting of arrangements whereby the one-hundredth anni- 
 versa,ry of the nation might be creditably celebrated, and hundreds of 
 people all over the western country were looking forward to the great 
 "Centennial," when they should visit the home of their childhood, 
 and, as they expressed it, "take in the Centennial," there were hundreds of 
 others whose eyes were turned in the other direction. 
 
 The Custer expedition which, by order of the government, had made an 
 examination of the rich hunting grounds of the Sioux Indians returned, 
 and the official report of the expedition confirmed the former rumors with 
 regard to the rich gold deposits of that region. The whole West was 
 immediately ablaze with excitement, and although the government had not 
 authorized the opening of that country for immigration, and although the 
 savages were known to be numerous and hostile, yet from every quarter 
 came the cry, "to the Black Hills!" 
 
 The leading lines of railway leading across the State were taxed to fur- 
 nish transportation for the thousands who sought to throng the trains, and 
 upon every wagon route leading west and northwest might be seen mule 
 teams, ox teams, and teams of horses with their steps leading toward the 
 Black Hills. From the West, too, came the gold-hunters. Hundreds of 
 men who, in forty-nine and fifty, had crossed the plains to the Pacific in quest 
 of the yellow treasure, now retraced their steps in seach of the god which 
 was supposed to be enshrined in the dominions of "Sitting Bull." This 
 ruler of the dusky race did not invite into his dominions these worshipers 
 of the golden god, but on the contrary most emphatically objected to this 
 violation of sacred treaties; moreover he gave some very decided exhibi- 
 tions of his displeasure, and from the belts of warriors soon dangled many 
 a pale-face scalp; yet the multitude surged on, and the watch- word was, 
 "to the Black Hills! Sitting Bull or no Sitting Bull." The opening of 
 several rich mines, and the founding of the city of Deadwood, was the 
 result. While some made their fortunes, many thousands lost their all, and 
 those who did not lose their lives on the plains returned poor, disheartened 
 and many broken down in health. Keokuk county furnished its full quota 
 to the Black Hills army, and the Black Hills army furnished to Keoknk 
 county its full quota of paupers, and thus was equilibrium again restored. 
 
HISTOET OP KEOKUK COUNTY, 431 
 
 JOHlSr BROWN'S SOUL AND BLEEDING KANSAS. 
 
 Americans are familiar with the contest which preceded tiie admission 
 of Kansas into the Union. The facts of that contest have become matters 
 of record and as such are familiar to all students of history. Not only so; 
 every school boy in conning over his history lesson becomes familiar with 
 such terms as "Squatter Sovereignty," "Border Ruffian," and such 
 iiames as "John Brown " and "Jim Lane." 
 
 There are, however, attending facts connected with that unhappy strife 
 which have not passed into history, and some of them of local interest, 
 properly belonging to the history of Keokuk county. 
 
 It is not generally known that the line of comrannication between Kan- 
 sas and the free States of the East lay through Keokuk county; that men 
 living in this county were members of the Free Kansas Emigrant Aid 
 Society; that one of the leading citizens of the county organized branch 
 societies or committees all along the line; and that it was Sigourney where 
 John Brown and Gen. Jim Lane first met. 
 
 Prefatory to the narration of these facts it will be proper, for the pur- 
 pose of better understanding the matter, to give a brief synopsis of the 
 Kansas difficulties. 
 
 By the " Missouri Compromise Bill," passed in 1820, slavery was pro- 
 hibited in all the territory bought of France north of the southern boun- 
 dary of Missouri — Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas Nebraska Bill," 
 which congress passed in 1854, this prohibition was repealed and the terri- 
 tories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized. 
 
 As soon as this bill was passed emigrants from all parts of the Union 
 began to pour into Kansas, those from the North determined to make it a 
 free State and those from the South determined to make it a slave State. 
 Emigrant societies were formed in the North to colonize Kansas with anti- 
 slavery inhabitants. The South sent its representatives also, and from the 
 tieighboring State of Missouri armed bands crossed the border, hence the 
 name "border ruffians." Owing to the fact that the States bordering on 
 Kansas from the east and south were slave States and the people intensely 
 hostile to anti-slavery colonization it was necessary for the emigrant soci- 
 eties of the North to send their emigrants north-west through Iowa into 
 Nebraska and from thence south into Kansas. To facilitate the passage of 
 emigrants through Iowa an emigrant society was formed at Iowa City on 
 June 10, 1856, at which time George "Woodin, Wm. Sanders and S. N. 
 Hartwell were appointed to make a tour of this tier of counties and also 
 the tier of counties north, in order to enlist certain leading men at each 
 important point iu the work of furthering "emigrants" on their way. 
 This term "emigrant" must be taken in a qualified sense. It is true that 
 many of the people at this time going to Kansas were genuine emigrants 
 and consisted of families in search of homes; but the larger portion of 
 these "emigrants" consisted of well-armed and well-disciplined companies 
 of men who were on their way for Kansas to fight rather than to farm. 
 
 The meeting held at Iowa City on June 10, 1856, was a public meeting 
 at which several spirited speeches were made but after the public meeting 
 t of a general character adjourned a private meeting for special purposes 
 " met. " It was at this private meeting that the following address or commis- 
 sion was drawn up and placed in the hands of Mr. Woodin. who seems to 
 have been chiefly instrumental in opening up aline of communication: 
 
432 HISTOHT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 " To the friends of the Kansas Free State 'cause in Iowa: 
 
 " The undersigned have been appointed a committee to act in connection 
 with similar committees appointed in Chicago, and in other States, and 
 with committees of like character to be appointed in the various counties 
 of this State, and especially in those counties lying west and south-west 
 of us. 
 
 " The plan ot operations is the establishment of a direct route and speedy 
 communication for emigrants into Kansas. The committe have appointed 
 Messrs. Geo. D. "Woodin, Esq., William Sanders and Capt. S. N. Hartwell 
 to visit your place for the purpose of having a committee appointed there 
 to facilitate the general plan of operation and carry out the details. They 
 will explain to you the minutiae of this plan at gi-eater length than we are 
 able to do in this communication, 
 
 " Capt. Hartwell is a member of the State legislature in Kansas and is 
 recently from the scene of the ruffian atrocities which have been committed 
 in that embryo State. 
 
 " We have here pledged ' our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honors ' 
 to make Kansas a, free State and we shall expect our friends from this place 
 westward will give us their hearty co-operation. 
 
 " Yours in the cause of Freedom, 
 « W. P. Clark, Ch'n. 
 " C.W. HoBAET, Sec'y. 
 " H. D. UowNET,. Treas. 
 "I. ]Sr. Jeeome. 
 " Lyman Allen. 
 
 " Iowa City, June 10, 1856." « M. L. Mokris." 
 
 As before remarked Mr. Woodin in particular was active and diligent in 
 transacting the business delegated to him. He made a complete tour of the 
 counties lying in the proposed route of the "emigrants" and established 
 committees. He succeeded in enlisting in this enterprise the most active 
 and reliable men in the various towns which he visited who were in sympa- 
 thy with the movement. Most of these men are still living and many of 
 them have since achieved a national reputation. The following are the 
 names of the individuals composing the committees at the various points 
 along the route: ' 
 
 Wasonville — Isaac Farley, Myron Frisbee, N. G. Field. 
 
 Sigourney—N. H. Keath, A. T. Page, T. S. Byers, A. C. Price. 
 
 Oskaloosa — William H. Seevers, A. M. Cassiday, James A. Young, Louis 
 Eeinhart, S. A. Eice. 
 
 Knoxville — J. M. Bay ley, James Matthews, Hiram W. Curtis, William 
 M. Stone, James Sample, Joseph Brobst. 
 
 Indianola—B. S. Noble, Geo. W. Jones, Lewis Todhunter, J. T. Lacy, 
 G. W. Clark, H. W. Maxwell. 
 
 Osceola— 3. D. Howard, G. W. Thompson, A. F. Sprague, John Butcher, 
 J. G. Miller, G. L. Christie. 
 
 Quincy—R. B. Lockwood, T. W. Stanley, H. B. Clark, E. G. Bengen, D. 
 Ritchey. 
 
 Winterset—R. J. B. Cummings, W. L. McPherson, D. F. Arnold, W. W- 
 McKnight, J. J. Hutchings. 
 
•HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 433 
 
 • Des Moines— K. J. Stevens, T. H. Sypherd, W. W. Williamson, E. S. 
 Chrystal. 
 
 Ifewton — H. "Welker, "William Skiff, William Springer, E. Hammer, H. 
 J. Skiff. ._ ^ ^ 
 
 It was necessary to observe great caution and secresy, as the administra- 
 tion was at tliat time in sympathy with the pro-slavery party and United 
 States marshals were on the lookout for armed bands on their way to 
 Kansas from the north. The underground railroad having been put into 
 good running order. Superintendent Woodin and his station-agents did 
 quite a business in forwarding "emigrants" during the fall, winter and 
 following sprfng and summer. 
 
 One incident connected with the workings of the underground railroad 
 especially deserves mention, it was the first meeting of Gen. Jim Lane and 
 John Brown. 
 
 ' Late in the summer of 1856 the people of Sigourney were considerably 
 interested in an unusually large number of emigrants who came through 
 the town late in the afternoon and encamped for the night near by. Persons 
 who had no connection with the "Emigration Society" noticed that Dr. 
 Price and other members of the committee soon became very intimate with 
 the leading men among the " emigrants." In fact so intimate were Price 
 and his conferees with the chief emigrants that they held a conference in a 
 back parlor of the Clinton House, then the leading hotel of Sigourney. 
 After the conference had lasted some time the emigrants returned to their 
 camp to look after some business while the committee remained in the room 
 at the hotel awaiting their return. In the meantime there was a knock on 
 the door, which being opened admitted a healthy, robust man dressed in 
 the garb of a frontiersman, who announced himself as Captain Moore from 
 Kansas, and desiring to see one Jim Lane whom he expected to find at that 
 place. He was informed by the committee that Jim Lane, for such one of 
 the "emigrants" proved to be, had just retired but would return shortly. 
 Upon the invitation of the committee, the stranger took a seat, but upon 
 being questioned by the committee with regard to Kansas affairs, mani- 
 fested considerable reticence, not caring, apparently, to discuss those mat- 
 ters. Presently Lane returned, and upon being introduced, the stranger 
 looking him steadfastly in the face, and taking as it were an estimate of the 
 man from head to foot, said: " You are Jim Lane, are you? Well, I am 
 John Brown. I guess we have heard of one another before." John Brown 
 now satisfied that he was in the companj' of friends, and that his cause in 
 Kansas would not suffer by a narration of events then transpiring in that 
 Territory, threw off his former reserve and talked freely and passionately. 
 It is said by persons who were in the room that they never heard such elo- 
 quent and impassioned words fall from the tongue of living man as those 
 Tittered by Brown when speaking of the Kansas troubles. He first spoke 
 of the country; of its beautiful prairies, its rich soil and its beautiful rivers, 
 and while doing so his countenance lit up with an almost superhuman light 
 iand cheerfulness; pausing for a moment he seemed to be deeply moved, 
 his countenance underwent an entire change, and from being an angel. 
 Brown now resembled a fiend. At length he broke forth in the most vehe- 
 nient language; he spoke of the blighting curse of slavery and of the over- 
 , bearing conduct of the pro-slavery men in their efforts to extend the 
 accursed system ; of the atrocities of the border rufiians from Missouri. 
 When at length he contemplated the possibility of this fair land becoming 
 
434' HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 blasted by the curse of slavery, its beautiful prairies turned into slave plan- 
 tations, its fertile soil pressed by the foot of bondmen, its beautiful streama 
 flowing past slave-pens, he was unable to control liimself; he strode through 
 the room, he stamped on the floor and tore his hair with his sunburnt 
 hands. Jim Lane became inspired by the words of his new-made acquaint- 
 ance and it was arranged that he should make a speech that night in 
 Sigourney. The speech was made from a dry goods box in front of Page's 
 stone block which stood where now is McCauley's hardware store. 
 
 The "emigrants" had in their train a queer-looking vehicle, which they 
 said was a prairie plow; it was covered with a tarpaulin, and some of th© 
 curious citizens, after the "emigrants" had fallen asleep, were anxious to see 
 what kind of an agricultural implement these tillers of the soil had, any- 
 way; a slight investigation convinced these inquisitive ones that it would 
 plow up the ground in spots if it once got to work on the soil of "bleeding 
 kausas," but that it would be too noisy and dangerous for the fallow 
 ground of Iowa. That prairie plow proved to be an eight-pound cannon, 
 and was heard from inside of thirty days thereafter. The emigrants, num- 
 bering some seventy-five, left the next morning, accompanied by John 
 Brown and Jim Lane. Bleeding Kansas, after bleeding for some four 
 years, boasting for part of the time in two rival territorial governments, wa& 
 admitted into the Union as a free State in 1861. Jim Lane's pathetic end, fall- 
 ing a victim to his own vices and his own hands, and Brown's misguided, but 
 noble and heroic campaign at Harper's Ferry, are subjects of fireside con- 
 versation in almost every household in the land, and it is hoped that the 
 narration of the foregoing incidents, trifling in themselves, but momentous 
 as forming circumstances attending great national events, will not arouse 
 any slumbering animosities nor engender any new strifes. 
 
 THE GEEAT TOENADO. 
 
 In early days Iowa had an unenviable notoriety for wind storms: and 
 undeservedly so; for while a number of frightful storms have swept across 
 the State, they have not been greater in number nor more destructiye in 
 their results than in other States. 
 
 One of the most destructive tornadoes which ever passed through this 
 latitude was the one occurring on the 23d of May, 1873. Certain portions 
 of Keokuk county were particularly unfortunate. 
 
 The following account of that tornado, with a minute description of its 
 effects in this county, was written for the "Sigourney News," by John A. 
 Donnell, Esq., which we copy entire : 
 
 "The most terrific whirlwind, simoon, tornado, cyclone — or whatever 
 name you may choose to call it — ever known, passed over a portion of this 
 county on Thursday last, leaving death, destruction, and utter ruin in its 
 track. 
 
 "At about 6 o'clock in the morning the rain came down in torrents, andin 
 less than thirty minutes the streams were 'on a tear,' and gave us new 
 high-water marks — the highest for may years. After it was over the 
 people gazed up into the heavens and wished for dry weather, with about as 
 much solicitude, I imagine, as Noah did, when the waters of the flood sub- 
 sided, and the dove was sen t forth from the window of the ark to look for 
 the top of the mountain. The morning was warm and sultry ; noon came, 
 and up to that time, neither wind, hail nor rain. 
 
HISTOBT OF EEOEITK COTTNTr. 435 
 
 "At about half-past 2 o'clock p. m., the clouds gathered in the west. More 
 rain was predictd. An ominous silence prevailed — not a bird sung, and 
 not a leaf fluttered in the air. The clouds passed over from the northwest to 
 the southeast. — just as clouds often do — a few drops of rain came down at 
 first, then the bottom seemed to fall out and in a few minutes the streams 
 were on another "bender." But still tliere was no wind, and as yet but 
 little hail. The rain almost ceased, and Old Probabilities being absent, 
 some of his lineal descendants looked again into the heavens and prophesied 
 fair weather, but a yellowish tinge in the west and northwest caused many 
 to shake their heads in doubt. 
 
 "In a few minutes the drops of rain began to fall again, with hail-stones 
 the size of a hazel-nut, and when one came down as large as an acorn, it 
 was picked up and displayed to the eager crowd as a trophy. Stories were 
 remembered, that were told by the grandfathers of the present generation, 
 of hail-stones falling as large as a hen's egg, in some other State. Bnt 
 Tonng America wouldn't believe it. Bnt they did believe it, for while 
 these old stories were being repeated, hail-stones came down thick and fast, 
 weighing from two to eight ounces, and measuring from three to four and a 
 half inches in diameter. Some were round and looked like white door- 
 knobs; some were ragged and had the appearance of broken geodes; others 
 looked like quartz, and many were egg-shaped; some had the appearance 
 of three or tour hail-stones having been frozen or melted togetlier — and 
 when they fell on the house, awnings or sidewalks, some would bound like 
 a "Star" ball, and others would break and fly like glass into a thousand 
 pieces. One hail-stone came down on the head of Dudley Buck, who was 
 standing on his porch, and started the "claret," bnt without waiting for 
 further ceremonies Mr. B. retired into the house, fully persuaded that he 
 could see just as well by standing a little back. 
 
 "During this time, to the southwest of Sigourney about nine miles, two 
 clouds were seen — one above the other — darting hither and thither, back- 
 ward and forward, upward and downward, like one bird darts at another in 
 the air, when suddenly, with a whirl, the two came together, and then sailed 
 forth in an easterly direction at the rate of about twenty-five miles an hour, 
 on an errand of death and destruction. 
 
 "It bore the resemblance of a funnel, with the small end down, or, per- 
 haps, shaped like the hopper of a grist or coflfe-mill, but with this distin- 
 gnishing diflference: In this whirlwind hopper the grist came in at the 
 bottom and went out at the top, 
 
 "When it had broken in pieces and almost ground to powder everything 
 it gathered in its march, the centrifugal force carried the contents to the 
 outer rim, and it boiled over like soda-water. Sometimes it went up like a 
 rocket fifty or sixty feet high, and moved with the current for a mils, and 
 then like a hawk, with one fell swoop it came to the ground, and swept 
 everything in its onward march from the face of the earth. 
 
 "Without a detailed description of the sad havoc done at the starting 
 point west of Haysville, about nine miles southwest of Sigourney, which 
 was very great indeed, let us drive to a point where the tornado crossed 
 North Skunk river, about eight miles southeast of Sigourney, and see what 
 we can see in a two hours' ride along the track to the northeast. 
 
 "We stop where the hospitable mansion of Joseph Kohlhaus stood a few 
 days since, only a quarter of a mile north of where the tornado crossed the 
 river. At a glance we can tell that, prior to the coming of the Storm 
 
i36 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 King, lone, weary years of toil and patient waiting had brought Mr. K. a 
 competence of this world's goods, but in less than fifteen minutes time his 
 riches had taken wings and flown to the uttermost parts of the earth. His 
 dwelling, saw-mill, out-buildings, fences, in the track of the storm, are all 
 
 fone. Some of the castings of the mill were picked up two miles away! 
 'he water in the pond between the mill and the river, was scooped up as 
 with a dipper, and rolled up to the summit of the hill where his house 
 stood, at least forty feet above the level of the pond. 
 
 "Ducks were sucked up out of the pond, and their feathers picked off as 
 clean as they are picked for a barbacue, and they were dumped out 'dead 
 ducks' half a mile away. Down the river bank, great elms and hackbefry 
 trees were snapped asunder like pipe-stems, and their standing stumps, 
 stripped of their bark, are wliite and ghostly. Hazel-brush, crab^apple 
 trees, and white thorns are bruised and twisted, and lean to every point of 
 the compass. Fence-stakes, boards, and two-by-four pieces of every variety 
 and length, are sticking in the ground almost as thick as the stakes in 
 Waite's vineyard. _ ' 
 
 "We went to the spot where the house once stood. There, on the hill- 
 side, fronting to the south, we found the cellar only, used by the family of 
 Mr. K. as a residence, and Mrs. K. "at home," ready to receive us and tell 
 ns her story. She is as blue in the face as indigo, and rolling up the sleeve 
 of her dress, she showed us an arm, bruised and blackened from the shoulder 
 to the hand. She was otherwise injured, and from her personal appear- 
 ance we wonder that she escaped alive. 
 
 "We asked her if she saw the storm coming. 
 
 "Mrs. K. — 'Yes, sir; we saw it about half an hour before the storm 
 reached us. The air was black with dirt and missiles, and looked like 
 flocks of geese flying.' 
 
 "When your house went down, who was in it ? 
 
 "Mrs. K.-'My husband and myself, John Gross, our son-in-law, my son Cas- 
 per, my daughter Mary, and Lewis Kinsel. Five of us were more or less hurt, 
 Ijut none seriously but John Gross, and he will get well again. Dr. Cook, of 
 Sigourney, comes to see us. We are very thankful that we were not killed; 
 but everything we had is all gone — our house, our mill, our clothing and 
 fences, all gone, and it will take $3,000, or more, to fix up our place 
 
 " At this Mrs. K. grew silent. She tried to speak on, but could not; her 
 eyes filled with tears as she looked upon the ruins of her once beautiful 
 home — fitted up only after twenty years of unremitting care and toil. 
 
 "We strolled over, say forty acres of the farm, and here is apart of what 
 we saw: The ground was strewn with rails, logs, sills, pieces of roof, stud^ 
 ding, pieces of pumps, pieces of work-benches, pieces of walking-plows, 
 pieces of chains, spokes, castings, hubs, pieces of brick-bats, pieces of 
 stoves, bedsteads, wagon tires, the rim of wagon wheels, with tire and fel- 
 lows only, chickens, ducks and turkeys with every feather blown off, rats, 
 rabbits, wool, plowshares, pieces of clothing, and a piece of every kind of 
 farm machinery and bedsteads sold or offered for sale in this county. The 
 ground itself is literally punched full of holes by falling timbers, and in 
 many places the grass and growing wheat seemed torn out by the roots. 
 One field, planted with corn, is well seeded with wheat, oats and rye, and it 
 is now coming up as thick as it can stand. Apple trees eighteen inches 
 through are twisted off or entirely uprooted, and the grape vines lie broken 
 
HISTORY OF KEOK0K COUNTY. 437 
 
 ftnd bleeding on the ground. From Mr. Kohlhaus' wedrove to Peter Marshe's 
 farm, a distance of about three miles to the northeast. On the way we passed 
 the farm of George Starr, who had twelve head of fat cattle, three and 
 four-year old, taken up into the air with the ease that a strong man would 
 toss up his baby, and after being carried an incredible distance, they were 
 dropped to the ground with broken limbs and broken necks. They were 
 burned the next day in one common funeral pile. The little groves by the 
 roadside were stripped of every leaf, and they remind us very raucli of the 
 bundles of wheat in olden times after they were used to stop the cylinder 
 of a tnmbling-shaft threshing machine. We passed by the ruins of a new 
 barn, just completed by Mr. Leutz, at a cost of $1,000, and in a few min- 
 utes were at the residence of Gray, now converted into a hospital. Here 
 we find Peter Marsh, his wife and two children, all seriously injured, the 
 wife fatally. The little babe was killed in its father's arms. One-quarter 
 of a mile northwest of George Gray's stand the ruins of the house and 
 barn of Peter Marsh, where the whirlwind wrought such great ruin. The 
 house and barn seemed to stand in the center of the track, and as we drove 
 towards them the debris was piled up by the neighbors in piles until the 
 entire portion of the farm traversed by the tornado had the appearance of 
 a meadow thickly studded with shocks of hay. The barn was a good one, 
 with a stone basement, and not a stone or piece of lumber can be found 
 above the ground. Three horses were killed outright in this barn, and of 
 two hundred chickens, before the storm, only thirteen remain, and seven 
 of these had the feathers blown from their heads and necks. The house, 
 which stood about thirty yards distant to the southwest, was built of hewed 
 logs, about fifteen feet sq-uare, with frame porch to the front on the south. 
 Standing on the ruius, we met Wendell Horace, the father of Mrs. Marsh, 
 and with him we walked over the grounds and heard his story. 
 
 "How far do you live from here, Mr. Horace ? 
 
 " Mr. H. — ' Over there, about half a mile.' 
 
 " Where were you during the storm? 
 
 "Mr. H. — ' I was at home; but as soon as it was over I came down here 
 to look for my children. Mrs. Marsh is my daughter. Here, where we 
 stand, is where the house stood. Come with me and I will show yon where 
 we found my daughter and her children.' 
 
 " We went with Mr. H. about thirty yards to the southwest, in the di- 
 rection that the tornado came from, and in a slough we stepped upon some 
 house logs, and Mr. Horace continued: 
 
 " ' Here are some of the logs of the house, and here they were all found. 
 When the storm was coming, Mr. Marsh walked out on the porch and 
 looked southwest, and saw Mr. Leutz' new barn go down, and fearing his 
 own house might go, he went back into the house and wanted to leave it 
 with his family. He picked up his little babe, about six months old, and 
 started out, but his children were afraid to follow, and he returned, closed 
 the door and tried to hold it, but something struck it, and all he knows 
 about it is that the house came down, or went up, and, with the child in 
 his arms, he was taken up and let down three different times. The. last 
 time he fell here in the slough, and something struck him with great force, 
 and killed the child in his arms. He looked down and saw his wife with 
 her arms around the two other children— all under those house-logs, and 
 how the babe escaped from his arms'he cannot tell, but he remembers that 
 he lifted the logs off his wife and children, and turned to pick up the babe, 
 
438 HISTOBT OF KEOKDK COUNTY. 
 
 but found it was gone. Every particle of elothing was blown from Mr. Marsh 
 and his family, and when rescued by their neighbors they were covered! 
 with mud.' 
 
 " Did yon find the baby afterward ? 
 
 " Mr. H. — ' Yes, I found it myself, over there, about seventy-five yards to 
 the southeast, dead, and covered with mud. Its head was all broken. I 
 brought it here and washed it, and the next day it was buried. Mr. Marsh, 
 and the rest of the family, are now over at Mr. Gray's, and they will all 
 get well, may be, except my daughter, I don't know, but I guess she will die. 
 The doctor thinks she is very bad.' 
 
 "Mrs. Engledinger was your daughter too, was she not ? 
 
 "Mr. H. — 'Yes, sir, she was my daughter too, and she and her little 
 child were killed over there, about three miles from here. My dangiiter was 
 blown all to pieces. We gathered up what we could find of her a mile 
 around, and buried her and the baby next day. We could not find all.' 
 
 " Here the strong heart of Mr. Horace gave way, and he sobbed like a 
 child. He is a kind-hearted, generous German, and with tearful eyes and 
 subdued voice, he uttered these words : ' I tell yon, gentlemens, it been mighty 
 hard on me — loose my children so,' and he turned away in his declining 
 years heart- broken and desolate. 
 
 "We spoke a few words of sympathy, and passed on. Within a few feet 
 of the spot where Mr. Marsh and his family were picked up, we saw in the 
 muddy debris just as the tornado left it, house-logs, pieces of chains, dishes 
 and crockery, pieces of stoves and stove furniture, plane-bits, sickle-barS, 
 bridle-snaps, hoop-iron, wagon-tires curled like shavings, pieces of corn 
 plows and reapers, a cross-cut saw, and a thousand and one pieces of boards 
 and lumber of all kinds, all sizes, and all lengths. Who could go up in a 
 whirlwind with all these things and come down alive ? And yet we have 
 said nothing of the fat cattle, wagon wheels and plow-shares, that were in 
 that same mill a part of the time. Immediately south of this the growing 
 oats were blown out of the ground, and shelled corn is scattered suflScient 
 for all pigeons in Iowa for a month. The grape-vines were twisted off, and 
 the apple trees, about six inches in diameter, were brviised and broken and 
 twisted and lean in whinls to-day, just as the whirlwind left them. Stand- 
 ing upon the ruins of Marsh's house, and looking at the complete ruin 
 wrought, we thought the whirlwind must have been something like a huge 
 augur two hundred yards across the bit, that went driving through the air, 
 whirling as it went. 
 
 "Mr. M arsh's loss of property will exceed $2,500. From Mr. Marsh's 
 we went to Murphy place, about half a mile to the northeast, passing as we 
 went the ruins of Michael Fuh's house, and barn, and out-houses. His loss 
 is heavy. When his house went down, one of his boys started to his uncle's 
 about two miles distant to the east, and the wind helped him along at in- 
 tervals about half the distance. When found, one of his eyes were out and 
 his arm broken. At the Murphy place, owned by Mr. Harris about two 
 weeks only, the storm did the wildest kind of work. The tall cottonwood 
 trees that stand like sentinels around the front yard, are stripped of branches, 
 bark and leaves; the house and household goods were probably blown to 
 Halifax, or some other seaport. Rails, sills, and all the muddy debris like 
 that to be found at Kewhouse's and Marsh's, strew the ground as far the 
 eye can reach, and the top of the hedge fence is riddled in pieces, and looki 
 like a row of old-fashioned split scrub-brooms. 
 
HISTOET or KEOKUK COUNTY, 4:39 
 
 '(It is said that everything that grows is of some use; and at this place we 
 fpnnd out what a wild gooseberry bush is fit for. When the house came 
 down with five boys and one girl in it, one of the boys crawled under the 
 wild gooseberry bush, and by clinging to it was saved. Two others of the 
 boys were found in the cellar with logs on them, and the remaining two 
 boys, one fourteen and the other twelve years bf age, were found with their 
 heads in a No. 8 Loyal cook-stove, with lumber and trash piled upon them 
 so high they could not get out without assistance. We saw one of the boys 
 to-day kindle a fire in the same cook-stove, and he is as sound as a trout, 
 and happy as a king. At this place three horses, one cow, one yearling 
 calf and five liogs were killed, and other stock seriously hurt. Mr. Harris' 
 loss will exceed $2,000. 
 
 " But the story is not yet half told and never can be. Further on in the- 
 track lies the farm of Paul Pfeifer, whose remodeled house looks like a 
 new one not yet painted. He sustains a loss of about $1,500. 
 
 "Mr. Kortch's loss is perhaps the greatest in property destroyed of any of 
 the sufferers in this county. He can not replace it with $5,000 in cash, and 
 •the loss of Engledinger will amount to not less than $2,000. 
 
 " To these sums add $500 for the loss sustained by Mr. Beevin, $1,000 for 
 the loss sustained by Geo. Starr, and $10,000 for the loss in Lancaster town- 
 ship, and we have an aggregate of $27,500 for the loss in Keokuk county^ 
 and this large sum will not near cover it. 
 
 "The following is a list of the killed and wounded, as far as known: 
 
 "Killed — Mrs. Engledinger and child; child of Mr. Marsh, Mrs. Marsh 
 — died to-day. 
 
 "Wounded — Mr. Marsh severely, and two children slightly; Mrs. Kohl- 
 haus, Mr. Kohlhaus, John Gross, Oasper Kohlhaus, Mary Kohlhaus, Mr, 
 Lowe, child of Mr. Fuhs, two boys of Mr. Hamis, Mrs. and Mr. Kortch, 
 and some others, were all more or less injured, but none seriously except 
 Jno. Gross. 
 
 "We returned from the sad scene thankful that the storm did not visit 
 our city in its fury. Had it done so, the comfortable houses we now enjoy, 
 our brick blocks and public buildings, and everything in the track of the 
 wild destroyer, would have gone down with a crash» and the mangled forms 
 of many that we love would have been borne to their last resting places be- 
 neath the cypress and the willow. 
 
 "And now, at the close of this article, pardon one suggestion; 'tis this : 
 Would it not be well for our people — of tiown and country — to unite in a 
 petition to the board of supervisors of our county, and ask a liberal appro- 
 priation for the relief of those who were so unfortunate as to live in the 
 track of the storm, and who lost not only houses and loved ones, but the 
 savings of a life-time, in a few moments. Besides this, let us give of our 
 substance as it hath been given to us. \*" 
 
 In accordance with the suggestion made in the closing paragraph of the 
 foregoing article, the board of supervisors, at the June session, passed the 
 following order: 
 
 "The board of supervisors having been asked by petitions numerously 
 signed, to make and appropriation from the county funds for the relief of 
 such of our citizens as had their homes destroyed by the tornado which re- 
 cently passed over a portion of our county. May 23, 1873, and who are in a 
 snffering and destitute condition; therefore, 
 
 ■' BesoVoed, That William Jackson, T. McCoy and Mathias Blaise be ap- 
 
440 HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 pointed to investigate into the condition and circumstances of said sufferers 
 to ascertain the extent of their necessities and to extend to those whose con- 
 dition require it, relief from the county fund to any amount not to exceed 
 $1,500; and the auditor is authorized to draw warrants for said purpose in 
 favor of said committe, or on their order to said sufferers in guch amounts 
 as may be desirable to effect the object, not to exceed in the aggregate of 
 fifteen hundred dollars." 
 
 A WESTERN EOMANOE. ■ 
 
 During the winter of 1841-3 there appeared at Iowa City a stranger who 
 gave his name as Col. Wm. Johnson, and who was accompanied by a young 
 woman whom he represented as his daughter, and whom he called Catha- 
 rine, or, usually, Kit. Both were of more than ordinary strength of char- 
 acter, and well educated. Johnson claimed to have been the hero of the 
 Canadian revolt, which took place in 1838, and was the occasion of consid- 
 erable diplomatic correspondence, and came so near causing war between 
 C-reat Britain and the United States. The girl, he stated, was the " queen 
 of a thousand isles," and authentic history so far corroborates his story as 
 to mention the fact that on the St. Lawrence there was a certain young 
 woman who gave aid and assistance to the patriots in this border trouble. 
 Johnson succeeded in cutting quite a figure in Iowa City during the ses- 
 sion of the legislature. He was honored by a seat on the floor of the 
 house, and was toasted and banqueted by some of the law-makers of the 
 then State capital. In 1842 Johnson located at the geographical centre of 
 Buchanan county, where he proposed laying out a town, and where he ex- 
 pected by his fame and prowess to draw around him a band of followers, 
 and secure the county-seat. This excited the jealousy of the first settler 
 of that region, Wm. Bennet, a notorious character, who had laid out a 
 village where Quasqueton now stands, and where he hoped to enrich him- 
 self by securing the county-seat of the new county. Bennet gathered a 
 few congenial spirits about him, went over to Johnson's, loaded up his 
 effects for liim, then tied him to a tree and flogged him, though with what 
 severity is unknown, as accounts differ. Johnson went to Marion, where 
 he lodged complaints against his persecutors, and the sheriff of Linn 
 county rode up to Quasqueton to arrest Bennet. The latter awaited him at 
 his cabin door, armed with his rifle and a pair of pistols. The sheriff 
 modestly retired and went back for a posse. Bennet and his companions 
 became convinced that they had better leave Quasqueton for a while. On 
 their way to a place of escape they suftered terribly from intense cold. 
 Some of the parties perished, and others were frozen so as to be mutilated 
 for life. This, of course, aggravated Bennet still more, and he and John- 
 son became deadly foes. 
 
 Soon after Johnson, loving his popularity, left Buchanan county, got in 
 with a gang of horse-thieves, and fled to Mahaska county to escape the 
 law, bringing with him the girl Kit, and another man and woman. John- 
 son seemed to have this girl entirely under his control, and in his fits of 
 passion, it is said, threatened to kill her, in consequence of which she was 
 in mortal fear of him. Johnson located on Middle Creek, about eight 
 miles northeast of Oskaloosa, in a grove now owned by James K. Woods. 
 He there built a shanty. In tlie spring of '43, a family by the name of 
 Peck came to a point on Skunk river, about four miles from Oskaloosa, 
 
HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 441 
 
 •where Kussel Peck, with his son-in-law, Geo. N. Duncan, built a grist-mill. 
 Johnson and his daughter, so-called, lived for some time with the Duncans- 
 and Pecks, Several times, it is related, during the time he staid with 
 them, strangers from the north came there and asked to stay over night. 
 They were kindly treated, lodged, and nothing charged them. This made 
 Johnson very angry, the reason for which being, as was afterward learned, 
 that these were of Johnson's enemies in Buchanan county, who, for some 
 reason, did not get an opportunity to accomplish their purposes, i. e., re- 
 venge on Johnson." During this time an attachment sprang up between 
 Kit and Job Peck, son of Russel Peck, a young man of about twenty-one 
 years. Johnson was greatly enraged on discovering this, and removed to 
 his own cabin above mentioned, taking the girl with him. Wm. D. Neely 
 was engaged to Peck's sister, Sarah. An elopement was planned. While 
 Johnson was away one evening, about dusk. Kit was stolen away, and the 
 two couples started in an easterly direction. The following day they 
 reached the house of a relative of Peck's, about four miles from Fairfield, 
 where they were married and lodged for the night. Upon his return home, 
 Johnson set out in search for them, came to the house where the fugitives 
 were near one o'clock at night, entered the house, and, with drawn revol- 
 ver, dragged Kit from the bed, compelled her to dress herself, and mount 
 behind him and ride thus to his home. 
 
 The following evening, about seven o'clock, Johnson was shot dead 
 through a crevice in his cabin, while standing in front of the fire. Job 
 Peck was arrested on charge of the murder, taken to Washington county 
 and lodged in jail. His lawyers were J. C. Hall, of Mt. Pleasant, and 
 Colonel Thompson. These gentlemen, learning that a warrant was out 
 from the northern part of the State for the arrest of Kit, as being an ac- 
 complice of Johnson, it was arranged that the girl should be secreted until 
 she could be provided for. This was done, and a young law-student of 
 Hall's, named Wamsley, was sent with a buggy to Mahaska county, to the 
 girl's hiding-place. This Wamsley, while fording the Skunk river, a short 
 distance from Oskaloosa, met a man on horseback in the midst of the 
 stream. The stranger stated to Wamsley that he was in search of a girl, 
 giving her description, being the same one that Wamsley was after. The 
 latter, to throw the officer off of the track, told him he had seen such a 
 girl in a certain house in the direction in which he had come. The officer 
 started in pursuit, and Wamsley proceeded about three miles and a-half to 
 Kit's hiding-place. She was taken to Burlington, put on a steamboat, and 
 sent by Hall to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Job Peck was acquitted, having^ 
 proved an alibi. Some time after the murder, and during Peck's impris- 
 onment, a stranger stopped at Duncan's and informed them that his name 
 was Bennet; that he was one of the men who had stopped with them, and 
 whom they had so kindly treated ; that he and Johnson had been deadly 
 foes. He told the Duncan's that they need not be alarmed in regard to 
 Job's acquittal, as he (Bennet) knew Peck was not guilty, and gave the 
 Duncan's to understand that he knew who was. 
 
 If we are correctly informed, and We have good authority, the most ro- 
 mantic part of this story is yet to come. During the time that he was 
 imprisoned Peck knew nothing of his wife's whereabouts, nor was he in- 
 formed by his lawyer until some months after his release. Finally her 
 address was given him and he set out for Pittsburgh. There he found her 
 living with people of the highest respectability, in most elegant style. 
 
442 HISTORr OF keokuk cottnty. 
 
 Peck himself stated to our informant that the honse was furnished with a 
 grandeur that he had not dreamed of; that his wife was a fine musician; 
 that she had played for him on a piano in that house, and that he had these 
 evidences of her accomplishments, which he had not before conjectured. She 
 was ready to come away with him, did come, and for several years lived near 
 Oskaloosa with him. Parties now living remember her well; say that she 
 was a woman of fine education, of refinement and unblemished character, 
 wrote a beautiful letter, and gave every evidence of a good " bringing up." 
 No one believes — she herself denies — that Johnson was her father; but who 
 she was, or who Johnson was, possibly her husband, certainly her husband's 
 family never knew. She lived happily with Peck in California, until the 
 latter's death. She has a noble family, and is again married to a devoted 
 husband. Her portrait of late years has nothing of the romantic in it, but 
 every lineament marks her intelligence and happiness. To-day this " Queen 
 of a Thousand Isles " is queen of a happy household in a far western home. 
 
 Since writing the above we have been cited to an article in " Scribner's 
 Monthly" for April, 1878, entitled "Among the Thousand Islands." From 
 this article we make the following extracts: 
 
 " Of late years perhaps no event caused such a stir of excitement in this 
 region as the so-called patriot war in 1838, a revolt of certain Canadians 
 ■dissatisfied with the government of Sir Francis Bond Head then Governor- 
 General of Canada, which was joined by a number of American agitators, 
 ever ripe for any disturbance. 
 
 "It was a wild, insane atfair altogether, and after some time consumed in 
 petty threats of attack, finally reached a climax in the burning of the Cana- 
 dian steamer, 'Sir Robert Peel,' one of the finest vessels upon the St. Law- 
 rence. The most prominent actor in this affair was Bill Johnson — a name 
 familiar to every one around this region — whose career forms a series of 
 romantic adventures, deeds and escapes, followed by his final capture, 
 vphich would fill a novel. Indeed, we understand that a novel has been 
 written by a Canadian Frenchman on this theme, though we have not had 
 the good fortune to find any one who has read it. 
 
 "Johnson was originally a British subject, but turned renegade, serving 
 as a spy in the war of 1812, in which capacity he is said to have robbed the 
 mails to gain intelligence. He hated his native country with all the bitter- 
 ness which a renegade alone is capable of feeling. He was one of the 
 •earliest agitators upon the American side of the border, and was the one 
 who instigated the destruction of the ' Peel.' A reward was offered by the 
 governments of each country for his apprehension, so he was compelled to 
 take to the islands for safety. Here he continued for several months, 
 though with numbers of hair-breadth escapes, in which he was assisted by 
 his daughter, who seems to have been a noble girl. Many stories are told 
 of remarkable acts performed by him, of his choking up the inlet of the 
 Lake of tlie Isle with rocks, so as to prevent vessels of any size entering 
 that sheet of water; of his having a skifl* in wliich he could outspeed any 
 ordinary sailing craft, and which he carried bodily across necks of land 
 when his enemies were in pursuit of him, and of his hiding in all manner 
 of out-of-the-way spots, once especially in the Devil's Oven, previously de- 
 scribed, to which his daughter, who alone was in hi-* confidence, disguised 
 as a boy, carried provisions. He was finally captured and sent to Albany, 
 where after suffering a slight penalty for his offense, he was subsequently 
 released, although he was always very careftil to keep put of the clutch of 
 th? indignant Canadians." 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK OOtJNTT. 443 
 
 THE SKUNK EIVER WAR. 
 
 Most everybody who resided in Keokuk county during the war, or who 
 has Eince located in the county, has heard of the Skunk river war. Some- 
 times it is spoken of in jest, but the bitter feeling which is invariably 
 aroused, if the jesting is correct, too far proves that the incidents of that 
 most unfortunate affair were neither too remote nor too trivial to be a se- 
 rious matter, even at this time. During the period of the civil war there 
 were criminations and recriminations, bickerings and altercations which 
 could not fail to engender strife, and give birth to the most deadly feuds. 
 In many communities throughout the North the rival factions resorted to 
 violence, which resulted in the destruction of life and property. The war 
 iparty was largely in the majority, and in some instances, doubtless, was ar- 
 rogant and overbearing; but they were entirely excusable when goaded 
 to this conrse of action by the utterance of disloyal sentiments; for their 
 brothers and sons were at the front, falling like sheep, before the rebel bul- 
 lets. The anti-war party were in the minority, and in some instances made 
 too free a use of the rights of the minority, guaranteed by all civilized 
 nations, in expressing disloyal sentiments and circulating seditious docu- 
 ments; but it must be remembered that their former political allies, and 
 the brothers and sons of many were arrayed on the other side, and the 
 prospects of being conscripted into an army to fight those whom they 
 deemed to be their friends, should have mitigated their conduct in the 
 eyes of the opposite party. Great national contests have a right side and 
 a wrong side. At the present time there are few enlightened and progres- 
 sive men who do not admit that the right side of the war of secession was 
 the side of union, freedom and enfranchisement. But, while there was but 
 one right side, the peculiarities of temperament, early associations and the 
 ties of kindred, are circumstances which went far to modify the wrong of 
 the wrong side, and now that the unhappy strife is over, and the bloody 
 chasm has been bridged by the lapse of years, it is a private virtue, and it 
 is public policy to admit the fact. 
 
 In 1848, there came to Keokuk county a family by the name of Tally. 
 They had previously resided in Tennessee, and by birth and education were 
 in sympathy with the " peculiar institution " of the South. Upon the 
 breaking out of the war they arrayed themselves on the side of the anti- 
 war party, believing, as many thousands throughout the North did believe, 
 that unless the erring sisters could be peaceably prevailed upon to remain, 
 they should be allowed to go in peace. 
 
 One of the family, Cyphert Tally, was a young man of more than ordi- 
 nary brilliancy of intellect, and though possessed of meagre education, was 
 an orator of great force and ability. A short time prior to the war he had 
 entered the ministry of the Baptist church, and as far as appears from 
 the evidence of those most likely to know, was, in his private character as 
 an individual and in his public character as a minister, above reproach. 
 Some time after the begiiming of the war he was called upon to preach 
 the funeral of a soldier who had died in the Union army. He consented to 
 do 60, the place where the appointment was made being Mt. Zion church, 
 in Steady Run township. 
 
 When the congregation had assembled, and after Tally had taken his 
 place in the pulpit, the question of his loyality was raised by some of the 
 brethren and, at their suggestion, another Baptist minister who was pres- 
 
44:4: HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ent went into the pulpit and informed him thai his loyality was questioned 
 and if rumors were true as to certain sentiments which he was reported to 
 have uttered, there were those in the audience who preferred not to listen 
 to his discourse. After a short consultation Tally arose and announced that 
 as there appeared to be objections to his preaching from that pulpit he would 
 dismiss the congregation and those who desired to hear him should go to a 
 certain school-house near by. He thereupon left the church and started 
 for the school-house followed by the greater part of tiie audience, but upon 
 his arrival at the place found the school-house locked and the sub-director 
 refused to give up the key. They then went to a grove where the funeral 
 sermon was preached and the audience dismissed. The circumstances at- 
 tending the preaching of this funeral gave rise to bitter disputes and bickr 
 erings in the neighborhood and party feeling ran high. Encouraged by his 
 friends Tally became still more pronounced in the expression of his politi- 
 cal views and soon after abandoned the pulpit and took the stump. Numer- 
 ous opposition meetings were held in the county and Tally was invariably 
 the chief speaker. He soon became quite a hero and received and accepted 
 invitations to speak in various parts of the, adjoining counties: On every 
 hand he was extolled and lionized by those of a like political faith. Thus 
 flattered and petted it is not at all remarkable that as young a man as Tally 
 should become bold to commit some very indiscreet deeds and make some 
 very unwise statements. In his public speeches he nged language which was 
 very offensive to the war party and threats were piade in some parts of the 
 county that Ta,l\j could not speak there. W^henever such threats were 
 made the friends of Tally seemed to be particularly anxious that he should 
 speak at those very places, and urged forward by the injudicious counsels of 
 these friends improved the very first opportunities which presented them- 
 selves in .making good the assertion that he could speak and would speak 
 at any place in the county where he chose to. To these meetings people 
 from all parts of the, county would flock, many of them well armed. Such 
 was the condition of affairs when occurred the tragic event which put an 
 end to the eventful career of young Tally. 
 
 On Saturday, August 1, 1863, a Democratic mass-meeting was held near 
 English river, in Keokuk county. The speaking occurred in a grove, about 
 one-half mile from town. The chief speaker was Tally. Several hundred 
 persons were pi'esent at this meeting, most of whom had come in wagons, 
 in the bottom of which was hay or straw, and therein secreted were arms 
 of different kinds, which fact was developed at a later hour in the day. 
 Speeches were made during the forenoon, and as some Republicans were 
 present, party spirit ran high. As an illustration of the excitement, it is 
 related that in a stripping of butternut badges the clothing was almost 
 torn from a couple of ladies present who displayed the objectionable em- 
 blem. Wild and perhaps idle threats were made that the party would 
 come up in the afternoon and clean out the town of South English, which 
 was quite a Radical stronghold. Reports of these were carried up into the 
 town, where, from the balcony of a hotel, a Republican was addressing a 
 meeting of his party, and in the town the Radical feeling was also quite 
 strong. To be prepared for emergencies, the citizens were armed as far as 
 there were weapons for their use. In the afternoon the Tally party came 
 up to the town in wagons. In the front wagon were several men, including 
 Tally, who stood up in the rear part. The Republican meeting had just 
 closed, and arms were freely displayed. Some persons warned Tally tlfet 
 
^ 
 
 
 '^' 
 
HI8T0BT OF KEOKUK COTJNTT. 447 
 
 he had best not go through the town, as there would be trouble; but he 
 claimed he meant no injury to any one, and merely asked the privilege of 
 the street. As the first wagon came into the crowd, there were cries from 
 the street of " coward !" "copperhead!" "afraid to shoot!" etc. Previous 
 to this time no weapons had been displayed by the party in the wagon, but 
 upon these cries they came up from the bottom of the conveyance. Just 
 then the street became so crowded that it was necessary to stop the wagon 
 for a moment. At that instant a citizen accidentally, as he claimed, dis- 
 charged one barrel of his revolver into the ground. This was the occasion 
 for a general firing, and it is marvelous that the loss of life was not much 
 greater. It has been estimated that one hundred and fifty shots were fired, 
 which is evidently a great exaggeration. Tally stood in the back part of 
 the wagon, with revolver and bowie-knife in hand; he evidently fired twice, 
 as two chambers were empty, when he fell from the wagon dead, having 
 been shot once through the head and twice through the body. One of the 
 horses attached to the wagon was wounded, which caused the team to run, 
 and probably avoided more serious consequences. The only other party 
 senously wounded was a man by the name of Wyant, who recovered. Up- 
 on receiving the fatal shot, Tally fell prostrate in the wagon, and it was not 
 known that he was dead until the driver of the team succeeded in con- 
 trolling the horses, when an examination revealed the fact that life had 
 already departed. The next day being Sunday, preparations were being 
 made at the home of Tally, whither his remains had been conveyed the 
 previous evening, for the funeral, while messages were sent in every direc- 
 tion informing Tally's friends of his death, and calling upon them to avenge 
 it. At the solicitation of certain influential citizens of Sigonrney and else- 
 where, a committee, consisting of S. A. Evans, Wm. It Brunt, Presley 
 Doggett and others, proceeded to the Tally neighborhood on the Monday 
 following. When they arrived Tally had already been buried, and about 
 one hundred people, from various parts of the county had assembled, de- 
 termined on revenge. The committee said that they had come in the in- 
 terests of peace, and that they were authorized to guarantee the arrest and 
 speedy trial of the person or persons who killed Tally. Their words seem 
 to have had little effect on the crowd, and th^ departed. All this time 
 wagon-loads of men were on their way from Wapello, Mahaska and Powe- 
 shiek counties to the place of rendezvous on Skunk river. Probably as 
 many as 150 came from Mahaska county alone. These volunteers formed 
 what is currently known as the Skunk River Army. 
 
 By Monday night affairs began to present quite a dangerous aspect to 
 the people of South English and Sigourney, and that night two citizens of 
 the latter place made their way to Washington on horseback, and there, 
 procuring a hand-car, proceeded to Wilton Junction, where they took a 
 train for Davenport, in order to consult Governor Kirk wood, who was 
 known to be there at that time. They found the Governor early on Tues- 
 day morning, and stated the facts; his first reply was a verbal order for 
 three hundred stands of arms, which he then gave the gentlemen in writ- 
 ing, and told them to procure the arms and return to Keokuk county. One 
 of the gentlemen replied: " My God, Governor, am I to understand you 
 to return home and shoot down our neighbors?" The Governor replied: 
 " On second thought I guess I'll go myself." And go he did, just as he 
 was, without collar or neck-tie, and attired in the careless dress which he 
 
 28 
 
448 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ■who accustomed to wear when at his regular employment. The Governor 
 arrived on Wednesday evening at Sigourney; ti'oops and a couple of can-i 
 nons followed soon after. That night he made a speech in front of the 
 court-house. 
 
 The popular story of the governor's threat of minie balls and canister to 
 the Skunk river army, and of their terror-stricken flight from their camp is 
 a myth, the truth being tliat there was no considerable num'ber of armed 
 men nearer English river than Skunk river, which is sixteen miles from the 
 town. The project of armed resistance had been practically abandoned be- 
 fore Governor Kirkwood reached the town, many of the Mahaska county 
 troops having returned to their homes on Monday or Tuesday. It is 
 pi'obable that there were still some men assembled at the time of Governor 
 feirkwood's visit, and that his proclamation was read to them which gave 
 rise to the more extravagant story. There was nobody badly frightened on 
 either side, and no particular cowardice manifested. It is highly probable 
 that if Bill Tally had continued as leader that the result would have been 
 quite disastrous. 
 
 The Skunk river array has been variously estimated at numbers ranging 
 from five hundred to four thousand; the first figure is probably not far 
 from the truth. 
 
 According to the Adjutant-General's report, the following list of com- 
 panies were engaged in various parts of Keokuk county in suppressing 
 disturbances during August, 1863 : Muscatine Eangers, Washington Pro- 
 vost Guards, Brighton Guards, Richland Home Guards, Fairfield Prairie 
 Guards, Fairfield Union Guards, Abington Home Guards, Libertyville 
 Guards, Mt. Pleasant Artillery and Sigourney Home Guards — eleven 
 companies. 
 
 The grand jury, at the following term of the District Court, took the 
 Tally matter under consideration, but no one was indicted, and up to the 
 present time it has not been found out who fired the fatal shot. It is 
 highly probable, however, from the nature of the wound, that the shot was 
 not an accidental one, but well aimed, and from an unerring hand. 
 
 THE KEOKUK COUNTY VIGILANCE COMMITTEE. 
 
 This was a body of men banded together for the purpose of bringing to 
 justice certain outlaws, who, in former times, infested that region of coun- 
 try, bordering on South Skunk river, and more particularly that locality 
 commonly known as "Brushy Bend." The association was composed of 
 the best men of that part of the county, and its object was to assist the 
 oflScers of the civil law in the discharge of their duty, and failing in this, 
 to take the execution of the law into their own hands, and punishing the 
 offenders. 
 
 In 1857, that part of the county before referred to had a bad name, on 
 account of a systemized plan of stealing which was carried on. In some 
 cases oxen and cattle were slaughtered on the premises of the owner, and 
 the meat and hides taken to the adjoining counties and sold. In other in- 
 stances horses, saddles, bridles, corn and potatoes were stolen. The people 
 were_ very well convinced who the aiders and abettors of these thefts were, 
 and in some cases the proof was sufiicient to secure the arrest and trial of 
 certain persons, bnt in every case the ends of justice were thwarted by 
 the false testimony of the confederates in crime. In order to protect their 
 
HISTORr OF KEOKUK COtTNTT. 449 
 
 property, and free their country from the bad name which fastened itself 
 Open them, certain citizens of Eichland and Jackson townships formed a 
 secl^et organization, and thus met organized theft with organized force. The 
 organization in Jackson township was separate from the Richland organiza- 
 tion, but not independent of it, as both organizations acted in concert, and 
 with the full understanding of the other. 
 
 In 1S.58 a horse was stolen from David Myers, who lived near the Jeffer- 
 son county line, about half way between Richland and loka. The two or- 
 ganizations before named took the matter in hand, recovered the horse and 
 captured the thief. The latter, however, by the evidence of his confeder- 
 ates, evaded the law, and was released. 
 
 There lived in the region of "Brushy Bend," four brothers by the name 
 of Byers, who were implicated in certain thefts, and these four persons, now, 
 were closely watched by the vigilants. 
 
 It was not long till a man by the name of Stalker had a saddle and a 
 bridle stolen. Ike Bowers, who, about that time had departed to Marion 
 connt3', for the purpose of attending a camp-meeting, was suspected, and 
 the vigilants sent emissaries after him to watch his movements, and, if pos- 
 sible, trace out the stolen property. When these arrived on the camp- 
 ground, they found Byers in the very midst of the worshipers, taking a 
 very active part in the conduct of the meeting. They said nothing to him 
 Concerning the real object of their visit, and led him by their conduct to sup- 
 pose that they had simply come for religions consolation. However, while 
 they sat near him in meeting, united their voices with his in singing the 
 songs of Zion, and possibly may have lead in prayer, they at the same time 
 kept a close lookout for the missing saddle and bridle. In the course of 
 time they found the missing property in the possession of a man from an 
 adjoining county, who, upon being questioned, stated that he had bought 
 them of Byers. Byers was thereupon arrested, and together with the man 
 in whose possession the property was found, brought back to Richland, 
 where he was tried before a justice of the peace. The evidence this time 
 being conclusive, and his brothers being unable even by their false testi- 
 mony to establish an alibi, Byers was sentenced to a term in the county 
 jail, whither he was conducted by the proper officers. Keokuk county in 
 those days had a jail, but it was not remarkable for its imposing appear- 
 ance or its security. Upon being locked up, and the officer from Rich- 
 land offering to shake the parting hand, Byers refused, saying: "It ain't 
 worth while, for I'll be back at Brushy Bend to-morrow." And sure enough 
 he was, for the following night he broke jail, and was back home nearly as 
 «oon as the officer. The vigilants, seeing that the civil authorities were 
 powerless to deal with such an outlaw, got together the following night, 
 proceeded to the home of Byers, took him out of bed, and placing a rope 
 around his neck led him to the timber. Just before entering the timber 
 they informed him of their intention to hang him ; he asked permission to 
 pray; they granted him thirty minutes, which was occupied in the most 
 fervent supplication. One of the vigilants who was present at the time, 
 and who had seen him at the Marion county camp-meeting, says, that 
 although Byers prayed most fervently and eloquently at the camp-meeting, 
 '■^he effort on this particular night was peculiarly eloquent and fervent; 
 ,|pos8ibly the pressure of the rope against his vocal organs gave to his voice 
 a particularly pathetic and sympathetic tone. When the thirty minutes 
 were up the vigilants started with Byers into the timber looking for a suit- 
 
460 HISTOBY OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 able limb, the latter all the while looking up, as if anxious to find a suit^ 
 able place and have the work over with. At length a limb was found, and 
 the victim was swung free from the ground, but not into eternity, as the 
 vigilants did not all contemplate such extreme measures. After he had 
 been suspended for a moment they let him down, and informed him if he 
 would confess his crimes and reveal his confederates, they would release 
 him. This Byers refused to do, and they repeated the operation several 
 times. At length being persuaded that Byers would die rather than make 
 a confession, they thereupon stripped him, brought forth some whips, with 
 which they had previously been provided, and after giving him a severe 
 castigation, gave him his clothes and told him to leave the country, and 
 not again to return oh penalty of being hung in earnest. Byers left, and 
 was never again seen in that locality. 
 
 There were a good many peacably inclined Quakers living in and about 
 Kichland who objected to the measures resorted to by the vigilants, and in 
 order to avail himself of their moral support another one of the Byers re- 
 moved to Eichland where he hoped to continue operations without taking 
 the chances of being whipped. After he had stolen a number of things 
 the quiet town was nearly scared out of existence, and corportion lines 
 could scarcely retain its people, when late one night some three hundred 
 vigilants appeared on the street and, after parading through the town with 
 Byers tied to a horse, departed for the timber. This Byers, likewise, was 
 never more seen in those parts. He had been served like Ike, and, like Ike, 
 he thought it best to follow the parting injunction of the regulators. 
 
 The other two Byers brothers, in due course of time, were detected in 
 the commission of thefts, together with a boy by the name of Wyant and 
 two or three other associates of theirs, all of whom were taken out of their 
 beds at night, a sound whipping administered and ordered to leave the 
 county. The last one to go was " Lige Byers," who, awhile afterward re- 
 .turned, and upon his earnest protestation and promises of good behavior, 
 was allowed to remain. He soon fell from grace, however, was waited upon 
 by the ever attentive committee and vanished in the night-time, never 
 again to tread the romantic vales of " Brushy Bend." 
 
 While the vigilants were carrying on their operations south of Skunk 
 river an attempt was at one time made to have them indicted. They were, 
 however, duly informed of the contemplated- legal proceedings and were 
 furnished with the name of the prosecuting witness on the day when the 
 grand jury assembled at Sigourney. Certain members of the committee 
 were at the latter place as soon as the swiftest horses could carry them 
 there. It would not do, however, to commit violence at the seat of justice, 
 so they resorted to strategy. While the judge was giving his charge to the 
 jury they were entertaining the prospective prosecuting witness at a neigh- 
 boring saloon, who, by the time he was called, was too drunk to make a 
 coherent statement. The grand jury thought it beneath their dignity to 
 listen to the maudlin gibberish of a drunk man, so they dismissed him to 
 sober off. The following night said prosecuting witness was on his way to 
 the Skunk river timber in charge of a body of vigilants and during the 
 remainder of that term of court he could not be found though the grand 
 jury sought him faithfully with deputies and bailiffs. The vigilants had a 
 most thorough organization and proceeded against offenders in a cool and 
 systematic manner. When a person was suspected they held a secret meet- 
 ing and a jury was selected to pass upon the case, the evidence was all given 
 
HISTOEY OF EEOETTK COUNTY. 461 
 
 in and the jury retired for consultation ; if they acquitted the accused that 
 ended the matter, but if they brought in a verdict of guilty the case was 
 promptly disposed of the following night. There was a regular annual or 
 monthly assessment made on each member of the organization and thereby 
 a fund accumulated to pay all necessary expenses. 
 
 ■ The organization is still in existence and it has not been long since a 
 man who was in the habit of stealing honey left a certain neighborhood 
 very suddenly. He was out late one night and chanced to see a hundred or 
 80 of the vigilant's horses hitched at a school house; he went home in a 
 hurry, silently folded his tent and departed. 
 
 THE PEESS OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 . It is generally considered that there is no education which surpasses in 
 
 Practical benefit the newpaper which visits the home, and dealing with 
 ome matters, home interests and local surroundings, appeals to the intel- 
 lect and the pride of the family by making its readers acquainted with that 
 which immediately surrounds them. The influence of the local newspaper 
 is generally underrated. Its treatment of great questions may be weak, 
 but its appeals in behalf of its county or city seldom fall unheeded, or are 
 cast aside as useless. It is gratifying that we can enter upon the history of 
 newspapers in this county, after a careful examination of them at every 
 period in the history of the county since they were established, and see the 
 good they have done, and find that they have been so strong and influential 
 as they have. Few other counties have had a larger number of papers, and 
 there has been no time in its history but its newspapers have compared 
 most favorably with the best which surrounded them in other counties of 
 greater popularity and pretentions. They have been found always on the 
 right side of the great qnestions which affect the morals of a community; 
 temperance, Sunday-schools, schools, and the higher education, and with 
 every movement looking to progress. 
 
 ' The first paper published in Keokuk county was the " "Western Friend," 
 established at Lancaster, June 1, 1854, by I. N. and J. L. Paschal. The 
 mottoj for papers even in those days sported a motto immediately beneath 
 the head-line, was: "As the Twig is bent the Tree^s Inclined?'' Whether 
 the application of the term twig, had reference to the young county which 
 was to be bent into a perpendicular direction by the potent influence of the 
 "Western Friend," or whether it was simply the youth of the county whose 
 character was to be held in a vertical position by moral influences of the 
 "Friend," we are at a loss to determine; we are, however, inclined to the 
 former view, for the style and scope of the following article appearing in 
 the editorial columns of the first number, seems to be rather beyond the 
 comprehension of youth in the bending period : 
 
 " THE FOUETH OF JULY. 
 
 "As the anniversary of the birth-day of our national independence is 
 ftear at hand, I would suggest to the citizens of Lancaster and its vicinity, 
 that some preparations be made for celebrating it in a suitable manner. 
 
 " All regard the declaration of independence and the results that grew 
 «nt of it, as among the most important events that mark the world's 
 iiistory, . - 
 
452 HISTORY OF KEGKTTK OOITNTY. 
 
 "Let us then, in common with our fellow-citizens in other parts of our 
 country, commemorate the day on whicli this great drama was enacted; let 
 us pay. at least, a partial tribute to the memory of those who sealed with 
 their blood, and consecrated by all that is most dear in life, the great prin. 
 ciples embodied in this declaration of rights and bequeathed to their childi 
 ren the glorious birthright of civil and religious liberty. By recalling their, 
 deeds of daring and self-sacrifice we imbibe a portion of the pure and lofty 
 patriotism which animated them; by recalling the price at which our free 
 institutions were purchased, we are the better able to appreciate their real 
 value, and the more willingly, if need be, to make sacrifices on our part to 
 perpetuate and transmit them unimpaired to our posterity. 
 
 " Seventy-eight years ago, when our patriot fathers were about to take the 
 vote upon this declaration, it was predicted by one who was not least among 
 that illustrious number who were called upon to act in this awful crisis, and 
 who staked their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor upon the die 
 then cast, that this day would be celebrated in all future time and by the re- 
 motest descendants; celebrated by bonfires and illuminations; by the roar 
 of artillery; by toasts and speeches; by thanksgiving and rejoicing. 
 
 "How prophetic his words! 
 
 "The ashes of the elder Adams now repose, have long reposed, upon the 
 peaceful hills of New England, his great compeers sleeping with him; but 
 as year after year, returns from the inland seas of the North to the genial 
 borders of the Mexican Gulf, from the rugged shores of the Atlantic to the 
 placid waters of the Pacific, do their children continue to oflFer up the in- 
 cense of grateful hearts to the memory of the immortal and to the God of 
 nature. 
 
 "Shall we of the 'Far West,' who enjoy equally with our brethren of 
 other portions of the Great Republic, the priceless legacy of civil and re- 
 ligious freedom, refuse to mingle our hearts and voices with theirs in cele- 
 brating our national holiday ? I am confident the response of the generous 
 sons and daughters of Keokuk county will be — Never! 
 
 The ""Western Friend" seems at that time to have been Independent iu 
 politics. It was furnished to subscribers at the low price of two dollars 
 per annum, and payments, like the subscription price of all country news- 
 papers, was, theoretically, to be made in lawful currency and invariably in 
 advance, but practically it was made at the option of the subscriber, ani 
 when made, consisted of ragged bills on bursted banks, country produce, 
 whetstones, rags and saurkrout. 
 
 The first number contained a copy of President Pierce's message to Con- 
 gress; as Congress assembled on the fourth of March and the message first 
 found its way to the readers of the " Western Friend " on or after June 
 let, the document was three months old before the latter had an opportu- 
 nity to read it; rather stale reading for such a lengthy item of news, and 
 not very creditable to the journalistic enterprise of those days when viewed 
 from the standpoint of to-day. The number referred to likewise contains 
 some spirited editorials in favor of the Air Line Railroad; no better argu- 
 ment in favor of railroads and telegraph lines, it would seem, could have 
 been made than the statement of the fact that it required three months 
 time to lay before the readers of the " Western Friend " a copy of the 
 President's message. 
 
 In the advertising columns of the "Western Friend" was the profes- 
 sional card of Johnson «fe Crocker, attorneys at law; also the card of Moore 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNT r. 453 
 
 & C&sey, attorneys at law. The "Western Friend " did not survive the 
 frosts of the following winter. 
 
 . The next newspaper started in the county was called " Life in the "West;" 
 the editor and proprietor was John Kogers, and it was first issued in 1856. 
 The " Life in the West " was started in the first days of the Eepublicaa 
 party. It was a doughty champion of the Free Soil principles during the 
 first campaign in which that party figured as an important factor of Amer- 
 ican.politics. Although it survived the defeat of Fremont, it did not con- 
 tinue long enough to herald the triumph of Lincoln; it suspended and was 
 succeeded by the " News," prior to the campaign of 1860. It being tlie 
 first paper printed at Sigourney its memory is fondly cherished by many 
 people yetiiving at the county-seat who formerly welcomed -to their homes 
 this weekly visitor. For the diversion of such who did not take the pre- 
 caution to preserve any copies of the " Life in the West,"- we reproduce 
 the following spirited editorial which is a good sample of the sprightly style 
 of the editor: 
 
 " Buntline, the other day, had the goodness to go to a Republican and be- 
 seech him, if he had any influence with the editor of the "Life," to advise 
 and admonish him — the editor — not to say anything more about the mob, 
 as it would ruin the paper and the Republican party. How very consid- 
 erate in Buntline! Onr thanks to Buntline. Dear youth! How shall we 
 ever repay the debt of gratitude for such disinterested kindness. Bunt- 
 line, you are some pumpkins, sure, and when you get ripe we have no 
 doubt the managers of the "Democrat" will place yon on exhibition and 
 draw the first premium at the agricultural fair. We shall try to make the 
 most of the hint, while we remain, dear Buntline, respectfully yours, with 
 thanks." 
 
 The next newspaper enterprise was started in 1858 by Evans & Farra, 
 and was called the " Iowa Democrat." As its name indicates, it was Demo- 
 cratic in politics, and the first organ of that party ever published in Keo- 
 kuk county. In espousing the falling fortunes of the Buchanan adminis- 
 tration it was under the necessity of combating the political sentitnents 
 of a large majority of the people of Keokuk county; and this it did, fear- 
 lessly and perseveringly. The senior partner of the publishing firm con- 
 tinued in the concern till 1862, when he enlisted in the Union army, and 
 the paper was discontinued. Upon returning from the army, he became 
 proprietor of the " Ottumwa Democrat," which paper he still edits. Mr. 
 Farra is the oldest printer in the county. He was the first compositor on 
 the " Life in the West," and has had more or less to do with the mechanical 
 part of all the newspapers since established, and several of which he was 
 part owner of. In i860 he sold his interest in the "Democrat" to J. B. Shol- 
 lenbarger. The following editorial, published in the " Democrat " in 1859, 
 shows how the political issues were then discussed : 
 
 " HIGH TAXES. 
 
 "At this time there is scarcely a newspaper in the Union but what is 
 discussing the subject placed at the head of this article. The President, in 
 his late message, in speaking of the expenses of the government, recom- 
 mends ' the practice of rigid economy,' and suggests a deduction in the es- 
 timates of several departments for the next fiscal year. Every Democrat 
 
464 HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COTTNTT. 
 
 in the land concurs in the opinion that a more rigid economy is called for 
 and absolutely demanded. 
 
 ' " The opposition press and politicians charge the responsibility upon the 
 Democratic party; they say it is a national sin and we are to blame. That 
 high taxes are ruinous to the best interests of any country is true; and its 
 truth is equally applicable when applied to county or State government. 
 
 " The taxes levied upon the people of this county for the year 1868, 
 amount to $36,829.39 — a sum equal to $3.35 to each man, woman and child 
 in the county, and over seventeen dollars to each voter (if it was so appor- 
 tioned), and is thus composed: 
 
 County tax $16,366.58 
 
 State tax 3,840.15 
 
 School tax 2,669.67 
 
 Eoad tax : 6,884.70 
 
 Township school and township school-house tax 6,909.29 
 
 " Now, we ask, in view of these figures, are we practicing rigid economy 
 at home? Or, citizens, had we not better divest our own vision of every 
 mote, ere we go around in search of objects of complaint? The injunction 
 is a good one: ' Cast the beam out of thine own eye first.' Then we can 
 not only the more easily see, but with better countenance pluck at the 
 motes and imperfections with which others may be infested." 
 
 The publication of a Democratic paper not being either profitable or 
 popular in Keokuk county in those days, and the proprietors of the "Dem- 
 ocrat " enlisting in the army, the " Iowa Democrat " was discontinued in 
 1862, and was succeeded by the " Monitor " in 1865, which was started by 
 the Democrats as a campaign sheet, and not carrying the election in the 
 county was discontinued before it was three months old. 
 
 The successor of the " Monitor " was the " Vindicator," published by 
 W. fl. Bleakmore for six months during the summer and fall of 1868. In 
 his issue of November 26, 1868, the last one, Mr. Bleakmore says: 
 
 " Friends and patrons of the Sigourney " Vindicator," this week's issue 
 is the last we publish in your city — not because we are discouraged that 
 our efforts have not brought forth more signal success, for we feel confident 
 that we have done all that was in our power to do ; but we trust to be ben- 
 efited by a change which, while gratifying to us, will not interfere with 
 your interests, either personally or politically. Fellow-Democrats, be not 
 discouraged at the defeat with which our party has met. Let it be a stim- 
 ulus to greater exertions and better deeds on your part." 
 
 The successor of the "Vindicator" was the "Phoenix," established by 
 Porte "Welch in 1871, which lasted till the close of the Greeley campaign 
 and then expired almost contemporaneously with the last breath of the 
 lamented sage of Chapauqua. 
 
 THE SIGOXTRNET " REVIEW." 
 
 After so many repeated failures, which were enough to dishearten a party 
 less sanguine and tenacious of life than the Democratic party of Keokuk 
 county, they at length induced a paper to come, and, as was remarked by a 
 distinguished Democratic member of Congress at the opening of the first 
 session in which his party had a majority in both Senate and House, the 
 
■HISTOET OB" KEOEUE COtTNTT. 455 
 
 proprietors said, " we have come to stay "; and the " Review " did, if the 
 proprietors did not, for the " Review " still lives and shows no signs of ap- 
 proaching decay. It is now the official paper of the county, is ably edited, 
 and has a large and remunerative patronage. 
 
 The Sigourney " Review ' was established in March, 1873, by Kenney & 
 Farra. In the fall of 1873 Farra sold out to Kenney, who conducted the 
 paper for about six months, when he sold a half interest to W. R. Hollings- 
 worth, who in a short time bought the entire paper and became sole editor 
 and proprietor. In entering upon his editorial career Mr. Hollingaworth 
 wrote a very sensible and sprightly salutatory entitled "Bill of Fare," from 
 which we make the following brief extracts: 
 
 "In importing a cook from another county to assist in the preparation 
 of literary dishes, it may not be amiss to put forth a ' Bill of Fare.' 
 
 " The value of the statement that we propose to put forth a paper that 
 will meet the wants of a majority of mankind depends upon our ability to 
 discern those wants. 
 
 " We do not consider a personal tournament between editors the most 
 approved method of carrying on a political canvass, and although such lit- 
 tle pleasantries and tokens of esteem as 'liar,' 'scoundrel,' 'idiot,' 'villain' and 
 'thief with which editors are in the habit of complimenting each other may 
 be very pleasant to themselves, yet we see great reason to doubt if the masses 
 of mankind are educated up to the point of fully appreciating their beauty. 
 
 "Although we cannot offer a piano, sewing machine or organ, to the 
 party who sends us a new subscriber, yet we will endeavor to reward any 
 effort on the part of our subscribers in our behalf by a corresponding im- 
 provement in our paper. An increase in our circulation will enable us to 
 put more labor into the office, to enlarge our paper, to take out the leads 
 and crowd up our advertisements, and to place on our table periodicals and 
 magazines which we cannot obtain by exchange." 
 
 • It seems that a dog became drowned in a well located on the public 
 Square: on its removal therefrom the editor thus immortalizes the unfortu- 
 nate cur: 
 
 " Little Black and Tan, we've missed you, 
 And though none stopped and kissed you, 
 As you lay when they fished you. 
 
 In your slimy, slippery morgae, 
 In the throng that then beheld you. 
 Everybody mew that smelled you. 
 Though no funeral bells had knelled you. 
 That somebody mourned a dorg. 
 
 " Had you crawled in for a rabbjt? 
 Or dug through from force of habit? 
 There was no one cared to blab it, — 
 
 How you got into that well; 
 Nor the water drank and toted 
 From the well which you floated — 
 Since its contents has been noted — 
 
 No one seems disposed to tell. 
 
 " In the court-yard in fair weather. 
 Still thy canine comrades gather. 
 And with some old rag or leather, 
 
 . Play the games that once were thine, 
 Till the boys whose recreation 
 Is the terror of the nation. 
 Give these names a variation 
 With the can and turpentine. 
 
456 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 "Pleasant night? they put in harking, 
 At some far off, crowing dorking, 
 Or some fellow late out sparking; 
 
 'Till we wish them all in— blank, 
 Or say, words to that effect, while 
 Groping round for projectiles 
 Which some cur may well expect will 
 
 Likely take him in the flank. 
 
 "Thou hast left us, little terrier, 
 And we never more shall hear ' yer,' 
 Or shie bootjacks just to scare ' yer,' 
 
 And we're sad as sad can be. 
 Not that, ' thou has gone before us, 
 But you've left behind to bore us,' 
 A nocturnal, howling chorus. 
 
 Which we wish were dead like thee. 
 
 " Little Tan, need we remind you. 
 That you've died and left behind you 
 Many curs we wish could find you. 
 
 In your canine spirit land'? 
 And if you've a son or daughter, 
 That would like to go by water. 
 For their sakes we think we ' orter ' 
 
 Keep a well or two on hand." 
 
 THE "news." 
 
 The " News " was established in 1860, and is the oldest paper in the 
 ' connty, it now being in its nineteenth volume. It is,, and always has been^ 
 a, stalwart Republican organ, and may be regarded as the successor of 
 the " Life iu the West," the iirst Eepublican paper of the county. The 
 first proprietor was A. S. Bailey, now of the Brighton " Star," who con- 
 tinued to publish it until 1863, when it was purchased by Sanders & Farra, 
 who conducted it for a short time, when Sanders bought Farra's interest. 
 The paper had now been published over three years, and although it was 
 managed with corisiderable ability, it did not take rank among the leading 
 Eepublican papers of the State until December, 1863, when it fell into the 
 hands of H. E. & J. W. Havens, who were both men of more than average 
 newspaper ability, and under whose management the " News" soon took 
 a position alongside the most sprightly and able journals of the State. 
 The first number of the paper iinder their management contained the fol- 
 lowing salutatory: 
 
 " We this week, for the first time, greet the readers of the ' News ' 
 through its columns. We do so at a cheering period in the history of our 
 country's troubles — when the armed enemies of our country are everywhere 
 yielding before the invincible skill and valor of our soldiers, and when 
 those who, in the loyal States, apologize for, and sympathize with, traitors, 
 are overwhelmed and vanquished by the patriotic and loyal sentiment of 
 the country — when the ripe fruits of subjugation, emancipation and con- 
 fiscation are almost ready to be gathered, and "when peace, rest and quiet 
 tor our country, upon the secure foundation of universal freedom, seemft 
 almost within our grasp. 
 
 "The 'News' will advocate the continued prosecution of the war, by 
 the use of all the means which human ingenuity may devise, consistent 
 with the rules of war, until the last rebel shall meekly bow to the mild 
 scepter of the Constitution. 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 45T 
 
 ""We believe in Old Abe, and shall stand by hini in all his measures for 
 the finishing up of this rebellion. 
 
 " We believe that the factions opposition to the measures of the admin- 
 istration, by men in the loyal States, tends to prolong the war, to waste 
 human life, increase the burdens of taxation — and we shall endeavor, to- 
 the best of our ability, to counteract the effect of snch opposition. 
 
 "We desire to see such a public sentiment as shall crush out the spirit 
 of disloyalty existing among us, and unite all parties in the good work of 
 preserving our benificent institutions, and we shall labor in our humble 
 sphere to promote snch a sentiment. 
 
 " We shall endeavor to keep our readers posted upon all matters of pub- 
 lic interest, either in war, politics or local news. We shall furnish them 
 with the latest news from our ai-mies, with the proceedings of Congress- 
 and of our State legislature. In short, we shall endeavor to make the- 
 ' Kews ' a good county newspaper. Let our works prove how well we suc- 
 ceed." 
 
 After publishing the paper for some time, H. E. Havens sold out his in- 
 terest to F. M. Havens, and removed to Missouri, where he was elected to- 
 Congress on the Republican ticket, and served two terms. In 1874 F. M. 
 Havens sold his interest to Mr. Farra, and the name of the publishing- 
 firm became Havens & Farra. In 1876 Havens bought Farra's interest, 
 and. remained sole editor and proprietor until November, 1878, when he 
 sold the paper to W. H. ISTeedham, formerly of the Oskaloosa " Herald."' 
 Owing to the ability which characterized the latter paper when in charge 
 of Leighton & Needham, it became one of the most popular Republican 
 papers in the State, and when the 'News' fell into the hands of Mr. 
 Needham, it soon became apparent that much of the characteristic enter- 
 prise and journalistic tact which before time distinguished the " Herald,"' 
 had been transferred to the " News." Upon taking charge of the "News,'^ 
 Mr. Needham published the following salutatory: 
 
 "Custom has established a necessity for a word of introduction at my 
 hand, in assuming control of the "News." Along experience in journal- 
 ism has, I trnst, fitted me, in some degree, at least, for the duties upon 
 which I am entering, and a life devoted to the success and prosperity of 
 the great Republican party and its glorious principles, assures me that an 
 adherence to that party, and a faithful advocacy of its principles, are the 
 best security that can be performed for the well-being of our common and 
 beloved country. It will, therefore, be my studied endeavor to sustain 
 intact that party, and to advance, by every proper and legitimate means, 
 its principles. The recent November elections must convince every nat- 
 ural thinking mind that the country is closely allied to the doctrines of the 
 Republican party, as those best calculated to preserve the country from the 
 grasp of demagogues and unscrupulous politicians. This party saved the 
 country from the red hand of traitors in the hour of its greatest peril, and 
 it is destined to save it from the sophistical grasp of demagogues and trait- 
 ors to its financial interests. These are now matters of history, indelibly 
 fixed upon the heart of every lover of our country and her free institutions. 
 To the propagation of these interests I expect to devote my best energies^ 
 and the energies of the ' News.' 
 
 " If I succeed in filling the place occupied by my predecessor I will feel 
 then that I have accomplished the full measure of my ambition. 
 
 "In addition to my advocacy of Republicanism I shall devote much space 
 
458 HISTOBT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 to the mutual interest of town and country, realizing the great importiince 
 of agriculture to the best interests of the country. The farmer is the pro- 
 ducer, and, therefore, occupies a most important place in the prosperity of 
 the country. 
 
 " It will be my purpose to advocate and advance the interests of moral r^ 
 form, believing this to be one of the best means of protecting the best in- 
 terests of the country. 
 
 " I will endeavor to give you the latest and most reliable news upon all 
 questions of interest to the readers of a local paper, believing as I do, that 
 the local paper is the greatest advocate of the age." 
 
 THE "COUEIEE." 
 
 The Germans of Keokuk county have always been an important factor 
 in the political problem, as well as contributing very materially to the de- 
 velopment of the material resources of this section. There was long a ne- 
 cessity felt for a newspaper published in the German language but no one 
 deemed it prudent to enter upon so perilous a business enterprise prior to 
 January, 1878, when three liberal-minded and public-spirited Germans, who 
 had long been citizens of the county, organized what was called the " Ger- 
 man Printing Company," for the purpose of publishing a paper in the 
 German language. The company was composed of Levi Bower, F. A. 
 Schipfer and William Sehrievner. The paper was called " The Sigourney 
 Courier," and the first number was issued January 5, 1878. After the 
 publication of five numbers it became apparent that the " Courier" would 
 succeed and could stand on its own merits, whereupon Mr. Bower and 
 Schipfer, who had no time to spare from their buisness to devote to newspa- 
 per work, retired and were succeeded by J. 13. Starr and the firm then be- 
 came Sehrievner & Starr. Upon the publication of the thirty-sixth num- 
 ber Sehrievner & Starr sold to A. Danquest, of Ottumwa, and in the follow- 
 ing November the latter gentleman sold the entire concern to J. 0. Starr, 
 who since that time has been the sole editor and proprietor. From the 
 first establishment of the paper till November, 1878, the " Courier " was 
 independent in politics, but at that time it was changed into an organ of 
 the Democratic party, which policy is still pursued by its publisher. Mr. 
 Starr has ability, culture and enterprise and the sheet is a credit to the 
 town and a paying investment to the proprietor. 
 
 THE " WESTERN STOCK JOUBNAL," 
 
 A sixteen page monthly appeared^ established and edited by J. H. San- 
 ders at Sigourney May, 1869. September, 1870, the last number was 
 issued, at which time its subscription books and good will were transferred 
 to what is now the " National Stock Journal of Chicago," Mr. Sanders, the 
 present editor-in-chief, taking at the time of the transfer a position as edi- 
 tor of the horse department. At the time of its establishment at Sigour- 
 ney and for some time afterward, the "Western Stock Journal" was the 
 only exclusive stock publication in the United States. Other publishers, 
 however, soon adopted the plan, trenching somewhat closely upon the 
 name, but it was not until after the "Western Stock Journal" had achieved 
 both financial success and a national reputation that it was merged into a 
 subsequent growth of the same class of farm literature at Chicago. Sig- 
 
HI8TOBT OF KKOKTJK COUNTY. 459 
 
 ourney, therefore, claims the prestige of being^ the birth-place of stock 
 jonrnalisin, separated from other farm topics, and to one of its former citi- 
 zens belongs the paternity of the now popular idea. 
 
 At present there are three papers published outside of the county-seat: 
 one at Keota, one at South English and one at Delta. 
 
 "The Eagle" was established by S. C. Miller in June, 1876. In Novem- 
 ber, of the same year, it was purchased by Wells & Eeed, who still retain 
 the proprietorship. The editor is G. T. Eeed, who wields a facile pen, and 
 whose sprightly columns well represent the enterprise and dash of that 
 stirring town. "The Eagle" was not the first newspaper venture in Keota; 
 its predecessors were the "Plaindealer" and the "Courier," both of which 
 had a brief existence and then passed away to join the innumerable caravan 
 of defunct newspapers, whose untimely death has characterized the incipi- 
 ent stages of all Western towns. 
 
 The "Delta Independent" was started in the spring of 1879 by H, J. 
 Yail, who delegated the management of the paper to M. B. Halloway. 
 After a short time the paper became the property of the latter gentleman,, 
 who still remains the editor and proprietor. 
 
 The first paper published at SonthJEnglish was called the "Advance," and 
 was established by W- W. Yarham, May, 1872, the first number being pub- 
 lished. OP. the 30th of said month. The paper was run by Mr. Yarhant 
 until September, 1872, when it was, sold to E. L. Eankin and D. S. Burson, 
 under whose management it was run until June, 1873, when E. L. Eankin 
 disposed, of his interest to J. F. Shotts, continuing jyider the name of Burson 
 & Shotts. In July, 1873, Shotts bought Burson's interest, and became editor 
 and proprietor, and changed the name of the paper to the " Western Herald." 
 In August, 1873, he sold a half interest to G, J. Brown, the firm then bei- 
 ing Shotts & Brown, under whose management the paper was enlarged^ 
 Shotts sold his interest to Prof. E. Kieler, in December, 1873, the firm then 
 being Brown & Kieler. .On the 23d day of April, 1874, G. J. Brown 
 bought Mr. Kieler's interest, and became editor and proprietor, and run the 
 paper until April 15, 187-5, when he formed a partnership with his brother,. 
 Kev. Wm. M. Brown, under the firm name of Brown Brothers, and the 
 business was continued by them until October 19, 1876, when G. J. Brown 
 again became proprietor, and continued the publication of the " Western 
 Herald " at South English, until August 18, 1877, when he removed the 
 material to Harper, and run it until March 1, 1878, when he sold to the- 
 Harper Publishing Company. The paper was published there until Sep- 
 tember 6, 1878, and discontinued, when G. J. Brown again bought 
 the material back, and moved back to South English, and on the 18th 
 day of October, 1878, again commenced its publication. On the- 
 Ist of March the office material was sold to J. F. White, and placed on 
 solid financial footing, and the " Herald " is now issued regularly, With J. 
 P. White as proprietor, and G. J. Brown, editor and publisher. It is " in- 
 dependent in all things, neutral in nothing," and now stands as one of the- 
 best papers in Keokuk county. 
 
 There was a paper published at Eichland during a part of the years 
 1875-6. It was first called the " Herald," and then was changed to the-. 
 " Mail." It was published by W. D. Smith & Company, and while it ex- 
 isted, ably represented the interests of that portion of that county. The 
 last number was issued March 23, 1876. 
 
 There remains to be noticed one more paper, the " Domestic Quarterly- 
 
460 HISTOBY OF KEOKtJK COUNTY. 
 
 Keview." There were but three numbers published, the first bearing date of 
 April 1, 1844. From the first page we learn that it was written and pub- 
 lished by S. A. James, and devoted to literature, amusement and particular 
 intelligence. There was no type nor press in the county, and the paper, 
 which was printed with a pen, is remarkable for its close resemblance to 
 printed matter. 
 
 The influence of the local press upon the morals and general intelligence 
 of the people in the county, cannot be overestimated. In the absence of 
 the local press there are hundreds of families who would take no paper, 
 and it is to this agency alone that is due the almost universal dissemination 
 of general intelligence, as well as the communication of local news. 
 
 The aggregate circulation of these papers, in the county, is over four 
 thousand copies, weekly, or more than one copy for each family in the 
 •county. 
 
 Of printed matter published outside the county, there is supplied from 
 the Sigonrney post-office, to a population of about four thousand people, 
 the following: 
 
 Daily newspapers 40- 
 
 Weekly newspapers • 1167 
 
 Magazines 137 
 
 Periodicals 78 
 
 Total 1422 
 
 Thirty-five years ago there were three newspapers received at the same 
 ■office. The press has certainly kept pace in the march of time with other 
 •enterprises. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 The schools of the county are sharing with the contents of the news- 
 boy's bundle, the title of universities of the poor. A. close observation of 
 the working of the public schools shows that if the induction of facts be 
 complete, it could be demonstrated that the public schools turn out more 
 better fitted for business, and for usefulness, than most of our colleges. 
 'The freedom and liberty of our public schools afford less room for the 
 growth of eflfeminacy and pedantry, it educates the youth among the peo^ 
 pie, and not among a caste or class, and since the man or woman is called 
 upon to do with a nation in which some are the only factor, the education 
 which the common schools afford, especially where they are of the superior 
 standard reached in this county, do fit their recipients for a sphere of use- 
 fulness nearer the public heart than can be attained by private schools or 
 accademies. 
 
 Keokuk county educational affiairs are in a flourishing condition. The 
 contrast between the settler's school and the present accommodations has 
 been marked. The puncheon floors and desks, and doorless aperature for 
 entrance, have given place to more finished edifices, in some cases el- 
 egant ones, possibly not more thoroughly ventilated, but more comfort- 
 ably so. 
 
 The county has now become well supplied with comfortable, commodi- 
 ous school-houses, and good schools are being taught in all the townships 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 461 
 
 and towns, sufiBciently namerous and convenient for the accommodation of 
 all parts of the county. Educational interests have been considered as of 
 the highest importance by the majority of the citizens, and means and 
 efforts have not been spared to make their public schools a success; and 
 Onder the eflScient management of Mr. Todd, who until recently, has held 
 the office of superintendent for quite a term ot years, the schools and ed- 
 ucational interests are attaining a high standard. 
 
 The county teachers believe in the interchange of thought, also in the 
 community of effort, and are making the profession of teaching a study as 
 well as practice. Teachers' institutes are now becoming of regular and 
 frequent occurence, and are well attended by those who take a special in- 
 terest in the work. The superintendents' examination-grade is now of 
 such a standard that all applicants do not attain it, and for those who 
 are successful, after diligent study and preparation, it shows a much more 
 creditable standing, besides furnishing a more efficient class of teachers. 
 
 The last county normal was held in August, beginning first Monday. 
 It was conducted by H. D. Todd. The number of teachers enrolled was 
 199, of whom 50 were males. The interest was good, by far the best and 
 most profitable ever held in the county. 
 
 It is interesting to note the growth of the schools of this county, as well 
 as the added interest which accompanies it. From the humble beginning 
 of one school-house, we see one in every neighborhood of the county, ac- 
 commodating every child in its midst, whether it be rich or poor. 
 ' The first school within the present limits of Keokuk county was in a 
 school-house built to suit the times. It was near Rocky Run, nearly three 
 and a-half miles northeast of Richland. It was built of round logs, the 
 space between them chinked and then daubed with mud. About five feet 
 from the west wall on the inside, and about five feet high, another log was 
 
 f)laced running clear across the building. Puncheons were fixed on this 
 og and in the west wall on which the chimney was built. Fuel could then 
 be used of any length not greater than the width of the building, and when 
 it was burned through in the middle the ends were crowded together; in 
 this manner was avoided the necessity of so much wood chopping. There 
 was no danger of burning the floor, as there was none. The seats were 
 made of stools or benches, constructed by splitting a log, hewing off the 
 splinters from the flat side and then putting four pegs into it from the 
 round side for legs. The door was made of clapboards. On either side a 
 piece of one log was cut out, and over the aperature was pasted greased 
 paper which answered for a window. Wooden pins were driven into the 
 log running lengthwise immediately beneath the windows, upon which was 
 laid a board and this constituted the writing desks. The school-district in 
 which this wonderful structure stood extended from the east part of the 
 county to the Jackson township line, and from Skunk river on the north 
 as far south as one could see. Since the day of school tax levies the peo- 
 ple are a little more definite in defining their sub-districts. 
 
 The first school, which is hereafter described, having closed, a meeting 
 was called and it was resolved " that we build a good school-house, twenty 
 feet square, plank floor, glass windows, batten door, pointed with lime, pro- 
 vided it don't cost more than fifty dollars." 
 
 The first school taught in the county was by James McKinney in the 
 winter of 1842-3 at the school-house heretofore described. The second 
 school was taught at the same place by Miss Emily Wbitaker in the sum- 
 
462 .HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COTTSTZ. 
 
 mer of 1843. The following winter she and her brother, Watson Whitaker* 
 each, taught a school in the same locality, but one of them was just across 
 the line in Washington county. The fourth school was taught at a place 
 called Western City, then a rival of Kichland, and situated about four miles 
 northwest of the latter place. This school was taught by Emily Whitaker 
 in the summer of 1844. Her wages were fifty cents per month for each 
 pupil, one-third payable in money and the balance in trade. This Miss 
 Whitaker is now Mrs. Meacham and she still owns a reel she took as the 
 tuition for one pupil. She took most of her pay in wheat. James Mc- 
 Kinney, who taught the first school, was not disposed to treat on Christmas, 
 as the pupils desired him to do, so they seized him and were taking him to 
 the creek to give him a •' ducking " when Harvey McCoskey took a pen- 
 knife and stabbed Pleasant Pringle just below the eye and inflicted a 
 wound, the scar of which Mr. Pringle still bears. Twice, subsequently, the 
 pupils were successful in " ducking " the teachers. When they had 
 " ducked " him twice he became sick but woujd not treat. Some of the 
 pupils of this first school are yet citizens of the cdunty, among whom are 
 A. H. Smith, to whom we are under obligations for several facts of this 
 chapter. Pleasant Pringle, Joel Pringle, Mrs. Susan Jefireys, and J. P. Ai 
 Lewis. 
 
 The first schools of the county were subscription schools; the teachers 
 "boarded around," stayed one night at one house and the next at another. 
 The course of study was spelling and the three, " K's — Eeaden, Kiten and 
 Rethmetic." The leading principle in didactics was, "no licken, no 
 larnen." 
 
 The contracts between teacher and patrons were perhaps similar to the 
 following entered into between one 'iWeller, who taught the first school in 
 Steady Run township, and his patrons: 
 
 " Article of agreement made and entered into this 9th day of January, 
 1846, between R. F. Weller, of the Territory of Iowa, Keokuk county, and 
 the undersigned, witnesseth that the said Weller agrees to teach a common 
 school for the term of three months, viz, : spelling, reading, writing and 
 arithmetic. 
 
 "The undersigned, citizens of the said county, agree to pay said Weller 
 one dollar and fifty cents per scholar; also, to furnish a suitable house and 
 fire- wood, and board said Weller; the above amount may be paid in maki;ig 
 rails at the customary price, one-third to be paid on or before the expira- 
 tion of each month. School to commence when twenty scholars are 
 signed : 
 
 SnBSOEIBEES NAMES. 
 
 Anson Richardson 2 
 
 Enos Darnell 1 
 
 Andrew Taylor 2 
 
 Christopher Wood 1 
 
 Wm. Stinson 3 
 
 Thos. Richardson 3 
 
 Joel Skinner 2 
 
 Wm. Hutton 2 
 
 Cornelius Hurley 3 
 
 The school-house stood on the place now owned by A. 0. New, and was 
 made of round logs, and had a "weight pole" roof, the dimensions of the 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 465 
 
 building being foarteen feet square. The district boundaries were: « Jack- 
 son township on the east, south as far as you could see, west the same dis- 
 tance, and north to Skunk river." The rails were made according to the 
 provisions of the contract, at sixty-two and a-half cents per hundred. At 
 the close of the school the electors voted to build a good school-house, pro- 
 vided it did not cost more than lifty dollars. 
 
 The first school taught in German township was by Julius J. Heider, in 
 1851; the first in Adams, by Martin Ballard, in 1849; the first in English 
 Eiver, by S. M. Glandon, in 1860, in an old house without windows. 
 Webster has, until recently, had one of the original school-houses, built in 
 the township which was erected in the fall of 1854. At the latter named 
 place there was an academy started by Degarmo & Ob., but owing to a lack 
 of patronage it was abandoned. The first school taught in Prairie town- 
 ship was in the winter of 1857-8, by L. Hollingsworth, who afterward was 
 elected to several of the most important county offices, and is now a resi- 
 dent of the county-seat. 
 
 In the year 1856 Benjamin Naylor, B. F. McAllister and "Wm. B. Law- 
 ler started an academy at Richland, which was in operation four years. The 
 principal, Mr. Naylor, was the author of a text-book on arithmetic and 
 geography. The leading features of these books were much oral teaching, 
 concert recitations, singing geography, and contractions in operations in 
 arithmetic. Several who afterward became prominent and influential citi- 
 zens of the county were students of this academy; among others, J. A. 
 ■Lowe, afterward county superintendent, J. M. Jones, county recorder, and 
 ii. F. Smith, for years a teacher in the county, and now a banker of Win- 
 terset. The last named gentleman, like his preceptor, has done something 
 in the way of book-making. Among other works of which he is the au- 
 thor are the " Rational Method of Grammar," and a work on banking; 
 the former is decidedly original in conception and novel in style. 
 
 The first teachers' institute held in the county was an educational 
 fair held in the year 1858, under the auspices of Judge Rogers, then county 
 superintendent, and the State superintendent, D. Franklin Wells. Com- 
 petitive examinations and class drills were the leading features of the con- 
 test. Among the teachers in attendance were L. Hollingsworth, James 
 Winget, Cind Grossman, Isaac Hale, J. H. Sanders, Hilson Degarmo and 
 L. McCoy. 
 
 The first regular institute was held in 1862, at Sigonrney, during the 
 month of September, conducted by Moses Ingalls, of Muscatine; the next 
 year the institute was held in June, conducted by the same man, assisted 
 in reading and music by Mr. Dougherty. In 1864 the institute was held 
 at Richland, and was conducted by Prof. J. Piper. In 1865 the institute 
 was held at Springfield; about twenty teachers were in attendance. The 
 next year the institute was held at Sigourney, conducted by Prof. Piper; 
 twenty-six males and forty-five females were in attendance. In 1868 the 
 institute was held at Sigourney, beginning March 22d, conducted by T. W. 
 M-ulhera. In 1869 Prof. Gilchrist and Prof. G. T. Carpenter conducted 
 
 29 
 
466 HisTOET or keokuk county. 
 
 the institute; one hundred and forty-four teachers were in attendance. In 
 1870, one Durham conducted the institute^ and in 1871 and 1872 Prof. 
 Piper was again engaged. The last institute was conducted by E. Baker, 
 of Oskaloosa; it occurred in December, 1873, with an attendance of one 
 hundred and forty. 
 
 The first county normal school held was during the administration of H. 
 D. Todd. It was held in August, 1873, Prof. Eldridge being the conduc- 
 tor, assisted by Miss Deering and Prof. Pickett, and there were one hun- 
 dred and seventy-seven in attendance. 
 
 In the year 1875, a normal of six weeks was held, beginning August 2d, 
 two hundred and sixteen teachers being in attendance; this was the largest 
 normal held in the State np to that time. 
 
 The last normal was held in the school building at Sigourney, beginning 
 August 4th and lasting four weeks. H. D. Todd was the conductor, assisted 
 by Gr. T. Carpenter, E. E. Eldridge, J. J. Pollard, J. E. Richardson, Menza 
 Eoseranz, E. Bush, M. Gibney and Dr. John Wheeler. There were in 
 attendance sixty-five males and one hundred and thirty-three females. 
 
 John Rogers, H. Jay, James Frey, D. Y. Smock, A. J. Kane, J. A. 
 Lowe. T. J. Hasty, H. D. Todd and John Bland have been the county 
 superintendents, in the order named. Mr. Todd held the office nearly six 
 years, and now has, throughout the State, the best reputation of any super- 
 intendent who has ever held the office. By reason of his enterprise and ac- 
 tivity he has brought the schools of the county up to a standard much 
 above the average of county schools, and all friends of popular educa- 
 tion, and especially those most immediately interested can but congratulate 
 the recently retired superintendent upon his long and successful career as a 
 public servant. 
 
 Very much of the early history of the schools of the county is now en- 
 veloped in darkness, owing to the fact that no one has undertaken to keep 
 an exact record of their beginnings and subsequent progress. Although 
 meagre, what is obtainable is interesting and authentic. 
 
 In 1850 there were in the county thirty-nine schools, thirty-nine teachers, 
 one thousand and fifteen pupils. The school fund consisted of two hun- 
 dred dollars raised by taxation, six hundred and forty dollars from the 
 public fund and eighteen hundred dollars raised by subscription, fines, etc. 
 
 The following tables will afford a good idea of school affairs and the pro- 
 gress made from time to time in the history of the county down to the 
 present time: 
 
 1861. 
 
 No. of sub-districts 94 
 
 " schools in county 127 
 
 " pupils enrolled 3261 
 
 Average attendance ". 1325 
 
 No. of teachers , 137 
 
 Cost of tuition per week, for each pupil $ 0.84 
 
 Amount paid teachers during the year 7,681.65 
 
 Average compensation of teacher, per month 17.85 
 
 No. ot school-houses 69 
 
 Value of school-houses $ 14,082.00 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 467 
 
 1868. 
 
 No. of sub-districts 123 
 
 " schools 110 
 
 'M " pupils 5,048 
 
 Attendanqe 2,874 
 
 No. of teachers 217 
 
 Cost of tuition, per week $ 0.80 
 
 Amount paid teachers 17,788.70 
 
 Average compensation of teachers, per month 28.66 
 
 No. of school-houses 112 
 
 Talne of school-houses $ 77,768.00 
 
 1875. 
 
 No. of sub-districts 24 
 
 " independent districts 116 
 
 " schools 155 
 
 " pupils 5,932 
 
 Attendance 3,747 
 
 No. of teachers 251 
 
 Cost of tuition, per week $ 1.20 
 
 Amount paid teachers 32,512.21 
 
 Average compensation of teachers, per month 32.69 
 
 No. of school-houses 137 
 
 Talue of school-houses $103,220.20 
 
 1879. 
 
 No. of sub-districts 22 
 
 " Independent districts 114 
 
 " persons of school age, males 4,057 
 
 ' « " " « « females 8,803 
 
 " ungraded schools 110 
 
 " graded schools 11 
 
 " select " 3 
 
 Average number of months taught 6.6 
 
 Male teachers employed 121 
 
 Female " " 155 
 
 Average compensation per month, males $ 28.21 
 
 " ' « « females 21.60 
 
 Pupils enrolled 6,240 
 
 Aggregate attendance 3,094 
 
 ■Cost of tuition per month $ 1.19 
 
 No. of school-houses 137 
 
 Value of school-houses $ 80,815.00 
 
 " apparatus 1,513.25 
 
 .Examination of Teachers. 
 
 No. of 1st grade certificates issued to males 45 
 
 females 40 
 
 males 56 
 
 females 70 
 
 males 17 
 
 females 51 
 
 (( 
 
 1st 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 '( 
 
 2d 
 
 
 (C 
 
 
 1( 
 
 2d 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 II 
 
 3d 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 <( 
 
 3d 
 
 
 (C 
 
 
468 HISTORY OF KEOKUK OO0NTT. 
 
 Total number of certificates issued to males US 
 
 « « « " females 16t 
 
 No. of applicants examined, males 12T 
 
 " " " females 173 
 
 " " rejected, males 9" 
 
 « « " females 12 
 
 Average age of applicants, males 23J: 
 
 « " " females 22^ 
 
 Ko. having no experience, males IT 
 
 « " " " females 31 
 
 No. taught less than one year, males 29^ 
 
 " " « " " " females 3& 
 
 Visitation of Schools. 
 
 No. of schools visited by the superintendent 160" 
 
 " cases of appea;l decided 5 
 
 Compensation of superintendent $ 915.00 
 
 SCHOOL FINAITOES. 
 
 School-House Fund. 
 
 On hand at last report $ 3,660.72 
 
 Keceived from district tax 9,178.44 
 
 " • " other sources 2,103.15' 
 
 Total debit 
 
 Paid for school-houses and sites $ 5,254.64 
 
 " on bonds and interests 3,648.76 
 
 On hand 6,304.75 
 
 Paid for libraries, apparatus, etc 11.00' 
 
 Total credit % 17,294.92 
 
 Contingent Fund. 
 
 On hand from last rieport $ 6,304.75 
 
 Eeceived from district tax 6,312.26 
 
 " " other sources 530.72 
 
 Total debit 
 
 Paid for rent of school-houses and repairs % 2,167.35' 
 
 " fuel 2,082.87 
 
 " secretary and treasury , 2,013.83 
 
 " records, apparatus, etc 345.36 
 
 " other purposes 1,683.61 
 
 " insurance 288.65 
 
 " janitors 414.06 
 
 On hand 24,328.97 
 
 Total credit 
 
 Teacher'.s Fund. 
 
 On hand at last report $ IS.ggO.lS' 
 
 Eeceived from semi-annual apportionments 8,281.56 
 
 " " district taxes 24,243.13 
 
 " " other sources 1,253.15 
 
 Total debit 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKITK COUNTY. 469 
 
 Paid to teachers $ 28,300.99 
 
 On hand 19,407.10 
 
 Total credit 
 
 CABINET AND LIBEAET. 
 
 Through the exertions of Mr. Todd, the late county superintendent, there 
 iias been accumulated a valuable library and cabinet. The following is a 
 history of the same: 
 
 The Keokuk County Educational Library was organized at the first 
 jiormal institute held in the county, during August, 1874. The teachers in 
 attendance subscribed one hundred and twelve dollars as a fund for pur- 
 -ehasing books. 
 
 At iirst the membership fee was fixed at twenty-five cents, but at the 
 meeting in January, 1875, it was changed to fifty cents. Most of the 
 members at this time, as now, were teachers. A constitution and by-laws 
 were adopted, and officers elected, as follows: John Axmear, president; 
 Florence Shufflebarger, vice-president; Delia Darling, secretary; J. K. 
 Picket, treasurer; H. D. Todd, librarian. The annual dues of each mem- 
 ber were first fixed at twenty-five cents. The organization prospered, and 
 added many new books during the first year. 
 
 At the meeting, August, 1875, many new members joined, when the 
 membership fee was fixed at one dollar, and the annual dues at fifteen 
 «ents a quarter, or sixty cents a year. Several changes were also made in 
 the constitution and by-laws. Each membership or share of stock was 
 made transferable at the option of the holder. Educational meetings of 
 the Association were held, which added much to the interest. At this ses- 
 sion of the institute, August, 1876, the " Hoosier School-Master " was 
 dramatized, and played by a company for the benefit af the library. This 
 ^enterprise was quite successful. The play was repeated the second night, 
 «nd the association realized something near sixty-five dollars from these 
 entertainments. 
 
 At the January meeting, 1877, the membership fee was raised to two 
 dollars, and the quarterly fees to twenty-five cents or, one dollar per year. 
 The association was incorporated March 10, 1877, and the articles of in- 
 corporation are recorded in book Y, page 285, in the office of the county 
 recorder. Any one can become a member by complying with the regula- 
 tions. There are now about one hundred members owning about 
 ■one hundred and fifty shares, several members owning more than one 
 «hare; H. D. Todd owns eleven shares; E. A. Parks, six; John Axmear, 
 £ve; J. K. Pickett, five; "W. S. Tan Horn, four; Alice Gray, four; Joel 
 and John Eichardson, two each; Wm. Schriever, two, and several other 
 members have more than a single share. 
 
 The officers are one president, one vice-president, secretary, treasurer 
 and librarian. They also constitute the board of directors, and are the 
 committee to select books. 
 
 There are now, at this writing, five hundred and fifty seven volumes, 
 treating of a great variety of subjects. The historical and biographical 
 works are the most numerous; yet the reader of scientific, fictions, or mis- 
 cellaneous works, will find all the best authors represented, with their 
 t)e8t works, and in some cases with nearly all their writings. 
 
 About one year ago the librarian, and a number of members, became 
 
470 HISTOEr OF KEOKUK COTJNTT. 
 
 interested in geological and historical specimens, and with little effort, have' 
 collected quite a museum of curiosities. 
 
 There are many historical and interesting specimens scattered through 
 the county, which have ceased to attract much curiosity or interest wher& 
 they are owned, and if placed in this museum, would soon make a collec- 
 tion in which every enterprising citizen of the county would take pride. 
 Many relics which can now be found will soon be lost, if not collected, and 
 thus posterity will be deprived of this important means of perpetuating 
 the memory of the present and past. 
 
 "We predict for this Library Association a brilliant future. The import- 
 ance and benefit of a library all will admit. The success of this enter- 
 prise from the first is due to the eflScient management, the devotion and in- 
 terest of the members, and the little expense necessary to keep it in opera- 
 tion. 
 
 As this is an educational undertaking, it has its home or headquarters in 
 the ofiice of the county superintendent, where it has had that fatherly care 
 from the first which it needed to make it what it is, that the desires and 
 wishes of its founders and members may be fully realized. 
 
 OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The Old Settlers' Association of Keokuk county was organized in 1878. 
 The following is the constitution : 
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE KEOKUK COUNTY OLD SETTLEES' ASSOCIATION, ADOPTED JULY 29, 1878. 
 
 AETIOLE I. 
 
 This organization shall be called the Keokuk County Old Settlers' Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 AETIOLE II. 
 
 The officers shall consist of a president, five vice-presidents, a secretaiy, 
 a treasurer and an executive committee of five. The committee to b& 
 chosen from among the youngest members of the association', and whose 
 duty it shall be to provide places of meeting for the association; to see 
 that members needing care shall receive the same, and to have the general 
 management of the affairs to the association. The duty of the oflScers shall 
 be those usually devolving upon such officers. , 
 
 AETIOLE III. 
 
 All old settlers who came to the county prior to 1858, and who are now 
 residents of the county, may become members of the association by sign- 
 ing the constitution. 
 
 AETICLE IV. 
 
 The Secretary shall keep a record of the name, age and residence of each 
 member, together with the year in which he or she came to Iowa; and upon 
 the death of a member he shall enter in a book — kept for that purpose — 
 a suitable obituary notice, and report such death to the meeting at the next 
 annual meeting. 
 
HISTOEY OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 471 
 
 AETICLB V. 
 
 The actual expenses of the association shall be defrayed by a pro rata as- 
 sessment upon its members, and by voluntary contributions. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 ; There shall be an annual meeting of the association, and such called 
 meetings as the executive committee may deem necessary, and at each an- 
 nual meeting the association shall determine the time and place of the 
 next annual meeting. 
 
 AETICLE VII. 
 
 This constitution may be altered or amended by a two-thirds vote at any" 
 annual meeting of the association. 
 
 The first reunion of the old settlers of the county, under the auspices of 
 this association, was held at Sigourney, on the 10th of September, 1878. 
 It was estimated that over seven thousand people were present on that oc- 
 casion. The address of welcome was delivered by the, president. Judge S. 
 Harned. Gen. James A. Williamson delivered a lengthy address, a large 
 part of which is published in a former part of this work. Short addresses 
 were made by Capt. Keath and Col. Mackey, and S. A. James, the secretary 
 •of the association, read a number of letters in response to invitations. Five 
 minute speeches were then made by quite a number of old settlers, among 
 whom were Maxon Randall, A. J. McNabb, A. H. Smith, "Wm Bristow, 
 Elijah McClanahan, George W. Hayes, "Wm. SCearcy, Thos. H. Hicklin, D. 
 N. Henderson, Wm. Small, D. H. Drake and N. Littler. 
 
 Among the relics gathered on short notice we note the following: 
 
 A 'coon, as an emblem of olden times, property of Wm. Covey. 
 
 Spinning wheel, seventy-five years old, used by Mrs. Martin, great 
 grandmother of Miss Ella Eckley. 
 
 Report of the commissioners appointed to decide the county-seat war be- 
 tween Lancaster and Sigourney, locating it at Sigourney. 
 
 An oil-painting, seventy-five years old, painted by Rev. Josiah Fisher, 
 representing an evening view of his residence at Blackwell, Maine. 
 
 Ifeedle-work on satin, seventy-five years old, property of Mrs. Thomas 
 Beatty. 
 
 ' Hammer with which A. Covey made the first scouring plow ever used in 
 Eeoknk county. 
 
 Carpet-satchel, owned by Stephen A. Douglas, traded for in 1839, by Wil- 
 liam Jackson, Sen., at Burlington, Iowa. 
 
 Oil-painting by Rev. J. Fisher, October 20, 1820. 
 
 Old Ledger, owned by Milo Holcomb in 1836 — property of Mrs. Buck. 
 
 "Western Friend," first newspaper published in the county, at Lancaster, 
 1854 Vol. 1 No. 1, by J. N. & J. L. Paschal— property of J. W. Havens. 
 
 Old-fashioned rolls — the kind our mothers carded — Wm. Yeitch. 
 
 Old spinning-wheel. 
 
 Cradle in which Joe Shawhan was rocked in 1838. 
 
 High chair for child, 68 years old — property of Mrs. E. Baker. 
 
 Old cultivator shovel, made in 1845— Joel Long. 
 
 Fkt-iron, purchased in 1846 by Joel Long- 
 
 Wolf-trap, made in 1844, by A. Covey. This trap caught the big wolf 
 
4:72 HISTOET OF KEOKTJK COUNTY. 
 
 at the forks of Skunk River, in February, 1844, this being the sixteenth 
 •wolf caught in that month. 
 
 Broad-ax, used by the Mann family in the Cedar creek settlement in 1843. 
 
 Old-fashioned Dutch oven, property of Mrs. R. 'Buck. 
 
 A challenge to fight a duel, to Samuel A. James and one Eobinson, 
 written by "W. J. Heald, dated April 8th, 1848. 
 
 Silver ladle, 75 years old — property of B. E. Hogin. 
 
 Cow-bell, 50 years old — property of Mrs. E. Buck. 
 
 Powder-horn from an ox that hauled A. Covey to this country in 1843. 
 
 Pocket-book, 78 years old — property of A. E. Lowe. 
 
 Indian spear-head. 
 
 Saucer from which Uncle Billy "Wait was fed catnip tea when a baby, 64 
 years ago. 
 
 Old Testament, printed in 1668, property of William Jackson, Sen. 
 
 Flute, made in 1674, and brought to this country in 1750 — property of 
 F. Knape. 
 
 Sword, presented to Simon Doming when colonel of Ohio militia, 50 
 years ago. 
 
 Wool cards, 1835— Wm. Veitch. 
 
 Indian battle-ax — H. C. Adams. 
 
 Old book, printed in 1762 — ^William Jackson. 
 
 Bottle, brought to this country from Ireland by Mrs. Wm. Wait's grand- 
 parents, 100 years ago. 
 
 Indian pipe, found on a battle-field in northern Arkansas — Wm. Jackson. 
 
 Moccasins — Wm. Jackson. 
 
 Spoons, curiously wrought from horn, taken from a battle-field in north- 
 ern Arkansas — Wm. Jackson. 
 
 Profile pictures of Mr. and Mrs. Dibilbiss, great-grandparents of Mrs. 
 M. Warrington. 
 
 Profile pictures, same lady's great-grand aunt, and in some way related 
 to H. C. Adams. 
 
 Old mortar, property of Mrs. E. B. Kerr, has been in the family 50 
 years. 
 
 Tom Eckley's spelling-book — 50 years old. 
 
 AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The Keokuk County Agricultural Society was organized in 1857. John 
 C. Hogin was prominently identified with the society during a number of 
 years after its first organization. Grounds were bought south of Sigourney 
 near the premises now owned by A. G. Brown. The grounds were fitted 
 up at considerable expense and the society prospered for a number of years, 
 l?ut at the beginning of the war the annual fairs were discontinued and the 
 grounds were suffered to go down. During the progress of the war the 
 grounds were sold to pay a debt which had accumulated and the society 
 went out of existence. 
 
 The society was never reorganized although several unsuccessful efforts 
 were made to do so in 1868 and '69. On August 13, 1870, a number of 
 the leading citizens of the county met at Sigourney for the purpose of or- 
 ganizing another society. Articles of incorporation were adopted and the 
 following gentlemen were chosen directors: Hon. T. A. Morgan, of 
 Adams township; John Edgerton, Prairie township; John Dillon j English 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 4:73 
 
 Kiver; John Stonder, Liberty; Benj. Parish, Steady Kun ; McClure, 
 
 Clear Creek; H. N. IS^ewton, Lafayette; Samuel Brunt, Lancaster; W. 
 Clnbb. VanBuren; Edgar Whiteman, Sigourney; J. W. Trotter, German; 
 J. E. Speirs, Jackson; Thomas Thornloe, "Washington; Allen Dunn, War- 
 ren; John Morrison, Benton; O. N. Johnson, Richland; J. A. Lowe, Si- 
 gourney. The first officers of the society were: president, T. A. Morgan; 
 vice-president, Thomas Thornloe ; secretary, J. H. Shawhan ; treasurer, J. 
 A. Dodnell. The first fair under the auspices of this new organization was 
 held in the following September. There being no grounds suitably arranged 
 the fair was distributed around. The court-room was used for a floral and 
 fine art hall; the court-yard was used for the display of agricultural imple- 
 Inents; the stock-pens were south of town in A. G. Brown's barn-j'ard and 
 the race-track was located down on Uncle Johnny Kentfro's bottom. Not- 
 withstanding the inconvenience of this arrangement and the short time 
 which elapsed between the time of organization of the society and the fair, 
 the exhibition made at this time was among the best ever had in the 
 county. 
 
 The present fair-grounds were purchased and fitted up the following 
 year and the society since its organization has been in a flourishing condi- 
 tion. 
 
 The tenth annual fair was held on the 9tb, 10th, 11th and 12th of Sep- 
 tember last. The premium list shows an aggregate of $1000 offered in 
 premiums. The following is a list of the present officers of the organiza- 
 tion: 
 
 President — ^T. C. Cunningham. 
 
 Vice-President — J. P. Minteer. 
 
 Secretary — A. J. Pope. 
 
 Treasv/rer — J. P. Abernethy. 
 
 Executive Committee — T. C. Cunningham, T. A. Morgan, J. P. Minteer, 
 Thos. Thornloe, T. J. McNabb. 
 
 Chief Marshal — J. H. McCormick. 
 
 Superintendent of Grounds — Ben. Crocker, 
 
 Superintendent of Floral Hall — N. W. Churchill. 
 
 Superintendent of Amphitheatre — H. W. Tracy. 
 
 Directors — H. W. Tracy, Richland township; J. R. Speirs, Jackson 
 township; Ben Crocker, Steady Run township; W. F. Bottorff, Benton 
 township; T. J. McNabb, Warren township; S. W. Brunt, Lancaster 
 township; D. N. Henderson, Clear Creek township; C. F. Singmaster, 
 Lafayette township; John B. House, German township; J. P. Minteer, 
 Sigonrney township; T. C. Cunningham, Sigourney city; Wm. Mead, Van 
 Buren township; Thos. Thornloe, Washington township; Ben Bates, Prai- 
 rie township; if. W. Churchill, Adams township; T. A. Morgan, English 
 River township; Jesse L. Westfall, Liberty township. 
 
 COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The physicians of Keokuk county have made several attempts to unite 
 themseves in an organization, and several societies have been formed. 
 From some cause these organizations have not been of long duration, all 
 of them having gone out of existence except the last which was formed 
 about a month since. 
 
 The first society was formed in 1858. Dr. A. Parks was president; F. 
 
474 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 A. Dorr, vice-president; H. W. Jay, secretary; W. B. Smith, coresponding^ 
 secretary. Among the members of this first organization Dr. Price is the 
 only one still practicing in the county. 
 
 The second organization was formed in 1868. This organization was of 
 short duration, and in 1870 another attempt was made to reorganize the 
 society, but it seems that nothing was done except to adopt a fee bill. 
 
 In June, 1875, a number of the leading physicians of tl^e county met at 
 Sigourney for the purpose of forming an organization. Dr. C. C. Wilson 
 was elected president of the society; J. F. Kichardson, vice-president; T. 
 
 B. McWilliams, secretary; Drs. McFarland, Hair and Price, board at 
 censors. 
 
 This organization was continued till the year 1877, when it was suffered 
 to go down. 
 
 On September 5, 1879, the society was again reorganized: articles of in- 
 corporation were adopted at a subsequent meeting and the organization 
 now promises to be permanent. The present officers. of the society are as 
 follows: 
 
 I^resident — Dr. James D. Gray. 
 
 Vice-President — Dr. J. F. Richardson. 
 
 Treasurer — Dr. J. H. Hair. 
 
 Secretary — Dr. T. B. McWilliams. 
 
 Board of Censors — Dr. Davis, Dr. S. D. Cook, Dr. Daniel McFarland". 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND CRIME. 
 
 A BOILEE EXPLOSION. 
 
 One of the most melancholy disasters which ever occurred in the county 
 was the explosion of a boiler at Alexander Demorris' saw-mill, in Steady 
 Run township. It occurred March 2, 1875, and resulted in the instant 
 death of four persons, the fatal injury of a fifth, and serious injury of sev- 
 eral others. 
 
 The mill was very thronged with work and was being run at a high pres- 
 sure of steam. At the time of the explosion the mill was not in operation, 
 it having been stopped for a short time to file the saw, and a head of steam 
 was allowed to accumulate beyond the capacity of the boiler. Mr. Demor- 
 ris was filing the saw; Hezekiah Utterback, his son, Hezekiah Utterback, 
 and nephew, Pony Utterback, had just arrived with a log. Mr. Utterback, 
 Sr., was talking with Mr. Demorris and the boys had gone to the furnace 
 to warm themselves; the engineer had just stepped out with a Mr. Merri- 
 field to mark some logs when the explosion took place. The two Utterback 
 boys, R. D. Snakenberg and Andrew Binehart were killed instantly. Mr. 
 Utterback, Sr., was struck by the debris, fracturing his skull and lower jaw, 
 from the effects of which injuries he shortly died. Mr. Demorris had a 
 leg and three ribs broken and his face blown full of particles from the fur- 
 nace. Mr. Merrifield had a leg badly bruised and the engineer sustained a 
 number of serious injuries. Mr. Binehart and Mr. Snakenburg were turn- 
 ing a log on the carriage at the time of the explosion and were mangled in 
 a horrible manner. The mill was a total wreck, the boiler being torn apart 
 at every joint and scattered over several acres of ground. 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKDK CODNTT. 475 
 
 ATTEMPTED WIFE MUEDEK. 
 
 On Tuesday, June 28, 1865, the wife of William J. Allen, living about ai 
 mile and a half west of Sigourney, was found lying on the floor, near th& 
 bed, in an insensible condidition. The bed was bespattered with blood, and 
 upon investigation it was found that the lady had received a frightful 
 wound on the right side of the head. A large black-walnut club about five 
 feet long, bespattered with blood was found on the floor near by. The hus- 
 band, William J. Allen, was a man of very unprepossessing appearance^ 
 and from his conduct when the neighbors first appeared, as well as the fact 
 that a very questionable intimacy had for some time existed between himt 
 and a young girl in the neighborhood, led the people to suspect him of hav- 
 ing committed the assault. Upon being questioned, be said that while at 
 work he saw two men leave the house and go into the woods near by, and 
 that he believed they had committed the act. He was arrested the same- 
 evening and brought to Sigourney. The next morning when brought be- 
 fore a magistrate he waived an examination and was held to bail in the sum 
 of $10,000. The sheriff, W. B. Merriman, started the same day to convey 
 him to the jail at Oskaloosa for safe keeping, but was followed by an exas- 
 perated crowd who overtook him a few miles from town, demanded the pris- 
 oner and threatened to hang him on the spot. Thesherifi^was determined to- 
 defend his prisoner as long as possible, but finally agreed to return to towa 
 and take the prisoner to the jail at Muscatine, the crowd consenting not to 
 molest him if Allen was taken to a stronger jail than the one at Oskaloosa,. 
 which they believed -unsafe, as nearly all prisoners confined there from Keo- 
 kuk county had heretofore escaped. 
 
 The sherifi'then turned back to Sigourney, but had not gone more than 
 half way when the crowd again determined to hang the prisoner, and fresh 
 attempts were made to seize him. However, the coolness and good judg- 
 ment exercised by the sheriff", and Allen promising to make a full confes- 
 sion, again quieted the angry crowd. 
 
 Allen then confessed that he had struck his wife while she was lying upon 
 the bed, with a single-tree; that he did so because he was engaged to marry 
 a young girl in the neighborhood and wanted to get his wife out of the- 
 way. The truth of his confession in several particulars, was doubtful. 
 After this confession the sheriff was permitted to proceed with his prisoner 
 unmolested. Upon arriving at town he took the precaution to procure the- 
 services of several of the militia to guard the prisoner until he should 
 reach Washington. Allen appeared to manifest no concern about the re- 
 covery of his wife, and having been removed under heavy guard, was lodged 
 in the Muscatine jail until the following term of the District Court, whea 
 he was brought back to Sigourney and arraigned for attempted murder, his- 
 wife in the mean time havmg recovered. He was found guilty, and on the 
 13th of October was sentenced to a term of seven years in the state peni- 
 tenliary. 
 
 THE 8TEA0SSEE-8HELL TEAGEDT. 
 
 On Thursday, Januarj' 19, 1874:, an altercation took place in Prairie 
 township, between J. B. Strausser and August Shell, which resulted in the 
 death of the former. 
 
 There seems to have been -no witnesses to the affray, and the testimony 
 of the survivor went through so many hands and received so many embel- 
 
476 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 lishments that it is almost impossible to give an accurate statement of the 
 ■case. The facts of the matter, as nearly as can be arrived at, were as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Shell was a tenant of Strausser, and had his cattle in the fields of the 
 latter, in which there was some corn which Strausser did not think worth 
 gathering. Shell's cattle would occasionally get into this corn, when 
 Strausser would drive them off with his dogs. On the morning of the fatal 
 •day Shell got on a horse with the intention of looking for his cattle, but 
 seeing them coming up, worried by the dogs, put up his horse and 
 
 fot his gun, intending to shoot the dogs. On getting out into the 
 eld he met Strausser, and a scuifle took place, the latter attempting to get 
 the gun away from Mr. Shell. In the struggle the gun was discharged^' 
 the contents lodging in the right lung of Mr. Strausser. "When the gun 
 was discharged. Shell gave it up, and Strausser, though mortally wound- 
 •ed, had strength enough left to strike Shell on the head with the guu, 
 bending the trigger guard, and fracturing his skull. After being struck 
 Shell clinched Strausser and both fell, whereupon, seeing that his antag- 
 onist was dying, Shell arose and ran to the house for assistance. A young 
 man who was staying with Shell thereupon went out, and they founl 
 Strausser dead. They then went over to Strausser's house and told his 
 wife of the occurrence. After the excitement occasioned by the affray had 
 cabated, Shell became very sick from the effects of the blow he had rer 
 ■ceived, and was some weeks recovering. At the next session of the Disr 
 trict Court the grand jury took the killing of Strausser under advisement, 
 J)ut failed to indict Shell. So the matter ended. Both parties, prior to 
 the altercation, had borne good characters as peaceable and law abiaing oitr 
 izens. Strausser was one of the old settlers of the county, and among the 
 first citizens of Prairie township. 
 
 THE HOLLAND HOMICIDE. 
 
 William M. Holland, of English River township, was shot, and instantly 
 tilled, by Miss Caroline White, about noon, on Monday, July 23, 1877. 
 
 The circumstances connected with the perpetration of this deed are as 
 follows: Miss White was a young woman about eighteen years of age, the 
 ■daughter of Godfrey White, of English River township. She had always 
 borne a good name, and aside from assertations derogatory to her charac- 
 ter, said to have been started by Holland, her virtue had never been quep,- 
 tioned. Holland was a married man, and the father of seven children. 
 He was possessed of no property, and was dependent for the support of his 
 €amily upon work furnished by the neighbors. He had from time to timp 
 been in the employ of the girl's father, and by him, frequently furnished 
 ■with sustenance for his family, in advance of his labor. In return for these 
 favors he was said to have circulated the statement that Miss White was not a 
 virtuous girl, and that he had, on several occasions, had criminal inter-- 
 course with her. Several attempts were made by the girl and her friends 
 to clear up the scandal, but Holland, although denying that he had ever 
 made such charges, could never be induced to sign any statement branding 
 them as false. An engagement between the girl and a young man of that 
 neighborhood, was, on account of these reports, broken off. On the day 
 of the homicide. Miss White went to the house of Thomas Tokum, where 
 Holland was harvesting. After dinner, and before the rest had left the 
 
HISTOET or KEOKUK COUNTY. 4:7T 
 
 Hable, Holland got up and went out of the room. Miss White followed 
 him, and presented him a paper, which she asked him to read and sign. 
 Ee gave her an evasive answer, and started to leave her. As he started to 
 leave she drew a revolver and fired, the shot passing through his heart, 
 causing instantaneous death. She then stepped up to where he was Ijing 
 and emptied the remaining chambers of the revolver into his head. Miss- 
 White was arrested and waived examination, and her bond was fixed at 
 $9000. 
 
 At the next session of the District Court the grand jury found an in- 
 dictment against Miss White, and in the following spring she was ar- 
 raigned for trial. The trial was protracted and quite exciting. The law 
 firm of Donnell & Brooks, assisted by Col. Mackey, conducted the defense, 
 while the State was represented by district attorney Lafferty, assisted by 
 George D. Woodin, Esq. The defense sat up the plea of insanity, and Dr.. 
 Eanney, of the state lunatic asylum, was subpoenaed as an expert to 
 testify in the case. The jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," and 
 Miss Wliite was released. 
 
 There was a bitter feeling aroused over the result of the trial, and Dr. 
 Eanney, especially, was severely criticised, on account of the evidence' 
 #hich he gave as an expert, it being chiefly through his evidence that the- 
 defense wbn the case. J!Tot only in the county, but all over the State, was- 
 this case spoken of, and the sad affair is still talked over around the fire- 
 sides of this and adjoining counties. 
 
 THE KILLING OF THEODORE EICE. 
 
 On Monday, April 29, 1878, Theodore Eice, a hotel-keeper of Delta,, 
 was shot and almost instantly killed, by A. L. Smith. 
 
 About six o'clock in the evening of the day mentioned, Mr. Rice was- 
 smoking a cigar in the office of the hotel of which he was proprietor,; 
 when Smith, a young man who was buying hogs in that vicinity, and who 
 Bad been boarding with Rice, came in and stated his intention of changing his- 
 boarding place. Rice claimed a balance on board, and asked settlement} 
 Smith disputed the bill and refused to pay it. Smith went up stairsj. 
 got his valise, and returning, was about to depart, when Rice took hold of 
 it, and told him he could not take the valise away till he paid the bill; 
 whereupon Smith drew a pistol and told Rice if he didn't let go he would 
 shoot him. Rice thereupon loosened his hold on the valise, passed into an 
 adjoining room, procured an iron poker, and returned, expecting to find 
 Smith still in the hall-way. In this he was mistaken. Smith had left the: 
 louse and passed across the street, and Rice followed, but did not get 
 nearer to him than fifteen or twenty feet, when Smith again drew his pis- 
 tol. Rice, seeing the pistol, went off in another direction, evidently at- 
 tempting to gain entrance to a drug store near by. Smith did not fire, but 
 passed beyond the drug store, out of sight of- Rice. He then returned, and 
 before Rice had gained entrance to the drug store, and taking deliberatfr 
 aim, shot him. The-ball passed through the left shoulder and on through 
 his lung, and he fell against the store building. He soon rail ied, and 
 Started across the street toward his hotel, and just before he reached the 
 entrance, fell to the sidewalk. He was taken up and carried into thfr 
 house, where he expired in a few minutes. 
 t Smith was arrested, and sent to the jail at Sigourney. He was afterwardi 
 
478 HISTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 released on bail, and, although he was subsequently indicted by the grand 
 jury, has not yet been tried. 
 
 Mr. Eice was a young man about twenty-four years old, and left a wife 
 and two children. 
 
 THE OAPTUKE AND CONVICTION OF CEAWF. WALKBE.' 
 
 In February, 1873, the store of Lee& Johnson, at Talleyrand, was robbed 
 ■of goods to the value of $800. The goods were taken away in a sleigh, 
 and the cutter was tracked to the northeast corner of Liberty township, and 
 there the track was lost. Suspicion was at last fastened upon one Orawfc 
 Walker, who had for some time lived in Liberty township, and who had 
 •earned a bad name, both on account of his own suspicious conduct, and on 
 aiccount of certain disreputable persons who gatliered around him. Andrew 
 Stranahan, who was then sheriff of the county, conceived the idea of spy- 
 ing out the matter, and accordingly made his way on foot to Liberty towh- 
 fihip, dressed in the attire of a day-laborer, and, arriving in the neighbor- 
 hood of Walker's premises, hired himself out as a day-laborer, to one 
 Michael Corridon, for fifteen dollars per month. Here he worked for a 
 number of weeks, and was frequently in company with Walker and his 
 friends, at one time visiting the house of the former, at which time and 
 place, seeing things which led him to believe that Walker was the guilty 
 
 ?arty, on the 29th of June he procured a posse of men, surrounded 
 i^alker's house, and proceeded to make the arrest. The house was sur- 
 rounded, and quite a number were in it with Stranahan at the 
 time the arrest was made, but before the irons could be placed on the 
 prisoner he managed to escape through a window, and despite all the 
 efforts of the posse outside, got away. After Walker had escaped, the 
 house was searched, and a part of the stolen goods found. The whole 
 neighborhood was searched, but Walker could nowhere be found. 
 
 In May of the following year a young man living in Dayton, Washing- 
 ton county, went out in search of some cattle and seeing a man of suspicious 
 appearance in the brush returned to the village and reported, whereupon a 
 number of citizens went out and captured the individual, who proved to be 
 the identical Crawf. Walker who had been sought for by the Keokuk county 
 officials for nearly a year in vain. He was taken to Keota and there turned 
 over to sheriff Stranalian, by whom he was taken to Muscatine and lodged 
 in jail. In the following August he was bronglit back to Sigourney and 
 arraigned on charge of burglary; he was found guilty and sentenced to the 
 penitentiary for three years, but his case having been appealed he was taken 
 back to the Muscatine jail. There he remained till November, 1875, when 
 hearing that an effort was likely to be made to release him by means of a 
 writ of habeas corpus, Stranahan removed him to the jail at Fairfield. He 
 was lodged in the jail at the latter place on Friday, and on the next Tues- 
 day night he made his escape from the prison. No more was heard of 
 Walker till August, 1876, when he was arrested for committing highway 
 robbery in Marion county, and inca,rcerated in the jail at Oskaloosa. In the 
 following November Walker made his escape from the jail in Oskaloosa 
 ■and was not heard from again till May, 1877, when Stranahan heard thai 
 he was in Sullivan county, Missouri; he telegraphed the sheriff of Sullivan 
 county, who arrested Walker and held him till Stranahan arrived, who 
 having gone to Missouri took possession of Walker, and bringing liini back 
 
HISTOBT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 479 
 
 to Keokuk connty lodged him in tlie jail at Sigonrney, which had in the 
 ■ meantime been built. During the following October, Walker attempted to 
 «arry out some plans which he had been for some time perfecting. Having 
 made a saw out of an old case-knife, which he managed to secure, he 
 sawed oflF the bar which fastened the door on the inside of the cage at the 
 «Dtrance of the jail. When the jailer, not suspecting anything, entered 
 preparatory to locking the prisoners in their cells for the night, Walker 
 sprang upon him and with the assistance of other prisoners overpowered 
 Mm so as to get out of the building. The jailer, Mr. Haudek, however, 
 was pluck to the last, and although the other prisoners got away, he 
 managed to hold on to Walker till help arrived and the prisoner was put 
 back into bis cell. In the following December he was again sentenced to 
 the penitentiary and conveyed to Fort Madison, where he remained till the 
 expiration of his term of sentence. The father and two brothers of Walker, 
 who prior to his arrest had lived in Liberty township, and who bore a bad 
 name, left the county and have not since been heard from. Sheriff Stran- 
 aban achieved quite a reputation on account of the skill which he manifested 
 jn working up this case, also for the promptness in which he traced out the 
 location of one Joe Berry, a forger; he was a faithful and energetic- officer 
 and held the position of sheriff for eight consecutive years. 
 
 PROMINENT CITIZENS, LIVING AND DEAD. 
 
 A. H. HASKELL, 
 
 One of the early settlers, came to Sigourney in 1846, and, with Devalson 
 6. Burgess, manufactured fanning-mills. In 1848 he was appointed 
 ■warden of the penitentiary at Fort Madison, and died there in the spring 
 of 1850. His old partner, D. G. Burgess, died at Sigourney, September 
 8, 1855. 
 
 COL. JAMES a. CEOCKEE 
 
 Came to the county from Fairfield in 1845. He was a very positive man, 
 and the leading Democrat of the county. He died in the summer of 1848, 
 in Lancaster, and, at his request, was buried on his farm two miles north- 
 west of Lancaster, now owned by Josiah Utterbaok, where his solitary 
 grave may yet be seen. He left a large family, of whom were Gen. M. M.. 
 Crocker and Mrs. Burton, wife of Judge Burton, of Ottumwa. 
 
 GEEEN ATWOOD 
 
 First located at Eichland, removed to Lancaster and then to Warren town- 
 ship. Was justice of the peace for many years. Died in 1878. 
 
 WILLIAM JACOBS, 
 
 For a long time justice of the peace in Lancaster township, came to the 
 county at an early day. He was an exceedingly conscientious man, and a 
 good officer. He died September 11, 1854. His father, Bennet Jacobs, 
 was a Baptist preacher. His brother, 
 
 AirSTIK JACOBS, 
 
 Who died October 21, 1873, was an energetic man. A few years before 
 
480 HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 his death he was badly maimed by being caught in the machinery of hi» 
 mill north of Lancaster. He was 72 years old to a day at his death. 
 
 JACOB GOODHEABT 
 
 Came to the county in 1843, and settled near the present Black Hawk 
 Mills. Afterward he became the owner of the above named mill of Austin 
 Jacobs, and, as a precedent for Mr. Jacobs, was entangled in its machinery 
 in the spring of 1855, which, in a few months after, caused his death. He 
 was an honest man, who stood very high among his acquaintances. 
 
 WILLIAM Q. BLACK, 
 
 For many years a resident of Kichland, and a justice of the peace, was a 
 very upright, modest and unassuming man, and died in 1860. 
 
 DK. AEAD PAEKS 
 
 Came to the county in 1855. For many years he was associated with Dr. 
 A. C. Price in the practice of medicine. Was surgeon in the army during' 
 the civil war. Died November 28, 1868. His widow and two sons reside 
 in Sigourney. 
 
 DE. E. F. WEEKS 
 
 Came from New England to Illinois in 1838 or '9, from thence went to 
 Burlington, Iowa, thence to Fairfield, and in the summer of 1845 came to 
 Sigourney, being the first physician locating in the place. In 1841 he was 
 a member of the Masonic order at Burlington in the same lodge with 
 John C. Breckenridge, afterward vice-president of the United States- 
 He died at the house, of Maxon Eandall, six miles west of Sigourney. 
 His burial was among the first in the cemetery northeast of Sigourney. 
 Was never married. 
 
 JOHN GEEENLEE, 
 
 One of the early settlers near Black Hawk Mills, and afterward moved into 
 Kichland township, was a very estimable citizen, and died a few years since. 
 
 THOMAS HKNDEESON, 
 
 A prominent man at an early day in Clear Creek township. Was an active 
 Democrat of his time. Was one of the commissioners to locate Oskaloosa 
 as the county-seat of Mahaska county. Died in 1860. 
 
 A. H. HENSLET, 
 
 One of the oldest citizens of Sigourney, for a time practiced medicine with 
 Dr. E. H. Skillraan, then in the mercantile business, [and finally kept the 
 « Lillie House " hotel. Died, November 27, 1871. 
 
 B. T. S. GEOVE 
 
 Was a blacksmith of some note, and located in Lancaster in 1846. After 
 the removal of the county-seat, went to Talleyrand, and died there in March, 
 1864. One of his daughters is the wife of Levi Bower, present county 
 treasurer. 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK OOUKTT. 483 
 
 ALFRED BEEVES, 
 
 For several years a merchant and post-master at Sigonrney, died February 
 3, 1858. Daring his residence here he went to the city of Keokuk and 
 had Dr. Hughes amputate one ot his legs, on account of some disease in 
 the limb. His widow and son, Chester, still reside near Sigourney. 
 
 MOSES WAENEE 
 
 Lived near Eichland, was a local preacher of the M. E. Church, and a man 
 of more than average abilities. Died some four or five years since, 
 
 BAETON S. m'cOT 
 
 Came to the county about 1848, and settled a few miles west of Martins- 
 burgh. Was an active member of the Christian Church, and a leading 
 man of his community. He died October 16, 1857. His son, Lycurgus 
 McCoy, was afterward county treasurer for two terms. 
 
 c. D. m'collet, 
 
 One of the early settlers of Sigourney, and for one term sheriff of the 
 county, was a most affable gentleman, greatly liked by his friends, and 
 died in the year 1856. 
 
 JAMES L. H06IN., JB., 
 
 A son of J. L. Hogin, Sen., was for some time engaged in the drug and 
 book business in Sigourney, and fell a victim to consumption on the 31st 
 of December, 1861. 
 
 JOHN J. lAFFEE 
 
 Came to the county in 1854, and for a time kept a hotel in Lancaster, then 
 moved to Johnson county and kept the Sixteen Mile house. In 1859 re- 
 turned to Sigourney, and in 1864 moved into Van Buren township. His 
 son,. E. Laffer, is one of the most successful druggists of Sigourney. He 
 died January 31, 1877, aged 64 years, 6 months and 11 days. 
 
 HENET LAFFEE, 
 
 A brother of John J. Laffer, came to the county in the spring of 1864 and 
 took a farm two miles southwest of Sigourney, raised a large family, mostly 
 sons, and died in March, 1868. His widow died in the spring of 1873. 
 
 EBBNEZEE WEEKS, 
 
 For many years the principal owner of the principal coal bank at What 
 Cheer, and the locality then generally known as " Weeks' Coal Bank," was 
 a very worthy man, and died March 23, 1876. 
 
 PHILLIP OLUB, 
 
 One of the early settlers of the county, located in Van Buren township and 
 raised a large family of sons and daughters. He was greatly esteemed as a 
 good citizen and an honest man. He died in the autumn of 1865. Hie 
 widow, having since married Mr. John Scott, is living in Sigourney. 
 30 
 
484 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTF. 
 
 MOSES HALL 
 
 Was born in Maine, March 16, 1790; came to Iowa in 1843; first to Louisa 
 countj', and to this county in 1845. Was farming for several years near 
 Sigourney, and afterwards moved upon a farm near South English. After 
 he became too old to farm he sold the farm and moved into the village, 
 where he died February 24, 1879. 
 
 HENET SANDERS 
 
 Came to the county in 18 — , settling near Talleyrand; raised a large family, 
 many of the sons and daughters, now all married, living in the county. 
 Among the sons is J. H. Sanders, a man of rare intellectual strength, and 
 at present editor of the " Live Stock Journal," at Chicago. He died in 
 the year . 
 
 JOSEPH KNOX 
 
 Came to the county in 1846, and succeeded Benjamin F. Edwards in con- 
 ducting the principal bnsiness-house of Sigourney. He was an old man 
 when he came to the county and was remarkable for his energy and perse- 
 verance. For ten years after engaging in business he was regarded as the 
 father of Sigourney. He was a man of good judgment, tine conversationill 
 powers, and financially, was the Rothschild of the north half of the county. 
 During the county-seat controversy he was the leader and chief reliance of 
 the Sigourney party, and although defeated both at the polls and in the courts, 
 he lived long enough to see the county-seat returned to Sigourney. He 
 died in 1864, at the residence of his son, about eight miles northwest of 
 Sigourney. 
 
 HON. JOSEPH M. CASEY 
 
 Was born in Kentucky, March, 1827. In 1847 he settled in Keokuk county, 
 Iowa, and began the practice of law, he having been admitted to tlie bar 
 shortly previous. Shortly after coming to this county he was elected pros- 
 ecuting attorney, which office he held for five years. In 1859 he was elected 
 county judge, which ofiice he filled satisfactorily till 1861, when he re- 
 moved to Fort Madison, Lee county. Since residing at the latter place he 
 has devoted himself to the practice of his profession, and also given some 
 time to literary work. For three years he was editor of the Fort Madison 
 " Plaindealer," he having occupied the position of editor of the Iowa 
 " Democrat " for two years prior to leaving Keokuk county. He has occu- 
 pied many positions of honor in the Masonic fraternity, and has always been 
 foremost in advocating measures of public interest. His former acquaint- 
 ances and old friends in Keokuk county, as in the past, will continue to 
 watch his career with interest. 
 
 HON. E. L. BUETON 
 
 Settled in Lancaster shortly after that place became the county-seat, and be- 
 came one of the leading attorneys of the county. While located at Lancas- 
 ter he married a daughter of Col. Crocker. When the county-seat was 
 taken back to Sigourney, Mr. Burton removed to Ottumwa, and was for a 
 number of years associated in the practice of law with Judge H. B. Hen- 
 dershott. In 1868 he was elected District Judge. He has been successful 
 in his profession, and although but about forty years old, has a reputation 
 of being one of the best lawyers in the State. 
 
HISTOKY or KBOKUE COUNTY. 485 
 
 C. H. ACHABD 
 
 Came to Sigoiirney in 1853 and engaged in the grocery business. He be- 
 gan with a small stand and gradnallj succeeded in building np one of the 
 best houses in the county. He disposed of his business in Sigourney and 
 removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the spring of 1879. 
 
 GEN. M. M. CKOCKEE 
 
 Was born in Johnson connty, Indiana, in 1830. In 1844 he removed, with 
 his father, to Fairtield, Jefferson connty, Iowa, and shortly after to Keokuk 
 connty, where a claim was taken and improved in the most beautiful part 
 of the county, about two miles northwest of Lancaster. In 1846 young 
 Crocker was called from the plow to accept a situation tendered him by 
 Congressman Leffler, to the United States military academy at West Point. 
 At the expiration of twoj'ears he was called back to the farm by the death 
 of his father. In 185u he entered upon the study of law. and in the follow- 
 ing year was admitted to practice, and opened an oflSce at Lancaster. 
 Here he followed the practice of law until 1854, when he removed to Des 
 Moines and soon became recognized as one of the lea'ing lawyers of the 
 State. Upon the declaration of war in 1861 he immediately responded to 
 the call for volunteers, and raised the first company organized in central 
 Iowa. This company was incorporated in the Second Iowa Infantry, of 
 which Mr. Crocker first became major. Shortly after he was promoted to 
 the office of lieutenant-colonel and given command of the Thirteenth In- 
 fantry. At the battle of Sliiloh he commanded a brigade, the commander 
 having been wounded early in the engagement. He afterward was pro- 
 moted to the rank of brigadier-general, which rank he held at the time of 
 his death. His health failing toward the close of the war, he was 
 sent to. New Mexico. His health improving while there, he was, at his 
 own request, transferred, and again became connected with the Army of the 
 Cumberland. In August, 1865, he started for Washington, his health 
 again having failed. Here lie rapidly grew worse, and on the 26th of that 
 month died. 
 
 Among the former citizens of Kokuk, whom the readers of this work 
 delight to honor, there is none who are held in a more grateful remembrance 
 than Gen. Cr-cker, and whoever has crossed the ridge from Sigourney to 
 Lancaster has doubtless had the old Crocker homestead pointed out, also 
 the spot where repose the remains of the father of this illustrious son. 
 
 HON. CLABOUKN C. WILSON 
 
 Was born in Kentucky in 1833. He removed to Keokuk connty, Iowa, in 
 1856. Having failed in business prior t<> cming to Iowa, his first experi- 
 ence here was a patient struggle with poverty. He quarried stone, broke 
 prairie, made rails, and from time to time served in the office of justice of 
 tliepeace. In 1861 he begun the study «f medicine nnder the instruction 
 of Dr. Price, and having c<mpleted his studies began ihe practice of his 
 profession at Springfield, Washington township. iJe achieved a fine repu- 
 tation as a physician and was for a year the president of the county medical 
 association. In 1872 he was elected to the legislature. He established a 
 dry goods store in Springfield in 1865, and subsequently established anoth- 
 er in that neigiiborhood. When the Rock Island railroad was extended 
 
486 HISTOBT OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 
 
 from Sigonrney he was very active in the developing of the two towns of 
 Delta and Eose Hill, at both of which places he establislied stores. He 
 died in the very midst of a prosperous business and at the height of his 
 influence, in May, 1879. 
 
 GEN. JAMES A. WILLIAMSON 
 
 "Was born in Kentucky in 1829. He sucdeeded in completing the regular 
 course of collegiate studies at Knox College, after which he removed to 
 Lancaster, Keokuk county, Iowa, where, after diligent application as a law 
 student, he was admitted to the practice of law. After several years resi-. 
 dence in this county, during which he became thoroughly identified with 
 the history of the county and achieved a brilliant reputation as a lawyer, he; 
 removed to Des Moines, where he engaged in the practice of his profession) 
 till the beginning of the war. He volunteered in the Fourth Infantry and 
 afterward became the adjutant of that regiment; he was successively pro- 
 moted to the ofBce of lieutenant-colonel, colonel and brigadier-general, 
 which last rank he held at the close of the war. He is commissioner of the 
 General Land Office at Washington. The old settlers of Keokuk county 
 will remember him as being in former years one of their number, also from 
 the interesting address he delivered at the first meeting of their association 
 in September, 1878. 
 
 HON. JOSEPH LOWE 
 
 Was born in the State of Maryland, Aug. 29, 1796, and when nine years 
 old went with his parents to Western Yirginia. When about thirteen 
 years of age, being the oldest son, the support of the family devolved upon 
 him by the death of his father. When nineteen years old the second war 
 with England began and he enlisted, serving honorably till its close. He 
 left Virginia and settled in Indiana in the spring of 1822. While living 
 there he first participated in politics and took an active part in the organi- 
 zation of Rush county. He afterward represented that county in the 
 legislature, serving in both the senate and house of representatives for a 
 period reaching from 1832 to 1845. He removed to Iowa and settled near 
 Springfield, Keokuk county, in 1845. In 1850 he was chosen to represent 
 Mahaska and Keokuk counties in the State senate. He remained on his 
 farm till 1857, when he removed to Sigourney and there resided till death, 
 which occurred March 29, 1879. There have been few t^fho were more in- 
 timately connected with the interests of the county, and none more highly 
 respected than Mr. Lowe. 
 
WAR HISTORY. 
 
 keokue: county wak eeookd. 
 
 The census of 1860 shows that Keokuk county, at that time had a popu- 
 lation of 13,271. During the war of the rebellion the county sent about 
 1000 to the field of her bravest and strongest sons. 
 
 At the outbreak of this war Keokuk county was in the full tide of ac- 
 tivity and prosperity. Her material resources were being rapidly developed 
 and all the various branches of business and the learned professions were 
 keeping pace in the front ranks of progress. The people were just recov- 
 ering from the financial crisis of 1857 and those who had toiled in the land 
 during those times which tried men's souls had begun to see the dawning 
 of better days. Immediately surrounded by the noise of industry and the 
 continuous hum of business they heard little and believed less of the ru- 
 mored plots and plans of those who lived to grow rich from the toil and 
 sweat of others and whose leading branch of trade was the traffic in souls 
 and bodies of men. But still the war was upon them, and the thundering 
 of cannon at the very gates of the national capital soon broke the spell of 
 busy peace and they soon passed from a serious contemplation of the possi- 
 bility of war to the realization of its actual presence and the duties which 
 the issues of the day made incumbent upon them as loyal citizens of the 
 Union. 
 
 Fort Sumpter was fired upon April 12, 1861, and on the 15th of the 
 same month the president issued the following proclamation: 
 
 " Wheeeas, The laws of the United States have been and are now opposed 
 in several States by combinations too powerful to be snppressed in an ordi- 
 nary way, I therefore call upon the militia of the several States of the 
 Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000, to suppress the said combina- 
 tion and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens for State aid in 
 this eflbrt to maintain the laws, integrity, National Union, perpetuity of 
 popular government, and redress wrongs long enough endured. 
 
 "The first service assigned forces will probably be to repossess forts, places, 
 and property which have been siezed. from the Union. The utmost care 
 fihonld be taken, consistent with our object, to avoid devastation, destruc- 
 tion and interference with property of peaceable citizens in any part of the 
 country, and I hereby command persons commanding the aforesaid combi- 
 nations to disperse within twenty days from date. 
 
 ''I hereby convene both Houses ofCongress for the ith day of July next, 
 to determine upon measures for the public safety, as its interests may de- 
 mand. 
 
 "Abkaham Lincoln, 
 
 " By "W. H. Sewaed, President of the United States.'* 
 
 Secrettmf of State." 
 
488 KEOKUK COUNTY WAK EECOED. 
 
 Of this call for volunteers, only one regiment was required to fill the 
 quota of Iowa. The proclamation of Governor Kirkwood calling for this 
 regiment was issued at Iowa City, April ITtli. Tlie men of Iowa sprang 
 to arms as one man, and hundreds of volunteers were offered whom the 
 State did not need. 
 
 Company F, of the Fifth Eegiment, Captain Sampson, was the first one? 
 ready in Keokuk county. E. S. Sampson and N. H. Keith, who suhse-^ 
 quently were appointed captain and lieutenant of the company, were 
 chiefly instrumental in recruiting this company, although many other cit- 
 itzens of the county aided, and the company was ready for duty in a little 
 over a week from tide time the call was made. Captain Sampson immedi- 
 ately made application for a place in the First Eegiment, but too late, as 
 the regiment was already full. 
 
 When the call was made for more men the company was re-organized, 
 and went into camp a few days at Sigourney. It will be remembered that 
 the government experienced great difficulty at first to equip the men as rap- 
 idly as they volunteered, and in order to facilitate matters. Captain Samp, 
 son, while his men were encamped at Sigourney, borrowed money of S. A: 
 Alexander, paying interest therefor at the rate of thirty-six per cent, with 
 which to buy cloth for uniforms; the cloth having been procured, the ladies 
 of Sigourney laid aside all other work, including all the care of their 
 households, and gave their whole attention to the work of making up the 
 cloth into uniforms. The company then departed to the State rendezvous), 
 and was incorporated in the Fifth Eegiment. E. S. Sampson was ap- 
 pointed captain; W. H. Keith, first lieutenant; H. S. Dawson, second 
 lieutenant. Captain Sampson afterward became lieutenant-colonel of the 
 regiment, and at the expiration ot the term of enlistment, there not being 
 enongh re-enlistments from the regiment to maintain its name and organ- 
 ization, those who did re-enlist became a part of the Fifth Cavalry. Com- 
 pany F went into camp at Sigourney, July 3d, and after remaining there 
 some two weeks went to Burlington, where it went into service as a part 
 of the Fifth Eegiment, on July 15th, 1861. 
 
 The first call of the president for three hundred thousand men, and each 
 succeeding call, received a prompt and liberal response from the people of 
 Keokuk county. From the plow, the work-shop, the counting-room, and 
 from all the learned professions, the men from every rank of life, of all 
 ages, gray-beard and smooth-faced, those who proved themselves to be the 
 "bravest of the brave, came forth and enlisted themselves among those wh* 
 were ready and anxious to endure hardship, meet peril, and if need be, die 
 in defense of the flag. Company F, of the Eight Eegiment, was recruited by 
 Capt. Andrews and Dr. Terger, and went into camp at Davenport, shortly 
 after Capt. Sampson took his company to Burlington. 
 
 Company D, of the Thirteenth Eegiment, and a portion of company I, 
 of same regiment, were recruited in Keokuk county. Company D was re- 
 cruited by Dr. Price in less than one week. In company with Mr. Clark, the 
 Dr. started out on Monday morning, and visited South English, Springfield^ 
 Talleyrand, Lancaster and Eichland, holding public meetings at all these 
 placfes. The enthusiasm was unbounded, and by Thursday he returned t* 
 Sigourriey with sixty recruits. The following evening a public meeting^ 
 w^S held in Sigourney, at the close of which his recruits numbered one 
 hundred and one. The next day the company started for the place of ren- 
 dezvous, and by Saturday evening was in camp at Dayenport. There are 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAK RBOOED. 489 
 
 few countieB in this or other States which can show better in recruiting than 
 this. The material, also, was of the very best; in this company Mr. Pope 
 enlisted as a private, and came back as major of the regiment. The com- 
 pany was conveyed by farmers, in wagons, where cars were waiting to con- 
 vey it to Davenport. Before leaving Sigonrne3' a large concourse of peo', 
 pie from the snrrounding county assembled in the court-house to formally, 
 take leave of their friends. The ladies of Sigonrney made a beautiful flag 
 which was presented to the company. Miss Carter, on behalf the ladies, 
 made a brief address on presenting the flag, which was replied to by Dr, 
 Price. This flag was zealbusly guarded through inarches and sieges, in 
 camp and in battle, and was brought back to SigDurney whole, but badly 
 faded, by Dr. Price, at the close of his term of enlistment. 
 
 Company I, of same regiment was recruited partly in Keokuk and partly 
 in Washinton county. Captain Elrod, a Methodist minister, and lieutenant 
 Lynch, were principally instrumental in recruiting this company. 
 
 There were two companies raised in Keokuk county for the Thirty-third 
 Begiment, comapny B, recruited by Dr. Yerger and J. H. Shawhan, and 
 company H, recruited by Col. Mackey, Captains Dillon and Gore. The 
 company which became company H of the Thirty third, was commenced 
 in July, but recruiting went on very slowly till August, when an extra call 
 for troops aroused the people to such a state of enthusiasm that it was im- 
 mediately filled np. Company B was recruited under the following cir- 
 cumstances: Dr. Yerger and Mr. Shawhan were sitting in a room convers- 
 ing, and the subject of war finally coming up, Mr. Shawhan said he be- 
 lieved he would enlist. Dr. Yerger was of the same mind. Thereupon, 
 they stepped over to the office of the clerk of the District Court and by him 
 were sworn, each taking an oath in presence of the other, to enlist and go 
 to the war. That same evening they began to recruit company B, and in 
 tbuT days a company of 101 men was formed. This company likewise re- 
 ceived a flag at the hands of the ladies of Sigonrney. A large meeting 
 was held in the court-house square before the departure of the company, 
 and the flag was presented. Dr. Yerger, on behalf of the company, made 
 a brief address, accepting the flag and promising to defend and honor it, 
 all of which the company did until the unfortunate Yazoo expedition, when 
 the flag was lost with all the other baggage of the regiment. Both of these 
 companies, H and B, were taken to Oskaloosa, the place of rendezvous, in 
 farmer's wagons, where they were mustered into the United States service 
 and became a part of the Thirty-third regiment, C. H. Mackey, who was 
 chiefly instrumental in recruiting company H, becoming lieutenant-col- 
 onel. This regiment became renowned during its subsequent career, and 
 Xeoknk county has ever had reason to feel proud of its record. At the 
 time of Lee's surrender the regiment was sent up the Tombigbee river to 
 capture a fleet of rebel boats which had been conveyed thither on the cap- 
 ture of Mobile. Afterward it returned to Mobile and was there at the time 
 of the great explosion which occurred at the latter place in April, 1865. 
 Colonel Mackey, who witnessed this terrific catastrophe, and who but a 
 fihort time previous had been officer of the day, describes this explosion as 
 the most terribly grand and maniticently horrible event of the war. 
 
 In addition to the companies already mentioned, there were some five or 
 six pther companies, wholly or in part recruited from Keokuk county: A 
 company iu the Eighteenth regiment, a company in the Fortieth, a company 
 
490 KEOKUK COUNTY WAR EECOBD. 
 
 in the First cavalry, a company in the one hundred days' service and quite 
 a nnmber in the Gray-beard regiment. 
 
 While these recruits were at the front, their families at home were not 
 forgotten. Aid societies were formed which assisted the needy and the board 
 of supervisors granted aid from the county fund. During the latter yeSirs 
 of the war a regular tax levy was made for this purpose, and it is estimated 
 some fifteen or twenty thousand dollars were contributed in voluntary do- 
 nations and in taxes for the relief of soldier's families. While there were 
 so many who were ever ready to relieve the wants of the needy it would 
 be unjust to discriminate; there was one, however, who was peculiarly zeal- 
 ous and active in the matter, Mr. Wrn, Jackson, who in many ways com- 
 forted the sorrowing and aided the needy. He it was who was chiefly in- 
 strumental in securing aid from the county fund, and into his hands flowed 
 the voluntary contributions, which he disbursed most faithfully. To him^ 
 also, the soldiers sent their spare wages, to be distributed among their fam- 
 ilies. At one time he had over five thousand dollars of this money in his 
 care, which, in default of a better place of security, he deposited under the 
 floor of a stable. 
 
 The following account of the regiments partly recruited from Keokuk 
 county, is compiled from the Adjutant-General's reports: 
 
 THIED INFANTEY. 
 
 The Third regiment was emphatically an Iowa representative regiment. 
 It was organized quickly under the first call for troops, when the people 
 rushed to arms as if by magic. It had representatives from all parts of 
 the State. It rendezvoused at Keokuk, was mustered into the United 
 States service June 10, 1861, and at once sent to Missouri, where guerrillas, 
 horse-thieves and bushwiiackers were harassing Union citizens everywhere. 
 It was entangled in " red tape " at the start, and went to the field without 
 a commanding officer above tlie rank of captain. It was equipped with 
 the old Springfield muskets of " 1848," but without bayonet, cartridge or 
 ration. Its first night was spent on the field in open air, trusting in Provi- 
 dence, tired and .hungry. Col. Williams joined the regiment at (jhilli- 
 cothe, but was soon after ordered to St. Louis under arresl, when Lieut.- 
 Col. John Scott assumed Command, who, September 15, moved out from 
 Cameron to join the 16th Illinois against the rebel general, Atchison. At 
 Blue Mills the impetuosity of the men, eager for fray, led them into an 
 ambush which resulted disastrously, and taught them a good lesson. Its 
 next position was to guardthe North Missouri railroad, where it remained 
 until March, 1862, when it was ordered south, disembarking at Pittsburg 
 Landing March 17, joining the noble, Fourth Army Division. It was at 
 Shiloh, winning military glory by the loss of 200 out of 450 men engaged. 
 June 2 it went with Sherman to Memphis. In September it went back to 
 Corinth, fighting at Hatchie on the way. For seven months following it 
 was with Grant, through central Mississippi back to Memphis, thence to 
 Vicksburg, taking part in its capture; thence it joined Sherman in his 
 chase after Joe Johnson, and was more conspicuous for brilliant service 
 than any other Iowa regiment. In the siege of Jackson it also distinguished 
 itself. Thence, in December, returned to Yicksburg, and accompanied 
 Sherman in his Meridan expedition, after which it took a veteran furlough. 
 The non-veterans were ordered to the Eed Eiver campaign. The two were 
 
KEOKUK OOUNTT WAR EECOBD. 491 
 
 never again united, the veterans, on returning to the field, joining Sher- 
 man in his " March to the Sea," and at Atlanta, July 24, 1864, it literally 
 fought itself out of existence. Its color-sergeant fell pierced with bullets, 
 the colors captured. Subsequently, a squad of the regiment, who had been 
 captured and taken into Atlanta, saw their colors borne through the streets 
 by a squad of cavalry. They made a dash, recaptured it, and tore it into 
 shreds. In July, 1864, it was so decimated as to lose its organization, and 
 the few remaining men were consolidated with the Second Infantry, when, 
 four days later, they were mustered out, July 12, 1865. The regiment has 
 one of the saddest, and yet noblest, records of all those sent from the 
 State. 
 
 COMPANY H.* 
 
 Bradley, Wm. E., killed at Shiloh 
 
 April 6, 1862. 
 Lathrop, Frederick O. 
 
 Hendrick, Charles, discharged March 
 
 25, 1862, for disability. 
 Murdock, Melancthon D., discharged 
 
 November 26, 1861, for disability. 
 
 FIFTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Fifth Infantry took the field in August, 1861, and first served in 
 Missouri, going to Jeflersou City August 14; thence, in September, to 
 Columbia, Boonville, Glasgow, Springfield, Syracuse; thence back to 
 Boonville; thence to Cairo, February 22, 1862, at which date it had not 
 met the enemy. From Cairo it at once went to Benton, thence with Gen- 
 eral Pope to New Madrid, where, March 4th, it encountei-ed the enemy in 
 force treble its own, but held its position two hours under a heavy fire. 
 At Island No. 10 the valor of the regiment won the inscription of the bat- 
 tle on their banner. Thence the regiment went to Corinth. It was while 
 there Colonel Worthington, a brave and excellent officer, was accident- 
 ally shot by a sentinel. After the siege of Corinth the regiment joined in 
 the pursuit of Beauregard to Booneville, thence returned to Corinth, and in 
 June went to Ripley, Rienzi, back to Clear Springs; thence to Jacinto; 
 thence against Price at I uka, where,. September 19th, it was engaged in 
 that terrible engagement. For six miles from Jacinto to Inka the Fifth 
 led the advance of the division, beating back the enemy, until, when three 
 miles distant from luka, the enemy was met in force. The Fifth was the 
 first in line of battle, and from that moment until every cartridge was 
 gone held its place. Its loss of 217 men of the 482 tells the story of its 
 heroism. Fifteen non-commissioned officers were killed. October 3d and 
 4th, next met the enemy at Corinth. The inarch to Yockona; thence back 
 to Memphis; thence down the Mississippi to Grand Lake; thence to Hel- 
 ena, and the wild chase down the Yazoo Pass, — all are a part of the history 
 of this regiment. At Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, the regiment 
 showed its pluck. For an hour and a half it, with its brigade, held an im- 
 portant ana perilous position, and the last thirty minutes of which it had 
 no ammunition except what was gathered from cartridge-boxes of dead and 
 wounded on the field. From that time to the fall of Vicksburg its history 
 18 that of all who took part tlierein. After the fall of Vicksburg the regi- 
 ment went to Helena, thence to Memphis, thence with General Sherman 
 across the country to Chattanooga, wnere it took active part in the battle 
 
 'Dnlisted June 1, 1861. 
 
492 
 
 KKOKTTK OOTTNTT WAR KKCOKD. 
 
 on the 25th of November, where it lost 106, most of whom were captured. 
 After Chattanooga there is little of importance. It joined iti the pursnit 
 of Bragg to Graysvilie, (-ie<M*gia; thence to.Huntsville, Alabama, where it 
 passed the winter. In April it came north on a veteran furlough, return- 
 ing in May; was ordered to Kingston, Georgia. August 8, 1864, the vet- 
 erans were transferred to the Fifth Iowa Cavalr}', as companies I and G» 
 After the transfer the regiment was refitted and remounted at Nashville, 
 and joined Wilson's brilliant march through Alabama and Georgia, at the 
 close of which it was sent to Macon, Georgia, and August 9, 1865, was 
 mustered out at Atlanta, Georgia. Keokuk county was represented i» 
 
 Co. F. 
 
 COMPANY F.* 
 
 Ezekiel S. Sampson, captain; pro- 
 moted lieutenant-colonel May 23, 
 1862. 
 
 Uriah H. Keath, first lieutenant; 
 promoted captain September 1862. 
 
 Henry S. Donns, second lieutenant; 
 resigned from disability Decem- 
 ber!, 1861. 
 
 Charles S. Miller, first sergeant; re- 
 duced to fourth sergeant at his 
 own request December 1, 1861. 
 
 Sebastian Fisher, second sergeant; 
 killed at Inka September 19, 1862, 
 while acting as second lieutenant. 
 
 Charles Cosby, third sergeant; dis- 
 charged January 30, 1862, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Austin B. Rayburn, fourth sergeant; 
 promoted second lieutenant De- 
 cember 2, 1861; mustered out May 
 28, 1862. 
 
 Manassas M, Flary, fifth sergeant; 
 reduced to ranks August 17, 1862. 
 
 Wm. Cross, first corporal ; reduced to 
 ranks at his own request Decem- 
 ber 1, 1862; wounded-at Copper- 
 ville. Miss., December 5, 1862; 
 discharged March 8, 1863, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 James A. Renfro, second corporal; 
 promoted third sergeant August 
 10, 1863; wounded at Inka Kep- 
 tember 19, 1862; transferred to 
 invalid corps March 16,1864. 
 
 Franklin N. McCoy, third corporal; 
 promoted second lieutienant Sep- 
 tember 4, 1862. 
 
 Henry T. McNiel, fourth corporal; 
 died at Syracuse, Mo., December 
 9, 1861. 
 
 Sherridan G. Rose, fifth corporal; re- 
 duced to ranks at his own request; 
 wounded at luka; discharged 
 October 5, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Henry B. Landers, sixth corporal; 
 promoted fifth corporal December 
 9, 1861; wounded at luka. 
 
 Abram G. Long, seventh corporal; 
 promoted fourth sergeant March 
 15, 1862; wounded at luka; dis- 
 charged December 11, 1862, for 
 disabilit}'. 
 
 Elvin M. Holcomb, eighth corporal; 
 promoted second lieutenant June 
 1, 1862; killed at luka September 
 19, 1862. 
 
 Wm. Eberhart, musician; wounded 
 at luka; discharged February 28, 
 1863, from wounds. 
 
 Charles S. Sprague, musician; re- 
 duced to ranks October 21, 1862; 
 promoted fifth corporal October 
 21, 1862; veteranized in company 
 G, fifth cavalry, January 5, 1864. 
 
 Bennet F. Gore, wagoner, died at 
 Boonville, Mo., January 22, 1862. 
 
 r 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, Abel D., discharged February 
 13, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Beavel, Andrew, wounded at Inka; 
 veteranized company G, fifth cav- 
 alry, January 5, 1864. 
 
 Butler, Martin V. B., absent October 
 13, 1861. 
 
 * Enliited July 3, 1861, unless otherwise stated. 
 
KEOKUK OO0NTT WAB EECORD. 
 
 493 
 
 Baldwin, James S., died December 
 
 3. 1861, at Warsaw, Mo. 
 
 Cross, EH, enlisted August 5, 1862; 
 
 discharged October 'A2, 1862, for 
 
 disability. 
 Crosby, Charles, discharged January 
 
 3. 1862, for disability. 
 
 Cotton, Wm. L., veteranized fifth 
 cavalry April 11, 1864. 
 
 Campbell, Geoi^e, wounded at 
 Champion's Hill May 16, 1863; 
 veteranized fifth cavalry January 
 6, 1864. 
 
 Campbell, Wm. L., discharged Feb- 
 ruary 13, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Cabler, Edward, discharged March 
 22, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Cabler, John, wonnded at luka. 
 
 Cross, Wm. P., wounded at Coffe- 
 ville. Miss., December 5, 1862; 
 veteranized fifth ■cavalry, first cor- 
 poral, company G, January 1, 
 1864. 
 
 Cooper, George W., died September 
 16, 1861, at Jefferson City, Mo. 
 
 Ellsworth, Francis M„ discharged 
 February 14, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Ferry, George H., wonnded at luka; 
 
 . promoted to corporal; transferred 
 to invalid corps August, 1863. 
 
 Fulton, Wm. J., killed at luka Sep- 
 tember 19, 1862. 
 
 Greene, Isaac H., killed atlukaSep- 
 
 . tember 19, 1862. 
 
 Glandon, David C. died of wounds 
 at Inka September 21, 1862. 
 
 Go8s, Charles W. (or S.), died of 
 wounds at Inka September 21, 
 
 . 1862. 
 
 Gano, Charles, wonnded at Inka 
 September 19, 1862; promoted 
 corporal; wounded and captured 
 at Mission Eidge November 25, 
 1863. 
 
 Hudson, John W., died at Syracuse, 
 Mo., November 2, 1861. 
 
 Hall, Eobert M„ discharged April 
 22, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Hall, John, wounded at luka. 
 
 Hartwell, Abram, promoted fifth 
 corporal July 1, 1862; promoted 
 fifth sergeant October 21, 1862; 
 
 promoted first sergeant -; 
 
 captured at Mission Ridge No- 
 vember 25, 1864. 
 
 Hart, Daniel, captured at Madison 
 Station, Ala., May 17, 1864. 
 
 Jacques, John Joseph, prpmoted 
 corporal; captured at Mission 
 Ridge November 25, 1863. 
 
 Jones, David M., died of wounds at 
 luka September 21, 1862. 
 
 Ketchum, John V., died of wounds 
 at luka. 
 
 Long, Isaac, killed at luka Septem- 
 ber 19, 1862. 
 
 Lafier, Reason P., promoted eighth 
 corporal June 17, 1862; wounded 
 at luka September 19, 1862. 
 
 LaflFer, James E., enlisted August 
 ?6, 1862; discharged May 19, 
 1863, for disability. 
 
 Laffer,, Phillip, enlisted August 26,. 
 1862; discharged May 15, 1863, 
 for disability. 
 
 Liueback, Jacob, discharged March 
 5, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Lineback, Henry, killed at Cham- 
 pion's Hill May 16, 1863. 
 
 Morgan, George E, promoted eighth 
 corporal December 1, 1861; dis- 
 charged July 19. 1862, for inju- 
 rins by falling accidentally. 
 
 Morrison, Lewis M., promoted first 
 sergeant June 16, 1862; reduced 
 to ranks at ^his own request Sep* 
 tember 4, 1862; transferred to in- 
 valid corps February 16, 1864. 
 
 Mohme, Charles, discharged Janua- 
 ry 8, 1862, for disability. 
 
 McChanahan, Robert, promoted sec- 
 ond corporal August 10, 1861; 
 wonnded at luka September 19, 
 1862; discharged October 2, 1862, 
 for disability. 
 
 McNeil, David, promoted seventh 
 corporal October 21, 1862; vet- 
 eranized company G, fifth caval- 
 ry, January 5, 1864. 
 
 Myers, Wm. R., wounded accident- 
 ally; discharged November 22, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Minor, Pleasant E., wounded at 
 luka. 
 
494 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAE BEOOBD. 
 
 Miller, Samuel, discharged Septem- 
 ber 8, 1862, for disability. 
 
 McCampbell, David S., wounded at 
 Champion's Hill May 16, 1863. 
 
 Payton, Henry 0. 
 
 Passig, Henry F. B. 
 
 Pinkerton, Miron, discharged De- 
 cember 1, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Pringle, Nelson. 
 
 Rose, Henry, veteranized company 
 G, fifth cavalry, January 5, 1864. 
 
 Eeed, James. 
 
 Roland, James H., wounded at luka 
 September 19, 1862; Champion's 
 Hill May 16, 1863; died of 
 wounds at Baker's Creek, Miss., 
 May 18, 1863. 
 
 Hodman, James M., discharged No- 
 vember 30, 1861, for disability. 
 
 Sprague, Charles S., enlisted July 
 31, 1861; veteranized company G, 
 fifth cavalry, January 5, 1864. 
 
 Stone, Clark B., enlisted August 31, 
 1862; veteranized seventh corps, 
 company G, fifth cavalry, January 
 6, 1864. 
 
 Stone, Fredei'ick, discharged April 
 23, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Smith, William C, discharged Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Smith, Walter, died November 1, 
 
 Smith, Frank. 
 
 1861, at Herman ville, Missouri. 
 Shanafelt, Wesley. 
 
 Slate, Lionel L, died September 13, 
 
 1862, at Jefferson Barracks. 
 Slate, Ord, wounded at luka Sep- 
 tember 19, 1S62; died of wounds 
 October 5, 1862, at Jackson, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Stumer, Frederick. 
 
 Shively, Samuel B. 
 
 Shipman, Alfred, wounded at luka 
 September 19; died at Jackson 
 October 5, 1862; reported also as 
 discharged April 22, 1863, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Shookly, William, veteranized in 
 company G, fifth cavalry January 
 5, 1864. 
 
 Shockly, Thos. A., wounded at luka 
 September 19, 1862; killed at 
 Chattanooga November 25, 1863; 
 
 Switze/, Wm. L., wounded at luka 
 September 19, 1862; discharged 
 December 20, 1862, for disability; 
 [also reported as Welcome G.] 
 
 Smack, Jinley M., promoted sev- 
 enth corporal June 16, 1863; pro- 
 moted first sergeant October 21, 
 1862; veteranized O. M. S. com- 
 pany G fifth cavalry February 13, 
 1864. 
 
 Shallenbarger, Joseph B., enlisted 
 August 16, 1861; discharged July 
 25, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Taylor, Wm. C, captured at Madi- 
 son Station, Alabama, May 17, 
 1864. 
 
 Thomas, Harrison, died Nov 10, 
 1861, at Boonville, Missouri. 
 
 Tipton, George B., wounded at Iiika 
 September 19, 1863; at Vicksburg 
 May 22, 1863; transferred to in- 
 valid corps May 15, 1864. 
 
 Teller, John W., killed at luka Sep- 
 tember 19, 1862. 
 
 Yoss, Harding, enlisted August 16, 
 1861. 
 
 Woodruff, Nehemiah H., discharged 
 September 21, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Wilson, Abel P., wounded at luka 
 September 19, 1862; discharged 
 October 5, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Woods, James, wounded at luka 
 September 19, 1862; transferred 
 to invalid corps February l5j 
 1864. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Stone, Anson H., enlisted June 24^ 
 1861; veteranized company G fifth 
 cavalry April 11, 1864. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAR BECOBD. 495 
 
 SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Seventh Infantry entered the service immediately after the battle 
 of Bull Run. There was an urgent demand for troops, and the regiment 
 was hurriedly organized, and, after muster, on July 24, 1861, it was sent to 
 St. Louis for equipal, thence to Ironton, where it received its first drill in 
 the manual of arms. Thence it was stationed and served at Cape Girardeau,. 
 Cairo, Fort Holt, Mayfield Creek, Camp Crittenden, Fort JeflFerson, Ken- 
 tucky, Norfolk and Bird's Point, leaving the latter November 6, 1861, on 
 the memorable Belmont expedition, to cut off troops being sent to Price's 
 army, and to protect troops being sent by Gen. Grant in pursuit of Jeff. 
 Thompson. At the battle of Belmont, November 7, the regiment was the 
 hero of the day. It suffered more than any other i-egiment, and received 
 special mention by Gen. Grant for its gallantry. A remarkable incident 
 occurred while the Union troops were re-embarking in transports after this 
 battle. The last boat had been landed, and as the hawser was being cast 
 off, rebel artillery suddenly came to the river bank, a gun was quickly 
 placed in position, and leveled on the loaded transport, and the gunner 
 was in the act of pulling the lanyard, when a shell from a Un- 
 ion gunboat exploded beneath the carriage of the gun, hurling 
 the carriage, gun and all, high in air, demolishing the carriage, and while 
 in mid air, the gun exploded. The rebel gunners and several others were 
 killed. After this battle the regiment returned to Bird's Point, remained 
 two months, when they took part in the capture of Fort Henry. February 
 12, they joined the march against Fort Donelson, and the gallantry of 
 Iowa troops on that occasion made J. G. Lauman, colonel of the regiment, 
 a brigadier general. From Donelson the regiment moved to Pittsburg, 
 and took part in the battle of Shiloh. Next followed the siege at Corinth; 
 thence to luka, where, on the 19th of September, the fifth regiment 
 suffered so terribly. The Seventh was not in this battle, being employed 
 in a stragetic movement to attract the enemy in another direction, but at 
 Corinth it was hotly engaged, losing one-third the number engaged. All 
 the color-guard but one were killed or wounded. The regiment remained 
 in the vicinity of Corinth, and in October, 1863, moved to Pulaski with 
 Gen. Dodge's command. In December they re-enlisted- as veterans, and 
 came North on veteran furlough. In April it returned to the field, and 
 with the second went to the front, and joined the campaign against Atlanta- 
 At Oastanula river the regiment with Price's brigade was moving through 
 heavy timber, when it was suddenly charged by a whole brigade of rebel 
 infantry. The brigade counter-charged with a rush, driving the enemy 
 from the field, and gaining a position which necessitated the evacuation of 
 Resaca, by the rebels. The Seventh lost heavily in this engagement. After 
 Atlanta had fallen, the Seventh, with Eice's brigade, was transferred to 
 the fifteenth army corps, and its history was that of Gen. Logan's division, 
 marching nearly back to Dalton, around through Snake Gap, thence to 
 Savannah, thence 480 miles through swamps, amid suffering. and storm, to 
 Goldsboro, where the Confederacy collapsed. The regiment then started on 
 the homeward march, via Raleigh, to Washington, where it was a part of 
 the grand review, proud of its record inscribed on its banners. Thence it 
 moved to Louisville, Kentucky, vhere, July 12, 1865, the veteran heroes 
 were called up for muster out. Five hundred and fifty-nine were " checked " 
 as killed or wounded. The regiment had two Colonels, both of whom 
 were made brigadier-generals. 
 
496 
 
 KEOKTTK COUNTY WAB HEOOED. 
 
 COMPANY F. ■ 
 
 liVarner, Stephen C, fourth corporal; 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; died March 
 1, 1862, at Smithland, Ky. 
 
 Brooks, Joseph W., eighth corporal ; 
 promoted to sergeant; discharged 
 September 10, 1862, for promo- 
 tion in thirty-third Missouri in- 
 fantry. 
 
 Broadhead, William, wounded at 
 Belmont November 7,1861; dis- 
 charged April 2,1862, for disabil- 
 ity. 
 
 Hampton, Wra. W., enlisted July 
 11, 1861 ; died of injuries from 
 railroad accident at DuQuoin, Ill- 
 inois, January 23, 1862. 
 
 Hoisington, James E., enlisted July 
 11, iS61; wounded at Corinth, 
 October, 1862; discharged De- 
 cember 23, 1862. 
 
 IHoover, Daniel G., enlisted July 11, 
 1861; veteranized December 26, 
 1863. 
 
 Xinney, Warren, enlisted July — , 
 186i; killed at Belmont Novem- 
 ber 7, 1861. 
 
 Eoe, Wm., enlisted July 11, 1861; 
 died at St. Louis, Februarj- 9, 
 1862. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Samuel E. Black, captain; enlisted 
 July 11, 1861; resigned July 3, 
 1863. 
 
 Jacob Snyder, first lieutenant^ en- 
 listed July 11, 1861; resigned 
 June 7, 1862. 
 
 Jesse F. Warner, second lieutenant; 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; promoted 
 captain July 23, 1863; resigned 
 August 29, 1864. 
 
 Timothy Spence, first sergeant; en- 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; reduced to 
 ranks November 6, 1861; pro- 
 moted second sergeant, second 
 lieutenant, July 23, 1863, and 
 captain Augiist 30, 1864. 
 
 Benjamin F. Kirkbride, second ser- 
 
 feant; enlisted July 11, 1861'; re- 
 uced to ranks July 15, 1862. 
 John N. Andrew, third sergeant; 
 
 promoted hospital steward Janu- 
 ary 23, 1862. 
 
 Leonard T. Sims, fourth sergeant; 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; discharged 
 February 3, 1864, for disability 
 
 James E. Mclntyre, fifth sergeant; 
 enlisted July 24, 1861; appointed 
 musician October 21, 1861. 
 
 Samuel Goodwin, first corporal; en- 
 listed July 11, 1861; reduced to 
 ranks January 12, 1862. 
 
 Hugh L. Duke, third corporal, en- 
 listed July 11, 1861; promoted 
 third sergeant January 6, 1862; 
 veteranized January 4, 1864; pro- 
 moted second sergeant May 1, 
 186*. 
 
 Solomon M. Weyman, fifth corporal; 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; promoted 
 third corporal February 25, 1862; 
 veteranized December 25, 1863; 
 promoted fourth sergeant May 1, 
 1864. 
 
 John R. Jones, seventh corporal, 
 enlisted July 11, 1861; discharged 
 October 30, 1861, for disability. 
 
 David S. Bales, musician, enlisted 
 August 23, 1862. 
 
 PBIVATES. 
 
 Bales, Riley W., enlisted July 19, 
 1861. 
 
 Bales, Johnathan L., enlisted De- 
 cember 16, 1861 ; veteranized Jan- 
 uary 4, 1864. 
 
 Brown, Merritt S., enlisted July 11, 
 1861; wounded at Shiloh April 
 6, 1862; veteranized January 4, 
 1864. 
 
 Berry, Benjamin F., enlisted Janu- 
 ary 11, 1861, discharged at Shiloh 
 M!ay 18, 1862. 
 
 Bales, William A., enlisted August 
 23. 1862; transferred to invalid 
 corps August 13, 1863. 
 
 Bales, William D., enlisted Decem- 
 ber 21, 1861. 
 
 Bales, Worthington W., enlisted 
 August 23, 1862. 
 
 Bales, Zachariah, enlisted December 
 2, 1861. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAR EECOKD. 
 
 497 
 
 Brooks, Alvah A., enlisted July 11, 
 
 1862. 
 Brown, Isaac, enlisted February 20, 
 , 1864. 
 Charlton, George W., enlisted July 
 
 11, 1861 ; killed at Shiloh, April 
 . 6, 1862. 
 Cable, William, enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged January 23, 
 
 1862, for disability. 
 Corpson, George, enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged November 1, 
 
 1861, for disability. 
 Davis, Anderson, enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged October 30, 
 
 1861. 
 Dare, James, enlisted July 11, 1861 ; 
 J. promoted seventh corporal Sep- 
 tember 1, 1862. 
 Dntton, Sereno, enlisted December 
 
 16, 1861; promoted fifth corporal 
 
 February 25, 1862; third corporal 
 
 September 1, 1862. 
 Franklin, John H., enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861 ; discharged October 29, 186 1 , 
 
 for disability. 
 Faulkner, Nathan L., enlisted July 
 
 11, 1861. 
 Filley, Nathan H., enlisted August 
 
 22, 1862. 
 Hadley, William, enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged April 8, 1863, 
 
 for disability. 
 Harlan, William B., enlisted July 
 
 11, 1861; veteranized December 
 
 22, 1863. 
 Henning, Isaac, enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861 ; discharged October 29, 1861, 
 
 for disability. 
 Henshaw, Levi A., enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged October 30, 
 
 1862. 
 Hadley, Spencer J., enlisted July 
 
 30, 1861. 
 Jones, Cyrus S., enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; veteranized December 25, 
 
 1863. 
 Johnson, Enos, enlisted February 
 
 20, 1864. 
 Lee, Walter, enlisted March 14, 
 
 1862. 
 
 McPherson, Joseph, enlisted July 
 19, 1861. 
 
 Mendenliall, Asa, enlisted July 30, 
 1861. 
 
 Manifee, Charles R., enlisted Febru- 
 ary 20, 1864; wounded ; place and 
 date not reported. 
 
 Horten, Lewis, enlisted February 20, 
 1864. 
 
 Roop, John v., enlisted July 19, 
 1861; veteranized December 23, 
 1864. 
 
 Snead, John, enlisted July 11, 1861; 
 veteranized December 23, 1864. 
 
 Storm, John W., enlisted July 11, 
 1861; veteranized January 4, 
 1864. 
 
 Strohm, Christian C, enlisted July 
 11, 1861; promoted seventh cor- 
 poral October 30, 1861; fourth 
 corporal Febrnary 25, 1862; sec- 
 ond corporal September 1, 1862. 
 
 Shaffer. Dudley C, enlisted August 
 23. 1862. 
 
 Smith, Eiihn, enlisted August 15, 
 1862. 
 
 Stephens, Benj. G., enlisted August 
 21, 1802. 
 
 Stephens, Eli. enlisted November 
 30, 1861; discharged July 14, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Thompson Hiram E., enlisted July 
 11, 1861; died October 28, 1861, 
 at Montezuma, Iowa. 
 
 Thompson, John J., enlisted July 
 11, 1861; discharged April 1, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Wheeler, Gilbert, enlisted July 11, 
 1861; wounded at Shiloh, April 
 6, 1862; veteranized December 26, 
 1863. 
 
 Wightman, Minor, pronioted fifth 
 sergeant. October 22, 1861; first 
 sergeant November 6, 1861; first 
 lieutenant June 8, 1862; resigned 
 August 8, 1864. 
 
 Wiggins, Bert, enlisted July 11, 
 1861; died October 22, 1862, at 
 Mound City, Illinois. 
 
 Warner, Washington, eulisted Aug- 
 ust 21, 1862. 
 
4:98 KEOKUK COUNTY WAE EEOOED. 
 
 Wilcox, Jesse W., enlisted February 
 
 20, 1864. 
 Tates, David, enlisted July 11, 1861. 
 York, Alfred M., enlisted July 11, 
 
 1861; discharged March 22, 1862, 
 
 for disability. 
 
 York, Elias M., enlisted July li; 
 1862, discharged October 28, 
 1862, for minority. ! 
 
 York, Moses, enlisted February 20, 
 1864. 
 
 EIGHTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Eighth Infantry was organized during the summer of 1861, rendez- 
 voused at Davenport, moved to St. Louis in September, where it remained 
 two weeks, received its equipment and moved to Syracuse, where it was 
 stationed for three months engaged in scouting and pursuing Price in his 
 retreat through Arkansas. It returned to Sedalia in Novemoer and went 
 into winter quarters. In March, following, it went by steamer to Pitts- 
 burg Landing, arriving just before the battle of Shiloh, in which it was en- 
 faged, and was its first battle. It was commanded by Colonel Geddes, its 
 rst colonel, Frederick Steele, having been promoted to brigadier-general. 
 In this battle the regiment, with the second, seventh, twelfth and four- 
 teenth Iowa regiments on its right, held an important position, the Eighth 
 being the connecting link between the divisions of Wallace and Prentiss, 
 to defend a battery placed in front of them. The struggle to capture this 
 battery by the enemy was desperate, and the Eighth lost heavily in stub- 
 bornly and successfully defending, losing nearly two hundred in killed and 
 wounded. After maintaining their position from early in the morning 
 until after four o'clock, Prentiss' line gave way, on the left of the regi- 
 ment, and fled to the Landing, when, tliere being no opposition in front, 
 the enemy swept around to the rear of the Eighth and thus eflfected its cap- 
 ture about six o'clock in the evening, together with a greater portion of 
 the twelfth and fourteenth Iowa and fifty-eighth Illinois. Companies 1, 0, 
 and H, of the eighth, partially escaped capture, and were subsequently at- 
 tached to the union brigade, which fought in the advance at Corinth with 
 the second division. Company F was so stationed as to receive the brnftt 
 of the assault, and Captain Hogin was killed. The Eighth was the last to 
 leave the advance line of the Union army at Shiloh on that terrible Sunday 
 battle. It could have retreated and saved itself from capture, but its motto 
 was to obey orders, and it was left alone to defend itself and the battery be- 
 fore it for an hour after its supporting column had fled in terror from the 
 field. From this date the paths of company C and F diverged. The his- 
 tory of company C is that of the union brigade. Company F, with the 
 other troops captured, were sent to Corinth, thence to Memphis, Mobile and 
 Montgomery, where they were placed in cotton-sheds and treated badly for 
 six weeks, when they were moved to Macon, Georgia, and were worse treated, 
 being shot down without provocation, for three months, when they were 
 taken to Libby prison and there exchanged, when they were permitted to 
 come home on furlough, and in December the regiment was reorganized, 
 and in the spring of 1863 joined Grant's army at Milliken's Bend, being as- 
 signed to third brigade, third division, fifteenth army corps, which it aocom-r 
 panied in all its tedious marches through Mississippi. It did not go with 
 the army to Chattanooga, but remained at Vicksburg until winter, when 
 it re-enlisted as veterans, came home on furlough, and returning, was or- 
 dered to Memphis, where it remained on provost duty nearly a year. It 
 
'V i'^ r a^oBt-ma 
 
 Xj Cl'^^H.-^i^ji^^ ■^Jti/n^n-^rx/a^k/ie. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAE EECOED. 
 
 501 
 
 was while there, in August, Forest made his dash into the city, and in the 
 charge to drive him out, Lieutenant A. S. Irwin, of company F was mor- 
 tally wounded. It was at the capture of Spanish Fort, in the seige of Mo- 
 bile, the regiment most distinguished itself on the eighth of April, 1865. 
 The regiment remained in the vicinity of Mobile until the spring of 1866, 
 when, April 20th, they were mustered out at Selma, Alabama, and those 
 not otherwise accounted for were mustered out then. Keokuk county was 
 represented on the staff, to-wit: 
 
 Joseph Andrews, major, promoted from captain of company F; James 
 McConnell, hospital steward, from company F. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 
 Seaton, Joseph, enlisted August 10, 
 1861 ; discharged October 3, 1861, 
 for disability. 
 
 Vastine, William M., enlisted Au- 
 gust 10, 1861; veteranized Janu- 
 ary 1, 1864r. 
 
 Wilkins, Ebenezer, enlisted August 
 
 8, 1861. 
 Parker, Samuel G., enlisted August 
 
 18, 1862. 
 Parker, Alonzo, enlisted August 18, 
 
 1862. 
 
 COMPANY F.* 
 
 Joseph Andrews, captain; promoted 
 major February 7, 1862; wounded 
 at Shiloh; resigned January 26, 
 1862. 
 
 Solomon E. Start, first lieutenant; 
 resigned March 3, 1862. 
 
 Eufus H. Law, second lieutenant; 
 resigned for disability January 
 30, 1862. 
 
 William F, Hogin, first sergeant; 
 promoted second lieutenant Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1862; captain March 4, 
 1862; killed at Shiloh, April 6, 
 1862. 
 
 Seth E. Hall, second sergeant; vet- 
 eranized first sergeant January 1, 
 1864; discharged July 10, 1865, 
 for disability. 
 
 Thomas F. Ford, third sergeant; 
 discharged May 26, 1862, for disa- 
 bility. 
 
 James E. Sturdevant, fourth ser- 
 geant; captured at Shiloh. 
 
 Daniel N. Fish, fifth sergeant; vet- 
 eranized January 1, 1864, as sec- 
 ond sergeant; promoted first ser- 
 geant January — 1865; first lieu- 
 tenant August 3, 1865. 
 
 Owen E. Hogin, first corporal; vet- 
 eranized January 1, 1864; pro- 
 moted fourth sergeant February 
 10, 1864. 
 
 John J. Smith, second corporal; 
 discharged June 25, 1862, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 George Johnson, third corporal; 
 killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 
 
 Mills K. Stephenson, fourth corporal; 
 promoted sergeant ; dis- 
 charged September 5, 1863, for 
 disability. 
 
 Joseph A. Mclntire, fifth corporal; 
 veteranized January 1, 1864; pro- 
 moted first corporal Febi'uary 10, 
 1864. 
 
 Archibald S. Irwin, musician; pro- 
 moted first lieutenant March 4, 
 1862; captured at Shiloh; veter- 
 anized January 1, 1864; killed at 
 Memphis, August 21, 1864. 
 
 William Long, wagoner; discharged 
 October 1, 1861, for disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, David E. 
 
 Brown, Porter D. 
 
 Besser, John, veteranized January 
 
 1, 1864. -^^^ 
 
 Bland, Calvin L., killed at Shiloh 
 
 April 6, 1862. 
 Brown, John T. 
 
 ♦Enlisted August 10, 1861, unless otherwise stated. 
 31 
 
602 
 
 KEOKtoK COUNTY WAR BEOOED. 
 
 Barker, Warren H. 
 
 Beardsley, Wilford W., veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
 Oarney, Thomas P. 
 
 Clark, John F., veteranized January 
 1,1864. 
 
 Clark, William H., wounded and cap- 
 tured at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 
 
 Conajer, William, wounded at Shi- 
 loh. 
 
 Caldwell, Daniel W. 
 
 Crakoal, Augustus, captured at Shi- 
 loh'; died while prisoner at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., May 14, 1862. 
 
 Cox, Benjamin F., wounded at Shi- 
 loh; discliarged September 5,1862. 
 
 Carlisle, James, killed at Shiloh. 
 
 Carlisle, Wm., wounded at Shiloh, 
 
 Cary, Alva A., veteranized January 
 1, 1864; captured at Mephis Au- 
 gust 21, 1864. 
 
 Doty, Edwin, veteranized January 1, 
 1864. 
 
 Deuniston, William. 
 
 Darling, Yaloren O., discharged 
 April 26, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Dougherty, Edward, transferred to 
 company I. . 
 
 Daymude, William B, 
 
 Eaton, Alonzo A., discharged July 
 30, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Eaton, Levi J., veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Emmons, Ames M. 
 
 Fowler, Jeremiah J., veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
 Garrett, Alfred, veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Humes, Solomon, captured at Shi- 
 loh ; reported dead ; date and place 
 unknown. 
 
 Harvey, Hollin H., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 Hendrix, John C, wounded at Cor- 
 inth October 4, 1862; veteranized 
 January 1, 1864; reported also as 
 discharged November 19, 1863, for 
 disability. 
 
 Harding. William T. 
 
 Hagan, Robert D., wounded at Shi- 
 loh; discharged for disability. 
 
 Hendrix, Isaac W. 
 
 Hornish. John M., discharged Nor. 
 vember 23, 1862, for disability, 
 
 Hodsou, .George VV"., wounded at 
 Shiloh April 6, 18t>2; veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
 Howard, Amos jM., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1861. 
 
 Holtz, William, veteranized January 
 1,1864. 
 
 Herisley, Timothy, killed at Shiloh 
 April 6, 1862. 
 
 Huggins, George H., enlisted Au- 
 gust — 
 
 Hendrix, Thos. J., discharged April 
 — , 1863, for disability. 
 
 Jacobs, Noah, veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Jacobs, John B. [D.], discharged 
 August 5. 1862, for disability. 
 
 Johnson, Geo., promoted third cor- 
 poral; killed at Shiloh April 6, 
 1862. 
 
 Kreger, William, wounded at Shi- 
 loh; veteranized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Konkright, William W., wouiided 
 at Shiloh; veteranized January 1, 
 1864. 
 
 Laffer, Benjamin F., captured at 
 Shiloh; veteranized January 1, 
 1«64. 
 
 Lash, Daniel W., captured at Jack- 
 son, Mississippi, July 10, 1863; 
 veteranized Jaiuary 1, 1864. 
 
 Littler, George L., discharged Feb- 
 ruary 7, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Long, William, captured at Shiloh; 
 rejoined regiment, and' discharged 
 October 3, "1862, for disability. 
 
 Lain, Thomas Y., killed at Shiloh. 
 
 Mayres. Frederick. 
 
 Matthews, Alvin T., captured at 
 Shiloh; died October 15, 1862, at 
 Petersburg, Virginia, while a pris- 
 oner. 
 
 Maryvess, John H., discharged July 
 11, 1862, for disability; re-enlisted 
 February 23, 1863. 
 
 Morgan, Cornelius L., discharged 
 April 26. 1862, for disability. 
 
 McMasters, William E, discharged 
 April 26, 186:J, for disability. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTS- WAR EECOED. 
 
 503 
 
 McConnell, James, promoted hospi- 
 tal steward November 27, 1861; 
 veteranized January 1, 1864; dis- 
 charged February 14', 1865, for 
 disability. 
 [Monica], John D., killed at Shiloh, 
 
 ' April 6, 1862. 
 
 Martin, Henry L., enlisted August 
 30, 1862; died at Davenport, Jan- 
 uary 16, 1863. 
 
 McElroy, John A., discliarged Jan- 
 uary 10, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Nelson, George W., died at Keokuk, 
 October 27, 1862. 
 
 Nanke, Frederick. 
 
 Nelson, Jonathan M.. discharged 
 April 16, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Neiman, Charles, discharged Feb- 
 ruary 7, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Oswalt, Alfred, discharged January 
 14, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Paul, Franklin A., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 Perkins, George W., wounded at 
 Corinth, October 4, 1862. 
 
 Richardson, Silas J., discharged 
 February 7, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Reynolds, Joseph H., discharged 
 April 14, 1S62. 
 
 Reynolds, Silas W., veteranized Jan- 
 nary 1, 1864. 
 
 Richardson, Benj. F., captured at 
 Shiloh; veteranized January 1, 
 1864. 
 
 Roland, Wm., discharged April 26, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Reed, Charles, discharged April 26, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Rockafeller, Peter R., veteranized 
 Jannary 1, 1864. 
 
 Shoc-kley, Samuel M., wounded at 
 Shiloh April 6, 1S62; discharged 
 September 18,1862, for disability. 
 
 Sloan, Norman, captured at Sliiloh 
 April 6, 1862; discharged Sep- 
 tember 12, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Sloan, Newton, captured at Shiloh 
 April 6, 1862; died while prisoner 
 atTuscumbia, Ala., April 25, 1862. 
 
 Smith, Charles, died at Sedalia, Mo., 
 
 January 2, 1862. 
 Seibel, Adolph, veteranized January 
 
 I, 1864. 
 
 Torrence, Wm. M., killed at Shiloh 
 April 6, 1862. 
 
 TJthman, Frederick, died January 8, 
 1864, at Sigourney. 
 
 Vogel, Andrew J., captnred at Shi- 
 loh April 6, 1862; veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
 Ward, John W., promoted eighth 
 corporal September 21, 1861; sec- 
 one lieutenant March 4, 1862; 
 captured at Shiloh April 6, 1862; 
 resigned March 25, 1863. 
 
 Williams, Isaac M., wounded at 
 Shiloh April 6, 1862; died of 
 wounds M-ay 6, 1862. 
 
 York, Joseph M., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Clark, Robert W., enlisted March 
 
 17, 1865. 
 
 Hickman, J. Q. F., enlisted March 
 
 II, 1865. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 
 Wetherill, H.B., enlisted September 
 3, 1861; wounded at Shiloh April 
 6, 1862. 
 
 Burns, William H„ enlisted January 
 
 18, 1863; re-enlisted as veteran 
 January' 1, 1864; wounded at 
 Spanish Fort April 7, 1865. 
 
 Schutaz, Jacob F., enlisted March 
 31, 1864. 
 
 Wetherill, Edwin, enlisted March 
 31, 1864; died May 10, 1865, at 
 Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 Chapman, Charles, veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 Goben, Joseph, veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Walters, Robert H., veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
504 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAR EECOED. 
 
 ELEVENTH INFAISTTEY. 
 
 The Eleventh Infantry regiment was organized in September and October, 
 1861 ; company D, in which Keokuk county was represented, was organ- 
 ized in September. It, with the thirteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth Iowa 
 regiments, formed the tliird brigade of the sixth division, seventeenth 
 army corps. Shiloh was its introduction to the art of war, where the Iowa 
 brigade proved to be of good mettle on a terrible field of battle. The 
 brigade had not yet learned to fire by battalion and company, and could 
 only answer the fire of the enemy thus made with fire by file. The heaps 
 of fallen enemies in front of them showed they were good marks.men. Its 
 second battle was at Corinth. The winter of 1862 was spent in the opera- 
 tions in front of Yicksburg, Milliken's Bend, Providence, Bayou Tensas 
 and Macon, to the close of the Yicksburg campaign in July, 1863. It 
 then, in August, went with the brigade on the expedition to Monroe, Lou- 
 isiana; in October, to Jackson; in December, to Eedbone; in February, 
 1864, on the Meridan expedition; at the close of which it, in Marcii, came 
 home on veteran furlough, having re-enlisted in January. It returned to 
 the front and joined General Sherman's army at Neworth, Georgia, and 
 first met the enemy at Kenesaw, June 15, and lost its first man, and in the 
 skirmishes which daily followed it met its heaviest losses, like the remainder 
 of the Iowa brigade on the 22nd of July in the siege of Atlanta, where 
 the Iowa brigade were under fire of the enemy nearly eighty-one days, 
 sixteen of which were in battle. After driving Hood's army from the 
 country, the army cut loose from its base: in October, joined in the mem- 
 orable " March to the Sea," the seventeenth corps being assigned to the 
 right wing, the Army of the Cumberland to the left. Starting on the 6th 
 of November, thence to Kichmond', Washington, the Grand Review, and 
 Louisville, where it was mustered out July 15, 1865, having traveled over 
 eight thousand miles, over half of which was on foot, and having a record 
 of 386 men, and 40 ofiicers, lost. 
 
 COMPANY F.* 
 
 Haroly B. Trotter, third sergeant; 
 veteranized January 1, 1864; pro- 
 moted first lieutenant December 
 1, 1862; discharged October 26, 
 1864, for disability. 
 
 Merritt S. Eussell, seventh corporal; 
 discharged January 28, 1862, for 
 disability. 
 
 Ferrand, Ferd. H. 
 
 North, John D., died at Jeflferson 
 City, January 4, 1862. 
 
 Eamsey, Abraham C, veteranized 
 August 1, 1864. 
 
 Smith, Isaac N., died at St Louis, 
 December 11, 1861. 
 
 Snodgrass, James A., discharged 
 March 17, 1862. 
 
 Yastive, Benjamin, veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Thirteenth Infantry was organized in October, 1861. Company D, 
 in which Keokuk county was represented, was mustered in on the 2l8t. 
 Its first colonel Was the gallant hero, Marcellus M. Crocker, who was rap- 
 idly promoted to brigadier-general. He led the regiment in but two bat- 
 
 • Enlisted September 23, 1861. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAE EECOED. 605 
 
 ties, at Shiloh and Corinth. The Thirteenth received its baptism of blood 
 at Shiloh, April 6, 1862, where for ten hours it was under the fire of the 
 enemy, sustaining a loss of twenty-four killed, and one hundred and thirty- 
 nine wonnded; missing nine. 
 
 Immediately after the battle of Shiloh, the Iowa brigade was organized, 
 composed of the eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth Iowa regi- 
 ments, and became one of the oldest and most distinguished brigades in the 
 Army of the Tennessee. It was accorded the honor of once saving the en- 
 tire army of the Tennessee from a terrible defeat. The history of the 
 Thirteenth is that of the noble old iron-breasted brigade. In the winter of 
 1862-3, the regiment with its brigade, returned from General Grant's 
 march into central Mississippi, to Lafayette, Tennessee; and on the 22d of 
 January, left for Young's Point, Louisiana, where the regiment worked 
 hard on the celebrated Vicksburg canal, and until the following September 
 its duties were fatiguing. On the 6th of May, the enemy evacuated a point 
 opposite Grand Gulf, and the Iowa brigade at once took possession, and 
 nntil after the battles of Champion's Hill and Black River Bridge, Grand 
 Gulf was held by the Iowa brigade, and was a base of supplies for Grant's 
 army. At midnight, on the 19th of May, the Iowa brigade was ordered 
 back to Young's Point, by forced marches, and sent by boat to the assist- 
 ance of Sherman up the Yazoo river, but it was not needed, and retraced 
 its steps, arriving at the front on the 22d. On the 26th, the brigade was 
 ordered out with McArthur's division, to disperse the enemy who were 
 concentrating in the direction of Yazoo City and the upper Big Black, to 
 move on Grant's rear. This march will be remembered by the Thirteenth 
 as the hardest made by the regiment, unless that to Monroe, Louisiana, and 
 one through the bottomless swamps of South Carolina are excepted. It 
 was in the heat of a sonthern summer sun, amid sufibcating dust and at 
 rapid pace, but was not barren of results. The return march through 
 Yazoo valley resulted in the destruction of immense quantities of corn and 
 •cotton, and the addition of five thousand head of cattle, sheep and hogs to 
 the commissariat of Grant's army. Tile autumn and most of the winter 
 were spent by the Thirteenth at Vicksburg, and it was there the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, though it did not take its furlough until after the 
 march to Meridian. The remainder of the history of the regiment is summed 
 up in the noble record of the army, in the three unparalleled marches of 
 General Sherman — from Dalton to Atlanta; Atlanta to Savannah; Savannah 
 toGoldlsboro and Washington. The heroic act which gave the regiment a 
 national reputation was at the capture of Columbia, South Carolina, on 
 the 17th of February, 1865; Lieutenant Colonel J. C. Kennedy, placed the 
 regimental colors on the capitol building. The regiment was mustered out 
 at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. The total casualities of the regi- 
 ment were 542 of enlisted men, and 49 of officers, or the largest of officers 
 f any Iowa regiments except the second, sixth and seventh. 
 
 COMPANY D.* 
 
 Abraham C. Price, captain ; resigned 
 
 November 11, 1862. 
 Joseph B. Homan, first lieutenant; 
 
 resigned April 19, 1862. 
 
 * Enlisted October 10, unless otherwise stated. 
 
 Justinian Ray, second lieutenant; 
 
 resigned February 8, 1862. 
 Alonzo J. Pope, first sergeant; 
 
 wounded at Shiloh, April, 1862; 
 
 promoted second lieutenant April 
 
 20,1862; first lieutenant Novem- 
 
606 
 
 KEOKUK COITNTT WAR EECOED. 
 
 ber 12, 1862; captain May 24, 
 1864; major May 12, 1865;" cap- 
 tured at Atlanta Jnly 22, 1864. 
 
 Brice McBetli, second sergeant; pro- 
 moted first sergeant April 20, 
 1862; discharged October 23, 1862, 
 for disability. 
 
 Thomas F. Griffin, third sergeant; 
 promoted second sergeant April 
 20,1862; discharged November 4, 
 1864, for disability. 
 
 Robert F. Lowe, fourth sergeant; 
 wounded at Shiloh April 6, 1862; 
 promoted third sergeant April 20, 
 1862; first sergeant October 23, 
 1 862 ; veteranized January 4, 1864 ; 
 wounded at Kenesaw Mountain 
 June 26, 1864; died of wounds 
 June 30, 1864, at Big Shanty, Ga. 
 
 William E. Triggs, fifth sergeant; 
 promoted fourth sergeant April 
 20, 1862; died at Vicksburg Au- 
 gust 7, 1863. 
 
 William I. McLean, first corporal; 
 discharged for disability March 1, 
 1862. 
 
 William Chesney, second corporal; 
 promoted fifth sergeant Ji^ly 25, 
 1862. 
 
 Lorenzo A. Linville, third corporal; 
 promoted fifth sergeant April 20, 
 1862; sergeant-major July 25, 
 1862. 
 
 Wesley IT. Orton, ' fourth corporal; 
 promoted third corporal April 20, 
 1862; veteranized January 1, 1864, 
 ordered to ranks July 1, 1864. 
 
 James E. Brown, fifth corporal; dis- 
 cliarged for disability January 26, 
 1862. 
 
 James H. Wangh, sixth corporal; 
 wounded at Shiloh April 6, 1862; 
 reduced to ranks at own request; 
 discharged July 20, 1862, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Samuel P. Bailey, seventh corporal. 
 
 John T. Parker, eighth corporal; 
 promoted commissary sergeant 
 February 12, 1862; promoted se- 
 cond lieutenant jSiovember 12, 
 1862; veteranized January 1,1864; 
 promoted first lieutenant May 20, 
 
 1864; captured near Atlanta, 
 Georgia, July 22, 1S64; promoted 
 captain May 12, 1865. 
 
 David W. Shean, musiciaii; veter- 
 anized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Thomas A. Wade, musician; veter- 
 anized January 1, 1864. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Adams. Henry C, veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; promoted fifth cor- 
 poral January 22, 1864. 
 
 Anderson, Homer, died at Jefiersofl 
 City, January 5, 1862. 
 
 Allen, John N., veteranized January 
 1, 1864; captured at Atlanta July 
 22, 1864; promoted fourth cor- 
 poral January 22, 1864. 
 
 Bell, Robert. 
 
 Blair, John T., promoted. 
 
 Barnes, Joseph, enlisted February 
 10,1862; veteranized January 1, 
 1864; captured at Atlanta July 
 22, 1864; died at Annapolis, 
 Maryland, December 4, 1864. 
 
 Bringman, Oscar D., enlisted Decem- 
 ber 14, 1863. 
 
 Brown, Vestal S. 
 
 Baker, William, died near Grand 
 Junction, Tennessee, November 
 13, 1862. 
 
 Buck, Dudley, veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Basil, Stephen, died at Jefferson 
 City, January 4, 1862. 
 
 Boyd, Abraham. 
 
 Bottorf, James M., discharged April 
 9, 1864. 
 
 Bottorf, Isaac W., wounded at Shi- 
 loh April 6, 1862; discharged 
 November 15, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Brokaw, Wm. H., captured at At- 
 lanta July 22, 1864. 
 
 Brunt, Samuel W., wounded at Shi- 
 loh April 6, 1862; promoted fourth, 
 corporal April 20, 1862; third 
 sergeant October 23, 1862. 
 
 Booten. George M., enlisted Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1862; veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; captured — date and 
 place unknown. 
 
KEOKUK COTTNTT WAR RECOED. 
 
 50t 
 
 Booten, William S., wounded at 
 Kenesaw Mountain Jnly 2, 1864; 
 
 i,discharged May 26, 1865. 
 
 Beardsley, John S., enlisted January 
 
 : 5, 1864. 
 
 Bonsai 1, Emmon, enlisted March- 17, 
 1862. 
 
 Bonsall, Leoi, enlisted March 25, 
 1862; died on steamer "City of 
 Lbuisyille" June 2, 1862. 
 
 Bray, Harnian. 
 
 Brown, David S., enlisted October 
 18, 1862; teamster division head- 
 quarters; ordered to regiment and 
 not heard of since. 
 
 Castor, Lewis, wounded at Rhiloh 
 April 6, 1862; died at Vicksburg 
 - October 4, 1863. 
 
 Curtis, Norval F., wounded at Slii- 
 
 loh April 6, 1862; died at Milli- 
 
 , ken's Bend, Louisiana, September 
 
 28, 1863, by burning of steamer 
 
 :."R. Campbell, Jr." 
 
 Cochrane, Wm. C, discharged No- 
 vember 20, 1862. 
 
 Cooper, Wm. H., discharged Aug- 
 2, 1862. 
 
 Cnrry, James D., veteranized Jann- 
 
 , ary 1, 1864; promoted fifth ser- 
 geant January 22, 1864. 
 
 Dalton, William, wounded at Shiloh 
 April 6, 1862. 
 
 Bobie, George W., discharged Jan- 
 
 • uary 14, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Dunbar, John S., veteranized Janu- 
 
 ■ ary 1, 1864. 
 
 Dana, George B., appointed hospital 
 steward October 8, 1862. 
 
 Dawson, John M. 
 
 Ellis, John M., wounded at Kene- 
 
 , saw Mountain July 8, 1864. 
 
 Earra, John R., discharged April 21, 
 1863, for disability. 
 
 Ford, Chauncy. veteranized January 
 1, 1864: promoted eighth corporal 
 July 1, 1864. 
 
 Fleming, Franklin F., wounded at 
 Shiloh; promoted third sergeant 
 January '29, 1864. 
 
 Fritzler, Albert, wounded at Shiloh. 
 
 Green, William S., discharged April 
 23, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Gregory, Oscar L., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 Gorrell, Josiah, appointed wagoner, 
 
 Horn back, Abrahiim, veteranized 
 January 1, 1864. 
 
 Hogin, Geo. B., promoted commis- 
 sary sergeant; promoted second 
 lieutenant February 12, 1862; first 
 lieutenant April 20, 1862; captain 
 November 12, 1862; resigned May 
 23, 1864 
 
 Hebard, Stephen S., transferred for 
 promotion to captain fourth Mis- 
 sissippi infantry (colored). 
 
 Irvin. Jacob, discharged October 23, 
 1862, 
 
 Johnson, William, wounded at Shi- 
 loh; veteranized January 1, 1864; 
 transferred for promotion in col- 
 ored regiment. 
 
 Johnson, Charles A. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel E., wounded at 
 Shiloh; transferred for promotion 
 in ninth Louisiana colored regi- 
 ment. 
 
 Jacobs, John W., wounded at Shi- 
 loh; veteranized January 1, 1864; 
 promoted first corporal January 
 
 22, 1864. 
 
 Kendall, Charles F., veteranized 
 January 1, 1864; promoted sev- 
 enth corporal July 4, 1864, 
 
 Lasch, Jacob, discharged October 
 
 23, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Lickey, George, killed at Shiloh. 
 
 McDaniel, Andrew B., enlisted Jan- 
 uary 27, 1864; killed at Atlanta 
 July 21, 1864. 
 
 McGahey, Wm. B., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; promoted first ser- 
 geant July 1, 1864; captured at 
 Atlanta July '21, 1864. 
 
 Mcintosh, Clark C, wounded at Shi- 
 loh Api'il 6, 1862; discharged for 
 wounds July 2, 1862. 
 
 McLean, S. Calvin. 
 
 McLenahan,' James E. 
 
 McCrery, James, died July 10, 1863, 
 at regimental hospital. 
 
 McPeek, Charles H., missitig at Shi- 
 loh; supposed to have been killed 
 and buried unrecognized. 
 
508 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAE RECOED. 
 
 Martin, Kichard S., promoted eighth 
 corporal February 12, 1862; 
 wounded at Shiloh April 6, 1862. 
 
 Marshall, Charles W., discharged 
 May 1, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Meeker, David B., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; killed at Atlanta 
 July 21, 1864. 
 
 Melogue, William L., veteranized 
 January 1, 1864; promoted fourth 
 sergeant January 22, 1864; cap- 
 tured at Atlanta July 22, 1864. 
 
 Miller, Abram A., promoted second 
 corporal July 25, 1862; veteran- 
 ized January 1, 1864, as private; 
 promoted sixth corporal July 1, 
 1864; captured at Atlanta July 
 22, 1864; died March 16, 1865, at 
 Wheeling, West Virginia. 
 
 Minteer, Upton W., wounded at Shi- 
 loh; discharged December 29, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 Nelson, John C, enlisted February 
 17, 1864; died at Mound City 
 May 25, 1864. 
 
 Paslay, Morgan, wounded at Shiloh ; 
 veteranized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Pinkerton, Handy, enlisted Febru- 
 ary 20, 1864. 
 
 Pinkerton, Cyrus, veteranized Jan- 
 
 - uary 1, 1864; missing in action at 
 Atlanta July 22, 1864. 
 
 Phelps, Daniel M., wounded at Shi- 
 loh; discharged August 15, 1862. 
 Einglow, George W., enlisted Jan- 
 
 - uary 29, 1864. 
 
 Kobinson, Herrick, wounded at Shi- 
 loh. 
 
 Kider, Nelson, died at Stevenson, Al- 
 abama, January 2, 1865. 
 
 Skinner, William, veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864, as corporal. 
 
 Stillwell, George F., discharged for 
 disability May 1, 1862. 
 
 Shaver Peter. 
 
 Sisson, James J., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1,1864; missing at Atlanta, 
 in action, July 22, 1864. 
 
 Sisson, William C, enlisted March 
 25, 1864; wounded July 8, 1864, 
 near Atlanta; mustered out July 
 21, 186.5. 
 
 Shean, David W., enlisted December 
 19, 1862. 
 
 Shawhan, Daniel W., discharged Au- 
 gust 11, 1862. 
 
 Stokesberry, John W., discharged 
 May 1, 1862, for disability. 
 
 Stokesberry, Joseph A., died Octo- 
 ber 24, 1862, at Yicksburg, Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 Skean, John W., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; wounded at Atlanta 
 July 22, 1864. 
 
 Silence, George W., died at Pitts- 
 burg Landing April 7, 1862. 
 
 Stranalian, Andrew, wounded at 
 Shiloh; veteranized January 1, 
 1864. 
 
 Smith, George M., veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864. 
 
 Slatterly, John, enlisted November 
 3, 1864; died May 21, 1865, at 
 Doud's Island, New York. 
 
 Wyman, Stephen, veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; missing in action at 
 Atlanta July 22, 1864. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, died July 9, 1862, 
 at Muscatine. 
 
 White, Thomas M. 
 
 Wilson, John, enlisted February 28, 
 1864. 
 
 Whiteman, Oalder. 
 
 Williams, James W. 
 
 Yearick, Sam'l W., promoted fourth 
 corporal October 23, 1862; vet- 
 eranized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Young, Benjamin G., enlisted No- 
 vember 18, 1864. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Rickey, Henry, died June 12, 1862, 
 near New Albany, Indiana. 
 
 White, Frederick E., enlisted De- 
 cember 11. 1862; veteranized Feb- 
 ruary 19, 1864. 
 
 White, Lewis, enlisted April 18, 
 1864; killed at Atlanta July 22, 
 1864. 
 
 Wragar, Albert, enlisted March 28, 
 1864; wounded July 9, 1864; 
 transferred to veteran invalid 
 corps. 
 
.KEOKUK OOPNTY WAR EECOBD. 
 
 509 
 
 Bringraan, Oscar D., enlisted De- 
 cember 3, 1863; company un- 
 ■ known. 
 
 Fuller, Ezra, enlisted March 20, 
 1862; company unknown. 
 
 FIFTEENTH INFANTRY, 
 
 The Fifteenth was organized in the fall of 1861. Company A in which 
 Keokuk county was represented was mustered in November. The regi- 
 ment had the advantage of several months drill, and no regiment left the 
 State better prepared in that regard than this. April 1, 1862, it went to 
 the field, reaching Pittsburg Landing on that memorable Sunday, the 6th 
 of April, after the battle had been going on several hours. It was imme- 
 diately put to the front, and came out with a loss of one hundred and 
 eighty-eight, in killed, wounded and missing. At Corinth it was again 
 unfortunate. It was in the Yicksburg campaign, and in the famous Mer- 
 idian raid. It came home on veteran furlough in March, 1864, and on re- 
 turning to the front it joined the Atlanta campaign, losing heavily in the 
 skirmishes about that city before the battle, July 22, in which it lost heav- 
 ily. It joined the march to the sea; to Goldsboro, Kaleigh and Washing- 
 ton. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865. It suffered more 
 casualties than any regiment sent from this State. Of the seventeen hun- 
 dred and sixty-three members of the regiment, but seven hundred and 
 twelve were present at the muster out. It carried its banner seven thous- 
 and, eight hundred and ninety-eight miles. It hangs in the State arsenal 
 torn in shreds by leaden hail, a token of valor and honor to the brave men 
 who bore it. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 
 Robert G. Forgrave enlisted May 6 ; 
 1861; third sergeant from first 
 sergeant company E second infant- 
 ry; promoted second sergeant 
 March 1, 1862; reduced to ranks 
 May 21, 1862. 
 
 Erastus H. Nordyke, enlisted Janu- 
 ary 18, 1862; promoted fourth 
 corporal from private; reduced to 
 ranks at own request November 
 20, 1862; veteranized February 
 
 20, 1864; killed near Atlanta July 
 28, 1864. 
 
 Bales, David, enlisted November 10, 
 1861 ; discharged May 9, 1862. 
 
 Bales, Levi J., enlisted ; wound- 
 ed at Shiloh April 6, 1862. 
 
 Forgrave, Lyman W., enlisted No- 
 vember 10,1861; discharged for 
 minority February 27, 1862. 
 
 McNeice, Marten, enlisted No- 
 vember 10, 1861; veteranized Jan- 
 uary 1, 1864; wounded at Kene- 
 saw Mountain June 17, 1864. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Eighteenth infantrv regiment was organized under the call of July 
 4, 1862, for 300,000 men." It was mustered into the United States service 
 August 6, 1862, with a rank and file of 860 men, Jolin Edwards, colonel. 
 On the 11th of August it started for the field. Wiiile it has not the prom- 
 inent record of some Iowa regiments, it was none the less efficient in ser- 
 vice, brave in action, prompt in duty. That it is not so notable is because 
 there is less known of it. From tlie time it whipped and cleaned out the 
 braggart Marmaduke at Springfield, Missouri, January 8, 1862, who at- 
 tacked with at least 1870 men, while the Eigliteenth had only 600 men, on 
 
510 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAB RECOED. 
 
 to the fight with Price, April 30, 1864, its conduct was sinh as to elicit higS 
 commendation from division commanders. It had the reputation of get- 
 ting out of difficulties through smaller chances than few would liave ds^re(^ 
 attempted. At Poison Spring was a notable instance. The regiment got 
 completely isolated and hemmed in on all sides by tiie enemy. It flocked 
 together and wormed itself out, fighting rod by rod, scattering the enemy 
 by charges, when it would re-form and occupy the vacuum, and thus cub 
 its way out and returned to Camden. In May, 1864, it returned to Fort 
 Smith, Arkansas, having marched 730 miles over mountains, throngb 
 swamps, subsisting on raw corn, wading days and nights through mud and 
 water. At Fort Smith it remained during the summer and fall of 18(34; 
 making in tlie meantime several long and brilliant expeditions. February 
 26, 1865, four companies were sent to Yan Bnren, Arkansas, for garrison 
 duty, until July 6, when the regiment was ordered to Little Eock for mus- 
 ter out. July 21 it started for Davenport, where, August 5, the men were 
 discharged, having served three years and two days. Ihe regiment marched 
 4,160 miles. Of the original number of the regiment but four hundred* 
 returned for muster out. Of the original officers but eight returned. 
 Keokuk county was represented in companies A, D and I, . . 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 
 Turuly, William M., enlisted 
 8, 1862. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 
 July 
 
 John A. Landis, captain; enlisted 
 June 6, 1862; wounded at Spring- 
 field, Missouri, January 8, 1863; 
 : resigned February 28, 1863. 
 
 James H. Creighton, first lieuten- 
 ant; enlisted June 16, 1862; re- 
 signed December 24, 1864. 
 
 Justinian Ray, second lieutenant; 
 enlisted June 16, 1862, promoted 
 captain March 1, 1863. 
 
 CyphrettP. Gillett, second sergeant; 
 discliarged December 26, 1862, 
 for disability. 
 
 Melancthon Murdock,third sergeant; 
 enlisted June 22, 1862. 
 
 Marion "Walters, fourth sergeant; 
 enlisted July 7, 1862. 
 
 Nelson W. Clothier, fifth sergeant; 
 
 enlisted July 11, 1862; promoted 
 
 ' first sergeant September 6, 1862. 
 
 James A. Lynn, first corporal; en- 
 listed July 12, 1862; promoted 
 fifth sergeant September 13, 1862; 
 discharged June 28, 1865, for 
 disability. 
 
 Matthew Hall, second corporal ; pro- 
 moted first corporal September 13^ 
 1862; discharged February 23, 
 1863; enlisted July 11, 1862. . ; 
 
 Thomas M. Leak, third corporal; re- 
 duced to ranks. 
 
 William C. Smith, fifth corporal; 
 enlisted June 16, 1862; promoted 
 fourth corporal September 13;, 
 1862; died December 14, 1863, at 
 Springfield Missouri. 
 
 Phillip Rhoads, eighth corporal; 
 promoted seventh corporal Sep- 
 tember 13, 1862; enlisted June 
 16, 1862. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Arnett, James S., enlisted June 22, 
 
 1862. 
 Adams, John B., enlisted June 16, 
 
 1862. 
 Booton, John W., enlisted June 16, 
 
 1862. 
 Bradley, Lewis M., enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862; discharged February 23» 
 
 1863, for disability. 
 Butler, Albert S., enlisted June 2% 
 
 1862; discharged February 23, 
 
 1863, for disability 
 Blair, Charles, enlisted. July 7, 1862; 
 
 wounded and captured atPoisoa 
 
 Spring, Arkansas, April 18, 1864. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAR EECOED. 
 
 511 
 
 Brown, Addison A., enlisted July 
 
 27, 1862; discharged May li, 
 
 1865, for disability. 
 Cox, Jolin Q. A., enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862; died at Springfield, Mis- 
 souri, November 28, 1862. 
 Ellis, Andrew T., enlisted July 22, 
 
 1862. 
 Farrand, James W., enlisted June 
 
 30. 1862. 
 Fuller, William S., captured at Poi- 
 son Spring, April 18, 1864. 
 Enox, Benj. F., enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862; captured at Poison Spring, 
 
 April 18, 1864. 
 Kiebl, George O., enlisted July 7, 
 ■ 1862; died December 1, 1862, at 
 
 Springfield, Missouri. 
 Leatiiers, George W., enlisted June 
 
 19, 1862. 
 McKair, Ira, enlisted June 19,1862. 
 McCormick, Emanuel, enlisted July 
 
 19, 1862. 
 Miller, John W., enlisted July 27, 
 
 1862; discharged February 23, 
 
 1863, for disability. 
 Miller, Nathan , enlisted June 22, 
 ■ ' 1862; discharged December 27, 
 
 1862, for disability. 
 Moi-e, Henry C, enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862. 
 Perdue, Percival, enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862. 
 Perdue, enlisted November 12, 1863. 
 Rhoades, Cornelius, enlisted June 
 
 16, 1862; discharged December 
 
 27, 1862. for disability. 
 Eayan, Collin B., enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862. 
 Eiciiardson, George S., enlisted July 
 
 27, 1862. 
 Eiehardson, Nathaniel, enlisted 
 
 June 21, 1862; died June 21, 
 
 1865, at Van Biiren, Ark. 
 Tediock, Wm. C , enlisted June 19, 
 
 1862; disciiarged February 23, 
 
 1863, for disability. 
 Tucker, Nathaniel E., enlisted June 
 
 18, 1862; discharged February 
 
 23, 1863, for disability. 
 Wilson, Leven, enlisted June 21, 
 
 1862. 
 Brown, William, enlisted August 
 
 23, 1862. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Josephus B. Charton, second corpo- 
 ral; enlisted July 7, 1862; com- 
 missioned second lieutenant May 
 
 24, 1865, but not mustered in; 
 mustered out as sergeant-major. 
 
 John I. Seeton, third corporal; en- 
 listed July 7, 3 862. 
 
 PEIVATES. 
 
 Coon, Isaac, enlisted July 14, 1862. 
 Hinman, Charles A., enlisted July 
 
 12, 1862. 
 Jones, Joseph A., enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862; died November 18, 1862, 
 
 at Springfield, Mo. 
 McLoud, Edward S., enlisted July 
 
 7, 1862. 
 Nordyke, Calvin J., enlisted July 
 
 15, 1863. 
 Rose, Abraham, enlisted July 14, 
 
 186—. 
 Strife, Nicholas, enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862. 
 Ward, William, enlisted July 7, 
 
 1862; wounded and captured at 
 
 Poison Spring, Ark., April 18, 
 
 1864. 
 
 THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY. 
 
 This regiment was organized by Gen. S. A. Rice, Keokuk county. Keo- 
 kuk county furnished three companies to this regiment. It was organized! 
 in September, 1862, and mustered in October 1st, with nine hundred and 
 eighty men. It left for the field, November 20th, for St. Louis; thence, 
 December 21st, for Columbus, Kentucky, arriving on the 24th, where it 
 was immediately engaged irt building earthworks, the men without shelter, 
 sleeping on the bare ground in the mud and rain. January 3, 1803, it re- 
 
512 KEOKUK COUNTY WAB EECOED. 
 
 turned to Columbus, the enemy failing to attack, as expected. January 
 6th it embarked for Helena, Arkansas, arriving on the 13th, where several 
 expeditions were made. 
 
 In April, Colonel Rice was appointed to a brigade, and Lieutenant-Col- 
 onel Mackey became colonel. It was reported Colonel Hood had declared 
 he would take his dinner, July 4th, in Helena. The regiment at once pre- 
 pared to give him a hearty reception, and at two o'clock in the morning 
 were called out to receive him. Tiie contest lasted until eleven o'clock, 
 when Hood was driven back toward Little Kock, and the Thirty-third re- 
 mained masters of the position, having acquitted itself bravely. It had 
 five hundred men engaged, the enemy over two thousand. The Tliirty-third 
 captured as many prisoners as it had in action. September 10th the enemy 
 were followed, and Little Rock captured. Here the regiment built log bar- 
 racks and remained until March, 1864:, when it started on the southwestern 
 Arkansas expedition. From the 10th to the 13th skirmishing and artillery 
 fighting was had on Praii-ie d'Anne, in Hempstead county, Arkansas. On 
 the 2d of April, General Steele decided to march on Camden with his di- 
 vision, which became known to the enemy, and the race was a lively one. 
 Several engagements were had, notably at Elkin's Ford, April 4th, Prairie 
 d'Anne, April 10th and Jenkin's Ferry, April 30th. The latter was the 
 great battle of the expedition. The regiment, with the division had reached 
 Saline river, on its return to Little Rock, on the evening before. The 
 ememy were in force in the rear, wliile in front was a swollen river and no 
 bridges. The battle began in the morning and lasted until near noon, when 
 the enemy retired. It was during the evening's last charge that Colonel 
 Rice was wounded in the foot, from the effects of which he died August 6th 
 following. 
 
 The Thirty-third entered Camden on the evening of the 16th of April, 
 where for five days there were no rations, the men subsisting on four ears 
 of corn per day, which they ground in hand mills and made into cakes. 
 At the battle of Elkin's Ford, or Jenkin's Ferry, Colonel Mackey was 
 wounded severely in the arm. The loss of the regiment was severe, being 
 one hundred and twenty-three. The regiment arrived at Little Rock May 
 3d, where it remained on garrison duty during the year. February 14, 
 1864, it started for New Orleans, thence to Navy Cove, Alabama, where it 
 joined an expedition against Mobile, which was successful. Thence it 
 moved to Whistler's Station and Mcintosh's Bluff', Alabama, April, 1866, 
 where it remained until June; thence to Brazos Island, Texas; thence up 
 the Rio Grande to Bagdad; thence to New Orleans, where, July 17, 1865, 
 it was mustered out, except the three yeare' recruits, who were transferred 
 to the Thirty-fourth regiment, an unusual act, and which received the, firm 
 protest of Colonel Mackey. 
 
 The casualities of the regiment were: 
 
 Killed in action 26 
 
 Died of wounds and disease 236 
 
 Discliarged for various causes 164 
 
 Wounded 166 
 
 Taken prisoners 73 
 
 Transferred to other regiments 27 
 
 Mustered out 430 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAB EECOED. 
 
 513 
 
 Keokuk county was represented in the field and staff as follows: 
 
 Cyrus 1^. Mackey, Lieutenant-Colonel; commissioned August 10, 1862; 
 promoted Colonel August 18, 1863; wounded at Jenkins' Ferry, April 30, 
 1864. 
 
 Arad Parks, surgeon; commissioned September 16, 1862; resigned June 
 11, 1864. 
 
 Samuel B. Evans, Commissary Sergeant; appointed September 16,1862, 
 
 Bartholomew Franken, hospital steward ; appointed September 22, 1862.. 
 
 COMPANY B.* 
 
 John P. Terger, captain; enlisted 
 August 8; resigned May 10, 1864. 
 
 Joseph Shawhan, first lieutenant; en- 
 listed August 10; resigned March 
 13. 1863. 
 
 William S. Parmley, second lieuten- 
 ant; enlisted August 8; promoted 
 first lieutenant March 26, 1863; 
 captain May 11, 1864. 
 
 F. R. Mathews, first sergeant. 
 
 Jcrseph J. Harter, second sergeant; 
 promoted second lieutenant March 
 22, 1863; first lieutenant May 11, 
 1864. 
 
 John H. Crow, third sergeant. 
 
 Thomas B. Myers, fourth sergeant. 
 
 John R. Alsup. fifth sergeant. 
 
 Andrew N. Bratton, first corporal; 
 discharged, March 2, 1863, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 James H. David, second corporal; 
 captured at Yazoo Pass, February 
 16, 1863. 
 
 Michael Clarahan, ttiird corporal; 
 discharged December 12, 1864, for 
 broken arm. 
 
 Eleazer Cole, third corporal; trans- 
 ferred to invalid corps February 
 15, 1864. 
 
 Maxon "W. Randall, fourth corporal; 
 died June 5, 1863, at Helena, Ar- 
 
 Benj. Weseott, fifth corporal. 
 &eorge W. Booton, sixth corporal. 
 Michael Butler, seventh corporal. 
 Henry Boegel, eighth corporal. 
 Gideon L. Evans, musician. 
 
 Charles L. Randall, musician. 
 
 George W. Shawan, wagoner; sup- 
 posed to have been reduced tq- 
 ranks. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 "Allen, John, discharged March 20, 
 1863, for disability. 
 Adams, David H. 
 Booton, Asa S. 
 Basey, James A., died September 
 
 15, 1863, at Duvall's Bluff, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Bell, Zepaniah, died September 9, 
 
 1863, at Memphis. 
 Bottger, John C. 
 Bradley, Samuel, died March 27, 
 
 1863, at Memphis. 
 
 Baxter, Lewis, died March 20, 1866, 
 at Fort Gaines, Alabama. 
 
 Black, Philander. ' 
 
 Clemens, Henry, promoted musi- 
 cian January 23, 1863. 
 
 Connor, Aaron. 
 
 Cole, Eleazor, promoted third cor- 
 poral December 3, 1862. 
 
 Case, James H., died April 25, 1863,. 
 at Helena. 
 
 Case, John F.,died October 29, 1863, 
 at Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Case, George C.,died April 19, 1863, 
 at Helena, Arkansas. 
 
 Carlile, Samuel, discharged April 
 
 16, 1863, for disability. 
 Courtney, James H., died May 20,, 
 
 1864, at Helena, Arkansas. 
 Courtney, Edward F., discharged 
 
 February 25, 1863, for disability. 
 
 .;*The enlistment roll is, dated September I, 1862. The men went into quarters from the 
 6th to the fifteenth of August, unless otherwise stated. 
 
514 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAE EECOED. 
 
 <Jattell, John W. 
 
 'Claralian, Patrick, discharged De- 
 cember 12. 1864, for disability. 
 
 Crooks, Jacob B. 
 
 Carson, Henry S., discliarged Sep- 
 tember 22, 1864-, for disability. 
 
 Dnree, George W., transferred to 
 invalid corps. 
 
 Diiree, Henry T.. discharged Octo- 
 ber 25. 1864-, for disability. 
 
 Decker, Dennis, captured at Yazoo 
 Pass February 16, 1863; wounded 
 and captured at Saline River, Ar- 
 kansas, A]iril 30, 1864. 
 
 Dyer, Francis M., captured at' Saline 
 River April -30, 1864. 
 
 Evans, Samuel B. 
 
 Fear. James H. 
 
 Povvler, David D. 
 
 Farmer, John L. 
 
 Ford. Jacob J., died October 9,1863, 
 at Bloomington, Illinois. 
 
 ■Given. Henry C, captured Febru- 
 ary 16. 1863, at Yazoo Pass. 
 
 Gann. Leander O. 
 
 Gann, John L. 
 
 Howard, John W. 
 
 Harris, William, wounded March 
 So. 1865, at Spanish Fort, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 Hux, John, discharged December 
 4, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Herri tt, James B., captured Febru- 
 ary 16, 1863, at Yazoo Pass; died 
 July 11, 1864, at Little Rock, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Jacobs. James B., discharged April 
 21, 1803. 
 
 Jerman, Thomas A., died June 23, 
 18»>3, at Lancaster. 
 
 Kensler, George, discharged April 
 16 1863. 
 
 Keener, J. W. 0. 
 
 Klett. Godfrey. 
 
 Lambert, David. 
 
 Lee, John, captured February 16, 
 
 1863, at Yazoo Pass. 
 Xowe, James M. 
 
 Leonard Francis. 
 
 McGrew, Leander. 
 Mead, Augustine, drowned October 
 12, 1863, in Mississippi river. 
 
 Miles, Daniel. 
 
 McOalley, Jacob M., discharged 
 April 17, 1863. 
 
 Miles, Jolm. 
 
 Moore, Robert, died April 10, 1863, 
 at Memphis. 
 
 Moore, Joseph 0. 
 
 McGonigal, Charles S. 
 
 Menefee, John M. (Monstee), wound- 
 ed at Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 
 1863. 
 
 Morgan, Nathan. 
 
 Newkirk, Jacob H. 
 
 Payton, Geo. W., Sr., 
 
 Payton, Geo. W., Jr.. captured Feb- 
 ruary 11, 1863, at Yazoo Pass. 
 
 Payton, John. 
 
 Payton, William, captured Febru- 
 ary 16, 1863, at Yazoo Pass, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Quick, Strauther, promoted wagoner 
 December 1, 1862. 
 
 Quick, James, discharged April 11, 
 1863. 
 
 Quick, Tunis. 
 
 Rodgers, Hannibal, wounded and 
 captured April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 River, Ark. 
 
 Sanders, Henry I. 
 
 Smith, Zelek C. 
 
 Shollenberger, Hiram, promoted 
 sixth corporal January 23, 1863. 
 
 Thompson, Albert L 
 
 Thompson, Thos. J. 
 
 Thompson, Albert E. 
 
 Trueblood, Elijah, died December 
 25, 1862, at St. Louis. 
 
 Utterback, Jefferson. 
 
 Wright, Wm. A. 
 
 Wilson, David, discharged April 
 17, 1863. 
 
 Ward, Wm. T. 
 
 Ward, Samuel A. 
 
 Wool lard, James T., wounded July 
 4, 1863. at Helena, Ark. 
 
 Wartz, wounded April 30, 1864j at 
 Saline River. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Basil, Jeremiah, enlisted March 9, 
 1864. 
 
KBOKTJK COUNTY WAE EEOOKD. 
 
 515 
 
 Bowman, Henry U., enlisted March 
 
 25. 1864. 
 Clark, Wm. H., enlisted February 
 . 20, 18?5. 
 Crisman, John, enlisted March 30, 
 
 186i. 
 Eastbiirn, John B., enlisted March 
 
 7, 1864. 
 Franklin, Joab, enlisted March 22, 
 
 186d. 
 Malone, James H., enlisted March 
 
 25, 1864. 
 Ifelson, Wm. H., enlisted March 
 
 22, 1864. 
 Nichols, John E., enlisted Febrnary 
 
 22, 1864;. wounded April 30, 
 
 1864, at Saline Eiver. 
 Stoui, Geo. W., enlisted March 29, 
 , 1864. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 Brittain, James F., enlisted July 24, 
 1862. 
 
 COMPANY P.* 
 
 Memorial W. Forrest, captain; re- 
 signed March 3, 1863. 
 
 Anderson Davis, first lieutenant; re- 
 signed April 24, 18 h3. 
 
 Lycnrgns McCoy, second lieutenant; 
 wounded in the loot, accidentally, 
 at St. Louis, November 25, 1862; 
 resigned March 3, 1863. 
 
 William J. Gaston, first sergeant; 
 promoted second lieutenant March 
 13, 1863; discharged October 26, 
 1863, lor disability. 
 
 Alfred F. Waugh, second sergeant; 
 died January 28, 1863, at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Abraham Sechrist, third sergeant. 
 
 James K. Spiers, fourth sergeant; 
 wounded July 4, 1863, at Helena, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Jacob S. Hawk, fifth sergeant; dis- 
 charged February 10, 1863, for 
 disabilitv. 
 
 jfames W. Dell, first corporal, 
 
 Nelson Loomis, second corporaL 
 
 John McCrery, third corporal; en- 
 listed August 20; discharged Jan- 
 uary 21, 1863, for disability. 
 
 John Bell, fourth corporal; promo- 
 ted captain April 16, 1863. 
 
 John F. Nugent, fifth corporal; died 
 May 22, 1863, at Helena, Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 Zebedee F. Botkins, sixth corporal; 
 wounded at Helena, Arkansas, 
 July 4, 1863; discharged October 
 . 16, 1864, for disability. 
 
 William Monohon, seventh corporal; 
 died September, 8, 1863, at Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Fred. Sancheztereso, eighth corpo- 
 ral; promoted first lieutenant 
 June 1, 1863. 
 
 Orland D. Cushman, musician. 
 
 Alexander W, Glass, musician, 
 
 Kussell Fergusson, Wagoner; dis- 
 charged March 20, 1863, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Abrams, Miles, discharged February 
 20, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Abrams, James, discharged Febru- 
 ary II, 1863, for disability, 
 
 Abrams, William, died January 17, 
 1864, at Keokuk, 
 
 Allen, Wesley, 
 
 Allison, William, enlisted August 
 20, 1862 
 
 Allison, Thomas J, 
 
 Buckner, Ashbery A,, killed July 4, 
 
 1863, at Helena, 
 
 Bly, James H, died January 11, 
 
 1864, at Keokuk. 
 Belveal, Samuel. 
 Bel veal, Nicholas. 
 
 Baxter, George F., discharged Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Braden, Eobert C., discharged Jan- 
 uary 28, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Brittain, Harvey, enlisted September 
 2, 1862. 
 
 Brittain, Eli, enlisted September 2, 
 1862; died May 9, 1863, at Hele- 
 na, Ark. 
 
 *This company was organized in 1862, and enlisted August 13, unless otherwise stated. 
 
516 
 
 KEOKUK OOTTNTY WAE EBCOED. 
 
 Brunt, John M. 
 
 Durfey, Orson M. 
 
 Day, Abraham. 
 
 Day, Valentine, discharged October 
 
 5, 1864, for disability. 
 Day, Charles A., died December 28, 
 
 1862, at St. Louis. 
 
 Dickerson, James C. 
 
 Diekerson, John H., enlisted De- 
 cember 1, 1863; died May 2i, 
 1865, at Greenville, La. 
 
 Ferguson, James I. [T.], died April 
 19, 1863, at Helena, Ark. 
 
 Forgrave, Robert G., enlisted Sep- 
 tember 23, 1862. 
 
 Gill, James, enlisted August 20, 
 1862. 
 
 Gibson, Walker H., wounded and 
 captured August 30, 1864:, at Sa- 
 line Eiver, Ark. 
 
 Gibson, Francis M. 
 
 Graves, Johnson. 
 
 Groesbeck, George W., enlisted 
 August 20, 1862; died May 22, 
 
 1863, at Helena, Ark. 
 Hadley, Sidney C, enlisted Novem- 
 ber 9. 
 
 Hutton, James K. P., died Decem- 
 ber 23, 1862, at St. Louis. 
 
 Hone, John C, enlisted September 
 2, 
 
 Hart, John S. 
 
 Hillerey, Milton. 
 
 Hawk, Cornelius, discharged Febru- 
 ary 19, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Hough, James A., enlisted Septem- 
 ber 2. 
 
 Hough, Wm. P. 
 
 Hogan, Charles M. 
 
 Hadley, Joseph H. 
 
 Hoisington, Wm. V. 
 
 Henninger, Henry S. 
 
 Hobson, Joel. 
 
 Haney, Jacob D., enlisted 
 
 1862; died March 29, 1863, at 
 
 Memphis. 
 Jones, John M., wounded July 4, 
 
 1863, at Helena, Ark. 
 Lynch, Paul A. 
 Lotspeicb, Samuel P., discharged 
 
 February 5, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Logan, Henry. 
 
 Loomis, Nelson, enlisted ; 
 
 captured July 4, 1863, at Helena; 
 died September 24, 1863, at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Morrison, James. 
 
 McCrery, Daniel. 
 
 Monohon, David, discharged March 
 23, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Miller, William. 
 
 Miller, Joseph T., wonnded July 4, 
 1863, at Helena; died August 8, 
 1863, of wounds at Memphis. 
 
 McNeis, Pleasant, wounded July 4, 
 1863, at Helena. 
 
 McConnell, William L 
 
 McConnell, Francis M., died Decem* 
 ber 16, 1863, at Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 Miner, John N., wonnded July 4, 
 1863, at Helena; died of wound& 
 September 8, 1863, at Memphis. 
 
 Montgomery, S. B. 
 
 McNeis, William. 
 
 McNeis, John, died August 7,1864, 
 at Richland. 
 
 Mills, Eli. died March 24, 1866, at 
 Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 McPherson, John, missing July 4, 
 1863, at Helena. 
 
 Nash, Azro B. 
 
 Nash, Charles W. 
 
 Orndoff, Wra. A., discharged Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Pratt, George A., died March 27, 
 1863, on steamer "Goodie Friend," 
 Miss. 
 
 Robison, Wm. S., discharged Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Rayburn, John 0. 
 
 Skinner, Jasper. 
 
 Stillwell, Geo. F., enlisted Septem- 
 ber 2. 
 
 Stillwell, Thomas, killed July 4, 
 1863, at Helena. 
 
 Sheets, Leander, discharged Februa- 
 ry 5, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Spiers, Ezra Thomas, missing July 
 4, 1863, at Helena. 
 
 Shepheard, Samuel, enlisted August 
 20; discharged Novembers, 1863^ 
 for disability. 
 
J.^fgf»»- 
 
 -MtA 
 
 £'^^/^X-^/-T''t--X^ 
 
KEOKUK COTTNTT WAE EECOED. 
 
 519 
 
 Street, Samuel F. 
 
 Thomas, Gideon, died January 20, 
 
 1865, at Little Rock, Ark. 
 Walker, Edwin. 
 Ward, William. 
 Wood, Christopher. 
 Toung, James M. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Armstrong, James, enlisted March 
 29, 1864. 
 
 Bennett, Sanford, enlisted March 28, 
 1864. 
 
 Galieher, Charles B., enlisted Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1864; drowned July 20, 
 1864, at Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Miller, Asa M., enlisted September 
 3, 1864. 
 
 Miller, John W., enlisted September 
 12, 1864. 
 X^ Morgan, John B., enlisted March 4, 
 1864; died May 14, 1864, at Little 
 Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 McCreary, James, died October 15, 
 1864, at Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Stillwell, George W., enlisted March 
 
 29, 1864. 
 
 COMPANY H.* 
 
 Joseph L. Smith, first lieutenant, en- 
 listed August 9, resigned April 8, 
 1863. 
 
 William H. Gore, second lieutenant; 
 enlisted August 5; promoted first 
 lieutenant April 9, 1863, captain 
 July 27, 1863. 
 
 Wilson DeGarmo, first sergeant; en- 
 listed August 9; promoted second 
 lieutenant April 9, 1863; first 
 lieutenant July 27, 1863; wounded 
 at Jenkins' Ferry Arkansas, April 
 
 30, 1864. 
 
 Samuel C. Ward, second sergeant; 
 
 enlisted August 5; transferred 
 
 July 1, 1864, to veteran reserve 
 
 corps. 
 Ezra Hollingsworth, fourth sergeant ; 
 
 enlisted August 10. 
 
 * Enlisted in 1862, unless otherwise stated. 
 32 
 
 James D. Haworth, fifth sergeant; 
 enlisted August 14. 
 
 Samuel Lineburger, first corporal; 
 enlisted August 17. 
 
 John Wightman, third corporal; en- 
 listed August 10; wounded and 
 captured April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 River, Arkansas; died May 2, 
 1864, of wounds. 
 
 Thomas J. Lawler, fifth corporal; 
 wounded April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 River, Arkansas. 
 
 James Garrett, sixtb corporal, en- 
 listed August 9; wounded at Sa- 
 line River, Arkansas, April 30, 
 1864; died May 22, 1865, at Lit- 
 Rock, Ark. 
 
 John T. Lain, seventh corporal, en- 
 listed August 7. 
 
 Joseph H. Riley, eighth corporal; 
 enlisted August 4; died January 
 2, 1863, at Columbus, Kentucky. 
 
 Ellington Sims, musician; enlisted 
 August 5, 1862. 
 
 William Irwin 
 August 10. 
 
 Henry J. Sumee, wagoner; enlisted 
 August 14. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Adams, Wilson, enlisted August 4. 
 
 Allan, William, enlisted August 9. 
 
 Beardsley, Robert B., enlisted Au- 
 gust 11 ; died December 31, 1862, 
 at St. Louis. 
 
 Boles, Levi M., enlisted August 14. 
 
 Brown, Stephen J., enlisted August 
 10. 
 
 Boon, Clark, enlisted August 14; 
 captured April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 River, Arkansas. 
 
 Brurabaek, Garrison, enlisted Au- 
 gust 4. 
 
 Campbell, Lewis, enlisted August 4. 
 
 Cunningham, John B., enlisted Au- 
 gust 14; transferred July 1, 1864, 
 to veteran reserve corps. 
 ffCabler, Daniel, enlisted August 7; 
 died January 3, 1863, at St. Louis. 
 
 musician; enlisted 
 
520 
 
 Ourby,Abram K.,enlisted August 14. 
 
 Curbv, Jeremiah, enlisted August 
 14;" died November 26, 1862, at 
 Oskaloosa. 
 
 Cline. Jacob, enlisted Angnst 14. 
 
 Campbell, Joseph, enlisted Angnst 7. 
 
 Campbell, Wesley, enlisted August 
 7; died March's, 1863. at Helena. 
 
 Clark, Thomas J., enlisted August 
 10; died March 3, 1863, at Helena. 
 
 Dixon, John W., enlisted August 9. 
 
 Dixon, William T., enlisted August 
 9; wounded April 30, 1864, at Sa- 
 line River, Arkansas. 
 
 Doty, Ezra, enlisted August 10; dis- 
 charged March 1, 1863, for disa- 
 bility. 
 
 Dorman, Hiner, enlisted August 10; 
 wounded April 30, 1864, at Sa- 
 line River, Arkansas. 
 
 Decker, Elisha, enlisted' August 12; 
 died May 19, 1864, at Saline 
 
 ; River, Arkansas. 
 
 Decker, Francis M., enlisted August 
 
 i 12. 
 
 Eaton, John C, enlisted August 10. 
 
 Eord, Urias C, enlisted August 12; 
 died February 25, 1863, at Helena, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Fry, John, enlisted August 14. 
 
 Fry, David, enlisted August 7; died 
 June 23, 1863, at Heleua, Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 Fish, William, enlisted August 11. 
 
 Goldthwait, Charles J., enlisted Au- 
 gust 10; promoted corporal; 
 wounded April 30,1864, at Saline 
 River; discharged May 22, 1865, 
 for disability. 
 
 Goldthwait, William, enlisted Au- 
 gust 10. 
 
 Holliday, Jerome, enlisted August 
 10; died August 1, 1863, at Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Hennon, James, enlisted August 9. 
 
 Herr, William, enlisted September 
 1 ; died October 3, 1863, at Benton 
 Barracks. 
 
 Hoyt, William R., enlisted August 
 7; wounded April 30, 1864, at Sa- 
 line River, Arkansas. 
 
 Si 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAR EECOED. 
 
 ffardenbrook, enlisted August 9. , ' 
 
 Irons, Charles, enlisted August 7. 
 
 Irons, John, enlisted August 7. 
 
 Landreth, Harvey, enlisted August 9. 
 
 Lantry, [Lanby,] Thomas, enlisted 
 August 9; wounded and captured 
 April 30, 1864, at Saline River, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Lakin, Thomas, enlisted Augnst 7. 
 
 Marling, George W., enlisted Au- 
 gust 9. , 
 
 McCumbs, Benjamin M., enlisted 
 August 9; discharged February 
 14, 1863, for disability. 
 
 Mills, EUwood, enlisted August 14. 
 
 McOord, Alfred J., enlisted Angiist 
 5; disciiarged April 4, 1863, for 
 disability. 
 
 McNeil, Allen A 
 
 enlisted August 
 7; wounded April 30,1864, at Sa- 
 line River, Arkansas; died Sep- 
 tember 24, 1864, of wouuds, at 
 South English. 
 Nothlitch, Adelbert, enlisted Augnst 
 
 9- 
 
 Peck, Marion A., enlisted August 
 10; wounded April 30, 1864, at 
 Saline River, Arkansas; died Juno 
 6, 1864, at Princeton, while in the 
 hands of the enemy. 
 
 Parke, William J., enlisted August 
 10; wounded and captured April 
 30, 1864, at Saline River, Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 Roland, Joseph M., enlisted Augnst 
 7: killed April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 River, Arkansas. 
 
 Rodman, William M., ellsted Au- 
 gust 9; wounded at Saline River, 
 Arkansas, April 30, 1864; died of 
 wounds January 6, 1864, at Prince- 
 ton, Arkansas, in the hands ot the 
 enemy. 
 
 Stephenson, Thomas, enlisted Au- 
 gust 10. 
 
 Simpsen, Thos., enlisted AugustlO, 
 Died at St. Louis December 15, 
 1«62. 
 
 Shanalelt, John W.. nativity Indi- 
 ana, enlisted August 9. 
 
 Suiter, Phillip, enlisted August 10. 
 
KEOKtTK COTTHTT WAE EECOED. 
 
 521 
 
 Sbana.felt, John W., * nativity Ohio, 
 
 enlisted Auojust 10. 
 Shanafelt, Owen R., [K.] enlisted 
 
 August 5. 
 Scovill, William, enlisted August 7; 
 died December 28, 1862, at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Smith, John Y., enlisted August 10; 
 discharged February 5, 1863, for 
 disability. 
 
 Smith, William H., enlisted August 
 9. 
 
 Smith, Aaron B., enlisted August 
 10; died January 24, 1864, at Keo- 
 kuk. 
 
 Smith, Phillip S., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 18; died December 20,1862, 
 at St. Louis. 
 
 Stokesburg, James H., enlisted Au- 
 gust 5 ; died December 29, 1862, 
 at St. Louis. 
 
 Sanders, Samuel R., enlisted Au- 
 gust 12. 
 
 Swails, Jacob, enlisted August 11. 
 
 Seaton, Oliver, enlisted August 5, 
 captured April 26, 1864, at Cam- 
 den, Arkansas. 
 
 Slate, Lorenzo, enlisted August 4. 
 
 Shaff, John, enlisted August 14; 
 wounded April 30, 1864, at Saline 
 river. 
 
 Tracy, Hezekia "W., enlisted Au- 
 gust 14. 
 
 Tate, Martin V., enlisted August 7. 
 
 Thomas, Milton, enlisted August 9; 
 died January 3, 1863, at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Wandling, Jacob, enlisted August 9. 
 
 Ward, John, enlisted August 14. 
 
 Waltz, Benjamin F., enlisted Au- 
 gust 14. 
 
 Witherell, Chauncy, enlisted Au- 
 gust 7. 
 
 Wright, James H., enlisted August 
 5. 
 
 Wells, Bloomfield E.,enlisted August 
 9. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Compton, James D., enlisted De- 
 cember 17, 1863. 
 
 Campbell, Samuel, enlisted February 
 23, 1864; died August 30, 1864, 
 at Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Curien, Yictor, enlisted March 29, 
 1864; died August 3, 1864, at 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Eaton, Marcus D.. enlisted February 
 
 22, 1864, transferred to thirty- 
 fourth infantry July 12, 1865. 
 
 Hildebrand, Samuel N., enlisted 
 March 29, 1864. 
 eLakin, John W , enlisted February 
 
 23, 1864; died October 10, 1864, 
 at Little Rock. 
 
 McNeil, O. P., enlisted February 
 19, 1864; wounded April 30, 1864, 
 at Saline River; died April 4, 1865, 
 at Fort Gaines, Alabama. 
 
 Nyswaner, David, enlisted February 
 19, 1863; died September 19, 1864, 
 at Little Rock. 
 
 Thompson, Lloyd P., enlisted March 
 29, 1864. 
 
 Wandling, Jacob A., enlisted De- 
 cember 11,1863. 
 
 COMPANIES UNKNOWN. 
 
 The following enlistments were made in this regiment, but the compa-' 
 nies are not reported : 
 
 GriflFen, Harlen, enlisted March 7, 
 
 1864. 
 Gow, Jefferson, enlisted February 
 
 19, 1864. 
 
 Athey, George, enlisted February 
 
 19, 1864. 
 Brun8on,William D., enlisted Febru- 
 
 9, 1864. 
 
 * The name of George W. Shanafelt appears among the casualities as killed at Saline 
 ]Biver, April 30, 1864, out his name doeg not appear among the enlisfmentti, and it is prob- 
 atily an error, and 8hoald properly refer to one of the men enliuted as John W, Shana- 
 felt. 
 
622 
 
 KEOKITK OOtTNTT WAE KECOED. 
 
 Gilmore, Thomas, enlisted February 
 23, 1864. 
 
 Hughes, George H., enlisted Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1864. 
 
 Hardestry, Samuel E., enlisted March 
 7, 1864. 
 
 Jones, "William H., enlisted Decem- 
 ber 9, 1863. 
 
 Long, George W., enlisted March 3, 
 
 1864. 
 Larimore, John, enlisted February 
 
 23, 1864. 
 McAdams, Edwin J., enlisted Feb- 
 
 rury 27, 1864. 
 Wait Eeuben, enlisted February 27, 
 
 1864. 
 
 FOETIETH INFANTKY. 
 
 This regiment was mustered into service, at Iowa City, November 15, 
 1862, and immediately moved to Columbus, Kentucky, arriving on the' 
 18th, where it remained during the winter, until March 3, 1863, when it 
 moved to Paducah. May 31, by order ef General Grant, the regiment 
 was ordered to Vicksbnrg. It reached Sartatia, on the Yazoo river, June 
 4, and during the siege of Vicksburg it was stationed in the vicinity of 
 Haine's Blufts. It did not meet the enemy in battle, but it encountered a 
 more deadly foe in the disease-laden waters of Yazoo river. Its fifty daya 
 service there was the worst in all its history. It next moved to Helena, 
 arriving there July 26, and after a short rest, joined General Steele's for- 
 ces against Little Kock. Reduced by malarial disease as was the regement, 
 this march told fearfully on their weakened constitutions; and of the six 
 hundred men who started, only two hundred and fifty reported for duty on 
 the morning of the entry into Little Rock. The regiment remained at 
 Little Rock until the spring of 1864, when it moved with Steele's forces 
 on the Camden expedition, and in the great battle of the campaign, at 
 Jenkin's Ferry, the regiment distinguished itself, though for some reason 
 it was divided, and only companies H, E, K and G were engaged, and for 
 four hours without relief, in the hottest of the fight, they held their ground 
 and covered themselves with renown. They remembered the little speech 
 made to them in the morning by Colonel J. A. Garrett, typical of the man, 
 and his confidence in the men. Said he : 
 
 " Boys ! we will probably have a little fight. Remember your own good 
 name, and the fair fame of the glorious young State which sent you to the 
 field. Don't tarnish it. Do you see that flag 1 Follow and defend it I 
 Don't shoot at the sky; there are no rebels up there. That climate doeS 
 not suit them. Aim low, and send them where they belong. That's all." 
 
 The regiment remained at Little Rock until the following February, 
 when, in response to a request of Brigadier-General Bussey to the war de- 
 partment to send him a first-rate regiment, the Fortieth was ordered to Ft. 
 Smith, as what he wanted. It was subsequently sent to Ft. Gibson, where 
 it remained until mustered out, August 2, 1865. 
 
 The casualties were: killed, 19; died, 173; discharged for disease, 140; 
 total, 332 enlisted men. Of ofiicers : 3 killed; 3 dismissed; 29 resigned; 
 total, 35. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 
 Michael M. Rice, first sergeant ; en- 
 listed August 14; promoted sec- 
 ond lieutenant June 20, 1863 ; first 
 
 lieutenant March 27, 1864; cap- 
 tain January 15, 1865. 
 Leathers, Jefferson, enlisted Decem- 
 ber 22, 1864. 
 
KEOKUK OOUNTT WAE RECORD. 
 
 523 
 
 COMPANY I.* 
 
 EHsha Sampson, enlisted August 20; 
 discharged March 19, 1864. 
 
 DeWitt C. Baker, iirst lieutenant; 
 enlisted August 20; promoted 
 captain March 20, 1864:; resigned 
 December 20, 1864. 
 
 James W. Ward, second lieutenant; 
 enlisted August 20; promoted 
 first lieutenant March 20, 1864; 
 vaptured at Moro Creek, Arkan- 
 sas, April 25, 1864; promoted 
 captain December 21, 1864; died 
 at New Orleans December 24, 
 1864. 
 
 James P. A. Lewis, second sergeant; 
 
 , enlisted August 12. 
 
 Isaac H. Dempsey, third sergeant; 
 enlisted August 12; promoted 
 second lieutenant March 20, 1864; 
 captain January 14, 1865. 
 
 David A. Stockman, fourth ser- 
 geant; enlisted August 12; dis- 
 charged October 4, 1874, for disa- 
 bility. 
 
 John A. Fritzler, fifth sergeant; en- 
 listed August 12; died March 
 
 25. 1863, at Columbus, Kentucky. 
 John J. Wade, first corporal; en- 
 listed August 12; wounded April 
 
 10. 1864, at Prairie d'Anne, Ar- 
 kansas; died April 15, of wounds, 
 near Camden, Arkansas. 
 
 John Whitcomb, second corporal; 
 enlisted August 12. 
 
 Franklin Connelly, fourth corporal; 
 enlisted August 12; died January 
 1, 1863, at Columbus, Kentucky. 
 
 Ackiey C. Seaman, fifth corporal; 
 
 . enlisted August 12. 
 
 John Bowen. sixth corporal; enlist- 
 ed August 12; discli.arged May 5, 
 1863, at Paducah, Kentucky. 
 
 Elijah Twiggs, seventh corporal ; en- 
 listed August 15. 
 
 Allen J. Snider, musician; enlisted 
 August 12. 
 
 William A. York, musician; en- 
 listed August 12. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Anderson, Jesse L., enlisted August 
 12; wounded April 10, 1864, at 
 Prairie d'Anne, Arkansas. 
 
 Abraham, Wilson, enlisted August 
 
 12. 
 
 Burton, William M., enlisted Aug- 
 ust 12. 
 
 Brown, Joseph, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Brown, Thomas E., enlisted August 
 14. 
 
 Bradley, Cyrus N., enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Bowen, George, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Bowen, William Gr., enlisted August 
 12; died February 4, 1864, at Lit- 
 tle Rock. 
 
 Bowen, Alonzo, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Bonham, Harvey A., enlisted Aug- 
 ust 15. 
 
 Black, Wm. P., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Carlisle, Daniel H., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 26. 
 
 Cochrane, John L., enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Casey, James, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Cook, Jefferson, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Cecil, John, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Dill, Samuel, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Dill, John W., enlisted August 12; 
 discharged June 17, 1864, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Dill, John C, enlisted August 12; 
 died August 30, 1863, at Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Dixon, Wm., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Dunlap, Samuel BL., enlisted August 
 15. 
 
 Dunlap, Eli, enlisted August 15; 
 discharged April 20, 1864, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Dickerson, Lorenzo, enlisted August 
 15. 
 
 Ellis, William, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Feaster, James, enlisted August 12; 
 died September 20, 1863, at Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Forgrave, Lyman W., enlisted Au- 
 gust 12. 
 
 * Enlisted in 1862, unless otherwise stated. 
 
524 
 
 KEOKtrK OOrHTr WAE EECOJRD. 
 
 Gregory, EH, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Goss, James G., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Gi'iffin, S. S. v., enlisted Decembei* 
 6. 
 
 Gray, Joseph D., enlisted August 
 15. 
 
 Grimsly, Abram M., enlisted August 
 14. 
 
 GrifEn, James R., enlisted August 
 15. 
 
 Hinkle, Philip, enlisted August 15; 
 died April 6, 1863, at Columbus, 
 Ky. 
 
 Hasty, John, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Hewett, Ebenezer C, enlisted Au- 
 gust 12. 
 
 Hewett, Alexander, enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Itel, John J., enlisted August 15; 
 wounded while on guard acci- 
 dentally; discharged for wounds 
 March 20, 1863. 
 
 Jones, Win. A., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, enlisted August 14. 
 
 Mills, Berry M., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Morgan, Nathan, enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Overton, John J., enlisted August 
 15; discharged May 23, 1863, for 
 disability. 
 
 Purkeypile, Nelson, enlisted August 
 15. ' 
 
 Pauley, Jeremiah, enlisted August 
 IP. 
 
 Perkins, Elisha, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Keed, Hugh, enlisted August 15. 
 
 Rash. William W., enlisted August 
 14.' 
 
 Runyan, Moses, enlisted August 14; 
 transferred to veteran reserve corps 
 January 10, 1865. 
 
 Ratnsey, Jacob T., enlisted August 
 14. 
 
 Ramsey, Andrew J., enlisted Au- 
 gust 13. 
 
 Ryan, Wm. H., enlisted August 12. 
 
 Rosel, Hiram, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Sampson, Joiin L., enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Seaman, Benj., enlisted August 15; 
 promoted tirst lieutenant January 
 14j 1865, from first sergeant. 
 
 Stonght, William A., enlisted Au- 
 gust 12; discharged March 22, 
 
 1863, for disability. 
 
 Shockley, Benj. E., enlisted August 
 12; died January 9, 1863, at Co- 
 lumbus, Ky. 
 
 Smith, William H., enlisted August 
 15. 
 
 Triggs, Isaac, enlisted August 12. . 
 
 Triggs, Hiram G., [S.] enlisted Au- 
 gust 12. 
 
 Urie, John, enlisted August 12. 
 
 Urie, William, enlisted August 14. 
 
 Waddell, Hiram S., enlisted August 
 15; discharged March 20, 1863, 
 for disability. 
 
 Whistler, Martin V., enlisted August 
 15; drowned in Arkansas river, 
 January 17, 1865. 
 
 Waddell, Winton, enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Worly, Wm. B., enlisted August 14. 
 
 York, Elias H., enlisted August 12L. 
 
 York William T., enlisted August 
 12. 
 
 Yule, George, enlisted August 12; 
 promoted second lieutenant Jan- 
 uary 14, 1865, from first sergeant. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Bailey, Somerset W., enlisted Octo^ 
 ber 29, 1864. 
 
 Barley, Daniel, enlisted September 
 12, 1864. 
 
 Carlisle, William, enlisted December 
 26,1863. 
 
 Ca^e, Benjamin H., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 4, 1864. 
 
 Cox, Daniel W., enlisted February 
 11, 1864; discharged June 17, 
 
 1864, for disability. 
 
 Feaster, John N., enlisted January 
 4, 1864. 
 
 Gregory, William H., enlisted Jan- 
 uary 4, 1864. 
 
 Hewett, Cassius M., enlisted Jan- 
 uary 4, 1864. 
 
 Lathrop, James F., enlisted January 
 4, 1864. 
 
 Nass, Fredrick, enlisted December 
 21, 1863. 
 
KEOKUK COUKTT WAE EECOED. 
 
 52S 
 
 Uelson, Francis M., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 2, 1864. 
 
 Nortlinp, Stephen M., enlisted Jan- 
 nary 28, 1864. 
 
 Eicb, Liberty J., enlisted March 31, 
 1864. 
 
 Bay, Manning, enlisted March 31, 
 1864. 
 
 Koberts, Samnel S., enlisted Jan- 
 nary 2, 1864; transferred to Co. 
 B., wounded April 3, and cap- 
 
 tured April 26, 1864, at Camden, 
 Ark. 
 
 Smith, John J., enlisted March 31, 
 1864. 
 
 Wareham, George O., enlisted Jan-" 
 nary 4, 1864; died January 6, 
 1865, at Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 Watts, John, enlisted January 4, 
 1864. 
 
 Warrington, John H., enlisted Jan- 
 uary 4, 1864. 
 
 FOETT-FOURTH INFANTRY. 
 
 (one HUNDEED DATS.) 
 
 This regiment was organized under proclamation of the president, April 
 21, 1864, calling for one hundred thousand men to serve for one hundred 
 days, in fortifications, or wherever their services might be required. This 
 was for the purpose of relieving the veteran troops from such duty, that 
 they might be sent forward for more effective service. Under proclamation 
 of the governor, four days later, the valient people of the State responded 
 promptly to till the quota of ten thousand demanded of them, although far' 
 ahead of all requisitions made by the government. 
 
 Keokuk county, although having furnished men largely in excess of her 
 quota, responded promptly, and was represented in two regiments, the 
 Forty-fourth, and forty-seventh. Although they were engaged in no battles 
 they did effective service in closing up the war. The Forty-fourth was 
 mustered in in June, 1864, and mustered out at Davenport, September 15, 
 1864. 
 
 The casualities were one; died of disease. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 Harmon, William P., enlisted May 
 
 22. 
 Hervey, John R., enlisted May 14. I 
 
 ]!l(Iorgan, George E., enlisted May 
 13; promoted to third sergeant 
 June 20, 1864. 
 
 McCartney, William F., enlisted 
 May 14. 
 
 FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 The Forty-seventh was enlisted for one hundred days. Mustered in June 
 4, 1864, and went to Helena, Arkansas. 
 Keokuk county was represented in the field and staff officers to- wit. 
 
 Sanford, Harned, quartermaster, promoted to captain and assistant 
 
 quartermaster of volunteers, June 30, 1864. 
 Emanuel Laffer, quartermaster sergeant; promoted quartermaster August 
 
 23, 1864. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 
 Harrison E. Havens, captain, en- 
 listed May 14. 
 
 thereon A. Morgan, first lieutenant, 
 enlisted May 14. 
 William J.Gaston,second lieutenant, 
 enlisted May 9. 
 
526 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAS BEOOED. 
 
 Daniel P. Havens, first sergeant, en- 
 listed May 14. 
 
 Richard B. Jackson, second ser- 
 geant, enlisted May 14. 
 
 James L. Hampton, third sergeant, 
 enlisted May 9. 
 
 George Prouty, fourth sergeant, en- 
 listed May 14. 
 
 Francis M. Godfrey, fifth sergeant, 
 
 . enlisted May 9. 
 
 William Tooper, first corporal, en- 
 listed May 14. 
 
 Ezra P. Brokaw, second corporal 
 enlisted May 14. 
 
 Amos Flucky, third corporal, en- 
 listed May 14. 
 
 Anderson J. Bailey, fourth corporal 
 enlisted May 14. 
 
 David Welch, fifth corporal, en- 
 listed May 9. 
 
 Michael H. McLean, seventh cor- 
 poral eulisted May 14. 
 
 Justin H. Irwin, muscician, enlisted 
 May 14. 
 
 Silas Garrett, wagoner, enlisted May 
 14. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Andrews, Thomas F., enlisted May 
 14, died at Helena, Arkansas, Au- 
 gust 4, 1864. 
 
 Alkire, Joseph, enlisted May 14. 
 
 Ardery, Lorimer W., enlisted May 
 14. 
 
 Bennett, Charles H., enlisted May 
 9. 
 
 Clark, Eobt. W., enlisted May 14. 
 
 Clark, Thomas J., enlisted May 14. 
 
 Crocker, Thomas H., enlisted May 
 14. 
 
 Fulton, John W., enlisted May 14. 
 
 Fosdick, Oscar, enlisted May 14. 
 
 Gray, Thomas P., enlisted May 14. 
 
 Goeldner, Wm. J., enlisted May 14. 
 
 Graves, Jesse P., enlisted May 9. 
 
 Hieks, William, enlisted May 14; 
 died in hospital in Davenport 
 September 23, 1864. 
 
 Heider, Augustus, enlisted May 14. 
 
 Harbison, John H., enlisted May 
 
 14. 
 Hopper, John H., enlisted May 9. 
 Heninger, John Wesley, enlisted 
 
 May 9. 
 Kennedy, James, enlisted May 14. 
 Layton, Hiram, enlisted May 9. 
 Laffer, Emanuel, enlisted May 14; 
 
 promoted quartermaster sergeant 
 
 June 17, 1864. 
 McCampbell, Thomas D., enlisted 
 
 May 14. 
 McKenzie, William, enlisted May 
 
 12. 
 Mackey, James W., enlisted May 
 
 14. 
 Merryfield, William J., enlisted May 
 
 9. 
 Martin, William A., enlisted May 
 
 9. 
 Nelson, Jonathan M., enlisted May 
 
 14. . 
 Orndorff, William A., enlisted May 
 
 9. 
 Proctor, George, enlisted May 14; 
 
 died at Keokuk October 1, 1864. 
 Pringle, Thomas J., enlisted May 
 
 12. 
 Keagan, John I„ enlisted May 14. 
 Ronels, Charles, enlisted May 14. 
 Eeilley, Owen, enlisted May 9. 
 Robertson, Ebenezer P., enlisted 
 
 May 14; promoted commissary 
 
 sergeant June 17, 1864. 
 Storms, Perry, enlisted May 14. 
 Stokesberry, Isaac, enlisted May 
 
 14; died in hospital at Helena, 
 
 Arkansas, August 18, 1864. 
 Smith, John, enlisted May 14. 
 Spencer, Charles L., eulisted May 9. 
 Sanderland, John W., enlisted May 
 
 9. 
 Linsley, Jacob, enlisted May 14. 
 Wright, Beeny H., enlisted May 14. 
 Wymer, Solomon, enlisted May 14. 
 Wi'ight, George D., enlisted May 
 
 14. 
 Way, Cyrus, enlisted May 14. 
 Yearick, Albert S., enlisted May 14. 
 
KEOKTTK COUNTY WAE EECOBD. 527 
 
 FIEST CAVALRY. 
 
 The First Cavalry Regiment raised, and tendered to the government, by 
 joint resolution of the State legislature, at the extra session, was in the 
 spring of 1861. It was accepted June 13, 1861, making it the oldest vol- 
 unteer regiment in the service. It was ordered to Benton Barracks, St 
 Louis, October 15, 1861, and immediately after to the interior of the State, 
 to look after guerrillas who infested that section. From November of that 
 year, to the following March, the regiment was constantly on the move, 
 and no regiment did greater service or covered more territory. So 
 brilliant, qaick and effective were their movements, the guerrillas soon gave 
 them a wide berth wherever they went. In March, 1862, it was ordered to 
 Sedalia, and for several months was divided into small detachments, scour- 
 _ ing the country. July 9th the noted guerrilla chief, Qnantrell, was met in 
 Cass county, and after a severe, sharp and short contest, he took to the 
 brush, from which he was quickly driven out. In August it returned to 
 Sedalia, and was frequently sent out, at night, making long and rapid 
 dashes. In December, at Prairie Grove, it showed its fighting qualities, 
 under great disadvantages. December 27th, it started with the expedition 
 of General Blunt, to Van Buren, Arkansas, and participated in its capture 
 on the 28th, when it returned to Prairie Grove, The year 1863 was but a 
 repetition of the first year. The presence Of the regiment will be remem- 
 bered at Huntsville, Dry Fork, Crooked Creek, Kingston, Yellville, Finley 
 Fork, Mountain Grove, Pilot Knob and Jackson, the latter being the cele- 
 brated midnight attack April 26, 1863. In June, 1863, it was supplied with 
 new and improved equipment, and joined the Little Rock expedition. Up 
 to that date, scarcely two men were equipped alike, but each had what he 
 could get, from a musket to a pocket pistol. At Bayou Metoe, it, as a 
 whole regiment, first engaged the enemy, and, as usual, was in the front, 
 and made a most successful charge. November and December was 
 
 {)assed at Little Rock, doing post duty, meanwhile executing several bril- 
 iant skirmishing movements, in one of which 260 men suddenly came 
 upon the enemy, in strong position, near Princeton, 800 strong. With a 
 dash, they were routed, and several captured. This closed the work of 
 1863, and early in 1864 they were entitled to a veteran furlough, but, waiv- 
 ing the right, joined Steele's command, on the Camden expedition, which 
 was, owing to the rigor of winter, a severe one. It engaged the enemy at 
 Spoonville March SO; at Antoine, April 2, in a five miles' running fight; 
 at Little Missouri River, April 4, routing Price's army. Arriving at Cam- 
 den, it was accorded the honor of being first to enter. Here the regiment 
 took its furlough, sold their horses, but retained their arms. They marched 
 to that point, and by way of diversion, assisted in scooping the enemy at 
 Jenkin's Ferry, April 30. The non-veterans remained at Little Rock. 
 The veterans came home, arriving May 17. June 30 found them again on 
 the war path, and at Benton Barracks they were again mounted, and, July 
 27, sent to Mexico and other points, operating against Price until Decem- 
 ber, when they went to Little Rock, where they sconted until February 20, 
 1865, when they moved to Memphis, to operate against Forest's guerrillas, 
 meeting them successfully at Tallahatchie. Tiiey remained at Memphis 
 until the Confederacy Collapsed, when they were ordered to join General 
 Custer, at Alexandria, La., and started August 8. The regiment will prob- 
 ably never forget this movement. They were shamefully treated. 
 
528 
 
 KEOKtrK COTJNTT WAB EECOKD. 
 
 General Cnster, by his infamous general order No. 15, inherited the 
 lasting hate of the entire regiment. The regiment arrived at Hem pfetead 
 Angrist 26, without rations, barefooted and nearly naked, few blankets and 
 no supplies. While there, says Lieutenant-Colonel McQueen, the regi- 
 ment put in its time vainly ".endeavoring to obey a series of voluminous,, 
 threatening and conflicting orders, general and special, and individual in- 
 structions, with as as little prospect of success as an attempt to make a 
 rope of sand." General Custer treated the regiment as though they were 
 a gang of thieves and desperadoes. Three days after arriving at Hemp- 
 stead, five days' rations were given them, consisting of hogs' jowles, orna- 
 mented with tusks five inches long, and hard bread, spiced with maggots^ 
 Those who had money, in violation of order 15, and at the risk of condign 
 puishment, purchased food, while those who had no money robbed the half- 
 starved horses of their small pittance of poor corn. To complete the infamy 
 of order 15, all mail matter was ordered sent through the oflice of the Provost 
 Marshal for that district. General Custer probably being assured that the 
 men would resist such treatment, and it is a significant fact that the regi- 
 ment received no mail while thiere. But they found a way to the ear of the 
 authorities at Washington, and the infamous orders were revoked. Octo- 
 ber 29 the regiment moved to Austin, where it was permitted to behave 
 like soldiers and gentlemen. Here they remained while in the service, go- 
 ing out in detachments, to preserve order, protect the courts, and aid in re- 
 constructing the machinery of the Federal government. The regiment had 
 during its service, four different colonels, Fitz Henry Warren, James Otis 
 Gower, Daniel Anderson, William Thompson. It was mustered out Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1866, at Austin, Texas, and disbanded at Davenport, March 13, 
 having been five years in service, with the record of being equal in disci- 
 pline and drill to the best " regulars." 
 
 The casualties of the regiment were; Among the oiBcers, killed in ac- 
 tion, 1; died, 3; discharged for disability, 1; wounded, 4; resigned, 34; 
 dismissed, 3; total, 46. Among enlisted men, killed, 42; died, 212; dis- 
 charged, 203; wounded, 84; missing, 2; total, 543. 
 
 Keokuk county was represented in the field and staff officers, to-wit: 
 
 John A. Landis, battallion quartermaster. 
 
 John A. Donnell, quartermaster sergeant and adjutant. 
 
 Kobert T. Newell, hospital steward and commissary. 
 
 COMPANY 1. 
 
 David 0. Dinsmore, first lieutenant; 
 enlisted June 13; promoted cap- 
 tain August 26, 1862; mustered 
 out September 9, 186t. 
 
 Amos Dilley, first sergeant; enlisted 
 July 18; promoted first lieuten- 
 ant August 26, 1862; captain Jan- 
 uary 9, 1865; veteranized January 
 4, 1864. 
 
 William D. Malone, quartermaster 
 sergeant, enlisted July 18, re- 
 duced to ranks. 
 
 Samuel E. Hoyne, third sergeant; 
 enlisted July 18; reduced to ranks 
 October 1, 1861. 
 
 Benj. F. Crocker, fourth sergeant; 
 enlisted July 18; promoted second 
 sergeant, September 1, 1862, and 
 commissary sargeant December 
 11, 1862. 
 
 Thomas C. Moore, second corporal; 
 enlisted July 18. 
 
 Samuel Street, third corporal; en- 
 listed July 18; reduced to ranks 
 December 10, 1861. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTT WAE EECOKD. 
 
 52^ 
 
 Matthew Hawk, fifth corporal; en- 
 
 > listed July 18; reduced to ranks 
 at his own request; died March 
 23, 1862, at Clinton, Missouri. 
 
 Hlrain Holier, enlisted July 18; re- 
 ported sixth corporal, but proba- 
 bly should be sergeant; died Oc- 
 tober 13, 1863, at Little Eock, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Moses Miller, eight corporal; en- 
 listed July 18; reduced to ranks 
 at his own request; October 15, 
 1861 ; veteranized January 4, 1864. 
 
 Edward F. Parish, farrier; enlisted 
 July 18; discharged May 24, 
 1862, for disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bottorf. David C, enlisted June 13; 
 promoted eighth corporal Septem- 
 ber 1, 1862; died March 23, 1864, 
 at Keokuk; veteranized Januaiy 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Donncll, Samuel H., enlisted July 
 18. 
 
 Donnell, Kobert L., enlisted July 
 18. 
 
 I)alton, George W., enlisted July 
 18; veteranized December 9, 1863. 
 
 Hampton, James J., enlisted July 
 18; discharged March 12, 1862, 
 for disability. 
 
 Hawk, Ezra, enlisted Jnly 18. 
 
 Hawk, Washington, enlisted Jnly 
 18; veteranized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Hawk, Andrew, enlisted July 18; 
 veteranized December 9, 1 863. 
 
 Horton, Tyrus, enlisted July 18; 
 promoted seventh corporal Decem- 
 ber 26, 1862. 
 
 HoUingsworth, Absolom, enlisted 
 ; veteranized January 1, 1864. 
 
 HoUingsworth, Benjamin, enlisted 
 
 ; wounded, date unknown, 
 
 discharged in 1863 for disability. 
 
 Jacobs, James W., enlisted July 18; 
 transferred August 20, 1863, to 
 invalid corps. 
 
 Johnson, Cornelius S., enlisted Aug- 
 ust 16, 1862; veteranized January 
 1, 1864. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew J., enlisted July 
 18; wounded at Silver Creek, Mis- 
 souri, January 8, 1862; veteran- 
 ized January 1, 1864. 
 
 Landis, John A., enlisted June 13;: 
 battalion quartermaster October 7, 
 1861; mustered out as ex-lieuten- 
 ant October 15, 1862. 
 
 Lotspeich, Hosea F , enlisted June 
 13; promoted eighth corporal Oc- 
 tober 15, 1861. 
 
 Lynn, Harrison C, enlisted Jnly 18. 
 
 Leach, John J., enlisted July 18; 
 wounded March 18, 1862, near 
 Clinton, Missouri. 
 
 Leach, William T., enlisted July 18, 
 
 Mallonee, William A., enlisted July 
 18. 
 
 Newell, Robert T., enlisted Augnsfc 
 19; promoted fifth sergeant Aug- 
 ust 19, 1861; to quartermaster- 
 sergeant September 1, 1861; re- 
 duced to ranks at his own request 
 December 11, 1862. 
 
 Powell, Zepheniah, enlisted June 
 13; died September 21, 1863, at 
 Little Rock, Arkansas. 
 
 Parrish, Alonzo, enlisted June 13; 
 veteranized December 9, 1863. 
 
 Petree, William, enlisted June 13, 
 
 Rentfro, Wm. S., enlisted June 13; 
 promoted seventh corporal Sep- 
 tember 1, 1862; reduced to raufca 
 at his own request December 19, 
 1862. 
 
 Raser, Martin, enlisted June 13. 
 
 Sisson, Samuel T., enlisted June 13; 
 veteranized December 9, 1863. 
 
 Smith, Thomas T., enlisted June 13. 
 
 Williams, Nelson, enlisted June 13. 
 
 Williams, Melviu L., enlisted June 
 13. 
 
 Young, John A. enlisted June 13. 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Bottorf, Wilson K., enlisted August 
 16, 1862; appointed teamster. 
 
 Braden, John S., enlisted August 
 16, 1862. 
 
 Street, W. E., enlisted August 16> 
 1862; appointed saddler. 
 
530 KEOKUK COUNTT WAE EEOOBD. 
 
 Williams, "Wm. "W., enlisted August 
 16, 1862; died November 16, 
 1863. 
 
 Dougherty, William, enlisted Feb- 
 
 ruary 3, 1864; company not re- 
 ported. 
 Love, John B., enlisted February 3, 
 1864; company not reported. 
 
 SEVENTH CAVALRY. 
 
 The Seventh Cavalry was organized in the spring of 1863, rendez- 
 voused at Davenport, and on tlie 27th was divided and six companies 
 took their first experience in the field by a march across the State from 
 Davenport to Omaha, and from thence were sent to various posts in the. 
 Territory of Nebraska. On the 5th of September the two remaining com- 
 panies were sent to Omaha, and from that time the entire service of the 
 regiment was spent on the frontier, at difi«rent points in that vast stretch 
 of country from Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains, fighting and chas- 
 ing Indians — an arduous if not dangerous duty. To give a history of the 
 regiment would necessitate a record of each company, for the regiment 
 never moved in a body — in fact, was never together as a whole. It was 
 scattered in detachments, who took part in every expedition against Indi- 
 ans in the departments of Missouri, Kansas and the Northwest, from 1863 
 to the fall of 1865, and fought wholly or in part the battles of White Stone 
 Hill, Tahkahokutah, Bad Lands, Little Blue, Julesburg, Mud Springs and 
 Rush Creek. Keokuk county was represented in Companies A, C and D. 
 Companies A and C took a tilt with five hundred Cheyennes •on Little 
 Blue River, August 12, 1864, fighting from eleven o'clock in the forenoon 
 until seven in the evening, with a loss of only two men. The distance 
 traveled by the company from its organization to February 28, 1865, was 
 five thousand three hundred miles. 
 
 Company C remained at Nebraska City until May 5, 1864, and was em- 
 ployed in hunting bushwhackers, murderers and horse thieves. It next 
 moved to Cottonwood Springs, where August 31, it joined an expedition 
 against the Indians at Plumb Creek and returned in September, having 
 marched over one thousand miles. While the company were abseut, the 
 garrison at the Springs were surprised by Indians, and two men of oom- 
 
 Sany C were killed. January 21, 1865, the company was ordered to guard 
 ieauvois Station, eighty-five miles west of Cottonwood. It was employed 
 in scouting, escorting ovei-land stages, guarding stage stations, etc. 
 
 Company D went to Fort Lirataie, thence to Fort Halleck, whence 
 December 8, 1864, returned to Fort Laramie, and went into garrison for 
 scouting, etc.; February 8 was engaged with Indians at Mud Springs, and 
 on the 9th at Rush Creek, I. T., in which one man of the company was 
 killed and two wounded. June 11, 1865, the company, with a small de- 
 tachment from, A and B, in all 135 men, were detailed to escort about 
 2,000 Sioux to Julesburg, with their lodges and families. On the morning 
 of the 14th, near Fort Mitchell, the Indians revolted, and Capt. Fouts was 
 shot, and his body stripped and mntilated. The Indians finally all fled to 
 the hills and bluffs, leaving their lodges and loose plunder. 
 
 January 6, 1866, companies A, C, D, I and H, constituting the second 
 battalion, with two other battalions, left Fort McPherson (Cottonwood 
 Post) on an expedition against hostile Indians, returning after a severe and 
 long march to the post February 19, and the following day the expedition 
 disbanded. When it is considered that the men had already served out 
 
KEOKUK COUNTY WAB IeECOED, 
 
 631 
 
 their full time; that this expedition was through a wild and unsettle(i 
 conntry, amid the rigor of the severest weather known on the plains, with 
 subsistence short, the men deserve, as they received, the highest commen- 
 dation from commanding ofiBcers and the war department. They did 
 their duty well and won the title of " Hiowa 'ell 'ounds " among the pre- 
 datory enemies of the settlers on the frontier. 
 
 The regiment was not formally mustered out, but was disbanded in de- 
 tacshments. Companies A to K were mustered out at Leavenworth, May 
 17, 1866. It had became decimated as to lose its regimental organization. 
 In fact its colonel was not with the regiment for nearly a year before it was 
 disbanded, having been mustered out January 31, 1865. The casualties 
 were: Killed. 145; died, 101; discharged, 246; wounded, 8. Of enlisted 
 men and of officers: killed, 2; resigned, 15; dismissed, 6. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 
 James Gr. Smith, second lieutenant; 
 enlisted September 12, 1862; pro- 
 moted first lieutenant July 25, 
 1863; resigned October 9, 1865. 
 
 James Quick, third sergeant; en- 
 listed September 30, 1862; dis- 
 charged January 25, 1864, for dis- 
 ability. 
 
 Jeremiah Webb, second corporal; 
 enlisted September 18, 1862. 
 
 George H. Smith, fifth corporal; en- 
 listed October 10, 1862. 
 
 PEITATE8. 
 
 Adams, Wm. H., enlisted October 
 
 1, 1862. 
 Babb, James, enlisted October 1, 
 
 1862. 
 Gibson, James, enlisted October 25, 
 
 1862. 
 Hand, Lemuel, enlisted March 1, 
 
 1863, 
 Kauble, Wm. F., enlisted September 
 
 22, 1862. 
 Martin, Reuben J., enlisted October 
 
 25, 1862. 
 Martin, John H., enlisted October 
 
 9,1862. 
 Porter, Andrew J., enlisted Septem- 
 ber 15, 1862. 
 Parnell, Edward, enlisted October 
 
 26, 1862. 
 Petree, Samuel, enlisted September 
 
 22, 1862. 
 Rice, George L., enlisted October 
 
 28, 1862. 
 
 Eoland, William, enlisted February 
 24, 1863. 
 
 Smith, Daniel B., enlisted March 4, 
 1863. 
 
 Smith, George K., enlisted Septem- 
 ber 25, 1862. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 
 Clingan, Gustavus A., enlisted April 
 11,1863. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 
 Jeremiah H. Triggs, second lienten- 
 tenant; enlisted November 10, 
 1862; declined commission, but 
 promoted first lieutenant August 
 24, 1864; promoted captain June 
 26, 1865, but declined the com- 
 mission. 
 
 Jacob Irwin, fifth sergeant; enlisted 
 January 3, 1863. 
 
 Justus Skeen, second corporal; en- 
 listed January 1, 1863; promoted 
 first corporal June 8, 1863. 
 
 Irvin Crowner, fourth corporal; en- 
 listed January 1, 1863; promoted 
 third corporal June 8, 1863; died 
 at Fort Kearney, Neb., January 8, 
 or February 11, 1864. 
 
 George W. Oorpron, farrier, enlisted 
 November 21, 1862. 
 
 John Snyder, farrier; enlisted Jan- 
 uary 1, 1863. 
 
 PBIVATES. 
 
 Sales, Noah J., enlisted December 
 11, 1862. 
 
532 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY WAE EEOOED. 
 
 Danglierty, Alexander, enlisted De- 
 cember 16, 1862. 
 
 Moore, Leinan, enlisted December 
 16, 1862. 
 
 Moore, David D., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 23, 1862. 
 
 Powell, Joseph W., enlisted January 
 26, 1863. 
 
 Rowan, Geo. W., enlisted Decem- 
 ber 24, 1862. 
 
 Smith, Barclay, enlisted January 5, 
 1863. 
 
 Snyder, Edson, enlisted January 1, 
 i863. 
 
 "Wood, Joel W., enlisted January 
 24, 1863. 
 
 Wymer, Sylvester, enlisted Novem- 
 ber 21. 1862. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 
 Bennett, Elisha W., enlisted June 
 
 23, 1863. 
 Berry, Thomas J., enlisted June 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Reynolds, Joseph H., enlisted June 
 
 10, 1863. 
 
 NINTH CAVALRY. 
 
 The Ninth Cavalry Regiment was organized in the fall of 1863, and 
 mustered in at Davenport, November 30, and was represented by nearly 
 ■every county in the State. It was moved to Benton Barracks, where it re- 
 mained until April 14th, when it started for Little Rock. Its field of 
 «ervice was in Arkansas and its most active service was when Steele was in a 
 «tate of siege at Little Rock. It was engaged in frequent short, sharp 
 skirmishes. It took no part in the great battles of the war, still it per- 
 formed two years' laborious and gallant service. It marched over two 
 thousand miles, moved by steamboat and rail seventeen hundred miles, 
 and, in scouting over eight thousand miles. It lost one hundred and sixty- 
 four men by sickness and fifteen by wounds. It was mustered out at Little 
 Roc-k, in detachments, in February and March, 1866. 
 
 Keokuk county was represented in companies D and K. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 
 Dani«l Davis, second sergeant; en- 
 listed August 12, 1863; promoted 
 second lieutenant, January 23, 
 1866, but not mustered, and was 
 mustered out as first sergeant. 
 
 Tliomas L. Elliott, fourth sergeant; 
 enlisted August 12, 1863; served 
 one year in company G, sixth iii- 
 fantry. 
 
 Hartin H. Hoyt, third corporal; en- 
 listed September 9, 1863; served 
 eleven months in company E, 
 tenth infantry. 
 
 James M. Davis, seventh corporal; 
 enlisted Octol)er 27. 1863. 
 
 ;Samuel Nordyke, saddler; enlisted 
 September 20, 1863. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Coats, John W., enlisted August 8, 
 1863. 
 
 Cramton, Caleb, enlisted Septem- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 
 Disor, James W., enlisted Septem- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 
 Kinzer, Adam, enlisted August 20, 
 1863. 
 
 Nordyke, David O., enlisted August 
 31, 1864. 
 
 "White, T. J., enlisted August 12, 
 1863. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Haycock, George A., enlisted Sep- 
 tember 22, 1863. 
 
KEOKUK COTJNTT WAE BECOED. 
 
 533 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Joseph H.ShawhaD, captain; former- 
 ly first lieutenant cooipany B, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 Jacob A. Lowe, first sergeant; en- 
 listed October 10, 1863; promoted 
 second lieutenant May 1, 1864:; 
 first lieutenant March 9, 11565. 
 
 Benj. R. Hogin, fourth sergeant; en- 
 listed September 20, 1863. 
 
 Alexander Trotter, fifth sergeant; 
 enlisted October 10, 1863. 
 
 J. B. Shollenbarger, sixth sergeant; 
 enlisted October 10, 1863: served 
 one year in company F, fifth in- 
 fantry. 
 
 Zaciiariah T. Harned, first corporal; 
 enlisted October 10, 1863. 
 
 Epiiraim Cochran, seventh corporal; 
 
 ; enlisted October 10, 1863; served 
 fourteen months in company H, 
 second infantry. 
 
 Enssell G. Ferguson, trumpeter; en- 
 listed October 10, 1863. 
 
 Wm. F. Hanes, farrier; enlisted 
 October 26, 1863. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, Thomas, enlisted October 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Allen, Abel D., enlisted October 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Burns, James, enlisted October 10, 
 
 1868; died Jnly 23, 1864, at Du 
 
 Vall's Bluffs, Arkansas. 
 Brittain. Wm. P., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Baldwin, Jacob B., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863; transferred to invalid 
 
 corps, May 15, 186i. 
 Ball, John W., enlisted October 24, 
 
 1863. 
 Booton, "Wm. S., enlisted November 
 
 5, 1863; disciiarged August 19, 
 
 1864, for disability. 
 Booton Alexander, enlisted Novem- 
 ber 5, 1863. 
 Clarahan, John, enlisted October 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Cochran, David N., enlisted Octo- 
 
 ber 10, 1863; discharged Jnne 13, 
 1864, for disability. 
 Cross, Wm. P., enlisted November 
 
 9, 1863. 
 
 Duiilap, James V., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 
 Ellison, George, enlisted October 17, 
 
 1863. 
 Fislier, Abram C, enlisted Octo- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 Fowler, Henry, enlisted November 
 
 5, 1863. 
 Harvey, James H., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Harvey, Charles D., enlisted Novem- 
 ber 9, 1863. 
 Hartzell, Wm. C, enlisted October 
 
 16, 1863. 
 Hinman, Alonzo, enlisted October 
 
 25, 1863. 
 Jones, Alexander, enlisted Octo- 
 ber 28, 1863; died January 24, 
 1864 at St. Louis. 
 Jessup, John, enlisted October 17, 
 
 1863. 
 Knox, Milton, enlisted October 19, 
 1863; discharged March 7, 1864, 
 for disability. 
 Kirkpatrick. Joseph H., enlisted 
 
 November 1, 1863. 
 Larimore, James F., enlisted Octo- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 Mantz, Moses A., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Meeker, Washington S., enlisted 
 October 28, 1863; died September 
 24, 1864, at Keokuk. 
 McCreery, Landy, enlisted October 
 
 23, 1863. 
 Ord, Jonathan C, enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Pan 11, Benj. B., enlisted September 
 
 17, 1863. 
 Pfenbecker, Henry, enlisted October 
 
 4, 1863. 
 Reynolds, James, enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Sprague, Eli, enlisted October 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Shipman, Tliomas B., enlisted Octo- 
 ber 10, 1863. 
 
534 
 
 KEOKUK COTJNTT WAE KECOED. 
 
 Smith, Hamilton, enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Smith. Sylvanus, enlisted October 
 
 10, i86'3. 
 Sutton, James A., enlisted October 
 
 23, 1863. 
 Tilton, George W., enlisted October 
 
 10, 1863. 
 
 COMPANY M. 
 
 P. S. Coleman, wagoner; enlisted 
 August 31, 1863; died August?, 
 
 1864, at DuYall's Bluffs, Arkan- 
 sas. 
 
 PEIVATE8. 
 
 Hampson, Frank M., enlisted Aug- 
 ust 18, 1863. 
 
 Mallone, Andrew J., enlisted Sep- 
 tember 1, 1863. 
 
 Orndoff, Henry, enlisted August 18, 
 1863; died March 2, 1864, at St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Parish, Elza, enlisted August 31, 
 1863. 
 
 LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 FOUETH BATTEET. 
 
 The Fourth Battery of Iowa light artillery was mustered into the service 
 at Davenport, November 23, 1863, and mustered out at the same place 
 July 14, 1865. It was composed of splendid fighting material, but did not 
 have the opportunity to make a record for its prowess. It took no part in 
 the great events of the war, being stationed in Louisiana. No report of its 
 movements has been made to the Adjutant-General's office. 
 
 Myron Pinkerton, third corporal; enlisted September 17; formerly in 
 company F, fifth infantry. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS INFANTRY. 
 
 NINTH. 
 
 Tanner, William, company G, ninth 
 infantry; eiilisted September 13, 
 1861. 
 
 Beam, Rindel P., ninth infantry; en- 
 listed November 19, 1864. 
 
 Baker, John S., ninth iufantry; en- 
 listed November 12, 1864. 
 
 Hogin, Tliomas, ninth infantry; 
 enlisted November 19, 1864. 
 
 Long, James P., ninth infantry; en- 
 listed November 19, 1864. 
 
 Mabin, Harrison, ninth infantry; en- 
 listed November 19, 1864. 
 
 Pierce, Geo. W., ninth infantry; en- 
 listed November 19, 1864. 
 
 Plein, Alexay, ninth infantry; en- 
 listed November 19, 1864. 
 
 Quick, Jacob, ninth iufantry; en- 
 listed November 18, 1864. 
 
 TWELFTH. 
 
 Shinneman, Samuel, company D, 
 
 twelfth infantry; died in hospital 
 at St. Louis February 23, 1862. 
 Ackerman, Chas. F., company I, 
 twelfth infantry ; enlisted April 7, 
 1862; died before joined the 
 company. 
 
 THIETEENTH. 
 
 Bringman, Oscar D., enlisted De- 
 cember 3, 1863; thirteenth infan- 
 try, company unknown, 
 
 NINETEENTH. 
 
 Irvine, John H., company B, nine- 
 teenth infantry; enlisted August 
 5, 1862, 
 
 Triggs, Eli F., company B, nine- 
 teenth infantry; enlisted August 
 8, 1862, 
 
 Beard, Samuel P., company C, 
 - nineteenth infantry; enlisted Aug- 
 ust 9, 1862; killed at Atcbafalaya, 
 
^/f/a-^^JsJ2y7/V .0€^^^ua/Ly7y^ 
 
KEOKUX COTTNTT WAE RECORD. 
 
 537 
 
 Louisiana, September 29, 1863, in 
 action. 
 
 McCampbell, Andrew, company C, 
 nineteenth infantry ; enlisted Aug- 
 ust 9, 1862; captured at Atchafal- 
 aya, September 29, 1863. 
 
 Porter, John M., company C, nine- 
 teenth infantry; enlisted August 
 9, 1862 ; captured at Atchafalaya, 
 Louisiana, September 29, 1863. 
 
 Powers, Abner H., company C, 
 nineteenth infantry; enlisted Aug- 
 ust 9, 1862; captured at AtchafisL- 
 laya September 29, 1863. 
 
 Knssell, Tolbert, company C, nine- 
 teenth infanti^; enlisted August 
 19. 1862. 
 
 Porter, Wm. C, company — , nine- 
 teenth infantry; enlisted Febru- 
 ary 24, 1864. 
 
 !RobertBon, James T., company C, 
 nineteenth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 9, 1862. 
 
 Knssell, Merritt S., company C, 
 nineteenth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 9, 1862. 
 
 Sherman, Wilbur D., company C, 
 nineteenth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 12, 1862; wounded and cap- 
 tured at Atchafalaya, September 
 29, 1863. 
 
 Wideman, Frank, Company C, 
 nineteenth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 9, 1862. 
 
 Mann, H. H., company D, nine- 
 teenth infantry ; enlisted August 
 18, 1862. 
 
 TWENTT-FIFTH. 
 
 Gray, James D., assistant surgeon 
 twenty-fifth infantry; commis- 
 sioned September 16, 1862, re- 
 signed September 16, 1863. 
 
 Bnrnside, John, company A, twen- 
 ty-fifth infantry; enlisted August 
 15, 1862; transferred for promo- 
 tion to second lieutenant first 
 Mississippi colored regiment; en- 
 listed August 20, 1862. 
 
 Qiiinn, David P., company A, 
 
 33 
 
 twenty-fifth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 14-, 1862. 
 Nixon, Author F., company — , 
 twenty-fifth infantry, enlisted 
 April 18, 1864. 
 
 THIRTIETH. 
 
 Farmer, David, company H, thir- 
 tieth infantry; enlisted August 
 
 14, 1862; died at Cairo Illinois, 
 July 15, 1863. 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas I., company H, 
 thirtieth infantry; enlisted Au- 
 gust 15, 1862; died at Cairo, Ill- 
 inois, July 15, 1863. 
 
 Pointer, James, company H, thir- 
 tieth infantry; enlisted August 
 
 15, 1862. 
 
 Heed, Nicholas H., company H, 
 thirtieth infantry; enlisted De- 
 cember 17, 1863. 
 
 THIBTT-SIXTH. 
 
 McVey, Joseph H., second lieuten- 
 ant company B, thirty-sixth in- 
 fantry; enlisted August 6, 1862; 
 captured at Mark's Mills, Arkan- 
 sas, April 25, 1864; resigned July 
 29, 1864. 
 
 Goldsby, George, sixth corporal 
 company H, thirty-sixth infantry; 
 enlisted August 11, 1862; died 
 December 31, 1862, at Benton 
 Barracks, Missouri. 
 
 Bre6n, Jacob, seventh corporal com- 
 pany H, thirty-sixth infantry; en- 
 listed August 11, 1862; captured 
 April 25, 1864, at Mark's Mills, 
 Arkansas; died August 25, 1864, 
 at Tyler, Texas. 
 
 Breon, John, company H, thirty- 
 sixth infantry; enlisted August 
 11, 1862; captured at Mark's 
 Mills, Arkansas, April 25, 1864; 
 died September 19, 1864, at Tyler, 
 Texas. 
 
 Denser, John C, company H, thirty- 
 sixth infantry; enlisted August 
 11, 1862; discharged February 3, 
 1863, for disability. 
 
538 
 
 KEOKUK COUNTY 
 
 Wolfe, Daniel C, company H, thirty- 
 sixth infantry; enlisted Augnst 
 11, 1862; discharged January 11, 
 1805, for disability. 
 
 THIETT-SEVENTH.* 
 
 Forgrave, John, musician, company 
 H, thirty-seventh infantry; en- 
 listed October 4, 1862. 
 
 Walker, Kobert, company H, thirty- 
 seventh infantry; enlisted Octo- 
 ber 21, 1862; died March 1, 1863, 
 at St. Louis. 
 
 WAK EBCOBD. 
 
 S t m i 
 
 Sines, John, company H, thirty- 
 seventh infantry; enlisted Octo- 
 ber 25, 1862; died January 26, 
 1863, at St. Lonis. 
 
 Patterson, Adam, company H, 
 thirty-seventy infantry; enlisted 
 October 14, 1862; died December 
 22, 1864, at luka. 
 
 TWENTY -FOURTH ILLINOIS. 
 
 Kleinsmith, August, company G, 
 twenty-fourth Illinois infantry. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CAVALEY. 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 Gartner, Daniel M., company F, se- 
 cond veteran cavalry; enlisted 
 March 1, 1864. 
 
 Hildebrand, Henry, company K, 
 second cavalry; enlisted December 
 12, 1863. 
 
 Givens, James H., company K, se- 
 cond cavalry; enlisted December 
 23, 1863; captured December 17, 
 1864, at Little Harpeth, Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 Brown, Addison, company K, second 
 cavalry; enlisted December 3, 
 1863; died June 10, 1864, at 
 Memphis, Tennessee. 
 
 Brown, Geo. W., enlisted December 
 ,19, 1863; company K, second cav- 
 alry. 
 
 THIED. 
 
 Scott, Hamilton, company L, third 
 
 cavalry; enlisted February 23, 
 
 1864. 
 Hicks, Alfred B, company L, third 
 
 veteran cavalry; enlisted January 
 
 1, 1864. 
 
 FOURTH. 
 
 Grill, Martin V., company M, fourth 
 
 cavalry ; enlisted February 8, 1864. 
 Ghandler, Jonathan, company M., 
 
 fourth cavalry; enlisted February 
 
 4, 1864. 
 
 Eighth. 
 GlaTk, Thomas 0., chaplain eighth 
 
 cavalry; commissioned Septeniber 
 
 9, 1863; resigned April 7, 1864. ' 
 Hampton, John W., company L, 
 
 eighth cavalry; enlisted July 11, 
 
 1863. 
 Meeker, Francis, company L, eighth 
 
 cavalry; enlisted July 16, 1863; 
 
 missing July 30, 1864, at Newnan, 
 
 Georgia. 
 Easer, Albert, company L, eighth 
 
 cavalry; enlisted July 11, 1863; 
 
 missing July 30, 1864, at Newnan, 
 
 Georgia. 
 Nordyke, David O., company L, 
 
 eighth cavalry; enlisted August 31, 
 
 1864. 
 
 SECOND MISSOUEI. 
 
 Gundy, Otho W., company D., se- 
 cond Missouri cavalry; enlisted 
 February 9, 1862. 
 
 EEGAPITULATION". 
 
 Keokuk county has reason for pride in the patriotism of her citizens, and 
 the honor they won in the nation's struggle for existence. She was always 
 
 *The Thirty-seventh Infantry was the grand old Gray-beard regiment, so-called because 
 none of its men were under forty-seven years of age, and were all picked men. 
 
KEOEUK COUNTY WAE BEOOBD. 
 
 539 
 
 seadj, and even beyond her quota. She furnished ten hundred and twenty- 
 fcur men, and was represented in twenty-eight regimental organizations 
 by twenty-three field and staff oflScers; twenty-four captains; thirty- first 
 lieutenants, and thirty-one second lieutenants. 
 
 FIELD .AND STAFF OFFICERS. 
 
 Ezekiel S. Sampson, lieutenant col- 
 onel fifth infantry. 
 James MoConnell, hospital steward, 
 eighth infantry; discharged Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1865. 
 
 Joseph Andrews, major eighth in- 
 fantry from company F. 
 
 Lorenzo B. Linville, sergeant-major 
 thirteenth infantry. 
 
 John T. Parker, quartermaster ser- 
 geant thirteenth infantry. 
 
 George B. Hogin, |commissary ser- 
 
 - geant thirteenth infantry. 
 
 Geo. B. Dana, hospital steward 
 thirteenth infantry. 
 
 Thomas A. Wade, fife major thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 Andrew J. Pope, major thirteenth 
 infantry. 
 
 James D. Gray, assistant surgeon 
 
 ■ twenty-fifth infantry. 
 
 Cyrus N, Mackey, colonel thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 Arad Parks, surgeon thirty-third 
 infantry. 
 
 Samuel B. Evans, commissary ser- 
 geant thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Bartholamew Franken, hospital stew- 
 ard thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Sanford Harned quartermaster forty- 
 seventh infantry. 
 
 Emanuel Laffer, quartermaster forty- 
 seventh infantry. 
 
 Ebenezer P. Kobertson, commissary 
 sergeant forty-seventh infantry. 
 
 John A. Landis, battalion quarter- 
 master first cavalry. 
 
 John A. Donnell, quartermaster ser- 
 geant first cavalry. 
 
 Thomas 0. Clark, chaplain eighth 
 cavalry. 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 E. S. Sampson, company F, fifth in- 
 . y fantry. 
 
 Uriah H. Keath, company F, fifth 
 invantry. 
 
 Joseph Andrews, company F, eighth, 
 infantry. 
 
 W. F. Hogin, company F, eighth 
 infantry. 
 
 Abraham C. Price, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 George B. Hogin, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 Alonzo J. Pope, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 John T. Parker, company T>, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 John P. Yerger, company B, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 William S. Parmly, company B, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Memorial W. Forrest, company F, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 John Bell, company F, thirty-third 
 infantry. 
 
 John Dillon, company H, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 William H. Gore, company H, thir- 
 ty-third infantry. 
 
 Michael M. Rice, company C, 
 fortieth infantry. 
 
 Elisha Sampson, company I, fortieth 
 infantry. 
 
 DcWittC. Baker, company I, fortieth 
 infantry. 
 
 James W. Ward, company I, fortieth 
 infantry. 
 
 Isaac H. Dempsey, company I, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 Harrison E. Havens, company H, 
 forty- seventh infantry. 
 
 Joseph W. Caldwell, company I, first 
 cavalry. 
 
 David C. Dinsmore, company I, first 
 cavalry. 
 
 Jeremiah H. Triggs, company D, 
 seventh cavalry. 
 
 Joseph H. Shawhan, company K, 
 ninth cavalry. 
 
540 
 
 KEOKXTK CODHIT WAB BECOBD. 
 
 FIRST LrEUTENAirrS. 
 
 Uriah K. Heath, company F, fifth 
 infantry. 
 
 Franklin McCoy, company F, fifth 
 ; infantry, 
 
 Archibald Irwin, company F, eighth 
 infantry. 
 
 Solomon E. Start, company F, eighth 
 infantry. 
 
 Seth E. Hall, company F, eighth in- 
 fantry. 
 
 Daniel N. Fish, company F, eighth 
 
 . infantry. 
 
 Harvey B. Trotter, company F, 
 eleventh infantry. 
 
 Joseph B. Homan, company J), thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 George B, Hogin, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 Alonzo J. Pope, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 John T. Parker, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 William B. McGahey, company D, 
 thirteenth infantry. 
 
 Joseph Shawhan, company B, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 "William S. Parmly, company B, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Joseph J. Harter, company B, thirty- 
 third infantry. • 
 
 Anderson Davis, company F, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 Fred Sancheztereso, company F, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Joseph L. Smith, company H, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 "Wm. H. Gore, company H, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 Wilson DeGarmo, company H, thir- 
 ty-third infantry. 
 
 Michael M. Kice, company C, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 DeWitt 0. Baker, company I, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 , James W. Ward, company I, fortieth 
 infantry. 
 
 Benj. W. Seaman, company I, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 Theron A. Morgan, company H, for- 
 ty-seventh infantry. 
 
 David C. Dinsmore, company I, firali 
 
 cavalry. 
 Amos, Dilley, company I, first caval- 
 ry- 
 James G. Smith, company A, seventh 
 
 cavalry. 
 Jeremiah H. Triggs, company D, 
 
 seventh cavalry. 
 Jacob A. Lowe, company K, ninth 
 cavalry. 
 
 SECOND LIE0TENANTS. 
 
 Henry S". Doans, company F, fifth 
 infantry. 
 
 Austin B. Rayburn, company F, fifth, 
 infantry. 
 
 Elvin M. Holcomb, company F, fifth 
 infantry. 
 
 Franklin N. McCoy, company F, 
 fifth infantry. 
 
 Charles S. Miller, company F, fifth 
 infantry. 
 
 John W. Ward, company F, eighth 
 infantry, 
 
 Peter L. Eckley, company F, eighth 
 infantry, 
 
 Justinian Ray, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry, 
 
 George B, Hogin, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry, 
 
 Alonzo J. Pope, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 John T. Parker, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 Wesley H. Or ton, company D, thir- 
 teenth infantry. 
 
 William S. Parmly, company B, 
 thirty -third infantry. 
 
 Joseph J. Harter, company B, thir- 
 ty-third infantry. 
 
 John S. O'Neil, company B, thirty- 
 third infantry. 
 
 Fenelon B. Mathews, company B, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Lycurgus McCoy, company F, thir- 
 ty-third infantry. 
 
 William J. Gaston, company F, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 William H. Gore, company H, thir- 
 ty-third infantry. 
 
KEOKUK COUNTT WAE EEOOBD. 
 
 541 
 
 Wilson De Garmo, company H, 
 thirty-third infantry. 
 
 Joseph MoVey, company B, thirty- 
 sixth infantry. 
 
 Michael M. Eice, company C, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 James W. Ward, company I, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 Isaac H. Dempsey, company I, for- 
 tieth infantry. 
 
 George Yule, company I, fortieth 
 infantry. 
 
 Williapa J. Gaston, company H, for- 
 ty-seventh infantry. 
 
 William H. Kitterman, company I, 
 first cavalry. 
 
 James G. Smith, company A, sev- 
 enth cavalry. 
 
 Jeremiah H. Triggs, company D, 
 seventh cavalry. 
 
 Daniel D. Moore, company D, sev- 
 enth cavalry. 
 
 Jacob A. Lowe, company K, ninth 
 cavalry. 
 
 SHEEMAN'S MAECH TO THE SEA. 
 
 The following beautiful poem, which has won for its author a national 
 reputation, and has been sung in the theaters of Europe, was written in a 
 Southern prison, by Adjutant S. H. M. Byers, at present (1879), U. S. Con- 
 sul, at Zurich, Switzerland. In his little book, " What I saw in Dixie," on 
 pages Y3-4, he copies from his diary, December 25, 1865, as follows: " This 
 is my second Christmas in prison. ******* 
 
 Lieutenant Tower, of Ottumwa, Iowa, who had lost a leg in the army, 
 and who was afterward captured, is now to be exchanged and sent home. 
 He wears a hollow, artificial limb, in place of the one lost; this we packed 
 full of letters, one of which contained ' Sherman's March to the Sea.* The 
 rebels little suspected our novel way of communication with our friends. 
 The Lieutenant went safely through, and the letters were all safely de- 
 livered": 
 
 Oar camp fires shone bright on the moantainB 
 
 That frowned on the river below, 
 While we stood by our gans.in the mornings 
 
 And eagerly watched for the foe — 
 When a rider came out from the darkness 
 
 That hung over mountain and sea, 
 And shouted " Boys up and be ready. 
 
 For Sherman wUl march to the sea. " 
 
 Then cheer upon cheer for bold Sherman 
 
 Went up from each valley and glen, 
 And the bugles re-echoed the music 
 
 That came from the lips of the men. 
 For we knew that the stars in our banner 
 
 More bright in their splendor would be. 
 And that blessings from Northland would greet us 
 
 When Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
 Then forward, boys, forward to battle, 
 
 We marched on our wearisome way. 
 And we stormed the wild hills of Resaca, 
 
 — God bless those who fell on that day — 
 Then Kenesaw, dark in its gloiy. 
 
 Frowned down on the flag of the free. 
 But the East and the West Dore our standards. 
 
 And Sherman marched on to the sea. 
 
543 KEOKUK COUNTY WAB BECOED. 
 
 Still onward we pressed, till our banners 
 
 Swept out from Atlanta's grim walls, 
 And the blood of the patriot dampened 
 
 The soil where the traitor flag falls ; 
 But we paused not to weep for the fallen. 
 
 Who slept by each river and tree, 
 Tet we twined them a wrpath of the laurel, 
 
 As Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
 P, proud was our army that morning 
 
 That stood where the pine darkly towers, 
 When Sherman said, "Boys, you are weary. 
 
 This day fair Savannah is ours," 
 Then sang we a song for our chieftain 
 
 That echoed o'er nver and lea. 
 And the stars in our banner shone brighter, 
 
 When Sherman marched down to the sea. 
 
TOWNS AKD TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 EICHLAND. 
 
 Richland township being almost entirely situated east of the boundary 
 line of 1837, and comprehending nearly all of what is commonly known 
 as the " Old Strip," had more than four years the start of the rest of the 
 county. It has been seen that although people were not entitled to settle 
 there prior to October, 1838, Aaron Miller and his son John settled early 
 in the spring of that year. In the spring and summer of 1839 this settle- 
 ment was reinforced by the arrival of Robert Pringle, James Higgin- 
 botham, William Lewis, Mitchell Gill, John Wasson, James M. Smith and 
 William Bristow. The latter still remains on the original homestead, 
 where he has little else to do than enjoy the fruits of his hard labor and re- 
 flect that, as a head of a family, he is the oldest permanent settler in the 
 present bounds of Keokuk county, and none older west of him, as all the 
 others referred to have changed homesteads. 
 
 Smith first settled one mile east of where Eichland now is, and after* 
 building the walls of his cabin he built his scaffolds, took his broad-ax and 
 hewed the walls both inside and out. Then with said ax he hewed a true 
 face and straight edge to the puncheons for his floor, making tight joints, 
 all of which made some people look on him with contempt, saying that he 
 wasbroud. 
 
 While a portion of what is now Keokuk county was yet part of Wash-' 
 ington county, and before the county of Keokuk was organized, the first 
 election was held within the present limits of the county. It was held on 
 the 5th day of October, 1840, in the brush without a house, near a spripg, 
 about seventy-five yards from where Levi Greeson now lives. The officers 
 elected were: J. M. Smith, justice of the peace; and Theodore Cox — now 
 of Winterset — constable. Cox failing to qualify, John Pennington was 
 appointed. Subsequently, R. S. Mills was elected justice of the peace and 
 John Marchel was elected constable. 
 
 After the county was organized the first election was held in April, 1844:. 
 At this time Richland township was the principal p^rt of the county, and 
 the people there took advantage of this state of affairs by appropriating the 
 lion's share of the spoils. The following were the officers elected: 
 
 County Commissioners — Jeremiah Hollings worth, James M. Smith and 
 Enos Darnell. 
 
 Judge of Probate — John M. Waters. 
 
 County Treasurer — Wm. H. Brown. 
 
 County Surveyor — Samuel E. McCracken. 
 
 County Assessor — Andrew Ogden. 
 
544: HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Sheriff — George W. Hayes. 
 
 Kecorder — A. P. Tannehill. 
 
 Commissioners Olerk — Edom Shugart. 
 
 These oflBcers were all residents of what is now Eichland township, ex- 
 cept Brown and Ogden. 
 
 The first birth in this township was a son of Mr. and Mrs. William 
 Scearcy, in December, 1840. The first death was that of Mrs. Margarot 
 Marchel, who died in 1840. 
 
 The first time that the anniversary of American Independence was cele- 
 brated within the present limits of Keokuk county was July 4, 1841, at the 
 house and grove of J. M. Smith, one mile east of where Richland now is. 
 Oliver Higginbotham read the Declaration of Independence and Manning 
 B. Mills delivered an address suited to the occasion. The young bachelors 
 and maidens remained over night enjoying each other's society in perhaps, 
 the first grand social party in this county, and then and there were in- 
 troduction s and acquaintances formed which finally resulted in five wed- 
 dings. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Richland township has always had a good reputation for its schools. 
 The first school of the county was taught in a school-house about three and 
 a half miles northeast of Richland, in a house which has already been de- 
 scribed in our educational chapter. This township also boasts of having 
 possessed the only successful academy of the county. It was located in the 
 town of Richland and was attended by pupils from all parts of the county. 
 This academy was started by Benjamin Naylor, W. B. Lawler and B. F. 
 McCollister, in 1857. They commenced with thirty-five pupils and closed 
 with seventy -seven. The second session opened with with seventy-one and 
 closed with one hundred and thirty-two. It continued to prosper until it 
 had an attendance of over two lumdred. The institution finally became 
 unpopular and the teachers discontinued it and went elsewhere. Richland 
 township still retains the township district system, but one other township 
 in the county adhering to that system, that being German. 
 
 SEPAEATE BAPTIST CHUKOH. 
 
 The first preacher that ever preached in this vicinity was Jacob Spain- 
 hour, who preached at the house of John Miller (where now stands the 
 orchard of R. M. Tracy), in the year 1839. He baptized some persons at 
 this, his first meeting, among whom was Mrs. Wm. Scearcy. 
 
 Soon thereafter, Alexander Blakely preached here. Both of said preach- 
 ers continued to preach here occasionally for several years. But as most of 
 the members of this church removed from seven to ten miles west, the or- 
 ganization at this place became dissolved and they organized in their new 
 neighborhood and built a meeting-house about one mile north of loka, 
 where they maintain their organization. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHUEOH. 
 
 In 1840 Frederick F. Lyon, John W. Mitchell and Henry Harden all 
 preached here, and in that year an organization was effected of seven mem- 
 bers, at the house of James Lewman, near to where Moses Mendenhall now 
 
 I 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 545 
 
 lives. The names of the members were Henry Harden, Catharine Harden, 
 Jesse Euggles, Luvina Euggles, James Lewman, Mary Lewman and Leah 
 Lawman. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Rathburn, of Mt. Pleasant, assisted in the organization, having 
 been sent here by the presiding elder, Henry Summers. Elder Summers 
 held the first quarterly meeting in Fairfield, in the fall of 1840, and in 
 1841 or 1842, held the first quarterly meeting that was ever held in this 
 vicinity. Moses Shinn was the first circuit preacher. They built their 
 first meeting-house of round logs, some three miles southwest of where Rich- 
 land now is. But soon after the town was laid out they established their 
 church in the town, and have ever since maintained their organization, and 
 on several occasions the number of the members, including probationers, has 
 been rather extensive. At the present time they number fifty-five memb- 
 . ers. They own a church-house and lot worth about $1,500, and a parson- 
 age worth about $800. The average attendance at the Sunday-school is 
 probably about fifty. They have also another organization of about thirty- 
 six members, and a church-house worth about $,1,700, called Kingsley 
 Chapel, situated about three and three-quarter miles northwest of town. 
 Rev. M. Swanson is at present pastor of both congregations. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN CHUBCH. 
 
 It is probable that the first preacher of this church who ever preached 
 here was John "W. Snelson. The next was Uriah Long. They both preached 
 in 1841 or 1842. H. H. Hendrix, John Rigdon, Gill, Aaron Chatter- 
 ton, and Samuel Downey were among the first preachers. 
 
 On the 19th day of November, 1848, the first church organization was 
 formed, consisting of sixteen persons, to-wit: "Wm. Hamlet, Jane Hamlet, 
 James Rooker, M. A. Rooker, John Maulsby, Sarah Maulsby, Mary A. 
 Manlsby, Mercy Stephenson, Wm. Tingle, Fred P. Caveness, Z. Caveness, 
 Owen Goldsmith, Mary Goldsmith, Jane G. Smith, John Wasson and 
 Susan Wasson. At the time of organization Owen Goldsmith and Dr. 
 Wm. Tingle were chosen elders, and John Wasson and Wm. Hamlet were 
 chosen deacons. There were, at various subsequent dates, added to the con- 
 gregation thirty -one members; but as preachers were scarce in this country, 
 not near equal to the demand, the congregation had no regular preaching, but 
 they maintained their organization tor several years, and until some of 
 their unmber had died and over thirty had moved away, including all the 
 oflScers but one. Thus they became disorganized, and so remained until 
 March 23, 1865. Elder N. A. McConnell held a series of meetings here, 
 and organized a congregation of thirty-one members. A. I. Hall and A. 
 H. Smith were chosen elders, and R. M. Tracy and L. F. Smith were 
 chosen deacons. Since that time 110 members have been added to their 
 congregation. Their present number is fifty-five. They have not had reg- 
 ular preaching near all the time, but have never failed to keep up their 
 meetings regularly on Lord's day. They own a church-house and lot worth 
 about $1,700. Their Sunday-school averages in attendance about seventy. 
 
 MORAVIANS. 
 
 In 1864, Hiram Myers, a Moravian, located here and preached and or- 
 ganized a congregation of seven members, consisting of himself and wife, 
 
646 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 John Davis, Sarah Davis, A. C. Eomig, Lydia Sherriden and James 
 Blickensderfer. In 1857 the preacher left here and the church became dis-, 
 organized. 
 
 WESLETAN METHODISTS. 
 
 In the year 1856 an organization was effected some two and a-half mileS. 
 east of town, of about twenty-five members. The organization continued 
 for some six or seven years before becoming dissolved. Meanwhile, EevB> 
 Stores, "Wm. Abraham and Frank Kirkpatrick ministered to them. 
 
 UNITED BEETHEEN. > 
 
 In 1853 Eev. John McVey preached in Clear Creek township, and in 
 thjs vicinity a few times. Rev. F. F. Lyon, a Methodist preacher, hearing 
 him, thought he learned the way of the Lord more perfectly, and therefore 
 ■united with the Brethren, and was forthwith licensed to preach, for them. 
 Lyon traveled in 1854-5-6, and organized congregations, one of which 
 still exists, and is known as Fairview. It is about six miles northeast, of 
 town. Since that time another congregation was organized two miles east 
 of town. They have — members and a churcli-house worth about $800. 
 Eev. Shiflet was their pastor for a time. 
 
 In 1840, Thomas Frazier, of Indiana, appointed a meeting at the house 
 of P. C, Woodward. Soon thereafter Abijah Bray, of Indiana, held a 
 meeting here. An organization was formed for worship in 1841 or 1842^ 
 under the care of the Pleasant Plain Monthly Meeting. Among the first 
 who \vent into this organization may be mentioned the names of James 
 Williams, Angeline Williams (afterward an accepted minister), and of the 
 Woodwards, there were Prior C, Susannah; Samuel, Wm. A. and Euth> 
 Of the Haworths, there were Beriah, Sarah, Eli, Lydia and John, Sr.,. 
 Moorman, Allen, John, Jr., George and Mahlon and their wives; Of the 
 Hadieys, there were William, Mary, Joshua, Lydia, John, Jarah, Joel^ 
 Eleanor and Eiley. ; 
 
 At their request, a preparative meeting for business was organized or 
 granted by the Pleasant Plain Meeting, in 1845. Another preparative 
 meeting was organized at Eocky Eun, about three and a-half miles norths 
 east of Eichland, in 1860, embracing some of the above named persons, 
 and some others, including John Howard, a minister. About the same 
 time a Monthly Meeting was organized at Eichland. After about, ten 
 years the Eocky Eun meeting was discontinued. The members thereof 
 merging into the Eichland meeting. In November, 1864, the Eichland 
 preparative meeting was divided; there being since that date two prepare 
 tive meetings, known as the Eichland and Hopewell. The Eichland Meet- 
 ing has a meeting-house forty by sixty feet, and five acres of ground,, 
 worth about $1200, situated one and one-half miles south of town. Th^ 
 ground was donated by Joseph Hadley. The Hopewell meeting is situa- 
 ted one and one-half miles north of town, and has a house twenty-four by 
 forty-eight feet, and one acre of ground, the whole worth probably about 
 $800. This land was donated by Levi Greeson. They each have scripture- 
 school on First day. The average attendance at Eichland is about sixty, 
 
HI8T0ET OF KEOKDK COUNTY. 54T 
 
 and at Hopewell about twenty-five persons. The whole number of members 
 belonging to the Richland Monthly Meeting is 296. 
 
 MISSIONAET BAPTISTS. 
 
 In 184:8, Rev. R. Cheedle preached a few times and organized a church 
 in town, which organization was afterward moved some three miles north 
 of town. Rev. J. W. Mitchell, formerly a Methodist preacher, united with 
 them and preached for them for several years. Rev. Wm. Elliott and 
 James L. Cole preached here in 1851, and occasionally for three or four 
 years thereafter. The North Walnut church was organized by William 
 Elliott and J. M. Wood in 1852 and was in 1860 merged into the Howard 
 Grove church about five miles southeast of Richland. The said J. M. 
 Wood will be remembered by many citizens for his peculiar manner of en- 
 lightening mankind. On several occasions he came to town in an old 
 buggy, and would drive around the public park singing as loud as he could, 
 then stop his team, kneel in his buggy and pray, then stand up and preach 
 to the crowd of boys and men that came laughing at his eccentricities and 
 calling him crazy. 
 
 On the 30th of November, 1857, Eber Ward preached and organized a 
 church at what was called the Wyman school-house, two and one-half miles- 
 west of town. They called it the Sharon Baptist Church. There were 
 seven members entered into this organization. The first meeting was pro- 
 tracted a tew days, which resulted in five accessions to the church. On the 
 28th of March, 1864, Elder J. T. Walker, Narcissa Walker, N. H. Tyer, 
 Maritia Tyer and Dosia A. Harlan, entered into an organization in Rich- 
 land. After organization, on the same day, Mary Bales and Martha Bales 
 were added to the congregation. Subsequently a few others were added. 
 
 The church north of town and the Sharon church merged into the Rich- 
 land chnrch, and continued in that name until December 12, 1874, when, 
 by action of the church, the same was changed to Fairview; and although 
 they for years called it the Richland Baptist church, their meetings wer& 
 regularly kept up at the Wyman school-house, instead of at Richland. 
 They now have a chnrch-house at Fairview, five miles west of town, worth 
 probably about $1,500, and a live working congregation numbering fifty- 
 six members. 
 
 MOEMONB. 
 
 In the year 1840, or 1841, two Mormon preachers, from Nauvoo, Illinois, 
 came, and created a great excitement about ten miles southeast, and thea 
 came and preached at the house of Aaron Miller and stirred up the minds 
 of a few persons. Mrs. Aaron Miller, William Miller, James Miller and 
 and wife, and perhaps others, united with them. Mrs. James Miller was a 
 sister to William Scearcy, and her parents and brothers were much opposed 
 to her uniting with the Mormons. Her mother cried out publicly to the 
 people to watch their horses or the Mormons would steal them. When 
 these persons were about to join the church, they repaired to the water for 
 baptism, one of the preachers designing to baptize and the other to lay on 
 hands, that they might receive the Holy Ghost. But William Scearcy and 
 his fi-iends appeared, and with threats forbade the baptism of Mrs. Miller. 
 The preachers threatened to send judgments upon Scearcy «&; Co., and de- 
 stroy both soul and body, because by this disturbance they deferred the 
 
548 msTOET or keokuk county. 
 
 baptism of all their converts. The next morning they slipped off and 
 baptized all before Scearcy was aware of it. They all went to Is auvoo, and 
 after some months some of them renounced their faith. Others went with 
 them and are yet with them at Salt Lake. 
 The present township oflScers are: 
 
 Justices— W. W. Allen and W. G. Fedris. 
 
 Constables — J. H. Kent and W. A. Tousey. » 
 
 Clerk — L. Bassett. 
 
 Assessor — W. G. Bralliar. 
 
 Trustees — H. "W". Tracy, W. T. Drummond and S. Harlan. 
 
 THE TOWN OF EICHLAND. 
 
 The town of Richland was laid out by Pryor C. Woodward on the 19th 
 day of June, 1841, and surveyed by J. B. Davis, of Washington county. 
 Soon thereafter Benjamin Edwards laid out another town just five miles 
 northwest of Kichland, on the grounds now composing the beautiful farm 
 of Allen Stalker. This town was laid out as a rival of Richland, [none 
 respect it had the advantage of most towns, for it had two names: one of 
 which was !Newton and the other Western City. As it and Richland were 
 both desiring to be recognized as the capital of the county when organ- 
 ized, it had another advantage,- as will be subsequently shown, because the 
 chief officer of the county designed to make of this place a great metrop- 
 olis. 
 
 Among the first settlers in the town of Richland were Eleazer Bales, C. 
 E. Woodward, John Noyes, John Raines, R. L. Mark, James Williams 
 and Jonas Hoover. Hoover built the first house; Williams was the first 
 postmaster; Raines was the first blacksmith, and although slow and tedi- 
 ous, was a good workman. Many have seen a good sewing needle of his 
 make, about the right size to carry No. 8 thread. Mark, and another man 
 by the name of L. J. Smith, each had their shops in which they sold whisky 
 and groceries, and especially the whisky. In 1844 the first store was set up 
 ty Beriah Haworth. The first hotel was by Dr. W. H. Tingle, in 1845, 
 In 1848 Williams and McCracken built a steam saw mill. 
 
 I. 0. O. F. LODGE. 
 
 Kossuth Lodge No. 32, was organized in Richland, March 19th, 1861. 
 The charter members were S. Harned, N. G.; N. L. Witcher, V. G.; O. P. 
 Sherraden, Sec; J. D. Israel, T.; and S. A. Evans. Wm. L. Orr, of Fair- 
 field, was the acting D. D. G. M. At their first meeting there were four 
 initiates, to-wit : H. Bagley, H. R. McPherson, J. W. Whitacre and W. H. 
 Folmsbee. Their members increased rapidly and there have been initated 
 here since the organization of the lodge two hundred and forty-one mem- 
 bers. From this lodge have sprung the Lancaster, Sigourney, Talleyrand, 
 loka and Brighton lodges, and two lodges in Nebraska. The Richland 
 lodge has for the last twenty-five years maintained the honor of the insti- 
 tution with friendship, love and truth. This lodge now numbers 97 mem- 
 bers and owns real estate worth about $2,700 Their oresent officers are 
 L. A. Funk, N. G.; R. M. Tracy, Y. G.; M. L. Bristow, Sec; L. Bral- 
 liar, T.; S. A. Evans, financial secretary. None of the charter members 
 
mSTOEY or KEOKUK OOUNTr. 549 
 
 ^ now members here but Evans, and as far as is known, none but Evans 
 smd Earned now belong to the order. 
 
 BICHLAND ENCAMPMENT NO. 50. * 
 
 This lodge was organized January 18th, 1871. The charter members 
 were John Davis, John Stockman, S. A. Evans, James Davis, J. M. Davis, 
 Cr. W. Stevens, John Carmichael, J. D. Haworth, A. C. Charlton, "W. G. 
 Fearis, W. T. Drnmmond, Daniel Davis and Thomas Thompson. They 
 nnmber about fifty members. 
 
 BICHLAND LODGE, NO. 38, A. E. & A. M. 
 
 This lodge was organized in June, 1862, and chartered June 8th, 1853. 
 The charter members were J. D. Gray, W. M.; S. Harned, S. W.;' W. H. 
 Efner, J. W.; F. A. Dorr, N. L. Witcher, Wm. Grimsley, Thos. and D. K 
 Henderson. From this lodge have sprung the Pythagoras Lodge, of Lan- 
 caster, the Talleyrand Lodge, of Talleyrand, Justice Lodge, of loka and 
 Martinsbnrg Lodge, of Martinsburg. Richland Lodge now numbers 
 fifty-one members, and owns property worth about $1,200. 
 
 TEMPEEANCE 0BANIZATI0N8. 
 
 Bichland has had its various temperance organizations, among which 
 may be mentioned the Sons of Temperance and the Good Templars; be- 
 sides others such as the old Washington, etc. But as the general sentiment 
 is so radically favorable to temperance, and the town ordinance requires 
 the payment of so much money in order to get a permit to sell intoxica- 
 ting liquors, the several temperance societies have for some time past acted 
 %) though they thought it not necessary to maintain their organization. 
 
 POPIILATION AND BUSINESS. 
 
 Eichland has a population of about five hundred, and is well represented 
 by all professions and every kind of business. It has long been considered 
 a fine trading point, and is surrounded by as fine a farming community as 
 can be found in the State. Its merchants have a reputation of being re- 
 liable; its mechanics are the best in the county, some of them having- 
 achieved distinction as inventors, and the professional men are deservedly 
 popular, on account of their learning and skill. All that Richland needs 
 to become one of the best inland towns in the country is a railroad. Many 
 attempts have been made to secure a railroad and the people have showed 
 a disposition to be taxed heavily for this purpose; but, as yet, all these at- 
 tempts have failed. The time, however, is not far distant when some line 
 will be extended into this, the most productive part of the county, and 
 then let other railroad towns look out for a troublesome rival. 
 
 JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township was one of the first settled outside the old strip. Its 
 congressional name is number 74 north, range 11 west. The lands in this 
 township were surveyed and oft'ered for sale in 1846, although the most de- 
 
550 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 sirable latids were claimed, and a large portion oi the township improved, 
 prior to that time. The South Skunk forms the north boundary, which 
 boundary is in consequence very irregular. 
 
 For farming purposes and stock-raising this township takes a front rank. 
 The first part of the township settled was what was formerly known as the 
 Kock Creek neighborhood, and the first settlement was made by Wm. 
 Scearcy on the last day of April, 1843. According to treaty stipulations 
 the country was to be open for settlement on the first day of May, and in 
 order not to be late in profiting by securing the advantages which prompt- 
 ness always vouchsafes, Mr. Scearcy started a day in advance. Although he 
 started ahead of time he was not there any too soon to secure the desirable 
 location where the first claim was staked out. Although Mr. Scearcy had his 
 claim disputed he succeeded in establishing himself on it, where he still lives. 
 In the competition for the best claims disputes not uufrequently arose, and 
 for want of time and the pressing demand for speedy arbitration, these 
 disputes were sometimes settled by recourse to pugilistic skill. The claim 
 to Twin Groves, a very desirable location, was settled in this way, and the 
 winner gave the loser a yoke of oxen for the future undisputed pos- 
 session of the claim. Among the first to locate in the Rock Creek conn- 
 itry, and who came about the time Wm. Scearcy came, were Aaron Miller, 
 Robert Blacker, Wm. Webb, and Richard Quinton, the latter being elected 
 from the county to the first constitutional convention, and afterward for 
 several years, prior to his leaving the county, permanently indentified with 
 the politics of the county. 
 
 It was in the bounds of this township that Wapello died. Having re- 
 turned with a number of his tribe, early in the spring of ISii, for the 
 purpose of making maple syrup, there being splendid facilities for this 
 business among the maple groves of Rock Creek, he became very much in- 
 toxicated and in this condition he contracted a severe cold, which resulted 
 in his death. After his death the remaining members of the tribe dis- 
 patched a young warrior to Richland township for a coffin, which was 
 brought by Mr. Samuel Hardesty in an ox-cart. Upon arriving with the 
 cofiin they prevailed on Mr. Hardesty to convey Wapello's body to Agency 
 ■City, which he accordingly did. The entire expense of the coffin and the 
 trip to Agency, amounting to some thirty dollars, was punctually paid, the 
 young Indian who first employed Mr. Hardesty being particularly careful 
 in looking after that gentleman's comfort during the trip and paying all the 
 -expenses before he left. 
 
 Such an excellent country as the Rock Creek district was known to be 
 •did not remain long without a large increase of population, and soon farms, 
 ■cottages and school-houses were to be seen in all directions. For a Ifiig 
 time the citizens experienced great inconvenience for want of a postoffice, 
 :and it was not till the fall of 1852 that a post-office was established in this 
 township. It was kept at the house of Samuel Bowman, who was post- 
 master. The name of the office was Glean, and in the fall of 1858 was re- 
 moved to loka. There are at present three postoffices of easj' access; one 
 at loka in the southeastern part of the county; one called Walden, in sec- 
 tion 18, and one in section 3, just across the river in Lancaster township. 
 
 Gf churches there are quite a number of organizations and some very 
 good church buildings. Rev. Mr. Spainhour, a Baptist minister was prob- 
 ably the first of this denomination who preached in the township; he was 
 
HI8TOET OF KEOKUK OODNTT. 551 
 
 followed by Rev. Mr. Tanehill, who preached in the house of John Cox as 
 early as 1843. 
 
 The Baptist church of Rock Creek was organized in 1844. The original 
 members were Robert Scearcy, Mary Scearcy. William Scearcy, Sarah 
 Scearcy and John Miller. In 1850 a frame church-building was erected at a 
 cost of $750. It was dedicated the following year by Jacob Spain hour, 
 who was the first man to preach in that neighborhood. John W. Talley, 
 Amos Simmons, Cyphert Talley, Benj. Hollingsworth, Keuben Henderson, 
 J. F. Walker, Stacy Rogers and Jesse Edwards have at different times been 
 pastors of the church. The present membership numbers thirty-five. The 
 church has had a varied career of prosperity and adversity; a short time 
 after its organization there was an addition of one hundred and fifty-two 
 members. 
 
 Hopewell church, located on section fourteen, belongs to the denomi- 
 tion known as the Separate Baptists. It was organized in August, 1865. 
 John W. Talley, Benjamin Hollingsworth, D. S. Hutton, D. Mullannee, 
 Isaac Petree, Samuel Hutton, Mary Talley, N. E. Mullanee, Eliza Petree. 
 Mary Hutton, Catharine Hutton, Phoebe M. Brown, Ruth S. McConnell, 
 Lydia Nelson, Nancy R. Wood, Mary J. Miller, M. E. McConnell, Daniel 
 Henson, Angelina Nelson and M. A. Hollingsworth were the original mem- 
 bers. A frame church was erected in the fall of 1868 at an expense of 
 $1,200. It was dedicated in the winter of 1868 by John W. Talley; John 
 W. Talley, Benj. Hollingsworth, J. T. Walker, Chas. Lyon and Keuben 
 Henderson have been pastors at various times. Jesse Edwards is the 
 present pastor. The membership at present is twenty-two. 
 
 The first election was held in the township in April, 1844, which was the 
 first election held in the county, this having been a separate election pre- 
 cinct from the first. In 1850 the township had a population of 602, in 
 1856 it was 1,003, and by the census of 1875 it appears that the population 
 was then 1,467. There were 269 dwelling houses and 275 families. The 
 following are the officers of the township at present: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — D. C. Baker, who is also a member of the 
 
 board of supervisors, and T. B. Meradith. 
 Constables — J. W. Reiner and Lewis Smithart. 
 Clerk— W. B. Woods. 
 
 Trustees — Conrad Bender, W. C. Harris, Joseph Bush. 
 '' Assessor — T. B. Meradith. 
 
 THE TOWN OF lOKA. 
 
 loka is located on section 28, about one mile from the Jefferson county 
 line. It was at one time in the center of the business of the township, and 
 is on the surveyed route of the Muscatine & Missouri Railroad. It was 
 laid out in June, 1856, by Thos. E. Asbcraft, Jabez Shook, Paul Sherradin 
 and D. H. Scisson. At the sale of lots, which occurred the following fall, 
 lots sold at from ten to fifty dollars apiece. In 1856 the firm of Webb & 
 Ashcraft carried on a dry goods business there; in 1857 the firm was suc- 
 eeeded by Webb & Beardsley, which was then changed to J. Webb. Cran- 
 ■dall & Disney established a dry goods store in 1857, which was afterward 
 conducted by T. E. Ashcrafl. Ruggles & Carpenter and G. M. Peters were 
 ^Iso in business there about that time; A. Beardsley kept a boot and shoe 
 store and afterward a hotel. 
 
552 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 At present loka contains three dry goods stores, one drug store, one boot 
 and shoe store, one tin shop and one hotel. There are four physicians to 
 administer to the needs of the sick of the town and surrounding country: 
 Dr. Mulhern, formerly of Sigourney, being the leading one; Dr. Sogers, 
 formerly a practician of considerable note, has, on account of age, almost 
 entirely retired from practice. 
 
 The town is beautifully located on the prairie, about one mile from tim- 
 ber; contains about sixty houses and presents a neat appearance from any 
 approach. 
 
 One of the chief features of loka is the Masonic lodge, which has a 
 large membership and a creditable history. The following history of the 
 lodge will be of interest to, the members of the craft there and elsewhere: 
 
 Justice Lodge No. 230, A. F. and A. M., was organized under (iispensa- 
 tion from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, on the 9th day of February, 1868, 
 with the following officers: W. H. Effner, W. M.; G. H. Smith, S. W.; 
 J. H. Martin, J. W.; A. J. Porter, Treasurer; S. Rogers, Secretary; W. 
 G. R. Talley, S. D.; David Cook, J. D.; E. P. Condreay, Tyler; W. J. Etf- 
 ner, S. S.; and J. G. Smith, J. S. 
 
 On the 11th day of July, 1868, an election of officers .was held, which 
 resulted in the election of the following officers: G. H. Smith, W. M.; J. 
 H. Martin, S. W.; J. B. Bell, J. W.; A. J. Porter, Treasurer; S. Rogers, 
 Secretary; W. J. Effner, S. D.; W. H. Adams, J. D.; G. "W. Lemmons, 
 S. S.; W. G. R. Talley, J. S.; E. P. Condreay, Tyler. 
 
 On the 18th of July these officers were installed by W. M. Solon Gray, 
 Ottumwa Lodge No. 16, and duly constituted by, the Grand Lodge of Iowa 
 as Justice Lodge, No. 230. 
 
 The second election of officers was held on the 24th of April, 1869, and 
 resulted as follows: G. H. Smith, W.M.; J.H.Martin, S. W.; J. T, 
 "Walker, J. W.; "W. G. R. Talley, Treasurer; J. B. Bell, Secretary; G. L. 
 Rice, S. D.; W. H. Adams, J. D.; G. W, Lemmons, S. S.; E.P. Condreay, 
 J. S.; J. W. Carpenter, Tyler. 
 
 On the 14:th of May, 1870, the following officers were elected: J. T. 
 "Walker, W. M.; G. H. Smith, S. W.; J. B. Bell, J. W.; W. G. R. Talley, 
 Treasurer; S. Rogers, Secretary ; J. H. Martin, S. D.; A. Myers, J. D.; 
 W. S. Gaston, Tyler; A. F. Bean, S. S.; E. P. Condreay, J. S. 
 
 On the 29tii of April, 1871, the following officers were elected: J. T. 
 Walker, "W. M.; Asa Myers, S. W.; S. Rogers, J. W..; W. G. R. Talley, 
 Treasurer; A. F. Bean, Secretary; L. M. ifunnaly, S. JD.; J. B. Bell, J. D.; 
 W. S. Gaston, S. S.; "W. Miller, J. S.; A. P. Black, Tyler. 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1872, the following officers were elected: S. Rog- 
 ers, W. M.; "W. D. Ingalls, S. W.; A. P. Black, J. W.; C. Bender, Treas- 
 urer; J. C. Ruggles, Secretary. 
 
 On the 12th of April, 1873, the following officers were elected: G. H. 
 Smith, "W. M.; J. H. Martin, S. W.; "W. G. R. Talley, J. "W.; C. JBender, 
 Treasurer; John 0. Ruggles, Secretary. 
 
 The minutes do not show who the officers were for the year 1874 further 
 than G. H. Smith, W. M.; J. H. Martin, S. "W.; and J. B. Bell, Secretary. 
 
 On the 17th of April, 1875, the following_officers were elected: "W. D. 
 Ingalls, W. M.; J. M. Richardson, S. "W.; W. S. Gaston, J. W.; J.B. Bell, 
 Treasurer; J. T. "Walker, Secretary. 
 
 On the 8th day of April, 1876, the following officers were elected: J. T. 
 
Woy^^i^^^ 
 
 (yz^^^^Gjiy, 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 556 
 
 Walker, W. M.; J. C. Ruggles, S. "W.; J. M. Richardson, J. W.; G. W. 
 Rassell, Treasurer; G. H. Smith, Secretary. 
 
 On the 23d of April, 1877, .the following officers were elected: G. H. 
 Smith, W. M.; W. D. Ingalls, S. W.; J. B. Bell, J. W.; G. W. Russell, 
 Treasurer; J. M. Richardson, Secretary. 
 
 On the 15th of April, 1878, the following officers were elected: W. D. 
 Ingalls, W. M.; J. 0. Ruggles, S. W.; C. Bender, J. W.; J. W. Carpenter, 
 Ti-easnrer; J. M. Richardson, Secretary. 
 
 On the 31st of March, 1879, the following officers were elected: J. M. 
 Richardson, W. M.; J. C. Bell, S. W.; C. Bender, J. W.; J. W. Carpenter, 
 Treasurer; F. M. Israel, Secretary; — but, owing to the officers-olect failing 
 to be installed, the old officers hold over. 
 
 There are quite a number of successful farmers who, in addition to the 
 regular work of the farm, deal extensively in stock. Among others, D. C. 
 Baker, W. G. R. Talley and Wm. Scearcy may be mentioned. Wm. Fye 
 formerly was the most extensive fanner in the township. 
 
 George Cypert Talley, who was killed at South English during the excite- 
 ment of war-times, an account of which is given elsewhere, was a resident of 
 this township at the time of his death. He was buried near loka, and on a 
 tombstone erected to his memory is the following inscription: 
 
 " George Cypert Talley died August 1, 1863, aged 29 years, 5 months 
 and 27 days. Died a martyr to his religious and political opinions; shot 
 down by highwaymen at South English, Keokuk county, Iowa, while 
 bravely defending the same." 
 
 STEADY RUN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township corresponds in the main with the congressional township 
 No. 74 north, range 12 west. The north boundary is South Skunk river, 
 which makes the northern boundary irregular, and cuts off from the con- 
 gressional township about four sections, which are attached to Lancaster 
 township. 
 
 The lirst settlers of the township made their claims on the day the In- 
 dians left. May 1, 1843. The following are the names of the original set- 
 tlers, with the statement, so far as we are able to arrive at them, of the 
 facts regarding their subsequent career: Cornelius Hurley, went to Ne- 
 braska and afterward died; John Lavemore, died a few years since at his 
 home, on original claim; David Howard, returned to Illinois; Wm. Hut- 
 ton, found dead near Skunk river; Henry Barrith, returned to Illinois; 
 Andrew Taylor, one of the first county commissioners, now lives in Wayne 
 county; Madison M. Harmare, died last winter at home on his original 
 claim; Francis Brittain, gone to Missouri; also John Hooker; James M. 
 Brown, moved to Oregon; John Hurley, died in Nebraska; Charles Moore, 
 died on original claim in 1846; Jesse Shoemaker, now lives at Grand 
 Island, Nebraska; Enos Darnell, died in 1846; Wm. Stinson, removed to 
 Appanoose county; Thos. Gaskell, died in 1859; Alexander Jones, com- 
 monly known as Gen. Jones, lives on his original claim; most remarkable 
 man in the county; was a playmate of Andrew Jackson; was instrumental 
 in having Andrew nominated and elected President; removed from Ten- 
 nessee to Indiana, where he made over a million rails; came to Keokuk 
 county, Steady Ran township, at an early day; never chewed tobacco, nor 
 
 34 
 
556 ■ HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 drank whisky; has teeth as white as an infant, and, although about seventy 
 years old, is still one of the "boj's"; Moses McOonnell, still lives in tiie 
 township; Josiah Burrows, returned to Illinois; James Raser, run off 
 with two women, and, in all probability, is dead; Aiisini Eichardson, lives 
 in Lancaster township; Thomas Eichardson, died in 1S72; John Garrett, 
 the blacksmith of the first settlement, gone to Missouri; E. B. Whited, 
 started to Oregon in 1851, stopped at Council Bliitts, where he remained a 
 couple of. years; afterward went to Texas, and became a colonel in rebel 
 army; Benjamin Hollingsworth, still lives in the township; Joel Skinner, 
 now lives at Creston, Iowa; B. F. Weller, the first school-master of Steady- 
 Enn township, and now the enterprising grain-buyer of Sigourney, still 
 lives, and long may he live to recount the trials and triumphs of former 
 idays. Wm. Hutton was the first justice of the peace, and Christopher M. 
 "Wood was the first constable. 
 
 The first tannery erected in the township and probably the first in the 
 county was erected by E. B. Whited in 1845. A. M. McNutt was the first 
 white man buried in the township and Elder Kirkpatrick preached the first 
 sermon. A Baptist church was organized in the spring of 18i6 at the 
 house of C. M. Wood, who lived where Daniel llutton now lives. The 
 first members of this church were Anson Eichardson and wife, Thos. Eich- 
 ardson and wife, Wm. Button and wife and James Hutton, who was 
 baptized at this time, it being necessary to cut a hole in the ice in oi"der t<y 
 perform the ceremony. Stephen Fowler and Widow Hardesty were the 
 first couple married. The first burying place was the Skinner graveyard, 
 which has been suffered to revert to its original uses, and the original 
 graves are now scarcely recognizable. (\)rneliu8 Hurlej' and Benjamin 
 Hollingsworth erected the first flouring mill, it was started with one run of 
 burrs in the spring of 1846, and is now known as the " Old Clapboard Mill." 
 The mill now known as the Wheelock mill was started as a saw-mill ia 
 1856. It was afterward repaired and numerous improvements made, in- 
 cluding all the modern machinepy for making flour; it is now one of tjie 
 best mills in the county. 
 
 E. F. Weller was the first school teacher; he started /or Iowa in early 
 times and falling sick in Illinois did not reach K6okntc counts , the place 
 for which he started, for nearly a year afterward. When lie did arrive he 
 was without money and scarcely able to work. He had never taught school 
 and had not attended school much, but at the solicitation of the settlers he 
 undertook to teach a winter school. He was to receive $1.50 per pupil for 
 a term of three months, and two-thirds of his wages was to be paid in rails 
 at sixty-five cents per liundred. Althongh the school-house was poor, 
 the wages scant, and the teacher had no experience and little learning, he 
 succeeded so well that he was employed to teach the next school an<i got 
 the contract of building a new school-house, which was to be a "good 
 school-house and not cost more than $50." 
 
 The first sale of lands in Steady Eun township occurred at Fairfield in 
 1846. Six parcels, each containing eighty acres, were bought at that time 
 by the following parties: C. M. Wood eighty acres; Joel Skinner eighty 
 acres; Andrew Taylor eighty acres; Zebedee Botkin eighty acres; Frank 
 Brittain, eighty acres; Jesse Brown, eighty acres. There was a bidder ap- 
 
 Sointed by the township to bid ofl' all lands sold, and it would have been 
 angerous business for any one to have bid against him. 
 This township was named after a stream of water which flows through 
 
HISTOEY OF EEOEXrS COUNTY. 557 
 
 Jhat portion of country and empties into Sknnk river. The stream re- 
 iaiived its name trom the fact that the conntrj is comparatively level, and 
 the cnrrent is never strong. It is a very fine region of farming lands and 
 contains some of the most prosperous farmers in the county. In 1850 it 
 contained a population of 467; in 1856 the population amounted to 694, 
 and in 1875 it was 948. The present township officers are as follows: Jus- 
 tices of the Peace, Samuel Dinsmore and W. F. Morgan; constables, J. S. 
 Hawk and Perry Crocker; clerk, A. Glass; trustees, W. C. Lotsprech, N. 
 Ogden, Benj. Parrish; assessor, G. F. Horton. 
 
 Mt. Zion Church was organized in the fall of 1854. The original mem- 
 bers were, J. D. Williams, Jacob BottorfF, Philip Henninger, Andrew 
 Taylor, Benj. Hollingsworth, Joel Skinner, Benj. Parrish, Thomas M. 
 Thompson, James McCreery and James Cowger. A frame church-build- 
 ing was erected in 1854, at a cost of $400. The church was never dedica- 
 cated, as it was built by general subscription, and was open to all denomi- 
 nations, the Methodists seemingly having a prior claim to all others. The 
 present membership numbers about forty, and there is a flourishing Sun- 
 day school with about fifty pupils. 
 
 The Presbyterian church of Martinslnirg was organized in 1859, bvKev, 
 D. V. Smock. The original members were, James D. Bryson, Adeline 
 Bryson, Henry H. Landis, (Jatharine Landis, Mary Marshall, Eliza Calson, 
 Susan Barris, Ann Ardery, Kobert S. Antrobns, Robert E. Doak and Mrs. 
 Doak. In 1858 a frame church-building was erected at a cost of $2,5U0, 
 which was dedidated the following year. The pastors of the church thus 
 far have been A. A. Mathews, J. C. McElroy, David Brown and George B. 
 Smith. The present membership is about seventy-five. 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Elizabethtown was laid out in 1845. It was located on section 15, and 
 although at that early date it was a town of great expectation, it never 
 prospered to such an extent as to meet the expectations of the least san- 
 gnine of its projectors. Most of the present generation of American citi- 
 zens are ignorant of the excellence of said town, and it is doubtful whether 
 or not the original lot-owners, were they to arise from the dead, could lo- 
 cate their former sites for a prospective remunerative bnsiness. 
 
 Martlnsburg was laid out and the town plat recorded November 11, 1854. 
 It is located on sections 28 and 33, less than one mile from the Wapello 
 county line. Like loka, it is located on a projected line of railway, and at 
 one time bid fair to become a central shipping point for the surplus agri- 
 cultural products of that region; but, alas! for the expectations of those 
 early times! the Muscatine & Missouri Railway got no further than paper, 
 and Martinsburg still remains a quiet country village, supporting a post- 
 office, hotel, some prosperous bnsiness houses and a flourishing lodge. The 
 only post-office in the township is at Martinsburg, but three others are of 
 easy access: Walden, in Jackson, Uayesville, in Lancaster, and Slagle, in 
 Benton. 
 
 BENTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township lies in the southwest corner of the county, contains all of 
 congressional township 74 north, 13 west, and the greater part of five sec- 
 tions in 75 north, 13 west. It is well watered, and, with the exception of 
 
658 HISTOET OF KEOEUK COUNTY. 
 
 two other townships, Lancaster and German, contains more well cultivated 
 and well improved land than any otlier township in the county. This 
 township was settled as soon as was allowed by the stipulations of the 
 treaty of 1842, D. P. Helm, J. W. Palmer, Tinley Brooks and Messrs. Hel- 
 lery, McCoy, Brown, Cheek and Trimble being the first settlers. That 
 portion of the township bordering upon South Skunk, and extending south- 
 ward, is broken and brushy; many years ago it received the name of 
 " Crackers' Neck," by which it is still known. In 1850 it had a popula- 
 tion of 435; in 1856 "it was 850, and in 1875 the population was 1,199. At 
 the same' time there were reported 220 dwellings and 224 families in the 
 township. There are few, if any, houses of worship in the township; what 
 religious service there is being held in school-houses, and here those who 
 believe in going to church attend, or else go to adjoining townships. The 
 schools were early established, and are considered among the best in the 
 county. 
 
 There are two post-offices, one at the northern part of the township 
 called Slagle, and Butler, located on section 27. Benton township has no 
 towns at present, although it at one time did boast of one bearing the pre- 
 tentious name of West London. It was located on section 18, and was laid 
 out in 1847, the town plat being recorded in October of that year. The 
 proposed line of the Ottumwa & Cedar Rapids Railway lies through this 
 township, and the citizens are hopeful that it will be built within a few 
 months. Quite a number of the more influential people are now using 
 their best endeavors to further this enterprise. As the road-bed and many 
 of the bridges have already been completed, it is not at all probable that 
 the people of that productive country will long suffer in their material in- 
 terests for lack of communication with the outside world; and when this is 
 accomplished Benton township will have a town of its own, and a business 
 town, too, for it has the men and the capital. 
 
 The present township officers are as ibllows : 
 
 Justices of the Peace — Lewis Pfeffer and John Mack. 
 Constables — M. N. Alderman and K. G. Wilcox. 
 Clerk — James L. Reinhart. 
 
 Trustees — Lewis Reinhart, Miles Abraham and C. Lentz. 
 Assessor — Clark Cook. 
 
 WARREK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township corresponds in the main with congressional township No. 
 76 north, 13 west. South Skunk, which forms the southern boundary, outs 
 off about five sections, which for municipal purposes are attached to Ben- 
 ton. North Skunk runs diagonally across the township, thus dividing it 
 into two water-sheds. The natural drainage is excellent; the supply of 
 timber, stone, coal and water is abundant. So diversified are the natural 
 resources of this region that it has alwaj's been considered one of the favor- 
 ite spots of Keokuk county. Originally it was a part of what is now 
 Washington township, and together with it formed what for a long time 
 was known as Cedar Creek Precinct. The first settlement was made on the 
 3d of May, 1843, by A. J. McNabb and T. J. Hicklin— the former on sec- 
 tion 2, and the latter on section 3. McNabb plowed the first furrow in the 
 township and planted potatoes. Four days after, Maxon Randall took a 
 
HISTOKF OF KEOKUK COTINTr. 669 
 
 claim and settled near the same place; he plowed the second piece of 
 ground which was broken in that part of the county. McNabb and Ran- 
 dall were very successful in their farming operations, and by sticking- to 
 their iirst claims, by industry and economy, have become among the 
 wealthiest citizens of the county. McNabb still resides on his original 
 claim; Randall remained on his claim till a short time since, when he dis- 
 posed of liis extensive domain and removed to Sigourney, where he now 
 resides. T. J. Hicklin also was still found on his original claim after the 
 lapse of thirty-three years. John Hasty and several others settled in War- 
 ren township in the spring of 1843. In 1844 Jacob Kinsler began to bnild 
 the first saw and grist-mill, on North Skunk, west of range 12. The town- 
 ship was surveyed in 1845, and in 1846 the land was offered for sale. At 
 that time most of the land was claimed, and the entire amount of money 
 in the township was about one thousand dollars. At the first sale of lands 
 there were ten parcels of eighty acres each sold. 
 
 The first couple married were Robert Muim and Susan Fence. The li- 
 cense was procured at Washington, Keokuk county at that time being a 
 part of Washington, and John Ellis, justice of the peace, pronounced the 
 ceremony. This marriage was soon followed by three or four more in quick 
 succession. Mr. Thomas J. Hicklin was chosen to be the father of the first 
 child born in the township. Squire Ellis, who for many years after the or- 
 
 fanization of the county was the law giver of Cedar Creek precinct, had 
 is seat of justice at Springfield, now in Washington township; and after 
 Warren township became a municipality separate from Washington, Squire 
 Keith became the Lycurgus of those regions. Already, in 1845, the pio- 
 neers of Warren had a school-house; and Rev. Mr. Tannehill, who ex- 
 Sonnded the gospel on Sundays, here wielded the birch and expounded 
 [nrray during the week. Mr. Tannehill organized a Baptist church in 
 1844, Squire Keith and family being among the first members. 
 
 A Frenchman, who lived in the McNabb neighborhood in early days, 
 while out hunting discovered coal, which afterward proved to be the out- 
 croppings of extensive deposits, which are how being mined by Mr. Dunn, 
 of belta. As the report goes, the Fenchman after discovering the coal, 
 went after a shovel, and returning, covered up all signs of the coal, hoping 
 to be able in a few years to purchase the claim. But before he accumulated 
 enough money to buy the claim, he was prostrated on his death bed, and 
 just before dying revealed the facts of his discovery to a friend. However, 
 his description was not definite enough, and the concealed treasure could 
 not be found. The land where the coal was concealed was the northwest 
 quarter of section thirteen, and northeast quarter of section fourteen. This 
 and finally became the property of Maxon Randall, and was regarded by him 
 as very good sheep pasture,.and from appearances probably contained some 
 good building stone. Wishing to quarry some stone to be used in the 
 foundation of a barn, he accompanied some others to the identical place 
 where the opening to the coal mine now is, and probably the same place 
 where the Frenchman had used his shovel a quarter of a century before. 
 After digging for some time and finding no stone, Mr. Randall went else- 
 where for his building stone, and a few years afterward sold the land to J. 
 A. Dunn. It may be remarked here that Mr. Randall, while prospecting 
 for stone, came so near the coal that had he gone one foot further he would 
 Jbave come upon it. Mr. Dunn became owner of the ground in 1S72, aind 
 in 1876 discovered the coal. The vein is from four to six feet deep; the 
 
S60 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 mine is veiy extensively operated, and with the excellent railroad commu-i- 
 nication, since the extension of the Knoxville branch of the C, R. I. & P. 
 railroad, promises to be the leading industrial feature of the county. Tiie 
 banks are located about one mile eouth of Delta, and the coal is at present 
 conveyed to the latter place in wagons, no side-track having as yet beert 
 constructed to the mine. 
 
 In 1850 the popnlation of "Warren township was 28Y; in 1856 it was 
 394; and in 1875 it was Y07. At that time there were 144 dwellings and 
 148 families. 
 
 The following are the present officers of the township: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — Reuben Kinder and Abel Hawkins. , 
 
 Constables — Hiram Alsop and J. H. Keister. 
 
 Clerk— E. C. Hewitt. 
 
 Trustees — A. J. McNabb, Horace Braiuard and Abner Utterback. 
 
 Assessor — J. B. Jacobs. 
 
 THE TOWN OF DELTA. 
 
 Delta is located on section two, and was laid out in 1875. It is a beaati- 
 ful site for a town, being situated on a high piece of ground, the country 
 sloping toward the south forming a beautiful outlook. It is one of the best 
 shipping points along the road, and the business men are among the most 
 active and enterprising in the county. It contains a population of abou,t 
 five hnndred, is regularly- incorporated, having a full force of town officers 
 and constitutes an independent school district which supports as good a 
 graded school as can be found in this or any other county. 
 
 The following are the present officers of the corporation: 
 Mayor — J. H. Neas. 
 Recorder — W. N. Brown. 
 Treasurer — J. R. Stirlen. 
 Councilmen — Reuben Kinder, M. Whisler, F. "W. Prentiss, J. G. 
 
 Sharp, S. G. Boise and Jas. Bethard. 
 Street Commissioner — David Smilie. 
 Marshal — D. Smilie. 
 The following is a brief history of the organization and progress of thfe 
 Delta schools: 
 
 On the 10th of March, 1877. a special election was held in the indepen- 
 dent district of Union and the independent district of Center, to decide the 
 question of consolidating the two independent district into one. In the in- 
 dependent district of Center, twenty-two votes were cast, twenty-one itt 
 favor of consolidating, one opposed. 
 
 On March 22, 1877, the qualified electors of the two old independent dis- 
 tricts of Union and Center, met for the purpose of organizing the new in- 
 dependent district of Delta. Simpson Ely was chosen president of the- 
 meeting and J. B. Beatty, secretary. There were eighty eight votes cast, 
 resnl'ing in the election of J. E. Stanley, 0. C. Wilson, J. U. Brown, W:. 
 Wharton, J. A. Dunn and H. Brainard as members of school board. Upoa 
 the organization of the board. Dr. C. C. Wilson was elected president, Ai/. 
 H. Heber, secretary, Maxon Randall, treasurer. 
 
 May 12, 1877, another special election, on the question of bonding the 
 independent district of Delta to the amount of $4,000,' for the purpose ot 
 
HI8TO:^T Oy KEOKTJK COUNTY, 561 
 
 building a two-story brick scliool-lionse containing four rooms. Fifty-four 
 votes were cast, forty-five in tkvoi", nine agairist. 
 
 On May 29, 1877, block No. 2. in town of Delta, was selected by a com- 
 mittee of the board as a site for the new school-biiilding. It was after- 
 ward purchased for the sum of $i.50. Tlie school-liouse is sixty feet long, 
 forty feet wide and two stories high. It contains four rooms; two thirty 
 feet long and twenty-seven feet wide; two twenty-eight feet long and 
 t«Kenty-five tjeet wide. Besides these there are four cloak rooms or entries, 
 two halls and a basement. The building is heated by stoves, well ventilated 
 and lighted. Benjamin J. Bartlett, an architect of Des Moines, furnished 
 the design and the contract was let to J. A. Myers, of Montezuma. Mr. 
 Myers' bid was $3,940, the lowest one submitted to the board. The con- 
 tract was signed August 1, 1877, and work commenced immediately after- 
 ward. 
 
 On the 9th of September, 1877, school opened in the new building, with 
 T. J. Andrews at principal, Mrs. T. J. Andrews as assistant in intermedi- 
 Bte department and Mrs. Ella Myers assistant in the primary department. 
 
 During the term of eight months, 219 pnpils were enrolled and an aver- 
 age dailv attendance of 114 was secured. Tiie principal received a salary 
 of $50 per month; the assistant in intermediate department $30, and the 
 assistant in primary department $25. Average salary paid teachers, $35 
 per month. 
 
 On September 8, 1879, the second term of school opened with R. Burke 
 as principal, S, A. D. Hamilton assistant in intermediate department, and 
 Mrs. Ella Myers assistant in primary department. 
 
 Number of pupils in district between the ages of five and twenty-one 
 years at beginning of second school year, September 8, 1879: Males, 96; 
 females, 110; total, 206. 
 
 Twtal number enrolled during first two moths, ; average number be- 
 longing during second month, 147; average daily attendance during second 
 month, 140; salary of principal per month, $50; salary of assistants per 
 month, $30 each; average salary per month, $36.66f. 
 
 Present school board : 
 
 President — I. E. Stanley. 
 
 Directors — J. V. Brown, Wm. Wharton, James Dixon, Jacob Kens- 
 
 ler and G. W. Dunn. 
 Treasurer— Jno. Schott. 
 Seci-etary — "Warren Brown. 
 
 The only post-office in the township is at Delta, L. E. Stanley postmaster. 
 The Chicago Lodge, No. 385, 1. O. O. F., is in a prosperous condition, 
 Messrs. "Whisler, N. G., J. R. Stirlen, Secretary. The "Independent" is 
 a spicy newspaper, and faithfully represents the local interests of that 
 place. There are two churches, the Christian and Baptist. The former 
 was organized in 1876, Horace Brainard, Martha Brainard, Dora Brainard, 
 Haden Brainard, Thos. Hicklin, A. Scoonover, Ella Scoonover, G. W. 
 Pence and Elizabeth Pence being among the original members. The 
 church building was erected in the summer of 1876, at a cost of $2,200, 
 and was dedicated the following winter by Prof. Carpenter, of Oskaloosa. 
 S. Ely, J. H. Rogan, J. W. Garrett and B. M. Scott have been the pastors. 
 The present membership is one hundred. 
 
 The Baptist church was organized in 1870. The original members were 
 I«aac Wilson, Sarah Wilson, A. I*. McDonald, Amanda McDonald, L. E. 
 
562 TJISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Hayes, Martha Hayes, David McDonald, Mary McDonald, Charles Mci- 
 Donald, Nancy McDonald and Jacob Hawk. The church was organized 
 by S. E. Nelson and M. Greyson. S. E. Nelson, M. Greyson and G. M. 
 Valinghain have been pastors. The present membership is about thirty. 
 • There are two societies which have regular meetings, one literary and 
 the other temperance. 
 
 Among the leading business houses the following are the leading ones: 
 general merchandise, Stanley & Brother; dry goods, Eeed & Son; agri- 
 cultural implements, Prentiss Brothers; drugs and medicines, JRus H'ogin; 
 groceries. Cover & Brown; grain and live stock merchants, Mighell 
 Brothers; Delta Coal Works, J. A. & G. W. Dunn ; physicians and sur^ 
 geons, J. D. Hamilton and E. H. Sheaflfer; hotels. Centennial House, kept 
 by J. K. Shipley, and Delta House, kept by J. H. Neas. 
 
 LANCASTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township lies between the branches of Skunk river, and extends 
 within six miles of the county line, both east and west, and is twelve miles 
 in length. It was first known as Kidge precinct. In 1846 it was organ- 
 ized as a township, taking the name of Lafayette. After the location of 
 the town of Lancaster it was changed to the name of that town. 
 
 The first white settlers were: Obadiah Tharp, John W. Snelson, Presley • 
 Doggett, William Trueblood, James Robinson, B. F. Chastain, Williatn 
 McGrew, James M. and Jesse B. Mitts, George Wimer, J. B. Whisler, 
 Amos Holloway, David Stout, J. G. Dement and Sam. Hardesty. Mr. Snel^ 
 son located on the present farm of Corbin Utterback, and for some time 
 ran a ferry across North Skunk. A cabin was erected near his dwelling in 
 which Mr. Whisler commenced selling goods, in the fall of 1844. Mr. 
 Whisler afterward sold goods in Lancaster, and at his mill, four miles 
 west of town. In 1845 Col. J. G. Crocker located near Lancaster, and in 
 1847 his son, the late General M. M. Crocker, received the appointment of 
 military cadet at West Point. 
 
 This township is the largest and possesses the greatest variety of natural 
 resources of any in the county. While it contains farming lands which 
 are hot excelled by any other in the State, it also has an abundance of tim- 
 ber and excellent water power. It has always taken the lead in point of 
 population, and when the seat of justice was located there it substantially 
 controlled the politics of the county, and thus was the first precinct in 
 point of influence, a position which it has not yet entirely lost. Lancas- 
 ter, with its heavy democratic majorities, is still a power in political con- 
 ventions. 
 
 The population in 1850 was 349; in 1856 it was 1,110; and in 1875 it 
 was 1,454. 
 
 The first school in the county was probably taught by Henry Horse, in a 
 log house which formerly stood on the Doggett farm, in the winter of 1844 
 and '45. 
 
 Among the first marriages was that of Mr. Jordan to Maria McGrew; 
 and the first birth appears to have been a son of Augustus M. Mead. Ben- 
 jamin F. Chastain organized the first church, in May, 1844. Tlie first 
 members were W. Snelson and wife, Jesse Gabbert and wife. Dr. Ragland, 
 Nathan Ruth and B. F. Chastain. They had no house of worship, and 
 their meetings were held at the residence of Mr. Snelson, on section three. 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 563 
 
 The first sermon was preached by Tannehill, at the hause of John Cox, 
 in 1843. 
 
 !,?Situated as it is, between the two forks of Skunk river, the best water 
 power is easy of access, and this was early utilized by the erection of mills. 
 These mills have always V)een a help to the development of the resources 
 of the entire county, and have had a gfood reputation in this and adjoining 
 townships. To aid in the settlement of that portion of the county, and 
 afford ready communication with other places, there was early a need felt 
 for good I'oads. A county road, commonly known as the Ridge Road, was 
 early projected, and ever since has been regarded as the leading highway oi 
 the county. Although several railways have been projected across the 
 township, none so far have been successful. The Ottuuiwa road, after nu- 
 merous failures, now promises to be built at no far distant day, and when 
 built will contribute much toward bringing out the large store of undevel- 
 oped resources which abound in great variety. Owing to the size of the 
 township it has an extra force of civil officers. For the present year they 
 are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — W. H. Hubbard, B. 0. Moore, S. 0. Harris. 
 
 Clerk — H. B. Jacobs. 
 
 Assessor — S. W. Brunt. 
 
 Constables — J. H. Richardson, J. H. Batt, J. M. Swearingen. 
 
 Trustees — Josiah Utterbach, F. M. Wertz, E. Bralliar. 
 ; Owing to the fact that so much of the history of this township is inti- 
 mately connected with the county-seat contests, and while the county-seat 
 was at Lancaster, the history of that town was the history of the town- 
 ship, the facts will be grouped as far as possible in the tollowing short ac- 
 count of the 
 
 TOWN OF LANCASTER. 
 
 In 1846, knowing, as he did, that the effort to remove the county-seat to 
 come point between the two Skunk rivers would probably prove successful, 
 Mr. J. B. Whisler, who has before been referred to, bought a quantity of 
 land in section 30, put about forty acres under cultivation, removed his 
 store there, and called the place Lafayette. This done he executed a bond 
 for a deed to the county for the land at Congress price, in case the county- 
 eeat should be removed there. The locating commissioners selected the 
 place for a county-seat and removed it to Lancaster. The county offices were 
 removed to the latter place in October, 1846. Prior to that time, and a 
 short time after the vote on the removal of the connty-seat, the commis- 
 misioners made the following order, which was the first act in the laying 
 out ot the town of Lancaster: 
 
 "Ordered by the board that the county surveyor be requested to appear 
 at Lancaster, situated on the northeast qnarter of section thirty, township 
 seventy-five, range eleven, prepared to survey and plat the said location 
 under the direction of the board of commissioners, on the 13th day of 
 August, 1846." 
 
 The land was accordingly laid out into town lots, and the town platted 
 and i-ecorded in August, 1846. Soon after the plat was recorded there was 
 a sale of lots, and Lancaster immediately became a city of great future 
 
 E respects. Some of the great men of the State, and some whose voices 
 ave been heard in the councils of the nation, began their professional ca- 
 
564: HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 reer at this same town of Lancaster. Here the first paper of the county 
 was published, the "Lancaster Friend," and here were adjudicated some of 
 tlie most important law cases which liave come up before the courts of the 
 district. 
 
 The following men of business flourished at Lancaster during the day& 
 of its prosperity: J. B. "WhisTer, "Whisler & Mitts, W. A. Jordon, 8l 
 Johnson, Malcom & Powers, J. Robinson, James McGrew, J. W. Siielson^ 
 Jesse O'Neil, J. & G. Wimer, Stapleton & Son, W. Bowman, N. Prime,. 
 J. Bucher, E. Clapp, E. Stout, John Crisnian, S. Jacobs, J. B. Gole and 
 H. Stevens. 
 
 The following phyicians flourished there: C. S. Stapleton, Drs. Clifton^ 
 Allen, Dorr, Davis, Alexander, Wright, Roop, Bell, Janes and others. 
 
 Among the prominent attorneys were the following: J. A. Williamson^ 
 E. T. Burton, Gr. W. Stapleton, S. A. Evans, J. M. Casev, Johii Johnson,. 
 A. J. Hill, M. T. Moore, J. T. Axtel, Gt. Wilkinson, J. L. Paschal, and 
 others. 
 
 All branches of business were represented, and Lancaster in the days of 
 its prosperity was a neat and enterprising town. One of the greatest mis- 
 fortunes which occurred in the days of its prosperity was the fire which 
 destroyed a large part of the town. At present there is very little of Lan- 
 caster left. 
 
 The lodge organized in 1855 and two churches are all that is left of it& 
 former glory. There are one or two stores, a blacksmith shop, postoffice- 
 and one very successful physician. 
 
 The Christian Chui'ch was organized in 1848, the original members being 
 Wm. Trueblood and wife, J. W. Snelson and wife, Thos. Cobb and wife>. 
 Asa Cobb and wife, W. H. Brunt and others. A brick church was erected 
 in 1854 at a cost of $1,000. The present membership is fifty-four. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1852; S. A. Evanfr 
 and wife, Mrs. Jesse O'Neil and Miss Mary O'Neil were among the- orig- 
 inal members. John Orr and Samuel Hestwood have been among the pas- 
 tors in years gone by. In 1869 the congregation purchased the farst story 
 of the Masonic hall building and fitted it up for church purposes at a cost 
 of $400. The present membership numbers about twenty-five. Beside* 
 Lancaster there are two other postoffices in the township, Hayesville on 
 section 28, and Monhattan located on section 34, in township 74, range 11. 
 
 CLEAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 A part of the township was in the second purchase of Indian territory io 
 Iowa and settled in the spring of 1839 by Dr. Washington Mealey and John 
 Mealey as the first white parties. Their claims are now the property of 
 Samuel Singmaster, one of Iowa's most successful stock feeders and horse 
 breeders, as he has now on hand twenty-one imported Clydesdale and Norr 
 man stallions. 
 
 In the fall of 1839 Thomas Henderson and D. N. Henderson, his second 
 son, crossed the Mississippi at Burlington, and Wending their way alorig^ 
 the Indian trails (for there were no roads) for three days and landed on the 
 farm now owned by Martin Sanders, about three miles' from the then boun- 
 dary line. The Indians visited them daily in a log shanty where they 
 camped, passing the shanty without a door, no one near, and did not dis- 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKTTK OOCNTT. 565 
 
 tnrb anything, for they had not then contracted the bad habits of the 
 whites'. 
 
 Tlioinas Henderson retnrned to liis home in "Warren coinity. III, and 
 left his son, D. N. Henderson, to work on his claim while he boarded with 
 Dr. Mealey and Jolui Mpaley, who both lived in the same house, he then 
 being only a yonth. His history is closely interwoven with the history of 
 the township and a short account of his varyinjr fortunes will be appro- 
 priate, as a history of Clear Greek township without U. N. Hendersou in it. 
 would be like the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out. During tlie former 
 part of the winter the Mealey families were each blessed with a new comer 
 and D. N. had to wade in the snow into Washington county to bring some 
 lady friends to welcome into the world the young Hawkeye. On one of 
 these trips he had to wade in the snow while Mrs. Wasson, Mrs. Temple 
 and Mrs. Middleton waded in the snow after him. He returned to Illinois- 
 dnring the winter of 1840, and while absent John Baker and Wm. Shock- 
 ley made claims, and in the following spring Thos. Henderson returned 
 and settled on his claim. James Junkin settled on the farm now owned 
 by C. Ramsey. Baker and Shockley settled on claims now owned by John 
 Suman and John Vogle. In the same spring William Grimsby settled on 
 a claim on which is now located the town of Talleyrand, Wesley Goss,. 
 Harvy Stevens and L. B. Homes all taking claims on government land not 
 surveyed; and in order to protect claims it became necessary to have an 
 oi^nization and make a code of laws in which all who signed the code 
 pledged their property, lives and sacred honor to stand to and abide the 
 decision of any committee chosen to settle any claim difficulty. All the 
 citizens signed the pledge and things moved on with scarce a jar to mar the 
 happy familes. All the first settlers had families, except L. B. Homes, and 
 he courted and married Miss Anderson the second year after settling on 
 his river claim, and they had one child, and she is at this writing the wife 
 of Theodore Robison of Sigonrney. About this time John Grill, Sr., and 
 his two sons, David and John, settled on claims on Skunk river, and after 
 Hving there two years sold to Robert Alexander and Michael Hornish, who- 
 came from Richland county. Ohio, and they and their families formed a 
 nnciens with Wesley Goss as a kind of exhorter to form a Methodist chnrclu 
 Soon after a tin peddler and next a Methodist preacher made their advent 
 in Clear Creek, and Rev. Samuel Sturgeon, an Associate Reformed preacher 
 who preached every four weeks on Sunday at Thos. Henderson's house, he 
 and his wife being both members, and T>. N. sung David's Psalms, tor he 
 was then orthodox. Fears were entertained as to the propriety of allowing 
 tlie Grills to settle on their claims, and a youth by the name of Mealey 
 burned a cabin on their claitn to prevent their settlement, and L. B. 
 Homes was charged with being accessory, which upon investigation proved 
 not to be correct. The Black Hawk purchase having been made in 1842 the 
 whites were allowed to settle on this land. D. ]N. Henderson had bonght a 
 claim of W. J. Hutchinson at the place where the Black Hawk mill now 
 stands, and L. B. Homes, who had a desire for a mill-site, determined to- 
 jump the claim. Tliey both repaired to the location on the evening that 
 the Indian title expired, and at midnight with their friends armed with 
 guns and knives. Homes took possession of the house which Hutchinson 
 Had built, and Henderson's party built a log heap so near the house that it 
 caught fire and the house had to be torn down. They then compromised 
 
566 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 and Homes bought Henderson out. Some of the boys were fined fifteen 
 dollars, but D. N. Henderson escaped. 
 
 The township soon settled up with good, sober citizens, for there was 
 not a drop of liquor of any kind sold or used in Clear Creek for several 
 jears after it was settled, and peace and happiness reigned supreme. Sun- 
 day-schools were organized, and no sect seemed to be strong enough to 
 attempt to persecute. But finally the Methodists got the lead in church 
 matters, and, as usual, they began to lay down rules of moral conduct for 
 all classes. .But the others, although in the minority, refused to follow the 
 ■dictates of the Methodists, and would once in a while trip the fantastic toe, 
 and thus two sets, both orthodox Christians, edged oflF, and would have 
 been at open war liad it not been for Mr. Grimsley, Thomas Henderson 
 and George Gray. DiflSculties then arose, and some left the church with 
 •disgust, and some were turned out. But a few held fast to the faith, and 
 revived again, and built a log church at the place now known as the Hornish 
 'Graveyard, as Michael Hornish donated three acres to be under tlie care 
 of the Methodists, and to be a public burying ground for all who wished to 
 occupy the same. Their church has had its ebbs and floods, sometimes in 
 prosperity and at others in adversity, and at this date tliey have a frame 
 house, in which thej' hold their meetings in Talleyrand; but their members 
 are but few, and very little life is mariitiested in their devotions. 
 
 While writing on the church subject, we will give the church history of 
 «ach denomination. 
 
 The Associate Reformed Church never organized in Clear Creek town- 
 ship. They only had occasional preaching, and finally organized ia Wash- 
 ington and Brighton. 
 
 The Seceders held occasional meetings at Mr. Junkin's house in the early 
 settlement of the township, but never made a permanent organization, and 
 united with the Seceders of Washington county, and built a church three 
 miles east of Talleyrand, many of its members residing in Clear Creek 
 township, among whom are (and were) Thomas Jeffrey and family, and E. 
 Kinkade and famly; and as the two last named churches have united under 
 the name of United Presbyterians, they still hold their meetings at the old 
 Seceder Church, east of Talleyrand, in Washington county; and prominent 
 among its members are John Jeffrey, Samuel Ford, A. H. Ford, Nathan 
 Garrett, Moses Hons, William S. Balston, and their families. They never 
 proselyte, and never receive any into their church who are not well versed 
 in the ritual, and of course they have but little trouble with their 
 members. 
 
 At the time that Lee split the Methodist church the United Brethren or- 
 ganized a church at the Greenlee school-house, Mr. Cligren and Frederick 
 F. Lj'ons as pastors. It continued for several years and finally disappeared. 
 
 The Baptists organized a church at the Shinbone school-house in the year 
 18 — , and have continued to this writing, and have a church in Talleyrand 
 
 "witli a membership of . They have a good frame house, with a steeple 
 
 and bell. Prominent among their members are A. N. Herich, William 
 Johnson, Uriah Johnson, S. E. Johnson, Dan'l Band, Austin Conely, John 
 Shockley, David Marquis, J. M. Sanders, Thos. Cowdery, and all their 
 wives; and Mrs. Jenks and Mrs. Powers, widow ladies. 
 
 The Catholic church is a substantial brick building, two miles northwest 
 
 of Talleyrand. Its members number . Theirs is a strong organization, 
 
 and outside of the church but little is known of its workings. It is well 
 
BISTOEY OF KEOKUK OOTJNTT. 567 
 
 fiiistained by its members, among whom are Paul Pfeifer, Frederick Berg, 
 
 John Vogle, John Seeman, Peter Quier, Jacob Conrad, and many others 
 
 who seem to be zealous in tiie cause they have espoused. 
 
 ' The Presbyterians built a church at Talleyrand, but the church finally 
 
 went down and was sold. 
 
 ■ The German Methodists organized a church at Talleyrand, and erected a. 
 
 building, which is still used by them. 
 
 The Adventists held a series of meetings in 1869, and created quite an 
 iBxcitement. Mr. Cornell, a Campbellite, held a discussion with them, and' 
 seemed to get ahead in the debates; however, they prospered ibr a time,, 
 but of late they seem to have about disappeared. 
 
 In 1859 a barn belonging to Mr. Singmaster was destroyed by fire. Cir- 
 cumstances led the people to suppose that the fire was caused by an incen- 
 diary, and the suspected party was taken by a number of Mr. Singmaster's^ 
 neighbors and barely escaped being hung. He was afterward indicted by 
 the grand jury, and being convicted was sentenced to the penitentiary. 
 Clear Creek township is known to the real estate dealer as township 75,. 
 range 10; and in 1850 had a population of 242; in 1856 the population 
 was 678 ; and in 1876 it was 1,270. ' 
 
 It is not as level as the township north, nor considered as good for agri- 
 cultural purposes as Richland, but owing to the fact that lumber was ot" 
 eitsy access it has always been a favorite region for emigrants. The present 
 officers are : 
 
 Justices of the Peace — D. N. Henderson and George Starr. 
 
 Constables — P. Heisdafi'er and John Briar. 
 
 Clerk — E. F. Henderson. 
 
 Trustees — T. Stuckland, John Englendinger and 'S. Wehr. 
 
 Assessor — John Hornung. 
 
 Talleyrand, the only town in the township, was laid out in March, 1867. 
 It is located near the center of the township, on sections 13, 14, 23 and 24. 
 It, for its size, has the usual number of stores, shops, churches and physi- 
 cians, all of which are in a prosperous condition. 
 
 GERMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township is composed of township 76 and over half of 75, range 11 
 and contains a larger population, except Sigourney, than any other in the- 
 county. In 1850 there were 239 inhabitants, in 1856 there were 806 and 
 in 1875 there were 1,532. This township is inhabited almost exclusively 
 by Germans, who are well situated and are contented and industrious. 
 Ifeither the Democratic nor the Republican party has ever been able to- 
 control the vote of this township, and consequently this is the chief battle- 
 field during the heated contests for the election of county oflBcers. Al- 
 though the people of German township are not owned by any political 
 organization, they never forget their enemies nor forsake their friends in 
 time of need. Mr. Snakenberg and Casper Klett were among the first set- 
 tlers of this township, the former still living near where he first settled and 
 the latter dying a few years since. He was born in Saxony in 1813; came 
 to Iowa in 1835 and to Keokuk county in 1839, and became the leading citizen 
 of German township. He had thirteen children, ten of whom are living.. 
 B. T. Moore came to the county in 1853, and since that time has followedi 
 
568 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 farming in tliis towftsliip. He lives on section 16, township 76, r&nge '11. 
 John Helcher settled in German township in 1869, where he married Misa 
 Anna Snakenberg. He lives on section 36. Martin Weaver lives on sec- 
 tion 16; he came to the township in 1857 with $700, and is now worth 
 about $7,000. J<.hn Beinhart came to the township in 1846 and entered 
 the land upon which his son, John Beinhart. Jr., now lives. He died shortly 
 after coming to tiie township. Calvin McGay settled in German township 
 in 1858. He bonght eighty acres of land and had only $100 to pay on it. 
 He now has two hundred acres of well improved land, and is out of d&bti 
 The foregoing illustrates the character of tiie majority of the farmers of 
 •German township. 'I here are in this township thirteen school-liouses. 
 The iirst one was bnilt in 1847, and stood east ot Gara:baldi in the timber, 
 and was called No. 1. In 1849 district No. 2 built a house one mile west 
 nof Garabaldi; both were log houses 16x20 feet with one window and one 
 door. In 1854 district No. 4 was organized and a house built. It was 
 16x18 feet, made of hewed logs, puncheon floor one door and five windows; 
 the district was three miles wide and six miles long, and here Levi Bowerj. 
 the present county treasurer, taught his first school. One among the first 
 ischool teachers of the township was Duke Rosecrans, an uncle of Gen^ 
 Eosecrans and Henry Rosecrans, of Sigourney. Wm Love also taught 
 rschool in the same neighborhood in early days. H. D. Todd, for many 
 3'ears subsequently county superintendent, taught school in German town- 
 ■for several terms. 
 
 The first church in German township was a German Methodist church, 
 organized in 1852. The first members were Didrick Snakenberg, Lewis 
 and John Snakenberg, Andrew Ilofl'mau, Court Meyerdiek, Anton lilander, 
 .J«ihn Flitch, David and John Beinhart. The present pastor is Rev. Philip 
 Bai'th. There is a Catholic church at Baden, built in 1857, the present pas- 
 tor being Rev. 1'. Kerr. There is also a Lutheran church, built in 1857, or- 
 :ganized in 1855, first members were Christian Dnnsing, Wm. Bienmatt^. 
 Ferdinand Wickenkump, Didrick Strohman, John Shermer, Didrick Buns 
 ;and Herman Beinka. 
 
 A coal bank known as Wm. Loughridge's bank, was discovered in 1856 
 by John Hartman. The vein was only eighteen inches thick and has not 
 been operated for a nnniber of years. 
 
 In 1856 John Hartman built a saw:mill" on Genrfan creek; it was the 
 first and only experiment with water-power in the township, and was not a 
 success. It WHS washed away shortly after it was built. In 1855 John 
 Holsworth built a steam saw-mill on land owned l)y Sebastian Striegle, 
 which was afterward removed one mile west of Garibaldi, where it is still 
 -operated. Joseph Kohlhouse built a steam saw-mill in the southern part 
 •of the township and operated it till 1871, when it was destroyed by the tor- 
 nado. 
 
 The first cemetery was laid out on Didrick Snakenberg's land near the 
 ■old German Methodist church, in 1847. The first person buried there was 
 John Beinhart. In 1856 another cemetery was laid out near the Lutheran 
 ■church. John Brumei't, one of the first settlers of the township, was among 
 the first buried there There is still another cemetery in the north part of 
 the tiiwnship which was laid out in 1859 Silas Richardson, one of the old 
 pioneers was buried there. '"''-' 
 
 There are no doctors at pn sent. Samnel Todd has practiced law for 
 twenty years. C. H. Mohland began the practice a few years since. There 
 
HMTOET OF KBOKDK COUNTY. 569 
 
 •were formerly two breweries in the sonth part of the township, one of 
 them operated by William Jiigenheimer and the other by Philip Mitchell; 
 both were discontinued some time since. 
 
 Baden was the first town laid out in German township. It was laid out 
 in 1856 by Sebastian Striegle. The first house was built by G. H. B. Strie- 
 gle, now of Harper, who built a dwelling house and blacksmith shop in 
 1857. The next building was erected by a Mr. Franken, who erected a 
 dwelling and grocery-honse combined. L. Striegle erected a store room 
 and Christ. Striegle built a dwelling-house soon after. In 1857 a Catholio 
 chnrch was built in Lafayette township, and some time after it was moved 
 to Baden, where it is now located. 
 
 Garibaldi was laid out in 1858. It contains a post-ofBce, one store and a 
 Turner's hall. It is chiefly noted for its facilities for furnishing amnse- 
 ment for the boys. 
 
 Ihe present township officers are: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — Henry Gortner and Fred. Cox. 
 Constables— Mart. Mohland and J. "W. Snakenberg. 
 Clerk— U. H. Mohland. 
 
 Trustees — John Knox, John Helcher and Henry Kilmer. 
 . Assessor — Theodore Blaise. 
 
 SIGOURNEY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 The boundaries of this township are very irregular on the north and south 
 sides. The east and west boundaries are the same as the congressional 
 township lines, and in this particular corresponds with range 12. The ir- 
 regular channel of Skunk river forms the southern boundary, while on the 
 north it corresponds with congressional township No. 75, except in north- 
 east corner, where two sections, thirty-five and thirty-six, are taken froni 
 Van Baren township. Until September, 1844, it was a part of German 
 township; at that time thn county commissioners made the following order: 
 
 "Ordered, that the boundaries of German township be extended so as to 
 make its western line be the range linedividing ranges twelve and thirteen, 
 and that the name of said township be changed to the name of Sigoumey." 
 Some time alter there was a division made and' the former name of German 
 township again appeared on the map with its present boundaries. 
 
 The township of Sigouruey thus received its name from the town which 
 bad been located and named more than a year before the township was 
 formed. The township, as it is now defined, contains about 12,500 acres, 
 and lias a population, exclusive of the town, of about 750. In 1850, the 
 township, exclusive of the town, had a population of 536, and in 1856 it 
 was 934. The present township oflicers are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — John Rogers and R. L. Donnell. 
 
 Constables — L. A. Berry and Chas. Berry. 
 
 Clerk— W. Shean. 
 
 Trustees — David MoMurray,»A. G. Brown and G. Kleinsmith. 
 
 Assessor — W. A. Barker. 
 
670 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 THE OITY OF SIGOUKNEY. 
 
 In treating of the organization of the county and the connty-seat con- 
 tests, mnch of the history of Sigonrney has already been written. In this 
 chapter we sliall treat of it in its character as a place of business; of its 
 growth and development, and of its literary, benevolent and religions in- 
 stitutions. The circumstances which led to the naming of the place have 
 already been given, and at this place it will be proper to give a brief sketch 
 of Mrs. Sigonrney. 
 
 Mrs. Sigourney was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on the 1st of Septem- 
 ber, 1791. Her maiden name was Lydia Huntley. At a very early age 
 she manifested a fondness for painting. Almost in her infancy she began 
 to draw with a pin and lilac-leaf, and advanced from that to slate and pencil, 
 and by-and-by to a lead pencil and backs of letters. Having in some way 
 obtained a cake of gamboge, she begged of a washerwoman a piece of in- 
 digo, and by combining these two ingredients she could make difterent 
 shades of yellow, blue and green. At length, to her great joy, her father 
 gave her a complete box of colors. When yet a girl her day-dream of the 
 future was to be a school teacher. The long cherished wish which, for a 
 long time, was kept a secret, was at length revealed to her parents, neither 
 of whom made any objections, and the pleasantest room of the house was 
 fitted up for the reception of pupils. ■ Her first venture did not prove to be 
 a success, parents having some hesitancy in intrusting their children to one 
 so young. She afterward associated herself with another lady, and suc- 
 ceeded better. 
 
 In 1815, while enjoying the hospitality of Daniel Wadsworth, her kind 
 and appreciative host by chance obtained possession of some of Lydia's 
 manuscript in prose arid verse; he pronounced them worthy of publication, 
 and under his auspices a volume was published entitled, " Moral Pieces in 
 Prose and Verse." This was the first appearance in print of any of her 
 productions. The public gave the little volume a generous welcome, and 
 its success lead to a career of authorship that lasted near a half-century and 
 resulted in the publication of fifty-six volumes of poetry, tales, novels, bi- 
 ographies and letters. 
 
 When twenty-eight years old, she was married to Charles Sigourney. 
 For the next fifteen years she resided in the most elegant mansion in Hart- 
 ford, her husband being a very successful merchant of that place. She be- 
 came the mother of several children, all but two of whom died in infancy. 
 
 After years of prosperity, Mr. Sigourney met with heavy losses, and they 
 were compelled to leave their pleasant residence and seek a home in a less 
 pretentious partof theci'y. Mr. Sigourney died at the age of seventy-six. 
 During the last seven years of her life Mrs. Slgouruey's cliief employment 
 was contributing to the columns of the New York "Ledger." She died 
 in June, 1865, after a brief illness, she having enjoyed excellent health up 
 to a short time previous to her death. She contemplated the approach of 
 death with great tranquility of mind — and well she might; for, having 
 spent her life in honorable labor for the benefit of her race, she could look 
 back upon her career with pleasure and satisfaction. 
 
 She always looked toward the rapidly developing West with deep inter- 
 est; especially is this true of Iowa, where was located the scene of one of 
 her most touching poems. An Indian girl by the name of Ka-la-we-quois, 
 belonging to the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, died of consumption and 
 
^■^^^ 
 
 /Z-PVt^ 
 
 -^ 
 
HI8T0KY OP KEOKUK OOtlNTT. 673 
 
 was buried in a county sonthwest of here. Mrs. Sigonrney, seeing a notice 
 of her death, wrote the following touching lines: 
 
 THE INDIAN GIRL'S BURIAL. 
 
 A wail upon the prairies, 
 
 A cry of woman's woe, 
 That mingleth with the autumn blast, 
 
 AH fitfully and low. 
 It is a mother's wailing! 
 
 Hath earth another tone 
 Like that with which a mother mourns 
 
 Her lost, her only one? 
 
 Pale faces gather 'round her; 
 
 They mark the storm swell high 
 That rends and wrecks the tossing soul; 
 
 But the cold blue eyes are dry. 
 Pale faces gazed upon her, 
 
 As the wUd winds caught her moan; 
 But she was an Indian mother. 
 
 Bo she wept those tears alone. 
 
 Long o'er that wasting idol 
 
 She watched, and toiled, and prayed, 
 Though every dreary dawn revealed 
 
 Some ravage death had made, 
 Till the fleshless sinews started, 
 
 And Hope no opiate gave. 
 And hoarse aiid hollow grew her voice — 
 
 An echo from the grave. 
 
 She was a gentle creature. 
 
 Of raven eye and tress, 
 And dove-like were the tones that breath'd 
 
 Her bosom's tenderness; 
 Save when some quick emotion 
 
 The warm blood quickly sent, 
 To revel in her olive cheek, 
 
 So richly eloquent. 
 
 I said consumption smote her, 
 
 And the healer's art was vain. 
 But she wius an Indian maiden, 
 
 And none deplored her pain — 
 None, save the widow'd mother, 
 
 Who now by her open tomb 
 Is writhing like the smitten wretoh 
 
 Whom judgment marks for doom. 
 
 Alas! that lowly cabin. 
 
 That couch beside the wall. 
 That seat beneath the mantling vine, 
 
 They are lone and empty all. 
 What hand shall pluck the tall green com, 
 
 That ripenetb on the plain. 
 Since she for whom the board was spread 
 
 Will ne'er return again! 
 
 Rest! rest then, Indian maiden! 
 
 Nor let thy murmuring shade 
 Grieve that those pale-browed ones with fcom 
 
 Thy burial rite surveyed. 
 There's many a king wnose funeral 
 
 A black-robed realm shall see — 
 For whom no tearof giirf is shed 
 
 Like that which faUs for thee. 
 
 36 
 
674 HI8TOEY OF KEOKUK OOUHTT. 
 
 -Tea, rest thee, forest maiden! 
 
 Beneath the native tree; 
 The proud may boast their little day — 
 
 They sink to dust like thee; 
 But there's many a one whose funeral 
 
 With nodding plumes may be. 
 Whom nature nor affection mourns 
 
 As now they mourn for thee. 
 
 Such is a brief sketch of the lady in whose honor the capital of Keokuk 
 county received its name. She showed her appreciation of the compli- 
 ment at one time by providing for the planting of the trees which now 
 adorn the conrt-house yard. 
 
 The town having been located and named, the next act in the develop- 
 ment of the embryo city was a survey of the town site and a plat of the 
 same. The preparatory legislation requisite to this end occurred^ on the 
 27th of July, 1844, when the county commissioners made the following 
 order: 
 
 "Ordered by the board that the county surveyor of Keokuk county be 
 required to repair to Sigourney, in said county, situated on the northeast 
 qiiarter of section No. 2, in township 75, range 12, which has been selected 
 as the seat of justice for said county, and on the 7th day of August next, 
 or within five days thereafter, proceed to lay off a , town on said quar- 
 ter section, by first finding the center of said quarter section, and making 
 the center of the public'square the center of said quarter section; pro- 
 vided, however, that if the center should not be situated on an eligible spot 
 then making the center of the public square at a certain stake set by the 
 county commissioners, which stands about one hundred yards northwest of 
 the office of S. A. James; : and that the surveyor proceed to lay off the 
 public square two hundred and seventy-six feet square, and that he lay off 
 eight blocks of the following dimensions, to-wit: Two hundred and seven- 
 ty-six feet square, which shall be laid off into eight lots, each with an alley 
 of twelve feet running each way through the center of the block; also four 
 streets; two running east and. west and two north and south, which streets 
 shall be eighty feet wide." , 
 
 At the same session of the board it was ordered that a sale of lots of the 
 sown of Sigourney be held in Sigourney on Tuesday, the 1st day of 
 October, 1844, The sale occurred according to order, and resulted in the 
 sale of a single lot, it being lot three, in block three, which sold for $l'A, $6 to 
 be paid in three months',' and $6 to be paid in six months, the purchaser 
 being Joel Landreth. The town having been sui-veyed and one lot sold, i^ 
 now Tjecame necessary to buy the land upon which, the prospective town 
 was located from the government. The commissioners accordingly author- 
 ized Mr. S. A. James to borrow the money necessary for this purpose, 
 which he procured from Godfrey Klett, and the land was entered in Jan- 
 uary, 1845. The remaining portion of the town quarter was laid out in 
 February, 1845, and in April the agent appointed began to sell lots; those 
 on the square sold for about $50, and others for $5. As has previously 
 been remarked, Mr. James was the first resident of the town of Sigourney; 
 he completed liis cabin, and thus, according to the rules of pre-emption, 
 became a settler in June, 1844. Here Mr. James remained " monarch of 
 all he surveyed " during the fall and winter of 1846. No other habitation 
 came within the circle of his vision except that of Jacob Shaver in a grove 
 
HISTOBr OF KKOKUK OOUNTr. 675 
 
 to the southwest. Mr. James, like many other men doing business in large 
 cities, had his home outside the city limits, and boarded with Mr. Siiaver, 
 who dwelt in the quiet suburb already mentioned. When the court met at 
 the county-seat in July, 1844, it also adjourned to the country for dinner. 
 
 In the spring and summer of 1845 there was quite an addition to the 
 heretofore quiet and orderly population of Sigourney. Among those who 
 came at this time were G. B. Cook, A. Covey, Joseph Adams, E. Shngart, 
 Wni. Easey, James, Siiields, Josiah Crawford, Rev. W. Hulbert, 13. F. Ed- 
 wards, and Dr. B. F. Weeks. Mr. Cook erected the first frame house in 
 Sigourney, which was afterward removed to the rear of Dr. Skillman's store 
 room. Mr. Shields erected a log house where the Clark House was after- 
 ward located, and opened up in it a grocery store. Mr. Shugart erected a 
 dwelling house of hewn logs. Mr. Basey put up a double log cabin which 
 was pulled down in 1865 by J. L. Hogin. Eev. Mr. Hulbert erected the 
 second frame house in the town ; this house was afterward owned and occu- 
 pied by Joseph Knox. Mr. Edwards erected a log building on the east 
 side of the square, in which he opened up a general stock of merchandise. 
 Mr. A. W. Blair was the first attorney. He came in January, 1845, and 
 remained until the beginning of the Mexican war, when he volunteered in 
 the service and spent some five years in northern Mexico. At the close of 
 the war he went to De's Moines and afterward to California. Dr. Weeks 
 was the first pliysician; he practiced his profession throughout the sur- 
 ironnding country and while on a professional visit to Warren township 
 was taken sick and died at the residence of Maxon Kandall. 
 . In 1846 Joseph Knox, for many years the leading merchant of Sigour- 
 ney, settled at the county seat. Then followed John C. Hogin, J. L. Hogin, 
 ;Walker.& Hawk, Reeves & Lash, I. N. and S. E. Hall, J.D. tAoNeS, Page 
 & Startsman, James Carr, A'. Meyer, Jackson '& McElroy. These all dealt 
 in dry goods and groceries, except the latter, who also handled hardware 
 very extensively. John Triessler, Heider & Allgayer, A. G. Brown, Wm. 
 "Wait, A- H. Mensley, Reeves & Shebe, C. D. McCally. Ray & King a,lso 
 Widled a stock of general merchandise during the years of '49 and '59 in- 
 chisi've. W. A. Beeks, J. L. Hogin, Miller & Blair, Shelby & Ross, Miller 
 & Landers supplied the drug and book trade during the same period, while 
 Martin Grimsley, James Bowen, Martin Butch, C. J. Smith, C. H. Adiai-d, 
 J. G. Ci-bcker and J. Shipfer supplied the grocery trade. Mr. Acha,rd put 
 op the first ice house in this winter of 1857, and during the following sum- 
 mer disposed of the first ice cream sold in Keoknk county. J. T. Clark 
 kept the Clark House, A. Gann, the Exchange, Daniel Heider, the 
 Sigourney House, 
 
 Dr. Skillman succeeded Dr. Weeks in the practice of medicine, and he is 
 probably the oldest physician in the county, beginning the practice in 1846 
 and being still located in the same place. The following physicians located 
 in Sigourney as follows: 
 
 In' 1847 Dr. A. C. Price located in Sigourney, Dr. A. Parks in 1856, Dr. 
 B. F. Raif in 1855, Dr. A. Hensley in 1854, Drs. H. W. Selbey, H. W. 
 Jay and F. Seeberger in 1858; Dr. Towndrow in 1853, H. G. Lachmund 
 in 1856. 
 
 . The bar of Sigourney will compare favorably with any other county of 
 Iowa. On its roll may be found two men reared in the county, who are 
 certainly exceptions to the rule that a prophet is not without honor save in 
 his' own country. The names of attorneys who located at difierent times 
 
576 HISTORY OF KEOKtTK COUNTY. 
 
 in town after Mr. Blair, who lias been noticed, are: T. S. Byers, J. V. 
 Baldwin. J. M. Casey, S. Harned, J. J. Heider, IT. H. Keath, R. S. Leake, 
 H. R. McPherson, S. E. Start, A. J. Stevens, J. B. Sholleubarger, G. Wil- 
 kinson and George D. Woodin. Hon. J. M. Casey, afterward connty 
 judge, was first prosecuting attorney, elected in 1847, re-elected in 1848, 
 and again re-elected in 1850 and 1855. E. S. Sampson, Esq., was elected 
 to the same office in 1856, and was succeeded by G. D. Woodin Esq. A. 
 J. Stevens, Esq., removed to Des Moines, and was afterwards elected au- 
 ditor of state. Hon. S. Harned was elected county judge in 1855, and was. 
 re-elected in 1857. J. J. Heider, Esq., who removed to Osceola, was first 
 mayor of Sigonrney, the town having been incorporated in October, 1 858. 
 
 In 1853 a steam saw mill was put in operation by Cook & Keck. In 
 1855 another was erected by Foster & Glandon. Mr. Oovej', put up, in 
 
 1856, an engine by which John W. Miller ran his foundry, and McLean & 
 Covey propelled a carding machine. 
 
 The following different trades were followed by the persons named at 
 various times in the past history of the town: 
 
 Blacksmith Shops.—5oae\>\\ Adams 1845, F. Gearing 1850, G. P. Ellis 
 1853, J. F. Malin 1854, G. Hntchinson 1857, Brown & Uell 1857. 
 
 Wagon Shops.— I. Plaff 1848, H. Smith 1847, Klinesmith & Kleet 
 
 1857, Mr. Barker 1860. 
 
 Calinet Shops — M. S. Sanders 1848, M. Pfaff 1855, Malin & Griffin 
 1857, H. Haughkenberry 1853, H. Olmyer 1856. 
 
 Fanning Mill /S'Aojps.— Haskell & Burgess 1846, J. T. Clark 1853. 
 
 Clocks and Watches.— 3. K. Shean 1867, D. W. Shean 1858, H. Passig 
 1859, J. M. Fox 1856. 
 
 Boots and Shoes.— G. W. Dobie 1856, C. Goldthwait 1858, A. Gann 
 1859, C. Lehman 1856. 
 
 Stoves and Tinware. — Mr. Jordan 1856, J. M. Mcintosh 1855, J. Eay 
 1857. 
 
 Saddles and Harness. — Eobert Linder 1845, W. A. Blair 1861, A. Net- 
 terfield 1867, Leake & Bro. 1856, N. H. Hall 1859, G. L. Littler 1860. 
 
 Tailors.— T. Courser 1849, J. & C. Shockley 1850, J. S. Dunbar, also H. 
 H. Boegel 1854, A. G. Eobinson 1856, Edward Dwyer 1857. 
 
 Coopers.— Jacob Shaver 1844, A. Kleitz 1856, A. J. Israel 1859. 
 
 Marble Works. — Jones & Oarmean 1865, H. C. Jones 1857, Jones & 
 Abernethy 1858. 
 
 Gunsmith.— W. C. Taylor 1857. 
 
 Dentistry.— Dv. Carwin 1853, Dr. J. P. Terger 1856. 
 
 Livery Stables. — Johnson & Martin 1866, Uonahey & Brown 1857, W. 
 Randall 1858, James Bowen 1859. 
 
 Cigars and Tobacco. — H. Knape 1857. 
 
 Tanneries.— A. Gann 1860, Blair & Boyd 1860. 
 
 The foregoing brief account of the early settlement of Sigonrney, and 
 the business prior to the war, will afford an accurate and general idea of tbe 
 place in times past. During the war of course the town did not grow 
 ranch. After the war a new energy was displayed and new vitality began 
 to be visible, both in the external appearance of the town and in the in- 
 ternal currents of trade. A few of the old buidings were then torn down 
 and the places occupied by more imposing and durable structures. It wa*^ 
 not, however, until the town succeeded in securing railroad communicatiott 
 with the outside world that it began to put on metropolitan airs', a gen- 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 571 
 
 eral movement for the erection of commodious brick blocks topk place, 
 and Sigonrney made a bold strike to become a business point of first-class 
 pretensions. 
 
 These changes cannot be noted definitely, as they occurred, nor would 
 an elaborate account of these changes, and the men instrumental in bring- 
 ing them abont, be appropriate for this work. "With tiiis hasty view of 
 Si^ourney, as it was, we will now enter upon a brief account of Sigourney 
 as it is. 
 
 The business of Sigonrney, as at present conducted, is more clearly de- 
 fined than formerly, the merchants having gradually concentrated their 
 capital and energy upon separate lines of trade, stores of general mer- 
 chandise now being the exception and not the rule. The several learned 
 professions are ably represented, while the various literary, benevolent and 
 religious societies are in a flourishing condition. The following are the 
 leading law firms of the town: Sampson & Brown, Woodin & McJunkin, 
 Donnell & Brooks, Earned & Fonda, Mackey & "Williams, and H. D. 
 Gartner. Among these representatives of the bar, a number have heldimr 
 portant ofiices. Hon. E. S. Sampson was, for a number of years, judge of 
 the District Court, and served for two terms in the National Congress. 
 Hon. S. Harned was a delegate' to the second constitutional convention; 
 was twice elected county judge, and at present represents the county in the 
 State senate. C. H. Mackey is the representative elect from the county to 
 the State legislature, and his partner, Mr. Williams, filled the same office 
 at the last session of the general assembly. John A. Donnell, for a term 
 of years, filled the office of clerk of the courts. The following physicians 
 have their offices in Sigourney: Dr. Skillman, who has almost entirely 
 abandoned the profession on account of age; Dr. S. D. Cook, Dr. A- C. 
 Price, Dr. J. H. Hair, Dr. T. B. Mc"Williams, and Doctors Beechler, "West 
 and Gray. Dr. Sanford Huff, until recently, was one of the leading physi- 
 cians of the town, but recently died. Doctors Thompson and Armstrong 
 are the dental surgeons. S. A. James & Son and Johnson & Hankins are 
 the leading real estate dealers. There are at present two banks. The Krst 
 National Bank succeeded to the business of the Bank of Sigourney. The 
 ifirst meeting held looking towards its organization was at the office of 
 Geo. D. Woodin, at Sigonrney, on October 31, 1870, when articles of asso- 
 ciation were signed by those parties — Geo. D. "Woodin, A. G. Brown, W. 
 B. Merriam and L. McCoy, of Sigonrney, and James Dawson, Hugh 
 Smith, Joseph Keck and Henry S. Clarke,of Washington, Iowa. 
 
 The first board of directors was Geo. D. Woodin, A. G. Brown, Joseph 
 Keck, H. S. Clarke and James Dawson. Tiie first president was Joseph 
 Keck. The first vice-president was George D. Woodin, and the cashier was^ 
 R. 11. Bowland. After doing this preliminary work they then remained at 
 a stand-still, waiting the voting of taxes in the various townships that would 
 bring the Kock Island railroad to Sigourney, so that their charter bears 
 •date February 15, 1871. As soon after this as arrangements could be made 
 the bank entei-ed upon an active career. March 30, 1871, H. Clarke came 
 to Sigourney, took charge of the business then in the hands of the bank of 
 '.Sigourney, and the next day I. A. Keck put in an appearance as cashier, K. 
 E. Bowland having in the meanwhile resigned that position. 
 
 From that day to this, November, 1879, the president, vice-president and 
 cashier have remained unchanged, and three of the original directors, viz: 
 Joseph Keck, G. 1). Woodin and A. G. Brown, have never left the direo- 
 
578 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 tory. In 1873, by the death of W, B. Merriam, the bank lost an oflScer 
 who was always watchful of its interests, and, as a mark of the esteem iii 
 which he was held by his associates and the community at large, it is only 
 necessary to refer to " Wal" Merriam in tiie presence of any old i-esident, 
 and you will get a reply that will satisfy you that he was the soul of hohor^ 
 wide-awake and fearless in the discharge of his duties as a man and citizen. 
 Originally there were eight stockliolders, now, (1879), there are still five of 
 the same eight. In 1872, 1. C. Weaver was made assistant cashier, whichi 
 place he still holds. The bank, through the panic of 1873, and snbsequient 
 depression, never refused the payment of a single dollar it owed to a de- 
 positor; while other banks paid limited amounts, it always paid in fnlL 
 Its capital is $50,000, and a surplus of $8,000 has been accumulated. The 
 bank is noted for the few changes in its stockholders and officers; in this 
 western country it is seldom that for nine years you find the control of a 
 bank in virtually the same hands without a change during all that time. 
 The Union Eank was organized July 1, 1875, with its present officers: 
 
 President — J. P. Yerger. 
 
 Vice-President — E. Laffer. 
 
 Cashier — Theodore Robinson. 
 It is incorporated under the laws of Iowa and does a general banking 
 buBJness. 
 
 BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 
 
 Sigonrney Lodge Ko. 98, I. O. O. F., was organized November 14, 1856: 
 The petitioners for charter were S. Earned, E. C. Eomig, A. S. Alexander, 
 D. D. Slaughter, T. H. Elwell and A. Fisher. The first officers were: S. 
 Harned, N. G.; Philip Long, V. G.; A. S. Alexander, secretary, and T. 
 H. Elwell, treasurer. During the summer of 1861 it surrendered its char- 
 ter. Upon the petition of S. Harned, S. A. James, Philip Long, Joel Lotigy 
 David Newkirk, B. McDaniel, A. Garm and J. M. Adams, members of th& 
 old organization, the charter and books were returned during the month off 
 December, 1867, by Wm. Garret, who was Grand Secretary; The G. M. 
 autliofized D. D. G. M. Davis, of Eichland, to institute said lodge and 
 install the officers, which was done January 6, 1868. The officers iustalled 
 at that time were S. Ilarned, N. G.; S. A. Jiames, Y. G.; J. M. Adams, 
 secretary, and Philip Long, treasurer. 
 
 The lodge does not own a hall of its own, and the place of meeting is in 
 the third Story of Johnson's Block. Philip Long, a prominent member of 
 the order, died Some years since, bequeathing the sum of $1,600 to the or- 
 der. 
 
 The present officers of the Order are as follows: E. B. Home, N. G.; D. 
 P. Yoder, V. G.; G. P. Baines, E. S.; James Thompson, Treasurer; Jame» 
 Williams, P. S. The membership of the Lodge at present is 120. 
 
 Hebron Encampment, Eo. 40, I. O. G. T., was instituted October 20^ 
 1869, upon the prayer of the following petitioners: D. W. Sheau, N. S. 
 Gilbert, L. B. SHveywood, J. P. Yerger, A. J. Pope, J. M. Adams, S. Har- 
 ned and J. P. Farra. Present membersiiip, forty. Present officers: D- 
 Hanke, E. P.; E. B. House, H. P.; Philip Bertch, S. W.; James Thomp- 
 son, treasurer; D. P. Yoder, scribe; O. Seaton, J. W. 
 
BI8TOBT OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 5'<9 
 
 MASONIC. 
 
 . The following elaborate account of this order was prepared by one of the 
 order: 
 
 FIRST MASONIC LODGE. 
 
 The following is a history of the first Masonic Lodge in Sigoui'ney, 
 Keokuk connty, Iowa: 
 
 By autliority of the Most Worshipful Grand Master of Iowa, J. L. 
 Hogin, Sr., George Plnkerton, Alexander Caldwell, Sanford Harned, Isaac 
 Mills, Aaron H. Hensley and John C. Hogin, Master Masons, met in Sig- 
 onrney, Keokuk oonnty, Iowa, May 13th, 1851, and opened a lodge after 
 the manner of Ancient Masons, James L. Hogin, Sr., acting as 
 W. M.; George Plnkerton, as S. W.; John C. Hogin, J. W.; 
 they being the brothers named in dispensation to act in said 
 offices. The master appointed Isaac Mills, treasurer; Sanford Harned, 
 treasurer; A. H. Hensley, S. D.; Alexander Caldwell, J. D. 
 From the records it appears that they didn't have a tyler, unless 
 brother Heffner, of Clinton Lodge, No. 15, who was present and acted as 
 such. At this meeting a code of by-laws was adopted; petitions of Even 
 H. Skillman, A. E. Lowe and Joel Long recorded, and referred to commit- 
 tees; committees repotted, ballot had, and all three initiated as Entered Ap- 
 prentices. 
 
 Petition ot James Carr received and referred to committe, they to report 
 at next meeting. 
 
 The records show that the lodge met May 27th, June 8th, June 24th, 
 June 27th, August 5th, September 9th, September 16th, October 7th, 
 
 November , no date given (lost the almanac,) December 2d, December 
 
 26th. January 6th, 1852, February 3d, March 2d, March 30th, April 10th, 
 April 27th, making nineteen meetings while working under dispensation, 
 and working in some one or all three of the degrees at nearly every 
 meeting. 
 
 At a meeting of the Grand Lodge, held June Ist, 1852, in Mt. Pleasant, 
 Henry county, Iowa, Hogin Lodge, U. D., was granted a charter and num- 
 bered 82. James L. Hogin. Sr., Past Grand Master of Indiana, for 
 whom thelodge was named, was elected the first W. M; A. E. Lowe, S. 
 W.; M. M. Crocker, J. W.; E. El. Skillman, treasurer; J. C. Hogin, sec- 
 retary; "W. A. Blair, S. D.; James Carr, J. D.; J. T. Clark, 
 tyler; and from the records we find the lodge reports, at the end of 
 the masonic year, Joshua Landers, Aaron Clemnions, Obed King. Joel 
 Long, A. P. Moody, Wm. Wait, A. H. Hensley, D. G. Burgis, J. L. Hogin, 
 Jr., M. T. Siverly and G. P. Ellis, as Master Masons and members of the 
 lodge. Nineteen members all told at the end of the third year one un- 
 der dispensation, from the personal knowledge of the one giving these 
 notes, J. L. Parker, there was one fellow-craft at the date of the report — 
 himself. 
 
 It may be well enough to go back and speak of some matters interesting 
 to the craft, at least. At the formation of this lodge in Sigourney at least 
 two-thirds of the lands in the county were vacant, Sigourney, a town of 
 some two hundred inhabitants, eighty miles from market. Back woods; 
 but the brothers spoken of as forming the lodge, having once enjoyed 
 bd^e privileges, and having the good of the craft at heart, were of the opin- 
 
580 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ion that a lodge might be formed and sustained, though the material was 
 scarce, and accommodations for holding a lodge very poor in comparison 
 to what they had been nsed to. Brother J. L. Hogin, Sr., furnished a 
 room over his store, on the northwest corner of the square, (building now 
 known as the old Hogin drug store), and removed some years ago to make 
 place for the substantial brick block now owned and occupied by E. Laffer. 
 The room in which the lodge was organized was about 12x18 feet square, 
 and how the craft worked is best known to themselves; but work they did, 
 and did good work. During the first year of the charter, 1852, the lodge re- 
 moved to more commodious quarters on the south side of the public square; 
 the room there occupied by them was 18x36 feet, reception and ante-room 
 included. The lodge was moved, I think, in 1853, to the northeast corner 
 of the square in the second story of a frame building 18x39 feet, sincfe 
 moved away to make room for the Keller block. While in this room thift 
 lodge resolved to have a home of their own, and as brothers J. 0. S^il^ 
 and S. Harned, with F. S. Glandon, were making preparations to efect a 
 two-story brick on the west side of the square. Said building: to be 44x60 
 feet, (now owned by Cunnningham & Fisher). The lodge imide arrange- 
 ments to put a third story on the building, or rather to finisl^^Ioff a room on 
 the roof. These arrangements were carried out and the rodge moved to 
 what they supposed a permanent home, hoping to be ablfe ;to pay out and 
 own the building, but the financial crisis about that time, 1856-57, reached 
 the lodge as well as some of its members, and some of the parties building 
 the room took it back and rented the same to the lodge, which the lodge con- 
 tinued to occupy until 1862. 
 
 Soon after the breaking out of the great rebellion the lodge, not having 
 recovered from its financial embarrassment, and many ot its members 
 having gone into the army, was forced to surrender its charter. 
 
 In the spring of 1865, the following named Master Masons, residents of 
 Sigouruey and vicinity, petitioned the Grand Master of Masons of Iowa 
 to grant them a dispensation to meet and work as a lodge. 
 
 J. H. Sanders, as W. M. ; James Dickson,asS.W.; Wm.Wait,as J.W. Sam, 
 nel Melogne, John W. Miller, A. 0. Pice, Wra. A. Blair, John C. Hogiuj 
 M. T. Siverly, J. S. Griffin, A. E. Lowe, J. L. Smith, E. P. Brockertson, 
 W. W. Eandall, J. M. Ferguson, J. T. Parker, Dudley Buck and B. 
 Frankin. 
 
 Prayer of petitioners was granted, dispensation received, dated July 
 14, 1865, and signed by A. E.Gnilbert, Most Worshipful Grand Master j 
 T. S. Parvin, Kight Worshipful Grand Secretary, and naming the new 
 lodge Blazing Star, U. D;, the brethren above named got permission of 
 Bro. J. C. Hogin to meet in the lodge occupied by Hogin Lodge No 32, 
 most of the furniture belonging to Hogin Lodge 32 still being in the 
 room, with some extempore jewels, and with a detei'mination to succeed, 
 the brethren met August 2, 1865, and opened a lodge. Dispensation read 
 and secretary instructed to rent the room, procure stationery, books, etc. 
 The next meeting was August 30, 1865. Met October 4, 1865. At this 
 meeting the secretary reported that the hall had been rented at $40 per 
 year 
 
 By referring to the records we find tliat the lodge had twenty-two meet- 
 ings, up to June 2, 1866, being the time they were working under dispen- 
 sation, working in some or all of the degrees at most of the meetings. 
 How well the future will tell. On March 13, 1866 a school of instruistioa 
 
HI8at>£T Ot KEOKUK COtlSTT. 581 
 
 was opened by W. B. Langriige. This instrncUon continued four days, 
 meeting at 9 a. m., and 2 and 7 p. m., each day. To this school much of 
 the interest and 'prosperity of the lodge is due. 
 
 At the annual commencement of tlie Grand L6%;e, iield in Davenport 
 Iowa, in June, 1866, a charter was granted, and on the request of the 
 members of Blazing Star Lodge, the name was changed to Webb Lodge, 
 the number of the lodge 182. 
 
 On Jnne 23, 1866, Special Deputy, William Hursey, appointed by the 
 Grand Master to organize Webb Lodge, No. 182, called the brethren to- 
 gether and with proper ceremonies organized the lodge and delivered to 
 them their charter. At this meeting the officers elected and installed were 
 as follows: John T. Parker, W. M.; James Dickson, S. W. ; L. McCoy, J. 
 W.;Sanford Harned, treasurer; W. B. Squires, secretary. 
 
 From the proceedings of the Grand Lodge we find the tbllowing named 
 persons were members of Blazing Star Lodge, at the time the same was 
 chartered as Webb Lodge No. 182: J. H. Sanders, James Dickson, Sam- 
 uel Melogne, John W. Miller, A. C. Price, Wm. A. Blair, John C. Hogin, 
 J. S. Griffin, A. E. Lowe, J. L. Smith, W. W. Randall, J. M. Ferguson, J. 
 T. Parker. Dudley Buck, B. Frankin, S. E. Hall, W. S. Parmley, John S. 
 Maple, T. Everts, Joel Long, J. H. Triggs, C. 0. Wilson, H. H. Boegle, S. 
 Harned, D. T. Miller, C. H. Mackey, L. Melogne, B. 11. Hogin, J. T. Blair, 
 R. L. Donnell, W. B. Sq«ires, Master Masons. 
 
 H. E. Havens, John A. Donnell and R. Bell, Fellow Crafts. 
 
 Miram Pinkerton, D, P. Swails and W. B. Merriam Entered Apprentices, 
 and that Wm. Wait, E. P. Robertson and M. T. Siverly had been dimitted 
 during the year. 
 
 Brother James L. Hogin, Past Grand Master, of Indiana, and of Iowa, 
 for whom two lodges were named, one at Danville, Hendricks county, Indi- 
 ana, and one at Sigourney, Keoknk county Iowa, he having organized each 
 of them, and was their first MaSt^, Was unanimously elected an honorary 
 member of Blazing Star Lodge, U. t). The above named Masons were the 
 charter members or Webb Lodge No. 182, A. F. & A. M. Upon receiving 
 their charter the brothern redoubled their diligence and went to work; dur- 
 ing the first year of the 'charter the lodge rented a room of Joseph Oyel- 
 Dieyer, for a term of five years. This room is 22x60 and situate in the sec- 
 ond slory, north half of said Oyelmeyer's business rooms, north of the 
 north east corner of the square. The lodge, on moving to this room, pro- 
 «nrred an entire new outfit, and in conjunction with Joppa Chapter, Royal 
 Arch Masons, then organizing, fitted up the room suitable for lodge and 
 chapter; they together occupied this room until the expiration of the 
 lease, at which time the lodge rented the third story of the Thomas John- 
 eon Block on the north side of the public square, to which they removed, 
 and which they nowoccupy, with a membership on May 1, 1879, of seventy- 
 two members, lodge free of debt, money at interest, and property kept in- 
 sured. To go back and give details perhaps would not be of interest to 
 but few, further than to say the lodge has been successful* from the start, 
 the brethren dwelling together in unity, but few family quarrels and they 
 amicably adjusted. 
 
 The lodges in Sigourney have been honored with one Grand Master, 
 James L. Hogin, Sr., who at the annual communication of the Grand 
 Lodge held at Mount Pleasant, Henry county, Iowa, June 6, 1851, was 
 elected Grand Master, and who served one year. 
 
582 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOtrNTT. 
 
 I. A. Keck, a member ot Webb Lodge, No. 182, at the meeting of th& 
 Grand Lodge held.at Davenport, Iowa, on June 6, 1877, was elected Gran J 
 Treasurer, and served one year. 
 
 Many have been called from labor to refreshment at the order of the Su-. 
 preme Grand Master of all, and we trust have been fonnd worthy of wages;, 
 many have dimitted and gone to other jurisdictions, and wherever they ma/ 
 be we hope they sometimes think of the old lodge and its members. 
 
 CAPITULAE MASONRY. 
 
 On the second day of December, 1867, a dispensation was granted by the 
 Most Excellent Grand High Priest of Iowa to the following named com- 
 panions: James L. Hogin, Sr., "William Hursey, J. H. Sanders, Wm. 
 Wait, F. B. Matthews, James Dickson, J. C. Wilson, D. N. Newton, H. 
 N. Henderson and E. O. Kiley to meet and work as a Chapter of Eoyal 
 Arch Masons in Sigonrney, Keokuk county, Iowa, under the name ef 
 Joppa Chapter, K. A. M. Under dispensation, by that authority, the com-, 
 panions met and organized — James L. Hogin, Sr., as High Priest, the 
 balance of the companions taking rank in the order their names appear 
 above. During the time the chapter was under dispensation the following 
 named Master Masons were exalted: John T. Parker, J. H; Shawhan, 
 J. ■ P. Terger, Lycurgus McCoy, J. T. Blair, A. Eoberts, Sianford 
 Harned, K. B. Hogin, W. B. Merriam, Dudley Buck, J. S, Griffin, H. A. 
 Herrick, J. C. Jennis, A. C. Romig, B. Frankin and Dennis Cokeley. On 
 the sixteenth day of October, 1868, a charter was granted to the above 
 named companions and Joppa Chapter, No. 40, R. A. M., was duly organ- 
 ized, since which time they have continued to meet, work, rnd have 
 prospered ; they have their home with the lodge (Webb 182). 
 
 ORYPTIO MASONRY. 
 
 On the sixteenth day of October, 1870, a charter was granted to James 
 L. Hogin, Sr., W. B. Merriam, J. P. Yerger, J. H, Shawhan, James Dick- 
 son, J. T. Blair, J. H. Sanders, John T. Pai-ker and William Wilson, Jr., 
 to work as Sigourney Council No. 14, Royal and Select Masters, in Sigonr- 
 ney, Iowa. B. Crabb, M. E. G. M. of Iowa, organized the council and set 
 them to work; the council met and worked for a short time, but at the 
 time the council degrees were given to the chapter the council had not 
 met for about one year and but once in three years, not because the com- 
 panions did not appreciate the council degrees, but because most of the 
 members had not time to devote to the council; having once received the 
 degrees they fell back on the fountain-head, (Blue Lodge Masonry). So 
 ended the council, it being attached to the chapter. 
 
 A. o. V. w. 
 
 Penn Lodge No. 62 was organized April 18, 1876, and chartered April 
 19, 1876; John T. Parker was Master Workman. The next M. W. was G. 
 D. Woodin, then John A. Donnell, then H. C. Adams, then J. T. Thomp- 
 son, then Josiah Fisher, then J. W. Hanson and at present Levi Bower; 
 The first death among the order at this place was that of Dr. S. W. Huff, 
 who died recently, and by virtue of his membership leaves to his family 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTt. 585 
 
 $2,000, the main object of the order being to secnre to the families of mem- 
 bers these pecnniary benefits. At the time of organization there were 
 about thirty members of tiie order, at present tliere are sev'ent3'-se7en. The- 
 actnal expense to each member averages about $12.00 per year. Tlie lodge 
 room is situated in White's block, south side of the public square. Regu- 
 lar communication every Friday evening; the dues are $4.00 per year^ 
 assessments $1.05 each. 
 
 TEMPERANCE SOCIEIIES. 
 
 In the spring of 1879 there was a very successful temperance revival, re- 
 sulting from the earnest efforts of Major Boiitecou, a gentleman who haa 
 achieved a greater reputation throughout the State than any other of th& 
 many who have been operating in this direction. During his stay in the 
 town four hundred and twenty-five signed the pledge, and two temperance 
 societies were formed: one, composed of ladies, called the White Ribbon; 
 and one, composed of gentlemen, called the Red Ribbon society. Tlie offi- 
 cers of the former are: president, Mrs. Sarah A. Merriam; vice-president, 
 Mrs. J. P. Yerger; secretary, Miss Bracken; treasurer, Mrs. S. D, Cook. 
 Of the latter: I. S. Drummond. president; J. B. Adams, vice-president J 
 G. W. Kelley, secretary; Minor Wightman, treasurer. 
 
 The societies work in unison and have a hall in common, the meetings- 
 being held at different times, and the books and papers with which the 
 reading-room is supplied being the common property of both. 
 
 IBVING LITEKABT SOCIETY. 
 
 This society was organized in 1874, and is composed of a number of 
 young people of literary taste, a large number of business men and nearly 
 all of the professional men of the town. A neat hall has been fitted up in 
 the rear of Donnell & Brooks' office, which, among other things nsefnl for 
 the society, is a library consisting of about two hundred well selected books.. 
 There is an executive committee, whose duty it is each week to appoint 
 what is familiarly known as a " star actor.". Upon the " star actor " de- 
 volves the duty of furnishing the chief performance of the evening, which 
 may consist of an essay, an address or a recitation. In addition to this per- 
 formance there are shorter essays, declamations, music and discussions. The 
 present officers are as follows: president, R. L. Donnell; vice-president. 
 Miss Leona Sanvpson ; secretary, C. M. Brown; treasurer, T. H. Benton;, 
 librarian, J. T. Brooks; corresponding secretary, Frank Yerger; executive 
 committee, S. A. James. J. A. Donnell, H. S. Snodgrass. 
 
 CHTTBCHES. 
 
 The first religious organization formed in Sigonrney was that of the 
 Methodists, in 1847, under the influence of Rev. Mr. Hulbert, a local 
 preacher of that denomination, who settled here in 1846. This organiza- 
 tion flourished for a time, meetings being held in the old log conrt-liouse;. 
 In the course of a few years this organization went down, and the church 
 was not re-organi2ed till the winter of 1850. 
 
 The following were some of the members of this organization: Mr. and 
 Mrs. J, 0. Hogin, Mr. and Mrs. Hewett, Mrs. Eliza Hogin, J. L. Hogin,, 
 
584: HISTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Mrs. Moody and E. Hogin. A frame church was erected in 1864, at a cost 
 of $2,500. This church was dedicated by Dr. Berry in the spring of 1855. 
 The following, in the order given, have been pastors: Eevs. Messrs. Bar- 
 ley, Skinner, Orr, Bamford,"Hestwood, Gruber, Slusser, Barnhart, Teter, 
 Lawback, Morry, Walker, Brown, Gennis, Eeynolds, Holoway, Myers, 
 Burns, Wilnes, Noble, Thompson, Cooper, and Barton, the present pastor. 
 The present membership numbers one hundred and eleven; the Sabbath- 
 fichool, about two hundred. 
 
 THE BAPTIST CHUEOH 
 
 Of Sigourney was organized in June, 1857. Composed principally of 
 members wlio ,had previously belonged to an organization two miles 
 west of Sigourney, wliich, was perhaps, the first organized Baptist church 
 in the county. The names of the original members were as follows: 
 Eichard Chrisman and wife, John Wightman and wife, Isaac G. Wilson 
 and wife, Benjamine Eaton and wile, A. T. Page, Linus Muzzy and 
 "wife, Willis Rogers and wife, Bebeckah Basey, Isaac Basey, Sr., and 
 wife, Rev. C. Bollock and wife. Eev. James Frey and wife moved to Sig- 
 ourney and became members shortly after the organization. Of the above 
 members, only five still retain their membership in the church, viz: E. 
 Chrisman and wife, Eev. James Frey and wife and Eebeckah Basey. 
 
 The first church edifice was commenced in 1859, but owing to hard 
 times, was not completed until 1 863, at a cost of $3,000. This work was 
 accomplished mainly through the untiring effbrts of their pastor, Eev. Jas. 
 Frey, who gave all his salary, his team, and mortgaged his own homestead, 
 to secure the completion of the building. The old building was remodeled 
 and enlarged in 1873, at an expense of $2,200. This second improvment, 
 was also made through the personal eflbrts and indefatigable energy of Eev. 
 James Frey. 
 
 The first building was dedicated November, 1863, and the second time 
 in 1873, in both cases by Eev. Mr. Frey, who has been pastor a greater 
 portion of the time, and is at present pastor. Eevs. Messrs. West, Pratt, 
 CoflPman and Crandall, have also been pastors for a short time. 
 
 Mr. Frey being the pioneer Baptist preacher of the county, the following 
 biography will be interesting: He was born in 1827, In Knox county, 
 Ohio; educated at Granville College, and entered the ministry in 1851. 
 He came to Iowa in and settled at Sigourney, in 1857, and accepted the 
 pastorate of the Baptist church. In 1860 he was elected county superin- 
 tendent of schools, and served in this ofiice for two years. With the excep- 
 tion of these two years his time has .been given exclusively to the work of 
 the ministry. With the exception of three years at Knoxville, and two and 
 a-half years at Fairfield, his work has been confined to the limits of Keo- 
 kuk county. 
 
 THE FIRST PEESBTTEEIAN CHUBCH 
 
 Of Sigourney was organized in January, 1855. The original members 
 •were John Wilson, Nathan H. Hall, James H. Greigg, Margery A. Greigg, 
 Jane Wilson, Susanna D. Wilson and Wilhelmina Heider. John Wilson 
 was first elected ruling elder. In 1856 a frame church-building was 
 «rected which served the congregation until 1876, when the present ejegant 
 and commodious church-building was erected at a cost of $8,000. Eev. 
 Mr. Smock, the first Presbyterian minister of the county, who was chiefly 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. • 585 
 
 instrumental in the organization of the church, was the first pastor. He 
 was followed by Mathews, Kelly and Hare. Eev. Mr. Snodgrass, formerly 
 of Oskaloosa, is their present pastor. The present membership numbers 
 ninety-three. The Snndy-school in connection with the church, was or- 
 pnized in 1857. E. W. McJunkin is the superintendent; the attendance 
 is abonttwo hundred and twenty-five. 
 
 SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS. 
 
 This church was organized October 2, 1869. Peyton Prichard, Lycnrgua 
 McCoy, William Carlysle, C. E. Moser, Salina E. Stranahan, Ruth E. 
 Nichols, Margaret L. Proctor, Rebecca J. Griffin, Margaret Moser, Mar- 
 garet H. Shollenbarger, John Hankins and William H. Hankins were the 
 original members. A frame church-building was erected in the fall of 
 1872, at a cost of $2,300. On Sunday, January 19, 1873, the church wa» 
 dedicated by Elder D. M. Canright, who, together with George G. Butler, 
 E. M. Kilgore, E. W. Farnsworth and Lycnrgus McCoy, have been pas- 
 tors since that time. The present membership is sixty-seven. 
 
 The organization consists of a covenant to keep the commandments of 
 God and the faith of Jesus. There is no creed, the Bible alone being the 
 guide of faith. In the summer of 1869, Elders Canright and Butler came 
 to Sigonrney and first preached, creating a great excitement by expounding 
 doctrines theretofore unheard by the people. This was the origin of the 
 church. 
 
 Was organized in 1873 by Father Louisman. The original members were 
 Francis Marion, William Dumron, Patrick Cudika, John Cullen, Joha 
 Morrisy, M. Morrisy, F. Shipfer, Mr. Frankin, Michael Pearl, James 
 Dwier, etc. A stone church was erected in 1873 at a cost of $3,000 which 
 has not yet been dedicated. Father Louisman, J. F. Nugent, P. J. Lynch,. 
 Edward McLaughlin and Patrick McKamera have been the pastors, the 
 latter being the present one. The present membership consists of about 
 twenty-five families. 
 
 The church was built by the unceasing efforts of Father Louisman. when 
 there were but a few Catholic families in the neighborhood, aid having 
 been furnished by those who were members of no church. The church is 
 still 'considerably in debt, and there is some talk of abandoning it and 
 erecting one nearer the centre of business. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The first school-house was erected in Sigourney in the summer of 1850,. 
 
 Erevions to that time school having been held in the old court-house. This 
 onse was a frame building, 16x24, and was erected by Miles F. Reeves. 
 The building is still standing, it being occupied at present by Mr. Corbin 
 JUS a residence. The first teacher who ruled in this building was Hannah 
 ^ray. The second school-house was a two-story building, containing four 
 KK»n»; this building is still standing, and is at present occupied as a resi- 
 dence by Mr. Pickett, formerly principal of the Sigourney schools. At 
 present there are two commodious brick school-houses capable of accom- 
 modating the rapidly increasing population of the city for some time to 
 
586 , HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 <5onie. The onesitnated in the sonfch part of- the citjrlms been in use for a 
 number of years, and at tlie time it was built was considered a -very cred- 
 itable bniiding. It was not erected without a heated contest, and in this 
 particular its history does not differ from the history of a majority of the 
 «chool-buildings of the State. Tlie bniiding in the north part of the city 
 lias just been completed. It is not as large as the other one, but is an elet 
 gant structure, and well adapted to the purposes for which it was built, 
 viz.: the accommodation of the primary pupils in that part of the town. 
 The following are the present members of the school board: 
 
 A. G. Brown, president. 
 
 E. Shafer. 
 
 J. H. Shawhan. 
 
 E. Adams. 
 
 William Veitch. 
 
 M. Wightman. 
 
 C. M. Brown, secretary. 
 
 Theodore Eobinspn, treasurer. 
 
 VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Van Buren township corresponds with congressional township No. 76, 
 range 12 west, with the exception of two sections in the southeast part of 
 the township, which are attached to Sigoiirney township. The country is 
 very broken, but there is an abundaace of stone and timber, and the soil is 
 very .fertile and productive. In 1851 it contained a population of 283, and 
 in 1856 a population of .715. According, to the census of 1875, there were 
 1,036 inhabitants, 167 dwellings, and the same number of families. In the 
 southern part of the township there is quite an important coal interest, 
 which promises to become, in the course of time, one of the leading indus- 
 tries of the connty. The mine which is being operated at present is owned 
 by Mr. Bonnton and is operated by Mr. Dnrham. It was opened three 
 jears ago, and at present fourteen hands are employed. The vein is live 
 and one-half feet thick, and Ivy reason of its proximity to the Sigourney 
 market iinds a ready sale for its products. 
 
 The present officers of the township are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace— J. Wheeler and E. Allen. 
 Constables — John Seaton.and H. JF. Rogers. ,, 
 
 Trustees— T. F. Ford, A. Kleitz and A. Swails. 
 Clerk— E. Wheeler. 
 Assessor — Sa'unel Woodridge. 
 
 THK LUTHKBAN OHUROH 
 
 Was organized in 1868. John Nouke, A. Kretman, F. Jnst, Andre>y Lioky, 
 ■Gr.Neirman, John Kietreman, and others, were the original members. A 
 frame bniiding was erected in 1868, at a cost of $1 ,100. The church was 
 dedicated in November, 1868, by Rev. Mr. Sherman. The present memberr 
 «hip is thirty-four. 
 
HMTOKT OF KEOKUK COnNTT. . 587 
 
 KENDEICK M. E. CHUECH 
 
 Was organized in 1863, Mr. Hilan, Mr. and Mrs. Mead, Mr, and Mrs. Dan- 
 oer and Miss Sarah Danner being the first members. A frame church 
 building was erected in 1875, at a cost of $2,200, which was dedicated in 
 October of that year by Rev. Mr. Mark. The present membership num- 
 bers about seventy-five. 
 
 The only town of which the township ever boasted was Keenersburg, lo- 
 cated on section four. Keenersbnrg is no more, and, like the citi* of the 
 plain, its location even would be ditiicult to trace oat. Yan Buren town- 
 aliip is likewise without any mail facilities except those which are furnished 
 by adjoining townships. 
 
 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This corresponds with congressional township No. 76, range 13. It orig- 
 inally included a lars;e portion of what is now Warren township, and was 
 called Coal township. At the. January meeting of the county commis- 
 sioners, 1846, the following order was adopted: 
 
 "Ordered, that the boundaries of Goal township be as follows: township 
 76, range 13 ; and also as much of township 75 as lies north of North 
 Skunk river, shall be included in said township, and that the clerk record 
 the same in a book kept for that purpose." 
 
 In 1847 the name was changed to Washington, and the boundaries de- 
 fined as at present. In 1850 the township contained 215 inhabitants; in 
 1856, 680; and in 1875, 1,246. Absolom Waddle, one of, the first settlers, 
 is 103 years old, and still resides in the neighborhood where he first settled. 
 j[o,hn Garrett and wife were also early settlers; he is 92 years old and she is 
 3.2.: They have been married 67 years, and have over one hundred de- 
 pcendauts. One of the first settlements was in the vicinity of Springfield, 
 which is among the oldest towns in the county. It is located on sections 
 ^^.a^d ?3,,and was laid out in 1845. It has always had a good country 
 jtrade, and for many years has enjoyed postal privileges. Although this 
 township compares very favorably with others in fertility of soil and other 
 natural resources, it is chiefly noted for the coal interests. The centre of the 
 iBoal fields is the town of What Cheer, known as Petersburg until recently, 
 when the name was changed by authority of court. It is sitiiated on sec- 
 tion 10, and was laid out in October, 1865. 
 
 ; The steam flouring mill, owned and operated by Daniel Dodge, is one 
 of the most, important features of the place. Mr. Dodge was recently 
 fleeted as a member of the board of supervisors, and is a man of capital, 
 ^Inck and enterprise. A store of general merchandise is managed by 
 Harland & Davis. The post-oflice is located in their building. J. H, 
 Leathers is also a dealer in general merchandise. The What Cheer House and 
 Xhe Summit House are the leading hotels. There are nine principal coal 
 banks, where are employed, in the aggregate, some three hundred hands. 
 The principal persons engaged in the mining business are, William Clubb, 
 Gillette & France and Rhodes & Bedford. The Railroad Mining Company 
 Own the largest mine, which covers a half section of land. This last mine 
 has not yet oeen operated to any considerable extent, but when tlie track is 
 laid to What Cheer, which will be in a short time, the mine will be worked to 
 
588 HISTOKT OF KBOKUK eOBSTT. 
 
 its fullest capacity. The vein is six feet thick, and lies about seventy-five 
 feet beneath the snrface. The principal part of the coal mined in this 
 county has been taken from the mines in the vicinity of What Cheer, and, 
 although the mines have been situated at a distance of seven miles 
 from the nearest railroad station, there were about 20,000 tons mined 
 in the past year. When there is direct railroa-l communication with the 
 mines, this will prove to be one of the most important mining regions in 
 the State. 
 
 A remarkable snicide occurred in this place in 1877. David McCune 
 owned and operated a grist-mill, and, on the Slst of June was found dead, 
 suspended by the neck from a rope, in his mill. For a few days prior to 
 the snicide it was noticed that McCnne acted strangely, among other things 
 giving away flour to all who wanted it. The mill was running till late in 
 the night of the 31st, when the suicide occured, and has stood idle ever 
 since. 
 
 The present township officers are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — William Humes, and J. K. Pratt. 
 Constables — George Downing and T. C Kitenhouse. 
 Clerk— J. C. Headlee. 
 
 Trustees — ^Thomas Thornloe. David Baxter and George Elliott. 
 Assessor — H. M. Harlan. 
 
 PEAIKIE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 It corresponds with congressional township. No. 77, range 13. Altbongh 
 it contains some of the best farming lands in the county, it was not settled 
 till long after the rest of the county. "When the settlements did begin the 
 country was improved rapidly, and at present there is probably not a sec- 
 tion of land in the township which is not improved. The first settlers 
 were: J. H. Grasser and Cyrenus Emmons. The former came from Ohio 
 and settled in Adams township; from there he went to Prairie and settled 
 on section fourteen, where he now resides. Emmons came from Ohio and 
 settled on section thirty-two. One of the first physicians was Dr. J. D. 
 Davis, who came from Richland. Rev. D. 0. Smith, a Methodist minister, 
 preached the first sermon at the house of Harley Peck; the Friends organized 
 the first church. L. Hollingsworth, afterward county auditor and 
 treasurer, now residing in Sigourney, taught the first school in Coal Creek 
 district; he received $27 per month and had twenty-six pupils. The first 
 school-house was built in this district in 1867, at a cost of $400. It was 
 afterward moved on to section thirty-two, and is now the residence of 
 Aaron Pim. In the early settlement of this part of the county prairie fires 
 were of freqnent occurrence, and sometimes very destructive. When dis- 
 asters of this kind occurred, the more fortunate neighbors spared no eifort 
 to relieve the wants of the sufferer. 
 
 The town of Coal Creek was laid out in April, 1866, and the plat in- 
 cludes parts of four sections, 29, 30, 31 and 32. There has been a post- 
 office located here for a number of years. 
 
 The B., C. R. & N. railroad passes through the softt^h part of the town- 
 ship, upon which has recently been laid out a town ^y t^e name of Thorn- 
 burg. 
 
 In 1850 this township was not yet settled and ha(J no separate organiza- 
 
^^:^^:^^^^L^^W^^^ 
 
 '0^4^ 
 
HISTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 691 
 
 tion; what few persons may have resided in its present limits were attached 
 to what was then known as Coal township. In 1856 it contained a popula- 
 tion of 105; in 1875 in contained a population of 926. No other town- 
 ship except Lafayette can show such a rapid increase in population. 
 The present township officers are: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — N. Holderman and E. Bust. 
 Constable — J. P. San tee. 
 
 Trustees — Samuel Smith, C. Allison, "W". H. Biglow. 
 Clerk — Thomas Ward. 
 
 ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township is located in the north part of the county and corresponds 
 with congressional township No. 77, range 12. For several years after it 
 began to be settled, it was a part of English River township. In 1850 it 
 contained a population of 29; in 1856 the population amounted to 164 
 males and 129 females; in 1875 there were 949 inhabitants. The first four 
 settlers in Adams township were John Ballard, Hugh Bodman, John 
 Duke and Moses McCoy. In 1849 Martin Ballard taught the first school. 
 William P. Cross was the first man married, and the first death was that of 
 a daughter of David Miller, on the farm where Solomon Hallett now lives. 
 The first town laid out was Aurora, situated on sections three and four. In 
 October, 1879, the town of Keswick, on the line of the B., C. R. & N. rail- 
 way, was laid out; it is situated on sections twenty-one and twenty-two. 
 
 The present township officers are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — T. E. Johns and Thomas Cover. 
 
 Constables — S. Carl and M. HoUiday. 
 
 Trustees — Daniel Gordon, Thomas Cover and Wm. 'Cross. 
 
 Clerk — A. H. Stephenson. 
 
 Assessor — J. F. Burdine. 
 
 ENGLISH RIVER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 In 1850 this township contained a population of ninety; in 1855 it was 
 676, and in 1875 there were 1,260 inhabitants. In April, 1845, the town- 
 ship of English River was organized and comprised all of Liberty, English 
 Eiver and Adams. The first settlement was made near the present site of 
 South English by James Mehaffee and Jacob Bowers, in the year 1844. In 
 1845 James Thomas and John Houston came. The family of James 
 Thomas was the first, the others being unmarried, and located on the north- 
 west quarter of section twenty-two. Houston located on section twenty- 
 four, near the present site of South English, and this place was for a num- 
 ber of years called Houston's Point. James Chaaibers and H. H. Rodman 
 settled soon after on section thirty. Thomas Morgan settled in 1847, and 
 the following winter Chambers Rodman froze to death. He started to Sig- 
 ourney early in the morning of a mild winter day, and while there became 
 somewhat intoxicated. He did not return, as was expected, in the evening. 
 The next morning some young men started from Houston's Point to hunt 
 for deer, and had not proceeded far until they heard Rodman's dog bark. 
 Being attracted by the barking of the dog, they proceeded to the spot, 
 
 36 
 
592 HISTOBY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 where thej' found the dead body of Eodnian frozen stiff. The first birth in 
 that neighborhood was the daughter of H. C. and Eebecca Eodman, March 
 27, 1846. The first death was that of a child of James Thomas. 
 
 The township was organized with twenty voters, iti April, 1852. The 
 snow was at that time one foot deep. At this, the first election, the follow- 
 ing ofBcers were chosen : 
 
 Trustees — Joel Slate, H. H. Eodman and James Thomas. 
 
 Clerk — Henry Fawel. 
 
 Justice— W. S. Slate. 
 
 The present township officers are; 
 
 Justices — Thomas Leasly and A. D. Spickerman. 
 
 Constables — Bacon Holmes and E. Webster. 
 
 Trustees — T. A. Morgan, Adam Wheeler and W. A. Gore. 
 
 Clerk- J. H. Eoot. 
 
 Assessor — D. N. Coffman. 
 
 This section of country has always been noted for the enterprise, inde- 
 pendence and intelligence of its citizens. The first settlers were from that 
 part of the Union where churches and free schools abounded, and those 
 who have since settled have been of the same character, consequently 
 schools and churches were early organized. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal was the first organized, in 1851, with the fol- 
 lowing named persons as members : Joel Slate and wife, Martin S. Slate, 
 L. E. Slate, H. H. Eodman and wife, and S. M. Glandon. The Baptist was 
 the second organization, in 1855. 
 
 A union Sunday-school was organized in the fall of 1857, by a Baptist 
 preacher from Iowa City, with the following officers: superintendent, Joel 
 Slate; secretary, M. Slate; librarian, S. M. Glandon. It had a library of 
 two hundred volumes. 
 
 The M. E. Church built the first meeting-house, in 1859. 
 
 The first sermon preached was at the funeral of Chambers Eodman, by 
 Father Elliott, a Baptist preacher. 
 
 South English now has three meeting-houses, to-wit: Methodist, Baptist 
 and Christian. Webster has two: Methodist and Congregational. White 
 Pigeoii one: Christian. 
 
 The first school we have any account of was taught by S. M. Glandon in 
 1851,and the school-house was no modern structure, as there were no win- 
 dows to it. Webster had the first frame school-house, and it is doing duty 
 yet, although built in the fall of 1854. There are now ten schools. 
 
 The first marriage was Lem. Brinor to Miss Dinah Houston, in June, 
 1852, M. S. Slate officiating. The first death was a child of James Thomas. 
 
 The first frame house was built in 1852, by S. M. Slate, and is a pretty 
 
 food house yet. Mr. Slate has lived in the house ever since, until last fall, 
 'wenty-three years without moving is something unusual in Iowa. The 
 first store was kept by Ethan Post, and it is said of him by the early set- 
 tlers that he could generally by found at his T^ost—^ast asleep. The first 
 saw-mill was built by William Slaydon. The first postmaster was H. H. 
 Eodman. 
 
 Of the old settlers there is still living here Grandmother Houston, and 
 Eebecca Eodman (widow of Chambers Eodman). James Thomas is liv- 
 ing in Oregon; H. H. Eodman in Missouri. In addition to the above 
 
HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 593 
 
 there are several citizens still livihg tliere who have been in the township 
 for over twenty-five years. Among them are Thomas Morgan, Mrs. Hux- 
 ford (daughter of H. H. Rodman), S. M. Glandon and wife, M. S. Slate, 
 Oordy Glandon and family, and Moses Hall and wife. 
 
 The town of South English was laid out in March, 1855, and was located 
 on sections 23, 24, 25 and 26. Since the railroad has been located through 
 the township, there being no suitable depot grounds in the old town, anew 
 addition has been laid out near the depot, a short distance from the old 
 town, and a large number of the houses are now being moved there. The 
 first store was started shortly after tlie town was laid out. At present 
 South English is quite a business point and bids fair to become quite a 
 town, now that it has railroad facilities. 
 
 J.*F. "Wliite, dealer in dry goods, groceries and general merchandise is 
 the leading merchant of the place, and a man of large capital and great in- 
 fluence. There are few men in the county who have so wide-spread reputa- 
 tion as Mr. White. Especially in that part of the county has he exerted a 
 wide-spread influence and contributed much toward the development of the 
 country. 
 
 C. F. Crosby is a dealer in groceries; he is also a very successful business 
 man and possessed of large influence. The following other firnis are doing 
 a good business: W. T. Ooff'man & Co., drugs ; "W. • T. Piatt, drugs; w. 
 M. Shepherd, hardware; Geisler & Garlick, lumber; J. F. Mead, blacksmith; 
 J. Q. Lewis, saddlery; N. C. Miller & Son, livery. There is a first-class 
 hotel kept by U. Younkin. The following are the leading physicians: 
 W. "W. Newsome, A. Hale and Dr. Coeklin. 
 
 The " Western Herald " is a sprightly newspaper published here, a brief 
 history of which is given in the chapter on the "Press of the County." 
 
 The Methodist Chnrcli was organized in September, 3851, and a frame 
 church-building was erected in 1858, at a cost of $600. Revs. Messrs. 
 Hestwood, Orr, Skinner, Manderville, Shain, Tefcer, Baker, Smith, Miller, 
 Davis and Wycoif are the ministers who have been pastors. The member- 
 ship at present numbers thirty-one. Of the original members Mr. Slate 
 and S. M. Glandon are yet active communicants. 
 
 The Christian Church was organized in 1856. In 1875 a frame building 
 was erected at a cost of $1,200, which was dedicated the same year by Elder 
 Carpenter, of Oskaloosa. The present membership numbers twenty. 
 
 The South English Lodge No. 263, 1. O. O. F. ,was organized October 10, 
 1873, C. F. Crosby, T. A. Morgan, A. Klindschmit, F. E White, John 
 Nyswaner and J. C. Wilson being the charter members. There are forty 
 members of the order at present. 
 
 Naphtali Lodge No. 188, A. F. & A. M., was organized August 10, 
 1865. A. D. GriiEn, Henry Meeker, B. F. Black, W. P. Teeters, J. D. 
 Kirby, J. G. Miles, S. M. Waters, S. M. White, J. F. White, Wallace Har- 
 monson, Wm. Hartsock, James McLaughlin, Solomon Hallett, were the . 
 charter members. The following are Master Masons: A. D. Griffith, 
 Henry Meeker, J. F. White, Thos. Seerley, W. W. Newsome and J.' C. 
 Wilson. There are at present thirty-four members of the order. The 
 present officers are: J. C. Wilson, W. M.; W. H. Wait, S. W,; Wm. 
 Sloan, J. W.; J. F. White, treasurer; D. N. Coflfman, secretary; J. Ax- 
 mear, S. D. ; 0. D. Kemball, J. D. ; Thos. Seerley, tyler. 
 
694 HISTORY or keokuk county. 
 
 WHITE PIGEON 
 
 Is located on sections 6 and 7 and was laid out in June, 1855. It has a 
 post-office and one church. This is a Christian Church and was organized 
 in 1859 by Elder E. "Scott. A Carmicbael and wife, A. J. Lutton and wife, 
 M. Higgins and wife, C. K. Wheeler and wife, and K. Smith and wife 
 were among the first members. A frame church was erected in 1875 at . 
 a cost of $1,200. The present membersnip is thirty-five. The church was 
 dedicated in 1876 by Elder J. IST. Smith. 
 
 WEBSTEK. 
 
 This town is situated on sections 30 and 31 and was laid out in April, 
 1854. It is a place of considerable business and contains a post-office and 
 two churches, Methodist and Congregational. The former was organized 
 in the fall of 1853. Wm. Keed and wife, Thomas Morgan and wife, and 
 M. J. Monicne were among the first members. A frame church-building 
 was erected in 1873 at a cost of $2,100. This building was dedicated to 
 the worship of God in December, 1873, by Eev. James Hill. Reverends 
 Messrs. Orr, Mandeville, Sherman, Smith, Robison, Elrod, Kendriok, 
 Pugh, Davis, Miller and Wycoff have been some of the pastors. The 
 present membership is sixty-seven. 
 
 The Congregational Church of Webster was first organized at South 
 English in October, 1866. In September, 1870, the congregation changed 
 its place of meeting from South English to Webster, and in 1871 a frame 
 church-building was erected at the latter place, costing about $1,800. The 
 building was dedicated the same fall by Joseph Pickett of Des Moines, who 
 was chiefly instrumental in erecting the building and contributed liberally 
 toward the building fund. The pastors thus far have been E. B. Ellis, F. 
 Crang and James E. Moore. The original members were, Charles Hoyt, 
 Susanna Hoyt, Emma J. Hoyt, Delia 0. Root, J. H. Root and Laura A. 
 Root. The membership now numbers forty-eight. 
 
 Webster has always been a good trading point and with the new impetus 
 it has recently received by the extension of the B., C. R. & N. railroad, 
 promises to become a place of considerable importance. 
 
 LIBERTY TOWIsrSHIP. 
 
 This is the northeastern township of the county, and is known upon the 
 tax-books and by real estate dealers as township No. 77, range 10 west. In 
 1850 it had a population of 5; in 1856 there were 399, and in 1875 there 
 were 1,080 inhabitants. 
 
 The present township officers are as follows: 
 
 Justices of the Peace — John Wilson and John Moler. 
 Constables — Wesley Simons and W. S. Roach. 
 Trustees — Thos. McCam, W. S. Roach and James Beaty. 
 Clerk — Thomas Kelley. 
 Assessor — John McMahon. 
 
 The township was organized in March, 1854, at the solicitation of Wil- 
 liam J. Watkins, and named by him in honor of the township from which 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 695 
 
 he came in Henry county, Indiana. The settlers at that time were Thomas 
 and James Butler, Isaac Truax, "William Harding, E. McDowell, John J. 
 Whitmore, James Lockridge, and others who have since died or changed 
 their location to some other part of the country. 
 
 The first election was held on the first Monday in April, 1854, at which 
 time the following officers were elected: Olerk, Wm. Harding; justice of 
 the peace, George Disor; trustee, Thomas "Watkins; assessor, W. J. Wat- 
 kins, who took as pay for his services a warrant, and traded the whole of it 
 for a $2.50 pair of boots. This assessment was made in that same year, 
 1854, and was the first in the township. David Brown, Jeremiah Suitor 
 and Henry Lockridge acted as judges of the election, and Wm. J. Watkins 
 as clerk. This township has eight school districts, and the first school- 
 house was in district No. 3. The first death in the township was a child 
 of William Carmichael. The first marriage was that of Louis May to 
 Catharine Watkins, by George Disor, J. P. ; the next was that of James 
 Lockridge to Lucy Whitmore. The first preaching was in a school-house, 
 and in 1854 the Dunkers organized their church, which is still in good con- 
 dition. Beside this, there are two other churches, German Baptist and 
 Catholic. The former was organized in 1855, Samuel Brewer, D. Miller 
 and S. Florey being among the first members. In 1865 a frame church- 
 building was erected, at a cost of $2,500. Elders David Brown, Samuel 
 Florey, Andrew Moler, B. F. Florey and Christopher Brower have been the 
 pastors. The present membership is about 130. 
 
 Was or^nized in 1875 by Kev. J. F. Nugent. Martin Stapleton, John 
 Kelley, Patrick Devine, Anthony Kelley, Patrick Rourke, Patrick Mc- 
 Cam, and others, were the first members. A frame church building was 
 erected in 1875, which cost $2,000. The land upon which the building 
 was erected was donated by Patrick McCam. There are about twenty fam- 
 ilies belonging to this church. 
 
 LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP- 
 
 This is the same as congressional township No. 76, range 10. In 1856 
 it had a population of 181; in 1875 it was 1,762. It was a part of Clear 
 Creek township until 1855, when it was organized into a separate township, 
 the population at that time numbering 50. In 1842 a claim was taken in 
 the northwest portion of the township by Eoe Clemmons, near what is now 
 known as Holsworth's Grove. This, the first settlement, was made about 
 the same time other parts of the county were settled, but on account of the 
 scarcity of timber this section was shunned, and from this cause the rest of 
 the county was well populated before Lafayette "got a start. The next set- 
 tlement was made in 1843 by J. J. Kreamer and J. P. Kreamer, who set- 
 tled on Clear Creek, in the southern part of the township. At the time 
 the township was organized the most of the land belonged to speculators, 
 which was found to be a serious obstacle in the way of rapid settlement. 
 In order to remove this impediment, and at the same time secure educa- 
 tional facilities, the few settlers began to levy enormous taxes for school 
 purposes. This had the effect of bringing the speculators' land into mar- 
 ket, and of erecting commodious school-houses on each four sections of land 
 
596 HISTOET OF KEOKUK OOCNTT. 
 
 in the connty. At the beginning of the late war the township had a pop- 
 ulation of about 200, and of these 21 enlisted in the army. 
 
 The township now has a population of nearly 2,500, and so rapid have 
 been the improvements during the past five years that nearly all the land 
 is now under cultivation, and it is now regarded as the garden of Keokuk 
 county. 
 
 The first couple married was John Joseph Kreamer and Mrs. Mary 
 Besser in 1845, the ceremony being performed by Jacob Wimer, a justice 
 of the peace in Lancaster township. The first birth was that of Joseph 
 Kreamer, December 24, 1845; the second that of Mary Kreamer, Novem- 
 ber, 1846. The death of Peter Besser, in October, 1844, was the first, he 
 having been buried in the Shockley grave-yard, near Skunk river. Dr. T. 
 B. McWilliams was the first physician to locate in the township, and Kev. 
 Mr. Smith, of the Presbyterian Church, preached the first sermon at the 
 house of E. T. Case, in December, 1855. 
 
 The first school-house was built in 1846, on the northeast corner of sec- 
 tion 30, at a cost of $653. It was in this house that the first school, con- 
 sisting of sixty-five pupils, was taught by William McLoud. He received 
 as compensation $15 per month; he is now a farmer, residing on sec- 
 tion 26. 
 
 A very few settlers came into the township until the year 1853, when 
 there was quite an infiux of settlers, so that in 1854 they had a temporary 
 organization; but the first regular election was held by the order of Geo. 
 Crispin, county judge, April 2d, 1855, at the home of Wm. Pringle, there 
 being only eleven voters in the township at the time, and the following 
 persons were elected to the several offices: J. J. Kreamer, D. Kosecrans, 
 John Crispin, township trustees; Wm. McLoud, township clerk; James 
 Wilson and J. P. Kreamer, constables ; C. W. Rosecrans, assessor; Wm. 
 Pringle, supervisor; E. T. Case and E. W. Jettries, justices of the peace. 
 The present officers are: Justices of the peace, J. C. Evans and P. M. 
 Gortner; constables, P. H. Clarahan and L. B. Disney; trustees, E. T. 
 Carris, David Gregg and N. Besser; clerk, M. F. Mickey; assessor, Daniel 
 Sosecrans. 
 
 Mr. Clemens put up a log cabain and lived in it about a year without 
 any door, window or fioor, except the mother earth. This cabin was close 
 to the main Indian trail from English to Skunk river, but they were always 
 friendly. During the second winter he was short of ammunition; some 
 Indians came along with a good supply ; he tried to obtain some of them 
 but they would not part with any. Some time before he met with an ac^ 
 cident which injured his left knee so that he was some lame at this time. 
 He had raised a crop of turnips which he had stored under the fioor of his 
 cabin, and the Indians wanted some, but they would not trade powder for 
 them. After a good deal of bantering with them and showing them his 
 knee, they made a bet of fourteen turnips against a castor-oil bottle full of 
 powder that he could outrun them a certain distance; the ground was 
 marked off and he won the race, but before they left he gave them tha 
 turnips. 
 
 KEOTA. 
 
 This town was laid out in 1872, by J. P. Yerger and C. H. Achard, 
 It is located near the eastern border of the county, on the divide between 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 597 
 
 English and Skunk river, in section twenty-four, and is surrounded by as 
 delightful country as the sun shines on. 
 
 The present limits of the town are: east and west three-fourths of a mile, 
 north and south one-half mile. The first building erected was a drug 
 store, by J. S. Kulp, P'ebruary 14, 1871, and is still occupied by Mr. Kulp 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 The town was incorporated in December, 1873, J. S. Kulp being chosen 
 the first mayor. The independent school district of Keota was organized 
 in August, 1873, and the same fall a school-house was erected. 
 
 The Keota post-office was established in Mai'ch, 1872, Hon. J. F. Wilson 
 being appointed post-master. He still occupies that position. To show 
 the amount of business transacted by this office, -it will only be necessary 
 to state that the amount of money transmitted by postal orders alone will, 
 this year, approximate the sum of $30,000. 
 
 The amount of shipping done over the C, E. I & P. railroad will amount 
 to about 800 car-loads per annnm. The shipments during the month of 
 October, 1879, were as follows: Stock, twenty-six cars; grain, forty-two 
 cars; emigrant's goods, two cars; merchandise, one car; potatoes, one car. 
 
 BUSINESS HOUSES. 
 
 Dry Ooods, Oroceries, Clothing, Boots and Shoes. — Moses & Erdice; 
 J.H.Williams; Littler, Ashby & Co.; D. Sidey; Johnson & Schrecken- 
 gast; M. Singmaster; Thompson & Bro. 
 
 Hardware, Sewing Machines, Guns, etc. — Palmer & Tallman; Joseph. 
 Kulp. 
 
 Druggists. — J. S. Kulp, D. L. Nercross; J. B. Irwin. 
 
 Agricultural Implements, Stoves, etc. — J. C. Olark, Ezra Barnes. 
 
 Clothing. — Isaac Klein. 
 
 Meat Market. — J. Chatterton & Son. 
 
 Millinery and Dress-Making. — Fanny Shurts; Mrs. J. B Irwin; Sue 
 M. Tockey ; Mrs. R. S. Brice. 
 
 Orain Dealers. — Junkin & Ruder; J. S. Bice. 
 
 Furniture and Undertaking. — Henkle & Kitchey. 
 . Flouring Mill. — Hefflefinger & Stewart. 
 
 Carriage Factory. — Van Winkle & Sons. 
 , Hotels. — J. B. Warrington; L. A. Morton. 
 
 Produce Dealers. — J. F. Graham ; W. L. Williams. 
 
 Livery. — J. C. Huskins; L. A. Morton. 
 
 Luniber. — Henkle & Hutchinson. . 
 
 Boots and Shoes. — M. Daiber. 
 
 Jeweler. — G. H. Mantz. 
 
 Photographer. — H. T. Holden. 
 
 These firms all carry a good stock and are among the most enterpris- 
 ing in the State. The location of the town is a good one, but_ the great 
 secret of its success is to be found in in the character of its men of 
 business. Instead of discouraging competition, every inducement is 
 held out for new firms to locate in the town, and to manufactories es- 
 pecially have they held out special inducements. As an example of the 
 amount of business which one man can successfully engage in, E. M. 
 Ritchey, of this place, affords a good illustration. He is a member of the 
 firm of Henkle & Ritchey, which carries a large stock of furniture of every 
 
698 HISTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 description, also of the firm of Littler, Ashby & Co., the leading dry- 
 goods house, and besides this deals in sewing machines and musical instru- 
 meats, and is secretary of the glass company. There are others who have 
 more capital and transact fully as much business, but we refer to him as a 
 fair example of what a Keota business man is. Keota owes its prosperity, 
 however, as much to G. L. Reed, the editor of the " Eagle." To him be- 
 longs the credit of securing to Keota 
 
 THE GLASS WOEKS. 
 
 Mr. J. H. Leighton, then living in Wheeling, West Virginia, had been 
 corresponding with parties in Oskaloosa, in this State, in reference to the 
 erection of works there, but not meeting with satisfactory encouragement 
 he determined to look up a more desirable point. Seeing a copy of the 
 Keota " Eagle " in Wheeling, and being struck with the enterprise of the 
 business men of this city, he determined to apply here and see what en- 
 couragement he would receive. Accordingly Mr. L. corresponded with 
 Seed, and through the courteous offer of Mr. Eeed to lend him all the as- 
 sistance in his power, he came on, and to-day, as a consequence, Keota, a 
 comparatively new town in the wilds of Iowa, as the Eastern capitalists 
 would say, is blessed with glass works, in full blast, turning out as good 
 work, and as much of it, as any factory of its size in the United States; in 
 fact it is the only flint glass works this side of Cincinnati. 
 
 Mr. Leighton came here comparatively 'unknown, although having the best 
 of references from the attorney -general of the State of West Yirginia and 
 other prominent officials of the city of Wheeling; but even with these sub- 
 stantial tokens of his integrity and worth, it was only with the utmost en- 
 deavors and hard work that the large project was carried through. 
 
 These works are owned by a joint stock company, incorporated under the 
 laws of the State, with the following oflScers: 
 President — J. C. Charlton. 
 Secretary — E. M. Ritchey. 
 Manager— J. H. Leighton. 
 
 Directors — H. Henkle, G. Gregory, J. W. Tallman, K. S. Brice, J, 
 C. Charlton. 
 
 The building is 50x104 feet, and has a seven-pot furnace. Ground was 
 first broken for the building in May, 1879, and by September the woi'ks 
 were in operation. 
 
 After three months' trial the venture gave such flattering promise of suc- 
 cess that the directors determined to double the stock, which was immedi- 
 ately taken, chiefly by the first stock- holders. About forty workmen are 
 now employed, and this force is to be largely increased as the factory has 
 facilities for the employment of double the present force. Mr. Leighton, 
 the manager, comes of a family of glass manufacturers, and possesses se- 
 crets relating k> the manufacture of glass which have never been suffered 
 to get out of the family, and as a consequence of this the glass which is 
 being made under his direction is of a very superior quality. The goods 
 turned out by this establishment are of a finer quality and can be sub- 
 jected to more severe tests than any other made in the United States, and 
 .fo generally has this fact come to be recognized that without any partic- 
 tilar effort to introduce the goods, the demand far exceeds the supply. Sand 
 
HISTORY OF KEOKUK COTJNTy. 699 
 
 of a superior quality is procured within a few miles of the factory, while 
 coal peculiarly adapted to the melting process is procured at Oskaloosa, at 
 a distance of thirty-five miles, from which circumstances this establishment 
 has great advantage in freights over every other in the country. The fol- 
 lowing are the chief constituents which enter into the material from which 
 the glass is made. 
 
 Sand, pounds 1,400 
 
 Carbonate of soda, pounds 600 
 
 Lime, pounds 200 
 
 Nitrate of soda, pounds 200 
 
 Arsenic, pounds ; 10 
 
 Manganese, pounds 5 
 
 The establishment is now turning out work which would have seemed 
 impossible in a town which seven years ago had no existence, and whose 
 location ten years ago was the centre of a bleak, uncultivated and uninhab- 
 ited prairie. Its success affords a good illustration of what skill, coupled 
 with enterprise, will accomplish. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The first school building was erected in the fall of 1873. It was a frame 
 building and contained two rooms. In 1875 an addition was built to this 
 building of two more rooms, thus furnishing accommodations for the rap- 
 idly increasing school population, also completing the original design and 
 making of the building a very handsome structure. The building as it now 
 stands cost about five thousand dollars. The principal is R. P. Kelley, and 
 the attendance is about two hundred. The school board consists of E. 
 Moses, Jerome Palmer, A. K. Stewart, H. Henkle, J. W. Tallman, M. A. 
 Hulse and G. L. Heed. E. Moses is president and J. T. Webber treas- 
 arer. 
 
 CHUECHES. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church was organized May, 1855, the original members 
 being John Eeed, J. A. Reed, Mary A. Snodgrass, Hannah J. Reed, John 
 Marshall, R. B. Curry, John -Seaton and others. In 1875 a frame church- 
 building was erected, at a cost of $3,000. Thus far the pastors have been 
 Rev. J. V. Smock, Rev, Garret Hugger, and Rev. Alexander Danskin, the 
 present one. The present membership numbers seventy. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1873. The following 
 were among the original members: L. Duskee, Luther Torrey, A. J. 
 Echerd, P. Kiser, H. P. Newton, G. P. McCrary and J. F. Graham. In 
 the fall of 1873 a frame church-building was erected at a cost of $2,500. 
 ' In January, 1874, the building was dedicated by Bishop Andrews. Revs. 
 Messrs, Twining, Gortner, Davis, Miller and Pugh have been the pastors 
 np to the present time, the latter serving in that capacity now. The mem- 
 t)ership numbers sixty. 
 
 The Baptist Church was organized in December, 1872. J. K. Bryson 
 and wife, A. Sypher and wife, Aaron Richardson and wife, Samuel Wise 
 and wife, G, W, Cady and wife were some of the first members. The 
 
600 HISTORY OP KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 church-building was erected prior to the organization of the church; in 
 October, 1872, it was completed. It is a neat frame structure and cost 
 $1,871. The building was dedicated in October, 1873, by Elder N. A. 
 Eeed. Elders Wood, Erey and Tracy have been the pastors. The congre.-. 
 gation have no regular pastor at present. There are about ninety members 
 now. 
 
 The United Presbyterian Church was organized in June, 1873. Theop- 
 ilas Kirkpatrick and wife, Samuel Srocox and wife, Samuel McKee and hi& 
 wife, with fourteen others, constituted the first organization. A frame 
 church-building was erected in 1876 at a cost of $4,087. It was dedicated 
 on the sixteenth of December, 1876. Rev. Robert H. Barnes has been 
 pastor from the first. There are at present about one hundred members. 
 
 SECBET SOCIETIES. 
 
 Adelphi Lodge, No. 353 A. F. & A. M., was organized under dispensa- 
 tion in July, 1875. The charter members were Hon. J. F. Wilson, Isaac 
 Farley, E. Moses, N. G. Field, E. M. Kitchey, H. Henkle, J. Palmer, Wil- 
 liam McLoud, Hon. H. K. Newton, H. P. Newton, A. L. Erdice and 
 Daniel McFarlane. The present officers are, Isaac Farley, W. M.; Daniel 
 McFarlane, S. W.; J. Palmer, J. W.; F. B. Home, treasurer; E. M. 
 Ritchey, secretary; A. J. Lindner, S. D.; Robt. Renfroe, J. D. There 
 are thirty-six members of the order. 
 
 Enterprise Lodge, No. 159, I. O. O. F., was originally organized at Talley-; 
 rand, and was removed to Keota in 1872. It has about fifty members with 
 the following oflicers: B. F. Elliott, N. G.; H. Mantz, Y. G.; E. M. Ritchey, 
 treasurer; A. Green, secretary. 
 
 Keota Lodge, No. 103, A. "O. U. W., was organized in February, 1876. 
 Daniel McFarland, G. L. Reed, Isaac Farley, J. C. Clarke, H. Hen- 
 kle, J. O. Wallace, F. M. Sijiock, J. H. Staufter, A. L. Lindner and 
 E. M. Ritchey were the charter members. J. O. Wallace is M. W.; Z^ 
 W. Hutchinson, F.; J. C. Clake, O.; J. E. Glover, recorder; E. M. Ritchey, 
 financier; M. A. Hulse, receiver; A. Stewart, guide; are the present 
 officers of the Lodge, whose membership numbers thirty-three. 
 
 PUBLIC LIBEAET. 
 
 Keota also has a public library containing about three hundred volumes. 
 The library is located at Irwin's drug store and is accessible to all the mem- 
 bers of the association, free of charge. The officers of the association are: 
 Mrs. J. C. Clarke, president; J.B.Irwin, librarian; Miss Mollie Stewart, 
 treasurer; A. L. Lindner, secretary. 
 
 The town contains at the present time over one thousand inhabitants, 
 and its municipal authorities consist of the following officers: 
 
 Mayor — J. W. Tallman. 
 Recorder — J. E. Eaton. 
 Treasurer — J. C. Huskins. 
 
 Aldermen — J. F. Wilson, A. E. Stewart, A. L. Erdice, Joseph Charl- 
 ton, J. S. Kulp, J. T. Webber. 
 Assessor — J. Koehler. 
 Street Commissioner — Isaac SchreCpengast. 
 
HISTOSY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 601 
 
 HAKPER. 
 
 This is a thriving trading-point on the 0., E. I. & P. railroad near the 
 western boundary of the township, five miles west of Keota. It was laid 
 out in 1872 and is situated on section thirty. It contains a post-office,, 
 flonring-mill, one hotel, a church, a comfortable school-house, and a lodge 
 of I. 0. O. F. The church belongs to an organization of Methodists, Mr, 
 Salisbury manages the hotel, Eobert Eenfrew is the leading grain-dealer^ 
 Namnr, Neiss & Fetzer are proprietors of the flouring-mill, while B. A. 
 Cleveland and Hoffman & Bro. are proprietors of two stores of general 
 merchandise. 
 
 Though Harper is a comparatively small place, the shipping done there 
 is no small affair. During the month of October, 1879, it reached the 
 number of fifty-three care, as follows: Hogs, 16; corn, 22; wheat, 6; oats,. 
 4; rye, 3; potatoes, 1; emigrant's goods, 1. 
 
 Creswell is a post-office located in Lafayette township, north of Harper. 
 
 ST. ANDEEW'S SOOCIETY. 
 
 This organization, as will be seen from the following preamble to the con- 
 stitution, was formed in November, 1875. The society has flourished from 
 the beginning and has done a good work in the community. The northern 
 part of Lafayette township is settled to a very large extent by people of 
 Scotch origin. They are a moi-al, order-loving, benevolent and enterpris- 
 ing class of people, and that section of country is one of the most delight- 
 ful in the State. 
 
 PREAMBLE TO CONSTITUTION: 
 
 The benevolent feelings implanted by the Creator in the hearts of men 
 are given for practical development, and if it is true that no braver hearts 
 beat than those that throb under a Scottish plaid, much more so is it true 
 that nowhere does the development of the benevolent feelings find a readier 
 expression than among Scotchmen; the expression of these benevolent 
 promptings is not confined to individuals; it assumes an organized form, 
 and thus becomes more efficient, and concentrates individual efforts into a 
 well-digested and laudable system of benevolence; especially is it true of 
 Scotchmen in foreign lands; ever since the organization in 1657, of the 
 " Scots' Charitable Society, of Boston," wherever a few Scotchmen located 
 are together, an immediate desire arises to form a Charitable or St. An- 
 drew's Society, for the purpose of relieving their distressed fellow-country- 
 men. 
 
 In accordance with this natural trait of character, a few of the Scottish 
 residents bestirred themselves to organize the St. Andrew's Society of Keo- 
 kuk and adjoining counties. A call to meet and celebrate the anniversary of^ 
 St. Andrew at Keota, was heartily responded to by the residents of the 
 neighborhood and adjoining counties; among those present were Hon. J. F, 
 Wilson, David Ferguson, D. H. Gregg, James Gregg, Dr. McFarland, 
 Eobert Patterson, A. Patterson, James Lyle, Eobert Eenfrew, James Wil- 
 son, Thomas Simpson, and other patriotic Scotchmen, who earnestly dis- 
 cussed the propriety and duty of forming a St. Andrew's Society; conse- 
 quently, on November 30, 1875, the St. Andrew's Society was organized. 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 A committee was appointed to make drafts of a constitution and by- 
 laws for the society (with David Ferguson as Chairman). A call to meet 
 on February 7, 1876, which constitution and by-laws were adopted, with 
 list of members' name, appended: 
 
 Hon. J. F. Wilson. 
 Dr. McFarland. 
 D. H. Gregg. 
 A. Patterson. 
 James Wilson. 
 Kobert Lyle. 
 H. Gemeal. 
 William Booth. 
 David Clyde. 
 W. Ferguson. 
 James Gregg, Jr. 
 John Driburg. 
 Arc. Stewart. 
 William Veitch. 
 
 Hon. David Archer. 
 David Ferguson. 
 James Gregg. 
 K. Patterson. 
 James Lyle. 
 Thomas Simpson. 
 John C. Wilson. 
 George G. Clyde. 
 A. Teakle. 
 James Ormsbey. 
 Robert Renfrew. 
 Alex. Robertson. 
 A. Stewart. 
 
 LAFAYETTE PEESBYTEEIAN CHUOH. 
 
 This church was organized in 1855, under the direction of Rev. D. V. 
 Smock. 
 
 J. F. Wilson, wife and daughter, David Gregg and wife, James Palmer 
 and wife, David Clyde and wife, D. H. Gregg and wife, and Miss Susanna 
 Wilson, were the original members. 
 
 In 1869 a frame church was erected at a cost of eighteen hundred dollars. 
 It was dedicated the same year by Rev. D. V. Smock. The present pastor 
 is Rev. Alexander Danskin. The membership at present numbers forty. 
 
BIOQEAPHIOAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 SIC3-OTTI3IsrE'Sr, 
 
 ADAMS, J. M., insurance agent; 
 was born in Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1830; at 
 an early age he was taken by his 
 parents to Perry county, Ohio, and 
 in 1852 came to this county and 
 was engaged in teaching, and fol- 
 lowed mercantile pursuits ; he held 
 the office of sheriff for two terms; 
 filled the position of cashier of the 
 Sigourney bank and remained such 
 until it sold out to the First Na- 
 tional Bank; he has had a large 
 experience in insurance and ex- 
 press business, and at the present 
 time is the agent of the United 
 States Express Company; he rep- 
 resents the following insurance 
 companies : Home, N. Y. ; North 
 America, Philadelphia ; Conti nen- 
 tal and Springfield Fire and Ma- 
 rine, Eoyal of England, North 
 British Mercantile and Queen, 
 besides various State companies; 
 he married Miss Eunice I. Mc- 
 Lean, in 1854; she was born in 
 Green county, Ohio, and died in 
 1855; he married for his second 
 wife Miss Susan C. Cissna, in 1857; 
 she was born in Indiana; they have 
 five children: Hattie I. (now Mrs. 
 T.C. Weaver), Charles E., Milo 
 A., Mary B. and Gertrude J). 
 
 Adams, R., blacksmith. 
 
 ADAMS, JOSEPH, farmer; was 
 born in Washington county, Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1814, and raised there 
 until 1821; he was raised a far- 
 mer and afterward learned the 
 
 trade of blacksmith; he came to 
 Washington county, Iowa, in 1839., 
 and lived there until 1844, and 
 since that time has made his home 
 in Sigourney, where he worked at 
 his trade for along time; he owns 
 a farm near town of 80 acres; he 
 married Miss Mary Tracy, in 1839; 
 she was born in Maryland and 
 died August 11, 1879, leaving 
 seven children: Margaret (now 
 Mrs. Farra), Henry 0., sheriff of 
 the county, John B., Mattie 
 A. (now Mrs. Ellis), James A., 
 MoUie (now Mrs. Hay), and Wil- 
 liam. 
 ADAMS, H. C, sheriff of Keokuk 
 county; was born in Washington 
 county, Iowa, in 1844, and brought 
 to this county by his parents the 
 same year; he was raised a far- 
 mer; he enlisted in the Thirteenth 
 Iowa Infantry during the late 
 war, in Co. D., and after serving 
 three years re-enlisted as a vet- 
 eran; he was present at the bat- 
 tles of Pittsburg Landing, siege of 
 Corinth, Yicksburg, and in the 
 Atlanta campaign, and with Sher- 
 man in his march to the sea, and 
 participated in the grand review 
 at Washington; he was mustered 
 out as orderly sergeant of Co. D ; 
 after returning to his home he 
 worked at the trade of blacksmith, 
 and in 1877 was elected sheriff, 
 and again in 1879 re-elected to 
 the same office; he married Miss 
 Sophronia Minteer in 1871; she 
 
€04 
 
 DIEECTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 was born in Ohio; they have two 
 children: Stella, and an infant 
 daughter. 
 
 Abernethy, J. F., clerk. 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. A. E. 
 
 Allbright, Geo., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 Alsup, G. W., farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Alsup, T. F., farmer. Sec. 8. 
 
 Ames, J. "W., farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 Anchors, John, farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 ANDERSON, J. T., hardware 
 merchant; born in Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1847, and 
 lived there until nine years of 
 
 ' age, when his parents removed to 
 Saux City, Wisconsin, where they 
 resided eighteen months and then 
 ■decided to settle in Washington 
 -county, Iowa, coming there in 
 1857; here the subject of this 
 sketch was educated, and after a 
 mercantile experience of four 
 jears came to this county in 1873, 
 and connected himself with T. 0. 
 Cunningham, under the firm name 
 "Of Cunningham & Anderson, 
 •dealers in hardware, agricultural 
 implements and farm machinery; 
 he married Miss Yirginia I. Cun- 
 ningham in 1872; she was born 
 in Indiana; they have one daugh- 
 ter: Mary Yictorine. 
 
 Applegate, J. H., principal of schools. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, DR. J. N., dentist; 
 born in Columbiana county, 
 Ohio, in 1851, and lived there 
 until 1865, when he removed to 
 Iowa; he entered the olfice of 
 Drs. Wilson & Denise, dentists, 
 ■of Burlington, to learn his profes- 
 sion, after which he settled in this 
 city, in 1876, and has since been 
 engaged in the practice of dentis- 
 try; he married Miss Mary E. 
 House in September, 1877; she 
 was born in this county; they 
 have one child; Lewallen. 
 
 BAIRD, J. C., station agent C. 
 E. I. &P. E. E.; was born 
 in Portage county, Ohio, in 1835, 
 and resided there until 1845, 
 when be was taken by his parents 
 
 to Illinois; he enlisted in the 
 112th 111. Yol. Infantry during 
 the late war, and was sergeant- 
 major of the regiment, and was in 
 the service three years and three 
 months; came to this county in 
 1874, and has been connected with 
 the company he now represents 
 eight years; he married Miss Jose- 
 phine Annison, of Cambridge, 
 Henry county, Illinois, in 1867; 
 she was a native of New York; 
 their family consists of five chil- 
 dren: Eaymond, Evelyn, Lucy, 
 Henderson and Elsie. 
 
 BAINES BROTHERS., dealers in 
 general merchandise; the firm is 
 composed of John M. and G. P. 
 Banes; they are natives of Ohio 
 and came to this state in 1856 and 
 settled in Henry county; they 
 have been selling goods from boy- 
 hood, and may be said to have 
 grown up to the business; they 
 came to this county in 1872, and 
 have built up a successful and 
 profitable business and command 
 a large trade. 
 
 Baldauf Bros. & Co., clothing deal- 
 ers. 
 
 BARKER, W. H., farmer. Sec. 15; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Yer- 
 mont, August 12th, 1828; was 
 raised there a farmer, until 1856, 
 when he moved to Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin; he remained 
 there until February, 1860, when 
 he moved on the place where he 
 now resides; owns 215 acres of 
 land; in 1851 he married Miss 
 Laura Wilcox, a native of Yer- 
 mont; they have one child: Alice 
 B. (now Mrs. Page), who has two 
 children: Anna L. and Lloyd S.; 
 in 1861 he enlisted as a private in 
 Co. F, Eighth Iowa Infantry; 
 served for three years and partici- 
 pated in the battles of Pittsburg 
 Landing, Yicksburg, Corinth, and 
 others; Mr. and Mrs. Barker are 
 members of the M. E. Church; 
 he also belongs to Lodge No. 
 
SIGOUBNEY. 
 
 605 
 
 Ninety-eight, I. O. O. F., and A, 
 O. TJ. W., No. Sixty-two, Sigonr- 
 ney; he and his son-in-law, Mr. 
 Page, run the farm and also have 
 a blacksmith shop in connection. 
 
 Baker, J. N., farmer, Sec. 17. 
 
 Basil, Jeremiah, farmer, Sec. 8. 
 
 Basil, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 8. 
 
 Beatty, J. A., stock dealer. 
 
 BEATTY, WM., photograph artist; 
 was born in Newark, Ohio, in 1844, 
 and remained in Ohio until 1855, 
 when his parents removed to Wis- 
 consin, where they lived until 
 1856 and then settled in Burling- 
 ton, Iowa, and in 1857 he changed 
 his place of residence .to Johnson 
 county, Missouri, and while living 
 here learned the art of photogra- 
 phy, in which occupation he has 
 flince been engaged; he came to 
 this county in 1873 ; married Miss 
 Katie Shanafelt, in February, 
 1870; she was born in Moores- 
 ville, Indiana; they have four 
 children: Lottie, Willie, Anna 
 and James D. 
 
 BEATTY, THOS., proprietor of 
 the Beatty House; born in Mis- 
 souri in 1814, and was raised in 
 that State; his youth was spent in 
 attending school and in mercantile 
 pursuits; he became a prominent 
 merchant of St. Louis, and ac- 
 cumulated a large sum of money, 
 which he lost in steamboat in- 
 vestments; came to Iowa in 1851, 
 settling at Pleasant Plains, and in 
 1852 removed to Richland, Keo- 
 kuk county, where he engaged in 
 general merchandise and buying 
 fitock; this occupation he followed 
 twenty years, and in 1872 changed 
 his business, came to Sigourney 
 and purchased the Beatty House; 
 he married Miss Mary A. Taylor, 
 in 1840; she was born in Yir- 
 ginia; they have five children: 
 Catharine (now Mrs. Melndoe), 
 James, Callie (now Mrs. Charl- 
 ton), Mary, and Celia (now Mrs. 
 Dr. Higginfl). 
 
 Beard, Eliza, farmer. Sec. 17. 
 
 Belcher & Stranahan, beer saloon. 
 
 BELCHER, WM., billiard saloon; 
 born in Steuben county, New 
 York, in 1844, and was raised 
 there a farmer; came to this 
 county in 1867 and engaged in 
 farming, and soon turned his at- 
 tention to railroad building, and 
 has been engaged on the B. & M. 
 road, Burlington & Cedar Rapids, 
 Chicago, R. I. & P., Muscatine & 
 Western, St. Louis & Kansas 
 City, and the C. B. & Q.; his lat- 
 est work was building the bridge 
 across the river at Plattsmouth; 
 he was married to Miss Amanda 
 Moore in 1867; she was born in 
 Ohio; they have four children: 
 David, Sidney, Samuel and Harry; 
 Mr. Belcher enlisted in the Eighty- 
 sixth New York Infantry in the 
 late war, and served two years, 
 and was then transferred to the 
 Fourth New York Heavy Artil- 
 lery, and served two years and four 
 months,; his service was in the 
 Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Bensmiller, Peter, farmer. Sec. 7. 
 
 BENTON, THOMAS H. M„ bar- 
 ber; born in Morgan county, Mis- 
 souri in 1847, and Jived there un- 
 til 1861, and then went to Kansas; 
 from here to Monmouth, Illinois, 
 where he resided some time, and 
 then came to Iowa, and settled in 
 Washington county, and came to 
 this county February 27, 1871. 
 
 Berry, L. A., horse dealer. > 
 
 BIRTSCH, PHILIP, billiard sa- 
 loon; born in Germany in 1853, 
 and came to the United States in 
 1869, and settled in Pekin, Illi- 
 nois, and came to this county in 
 1871; in 1874 he went to Colora- 
 do, New Mexico, and Utah, re- 
 turning in 1875; he married Miss 
 P. Huodeck in 1879; she was 
 born in Germany, and came to 
 this country when young, and was 
 raised principally in Washington 
 county. 
 
606 
 
 DIEECTOBY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 BIRTSCH, JACOB, meat market; 
 born in Germany in 1833, and rais- 
 ed there until fifteen years of age; 
 in 1848 he emigrated to America, 
 and landed in Baltimore, and in 
 1851 went to Washington, D. C, 
 and lived there until 1854; he 
 came to Davenport in 1855, and 
 to this county in 1869; he married 
 Miss Catharine B. Jacobs in 1857; 
 she was born in Germany; they 
 have four children : Anna and 
 Mary, twins, Jacob M. and 
 George; lost five sons and two 
 daughters. 
 
 Black, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 BOEGEL, H. H., dealer in general 
 merchandise; t)orn in Waynes- 
 burg, Stark county, Ohio, June 1, 
 1822; he was raised there, and 
 learned the trade of tailor, and 
 followed the occupation in that 
 state until April, 1855, when he 
 came to this county; he owns, a 
 farm of forty acres. He, was, a 
 member of the first city counqil; 
 he enlisted . in the Thirty-third 
 Iowa Infantry,. Go. B.j and served 
 three years;. he married Elizabeth 
 Mang in 1853; she was born in 
 Jefierson county, Ohio; they have 
 five children : Florence, Inez, Wil- 
 liam Charles and Ralph. 
 
 Boaton, S. W., retired farmer. 
 
 Bracken, E. F., merchant. , 
 
 BROLLIAR, J. C, deputy sheriff; 
 born in Eichland township, Keo- 
 kuk county, April 12, 1846, and 
 was raised on a farm, and has di- 
 vided his time between teaching 
 and farming; he has held the of- 
 fice of justice of the peace and 
 other township ofiices previous 
 to his appointment as deputy sher- 
 iff; he married Miss Sarah Cox, 
 February 28, 1872; she was born 
 in this county; they have two 
 children : Gill B. and Olga. 
 
 Brown, Grantson, farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 BROWN, C. M., attorney, of the 
 firm of Sampson & Brown; born 
 in Knox county, Ohio, November • 
 
 7, 1845; his early life was that of 
 a farmer, but he had the advan- 
 tage of the common schools and 
 the high schools of the place, and 
 entered the preparatory depart- 
 ment of Kenj'on College, Ohio; 
 he came to this State in 1868, and 
 settled in Muscatine county; he 
 read law in the office of the Hon. 
 Thomas Hanna, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1870, and graduated 
 from the law department of the 
 Iowa State University, in 1871, 
 and July 6, the same year, he 
 came to this county, and engaged 
 in the practice of his profession, 
 and has made it his home since 
 that time; June 18, 1874, he mar- 
 ried Miss Flora Sampson, a daugh- 
 ter of the Hon. E. S. Sampson, 
 his law partner; the fruits of this 
 union are two children: Eunice 
 Anna and Eoy Chase. 
 
 BROWN A. G., farmer and stock 
 raiser; born in Virginia, in Octo- 
 ber, 1823, and lived there until 
 1833, and then removed to Greene 
 . county, Ohio, and remained there 
 until 1855, when he emigrated 
 
 , to Iowa, and settled in Sigourney, 
 and engaged in banking and mer- 
 cantile pursuits, and in this was 
 very successful; he gradually 
 bought up a large tract of land 
 near the city, and now owns 1,140 
 acres of choice land; he closed 
 out his mercantile business, and 
 has since devoted his time to 
 , raising stock, and his returns from 
 this, as well as other investments, 
 have been attended with satisfac- 
 tory results; he has always taken 
 great interest in educational mat- 
 ters, and has been on the school 
 board a large portion of the time ; 
 he is one of the directors of the 
 First National Bank, and one of 
 the largest taxpayers of Keokuk 
 county; he married Miss Ettie 
 Terger in 1862; she was a native 
 of Pennsylvania; they have two 
 children : Harry B. and Stock., 
 
cry cry jy 
 
 -^/ c\f^ ^(7-^^ 
 
SIQOUBNET, 
 
 609 
 
 Bowen, James, Sigourney. 
 
 BRUNT. J. M., born in Madison 
 county, Indiana, in 1837; when 
 ten years of age his parents remov- 
 ed to Keokuk county and settled 
 in Lancaster township; he was 
 raised a farmer; he enlisted in the 
 Thirty-third Iowa Infantry, Au- 
 gust 13, 1862, and served three 
 years; he was in various engage- 
 ments, and was wounded at Hel- 
 ena, Arkansas; he has served the 
 county four years as clerk of the 
 courts, and one term as treasurer; 
 he married Miss Mary A. Davis 
 in 1859; she was born in Morgan 
 county, Indiana; they have seven 
 children: Viola M., Samuel, Ly- 
 dia M., Isaac, Homer, John, and 
 Kalph W. 
 
 Buck, Dudley, farmer, Sigourney. 
 
 Barkholder, Geo:, farmer. Sec. 2. 
 
 Byrne, N. P., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 Butler, M. H., grocer. 
 
 CATTELL, J. B., dealer in gen- 
 eral merchandise; is a son of 
 Samuel G. Cattell, and Elizabeth, 
 ■nee Hair; born in Ohio; his 
 father was a native of New Jersey, 
 and his mother of Pennsylvania; 
 when young his parents removed 
 to Indiana, where the boyhood of 
 the subject of this sketch was 
 spent as a farmer boy ; in 1857 his 
 parents removed to this county, 
 where he remained engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits until he en- 
 listed in the Thirty-third Iowa 
 Infantry, and served three years; 
 in 1867 his father engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits, and became 
 the successor of Brown & Terger, 
 in what was known as the New 
 York Store; the house is one of 
 the prominent ones of the city, and 
 commands a full share of public 
 patronage; he married Miss Eliza 
 Loffer in 1867; she was born in 
 Ohio; they have two children: 
 Willie and Rettie. 
 Cattell & Co., merchants. 
 
 37 
 
 Cissna & Selby, merchants. 
 
 Cissna, G. W., merchant. 
 
 Cissna, J. B., carpenter. 
 
 CLARK, J. T., stock-raiser and 
 stock dealer; was born in New 
 Hampshire in 1823, and moved to 
 Ohio when young, and remained 
 there until 1844, and then settled 
 in Indiana, and lived there four 
 years, coming to this county in 
 1850; for eight years he was en- 
 gaged in the hotel business, and it 
 was at his house that John Brown 
 and James Lane of Kansas fame, 
 had their first meeting; of late he 
 has devoted his time to the stock 
 business; he owns about 600 acres 
 of land; he has been twice mar- 
 ried, first to Miss Nancy Richards, 
 in 1850 ; she was born in Ohio, and 
 died in March, 1873; he married 
 for his second wife Margaret 
 Marks; their family consists of 
 seven children: Mary (now Mrs. 
 Shean), Kate, Charlie, Ella, Jen- 
 nie, Nettie and George. 
 
 Clark, C. C, stock dealer. 
 
 Clubb, James, stock dealer. 
 
 Cook, G. B., retired. 
 
 COOK, S. D., M. D., physician and 
 surgeon; was born in Knox coun- 
 ty, Ohio, in 1832, and was raised 
 in Knox and Delaware counties; 
 he received a common school edu- 
 cation, which was supplemented 
 by attendence at the Wesleyan 
 IJniversity at Mount Pleasant; he 
 commenced the study of medicine 
 in 1851, and was educated at the 
 Starling Medical College at Co- 
 lumbus, Ohio, and the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons at Keo- 
 kuk, Iowa; in 1855 he came to 
 Henry county, and engaged in 
 the practice of his profession, 
 and has been in constant practice 
 since that time, excepting a short 
 time he commanded a Company 
 in the Thirtieth Iowa Infantry, 
 previous to his being promoted to 
 the Medical Staff of the Eighth 
 
610 
 
 DIEISCTOBY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Iowa Infantry; he was in the ser- 
 vice three years; has pursued his 
 chosen calling with untiring zeal 
 and energy; he started on his 
 professional career with a laudable 
 ambition to succeed, and has not 
 been disappointed; Dr. Cook is a 
 man of acknowledged ability as a 
 physician, and his services are 
 recognized by a host of apprecia- 
 ting friends, and his kind and 
 sympathetic -nature makes him a 
 welcome visitor in the sick room; 
 he is known all over the county, 
 and the respect shown him is as 
 wide as his acquaintance: he is 
 very kind to the poor and has rid- 
 den hundreds of miles to adminis- 
 ter to their necessities without ex- 
 pectation of any compensation; 
 he friarried Miss Jennie Moore in 
 1865; she was born in Henry 
 county, Iowa; their family con- 
 sists of five children : Ida E., Lnlu, 
 Homer, Koscoe and Minnie. 
 Corbin, S. L., salesman. 
 Cowell, John, farmer, Sec. 18. 
 Covey, A., foundry. 
 Coy, John, farmer, Sec. 36. 
 Croneweth, J. "W., grocer. 
 Croneweth, P., painter. 
 Grouse, N., farmer, Sec. 6. 
 Crouse, John, farmer, Sec. 5. 
 CUNNINGHAM, T. C, dealer in 
 hardware, agricultural implements 
 and farm machinery; was born in 
 Franklin county, Indiana, in 1842, 
 where he was educated and raised 
 in mercantile pursuits; he came 
 to this State in 1868, and settled 
 in Washington county, and in 
 1872 came to Sigourney and en- 
 gaged in his present business; du- 
 ring the war he enlisted in the 
 lltn Indiana Volunteer Infantry, 
 and was discharged on account of 
 disability; he afterwards re-en- 
 listed, and was appointed quar- 
 termaster sergeant of the ISAth 
 Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and 
 a considerable portion of the time 
 
 was the acting quartermaster of 
 the regiment; he married Miss 
 Emma M. Pickett in 1878; she 
 was born in Ohio; they have one 
 daughter: Charlotte V. 
 
 DANA, G. B., farmer. Sec. 1; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Darner, P. J., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 DAUT, GEORGE, bakery, lunch 
 and refreshment house; born in 
 Germany in 1827, and was en- 
 gaged in mercantile pursuits and 
 learned the trade of baker; he 
 came to the United States in 1848; 
 after a residence in various places 
 he visited Australia, Alaska, Cali- 
 fornia, Caraboo, Mexico and South 
 America; when he concluded to 
 return to the United States he 
 was without money and worked 
 his passage on board a steamer, 
 and arriving in New York lie bor- 
 rowed $75 and returned to Ger- 
 many, and came back in 1866, 
 bringing with him $25,000 in 
 gold and U. S. bonds; he in.- 
 vested largely in real estate in 
 Sigourney and has made valuable 
 improvements; he married Miss 
 Mary T. Mitchell in 1866; she 
 was born in Germany; their fam- 
 ily consists of five children : Pe- 
 ter, Katie, Eosa, Lizzie and Wil- 
 lie; they lost one son: George. 
 
 Dern, W., grocer. 
 
 Detchon, F. E. 
 
 Disney, J. B., harness-maker. 
 
 Dobie, G. W. 
 
 Donnell, E. L., attorney. 
 
 DONNELL, JOHN 'A., attorney 
 and counselor at law, was born 
 in Decatur county, Indiana, in 
 1838; when sixteen years old he 
 came to Iowa; he was educated 
 at Washington College, and grad- 
 uated in 1861; about the time of 
 graduation, and a short time be- 
 fore, in conversation with the judge 
 of the District Court, and a num- 
 ber of lawyers, about the war of 
 
8IG0UENET. 
 
 611 
 
 HebelHou which had begun shortly 
 previous, he stated his determina- 
 tion to enlist as a volunteer, which 
 • Ixe did shortly afterward in a com- 
 pany which afterward became a 
 part of the first cavalry; entering 
 the service, he was promoted from 
 one rank to another till he finally 
 became adjutant of the regiment, 
 which oflace beheld at the time he 
 resigned to accept the office of 
 county clerk, to which he had 
 jnst been elected; after serving 
 acceptably in this office till the 
 expiration of the term, he began 
 the study of law under the in- 
 struction of G. D. Woodin; he 
 was admitted to the bar in 1667, 
 and the success which has at- 
 tended him in the practice of his 
 profession has been most extraor- 
 dinary ; there are few men of Mr. 
 Donnell's age and experience to 
 whom has been committed the 
 management of such important 
 «ases; the skill and ability which 
 
 ■ <!haracterized his management of 
 the " White murder case " became 
 a matter of common report in 
 this and adjoining counties; be- 
 sides being a close student in mat- 
 ters pertaining to his profession, 
 Mr. Donnell gives a portion of 
 his time to literary pursuits, and 
 to him more than to any other 
 one belongs the credit of main- 
 taining one of the most interest- 
 ing and successful literary socie- 
 ties in the State; Mr. Donnell is 
 yet a comparatively young man, 
 and has a long career of useful- 
 ness in store for him; in 1867 he 
 married Miss Sue C. Hogin, 
 daughter of Hon. J. C. Hogin; 
 his family consists of five child- 
 ren: Una Z., Willie W., Birney, 
 Orrella M., and an infant. 
 
 Downing, T., laborer. 
 
 Durland, A. F., coal dealer. 
 
 Dwyer, E., tailor. 
 
 Dwyer, James, farmer, Sec. 35 ; 
 
 EASTBURN, WILLIAM, 
 farmer, Sec. 5. 
 ECKLEY. T. R., grain (lealer; 
 born in Ohio in 1831 and lived 
 there until 17 years of age, and 
 then came to this State in 1848; 
 he learned the trade of blacksmith 
 and wagon-maker and followed it 
 as an occupation for many years; 
 he spent two years in Van Buren 
 county, and came to Lancaster, 
 Keokuk county, in 1855; he owns 
 520 acres of land and his home is 
 one of the choicest locations of the 
 county ; he held the office of post- 
 master in Lancaster for sixteen 
 years; he married Miss Honora 
 D. Hart in 1852; she was born in 
 Washington county, Ohio, Sept. 
 29, 1829; by this union they have 
 five children living: William T., 
 Abraham L., Romaine, Mary and 
 Maggie; Mrs. Eckely died Oct, 5, 
 1879, and we copy the following 
 from the Sigourney News in a no- 
 tice of her death : " She was a 
 woman of retiring nature; had to 
 be known to know her true worth ; 
 she had a strong desire for knowl- 
 edge; she was a graduate of the 
 Ladies' Seminary at Harmar, 
 Ohio; to the last, her intellect was 
 kept polished by study; granted 
 a home, she neglected it not; 
 blessed with children, for them 
 she cared; a faithful wife and true 
 mother, yet the ambition of her 
 life was to educate her children ; 
 nothing prevented her from lead- 
 ing them into the sphere of knowl- 
 edge; while in this sphere with 
 them the morning came to her a 
 brighter day ; years ago she 
 united with the Presbyterian 
 church; clouds of doubt at times 
 flitted across her sky of faith; 
 those getting nearest to her Christ- 
 ian lite should not her doubt; 
 they caught the gleams that shone 
 from a bright inner life — gleams 
 that shone upon the path along 
 
612 
 
 DIEECTOKY OT KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 which her spirit quietly ascended 
 into a world of cloudless faith and 
 higher knowledge." 
 
 ECKLEY, P. L , dealer in grocer- 
 ies and provisions; born in Ohio 
 in 1824, and raised there a fanner; 
 in 1848 he emigrated to Jefferson 
 county, Iowa, and came to this 
 county in 1852, and in 1856 he 
 came to Sigourney; during the 
 late war he enlisted as a private in 
 the Eighth Iowa Infantry, and af- 
 ter" serving three and one-half 
 years was mustered out as second 
 lieutenant; he engaged in his 
 present business in 1869; has held 
 the office of town trustee; he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary Martin in 1849; 
 she was born in Ohio and died in 
 January, 1871, leaving two daugh- 
 ters: Elcina (now Mrs. Corbin), 
 and Ella; he married for his sec- 
 ond wife Mrs. Isabella McKibben, 
 in May, 1879; she was a native of 
 Gloucester county, New Jersey, 
 and was previously married, in 
 1851, to Kobert McKibben, a na- 
 tive of Scotland, who died October 
 8th, 1865, leaving three sons: 
 Robert, James and Joseph. 
 
 Ellis, E., restaurant. 
 
 FARRA, J . R., proprietor of the 
 Paragon Job Printing Office; 
 born in Shenandoah countj', Yir- 
 ginia, in 1837, and lived there un- 
 til eighteen years of age ; he learn- 
 ed the printer's trade in the offices 
 of the " Stanton Messenger " and 
 "True American"; he 'came to 
 Iowa in 1857 and settled in Sig- 
 ourney, and in 1858 established 
 the " Iowa Democrat,'.' in connec- 
 tion with S. B. Evans, now of Ot- 
 tumwa, and continued it until the 
 outbreak of the war, when he en- 
 listed in Co. D, Thirteenth Iowa 
 Infantry during the. late war, and 
 was captured at Holly Springs in 
 December, 1862, and paroled in 
 April, 1863; he was discharged on 
 account of disability; be returned 
 to Sigourney and bought out the 
 
 " Sigourney News," which he af- 
 terwards sold out and established 
 the " Review," in connection with 
 A. J. Kenney, and sold out in 
 1873; he then bought an interest 
 in the " News " with J. W. Hav- 
 ens, and sold out in 1876 and went 
 to California and had charge of 
 the " California Daily and Weekly 
 Star," Los Angelos, for six months ; 
 he married Miss Margaret A. Ad- 
 ams, in 1858; she was born in 
 Washington county, Iowa, and 
 was the first white child born in 
 Washington county, Iowa. 
 
 Fair, S. C, marble dealer. 
 
 FERGUSON, J. M., saddler and 
 harness-maker; born in Ohio, in 
 1825, and learned the trade of 
 harness making; he moved to 
 Washington county, Iowa, in 1853, 
 and lived there nine years, and 
 came to this county in 1862, and 
 has been in this business continu- 
 ously longer than any man in the 
 county in the same line; he is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity 
 and the A. O. U. Workmen; he 
 married Miss. Laura M. Coleman, 
 in 1855; she was born in Knox 
 county, Ohio; they have one son: 
 Charles W.; lost one daughter: 
 Ella M. 
 
 Fear, J. H., farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 Fidler, D. L., merchant. 
 
 Fisher, J., Merchant. 
 
 FONDA, S. L., attorney; born in 
 Saratoga county, New York, No- 
 vember 26, 1848, and raised there 
 and received an academical educa- 
 tion, and, having a preference for 
 the law profession, entered the 
 office of W. T. Odell, in Ballston 
 Spay, and prepared himself for 
 admission to the bar, which occur- 
 red at Schenectady, in April, 1869 ; 
 September 29th, the same year, he 
 came to Iowa and engaged in his 
 chosen avocation; he is associated 
 with Hon. S. Harned in business, 
 and holds the office of mayor of 
 the city; he married Miss Mattie 
 
SIGOTTBNET. 
 
 613 
 
 E. Harned in December, 1871; 
 she was born in this county and 
 died March 23d, 1877, leaving one 
 daughter: Ella B., born February 
 Wth, 1873; lost two children: 
 Seward L. and Staats S. 
 
 FRANKEN, B., druggist, of the 
 firm of Cook & Franken; born 
 in Siegburg, Prussia, in 1833, and 
 was raised there; he came to the 
 United States in 1852 and settled 
 in New York, and afterward re- 
 moved to Illinois and thence to 
 this State, in 1856; he has held 
 various township offices; he mar- 
 ried Miss L. Schirmer in 1860; 
 she was a native of Bavaria; they 
 have two children : James L. and 
 Edwin; he has been connected 
 with Dr. Cook in the general drug 
 business for ten years. 
 
 FREY, REV. J.; born in Knox 
 county, Ohio, in 1827, and was 
 raised there; in his youth he re- 
 ceived the benefits of the common 
 echools and supplemented his edu- 
 cation by attendance at the Gran- 
 ville College, near Newark, Ohio; 
 after preparing for the ministry, 
 he was ordained in Muskingum 
 county, Ohio, in 1851, and his 
 first pastorate was at Tomaka, 
 Coshocton county, Ohio, and this 
 relation existed until 1856, when, 
 owing to his wife's impaired 
 health, he came to Iowa and made 
 Sigourney his home in 1857; and 
 
 • of the eleven congregations of the 
 Baptist denomination in existence 
 in the county at the present time, 
 all but three have organized since 
 he came to the county, and for 
 years he was the only Baptist cler- 
 gyman in the county, and these 
 are largely the outgrowth of his 
 labors ; he has served as pastor of 
 the Baptist Churches in Sigour- 
 
 . ney, South English and Keota, 
 Talleyrand, Fairview, loka and 
 Eock Creek; he married Miss 
 Louisa Arnold, of Licking coun- 
 ty, Ohio, August 8th, 1851, she 
 
 being a daughter of Hon. John H. 
 Arnold, of that county; they have 
 five children : Roger W. (now liv- 
 ing in Livingston county, Illi- 
 nois), Charles E., Sarah P., Samu- 
 el H. and Mary E.; have lost 
 three: Judson C, James N, and 
 Frank A. ; Mr. Frey was elected 
 superintendent of schools for 
 Keokuk county in 1861 and 1862. 
 
 FRITZ, F., saloon keeper, and of 
 the firm of F. Fritz & Sons, cigar 
 manufacturers; born in Bavaria 
 in 1833, and lived there until 1853, 
 when he came to the United States 
 and enlisted in the regular army 
 and served five years, and in 1859 
 came to Sigourney and learned the 
 cooper's trade; he married Miss 
 Louisa Kleitz, in 1856; she was 
 born in Alsace, Germany; they 
 have six children: Edward, 
 George, Josephine, Nellie, Louisa 
 and Emma. 
 
 FUNK, L.A., miller; born in Ohio 
 in 1845, and in 1846 his parents 
 removed to Yan Buren county, 
 Iowa, and remained there until 
 he was eight years ot age and 
 then changed their residence to 
 Davis county, this State, and 
 came to this county in 1862; he 
 has grown up in his present busi- 
 ness from boyhood, and can well 
 be termed a practical miller; he 
 built his present mills, known as 
 the Garden City Mills, in 1877; it 
 has four run of burrs and fitted 
 with all the improved machinery; 
 the demand for his flour and the 
 high repute in which it is held 
 speaks creditably for the manufac- 
 tor; he married Miss Mary P. 
 Davis in May, 1868 ; she was born 
 in Indiana; lost one son: Claude. 
 
 GASTON, WM. J., attorney; 
 born in McDonough coun- 
 ty, Illinois, in 1842, and in 
 1844 his parents removed to 
 Keokuk, Iowa, where the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was educat- 
 ed and raised with a mer- 
 
614: 
 
 DIBECTOEY OF KEOKUK COUHTT. 
 
 cantile experience, in which busi- 
 ness he has been engaged since at- 
 taining a proper age, until a short 
 time since; he owns, beside city 
 property, eighty-seven acres of 
 land in Lancaster township; he 
 enlisted in the Thirty-third Iowa 
 Volunteers during the late war, 
 and after serving about eighteen 
 months was discharged at Little 
 Kock, Arkansas, on account of im- 
 paired health; he married Miss 
 C. A. Bottorff, in 1864; she was 
 born in Indiana and died in 1867; 
 he married for hie second wife 
 Miss M. McKunnells, in 1872; 
 fihe was born in Jefferson county, 
 Iowa; has one child by first mar- 
 riage: John J. ; and lost one daugh- 
 ter; Cynthia. 
 
 Gann, L. O., Sec 35. 
 
 Gann, A., Sec. 35. 
 
 GOLDTHWATT.C. J., boot and 
 shoe dealer; born in Waterville, 
 Somerset county, Maine, in 1833, 
 and was raised a farmer the early 
 
 f)art of his life, and afterward 
 earned the trade of shoe making; 
 he came to this county in 1855, 
 and has been engaged in the shoe 
 business since that time; during 
 the late war he enlisted in the 
 Thirty-third Iowa Infantry and 
 served three years; he was wound- 
 ed at Saline river; he married 
 Miss Fidelia E. Lyon, in March, 
 1858; she was born in Pennsylva- 
 nia, and died in August, 1875; he 
 married for his second wife Mary 
 Shawhan, in 1876; she was born 
 in Indiana; their family consists 
 of one daughter: Mary, by first 
 marriage; and two sons: John and 
 George, by second marriage. 
 GORTNER, H. D., attorney; born 
 in Green county, Ohio, in 1847, 
 and was brought by his parents to 
 Washington county in 1850, and 
 from this place removed to Iowa 
 county; he was raised a farmer, 
 and at the age of seventeen com- 
 menced teaching school and taught 
 
 eleven years ; at the same time he 
 commenced reading law and at- 
 tended the law department of the 
 State University, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in June, 1877; he 
 married Miss Mary C. Boltz, in 
 1869; she was born in Ohio; they 
 have one son: Perry S., aged five 
 years. 
 
 HAUGHENBEERY, J. T., la- 
 borer. 
 
 HAIR, DR. J. H., physician and 
 surgeon ; was born in Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1830, and 
 while young his parents removed 
 to Ohio, where the subject of this- 
 sketch was raised on a farm, and 
 having made choice of the medi- 
 cal profession, he prepared him- 
 self to enter the Western Reserve 
 Medical College, and graduated 
 from that institution in 1867; af- 
 ter practicing a few years, he wa& 
 appointed surgeon of the Thirty- 
 third Ohio Infantry, in which ca- 
 pacity he served faithfully and ac- 
 ceptably ; he came to this county 
 in 1866, and established himself 
 in the practice of his profession 
 and in the drug trade, in connec- 
 tion with the late Dr. Parks; he 
 married Miss Mary Gaston in 
 1854; she was born in Ohio; they 
 have five children : W. Maud, Liz.- 
 zie, Mary, L. Roy and Walter. 
 
 HANKINS, W. H., of the firm of 
 Johnson & Hankins, abstracters 
 and loan agents; was born in 
 Trumbull county, Ohio, February 
 13, 1852, and was raised there un- 
 til sixteen years of age, and came 
 to this county in 1869; he re- 
 ceived an academical education,, 
 and has been engaged in his pres- 
 ent business since 1877; he mar- 
 ried Miss Ella M. Randall, No- 
 vember 19, 1873; she was born in 
 Keokuk county, her father, W. 
 W. Randall, being one of the old- 
 er settlers of the county; they 
 have one son : Homer H. ; and one 
 daughter: Grace G. 
 
SIGOUBNIT. 
 
 615 
 
 .HANSON, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; 
 P. O. Sigourney; was born in 
 Park county, Indiana, in 1827, 
 where he was raised a fanner; he 
 came to this county in 1853, and 
 settled where he now resides; he 
 owns 270 acres of land, and has 
 made all the improvements since 
 he came here; he has done con- 
 siderable civil engineering since 
 coming to the county; he is the 
 author of the first Greenback plat- 
 form in the State of Iowa, and 
 ran for Congress on the Greenback 
 
 . ticket in 1870, on the same plat- 
 form on which Gen. Weaver was 
 elected in 1878; he married Miss 
 D. Horner, June 3, 1849; she was 
 a native of Ohio ; they have five 
 children: Mary E. (now Mrs. 
 John A. Benson, of California), 
 Solon A., civil engineer, Alphens 
 P., Delia (now Mrs. L. D. Bond), 
 and Monta. 
 
 Haffner, G., painter. 
 
 flenke, D. R., carpenter. 
 
 Harlan, C. M., lumber dealer. 
 
 EARNED, S., attorney ; among the 
 early settlers of Keokuk county 
 who have been identified with its 
 interest officially and civilly, is the 
 subject of this sketch; he was 
 born in Hardin county, Kentucky, 
 in 1814, and was raised there in 
 various occupations until twenty- 
 one years of age; in 1835 he re- 
 moved to Warren county, Illinois 
 (now Henderson), and in October, 
 1839, changed his residence to 
 Iowa City; having a professional 
 turn of mind, he entered the office 
 first of A. Calkins, as a student of 
 law, and afterward, one year with 
 Curtis Bates, Esq.; he was admit- 
 ted to the bar in Sigourney in 
 July, 1844, and the same year he 
 settled in Richland, Keokuk coun- 
 ty, and engaged in the practice of 
 his profession ; in 1846 he was a 
 delegate to the constitutional con- 
 vention; in 1852 he was elected 
 to the sena|:e, but not admitted 
 
 owing to a legal technicality; in 
 1855 he was elected county judge, 
 re-elected in 1857, and during his 
 term of office the present court- 
 house was built; in 1864 he was 
 appointed quartermaster of the 
 Forty-seventh Regiment Iowa 
 Volunteer Infantry, and in July 
 of the same year, he was appointed 
 A. Q. M., with rank of captain, 
 and ordered to Yirginia, and was 
 present at the surrender ol Lee; 
 he was afterward on duty in Tex- 
 as, and was mustered out in 
 March, 1866; in 1875 he was 
 elected to the lower house of the 
 Iowa State legislature, and in 1877 
 was elected to the State senate; 
 he was married to Miss Evaline 
 Galbreath in 1837; she was a na- 
 tive of Tennessee; they have, two 
 children: Amanda and Z. T. ; they 
 have lost six children: Jonathan 
 T., Elizabeth, Maria, Mary, Irena 
 and Martha E. 
 HAVENS, J. W., born in Frank- 
 lin county, Ohio, May 17, 1842; 
 he removed to Illinois in 1854: 
 here he learned the trade of mar- 
 ble cutter, which occupation he 
 followed until 1863; upon arriv- 
 ing at the age of twenty-one he 
 determined to change his occupa- 
 tion; he had for some time an 
 inclination to enter the newspaper 
 profession and for this purpose 
 came to Sigourney in December, 
 1863, and in connection with a 
 brother, H. E. Havens, bought 
 the "Sigourney News;" upon 
 taking charge of the "News" 
 that journal soon gained a wide- 
 spread reputation, and Mr. Ha- 
 vens proved his. genius for the 
 new profession he had chosen by 
 making the "News" one of the 
 spiciest and sprightliest papers in 
 the State; his connection with 
 the "News" lasted till Novem- 
 ber, 1878, a period of nearly fif- 
 teen years, during which time he 
 had exclusive editorial charge; 
 
616 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK OOCNTT. 
 
 in the fall of 1870 he was chosen 
 to represent Keoknk county in 
 the State Senate, and although 
 the jonngest member of the Thir- 
 teenth General Assembly he ac- 
 quitted himself with honor and 
 made a record for statesmanlike 
 sagacity which would have been 
 creditable to one of more advanced 
 age and wider range of experience; 
 Mr. Havens was married to Miss 
 E. J. Dunn in 1863; she was a 
 native of Ohio; they have five 
 children: Jessie, Benjamin, Josie, 
 Birdie, Blanche and an infant 
 daughter; Mr. Havens sold the 
 "News" in November, 1878, to 
 Mr. Needham, of Oskaloosa, in 
 order to relieve his mind from 
 the cares of a business so long 
 successfully managed, and to per- 
 mit him to accompany his wife, 
 who of late years was in feeble 
 health, on a trip to the moun- 
 tains; fifteen years of journal- 
 ism in one place is a more than 
 average career, and when success- 
 ful, as was that of Mr. Havens, is 
 something to be proud of; as 
 an anti-grange editor and legisla- 
 tor, Mr. Havens especially dis- 
 tinguished himself, and in this 
 particular did his conduct contrast 
 most favorably with those truck- 
 ling time-servers who embraced 
 the Granger in prosperity only to 
 abandon his falling fortunes when 
 the tide ebbed. 
 HENTON, W. C, stock dealer; was 
 born in Hillsboro, Highland coun- 
 ty, Ohio, August 25, 1831 ; when 
 young his parents removed to 
 Hendricks county, Indiana, near 
 Danville, where the subject of our 
 sketch was raised on a farm until 
 nineteen years of age; he came to 
 this county in 1850, and has been 
 principally engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits and the stock business; 
 for the last few years he has de- 
 voted his time to the latter; he 
 has served the city as a member of 
 
 its council and on the school board; 
 he married Miss A. E. Homan in 
 February, 1853; she was born in 
 Indiana; they have two children: 
 Alice and Ollie 
 
 HIGGINS, G, W., harness maker; 
 was born in Springfield, Illinois, 
 in 1821, and was raised there; he 
 was apprenticed for five years to a 
 tanner to learn the business, and 
 one of the conditions of the inden- 
 ture was, that the apprentice was 
 to have all holidays and general 
 muster days for himself, and these 
 he occupied in learning the col- 
 lar trade, so that by the time his 
 apprenticeship had expired he was 
 able to make a full hand at this 
 business as well as a tanner; he 
 engaged in business on his own 
 account in Washington, Illinois, 
 and remained there until 1856, 
 when he came to Sigourney, which 
 has since been his home, excepting 
 two years, when he had charge of 
 a collar manufactory in Albia; 
 he has recently discovered, after 
 a great deal of experimenting as 
 well as expense, a process for tan- 
 ning lace leather in an incredible 
 short time, and claims as a merit, 
 that the glutinous substance of 
 the skin is extracted in such a 
 manner that the fiber is stronger 
 than in its natural state, although 
 manufacturing by this process is 
 in its infancy; Mr. Higgins cannot 
 begin to supply the demand; he 
 married Miss Isabel Smith of 
 Irish Grove, Illinois, in 1842; she 
 was born in Ohio; he enlisted in 
 Oo. F, Eighth Iowa Infantry, and 
 served three years and six months. 
 
 Hull, W. Mc, farmer, Sec. 14. 
 
 Hiser, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 17. 
 
 HOGIN, HON. JAMES L., de- 
 ceased; for many years a distin- 
 guished member of the Masonic 
 
 , order, and in 1854 grand master 
 of Iowa, was born in Kent county 
 Delaware, on tlie 7th of March, 
 1801; his father was of Scotch- 
 
8IG0UBNET. 
 
 617 
 
 Irish ancestry, and his mother of 
 English origin ; both families were 
 strong patriots during the revolu- 
 tion, and several of them bore 
 arms in the cause of the colonies; 
 the subject of this sketch received 
 but a limited education in early 
 life, and during his minority learn- 
 ed the shoemaking trade, at which 
 he worked for many years, but he 
 ■was always a diligent student, and 
 noted as a lover of books; even 
 when poor and earning but a 
 scanty livelihood, he was contin- 
 ually adding to his stock of his- 
 torical and standard works, and 
 in after years possessed one of the 
 finest libraries in the State; in 
 March, 1819, he removed to Indi- 
 ana, and located in Brookville, 
 Franklin county, of that State, 
 where he worked at his trade for 
 a number of years; he afterward 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits, a 
 pursuit which he followed as long 
 as he contined in business, and 
 from which he derived a reasona- 
 ble ■ competency; in the spring of 
 1832 he removed to Indianapolis, 
 and continued in business tliere 
 antil 1845, when he removed to 
 Danville, where he remained till 
 his removal to Sigonrney, in 1850; 
 here he made his nome, and passed 
 the remainder of his life time, en- 
 joying the esteem and confidence 
 of his fellow citizens; although 
 shrinking from public notice, yet 
 the importunities of his fellow 
 citizens of Keokuk county pressed 
 him into their service, and he was 
 elected to the State senate in 
 1854, and served with distinction 
 two regular, and one special sess- 
 ion ; but it was as a Mason that he 
 was especially distinguished, hav- 
 ing taken a deep interest in the 
 ■order from the time he connected 
 himself with the fraternity, and 
 held the prominent oflSces of the 
 order in the State in 1854, being 
 elected grand master; Mr. Hogin 
 
 married Miss Eliza J. Crouch, of 
 Wellsburg, Virginia, September 
 3, 1822; she was a woman of high 
 intellectual attainments, and led a 
 blameless and useful life; her so- 
 cial qualities were highly devel- 
 oped, and she was the centre of a 
 large circle of friends, who looked 
 up to her as a counselor and lead- 
 er; she died in 1864; of their 
 family of twelve children eight 
 are still living: John C. (now one 
 of Sigourney's prominent busi- 
 ness men), Caroline N. (now the 
 wife of Dr. N. Henton, of Salem, 
 Oregon), Elvia A. (wife of Wm. 
 M. Wells Esq., of Oskaloosa), 
 Mary (now the wife of T. B. 
 Matthews, of Kansas), Cornelia fe. 
 (now the wife of Rev. C. W. 
 Shaw, of Salem, Oregon), George 
 B. (is a druggist, of Newton), 
 Juliett W. (now the wife of A. C. 
 Eomig, of Abilene, Kansas), and 
 Benjamin li. (now living in Kan- 
 sas; they have lost four: one son, 
 Wm. F., was captain of Co. F, 
 Eighth Iowa Infantry, and was 
 killed at the battle of Shiloh, Ten- 
 nesse, on the 5th of April, 1862, 
 having just reached his majority; 
 he was a youth of great promise, 
 a gallant soldier, and estimable 
 gentlemen; in the home of a son 
 he forgot the world of care and 
 the battle of life, which had fur- 
 rowed his earlier years and drawn 
 closely around the hearths of chil- 
 dren and grandchildren, and in 
 their loved presence awaited the 
 hour when he should be summon- 
 ed to meet his beloved partner in 
 the mansions of rest; the hour 
 came in peace and quiet, and 
 " the spirit ascended to the God 
 who gave it;" he died on the 7th 
 of December, 1876; James L. 
 Hogin was one of nature's noble- 
 men; living an upright and hon- 
 orable life, he did much to build 
 up the town and county in which 
 he cast his lot for life, and to-day 
 
618 
 
 DIEKCTOET OF KEOKTJK COTINTT. 
 
 many rise up and call him blessed 
 in their recollection of pleasing 
 memories of his intercourse with 
 them. 
 HOGIN, HON. JOHN C, mer- 
 chant; whose portrait appears 
 in this work, was born in Brook- 
 ville, Franklin county, Indiana, in 
 1823, and is the oldest son of Jas. 
 L. Hogin, and Eliza, nee Crouch ; 
 his father was a native of Dela- 
 ware, and his mother of Virginia; 
 In 1832 his father removed to In- 
 dianapolis and engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits, and the son be- 
 came a very valuable assistant of 
 his father; of Mr. Hogin, it may 
 well be said that he was bred a 
 man of business, and the uninter- 
 rupted success which has attended 
 him through life thus far may be 
 attributed to his early training; in 
 1848 he removed to Sigourney, 
 Keokuk county Iowa, and engaged 
 in business on his own account; 
 in a few j'ears his father became 
 associated with him, and the name 
 of the firm was James L. Hogin 
 &, Sou, and continued some time, 
 when it was afterward changed 
 to Hogin, Harned &Glandon,and 
 in a few years Mr. Hogin again 
 became sole proprietor, and re- 
 mained so until his retirement 
 from business, near the close of 
 the year 1877; when Mr. Hogin 
 retired from business it created 
 quite a sensation, and the press 
 of the city took occasion to com- 
 ment on the event in poetry and 
 Erose; like many other successful 
 usinesss men Mr. Hogin, soon 
 after retiring, became uneasy and 
 restless, and he came to the con- 
 clusion it was better to wear out 
 than to rust out, and he again 
 embarked in business, after a brief 
 retirement, changing, however, to 
 to the drug and book trade, and in 
 this as in other pursuits, he has 
 made it a success; we here recall 
 an incident in his life worthy of a 
 
 record in these annals of the coun- 
 ty; in 1853, while he and his fath- 
 er were partners in business, the 
 Democratic party selected the 
 subject of this sketch as their 
 nominee for the State senate, and 
 in order to defeat him, if possible, 
 the Whig party nominated his^ 
 father; although the contest wafr 
 a spirited one, itdid not cause the 
 least ill feeling between the two 
 partners, who long afterwards con- 
 tinued their present business rela- 
 tions; the record of the election 
 as made by the canvassing board, 
 shows that James L. Hogin waa 
 elected by sixty -one votes; at the 
 same election M. M. Crocker (af- 
 terwards General Crocker), who 
 was the Democratic nominee for 
 representative, was defeated by 
 131 votes; neither Mr. Hogin 
 nor his father sought the oflSce for 
 which they were nominated; dur- 
 ing the rebellion Mr. Hogin agdn 
 became a candidate (much against 
 his will) for the State Senate on 
 the Union war ticket, and instead 
 of being defeated by a small ma- 
 jority, was elected by a majority 
 of 500 votes; Mr. Hogin's unin- 
 terrupted business career in Eeo- 
 kuk county covers a period of thir- 
 ty years and six months, and just- 
 ly entitles him to the credit of 
 being in business longer than any 
 merchant in the county; he may 
 well bo termed an old citizen, and 
 can remember nearly all the pe- 
 riod covered by the county's his- 
 tory; he has risen slowly but 
 steadily; he accepted the hardship 
 of pioneer life with good grace, 
 and even zest, and has built uphift 
 prosperity on the business princi- 
 ple that in every i'air bargain both 
 parties gain, consequently he has- 
 become a man of mark and influ- 
 ence in the community, and has 
 made an enduring impression on 
 the business and social life about 
 him ; his life has been one of 
 
-SIGOUENET. 
 
 6191 
 
 ceaseless activity and industry; 
 his official record without a stain, 
 having served with credit and 
 ability; as a business man he has 
 proven himself upright, reliable 
 and honorable in ail places and 
 under all circumstances; he is loy- 
 al to truth, honor and right; so- 
 cially he is pleasant and afiTable; 
 few men have more devoted friends 
 or merit more the confidence and 
 esteem of their fellow citizens; he 
 was married to Miss C. H. Rich- 
 ards in 1847; she was a native of 
 Highland county, Ohio, but a res- 
 ident of Hendricks county, Indi- 
 ana; their family consists of five 
 children : Clara (now Mrs. Hutch- 
 inson), Susan C. (now Mrs. J. A. 
 Donnell), Samuel R. (a merchant 
 in Delta), Josephine (now Mrs. 
 Ellis), and Lillie. 
 HOLLINGSWORTH, L., retired; 
 was born in Columbiana county, 
 Ohio, in 1831, and spent his early 
 
 J rears on a farm, and afterward 
 earned the trade of cabinet ma- 
 ker; he came to this county in 
 1854; he settled in Prairie town- 
 ship, where for twelve years he 
 was engaged in agricultural pur- 
 spits; he has held the office of 
 county auditor for four years, and 
 also the office of county treasurer, 
 and in 1862 represented Keokuk 
 county in the State Legislature; 
 at the present time he is the cor- 
 oner of the county; he has filled 
 his official positions with ability 
 and unswerving integrity; he is 
 modest and unassuming in his 
 manner, an upright citizen, en- 
 joying the confidence of all who 
 know him; he married Miss 
 Hannah Fawcett in 1859 ; she 
 was born in Ohio ; their family 
 consists of two children : Luella 
 E. and Horace S. 
 HOLLINGSWORTH, W. R., ed- 
 itor and proprietor of the "Sigour- 
 ney Review;" born in Maysville, 
 Kentucky, in 1840, and removed 
 
 with his parents to Des Moiena 
 county, Iowa, in 1841, and re- 
 mained there until 1866; then 
 went to Ohio, and entered Oxford 
 College; he graduated from thi» 
 institution in 1861, and returned 
 to Iowa, and in 1863, purchased 
 a farm in Henry county, and en- 
 gaged in agricultural pursuits^ 
 and lived there until he came to- 
 Sigourney and bought the " Re- 
 view, in connection with Mr. Kin- 
 ney; he soon became sole editor 
 and proprietor, and continues a& 
 such at the present time; he mar- 
 ried Miss Anna S. Thorneloe, i» 
 1874; was born in England. 
 
 House, E. B., plasterer. 
 
 House, D., plasterer. 
 
 HOWARD, J. Q., of the firm of 
 Howard & Kerr, dealers in books,, 
 stationery, etc.; was born in York 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1823, and 
 in 1833 removed with his parents- 
 to Licking county, Ohio; he came 
 to this State in 1855 and settled 
 in Davis county, and was engaged 
 in teaching; he enlisted in the- 
 113th Ohio infantry during the- 
 late war and served three years; 
 he came to this county in 1868,. 
 and owns a farm of 168 acres; he- 
 has held the office of county treas- 
 urer for six years, and served as a. 
 member of the school-board. He 
 married Miss Julia A Deming ia 
 1868; she was born in Washing- 
 ton county, Ohio; they have seven, 
 children : Wm. D., Hattie E., Kit- 
 tie A., Bertie, Edward, Mabel and 
 May. 
 
 Huudleson, N., butcher. 
 
 Hufi'man, W. D., physician. 
 
 HUFF, SANFORD W., M. D.,. 
 deceased; born in Hamburg, 
 Erie county, New York, on the- 
 25th of December, 1826, and was 
 the son of Timothy Hnfl" and 
 Phebe, nee Potter, and was the- 
 youngest of five children; hifr 
 early boyhood days were passed! 
 on his father's farm and attend- 
 
620 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 ing school; financial embarrass- 
 ments prevented his father, in a 
 measure, of carrying out his cher- 
 ished design to give the subject of 
 this sketch a thorough collegiate 
 education, so that he was lett to 
 achieve his own mental discipline 
 as best he could ; he was able, by 
 dint of perseverance, economy 
 and industry, to avail himself of 
 the advantages of academical 
 schools ; he chose the medical pro- 
 fession for an occupation and 
 graduated from the medical de- 
 partment of the University of Buf- 
 falo in the spring of 1851, and 
 commenced as the partner of a 
 practitioner of high standing in 
 that city; but the severe applica- 
 tion incident to his professional 
 studies began to recoil on his 
 health and he was obliged to 
 •change his location to the coun- 
 try; he came to Iowa and located 
 in Iowa City, in 1857; during the 
 iirst two years of his western ex- 
 perience his attention was divided 
 between his profession and out- 
 side operations; he then devoted 
 himself exclusively to his profes- 
 sion, and when the war opened in 
 1862, he accepted the surgeoncy of 
 the Twelfth Iowa Infantry, and 
 served until the close of the war; 
 lie participated in nearly all the 
 great achievements of the army of 
 the southwest and filled all the 
 grades of responsibility to which 
 a regimental surgeon is eligible, 
 and rendered valuable service on 
 the staff of Gen. Mower, and af- 
 terward of Gen. McArthur, as 
 «urgeon-in-chief of the department 
 of Alabama, on the staff of Gen. 
 Davis, and remained in this posi- 
 tion until he was mustered out in 
 the winter of 1866; he then re- 
 turned to his home and resumed 
 his practice, and soon after was 
 elected to the position of secretary 
 to the State Historical Society 
 and editor of its annual. This 
 
 little publication grew in his 
 hands, from a pampnlet of some 
 thirty odd pages, to a dignified 
 quarterly of magazine propor- 
 tions; he visited the legislature 
 during its session of 1868-9, at 
 his own expense, and secured an 
 appropriation of seven thousand 
 dollars with which to defray the 
 expenses of printing and preserv- 
 ing the records and accumulations 
 of the society for the benefit of 
 the future historian of the State; 
 after three years of toilsome but 
 successful labor, he was compelled, 
 on account of private business, to 
 resign ; he soon afterward engaged 
 in a newspaper enterprise, but nis 
 professional duties requiring his 
 attention, the paper was absorbed 
 by the "Kepiiblican;" he received 
 a very flattering unofficial invita- 
 tion to a chair in the medical de- 
 partment of the State University, 
 which he declined ; he was presi- 
 dent, for several years, of the 
 Johnson county Medical Associa- 
 tion, and a member of the State 
 Medical Association, and in 1877 
 was a delegate to the annual meet- 
 ing of the National Medical Asso- 
 ciation held at Chicago; his taste 
 for literature has not prevented 
 him from concentrating his intel- 
 lectual forces on the great science 
 belonging to his profession, and 
 in it he lias always been a success, 
 taking leading parts in profession- 
 al gatherings, making an eviable 
 reputation as a practitioner; he 
 was twice married, first to Miss 
 Harriet E. Borland, in 1863 ; she 
 died in 1863, leaving one daugh- 
 ter: Alice (now Mrs. H. Sheldon, 
 of Fremont, Ohio); he married 
 for his second wife, Miss Laura S. 
 Nickerson, in 1870; she was a na- 
 tive of Fort Crown Point, N. Y., 
 a lady of high education and re- 
 finement, and of fine artistic tal- 
 ents; she was educated in the art 
 department of Cooper Institute; 
 
SIGOUENET. 
 
 621 
 
 by this union they had three 
 children: "Wirt S., born October 
 3, 1871 ; died in July, 1873; Laura 
 C, born September 16, 1875; 
 Frances, born April 18, 1877; died 
 February 19, 1878; Dr. Huff died 
 November 7, 1879. 
 JACKSON, THOMAS, barber; 
 
 cl was born in Washington coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, February 10, 1849, 
 and lived there until 1866, when 
 he came to Iowa and settled in 
 Washington, where he learned his 
 trade; in June, 1869, he came to 
 this county and has followed his 
 present business since that time; 
 he married Hattie Black in 1874; 
 she was born in Davenport, Iowa; 
 they have one son : George. 
 
 JACKSON, B. F., merchant, deal- 
 er in iron, hardware and agricul- 
 tural implements; was born in 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, Novem- 
 ber 25, 1833, where he was raised 
 on a farm; he came to this county 
 in 1871 and engaged in his pres- 
 ent business; the house is one of 
 the oldest in the city and was es- 
 tablished by Wm. Jackson and 
 Hugh McElroy in the spring of 
 1856; January 1, 1859, William 
 Jackson bought out McElroy; in 
 1865 J. H. Shawhan became a 
 member of the firm, under the 
 name of Wm. Jackson & Co.; in 
 1869 Mr. Shawhan withdrew, and 
 Wm. and li. B. Jackson continued 
 under the same firm name; in 
 1871 B. F. Jackson purchased 
 Wm. Jackson's interest and the 
 business continued under the firm 
 name of R. B. & B. F. Jackson; 
 in January, 1879, R. B. Jackson 
 sold his interest to B. F. Jackson, 
 who is now sole proprietor. Mr. 
 Jackson married Miss L. 0. Oar- 
 rington, of Piqua, Ohio, in May, 
 1867; she was born in Baltimore. 
 
 Jackson, Wra., farmer. Sec. 1. 
 
 Jacobs, J. W., farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 JAMES, SAMUEL A. ; born in 
 Botetourt county, Virginia, on 
 
 the 27th day of December, 1823, 
 his parents being Thomas James 
 and Barbary, nee Britts; his father 
 was of mixed Scotch and Welsh 
 lineage, while his mother was of 
 German origin ; in 1829 the family 
 removed from Virginia to Indiana 
 and settled in Hendricks county,, 
 in which and the adjoining county 
 of Montgomery the subject of this 
 sketch obtained a common school 
 education ; as soon as he was old 
 enough he had recourse to the 
 usual expedient of aspiring youths 
 — school teaching; he taught three- 
 winter terms, being at the same 
 time an industrious and diligent 
 student himself; in the spring of 
 1842 he resolved to follow the star 
 of empire westward, and, turning 
 his back upon the scenes of his 
 boyhood, he started alone and on 
 foot, with a pair of saddle-bags 
 thrown over his shoulder contain- 
 ing his worldly efilects; he crossed 
 the States of Indiana and Illinois- 
 into the then Territory of Iowa,, 
 and to the town of Washington, 
 which he reached on the 25th of 
 March, 1842; in the fall of the 
 same year he taught one terra of 
 school in Washington, but in the 
 year following, 1843, he removed 
 to Keokuk county, Iowa, and made 
 a claim four miles north of Sig- 
 ourney; in the autumn of this 
 year he returned to Washington 
 and spent the following winter in 
 the study of law, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in Sigourney soon- 
 after; as yet the territory now 
 forming Keokuk county was a. 
 part of Washington, and in March,. 
 1844, Mr. James was appointed 
 clerk of the District Court with a 
 special commission to organize the 
 county of Keokuk, and according- 
 ly, equipped with the same old 
 saddle-bags, he journeyed to the 
 southeastern part of the county, 
 where he arranged places for hold- 
 ing the first election and desig- 
 
«22 
 
 DIEECTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 nated the judges thereof, after 
 which he canvassed the returns 
 and qualified the first set of offi- 
 cers; soon after the organization 
 ■of the county, he was appointed 
 -postmaster; he remained at Sig- 
 •ourney until, the seat of Justice 
 having been removed to Lancas- 
 ter, he followeid the office to the 
 latter place; in 1849 he removed 
 to the city of Keokuk, in Lee 
 county, where he was soon ap- 
 pointed deputy clerk, with head- 
 quarters at Fort Madison; in 1852 
 he was elected clerk, and re-elected 
 in 1 854: ; the business of this office 
 required such incessant labor and 
 close confinement that his health 
 became impaired and he was 
 obliged to resign as the only 
 means of prolonging his life; in 
 the autumn of 1855 he returned 
 to Keokuk county; in May, 1861, 
 he was appointed postmaster of 
 Sigonrney by President Lincoln, a 
 position he held for five years, but 
 refusing to Andy Johnsonize, as 
 the movement was then phrased, 
 he was superseded in August, 
 1866; the interval between that 
 ■date and the present time he has 
 devoted to private pursuits, giving 
 his attention mainly to transac- 
 tions in real estate and in the 
 brokerage and money -loaning bus. 
 iness; judicious and prudent in- 
 vestments in real estate and other 
 business operations have com- 
 bined to make him one of the large 
 tax-payers of Keokuk county; 
 during the period of the civil war 
 he was unable to enter the military 
 fiervide on account of defective 
 eye-sight, from which he had long 
 Buffered, but he did excellent 
 work for the Union cause with his 
 pen in the columns of the Sigonr- 
 ney "News," of which he was 
 principal editor during the first 
 year of the war; he has been 
 prominently identified in educa- 
 tional matters of the county; he 
 
 has always been a man of public 
 spirit, advocating every measure 
 calculated to benefit the city; he 
 was married in Sigonrney on the 
 2nd of September, 1847, to Miss 
 Sarah Moody, of Licking county, 
 Ohio; they have three children 
 living: George S. (now associated 
 with his father in business), Lib- 
 bie A. (now Mrs. H. A. Seamans), 
 and Tda Bell; they have lost 
 three; Mr. James is a man of 
 great decision of character, with 
 strong and enduring convictions of 
 right; he has filled his official po- 
 sitions with marked ability and 
 always with unswerving integrity 
 and unyielding firmness; he is 
 modest and unassuming in his 
 habits and manners — an upright 
 citizen, enjoying the confidence of 
 all who know him. 
 JAMES, GEO. S., son of S. A. and 
 Sarah James; born in Lancaster, 
 Iowa, April 16, 1849, and was 
 married to Miss Frances S. Bar- 
 ringer, April 10, 1879; she was 
 born in the State of New York, in 
 1857, and came to Iowa in 1877; 
 he is the junior member of S. A. 
 James & Son, in real estate and 
 loan business. 
 Johnson, K. M., carpenter. 
 Johnson, T., tinner. 
 Josbaker, Peter, farmer. Sec. 35. 
 JOHNSTON, C. G., attorney and 
 abstracter, of the firm of John- 
 ston & Hankins; born in Steubea- 
 ville, Ohio, in 1837, and was rais- 
 ed there until 1851, on a farm; at 
 this time he emigrated to Iowa 
 and settled in Davenport; he read 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 
 Scott county in 1859 ; he returned 
 to Steubenville, Ohio, and in 1864 
 accepted a position in the Treasury 
 Department at Washington, D. 
 0.; he came to this county in 1867 
 and engaged in the practice of his 
 profession; he has been honored 
 with the office of mayor of the 
 city; he married Miss Hannah 
 
BIGOURNKT. 
 
 623 
 
 Dpdegraff in February, 1867; she 
 was born in Jefferson county, 
 Ohio; they liave three children: 
 , Edward A., Josiah and Zella. 
 
 KELLER, C., butcher; born in 
 Germany in 1840, where he 
 lived until 1860, when he came to 
 the United States and settled in 
 Ohio, and remained there ten 
 years; he learned his trade in his 
 native country, and has followed it 
 . cnocessfully since coining to this 
 county in 1870; he married Miss 
 Louisa Emdre in 1862; she was 
 born in Germany; they have 
 eight children: Charlie, George, 
 Jacob, Lnla, Theodore, Ida, Mag- 
 
 fie, Clara and Baby ; they lost one 
 aughter: Ida. 
 
 Kelley, G., shoemaker. 
 
 KECK, IRVING A., born in 
 Washington county, Iowa, in 
 March, 1846; his mother was a 
 daughter of John Jackson, one of 
 the first settlers of Washington 
 county ; his father, Joseph Iveck, 
 settled in Washington in 1842, 
 and as a successful financier and 
 public-spirited citizen has been 
 prominently connected with the 
 interests of that flourishing city 
 almost from the first to the pres- 
 ent time, a period of thirty-nine 
 years; Irving A. Keck was bred 
 and trained a banker; he was ed- 
 ucated in the schools of Wash- 
 ington — first in the public schools 
 «nd then in the academy of that 
 place; during his leisure hours 
 while attending school, and his 
 whole time after graduation, he 
 was in his father's bank, and re- 
 ceived his ideas of financiering 
 while assisting in the practical 
 work of that institution; upon 
 the organization of the First Na- 
 tional Bank of Sigourney, he was 
 appointed cashier in 1871; since 
 that time he has had exclusive 
 charge of the management of 
 that institution, and the best 
 proof of his skill and industry is 
 
 the bank's record, which for sta- 
 bility, accuracy of accounting and 
 liberality of dealing has no su- 
 perior in the State; Mr. Keck is 
 an anthor as well as a banker, he 
 having contributed several of the 
 most interesting and reliable arti- 
 cles appearing in the "Annals of 
 Iowa," a periodical published some 
 years since and edited by a num- 
 ber of the most distinguished 
 gentlemen who settled in the 
 State during an early period; 
 considering the fact that Mr. 
 Keck is now but thirty-three 
 years of age, his life has certainly 
 been an exceptionally successful 
 one; he married Miss A. D. Wait, 
 of Boone, Iowa; she was born in 
 New York. 
 KERR, E. B., of the firm of How- 
 ard & Kerr, dealers in books and 
 stationery, wall paper, etc. ; is the 
 son of the Kev. Joseph and Mary 
 J. Kerr, and was born in Jefierson 
 county, Ohio, in 1838, and was 
 raised in that State until sixteen 
 years of age; he came to Iowa in 
 1864 and settled in Jefferson 
 county; he was raised a farmer 
 and afterward learned the trade 
 of carpenter; during the late war 
 he enlisted in the lliirtieth Iowa 
 Infantry and was commissioned 
 captain of Co. G; he served three 
 years; he came to this county in 
 1861, engaged in farming and 
 owns a farm of eighty acres; he 
 has held the oflSce of county sur- 
 veyor, and is the present incum- 
 bent of the office; he married 
 Miss Kate A. Deming in 1862; she 
 was a native of Ohio ; their fam- 
 ily consists of three children: 
 Mary A., Clara H. and Julia. 
 Keys, L. H., grocer. 
 Klett, G., blacksmith aud carriage 
 
 works. 
 Klinesmith, G. E., wagon maker. 
 Knape, F., cigar manufacturer. 
 T AFFER, E., druggist and jew- 
 1—1 eler; born in Tuscarawas 
 
624 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 county, Ohio, April 17, 1837; he 
 was raised in Ohio in mercantile 
 pursuits until seventeen years of 
 age; in 1854 he came to Keokuk 
 county, and has been engaged in 
 merchandising since that time; 
 he has been closely identified with 
 the growth and prosperity of the 
 county; he has attained a large 
 measure of success and gained an 
 enviable place in the confidence of 
 the people; he has served the 
 county on its board of supervisors 
 and the city in its council; he en- 
 listed in the Forty- seventh Iowa 
 Infantry during the late war; he 
 married Miss Susan F. Godson in 
 1864; she was born in New 
 York; they have one daughter: 
 Stella May ; Mr. Laffer is one of 
 the organizers, of the Union Bank 
 and vice-president of the same. 
 
 LAFFER, PHILLIP, farmer. Sec. 
 4; P. O. SigournOT; bom in Tus- 
 carawas county, Ohio, August 2, 
 1827; he was there raised on a 
 farm and lived there until 1855, 
 when he came to this county and 
 settled where he now lives; he 
 owns one hundred and: nineteen 
 acres of good land, well improved ; 
 has on his land a fine bearing or- 
 chard; August 28, 1862, he en- 
 listed in Co. F. Fifth Iowa Infant- 
 ry; served fifteen months and 
 was then discharged on account of 
 disability; he participated in sev-. 
 eral small battles; he married, in 
 1850, Miss Catharine E. Williams, 
 a native of Ohio; they have four 
 children: Hannah E. (now Mrs. 
 Kandall), Franklin, George and 
 Edward. 
 
 Laffer, H., farmer. Sec. 9. 
 
 Landers, J., farmer, Sec. 3. 
 
 LASH, D. W., restaurant and con- 
 fectioner; born in Johnson coun- 
 ty, Indiana, in November, 1842, 
 and came to this State in 1845; 
 he was raised a farmer until sev- 
 enteen years of age, when follow- 
 ing the impulses of his patriotic 
 
 nature, he enlisted i;i Co. F, 
 Eighth Iowa Infautry and served 
 four years and nine months, and 
 was in the engagements at Shiloh, 
 Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson, and 
 many other engagements of less 
 importance; he married Miss Isa- 
 dora Stickney in 1868; she was 
 born in Louisa county; they have 
 two children: Lola and Lulu; lost 
 one daughter: Lottie. 
 
 Leachman, Wm., clothing merchant, 
 Sec. 35. 
 
 Lewis, J. G., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 LOWE, J. M., merchant, dealing 
 in clothing, hats, caps, and gents' 
 furnishing goods; was born in In- 
 diana in 1844, and was brought 
 by his parents to this county in 
 1849; he was raised on a farm 
 until, 18 years of age and then en- 
 listed in the 33d Iowa Infantry in 
 August, 1862, and served until 
 discharged on account of disabil- 
 ity; he returned to his home and 
 then attended school for some 
 time at Oskaloosa; he has been 
 engaged in his present business 
 since 1866; he has held the office 
 of city treasurer four years; he 
 married Miss Belle Hair in 1869; 
 she was born in Ohio; they have 
 three children : Elsie, Thomas L., 
 and Addie. 
 
 Loux, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 21. 
 
 Lucie, D. J., merchant. 
 
 Lyons, G. T., laborer. 
 
 MCCARTY, T. F., county au- 
 ditor; was born in Onedia 
 county, New York, in 1842; from 
 that county he removed to New 
 England, and came to this State 
 in 1858 and engaged in railroad 
 building; his home since 1865, 
 ,when he came to the county, and 
 previous to his election to his 
 present office, was in Layfayette 
 township, where he owns a farm of 
 80 acres; he was elected auditor 
 first in 1877 on the Democratic 
 ticket, and although his township 
 was strongly Kepublican he car- 
 
8IG0UHNET. 
 
 627 
 
 ried it by a large majority; he was 
 re-elected again in October, 1879; 
 he married Miss Mary Boyer in 
 1869; she was born in Pennsylva- 
 nia; they have four children: 
 Catharine M., Tlieressa, Charlie 
 and George. 
 
 McClelland, J. S., printer. 
 
 McCLENAHAN, R., postmaster; 
 was born in Stark county, Illinois, 
 in 1840, and lived there until 13 
 years of age; he came to this 
 county in 1854 and was raised on 
 a farm; heeding his country's call 
 for troops to defend it against the 
 traitors of the South,. he enlisted 
 in Co. F, 5th Iowa Infantry, and 
 was the first man to enlist from 
 this county; he was wounded at 
 the battle of luka, and discharged 
 on account of disability; after his 
 return he learned the marb-lework- 
 ing business and followed that oc- 
 cupation until June 6, 1869, at 
 which time he received the ap- 
 pointment of postmaster, on the 
 recommendation of the popular 
 vote of his party ; he married Miss 
 Tillie Hoover; she was born in 
 Stark coTinty Ohio; they have a 
 family of two children: Curtis 
 and Freddie. 
 
 McCoUough, A., farmer, Sec. 16. 
 
 McJUNKiN, E. W., attorney; was 
 born in Richland county, Ohio, 
 in 1844; in early life his time was 
 divided between farming and mer- 
 cantile pursuits ; he received an 
 academical education, but while 
 pursuing his studies the call for 
 troops to suppress the rebellion of 
 the South awoke the student from 
 his dreams over mathematical 
 problems, and be enlisted in the 
 123d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and 
 served three years; the war being 
 over, he came to Iowa in 1865 and 
 entered the oflBce of his uncle, 
 Attorney-General McJunkin, of 
 Washington, as a student of law; 
 after preparing himself he was 
 
 38 
 
 admitted to the bar in September, 
 1868; he was engaged in the prac- 
 tice ot his profession for two years 
 in Knoxville, Marion county, Iowa, 
 previous to his coming to this 
 county, in 1872, and since which 
 time he has been associated with 
 G. D. Woodin, Esq., in the prac- 
 tice of law. He married Miss 
 Sally A. Jenkins in December, 
 1872; she isa native of Kentucky; 
 they have one son : Paul. 
 
 Mclntire, J. A., pattern maker. 
 
 McLean, M. H. 
 
 McLean, W. I., farmer. 
 
 McNabb, John, farmer, Sec. 6. 
 
 McMurry, David, farmer. Sec. 4. 
 
 McNabb, H., farmer, Sec. 5. 
 
 McMullen, Wm., hotel-keeper. 
 
 McWILLIAMS, W. C, county re- 
 corder; was born in Knox county, 
 Ohio, in I^ovember, 1851, and 
 raised there until six years of age, 
 and at that period was brought by 
 his parents to Keokuk county ; he 
 was raised a farmer, and divided 
 his time between farming and 
 teaching until elected to his pres- 
 ent position in 1878. 
 
 McWILLIAMS. DR. T.B., phy- 
 sician and surgeon; was born in 
 Knox county, Ohio, November 12, 
 1843, and was raised in that State 
 until 14 years of age, when he re- 
 moved to Iowa ; he came to this 
 county in 1857; he studied medi- 
 cine and graduated from the Keo- 
 kuk Medical College in 1871, al- 
 though he had been practicing for 
 three years previous to his gradu- 
 ation; he married Miss Amanda 
 Gore in 1867 ; she was born in 
 Jefferson county, Indiana, and died 
 September 23, 1870; he married 
 for his second wife Miss Sadie R. 
 White in 1877; she was born in 
 Pennsylvania; he has two children 
 by his first marriage: Lucy Ad- 
 die and Frank. 
 
 MACKEY,C.H., attorney; born 
 in Fulton county, Illinois, in 
 
628 
 
 DIEECTORY OF KBOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ' 1837; here he received his educa- 
 tion and learned the trade of car- 
 penter; he came to this county in 
 
 ' 1855; having a natural taste for 
 the profession of law, he pre- 
 pared himself for admission to 
 the bar, and was admitted in 1858; 
 in August, 1862, filled with pat- 
 riotism, and obedient to the calls 
 of his country, he enlisted in the 
 Thirty-third Iowa Infantry, and 
 was commissioned lieutenant-col- 
 onel, and was mustered out in 
 uuly, 1865; returned to his 
 home and resumed the practice of 
 his profession, and has built up a 
 large business; he was elected to 
 represent the county in the State 
 Legislature in October, 1879; he 
 married Miss Lydia Eeed in 1858; 
 she was born in Ohio; they have 
 five children : James R., Mollie, 
 Frank, Lizzie and Charles; lost 
 two: Nellie and Freddie. 
 
 MACAULAY, CHARLES, dealer 
 in stoves, agricultural implements, 
 hardware and tinware manufac- 
 turer; was born in the north of 
 Ireland in 1834, and when thir- 
 teen years of age removed to 
 Scotland; he was brought up a 
 a farmer, and remained in the em- 
 ploy of one man nineteen years, 
 who, in recognition of such servi- 
 ces presented him with a valuable 
 testimonial; he emigrated to the 
 United States October 28, 1869, 
 and came to this county in 1870 ; 
 he is doing a prosperous business, 
 and building up a large trade. 
 
 Maleby, A., egg dealer. 
 
 Mahon, Richard, farmer; Sec. 35. 
 
 Marsh, G. L., jeweler. 
 
 Mead, Clark, farmer; Sec. 35. 
 
 MERRIAM, W. D., real estate 
 dealer ; was born in Lowell, Wash- 
 ington county, Ohio, in 1825, and 
 lived there until he arrived to 
 years of manhood; his early life 
 was spent on a farm, and after- 
 ward he devoted considerable at- 
 tention to the grain and produce 
 
 business, and at the outbreak of 
 the rebellion was doing a lai-ge 
 biTsiness in shipping to New Or- 
 leans and other river towns; he 
 came to this county in 1864, and 
 engaged in his present business; 
 he owns a farm of 160 acres near 
 Sigourney, beside wild lands 
 in other places; he married RutH 
 Clark, in October, 1868; she was 
 born in Hamilton county, Ohio; 
 Mr. Merriam has one daughter: 
 Angevine (now Mrs. West), living 
 in Ohio, by a former marriage. 
 
 Middleton, J. J., farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 Miller, Fred, carpenter. 
 
 Mitchell, Mathias, farmer. Sec. 19. 
 
 Miles, William, farmer, Sec. 8. 
 
 Minteer, J. P., farmer. Sec. 12. 
 
 Minteer, B. C, livery stable. 
 
 Miles, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 Miles, John, farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 Miller, C. E., farmer, Sec. 2. 
 
 Miller, J. W., farmer, Sec 1. 
 
 Mohme, Henry, farmer. Sec. 36. 
 
 Morrison, John, grain dealer. 
 
 Myer, A., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 NAMUR, THEODORE, saloon; 
 born in Paris, August 24, 
 1842, and was raised there; he 
 emigrated to the United States in 
 1865, and settled in Chicago, 
 where he remained one year, and 
 came to Keokuk county, Iowa, in 
 1866; he married Miss Christine 
 Triebel in 1868 ; she was born in 
 Keokuk county; they have four 
 children : Charles, Henrietta, 
 George and Theodore. 
 
 Neas, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 2. 
 
 NEEDHAM,WM. H., editor of 
 the "Sigourney News," is a native 
 of Guernsey county, Ohio, and 
 was born on the 22d day of Au- 
 gust, 1840, and lived there until 
 thirteen years of age, and then 
 came with his parents to Iowa, 
 and settled in Oskaloosa in Octo- 
 ber, 1853; he received the bene- 
 fits of the educational advantages 
 of the town and entered the "Her- 
 ald" oflioe and learned the print- 
 
SIGOUENET. 
 
 itag business, and followed it for a 
 time as an avocation in Des 
 Moines and Albia until the out- 
 break of the rebellion; he enlist- 
 ed in the Twenty-second Iowa 
 Vojnnteer Infantry as a private, 
 andafter several promotions, was 
 mustered out as tirst lieutenant at 
 the close of the war; he partici- 
 -pated in the battles of Port Gib- 
 son, Champion's Hill, Jackson, 
 Black River Bridge, and in the 
 charge on Yicksburg, May 22d, 
 1863, and was also under Sheri- 
 dan in the Shenandoah Valley, at 
 the battle of Fisher's Hill and 
 Cedar creek; after the war he re- 
 turned and bought an interest in 
 the "Herald" and was connected 
 with it for twelve years; he held 
 the office of postmater of Oska- 
 loosa from February 1, 1870, un- 
 til March 1, 1876; "in November, 
 1878, he became the editor of the 
 *'Sigourney News;" he married 
 Miss Olive A. Knowlton Decem- 
 ber 26th, 1866; she is a native of 
 Clinton county, Ohio; their fam- 
 ily consists of four children: 
 Charles K., John E., Edna Pau- 
 line and Emma; lost one daughter: 
 Alice Pearl. 
 
 Neff, Mrs. M., physician. 
 
 Neff, Samiiel, stock dealer. 
 
 Nelson, John, farmer. Sec. 10. 
 
 Newkirk, C. J., farmer. Sec. 17. 
 
 Newkirk, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 Nnller, David, farmer, Sec. 8. 
 
 Neiman, Fred, farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 OLEMAYER, JOSEPH, furn- 
 ture dealer and undertaker; 
 born in Germany, October 3, 1828, 
 and was raised there until 1854; 
 in his youtli he was apprenticed 
 to a cabinet maker to learn the 
 business; he came to the United 
 States in 1854, and settled first 
 in New York, where he remained 
 one year then came to Iowa, City, 
 and during the year 1855 came to 
 Sigonrney, where he has since re- 
 • elded; he has served as a member 
 
 of the town council, and is one of 
 Sigourney's prominent business 
 men; he married Miss Mary 
 Rupf in 1855; she was born in 
 Germany in 1827; they have three 
 children: Joseph, Mary and Lucy. 
 
 OLIVE, D. p., merchant, dealer in 
 general merchandise, agricultural 
 implements and lumber; was 
 born in Perry county, Ohio, Jan- 
 uary 19, 1821, and lived there un- 
 til 1857; while living there he 
 read law, and was admitted to the 
 bar November 5, 1844; he came 
 to this county December 15, 1857, 
 and engaged in the practice of his 
 profession, which he continued 
 for many years, but owing to im- 
 ' paired health he relinquished his 
 profession and engaged in his 
 present business; he has held 
 various township offices; he mar- 
 ried Miss Margaret Sellers March 
 30, 1845 ; she was a native of Per- 
 ry county, Ohio, and died June 
 10, 1877 ; he married for his 
 second wife Mrs. Belle Williams, 
 October 12, 1878; she was born 
 in New York; their family con- 
 sists of three children: James, 
 Lonisa and Emma. 
 
 TDAGE, T. B., farmer, Sec. 14. 
 
 PAGE, A. T.; born in Cavendish, 
 Windsor county, Vermont, Sep- 
 tember 15, 1806, and lived there 
 until eighteen years of age, when 
 his parents removed to Mansfield, 
 Ohio, where he lived for twenty- 
 eight years; his youth was divid- 
 ed between teaching school dur- 
 ing the winter months, and work- 
 ing on a farm in summer; he was 
 also engaged to some extent in 
 mercantile pursuits previous to 
 his removal to this county, in 
 1854; this business he resumed 
 after coming to Sigourney; he 
 held the office of justice of the 
 peace many years, and very satis- 
 factorily; he owns an undivided 
 half of about eighty -five acres ot 
 
630 
 
 DIBECTOEY OF KEOKUK COD NTT. 
 
 land in Sigourney township; he 
 married Miss Cynthia J. Dana in 
 May, 1829; she was born in Utica, 
 New York; they have three chil- 
 dren : Joseph, Thomas, and Cleora 
 (now Mrs. Huffman). 
 
 Parker, I. B., farmer, Sec. 10. 
 
 Parker, Sam., house-mover. 
 
 Parker, J. T., carpenter. 
 
 Parks, E. A., jeweler. 
 
 Pernell, M., farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 Pencil, J. S., farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 PFAFF, M., furniture dealer and 
 undertaker; born in North Caro- 
 lina, in 1828, and removed with 
 his parents to Indiana, in 1830; 
 he was raised a farmer; having a 
 desire to come to Iowa, and want- 
 ing some one to come with him, 
 he paid the expenses of a compan- 
 ion to accompany him, and when 
 he arrived here, in 1851, he had 
 but fifty cents left, and this he 
 paid for the lodging and break- 
 fast of the person coming with 
 him ; he has worked at his pres- 
 ent business since that time; he 
 owns a farm of fifty-one acres, 
 beside valuable city property; 
 he married Miss Amelia Strong, 
 in 1853; she was born in Mich- 
 igan; they have six children: 
 Harriet (now Mrs. Clark), Carrie 
 (now Mrs. Cheney), Frank, Ettie, 
 Belle and Earl. 
 
 Pfaff, G. W., farmer. Sec. 16. 
 
 PFAFF, A. J., stock raiser, farmer, 
 Sec. 16 ; P. O. Sigourney ; born 
 September 1, 1820, in North Caro- 
 lina; when seven years of age his 
 parents emigrated to Indiana and 
 settled in Morgan county; he was 
 raised a farmer and has followed 
 it as an occupation to the present 
 time; he came to Iowa at an early 
 day and without means; when he 
 arrived here he had only fifty cents 
 in his pocket and owed fourteen 
 dollars, but he had what was more 
 yaluable than gold — he combined 
 industry, perseverance and econo- 
 my together with a strong consti- 
 
 tution and fixed principles of hon- 
 or and honesty; he went to work 
 with a will, and has been eminent- 
 ly successful; he owns 450 acres 
 of land, and his homestead is one 
 of the best improved farms in the 
 county ; he married Miss C. Jack- 
 son in September, 1851 ; she was 
 born in Ohio; they have three 
 children : George, Harriet and Del- 
 la; they lost an infant daughter. 
 
 PFAFF, SAMUEL I., farmer, Sec. 
 21; P. O. Sigourney; is the son 
 of John D. and Lourana Pfaff, 
 and was born in North Carolina 
 in 1819; the family moved to 
 Morgan county, J ndiana, when the 
 subject of this sketch was eight 
 years of age; his early life was 
 spent on a farm; he afterward 
 learned the wagon-making trade, 
 and after he came to Sigourney, in 
 1848, he worked at the busines 16 
 years; in 1865 he bought the farm 
 he now occupies, containing 160 
 acres, well improved; he came 
 here without means, and has ac- 
 cumulated what lie now enjoys by 
 honest labor: he married Miss 
 Caroline Jackson in 1851; she 
 was a. native of Ohio; they have 
 four children : Willis B., William 
 C, Charles D. and Samuel I. ; lost 
 one son: Jackson A. 
 
 Pilkington, R., farmer. Sec. 2. 
 
 Pinkerton, C, billiard saloon. 
 
 Plessner, O., blacksmith. 
 
 POPE, MAJ., A. J., deputy audi- 
 tor; was born in Morgan county, 
 Indiana, in 1837, and learned the 
 trade of tinsmith in youth, and 
 came to this county in 1856, and 
 worked at his trade; heeding the 
 call of the government for troops 
 to preserve the honor of the coun- 
 try and to suppress the rebellion 
 of the South, he enlisted in the 
 Thirteenth Iowa Infantry, Octo- 
 ber 21, 1861, and after passing 
 through several grades of promo- 
 tion, he was mustered out as ma- 
 jor at the close of the war; he was 
 
SIQODBNBT. 
 
 631 
 
 at the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, 
 seige of Vicksbnrg, Jackson, At- 
 lanta and many of less importance 
 than the last named places, he was 
 prisoner July 22, 1864, and taken 
 to Macon, and afterward to Charles- 
 ton, and placed under fire of the 
 federal guns; he participated in 
 the grand review at Washington, 
 and after his return to this county, 
 he was appointed an assistant in 
 the office of collector of internal 
 revenue, and afterward, lie was 
 appointed collector, and held the 
 office four years; he has also had 
 four years experience in the audi- 
 tor's office; he married Miss Han- 
 nah Pinkerton, in 1861 ; she was 
 born in New York; they have a 
 familj' of five children : John, Jes- 
 sie, Mary, Worth B., Eakes. 
 
 Prather, C. G., drayman. 
 
 Prather, John, dravman. 
 
 PRICE, A. C, M.D., physician and 
 surgeon; among the medical prac- 
 titioners of Keokuk county, no 
 one is more deserving of a place 
 in these memorials than the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, who has been 
 engaged in the practice of medi- 
 cine in this county more years 
 than any other in his profession; 
 he was born in Urbanna, Ohio, 
 in 1822, and is the son of 
 Abraham and Martha Price; the 
 former was a native of New Jer- 
 sey; the latter was born at Fort 
 Hamilton (now Cincinnati), and 
 is one of three of the first white 
 children born in this place; the 
 family moved from Ohio, to San- 
 ■gamon county, Illinois, and thence, 
 to Morgan county, and in 1841, 
 he came to Iowa, and located in 
 Iowa City ; he was raised a farmer, 
 with very limited advantages, but 
 after his removal to Iowa City, 
 feeling desirous of acquiring an 
 education, he availed himself of 
 the facilities offered by the Acad- 
 «my in the town, and at intervals 
 teaching school; he turned his 
 
 attention to medicine, and read 
 with Dr. 8. M. Ballard, as precep- 
 tor; he attended the St, Louis 
 Medical College, and graduated 
 from that institute in 1850; he 
 came to this county at an early 
 day, and soon built up a large 
 and fairly remunerative practice; 
 he established himself in the con- 
 fidence of the public, and was 
 always prompt in responding to 
 the calls of duty, whether the pa- 
 tient was able to pay for profes- 
 sional services or not, and in no 
 instance has ever refused to attend 
 the sufifering on this account; he 
 responded to the call of President 
 Lincoln for volunteers to assist 
 in putting down the rebellion, 
 and recruited Co. D, Thirteenth 
 Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and was 
 commissioned captain, but after 
 serving for a time was compelled 
 to resign in consequence of im- 
 pared health; after his discharge, 
 he returned to his home and re- 
 sumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion; in his medical relations he 
 has built up his reputation by 
 skill and energy, and much of his 
 success may be attributed to his 
 careful attention to the details of 
 his profession; he is a well-read 
 man, of independent thought, and 
 has strong convictions of his re- 
 sponsibility as a citizeft, never 
 wavering in the discharge of his 
 duties; he has held the office of 
 postmaster at Sigourney, and one 
 of the State commissioners for the 
 insane; he was married to Miss 
 Amanda F. Stebbins, in the au- 
 tumn of 1852; she was a native of 
 Kentucky, and died April 14, 
 1877 ; he has two children : 
 Imogene and Maud. 
 
 RANDALL, MAXON., retired 
 farmer; born in Steuben 
 county, New York, September 10, 
 1810, and was raised there until 
 sixteen years of age; he then 
 went to Salem, Ohio, in 1826, to 
 
632 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 learn the trade of millwright; he 
 returned to New York and also 
 lived for a time in Erie county, 
 Fenn.; in 1822 he removed to Il- 
 linois and was one of the inspect- 
 ors of election that organized 
 Kendall county, in that State; he 
 came to Iowa with a wagon and 
 four yoke of oxen, bringing two 
 
 f)lows with him; he reached Tal- 
 eyrand May 5, 1843; he settled 
 in Warren township, where he re- 
 sided thirty-live years; he has 
 held various oiBces of trust; he 
 served as county commissioner 
 for many years, and also drainage 
 commissioner, beside filling all 
 the township offices; he is one of 
 the oldest settlers of the county, 
 and has been closely identified 
 with its material growth and pros- 
 perity; he married Miss Drusilla 
 Greenfield, in 1832; she was born 
 in Montgomery county, New 
 York; they have six children: 
 Sarah (now Mrs. Hankins), Sabra 
 (now Mrs. Payton), Nancy (now 
 Mrs. Hildebrand), James P., 
 John and Thomas J.; two sons, 
 Maxon W. and Ciiarles, enlisted 
 in the late war; the former died 
 at Helena, and the latter in Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 Randall, W. W., stock dealer. 
 
 Raumaker, F. S., mail carrier. 
 
 Rehkoff Bros., carriage makers. 
 
 Rickey, C. D., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 Richmiller, A., farmer. Sec. 17. 
 
 Rice, J. W., retired. 
 
 RICHARDSON, JOEL., clerk of 
 the courts of Keokuk county; 
 born in McDonough county, Illi- 
 nois, in 1839, and lived there un- 
 til 1845, when his parents remov- 
 ed to this county; he was raised a 
 farmer and owns a farm of 130 
 acres in Lancaster township; he 
 has held various township offi- 
 ces previous to his election 
 to his present position; he 
 married Miss Mary Brown, in 
 ■ 1860; she was born in Indiana, 
 
 and died in 1875; he afterwa^rd 
 married Miss Lizzie Hnbbird, ia 
 1876; she was born in Keokuk 
 county; their family consists of 
 four children: Schuyler, Julia and 
 Yiola by first marriage; and a 
 daughter: Lucie, by second mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Robison, A. G., tailor. 
 
 Robison, T., cashier of Union Bank. 
 
 ROGERS, JOHN, justice of the 
 peace; born in Bedford county^ 
 JPennsylvania, in 1808; when 
 eight years of age his parents re- 
 moved to Ohio; here he learned 
 the trade of shoemaker, and ia 
 1839 he removed to Indiana, and 
 in 1856 came to Keokuk county,, 
 bringing with him a printing 
 press, and published the first pa- 
 per published in Sigourney; he 
 has iield the office of county judge; 
 seven years, from 1861 to 1868^ 
 and mayor of the city for two 
 terms, and justice of the peace 
 for seven years; he has been 
 thrice married : first, to Elizabeth 
 Davis, in 1830; she was a native 
 of Ohio, and died in 1846; h& 
 married for his second wife Eliza- 
 beth Derrick, in 1846; she was a 
 native of Ohio, and died in 1853^ 
 he was married a third time. to 
 Diadana C. Adamson, in 1853; 
 she was a native of Ohio; he haa 
 two children by first marriage: 
 Howard S. and Mary (wife of G. 
 W. McKean); by the second mar- 
 riagej one son: Horace; and by 
 the third marriage, one daughter: 
 Alice (wife of Charles A. Gray). 
 
 RohloflF, farmer, Sec. 18. 
 
 Rosecrans, H. 0., miller. 
 
 SAMPSON, HON. E. S., attor- 
 ney; born in Huron county,. 
 Ohio, on the 6th of December, 
 1831, and is the son of Ezekiel 
 Sampson and Polly, nee Meri- 
 field; his father was of English 
 origin and his mother a native of 
 Yerraont; the family, when the' 
 subject of this sketch was young. 
 
SIQOTJKNET. 
 
 .povecj to Fulton county, Illinois; 
 ..tjlence to what is now Keokuk 
 county, Iowa, in 1843, the .first 
 year the whites were permitted to 
 , enter upon that portion of the ter- 
 ritory called the ]^ew Purchase; 
 the subject of our sketch attend- 
 ed, the public and subscription 
 schools a portion of the time be- 
 tween the age of seven and twelve 
 years; from twelve to nineteen he 
 worked on his father's farm, at- 
 tending school but one winter; he 
 was, however, a diligent student, 
 and extremely fond of his books; 
 he studied arithmetic and gram- 
 mar at night and during intervals 
 of labor; his father, being in lim- 
 ited circumstances, was able to 
 render but little assistance to liis 
 son in the way of procuring an 
 education, so that he was mainly 
 thrown on his own resources; 
 from 1850 to 1853 he attended the 
 high school of Prof. S. S. Howe, 
 at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; the last two 
 years of his stay, at the academy 
 he was enabled to pay his board 
 and tuition by learning to set 
 type, setting-ty-pe' mornings and 
 evenings and on Saturdays; in 
 the autumn of 1853 he entered 
 the sophomore class of Knox 
 College; his father died during 
 the yeaf, which terminated his 
 educational privileges; having de- 
 veloped a taste and aptitude for 
 professional studies, he entered 
 the oflBce of Messrs. Eastman & 
 Rice, of Oskaloosa, as a law stu- 
 dent; in the year following he 
 was admitted to the bar, and in 
 the spring of 1856 moved to Sig- 
 ourney (which has since been his 
 home); in August, 1856, he was 
 elected prosecuting attorney, and 
 held the position till January, 
 1859, at the same time carrying 
 on a general civil practice; he en- 
 listed in the late war, and was 
 commissioned captain of Co. F, 
 Fifth Iowa Infantry; in 1862 he 
 
 was promoted to lieutenant-col-; 
 onel, and served in that capacity 
 until mustered out in 1864; on re- 
 turning from the army he entered 
 again upon the practice of law, in 
 partnership with G. D. "Woodn, 
 Esq., and soon took a leading- 
 rank at the bar; in 1865 he was 
 elected to the State Senate, and in 
 the autumn of 1866 he was elect- 
 ed Judge of the Sixth Judicial 
 District of the State, and served 
 in that capacity till the end of 
 1874, having been re-elected in 
 1869, without opposition; in this 
 situation he won and maintained 
 the reputation of being one of the 
 foremost jurists in the State, re- 
 ceiving on his retirement the most 
 flattering testimonials as to his 
 ability from the bar of every 
 county in the district; while yet 
 on the bench, and after having de- 
 clined to become a candidate be- 
 fore the convention, he was nomi- 
 nated to represent the Sixth Dis- 
 trict of Iowa in the Forty-fourth 
 Congress; he was elected by a 
 majority of two thousand, four 
 hundred Vjotis,»-and -re-elected, in 
 1876, by a majority of four 
 thousand; he served on several 
 important committees with credit 
 to the State, to his district, and 
 honor to himself; he is at present 
 engaged in the practice of his 
 profession, and is associated with 
 C. M. Brown; he is character- 
 ized as a man of great industry,.; 
 and is governed by the most rigid. 
 
 - principles of honesty and integri- 
 ty; he was married to Miss Eu- 
 nice McCann, in 1865; she was 
 a resident of Keokuk county but 
 a native of Indiana; they have a 
 family of seven children: Lee, Ed- 
 mund, Flora (now Mrs. C. M. 
 Brown), Leona, Clara, Ellen and 
 Lavina. 
 
 Sanders, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 3. 
 
 Schriever, Wm., cigar maker. 
 
 Snodgrass, H. S., clergyman. 
 
634 
 
 DIKECTOBT OF KEOKITK COUNTY. 
 
 SCHIPFER,F.A., merchant, and 
 dealer in general merchandise; 
 born in Germany, in 1832; he was 
 raised there, and came to the 
 United States in 1852, and settled 
 in Sigourney in 1856; he has al- 
 ways been engaged in selling 
 goods, and is the oldest house in 
 "lis line in the city; he married 
 Miss Emily Knape, in 1857; she 
 was born in Germany; their fam- 
 ily consists of seven children: 
 Francis A. (who is associated with 
 his father in business), Herman, 
 Lewis, Oscar, Eugene, Clara and 
 Freddie. 
 
 SCHOTT, ANDREW,lumber deal- 
 er; born in Baltimore, Maryland, 
 in 1843, and lived there until 1856 
 when he came to Iowa and set- 
 tled in Muscatine; he enlisted in 
 the Second Iowa Cavalry and 
 served until the close of the war; 
 he then received the appointment 
 of post-trader in Texas, and re- 
 mained there two years; he came 
 to this county in 1871 and engag- 
 ed in the lumber business; he is 
 also connected with a firm in the 
 same line at "What Cheer, and also 
 at Keswick, in this coimty; he is 
 associated in business with Charles 
 M. Harlan; they deal in all kinds 
 of lumber, doors, sash, blinds and 
 wagon stock; he married Miss 
 Emma Berr}', in Muscatine, in 
 1865 ; they have one son : Edward 
 H., born September 9, 1866. 
 
 Seevers, Paul, farmer. Sec. 13. 
 
 Scott, John, retired. 
 
 Seamans, H. A., telegraph operator." 
 
 SELBY, MRS. M.D., whose maid- 
 en name was Cissna, was born in 
 Ohio, and removed to Michigan 
 in 1859; she married Dr. H. W. 
 Selby in 1860; he was born in 
 Knox county, Ohio, and after 
 making choice of the medical pro- 
 fession he prepared himself for 
 its practice and followed it for an 
 occupation for several years; ow- 
 ing to impaired health, he engag- 
 
 ed in mercantile pursuits, and 
 while absent in Chicago purehas- 
 ing goods, was taken sick and 
 died, April 11, 1876. 
 
 SEAMANS. H. A., telegraph op- 
 erator; born at Wheaton, Illinois, 
 in 1853, and came to Iowa in 
 1876 ; he married Miss Libbie A. 
 James, daughter of S. A. and 
 Sarah James, April 3, 1878; they 
 have one son : "Worth J. ) 
 
 SHAEER, E., dealer in general 
 merchandise; born in Knox coun- 
 ty, Ohio, in 1838; he came to this 
 State in 1844 and settled first in 
 "Washington county, and after- 
 ward removed to Jefferson county 
 and remained there until he settled 
 in this county, in 1858, where he 
 has been engaged for the greater 
 portion of the time selling goods: 
 he has held school and township 
 oflices; he married Miss Cynthia 
 A. Jones, in 1863; she was born 
 in Jefferson county, Iowa; they 
 have six children: Alta E., Mary 
 L., Nina L., John E., Mattie, and 
 an infant; lost one daughter: Car- 
 rie. 
 
 SHAWHAN, JOSEPH H., dealer 
 in agricultural implements; born 
 in Kush county, Indiana, in 1838, 
 and when seven years of age was 
 brought by his parents to Keokuk 
 county, Iowa, settling here in 
 1845; his father, Benjamin P. 
 Shawhan, was born in Kentucky, 
 and his mother's name was Maria 
 A., and she was a native of Vir- 
 ginia; Mr. S. enlisted in Co. B., 
 Thirty-third Iowa Infantry dur- 
 ing the late war, and was commis- 
 sioned first lieutenant; he was com- 
 pelled, on account of sickness, to 
 resign, and as soon as he had suf- 
 ficiently recovered, he recruited 
 Co. K, Ninth Iowa Calvary, and 
 remained in service until Feb- 
 ruary, 1866; he married Miss 
 Mary A. Jackson, in March, 1861; 
 she. was born in Piqua, Miami 
 county, Ohio; tlieir family consists 
 
SIOOirBNIlT. 
 
 635 
 
 of six children: Benjamin P., 
 Harry H., William J., Ethel G., 
 BesBie and Glenn. 
 
 Shilling, E., tinner. 
 
 Shilling, S, farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 Shiflett, A. J., farmer, Sec. 6. 
 
 Shults, F. W., shoemaker. 
 
 Sidenbender, S., horse dealer. 
 
 Sims, E. T., painter. 
 
 Simpson, Nic, farmer. Sec. 8. 
 
 SKILLMAN, DR. E. H., retired 
 physician ; prominent among 
 the citizens of this county who 
 have passed the ordeal of pio- 
 neer life in the west and whose early 
 struggles well deserve a place in 
 these memorals, is the subject of 
 this sketch, Dr. E. H. Skillman ; 
 he was born in Highland county, 
 Ohio, on the 2l8t day of June, 
 1812; he received his education at 
 Washington, Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania; having made choice 
 of medicine as a profession, and 
 after preparing himself, he attend- 
 ed the Medical College, at Cin- 
 cinnati; in 1842, following the 
 star of empire westward, he came 
 to Iowa and settled in Columbus 
 City, Louisa county, and lived 
 there four years, and then remov- 
 ed to this county, in 1846, and 
 engaged in the practice of his pro- 
 fession; he pursued his chosen 
 calling with untiring zeal and en- 
 ergy and with a success which has 
 earned for him an enviable repu- 
 tation and acquired an extensive 
 practice; to the poor he was 
 ever kind and obliging, and 
 has ridden hundreds of miles to 
 administer to their necessities 
 without expectation of pecuniary 
 compensation ; after practicing 
 his profession for several years 
 he engaged in mercantile pursuits 
 and finally abandoned his practice, 
 and in this, as well as in other 
 pursuits, was eminently success- 
 ful; he owns over 700 acres of 
 land and is one of the large . tax- 
 payers of Keokuk county; he mar- 
 
 ried Miss E. A. Browder, in 1838, 
 she was born in Green county, 
 Ohio; they have a family of six 
 children: Nancy J. (now Mrs. 
 Moore), Lizzie (now the wife of 
 Hon. Geo. D. Woodin), Allen C, 
 Elnora (now Mrs. Havens), Evan 
 H., Jr., Eliza A. (now Mrs. Mar- 
 shal,) Sarah (now Mrs. Kelley); he 
 is a man of strong convictions and 
 bold and fearless in advocating 
 them; he is modest and unassum- 
 ing in his habits and manners and 
 an upright citizen. 
 
 Smith, Samuel, billiard hall. 
 
 Smith, Albert, farmer. Sec. 7. 
 
 Smith, J. G.. farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 SMITH. G. H., attorney; born in 
 Hancock county, Indiana, in 
 1843, and when three years of age 
 his parents removed to Jefferson 
 county, Iowa, and remained there 
 until March, 1856, when they came 
 to Keokuk county, and settled in 
 Jackson township; in October, 
 1862, he enlisted as a private in 
 Company A, Seventh Iowa 
 Cavalry and after serving three 
 years was mustered out sec- 
 ond lieutenant, November 25, 
 1865; having been denied 
 school privileges in youth, and 
 ashamed of his backwardness, he 
 hired a teacher after he became of 
 age; having a taste for the profes- 
 sion of law, he studied and was 
 admitted to the bar October 3, 
 1871; he has held various township 
 offices and owns a farm of forty- 
 six acres of land; he is associated 
 in business with W. J. Gaston and 
 H. L. Richardson, who in connec- 
 tion with their general business 
 make a specialty of collecting pen- 
 sions and U. S. claims; they also 
 do a large insurance business and 
 represent a large line of compa- 
 nies, among which may be men- 
 tioned the Commercial of Hart- 
 ford, National of Hartford, Ori- 
 ent of Hartford, Meriden of Con- 
 necticut, Fire Association of Phil- 
 
636 
 
 DIBEOTOET' OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 / adelphia, American of Philadel- 
 phia, Glenn Falls of New York, 
 Niagara of New York, "Watertown 
 of New York, Newark of New 
 Jersej', British America and Com- 
 mercial tinion of London; Mr. S. 
 married Miss C. Porter January 
 31st, 1866; she was born in Indi- 
 ana; they have five children: 
 Frankie, David B., ■ Samuel S., 
 Gad O. and Eva. 
 
 Sonwalts, Fred, farmer, Sec 17. 
 
 Sparks, J. S., restaurant. 
 
 STARR, J. C-, editor of the Sig- 
 ourney Courier; born in Colum- 
 bus, Ohio, in 1848, and was raised 
 there until eighteen years of age, 
 at which time his parents remov- 
 ed to this county; he divided his 
 time between the farm and at- 
 tending school; having a taste for 
 the practice of law, he entered the 
 office of Mackey, Harned & Fon- 
 da, and was admitted to the bar 
 April 6, 1877; he married Miss 
 Minnie Mohme, in 1871 ; she was 
 born in Prussia, Germany; they 
 have four children: Kosa, Ella, 
 Annie and Mertie. 
 
 Startzman, C. D., harness maker. 
 
 Stevens, W., teamster. 
 
 STEVENS, OWEN., farmer; born 
 in Frederick county, Maryland, in 
 1811, and was taken by his par- 
 ents to Belmont county, Ohio, in 
 1816, where his father engaged in 
 farming; he also gave his atten- 
 tion largely to tobacco culture, 
 curing and shipping; the subject 
 of this sketch remained in Ohio 
 until 1864, and then removed to 
 this county, where he owns a farm 
 of 230 acres, adjoining the city, 
 and is devoting his attention 
 mostly to stock; he married Miss 
 Ann Chambers, in 1838; she was 
 born in Ohio; they have a family 
 of seven children: Oliver P., 
 Lida, Mollie (now Mrs. McLean), 
 John Q, A., Belle, Pauline and 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Stewart, B., farmer, Sec. 14. 
 
 STRANAHAN,:A.;: born i^ Phil- 
 adelphia, in 1841, and lived in 
 Pennsylvania until 1855, when he 
 came to this county, where he has; 
 since resided ; he was raised a farm-; 
 er; in 1868 he was elected sheriff of 
 Keokuk county, and served eight 
 years in this capacity; since his 
 retirement from the sheriff's of- 
 fice he has been engaged in rail- 
 road building; of his promptness 
 and success in arresting criminals 
 mention is made in another part 
 of this work; he married Miss 0. 
 E.Smith, in 1867; she was born in 
 Illinois; they have three children : 
 Lizzie, Melinda P. and Carrie. 
 
 Stuck, H., carpenter. 
 
 Swails, D. P., planiug-mill. 
 
 •-nHOENLOE, W., stock raiser. 
 
 THOMPSON, DR. JAS., dentist? 
 born in Harrison county, Ohio, 
 July 9, 1846, and was raised in 
 that State; he enlisted in the 172d 
 Ohio Infantry during the late 
 war; he, made choice of the den- 
 tal profession, and has followed it 
 for twelve years; he came to Iowa 
 in 1868, and settled in Washing- 
 ton county, and in 1872 changed 
 his residence to Sigourney; he 
 married Miss Anna M. Snyder, of 
 Jefferson county, Ohio, March 26, 
 1868; they have one son : Robert 
 A.; lost one daughter: Minnie Y. 
 
 TODD, H. D., formerly, county su- 
 perintendent of schools; born ii> 
 Decatur county, Indiana, in 1847,' 
 and came to this State in 1854 
 and settled in Washington county, 
 and lived there until 1858, when 
 he made his home in this county; 
 he was educated at the Oskaloosa 
 College and the Iowa State Uni- 
 versity, and was engaged in teach- 
 ing tour years previous to his elec- 
 tion as county superintendent, in 
 1873; he married Miss Mary E. 
 Deering, March 20, 1877; shewa& 
 born in Maine. 
 
 Trussler, H. C, farmer, Sec. 18^ 
 
SIGOUENBT. 
 
 63T 
 
 Trnssler, H, O., farmer, Sec. 7. 
 TruBsJer, G. D., farmer, Sec; 18. 
 Drussler, E. M., farmer, Sec. 7. 
 Turner, H. J., farmer, Sec. 2. 
 
 UPDEGRAFF, A., dealer in 
 groceries and provisions, boots 
 and shoes; born in Ohio, in 1836, 
 and was raised thei-e a farmer; he 
 enjoyed the benefits afforded by 
 the common schools, and supple- 
 mented his education by attend- 
 ing the McNeely Normal School, 
 in Harrison county, Ohio; he fol- 
 lowed teaching as an occupation 
 ■very successfully for ten years; he 
 came to this State in 1863, and 
 settled in Mahaska county, and 
 came to this county in 1872; he 
 married Miss Hannah Harlan, in 
 1869; she was born in Musk- 
 ingum county, Ohio; they have 
 two children: Harlan and ZenaM. 
 
 VALERIUS, PETER, saloon; 
 born in Fondulac, Wiscon- 
 . sin, in 1846, and was raised there 
 a farmer; he came to this county 
 in 1867; he married Emma Fritz, 
 June 15, 1878; she was born in 
 Germany; they have five children: 
 . Henry, Michael, Mary, Johnnie 
 
 and Jennie. 
 VEITCH, WM., proprietor of the 
 , Sigourney woolen mills; born in 
 , Paisley, Scotland, in 1839, and 
 ,, emigrated to the United States in 
 1844:, and settled in Guernsey 
 county, Ohio; his father was a 
 . practical woolen manufacturer, 
 ■ and the son was educated in the 
 . business from boyhood; became 
 to Iowa in 1859, and settled in 
 . Henry county, and while living 
 here had the experience of build- 
 ing two mills; he came to this 
 county in 1872, and established 
 his present business of manufac- 
 turing — principally, cassi meres, 
 flannel, jeans, blankets and knitting 
 , yarn, giving employment to about 
 twenty hands; the goods manu- 
 factured by these mills are of a 
 
 good quality, and meet with a 
 ready sale; Mr. Yeitch was mar- 
 ried in 1859, to Miss Lydia A. 
 Booth, a native of Ohio; they 
 have a family of six children: 
 Marietta, Frank, Minnie B., 
 Pearl E., Paul L. and Margaret; 
 lost three: William, Annie and 
 James. 
 
 Vert, John, farmer, Sec. 7. 
 
 Vickery, C, stock dealer. 
 
 Vogle, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 2. 
 
 \/[ /EAVER, T. C, assistant 
 V V cashier of the First JS^a- 
 tional Bank; born in Mechanics- 
 burg, Pennsylvania, in 1847, and 
 removed to Lafayette, Indiana, in 
 1860, and was principally raised 
 there; he came to Washington, 
 Washington county, Iowa, in 
 1871, and in 1872 came to this- 
 county; he married Miss Hattie 
 Adams in September, 1878; she 
 was born in English River town- 
 ship, this county; they have one 
 son: Waldo T. 
 
 Wait, Wm., farmer. Sec. 2. 
 
 Warren, Geo., farmer. Sec. 35. 
 
 Wallace, J., teamster. 
 
 Warick, Oliver, farmer. Sec. 16. 
 
 Wells, Edward, farmer. Sec 35. 
 
 Welsch, John, blacksmith. 
 
 WELLER, R. P., grain dealer; 
 born in Nelson county, Kentucky,. 
 August 9, 1820; the family re- 
 moved to Indiana when he was an 
 infant; his early life was spent oq 
 a farm ; he then learned the coop- 
 er's trade, and in 1841 removed to 
 Illinois and lived there four years,, 
 and in 1845 came to Keokuk 
 county and worked at his trade, 
 and afterward engaged in general 
 merchandise; Mr. W. has endur- 
 ed all the hardships of pioneer 
 life; he taught the first school in 
 Steady Run township, in a log- 
 school-house, 14x14, with punch- 
 eon floors, and for light one log 
 was left out and paper pasted 
 over the opening thus made; 
 
€38 
 
 DIREOTOKT OF KEOKUK OOUNIT. 
 
 the roof was so open that when 
 it snowed the floor would be 
 covered with snow; he married 
 Miss Harriet Jacobs, in 1848; she 
 was born in Harrison county, In- 
 diana; she died November 30, 
 1859; he was again married, in 
 1867, to Miss Jane K. Shafer; she 
 was born in Knox county, Ohio; 
 he has one daughter by first mar- 
 riage: Julia M. (now Mrs. Dunn); 
 lost four; and two by second mar- 
 riage: Mabel and Alexander J.; 
 lost three. 
 
 "Wallace, J., teamster. 
 
 Welch, John, blacksmith. 
 
 "Westman, G. E., tailor. 
 
 Westman, G., tailor. 
 
 Williams, Henry, farmer, Sec. 7. 
 
 WILLIAMS, MATT., attorney; 
 born in Rush county, Indiana, in 
 1834, and lived there until he 
 came to this connty in 1846, and 
 settled in Lancaster township, 
 where he now owns a farm of 160 
 acres; he was engaged in agricul- 
 tural pursuits the early years of 
 his life and has held various town- 
 ship offices; having a taste for the 
 profession of law, after preparing 
 himself, he was admitted to the bar, 
 in April, 1870; in 1877 he was 
 •elected to the lower house of the 
 State legislature and served his 
 term acceptably to his constitu- 
 •ents and creditably to himself; he 
 married Miss Martha Vittetoe, in 
 1856; she was a native of Johnson 
 •county, Indiana; she died in June, 
 1864; He married for his second 
 wife Henrietta Morrow, in 1867; 
 she was born in Missouri; has one 
 daughter by first marriage : Mar- 
 garet (wife of Wm. Eulin); and 
 four by second marriage: Martha, 
 Lillian, Jettie and Mattell. 
 
 WHITE, J. S., dealer in general 
 merchandise; born in Indiana, in 
 1842, and lived there until 1855, 
 when he removed to Missouri, and 
 after a residence of a few years in 
 
 that State came to Iowa in 1859; 
 has been engaged in selling goods 
 eighteen years; he married Miss 
 Phebe A. Williams in 1863; she 
 was a native of Indiana; they 
 have a family of four children: 
 Ida, Ellswortii, Eddie and Bertie. 
 
 WIGHTMAN, M., grocer; born in 
 Fayette county, Indiana, in 1835, 
 and lived there until eleven years 
 of age, when his parents removed 
 to Bloomington, McLean county, 
 Illinois, in 1844, where he was 
 raised on a farm ; he came to this 
 county in 1855; during the war 
 lie enlisted in the Seventh Iowa 
 Infantry, as a private, and was 
 mustered out as first lieutanant; 
 after his dischai-ge from the army 
 he returned to the county and has 
 since been elected county clerk 
 three successive terms; he mar- 
 ried Miss Hattie Forgrave in 
 March, 1860; she was born in 
 Ohio; they have four children: 
 Louie E., Abbie E. George E. and 
 Hattie V. 
 
 Whiteman, Calder, farmer, Sec. 4. 
 
 Woods, Pack, farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 WOODIN, GEORGE D., attorney 
 and counselor-at-law, born in 
 Warren county, Pennsylvania,, on 
 the 27th of February, 1827, and is 
 the son of David and Parthena 
 Woodin, natives of Monroe county, 
 New York; his father was a de- 
 scendant of Puritan stock, the orig- 
 inal ancestor having come over 
 with the Massachusetts Bay Com- 
 pany, in 1628; the mother of our 
 subject traces her .ancestry to Irish 
 origin ; the youth of Mr. Woodin 
 was spent at work on his father's 
 farm during the summer, and at- 
 tending school in winter until 
 1844, when he attended one terra 
 at the Waterford (Pennsylvania) 
 Academy, and the next winter 
 taught a district school; the 
 two following summers were spent 
 at Jamestown Academy, New 
 
SIGOUBNKT. 
 
 639 
 
 York, and the winters were spent 
 in teaching; with one term of 
 preparatory still to complete he 
 entered Allegheny College, at 
 Meadville, in 184Y; the full course 
 of one term in the preparatory de- 
 partment,, and four years in the 
 college were completed in four 
 years, while at the same time he 
 taught school for three months 
 each winter and made one year in 
 his law studies with A. B. Rich- 
 mond of Meadville, Pennsylvania; 
 he graduated with honors at the 
 head of his class in 1851, having 
 defrayed the entire expense of his 
 education by teaching, except ten 
 dollars given him by his mother; 
 after leaving college he taught in 
 the academy at Warren, Pennsyl- 
 vania, for one year, reading law at 
 the same time in the office of L. 
 D. "Wetmore; he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1862, and for one year 
 after practiced his profession with 
 his preceptor, developing at the 
 same time rare powers and genius 
 as a practitioner; in 1853 he 
 decided to come to Iowa and he 
 made the then incipient town of 
 Iowa City, his future home; his 
 entire stock in trade consisted, on 
 arrival, of a few books, a suit of 
 clothes and four dollars in money, 
 the bar of =Iowa City, at that 
 time being one of the ablest in 
 the State, and had as its shining 
 lights Gilman Folsom and W. 
 Penn Clark; in 1854 he was 
 elected prosecuting attorney of 
 Johnson county and in 1855 was 
 elected mayor of Iowa City; in 
 1856 he was elected to the legis- 
 lature from Johnson county and 
 served one terra with credit to his 
 constituents and honor to himself; 
 in 1857 he moved to Sigourney, 
 which has since been his home, 
 and in 1858 was elected district 
 attorney for the Sixth Judicial 
 District, and served four years, 
 during which time he earned for 
 
 himself the reputation of bein^ 
 one of the most skilled and suc- 
 cessful criminal lawyer's in the 
 State; Mr. Woodin has had great 
 success as an attorney and has- 
 been engaged on one side or other 
 of almost every important case 
 since he came to Sigourney, and 
 during a period of twenty yeara 
 he has not been absent from the 
 court room one full hour at any 
 one time during the session of 
 court; his addresses to the jury 
 are quick, pungent and exceed- 
 ingly earnest and he rarely fails 
 of success with either judge or 
 jury; he is a man of great pene- 
 tration, seeming to know a client's 
 case before it is half stated; he 
 has steadfastly refused all offices 
 since those above named which 
 were in the line of his profession; 
 he has devoted himself to the 
 duties of his profession and may 
 emphatically be termed a man of 
 one work; in July, 1859, he was 
 married to Miss Mary E. Skill- 
 man, of Sigourney; she was a 
 native of Louisa county, Iowa; 
 they have three children. Link, 
 Guy and Grace. 
 YERGER, J. P., president of the 
 Union Bank; born in Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvinia, in 1825; he studied 
 dentistry and followed it as an 
 occupation for some years; he 
 came to this county in 1856, and 
 after relinquishing the practice of 
 his profession engaged in mercan- 
 tile pursuits; his investment in 
 this direction proving satisfacto- 
 rily remunerative, in connection 
 with E. Laifer, vice president, T. 
 Robison, cashier, and others, he 
 organized the Union Bank, July 
 1, 1875; his financial ability and 
 integrity have never been ques- 
 tioned; careful and accurate, he 
 has the fullest confidence of the 
 people as a man, upright, reliable 
 and honorable; he has served the 
 county as a member of the board 
 
MO 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 of supervisors and has always 
 taken great interest in educational 
 matters; he is a genial gentleman, 
 a quick observer and as prompt 
 in his business relations as he is 
 generous in his social relations 
 and thoroughly merits the esteem 
 in which he is held by his fellow- 
 ■citizens; he married Miss Matilda 
 
 Colder, in 1868; she was a native 
 of Baltimore, Maryland; they 
 have one son : Frank, now a stu- 
 dent of law in the office of Woodin 
 & McJnnkin; they lost one 
 daughter: Kate C; she died on 
 May 16th, 1877, aged eighteen 
 years. 
 
 BEI^^TOI^T TO'^'y^l^TSTSlTF. 
 
 ABEL, HENEY, farmer. Sec. 
 18: P. O. Slagle. 
 
 ABRAMS, v., farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Butler; born in Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio, July 2, 1813; 
 he was raised there on a farm, and 
 in 1845 went to Noble county, In- 
 diana; from there he removed to 
 this county and settled on the 
 place upon which he now lives, 
 in 1854; he has a fine farm of 80 
 acres of well improved and culti- 
 vated land; August 20, 1840, he 
 married Miss Julia A. Mayfield, 
 a native of Licking county, Ohio; 
 by this union they have five child- 
 ■ ren : Mary E. (now Mrs. J. N. 
 Sheets), Melissa (now Mrs. F. 
 Hamilton), Elinor J. (now Mrs. 
 J. R. Francis), John W., Almira 
 (now Mrs. Solon Helm) ; they have 
 lost two: Louisa and William, 
 who was a member of company F, 
 33d Iowa regiment; enlisted Au- 
 gust 13, 1862; served for nearly 
 two years, and died January 18, 
 1864, at home, of disease con- 
 tracted in the army. 
 
 Abrams, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 Abrams, Miles, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 Abrams, Henry, farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 Akerman Nathan, farmer. Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 AKERMAN, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 9; P. O. Slagle; born in Bava- 
 ria, Germany, in April, 1825; 
 
 in 1833 he emigrated with his pa- 
 rents to the United States, land- 
 ing at New York; he went from 
 there to Butler county, Ohio, and 
 was there raised on a farm; he 
 came to this county in 1849, and 
 settled where he now resides; he 
 owns 398 acres of well improved 
 and cultivated land ; February 4, 
 1839, he was married to Misa 
 Catharine Lentze, a native of Ba- 
 varia, Germany; they have nine 
 children : Nathan M., Lizzie (now 
 Mrs. N. Linawaver),Lydia,George, 
 Catharine, David, Philip, Lillie; 
 they have lost five: Christina, 
 Maggie, John, Peter and Anna 
 M; he is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity, and is a well re- 
 spected citizen. 
 
 Alderman, E. W., farmer. Sec. 4; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Allman, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Allman, Jacob; P. 0. Slagle. 
 
 BEAYER, MOSES, farmer. Sec. 
 5; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Bennett, J., farmer. Sec. 35; P.O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Bennett & Wood, merchants; But- 
 ler. 
 
 BENNETT, RICHARD, farmer, 
 Sec. 23 ; P. O. Butler; born 
 in Warren county. New York, 
 March 15, 1814; he was raised 
 there, and in 1844 went to Kane 
 county, Ills., where he remained 
 until 1861, and then moved to 
 Wapello county, Iowa; in 1856 
 
BENTON TOWSSHIP. 
 
 m 
 
 lie cam^ to Benton township and 
 settled on the farm where he now 
 resides and which consists of 100 
 acres of well improved and culti- 
 vated land; he had at one time 
 320 acres, but has given each of 
 his three children 40 acres; he 
 married Mrs. L. Knight in April, 
 1839, a native of New York; they 
 have seven children: Eichard W., 
 George S., Charles H., Marion 
 (now Mrs. Gilmore), Margaret J. 
 (now Mrs. Boyce), Alice 5. (now 
 Mrs. Scott), and James W.; have 
 lost six. 
 ■BENNETT, JAMES W., was born 
 in Wapello connty, Iowa, May 8, 
 1851; he came to Keokuk county 
 and settled in Benton township, 
 where he was raised on a farm ; 
 at the age of 19 he engaged in trav- 
 eling for Hoot & Brainard, of Ot- 
 tuHiwa; he then engaged in busi- 
 ness for himself, traveling through 
 
 • Kansas, Texas, Colorado and other 
 States; he then returned to this 
 <sounty and still resides on the 
 «ame place; he is postmaster at 
 Butler, and is engaged in mer- 
 chandising also; he was married 
 to Miss Mary Gaskill October 15, 
 1876; sheisanativeof this State; 
 they have one child: Lum R., 
 born January 29, 1879. 
 
 Bennett, Eichard, Jr., farmer. Sec. 
 22; P. O. Butler. 
 
 Bennett, S. G., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 Bergman, Fred., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 
 0. Butler. 
 
 Birchner, C. A., farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 Boldozer, Henry, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Bottorff, W. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 Broadhead, Elisha, farmer, Sec. 3; 
 P.O. Slagle. 
 
 Brooks, J. G., farmer, Sec. 27; 
 P. O, Butler. 
 
 Brown, George, farmer, Sec. 30; 
 P. O. Butler, 
 
 Bnrtlow, Wm., farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. 0. Slagle. 
 
 CHADWICK, J. L., farmer. Sec. 
 2;P. O. Slagle 
 
 Cliadwick, J. M., farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 Chadwick, Jerome, farmer, Sec. 
 2; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Cheek, Wm., farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Clark, W. G., farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Coleman, Wm., farmer. Sec. 6; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Cook, Clark, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Craft, R, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O.- 
 Butler. 
 
 Craft, J., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, JOHN M., mer- 
 chant, and postmaster of Slagle; 
 born in Brown county, Ohio,jrune 
 8, 1839; in 1853, in company 
 with his parents, he moved to 
 Linn county, Iowa; he was raised 
 on a farm, and followed farming 
 until 1873, when he built a store 
 at Slagle, and is now engaged in 
 business at that point; he keeps a 
 fine assortment in his line; he 
 went to California, crossing the 
 plains with ox-teams and return- 
 ing on horseback; he was married 
 on the 21st of March, 1867, to 
 Miss S. A. Matthews, a native of 
 Iowa; she was born December 24, 
 1849; Mr. Cunningham is a mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Curtis, J. C, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 D ALTON, EOB'T. farmer, Sec. 
 34; P. O. Butler. 
 Dean, Henry, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 
 
 Slagle. 
 Denny, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 23; 
 
 P. b. Butler. 
 Dixon, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 
 O. Butler. 
 Durfee, S. H., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 
642 
 
 DIEECTOKY OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 Dnrfee, D. P., farmer, Sec 34; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 FARDICE, Eob't, farmer, Sec. 
 31; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 FISHER, NATHAN., farmer, Sec. 
 22; P. O. Butler; born in Nor- 
 folk, Mass., February 23, 1816; 
 there he was raised ; he learned the 
 boot and shoe trade, but that not 
 being to his taste, he- learned the 
 the carpenter's trade; this he has 
 followed for some twenty years; 
 he was at one time engaged in the 
 manufacturing of pianos in Bos- 
 ton ; in 1868 he came to this coun- 
 ty and located where he now re- 
 sides; he owns 96 acres of good 
 land; in 1860 he lost his house 
 and all its contents by lire, which 
 left him destitute, for a time, of 
 things necessary for the main- 
 tanence of life, but being a ready 
 workman and a good carpenter, 
 he has built himself a large, fine 
 house of rock and cement, that 
 would be diflScult to burn; in De- 
 cember, 1836, he married Miss 
 Elizabeth 0. Baydon, of Norfolk, 
 Mass.; had three children, Charles 
 E., Harriet E. (now Mrs. A. S. 
 Hussey), and Henry S.; lost two: 
 Ella M., and Waldo B.; was again 
 married to Miss Lucinda Greeley 
 in April, 1868, a distant relative 
 of the late Hon. Horace Greeley. 
 
 Francis, Matilda, farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 GAY, K., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 Goehring, Peter, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 Goehring, Jacob, Sr., farmer. Sec. 5 ; 
 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 Goehring, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 31; 
 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 Graves, Joseph, Sr., farmer, section 
 
 28; P. O.Butler. 
 
 HAGON. J. M., farmer. Sec. 25; 
 P. O. Mai-tinsburgh ; born in 
 
 Ohio, April 
 raised on a 
 of eighteen 
 
 1, 183'9; he was 
 farm; at the age 
 years his father 
 
 died, and on him and an elder 
 brother was left the responsi- 
 bility of caring for the family; 
 on the breaking out of the war hia 
 brother enlisted and he was left 
 in charge of the farm ; in 1862 he 
 removed witii his mother to this 
 county locating where he now re- 
 sides; owns a farm of 320 acres^ 
 which is well improved and shows 
 the evidences of thrift and indus- 
 try; November 26, 1862, he mar- 
 ried Miss Ellen Barnes, a native 
 of Tuscarawas county, Ohio; she 
 was born October 14, 1844; by this 
 union they have four children: 
 Nora, Minnie, Addie and Gay; 
 have lost two: an infant child and 
 one son by the name of Kalph. 
 
 Hamilton, John, farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 Harshbarger, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 20 ; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 HARPER, J. T., farmer. Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh ; born in Harri- 
 son county, Ohio, July, 1828 ; there 
 he was raised on a farm; in 1853 
 he came to Washington county, 
 Iowa, and from there traveled 
 across the plains to California 
 where he remained four years, 
 meeting with good success; he 
 then returned to New York by 
 way of the Isthmus and from 
 there renaoved to Washington 
 county, Iowa; after residing there 
 for four years, he came to Keokuk 
 county and settled on the farm 
 upon which he still lives; his 
 farm consists of 235 acres of 
 well improved and cultivated 
 land; Januaiy 20, 1859, he was 
 married to Miss Louisiana S. 
 Wortman; she is a native of 
 Morgan county, Ohio, and was 
 born December 22, 1844; have 
 five children: Mary C, Samuel J., 
 Ettie E., Virdy, and Gracie M.; 
 Mr. Harper has held various ofiioes 
 in this township; also represented 
 this Twenty-eighth district to the 
 Fifteenth General Assembly in 
 
^^ 
 
 ^::^ii^'Ofi€MP 
 
BENTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 646 
 
 1874; he is one of the leading 
 
 men of his township. 
 Eedges, Alfred, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
 
 0. Slagle. 
 Helm, D. P., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Eelm, Seneca, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Eelra, Franklin, farmer. Sec. 19; 
 
 P. 0. Butler. 
 Helm, Chas., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Helm, George, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Hiberg, Milton, farmer, Sec. 11. 
 Hibler, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Hickman, J. H. farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Hix, Orin, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Hough, Samuel, tarmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Halts, James, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Hunter, Joel, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Slagle. 
 TOHNSOlSr, J. J., farmer. Sec. 
 J 32; P. O. Slagle. 
 Jordan, W. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 KIMICAT, J. H.. farmer. Sec. 
 35; P. O.Slagie. 
 Koontz, Henry, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Kriese, Louis, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 LAWSOlSr, JOHIS", farmer. Sec. 
 34; P. O. Butler. 
 LENTZ, C, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Slagle; born in Germany, and 
 came to the United States in 1832, 
 and settled in New York; although 
 quite young at the time, he recol- 
 lects distinctly of seeing the cel- 
 ebrated Indian chief. Black Hawk, 
 in the city of Buffalo in 1833, 
 when lie was escorted through the 
 largest cities of the East in order 
 that he might be impressed with 
 the strength of the whites; the 
 
 same year he removed to Butler 
 county, Ohio, and engaged in 
 farming; in 1846 he came to Keo- 
 kuk county, when it was but a 
 territory, and settled in Benton 
 township, where he now owns 
 220 acres of land; he has held 
 offices of town trustee, etc.; he 
 married Miss Malvina Trimble in 
 1849; she is a native of Illinois; 
 the family consists of eight child- 
 ren: Anna M. (now Mrs. Charles 
 Stedter), Caroline (wife of Alex- 
 ander Watts), liachel (wife of John 
 Gilstrap), Albert, Hettie, Edna, 
 Nathaniel and Ellsworth. 
 
 LONG, A. H., miller, in the town 
 of Slagle; born in Greene county, 
 Ohio, in the year 1830; when 
 quite young he moved with his 
 parents to Butler county, Indiana, 
 where he was raised, being engag- 
 ed in farming; he came to this 
 county in 1856 and followed farm- 
 ing until 1870, when he bought 
 
 the & Palmer mill, which 
 
 he, in company with Mr. McClure, 
 has been operating up to the 
 present time; the mill is situated 
 on a tract of land known as the 
 mill property, and consists of 142^ 
 acres; it has been in operation 
 for many years and is one of the 
 best on the South Skunk river; 
 he married Miss A. C. Briggs, 
 March 11, 1852; she is a native 
 of Ohio; they have three children: 
 Eva M., Stella E., and Earl C; 
 Mr. Long is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity and belongs to 
 the M. E. Church, having his 
 membership at Delta. 
 
 LYNN, JAMES. A., farmer. Sec. 
 24; P. O. Butler; born in Gibson 
 county, Indiana; when fourteen 
 years of age he, with his parents, 
 moved to Jefferson county, Iowa, 
 but the location not being desira- 
 ble he moved to Keokuk county 
 in 1854, and settled on the place 
 where he now resides; he has 
 
 39 
 
646 
 
 DIEKOTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 ninety-one acres of land, well cul- 
 tivated; he enlisted in Company 
 D, Eighteenth Iowa Infantry, ia 
 June 1862, and served with his 
 regiment, participating in all the 
 engagements of the company, 
 served three years and was mus- 
 tered out at Davenport in 1865, 
 after which he returned to this 
 county; in October, 1855, he was 
 married to Miss Sarah M. "Waugh ; 
 she was born in Ohio in 1834; by 
 this union they have a family of 
 seven children: William E., Al- 
 bertine, Dora, Lucy (now Mrs. O. 
 Locke), Alfred W., James E., 
 Gertrude; have lost four: Ells- 
 worth, Robert, Charlie, and Anna 
 L. 
 
 Lynn, James, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Lynch, "Wesley, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
 Slagle. 
 
 MoBETH, ANDREW, farmer, 
 Sec. 30; P: O.Butler. 
 
 McCreery, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 6; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 McKELVEY, DAVID, farmer and 
 blacksmith. Sec. 27; P. O. Butler; 
 born in Washington county, Mary- 
 land, June 9, 1822; was there 
 raised and learned the blacksmith 
 trade; he came to Iowa at an early 
 day, but not being satisfied with 
 the country returned to Pennsyl- 
 vania; after remaining there some- 
 time he returned to this State, set- 
 tling in Wapello county; from 
 there he went to California, but 
 did not remain long and then 
 came to Keokuk county and set- 
 tled in Martinsburgh; in 1875 he 
 settled where he now lives, owns 
 a nice farm of seventy acres; in 
 connection with farming he does 
 a successful business at the black- 
 smith trade; December 25, 1845, 
 he was married to Miss Eliza 
 Fridley; she died November 19, 
 1858, leaving five children : Win- 
 field, Lewis, Jane (now Mrs. D. 
 Shntes), Joseph and David; was 
 
 married again January, 1868, to 
 Miss Amanda Francis, of Illi- 
 inois; she died, leaving one son: 
 John; he married for his third 
 wife Miss Amanda Koonts, of 
 Iowa, in August, 1871; have three 
 children: Rosie B., Jessie and 
 William H. 
 
 McKibben, W. E., farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. 0. Slagle. 
 
 McKinney, F. A., farmer. Sec 21 ; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 McKINNEY,H. L., farmer. Sec. 
 21; P. O. Butler; born in Brown 
 county, Ohio, April 21, 1816; he 
 with his parents moved to John- 
 son county, Indiana, where he 
 was raised; in 1844 he came to 
 Iowa (then a territory), and set- 
 tled in Mahaska county; the loca- 
 tion not being satisfactory, he 
 came to Keokuk county, in 1862, 
 and located where he now resides; 
 owns 240 acres of well improved 
 and finely cultivated land ; he has 
 held various oflSces of trust in the 
 township; he is a thorough busi- 
 ness man and a model farmer; i_n 
 1838 he was married to Miss 
 Nancy A. Landers; she was born 
 in Greene county, Kentucky, in 
 1818; by this union they have 
 five children: Franklin A., Oliver 
 H. S., Winfield S., Fletcher H. 
 and L. M.; have lost six: Lizzie 
 Iowa (wife of James Baldozer), 
 Ephraim H., enlisted in 1861, in 
 Company I, Eleventh Illinois Cav- 
 alry; he was killed October 9, 
 1864, at the seige of Yicksburg, 
 just at the close of his last term 
 of service; was in all the battles 
 participated in by the regiment; 
 Mr. McK. is a member of the M. 
 E. (Church. 
 
 MoYey, J. N., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 MANUEL, ALFRED, farmer, Sec. 
 31 ; P. 0. Morton, Wapello coun- 
 ty; born in Montgomery, Ohio, 
 April 24, 1815; when quite young 
 he moved with his parents to 
 
fiENtOlif TOWirSHIf. 
 
 647 
 
 Parke county, Indiana, where 
 he was raised on a farm: 
 has followed the occupation 
 of farming until the present 
 time; in April, 1837, he married 
 Miss Hannah Wise; she was born 
 in Ohio, in 1815; they have six 
 children: Melinda (now Mrs. 
 Brittanstine), Wm. C, Catharine 
 E. (now Mrs. Euckner), Margaret 
 B., jSTancy A. (now Mrs. F. Buck- 
 ner) and Dick; have lost eight: 
 Sarah, Jane, David L., two infants, 
 John D., who was a member of 
 Company B, First Missouri Cav- 
 alry, Francis M., a member of 
 Company A, One Hundred and 
 twenty-second Illinois Infantry, 
 died of disease contracted in the 
 army, and Harvey N., was in 100 
 day service; Mr. and Mrs. M. 
 came to Iowa in 1865; and settled 
 on the place where they now re- 
 side; the farm consists of eighty- 
 nine acres of good land ; he is a 
 member of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Mansfield, Riley, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 Martin, H. C, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 0. Butler. . 
 
 MARTIN, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
 20; P. O. Butler; born in Picka- 
 way county, Ohio, February 6, 
 1826 ; the family moved to Ver- 
 million county, Illinois, in 1833, 
 and after living there seven years 
 became dissatisfied with the coun- 
 try, and concluded to try their 
 fortunes in Iowa, and in 1840 
 they settled in what was known 
 as Blue Point, in Jefierson county, 
 where they remained until 1843, 
 when he came to Keokuk county, 
 and entered the land on which he 
 now resides; so anxious was he 
 to secure the land which he had 
 selected, that he came on it at 12 
 o'clock at night the day they were 
 permitted to come and make their 
 claims; he owns a farm of seven- 
 ty-six acres, and among those who 
 have passed the ordeal of pioneer 
 
 life in the West, and whose early 
 struggles well deserve a place in 
 these memorials, is the subject of 
 this sketch; obstacles have been 
 overcome that, in looking back, it 
 seems impossible to have been ac- 
 complished ; he has felt the want 
 of food and the necessities of life 
 in common with others of the early 
 settlers; he has gone fourty-four 
 hours without eating, and then 
 had to pound corn in a wooden mor- 
 tar to supply the want; he learned 
 the wagon -maker's trade, and was 
 one of the first in the county; he 
 was married January 1, 1850, to 
 Miss Charity Thomas; she is a 
 native of Eoss county, Ohio, and 
 was born July 5, 1826; they have 
 five children: Cicero F., Harriett 
 A., Sarah E., Emma L. and Lu- 
 cretia C; lost four: William P., 
 Mary J. Elmina E., and Lewis 
 W.; Mr. and Mrs. Martin have 
 long been, and are at the present 
 time, active members of the Uni- 
 ted Brethren Church. 
 MERRYFIELD, JOSEPH, farm- 
 er, Sec. 3; P. O. Slagle; born in 
 Brown county, Ohio, October 18, 
 1822; he was raised there, follow- 
 ing the occupation of farmer; he 
 removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 where he learned the carpenter's 
 trade, which he has followed, in 
 connection with farming, up to 
 the present time; Mr. M. moved 
 to Indiana, after residing in Cin- 
 cinnati, but not being satisfied 
 with the location, he again moved, 
 this time coming to this county 
 in 1856; he settled on the tract of 
 land upon which his present home 
 is located; his farm consists of 
 180 acres of well improved laud, 
 kept in a fine state of cultivation; 
 he has held various township and 
 county ofiices, and is now justice 
 of the peace; in 1844 he was 
 married to Miss Eliza A. Miller; 
 she was born in Pennsylvania, in 
 1824; they have a family of ten 
 
648 
 
 blEECTOET OF KEOKUK COtNTt. 
 
 children: Martha J. (now Mrs. 
 A. J. Hewitt), John F., Yianna 
 (now Mrs. William Vaughn), 
 "William J., Eleline (now Mrs. S. 
 Quick), Caroline L. (now Mrs. C. 
 Morton), Josiphene (now Mrs. F. 
 A.McKinney),George F.,Susan and 
 Charles S; Mr. Merry field is a 
 member of the Masonic fraterni- 
 ty, and is one of the most influen- 
 tial citizens of the township ; for the 
 past twenty years he has been in- 
 timately connected with all the 
 interests of the county. 
 
 Myers, George, farmer, Sec, 3; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Miller, Ernest, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 Mock, John, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Monk, C. W., farmer. Sec 34; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Morrison, James, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 NEECE, WM., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 OTT, CHARLES, farmer and 
 stock-feeder. Sec. 2; P. O. Sla- 
 gle; born in Franklin county Ohio, 
 November 26, 1838; there he was 
 raised, and there he remained un- 
 til 1856, when he came to Iowa, 
 arid settled in Keokuk county; in 
 1860, he moved upon the farm on 
 which he now resides, which con- 
 sists of 160 acres of well improv- 
 ed and highly cultivated land ; he 
 makes stock-raising and feeding a 
 specialty, and has about 150 head 
 of stock at the present time; he is, 
 and has been for the past thirteen 
 years, school director of his dis- 
 trict; he was married September 
 18, 1862, to Miss Eliza Bowersox, 
 a native of Pennsylvania; she was 
 born May 30, 1843; have a family 
 of four children; Charles J., Wm. 
 F., Ollie and an infant not named ; 
 three have died: Clara B., Cora 
 E. and an infant. 
 
 PAHE, WM., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 0. Butler. 
 
 Palmer, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 
 Butler. ' 
 Pepper, Conrad, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 
 
 0. Slagle. 
 Pfeiffer, "John, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 
 O. Butler. 
 
 REED, D. M., farmer. Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Butler. 
 
 RICKETT, WILLIAM H., farm- 
 er, Sec. 32; P. O. Butler; born in 
 Gallia county, Ohio, October 2, 
 1831; he lived there until 1845, 
 when he went to Green county, 
 Ohio, remaining there for iive 
 years, and then removed to Wa- 
 pello county, Iowa; the location not 
 being desirable, he came to this 
 county and settled on the farm 
 upon which he now lives; he has 
 122 acres of well-improved and 
 cultivated land; July 23, 1854, he 
 was married to Miss Amanda 
 Dimmett, a native of Indiana, 
 born October 25, 1827; by tliis 
 union they have six children : Ea- 
 chel, Albert D., Lincoln C, Ida 
 A., Jennette and Willie J.; Air. 
 R. has held various offices in Ben- 
 ton township, and is a member of 
 
 . the Masonic Fraternity, Toleration 
 Lodge, No. 236, Fremont. 
 
 Eitter, Wm., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. 
 Butler. 
 
 RITTER, JOHN., farmer, Sec. 9; 
 P. O. Slagle; born in Louden, 
 Prussia, 1827; when nineteen 
 years of age be came to the United 
 States, landing at New York; 
 from there he went to Butler 
 county, Ohio, remaining there for 
 six years; he owns a nice farm of 
 100 acres of land, well cultivated 
 and improved; he is town . trustee, 
 which office he has held tor several 
 years; during his residence in 
 Butler county, Ohio, he married 
 Miss Caroline Haker, a native of 
 that State; she died in 1853; he 
 married for his second wife. Miss 
 Cliristina Aohreman, a native of 
 Ohio; they have four children: 
 Matilda M., John P., Adaline K. 
 
Benton toWNSHtP. 
 
 U& 
 
 and Elizabeth ; five are deceased : 
 Fred., George, Charles, Joseph 
 and an infant not named; Mr. 
 Eitter is a member of the Church 
 of God. 
 
 RITTER, ANDREW., farmer, 
 Seed; P. O. Slagle; born in Ba- 
 varia, Germany, in 1841-, he came 
 to the United States with his pa- 
 rents in 1867, landing in New 
 York city ; from there he came to 
 Keokuk county and located where 
 he now lives; he owns a fine farm 
 of 120 acres upon which he has a 
 nice barn, as good as any in the 
 township, and also, a fine brick 
 house, where he can live at ease 
 for the remainder of his days and 
 enjoy what it has cost to have it; 
 he was married February 21, 1866, 
 to Miss Louisa M. Stodtpr, a na- 
 tive of Crossan, Prussia; they 
 have four children: Frederick "W., 
 John A., Geo. W. and Albert D. ; 
 Edward, and an infant deceased; 
 Mr. Hitter is a member of the Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 
 Eitter, Fred., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Eoach, James, farmer Sec. 27 j P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Eooker, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Butler. 
 
 Eoyquett, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
 0. Butler. 
 
 SANCHEZ, PHILIP, farmer. 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Butler. 
 Sanchez, Fred, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 Scott, Eobert, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Scott, E. P., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Scott, David, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 
 Slagle. 
 Shaffier, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 3; 
 
 P. 0. Slagle. 
 Sheets, J. N., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Showman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 
 0. Butler. 
 
 Shute, David, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Shute, Sarah, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Shute, Cornelius, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 
 O. Butler. 
 Shute, John, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Stevens, J. L., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 
 O. Butler. 
 Street, W. E., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
 
 Butler. 
 Sykes, Charles, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 TERESO, PHILIP SAN- 
 CHEZ, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Martinsburg; born in Kaiser's- 
 lantern, Bavaria, Germany, June 
 4,1828; he was raised there in 
 the mercantile business, which he 
 continued until 1849, when he 
 emigrated to the United States, 
 landing at New York; from there 
 he went to Philadelphia and Bal- 
 timore, being engaged in the 
 printing business at each of those 
 places; from Baltimore he moved 
 to Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 
 at which place he remained some 
 four months, being employed in 
 the iron works; in 1850 his pa- 
 rents landed at New York City; 
 Philip remained at that city with 
 them until 1851, they then com- 
 ing to this county; here he has a 
 nice farm of 260 acres, well im- 
 proved and cultivated; he settled 
 on this farm in 1860; April 11, 
 1854, he married Miss Mary J. 
 Garrett; she was born in Indiana 
 in 1835; they have one child by 
 adoption: Lucinda B. ; he has 
 held various of&ces in his town- 
 ship, and is a member of the Bap- 
 tist Church. 
 TERESO, FREDERICK SAN- 
 CHEZ, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Martinsburg; born March 30, 
 1824, at Hackenheim, Hessen, 
 Germany ; his father was a native 
 of Spain, and his mother was of 
 
650 
 
 DIREOTOEY Of KfiOKUK CO0imr. 
 
 German ancestry; his youth and 
 early manhood were passed at the 
 place of his birth, where he at- 
 tended first the common school 
 and then the high school; Ger- 
 man, Latin, Greek and French 
 were some of the studies here 
 pursued; at the age of 17 years 
 he was appointed clerk of the 
 court, which oflBcial position he 
 filled to the satisfaction of the 
 higher officials, and with credit to 
 himself; on the outbreak of the 
 revolution of 1849, when but 24 
 years old, he received the import- 
 ant appointment of General Fi- 
 nancial Secretary, under the Re- 
 public at that time established; 
 this position he held for about six 
 months, when the Kepublic col- 
 lapsed, and in company with other 
 patriots he crossed the Rhine into 
 France, and after remaining there 
 a short time, he embarked at 
 Havre for America; he arrived at 
 New York in September, 1849, 
 and from there he went to Phila- 
 delphia, where he engaged in the 
 printing business; after remain- 
 ing there for ten months he re- 
 turned to 'New York to meet his 
 parents, and while there awaiting 
 the arrival of the ship he was 
 employed by a publishing house 
 as a translator; upon the arrival 
 of his parents they set out for 
 Iowa and settled in Jackson town- 
 ship, this county; in 1866 he re- 
 moved to Benton township and 
 settled where he now resides; 
 owns a farm of 270 acres, under 
 good cultivation ; has a comforta- 
 ble, well arranged house, in which 
 is a choice library of rare books ; 
 in August, 1862, he enlisted as a 
 private in Co. F, Thirty-third 
 Iowa Infantry; June 2, 1863, he 
 was promoted to the position of 
 first lieutenant; served until the 
 close of the war, and was dis- 
 charged July 25, 1865, at New 
 Orleans, and after his discharge 
 
 returned home; December 24, 
 1857, he was married to Miss Ma- 
 tilda J. Britton, a native of Henry 
 county, Iowa; they have seven 
 children: Milton F., Helen (now 
 Mrs. Handleman), Nancy A., 
 Sheridan P., Yiola, Theadore, and 
 Oscar G. ; Mr. T., after having un- 
 dergone the vicissitudes of two 
 wars and adventures in a strange 
 land, is now comfortably located 
 and enjoys the respect and confi- 
 dence of all who know him; none 
 are more active in all public en- 
 terprises, and all schemes for the 
 development of his adopted county 
 meet his cordial support. 
 
 VANWINKLE, MILES, far- 
 mer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Butler; 
 
 Yan winkle, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. 0. Butler. 
 
 Yaughn, Charles, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 \ A 7^ ALL, DANIEL, farmer, 
 V V Sec. 18; P. O. Butler. 
 
 Watts, W". A., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 WATTS , CHARLES, farmer. Sec. 
 28; P. O. Butler; born in Harri- 
 son county, Ohio, August 29, 
 1821; he was raised there on a 
 farm; in September, 1849, he 
 moved to Indiana and remained 
 there for some five years, but the 
 location not being desirable he 
 came to Keokuk county and loca- 
 ted on the place upon which he 
 now resides; he has 429 acres of 
 finely cultivated land on which he 
 is building a commodious dwell- 
 ing; he has held various offices in 
 his township; March 16, 1843, he 
 was married to Miss Mary A. 
 Woods, a native of Allegheny 
 county, Pennsylvania; she was 
 born March 5, 1825; by this union 
 they have nine children: Wm. 
 A., George W., Henry D., Ra- 
 chel A. (now Mrs. Burgman), 
 Hnlda, John C, Andrew H., Jo- 
 seph M., Emma R. ; have lost one 
 son: Thomas, who was a member 
 
BENTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 651 
 
 ol Company B, Thirty-sixth Iowa 
 Infantry ; enlisted at Keokuk, 
 Iowa, in 1862, served until May 
 23,' 1863; he died at home of dis- 
 ease contracted in the army, his 
 father having brought him home 
 from Helena where he had been 
 left; he expired surrounded by 
 loving friends. 
 
 WAUGH, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 
 35; P. O. Martinsburgh ; born 
 near Harrisbnrg, Pennsylvania, 
 April 28, 1800; with his parents 
 he moved to Warren county, Ohio, 
 remaining there until 1816; in the 
 same year he emigrated to Wilkes- 
 borough, Wilkes county, North 
 Carolina, where he engaged in 
 the mercantile business being em- 
 ployed as a clerk; in 1827 he re- 
 moved to Petersburg, Virginia, 
 and in 1889 to Fairfield, Jefferson 
 county, this State; from there he 
 went to a point near the Des 
 Moines river, not far from where 
 Oskaloosa now stands, but the 
 location was not desirable and he 
 again removed coming to this 
 county and locating where he now 
 lives in 1845 ; owns 360 acres of 
 good land; he is an influential 
 citizen and has held the office of 
 justice of the peace for a number 
 of years ; in 1829 he married Miss 
 Elizabeth Freeman; have five 
 children: Cordelia M. (now Mrs. 
 Baker), Sarah M. (now Mrs. J. 
 Lynn), Susan E. (now Mrs. H. B. 
 Sturgess), Mary J. (now Mrs. Wil- 
 liam Gray), and James ; lost two : 
 William A., and F.; the latter 
 was second sergeant in the Thirty- 
 fifth Iowa Infantry; he died at 
 St. Louis, January 19, 1863, of 
 small-pox; Mr. Waugh belongs 
 to the Masonic fraternity and is 
 a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Wells, Obed, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 White, Wm., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Butler, 
 
 White, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Williams, P., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Wilcox, Wm., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Wilcox, A. G., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 WILCOX, B. G., farmer. Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Slagle; born in Athens 
 county, Ohio, in February, 1842; 
 in 1854 he came with his parents 
 to Yan Buren county, Iowa; he 
 came to this county in 1862 and 
 located where he now lives; he 
 owns a farm of 110 acres of well 
 improved land; he has been twice 
 married; first to Miss Susan 
 Helm, September 28. 1861; she 
 was a native of Iowa; she died 
 September 3, 1874, leaving two 
 children living: Emma J. and Da- 
 vid P., and Ollie and Rosa de- 
 ceased; he married again to Miss 
 Parmelia Waltman, in 1876; she 
 is a native of Ohio; by this union 
 they have one child: Oliver. 
 
 Williams, Jefferson, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Wilcox, Eiley, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 Wood, J. H., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
 Butler. 
 
 Wyckofi; S. D., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Butler. 
 
 YOUNG, WILLIAM H., farm- 
 er. Sec. 36; P. O. Martins- 
 burgh; born in Clarke county, 
 Indiana, April 11, 1842; when 
 twelve years of age he with his 
 parents moved to this county and 
 settled in Benton township, near 
 Marrtinsburgh ; his early training 
 was on a farm and he continued 
 at this occupation until Septem- 
 ber, 1861, when he enlisted in 
 Company D, 13th Iowa Infantry ; 
 in 1864 here-enlisted as a veteran, 
 and in the same year was taken 
 prisoner and conveyed to Ander- 
 sonville, Charleston, Florence and 
 Kichmond; after undergoing the 
 
652 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 vicissitudes of imprisonment at 
 each of these places, he was finally 
 paroled, in February, 1865; he 
 then returned to his regiment, 
 with which he was engaged in 
 active service until the close of 
 the war; on being mustered out 
 of the service he again came to 
 Keokuk county and engaged in 
 the mercantile business at Mar- 
 tinsburgh, in which he continued 
 until quite recently, when he dis- 
 posed of his stock and moved on 
 the farm upon which he now re- 
 resides; his farm consists of 400 
 
 acres of fine land under the best 
 cultivation ; he was married to E. 
 M. Hursey, daughter of William 
 Hnrsey, October 13, 1869; they 
 have one child: Hattie E.; have 
 lost an infant, not named; Mr. 
 Young is a member of both the 
 Masonic and Odd Fellow's frater- 
 nities ; he is a member of the Pres- 
 byterian Church, and is now in 
 the full vigor of manhood, and is 
 regarded as one of the most ac- 
 tive, energetic and influential cit- 
 izens of that part of the county. 
 
 STE.A.3D-2- ISTTlSr IPOTP^l^TS^^XF. 
 
 ALEXANDEK, J. C, farmer. 
 Sec. 25 ; 1'. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 BEEEIDGE, W. B. C. Sr., farm- 
 er. Sec. 33; P. O. Martins- 
 burgh. 
 
 BERRIDGE. WM. H.. farmer, 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; born 
 February 26, 1847, in Madi- 
 son county, Ohio; he was educa- 
 ted and lived there till 1854, when 
 he came with his parents to Iowa, 
 and located where he now lives; 
 he. was married October 10th, 
 1868, to Miss Celinda J. Smith, a 
 native Hawkeye. 
 
 Berridge, W. B., Jr., Martinsburgh. 
 
 BERRIDGE, WM., farmer; Sec 
 83; P. O. Martinsburgh; owns 
 a farm of 187 acres; born 
 April 7th, 1811, in Lincolnshire, 
 England; he lived there till 1832, 
 when he came to the United 
 States, landing in New York, and 
 coming immediately to Ohio, 
 where he lived till 1854, when he 
 came to Iowa and located where 
 he now lives; he is one of the old 
 settlers of the township; he was 
 married January 15th, 1839, to 
 Miss Mary Swazey, a native ol 
 Ohio; they have had four chil- 
 dren: Lovenia, Loretta J., Wm. 
 H. B., living, and. Mary de- 
 ceased. 
 
 BOTKIN, Z. T., farmer. Sec. 
 20; P. O. Martinsburgh; born 
 December 4, 1817, in Clark 
 county, Ohio; there he grew to 
 manhood, was educated and lived 
 till 1845, when he came to Iowa 
 and stopped in Henry county till 
 the next February, when he came 
 to this county and located where 
 he now lives; he entered his land 
 from the government, but first had 
 to buy a claim under what was 
 known as the club law at that 
 time; he is one of the oldest set- 
 tlers now living in the township; 
 he was married September 22, 
 1842, to Miss Cynthia A. Smith, 
 
 ■ a native of Ohio; they have a 
 family of eight children: Jemi- 
 ma (now Mrs. Elijah Arganbright 
 of JSTeb)., Samuel E., Sarah H. 
 (now Mrs. Joseph Pollock of this 
 township), Mary, (now Mrs. New- 
 ton Ogden of this township), 
 James, Wm., now living, and 
 Eliza and Jasper, deceased; he 
 owns a splendid farm which he 
 has well improved with every- 
 thing to make home pleasant, all 
 the work of his own hands. 
 
 Bottorff Mrs. Eliza, Martinsburgh. 
 
 BOTTORFF, ISAAC W., mer- 
 chant, Martinsburgh; born June 
 26th, 1833, in Clarke county, In- 
 
STEADY KUN TOWNSHIP, 
 
 655 
 
 diana; his parents moved to Iowa 
 and located in this township; he 
 is one of the oldest settlers in the 
 township; he enlisted October 
 21st, 1861, in company D, Thir- 
 teenth Iowa Infantry, and served 
 to November 18th, 1862, when he 
 was discharged by reason of 
 wounds received at the battle of 
 Shiloh; he was postmaster at 
 Martinsburgh for about one year 
 in 1864-5; he began the mercan- 
 tile business in the fall of 1862, 
 in this place, and has followed it 
 since; he keeps a large stock of 
 goods generally kept in a country 
 store, and also a stock of drugs 
 and medicines; he enjoys a good 
 trade, and the confidence of his 
 customers as to fair dealing and 
 integrity; he was married Febru- 
 ary 16th, 1845, to Miss M. H. 
 Smith, a native of Illinois; they 
 have a family of eight children: 
 Sarah O., Nancy J., Jacob G., 
 Anna R., and Ernest, and 
 Harvey, Aminda and Omer, de- 
 
 C6£lS6(i 
 
 BOTTORFF, E. W., farmer; Sec. 
 28; P. O. Martinsburgh; born 
 December 25, 1835, in Clarke 
 county, Indiana; he was rais- 
 ed, educated and lived there 
 til! 1852, when he came with his 
 parents to this county, and located 
 on Sec. 20 of this township; he 
 catne on his present farm in 
 1856 and has made all of its im- 
 provements himself; he has a 
 splendid, commodious dwelling, 
 and good barns that any man 
 might well be proud to own, es- 
 pecially if he had earned it all 
 himself, as he has done; his son, 
 
 , James W., has displayed a good 
 deal of genius in the manufacture 
 of a wind mill, which is so arrang- 
 ed as to drive, when in motion, a 
 circle of figures which are con- 
 stantly changing position to the 
 passer-by, and we think is worthy 
 
 40 
 
 of notice in this volume; he was 
 commissioned second lieutenant 
 in the Martinsbureh invincibles 
 (State Militia) March 9, 1863, 
 which he held during the Skunk 
 river unpleasantness, and to the 
 close of the war; he has always 
 been a strong partisan and a strong 
 Union man ; he has held the office 
 of town trustee and several minor 
 offices; he was married January 
 25, 1856. to Nancy A. Heninger, 
 a native of Missouri; she was 
 born November 14, 1839; they 
 have a family of four children : 
 Henrietta S,., James W., Sarah E. 
 and Mary E., all living; he owns 
 a farm of 139 acres of fine land. 
 BRITTAIN, WM. P., farmer; Sec. 
 19; P. O. Martinsburgh; born De- 
 cember 14, 1845, in Henry coun- 
 ty, Iowa; his parents came to this 
 county in 1847; he enlisted Octo- 
 ber 10, 1863, in the Ninth Iowa 
 Cavalry, and served till the close 
 of the war, and was discharged 
 February 10, 1866; he was taken 
 prisoner September 6, 1864, while 
 bearing dispatches to headquar- 
 ters, at Gum Springs, Arkansas, 
 and taken to Batesville, where he 
 was paroled September 9, after 
 having been stripped even to his 
 boots, and given an old butternut 
 suit, and left barefoot; he was fed 
 on parched corn and paw-paws, 
 and told to go north; he went to 
 Memphis, that being the nearest 
 point where he could reach our 
 troops; on arriving there he was 
 sent to St. Louis to the parol 
 camp; soon after arriving there 
 he was taken sick and got a fur- 
 lough and came home, where he 
 remained till December 11, 1864, 
 when he was exchanged; he then 
 went to his company at Browns- 
 ville, Arkansas, where he remain- 
 ed till discharged ; he was married 
 September 27, 1866, to Miss Lydia 
 O. Redbearn, a native of Ohio; 
 
656 
 
 DIRECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 they have six children : Isaac M. 
 M., MaryE., William O., Fred F., 
 Pearl A., and Alnieda M., all liv- 
 ing. 
 
 Burns, Mrs. Susan, Martinsburgh. 
 
 Burns, S. C, farmer; Sec. 16; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHIS', farmer; 
 Sec. 26; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 CHACEY, ITHAMAR, farmer 
 and teacher, Sec. 24; P. O. Martins- 
 burgla; was born April 14, 1830, 
 in Wayne county, Ohio, and lived 
 there until 1856; he received a 
 good common school education 
 and commenced teaching at the 
 age of nineteen, and has divided 
 his time between farming and 
 teaching since that time; he came 
 to this State in 1856, and owns a 
 nice farm of 150 acres; he has 
 held school ofBces but has stead- 
 fastly refused others; he married 
 Miss Mary E. Wettmer, October 
 9, 1851 ; she was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania; they have five children liv- 
 ing: Ithamar J., Ida R., Ulysses 
 S., Elmer W., Samuel C; lost 
 three: "William S. B., Almina E., 
 and Mary E. A. 
 
 Clary, W. H., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 Colston, Mrs. Eliza, Martinsburgh. 
 
 COOK,WM., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh; born January 
 27, 1852, in Fayette county, Indi- 
 ana; moved to Iowa in 1873 and 
 located where he now lives; he 
 has followed farming all his life; 
 he was married, ^November 7, 
 1876, to Miss Mary E. Fritzler, a 
 native Hawkeye, as she was born 
 in this county; they have one 
 child: Dottie Estelle, now living. 
 
 Cook, W. A., Martinsburgh. 
 
 Cook, John A., Martinsburgh. 
 
 CROCKER, B F., farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 35; P. O. Mar- 
 tinsburgh; born October 2,1821, 
 in Franklin county, Indiana; he 
 was educated and lived there till 
 
 1854, when he came to Iowa and 
 located in Henry county, where he 
 remained only about six months, 
 when he came to this county and 
 located where he now lives; he 
 owns a fine farm of 360 acres of 
 land; he is a blacksmith by trade, 
 and worked at it about twenty- 
 five years; since his return from 
 the army he has done but little at 
 it; he is an auctioneer, and cries 
 most of the public sales in the 
 country near him; he enlisted 
 June 13, 1861, in company I, 
 First Iowa Cavalry, and was pro- 
 moted to sergeant at the organi- 
 zation of the company; he serv- 
 ed to October 10, 1864, when he 
 was discharged hy reason of ex- 
 piration of term of service; was 
 in all the battles in which the reg- 
 iment was engaged while he was 
 in the service; he has been mar- 
 ried twice: first, February 4, 1840, 
 to Miss Elizabeth Cassaday, a na- 
 tive of New York; she died May 
 10, 1872, leaving nine children: 
 Emily J., Thomas H., Perry, 
 Sumner, Mary P. and Curtis, liv- 
 ing, and Luther, Hannah E. 
 and Melville, deceased; again 
 January 14, 1875, to Mrs. Bar- 
 bara Fritzler, a native of Ger- 
 many; they have one child: B. F., 
 living; she had three children by 
 her former husband. 
 
 DAEDEN, D. B., farmer. Sec. 
 36; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 Darden, H. J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 Darden, S. IST., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 
 Martinsburgh. 
 Darden, W. C, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 DAVIS, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; born May 
 
 1, 1819, in Washington county, 
 Virginia; parents moved to In- 
 diana in 1828; there he was edu- 
 cated in the log school-house; 
 he lived there till 1853, when he 
 
STEADY BTTN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 657 
 
 came to Iowa and settled in Jef- 
 ferson connty, where he raised one 
 crop; in the same year (1853) he 
 moved over into Jackson town- 
 ship in this county, where he 
 lived till March, 1866, when he 
 came to this township, and in 
 the spring of 1867 moved to the 
 farm, where he now lives; he 
 owns 180 acres of land; he was 
 married October 30, 1845, to Miss 
 Liliie Smith, a native ot Indiana; 
 they have a family of ten child- 
 ren : Theophilus, Louisa (now Mrs. 
 F. P. Eichardson), Jolin Q., J. M., 
 Joriel, George E., Wm. H. and 
 Elmer E. living, and Mary I. and 
 Eobert E., deceased. 
 
 Dawson, John M.', farmer. Sec. 16; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Dawson, J. K., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 DAY, PHILIP S., farmer. Sec. 
 19, P. O. .Martinsburgh; owns a 
 farm of 185 acres of wellimproved 
 land; born February ^25, 1824, 
 in Madison county, Illinois; he 
 lived there till 1848, when he 
 came to this county and located 
 where he now lives, locating a 
 land warrant for 160 acres, which 
 he still owns, and which he received 
 for his services in the Mexican 
 war; he enlisted in May, 1846, 
 and served one year, when he was 
 honorably discharged; he was in 
 the battles of VeraOruz, and Cerro 
 Gordo where he received a wound 
 in left leg by which he has been 
 partially disabled ever since; has 
 never drawn a pension, although 
 he is rightfully entitled to one; 
 he was married in November, 
 1847, to Miss Gracie Taylor, 
 a native of Kentucky; they have 
 a family of ten children : Solomon, 
 Clarrissa, William, Robert, Frank- 
 lin, James, Philip S. and George, 
 living, and Eebecca an infant, de- 
 ceased; he is the only Mexican 
 soldier now living in the town- 
 ship. 
 
 DEMARCE, A. L., farmer, Sec. 18; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; born August 
 1, 1835, in Canada West; there 
 he was raised; he came to the 
 United States when he was nine- 
 teen years of age, and could not 
 read or write; he started to school 
 at once, attending the common 
 and high schools at Fairfield, 
 which he continued till he gained 
 a fair education; in the fall of 
 1854 he located in Washington 
 county, where he remained till 
 1867, at which time he came to 
 this county and located on Ger- 
 man Creek, where he bought a saw- 
 mill; located where he now lives 
 in 1869, and owns a farm of 135 
 acres and also a steam saw- 
 mill on Sugar Creek, which he 
 runs during the winter season; 
 he enlisted August 15, 1862, in 
 Company A, Twenty-fifth Iowa 
 Infantry, served till the close 
 of the war, and was discharged 
 May 22, 1865; he was in all the 
 battles in which the regiment was 
 engaged during his term of service; 
 he was married July 16, 1871, to 
 Miss Mary Snakenberg, a native 
 Hawkeye, born in this county, six 
 miles east of Sigourney; they 
 have a family of four children: 
 Jno. D., Nelson H., Crinhilda F., 
 Maggie G. Meyer, all living. 
 
 Densmore, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 DINSMORE, SAMUEL., carriage 
 and wagon-maker, Martinsburgh J 
 born May 30, 1816, in Mifllin 
 county, Pennsylvania; his pa- 
 rents moved to Ohio in 1817; 
 here he was educated in the com- 
 mon schools and lived till 1857, 
 when he came to Iowa and located 
 where he now lives; he holds the 
 confidence of his neighbors where 
 he lives, as he has been elected 
 justice of the peace for three 
 terms, which office he now holds; 
 he owns a nice comfortable home, 
 where he lives, upon which he has 
 
658 
 
 DIRECTOKT OF KBOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 quite an extensive vineyard, which 
 is a source of revenue to him; also 
 a shop where lie works at his 
 trade most of his time, always 
 linding plenty to do at his door; 
 he was left an orphan at the age 
 seventeen, and being the eldest of 
 the familj', had the care of his 
 younger brothers, two of them 
 learning the trade with him; he 
 was married February 13, 1840, 
 to Miss Sarah A. Sheppard, a na- 
 tive of Ohio; they have no child- 
 ren. 
 
 Donnell, James B., farmer Sec. 13; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Donnell, S. H., farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Dunn, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 ECKLEY, PETEE, farmer. Sec. 
 25 ; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Edwards, Jesse, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 ENGLE, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Walden; born December 24, 
 1838, and is a native of Ohio; his 
 parents came to Iowa and located 
 in Washington county, in 1853, 
 where he lived till March, 1862, 
 when he came to this county and 
 located where he now lives; he 
 owns a good farm of 180 acres of 
 land ; he was married February 6, 
 1862, to Miss Jennie Griffith, who 
 is also a native of Ohio; they have 
 a family of two sons : Frank C. and 
 Kichard D., both living. 
 
 Eyestone Bros., merchants, Martins- 
 burgh. 
 
 Eyestone, Albert, Martinsburgh. 
 
 FOGLE, PETEE, farmer, Sec. 18 ; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 Fuller, H. K., Martinsburgh. 
 r> LASS, A. W., Matinsburgh. 
 
 Glap, James, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 GODFREY, ELIJAH, shoe-mak- 
 er, Martinsburgh; born March 14, 
 1811, in Eoss county, Ohio, his 
 parents moved to Virginia in 
 
 1856, when he came to Indiana, 
 where he remained till 1866, 
 when he came to Iowa and 
 located in Wapello county, where 
 he remained till 1864, when he 
 came to this county and located 
 where he now lives and started a 
 ' boot and shoe shop, which busi- 
 ness he has continued to the pres- 
 ent time; he enlisted in October, 
 1862, in company E, Thirty-sev- 
 enth Iowa volunteers, and served 
 to May 18, 1863, when he was 
 discharged by reason of a rupture 
 received while in the line of duty, 
 guarding prisoners of war; he was 
 married October 1, 1831, to Miss 
 Jane Jones, a native of Virginia; 
 they have ten children: Elijah H., 
 David, Marion, Almira, Leander, 
 Hannah M., Ira J., living, and 
 Elizabeth, Louis and Mahala J., 
 deceased. 
 
 Goepel, August, Martinsburgh. 
 
 Goepel, Gustavus, farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Golliher, Mrs. M. J., farmer, Sec. 30 ; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Goodwin, A. C, Martinsburgh. 
 
 GOW, DR, A. N., physician and 
 surgeon, Martinsburgh; born July 
 3, 1834, in Ashtabula county, 
 Ohio; he was educated at the 
 high school at Mt. Vernon, Ohio; 
 he came to Iowa and located in 
 English Eiver township in Feb- 
 ruary, 1863; he returned to Ohio 
 on account of the death of his 
 lather, Eev. Daniel Gow, a noted 
 Baptist minister; he lived there 
 till September 13, 1864, when he 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and 
 Seventy-third Ohio volunteers and 
 was made hospital steward of the 
 regiment; he served to the close 
 of the war and was discharged 
 August 25, 1866, when he return- 
 ed to his old home in Ohio; he 
 studied medicine, off and on, from 
 the time he entered school at Mt. 
 Vernon, Ohio, till he entered the 
 army; he attended lectures at the 
 
STEAbr ETTN TOWNSHliP. 
 
 669 
 
 Eclectic Medical Institute of Cin- 
 cinnati during the winters of 1872 
 and 1873, graduating in June, 
 1873, in which year he returned 
 to Iowa, and locating in this place, 
 began the practice of his profes- 
 sion, which he has followed since ; 
 he enjoys a good practice and the 
 confidence of his patrons; he in- 
 vented and patented a corn-planter 
 and cultivator combined, known 
 as the " Farmer's Friend," some 
 of which were used in this county; 
 he was married January 2, 1878, 
 to Miss Elizabeth Hogue, a native 
 Hawkeye, having been born in 
 Martinsburgh, Iowa, April 10, 
 1858. 
 Graves, Johnson; Martinsburgh. 
 
 HAGAN, WILLIAM H., farm- 
 er, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Martins- 
 burgh; born June 29, 1820, in 
 Gruernsey county, Ohio; his pa- 
 rents moved to Tuscarawas coun- 
 ty in 1826; he lived there until 
 1848, when he came to Iowa and 
 located where he now lives; in 
 1850 he was burned out, losing a 
 good two-story house and all its 
 contents except a few bed-clothes, 
 which his wife saved ; the next 
 spring he rebuilt the house he now 
 lives in; he owns a fine farm of 
 400 acres upon which he has fine 
 improvements; he was married 
 June 25, 1848, to Miss Mary An- 
 derson, a native of Ohio; they 
 have a family of eleven children : 
 Margaret, Sarah, Charles J., Wm. 
 W., Alfred and Alice (twins), 
 James, Horace L. and Lillie M., 
 living, and Daniel and Otis de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Hagan, C. J., farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 Hampton, James, Martinsburgh. 
 
 Hampson,L. G., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 HAWK. DAVID, farmer. Sec. 29; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh; born April 
 18, 1811, in Greenbriar county, 
 Virginia; his parents moved to 
 
 Athens county, Ohio, in 1815; 
 there he grew to manhood and 
 was educated; he came to this 
 county in 1853 and located on sec- 
 tion 22 in this township, having 
 entered the land in 1847, being 
 the second entry made in this 
 township; he was in Burlington 
 in 1839, when there was but one 
 two-story house in the place; he 
 has been town trustee and asses- 
 sor; he has followed farming all 
 his life, in which he has made a 
 competency for his old age; he 
 has always been a hard-working, 
 straight-forward, honest man, re- 
 spected by all who knew him; he 
 was married !N"ovember 21, 1832, 
 to Miss Elizabeth Loving, a na- 
 tive of Virginia; they have had 
 nine children: Christopher Ezra, 
 Andrew, Elijah, Sarah E., Hilda, 
 (now Mrs. 0. J. Hagan), and 
 Allen, living, and Stephen and 
 Keziah, deceased; he owns 610 
 acres of land. 
 
 Hawk, Christopher, farmer, Sec. 27; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 HAWK, ELIJAH; farmer. Sec 14; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; he has a farm 
 of 130 acres of land that is well 
 improved; he was born May 25, 
 1845, in Vinton county Ohio; his 
 parents came to Iowa and located 
 where he now lives in 1853; here 
 he grew up and was educated; he 
 is one of the old settlers of the 
 township; he was married March 
 23, 1870, to Miss RhodaE., daugh- 
 ter of Kev. Benjamin H.oUings- 
 worth, of this county; they have 
 a family of four children : Charles 
 E., Edward I., and Carl, living, 
 and Howard L., deceased. 
 
 Hawk, John F., fanner, Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 HAWK, EZRA, farmer. Sec. 22; 
 P.O. Martinsburgh; he owns 546 
 acres of highly cultivated land, 
 with a splendid house and barn 
 and all the appurtenances of a 
 first-class tarm; he was born 
 
660 
 
 blEECl'OET OF KEOKUK COtTNTY. 
 
 O. 
 0. 
 
 o. 
 
 March 23,1842, in Vinton county, 
 Ohio; his parents came to this 
 county in the fall of 1853 and lo- 
 cated where he now lives; he en- 
 listed June 13, 1861, in company 
 I, iirst Iowa Cavalry, and served 
 to September 9, 186i,when he was 
 honorably discharged ; he was in 
 all the battles in which the regi- 
 ment was engaged; he was mar- 
 ried March 3, 1869, to Miss Eliza 
 A., daughter of Henry McGee, of 
 this township; they have a family 
 of three children: Ida E., living, 
 and William H. and Frankie, de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Hawk, J. S., farmer, Sec. 15 ; f, 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 Hawk, J. K, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 Hay, G. W., farmer. Sec. 15; P, 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 HENRY, J. D., M. D., physician 
 and surgeon ; Martinsburgh; 
 born January 15, 1846, in Adams 
 county, Illinois; he was educated 
 at Payson seminary, Payson, Illi- 
 nois; he came to Iowa in 1867 
 and located in Wapello county, 
 where he began the study of med- 
 icine with his uncle; Dr. S. Henry; 
 he studied with him three years, 
 during which time he attended 
 medical lectures at Rush Medical 
 College, of Chicago, and Belle- 
 view Medical College, of New 
 York, where he graduated in 1871 ; 
 he tlien settled in this place and 
 began the practice of his profes- 
 sion, which he has continued since 
 with success; he has built up a 
 good practice and is very success- 
 ful as a physician; he was mar- 
 ried October 2, 1873, to Miss 
 Maggie Dunn, a native of Ohio; 
 they have two children: Rex V., 
 and an infant daughter not 
 named. 
 
 Heninger, P. W., farmer. Sec. 21; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 HENINGER, HENRY S., farmer, 
 Sec. 21; P. O. Martinsburgh; 
 
 owns 125 acres of well improved 
 land; born November 15, 1837, 
 in Missouri; he came with his 
 parents to this county in 1846 
 and has been a resident of this 
 township ever since; he came on 
 to his present farm in the fall of 
 1871 ; he enlisted in Aug., 1862, in 
 company F, Thirty-third Iowa vol- 
 unteers, and served to March,1863, 
 when he was discharged for gen- 
 eral disability brought on while in 
 the service ; he has followed farm- 
 ing all his life, at which he has 
 made a fine home; he was married 
 March 11, 1867, to Miss Sarah 
 Davis, a native of Illinois; they 
 have a family of three children: 
 Eddie and Ida (twins), living, and 
 William H., deceased. 
 
 Henson, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Heninger, Mrs. Sarah K., farmer, 
 Sec. 4; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Heninger, John W., farmer, Sec. 21 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Heninger, S. E., farmer, Sec 21 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Herman, John, Sr., farmer, Sec. 12 
 P. O. Haysville. 
 
 HERMAN, JOHN U-, of Wimer 
 & Herman, proprietors of Wood- 
 bury Mills, Walden; born 
 March 3, 1820, in Pennsylvania; 
 there he was raised, educated and 
 lived till 1859, when he came to 
 Iowa and located in loka, where 
 he remained two years; then 
 moved to Jefierson county, where 
 he remained till 1870, when he 
 returned to this county and 
 bought the Manhattan Mills, 
 which he ran for three years, 
 when he sold out and bought a 
 half interest in Woodbury Mills, 
 which. he now owns; they have a 
 good custom trade and make a 
 good quality of flour; he was 
 married April 6, 1845, to Miss 
 Sarah Aultman, a native of Penn- 
 sylvania; they have ten children: 
 Andrew, Michael, Elizabeth, Mary 
 
STEAD Sr EUN fOW-HSHlP. 
 
 661 
 
 A., John, Samuel and "William, 
 living, and Sarah, and two infants 
 not named, deceased. 
 
 HOGNE, S. R., farmer and carpen- 
 ter. Sec. 33; P. O. Martinsbnrgh; 
 born December 2, 1827, in Vir- 
 ginia; he came to Ohio in 1844 
 and lived there till 1849, when he 
 came to Indiana, where he lived 
 till 1856, when he came to Iowa 
 and located where he now lives; 
 he enlisted June 13, 1861, in com- 
 pany I, First Iowa Cavalry, and 
 served to September 9, 1864; he 
 was in all the battles in which the 
 regiment was engaged; he was 
 promited to sergeant at the or- 
 ganization of the company; he 
 owns a nice farm of 80 acres; he 
 is a carpenter by trade, and works 
 at it a good deal of his time; he 
 was married, Jnne 18, 1850, to 
 Miss Elizabeth Stewart, a native 
 of Indiana; they have a family of 
 five children: Anna S., Rachel E., 
 Willie, Jennie A., living, and 
 Mary F., deceased. 
 
 Horton, Tyrus, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 0. Martinsbnrgh. 
 
 HURSEY, WILLIAM, farmer 
 and stock-raiser. Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Martinsbnrgh ; born June 3, 1827, 
 in Ohio; there he was raised and 
 educated; he lived there till 1858, 
 when he came to Iowa and locat- 
 ed where he now lives; he owns 
 one of the finest farms in the 
 county, containing 420 acres in 
 all, which he has under a high state 
 of cultivation, with Splendid 
 house and barns; he has taught 
 school sixteen terms during his 
 life; he is an honored member of 
 the Masonic fraternity, and has 
 been W. M. of his lodge some 
 twelve years; is also a member of 
 the chapter, and assisted in the 
 organization of the chapter at 
 Sigourney; he was married April 
 20, 1848, to Miss Margaret A. 
 Honnold, a native ot Ohio; they 
 
 have had twelve children : Eliza- 
 beth M., John E., Lucinda J., S. 
 Alice, H. Eliza, Wm. Sherman, 
 Belle, Maud and George W., liv- 
 ing, and Doratha, Robert N. and 
 Wilmina, deceased. 
 
 Hutton, D. S., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Martinsbnrgh. 
 
 TNGLE, JACOB, farmer Sec. 13; 
 
 i P. O. Walden. 
 T OHNSON, A. J., farmer. Sec. 23; 
 
 cl P. O. Martinsbnrgh. 
 
 Jones, Alexander, farmer. Sec. 22; 
 P. O. Martinsljurgh. 
 
 LAMB, J. M., farmer, Sec. 11; 
 P. O. Martinsbnrgh. 
 Larrimore, J. F., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 
 O. Martinsbnrgh. 
 Lawson, Wm., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
 
 Martinsbnrgh. 
 Lehman, A., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 
 Martinsburgh. 
 Lister, Abram, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 
 Martinsburgh. 
 Loenberg, Sohn, Sr., farmer, Sec. 34; 
 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 Lotspeich, J. H.. farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 Lotspeich, W. C, farmer. Sec. 35; 
 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 Lynn, H. C, Martinsburgh. 
 Lynch, P. A., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 McCONNELL, A. J., farmer. 
 Sec. 14; P.O. Martinsburgh; 
 born December 18, 1841; he is a 
 native Hawkeye, having been born 
 on Brushy Bend, Richland town- 
 ship, in this county, his father 
 having come to the county in 
 1839; he located on his present 
 farm in 1870; he owns a farm of 
 120 acres of well improved land; 
 is unmarried, a son of honest toil, 
 and still clinging on to the rag- 
 ged edge of single blessedness; 
 is a candidate for matrimony 
 whom any young lady would do 
 well to catch. 
 McCONNELL, W. J., farmer. Sec. 
 15; P.O. Martinsburgh; born De- 
 
662 
 
 blEEOl'OEY 0* SEOKUK OOtJNfr. 
 
 cember 27, 1838, in Delaware 
 county, Indiana; his parents came 
 to Iowa in the fall of 1839, and 
 located in Ki^hland township; he 
 has resided in this county since; 
 he has followed farming all his 
 life; he enlisted August 13, 1862, 
 in company F, Thirty-third Iowa 
 Volunteers and served till the 
 close of the war, and was honora- 
 bly discharged July 17, 1865; he 
 is one of the oldest settlers of the 
 county and township, his father 
 being the oldest permanent settler 
 of the township now living in it ; 
 he was married January 6, 1868, 
 to Miss Mary J. Miller, a native 
 of Ohio; they have three chil- 
 dren : George A., William f . and 
 Elias O., all living; he owns a 
 farm of 125 acres, which he has 
 made by his own efforts. 
 
 McCONNELL, M. E., farmer, Sec. 
 14; P. O. Martinsburgh; born 
 February 19, 1817, in Ohio; there 
 he grew to manhood and lived till 
 1837, when he came to Indiana, 
 where he remained about two 
 years; in September, 1839, he 
 came to Iowa, and located on 
 Brushy Bend, in Richland town- 
 ship, where he lived till the sec- 
 ond purchase was opened to settle- 
 ment; he tlien came and located 
 where he now lives with his fam- 
 ily ; s6 he is undoubtedly the old- 
 est permanent settler now living 
 in the township, and one of the 
 oldest in the county; he was mar- 
 ried February l,'l838, to Euth 
 S. Hulton, a native of Ohio; they 
 have a family of nine children: 
 William J., A. J., Ruth A., JSTan- 
 cy E., Lydia J. and Emily A. liv- 
 ing, and Barbara, Mary A. and 
 Francis M. deceased, the latter 
 dying in the army at Little Rock, 
 Ark., December 16, 1863; he 
 owns a farm of sixty acres. 
 
 Martin, Daniel, Martinsburgh. 
 
 McCreery, Horatio, farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 McElroy, James, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 McGHEE, HENRY., farmer, Sec. 
 28; P. 0. Martinsburgh; born Feb- 
 ruary 20; 1826, in Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Indiana; parents moved to 
 Orange county in 1827; he was 
 raised and educated there; he 
 came to Iowa in 1856, and located 
 where he now lives; he owns a 
 well improved farm of 195 acres; 
 has followed farming all his life, 
 and has been very successful in 
 making for himself and family a 
 pleasant home in his old age; he 
 was married December 3, 1846, to 
 Miss Mary E. Ham, a native of 
 Kentucky; they have had two 
 children: Eliza A. (now Mrs. Ez- 
 ra Hawk), living, and John W., 
 deceased. 
 
 McNutt, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 36. 
 
 Mallonee, W. D., farmer. Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 MALLONEE, W. D., M.D., phys- 
 ician and surgeon, Martinsburgh; 
 born August 23, 1821, in Madison 
 county, Kentucky; parents moved 
 to Orange county, Indiana, in 
 1822; here he grew to manhood, 
 and was educated in the common 
 schools; he came to Iowa in June, 
 
 1847, and remained till October, 
 
 1848, when he returned to In- 
 diana, and remained till 1849, 
 during which time he worked at 
 the carpenter trade about nine 
 years; the other two years he 
 combined the study of medicine 
 with his work; he studied with 
 Dr. A, J. Ritter, of Orangeville, 
 Indiana; he came to this county 
 in the fall of 1869, and began the 
 practice of his chosen profession- 
 January 1, 1860, in this place, 
 which he has continued to the 
 present time; he has, however, 
 partly retired from his profession, 
 as he refuses to ride nights, or 
 practice except in the families of 
 
 J articular friends; he enlisted 
 une 22, 1861, in company I, First 
 
STEAbT KUlJ tOWNSHlP. 
 
 m 
 
 Iowa Cavalry, and served to Sep- 
 tember 13, 1864; he was on de- 
 tached duty in the medical de- 
 partment from August, 1861, to 
 March, 18C2, and again as hospital 
 steward from February, 1864, till 
 his discharge from the service; he 
 married July 25, 1861, Mrs. Har- 
 riet M. McCoy, a native of Ohio; 
 they have no children; she had 
 one child by her first husband: 
 Agatha .(now Mrs. W. E. Street, 
 of this place). 
 
 Martin, R. S., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Martin, Geo. B., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 0. Mai'tinsburgh. 
 
 Mathys, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Messerschmitt, Jacob Sr., farmer. 
 Sec. 17; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Monohon, Owen, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Monohon, J. W., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Monohon, Columbus, farmer, Sec. 5; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Moore, Calvin, farmer. Sec 34; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 MORGAN, WM. F., farmer. Sec. 
 23, P. 0. Martinsburgh; born July 
 31, 1804, in Pulaski county, Ken- 
 tucky; his parents moved to In- 
 diana in 1818; here he grew up 
 and was educated in the old log 
 school-house with its big fire-place; 
 m 1849 he came to Iowa and set- 
 tled where he now lives, entering 
 his land from the government; in 
 1854 he was elected a member of 
 the Iowa Legislature, beating Col. 
 Crocker, a noted lawyer of Des 
 Moines; he served one term and 
 refused a second nomination; he 
 was the first Whig to carry the 
 district; he has been twice elect- 
 ed to the board of supervisors 
 and been justice of the peace 
 about half the time since he has 
 been in the State; he voted to 
 move the capitol of the State 
 from Iowa City to Des Moines; 
 
 he was never beaten but once in 
 his life when running for office, 
 and that was by J. M. Ohancey 
 for county judge, and was only 
 beaten then by tliirty votes, which 
 shows the high position he occu- 
 pied in the confidence of the peo- 
 Ele; he has followed farming all 
 is life; he owns a farm of 120 
 acres where he is enjoying his de- 
 clining years; he lias been twice 
 married; first March 1, 1827, to 
 Miss Elizabeth Boggs, a native of 
 Kentucky; she died October 7, 
 1862, leaving seven children: 
 Lydia J. and Harriet C. living, 
 and Alfred "W"., and John B., who 
 died in the army at Little Rock, 
 Arkansas, Joseph C, Mary E. and 
 W. H., deceased; he was married 
 again July 16, 1863, to Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Reynolds, a native of 
 Ohio; they have no children; she 
 had six children by her former 
 husband. 
 
 Morgan, Mrs. Sarah J., farmer, Sec. 
 23; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Mowrey, Mrs. Eliza, farmer. Sec. 12 
 P. O. Abingdon. 
 
 NUGENT, C. J., farmer. Sec. 24 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 OAKS, E. A., farmer, section 7 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; moved to 
 Illinois. 
 
 OGDEN,NERI, farmer; Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; he owns 
 a good farm of 140 acres; he was 
 born August 20, 1849, in Indiana; 
 his parents came to Iowa in the 
 spring of 1864, and located near 
 Martinsburgh; he was educated in 
 common schools and Birmingham 
 Academy, in Van Buren county, 
 Iowa; he came on his present 
 farm in the spring of 1875; he 
 was married December 16, 1874, 
 to Miss Mattie J. Gaston, a native 
 Hawkeye, having been born in 
 this township; they have one 
 child: Zane, living. 
 
 Ogden, Daniel, farmer; Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
664 
 
 biEEOfoET OF Keokuk colJNTlf. 
 
 PARRISH, BEN., farmer; Sec. 
 23; P. O. Martinsburgh; he 
 has 305 acres of land which he 
 has got Tinder a high state of cul- 
 tivation, with good house and 
 barns, where he can enjoy his old 
 age in peace and plenty; he was 
 born May 12, 1811, in Belmont 
 county, Ohio; there he was raised 
 and educated in the old log cabin, 
 with fire-place in one corner; he 
 lived there till 1839, when he mov- 
 ed to Tuscarawas county, Ohio, 
 where he lived till 1851, when he 
 came to Iowa and settled where 
 he now lives; he has been elected 
 county supervisor, town trustee, 
 and has held the oiBce of justice 
 of the peace about half the time 
 since he has been in the State; he 
 has been twice married ; first, Feb- 
 ruary 26, 1833, to Miss R. Thomp- 
 kins, a "native of Ohio, who died 
 December 28, 1840, leaving three 
 children: Edward F., "William and 
 Malissa, all deceased; again Janu- 
 ary 6, 1842, to Mary J. Motiniller, 
 a native of Pennsylvania, who 
 died July 9, 1864, leaving a fam- 
 ily of eleven children: Alonzo, 
 Celina J., Anna M., Montraville, 
 George M., Sarah E., J. 0. Fre- 
 mont, Millard F. and Thomas C. 
 living, and Eliza, who died in the 
 army in July, 1864, and Deborah, 
 deceased. 
 
 Pollock, George, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Pollock, Samuel, Martinsburgh. 
 
 Porter, Silas, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 Martinsburg. 
 
 Porter, Theodore, Sr., farmer, Sec. 
 30; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 R 
 
 ATBURIv, K B.,' Martins- 
 
 burgh. 
 
 Redfern, Mrs. Susan, farmer, Sec. 
 
 16; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 RICHARDSON, FRANCIS P., 
 
 farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Martins- 
 burgh ; born April 25, 1834, in Mc- 
 Donough county, Illinois; parents 
 came to Iowa in fall of 1845 and 
 
 located where he now lives; since 
 his father's death he has bought 
 the home place of the heirs, his 
 mother living with him ; he owns 
 a fine, well improved farm of 140 
 acres, which his father entered 
 under the "club" law of early 
 days; the logs of the old house 
 are still doing service on the farm, 
 as a stable, and are as sound as 
 they were the day they were cut; 
 he crossed the plains to Nevada 
 in 1864, where he remained till 
 1866, when he returned well sat- 
 isfied that Iowa was a good enough 
 State for him to live in; he was 
 married November 8, 1868, to 
 Miss Louisa C. Davis, a native of 
 Indiana; they have had four child- 
 ren: Nora B., Arthur and George, 
 living, and an infant deceased. 
 Ruder, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 SAAR, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Shaufelt, Wesley, Martinsburgh. 
 
 Sheeler, Isaiah, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Shultz, Wm., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 SMITH, A. j:, farmer, Sec. 14; P.O. 
 Martinsburgh; owns a farm of sev- 
 enty acres of land; he is a native 
 Hawkeye, having been born in 
 Des Moines county, Iowa, June 1, 
 1856; he was raised there and 
 educated in common schools and 
 the Denmark academy; he came 
 to this county in the spring of 
 1879, and located where he now 
 lives; he was married April 3, 
 1879, to Miss Mary L. Miller, who 
 is also a native Hawkeye, having 
 been born in Des Moines county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Smith, Rev. Geo. B., Martinsburgh. 
 
 Smith, A. D., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 SMITH, HIRAM, farmer, Sec. 13; 
 P. O. Walden; born February 28, 
 1805, in Washington county, Vir- 
 ginia; his parents moved to Indi- 
 
STHAbT EITN TOWNSHIf. 
 
 ana, in 1821 ; lie was raised and 
 lived there till 1853, when he 
 came to Iowa and located upon 
 the place where he now lives ; he 
 was sheriff of Rush county, Indi- 
 ana, for four years, and has filled 
 several minor offices; he was mar- 
 ried September 26, 1849, to Miram 
 Davis, a native of Virginia : they 
 have two children : Daniel and Mo- 
 ses, both living in this county. 
 
 Smith, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 Spears, Robert, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 Spencer, Chas; L., farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Stewart, "W. "W"., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 STREET, MRS. AGNES, farmer. 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Martinsburgh; owns 
 a farm of one hundred and forty 
 acres of land; born Novem- 
 ber 29, 1821, in Jackson county, 
 Ohio; she came with her husband 
 to this county in 1860, and settled 
 where she now lives ; she was mar- 
 . ried January 28, 1847, to Jacob 
 Street, who was born October 27, 
 1818, in Derbyshire, England ; he 
 died April 25, 1872, leaving her 
 with a family of eleven children, 
 two of whom (Samuel F. and Re- 
 becca E.,) were by his first wife, 
 both living, and Sarah J., William, 
 Leah G., Jacob A., John "W". and 
 Robert A., living, and George W., 
 David and Joseph S., deceased; 
 she has kept her family all togeth- 
 er since her husband's death, and 
 carried on the farm the same as 
 before, for which slie is certainly 
 entitled to much praise. 
 
 Street, Mrs. Aminda, farmer. Sec. 4; 
 P. 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Sutton, Henry, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 0. Martinsburgh. 
 
 Swickard, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 TAYLOR, G.W., farmer. Sec. 30; 
 P. 0. Martinsburg; born Sep- 
 tember 22, 1824, in Bath county, 
 
 Kentucky; parents moved to Me- 
 nard county, Illinois, in 1829; 
 there he was raised and educated; 
 the first surveyor he ever saw was 
 Old Abe Lincoln, when a boy; he 
 lived there until 1867, when he 
 came to Iowa and settled where he 
 now lives, having bought his land 
 in 1855; he enlisted October 1, 
 1864, Company B, Eighth Illinois 
 Infantry, and served to the close 
 of the war, being discharged Sep- 
 tember 26, 1865; he was in the 
 seige of Mobile and charge on 
 Fort Blakely; he has been twice 
 married; first, February 28, 1851, 
 to Miss Doratha Day, a native of 
 Illinois, who died July 15, 1863, 
 leaving five children: Mary M., 
 Sarah A., James Z., living, and 
 Louisa and Dollie A., deceased; 
 second, May 8, 1867, to Mrs. Mary 
 A. Miner; they have two children : 
 Robert S., living, and Anna, de- 
 ceased ; she had one child by first 
 husband; he own 104 acres of 
 land. 
 
 Terrell, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 Martinsburgh. 
 
 \ A T'ALL, JAMES, Martins 
 V V burgh, proprietor of the 
 Iowa House; born December 
 18th, 1832, in Galway county, 
 Ireland; he lived there till the 
 spring of 1854, when he came to 
 the United States, landing in 
 New York and going immediate- 
 ly to Pittsburgh, where he re- 
 mained something over two years, 
 at work in a wholesale grocery 
 house; his health failing him he 
 moved out to Westmoreland coun- 
 ty, Pa., where he went into the 
 iron and farming business, which 
 he continued for several years, 
 when the oil excitement broke out 
 he went to Oil City and vicinity, 
 where he spent about two years; 
 but not having amassed the for- 
 tune he had anticipated he con- 
 cluded he would take Greeley's 
 advice and go West, which he did 
 
eee 
 
 blEfiCTOBT OF KHOKuk OOititTT. 
 
 landing in Ottumwa, Iowa, July 
 4th, 1867; he stayed there, how- 
 ever, but a few days, and after 
 looking around for a location to 
 go into business, he finally bought 
 the hotel property where he now 
 lives; he keeps a good house, 
 where the hungry can get a square 
 meal, and the weary find rest; he 
 also owns a neat little farm of 
 eighty acres in section 29 of this 
 township. 
 
 "Welch, Mrs. P., Martinsburgh. 
 
 WHEELOCK, A. H., Martins- 
 burgh, proprietor of Wheelock 
 Mills; born in Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin, September 2l8t, 1846, 
 and lived there till sixteen years of 
 age, when he came to Washington 
 county, and came to this county 
 and located where he now lives in 
 1865; he and his father bought 
 the mills of A. J. Dlin; his fath- 
 er died in October, 1868, when he 
 took charge of the mill and run 
 it since; he was a member of the 
 Home Guards during the Skunk 
 river war, and came out without 
 a scratch; was married March 
 28th, 1868, to Miss Louisa Moore, 
 a native of this State, born in 
 Washington county, Iowa; they 
 have a family of three children, 
 Adam N., Bertha K., and Max., 
 all living; Mr. Wheelock was 
 educated at the Iowa State Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 WIMER, E. M., of Wimer & 
 Herman, proprietors of Wood- 
 bury Mills, Walden; he is 
 a miller by trade; born February 
 18th, 1835, in Delaware county, 
 Ohio; his parents came to Iowa 
 
 and located in Lancaster towil- 
 ship in the fall of 1844; followed 
 farming until ten years ago, when 
 he bought a half interest in this 
 mill, which is the oldest in the 
 county; they now have two run 
 of burs, and are doing a good bu- 
 siness, as they make as good flour 
 as can be made anywhere; he is 
 one of the oldest settlers of the 
 county; was married October 9, 
 1856, to Miss Amy Moor, a na- 
 tive of Ohio; they have a family 
 of seven children: Francis E., 
 Mary 0., Oliver A., Ada E., Mar- 
 cellus 0, and Elgie; Eosella, de- 
 
 WILSON, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 30 ; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh; born April 
 12, 1848, County Derry, Ireland; 
 came with his paronts to the 
 United States in September, 1860, 
 landing first at Quebec first and 
 then coming and locating near 
 Quincy, Illinois; lived there 
 about five years, when he came to 
 Iowa in September, 1865, and lo- 
 cated in Jefferson county, where 
 he lived till October, 1875, when he 
 came to his present farm; was 
 married October 5th, 1875, to 
 Miss Ida E. Ogden, a native of 
 Indiana; they have two children: 
 Paleigh and Ehoda, A, both liv- 
 ing; owns a farm of 108 acres; was 
 educated at the Axline Seminary 
 of Fairfield, Iowa, an institution 
 that is now extinct. 
 
 Woods, 0. D., farmer, Sec. 11; 
 P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 
 OUNG, JAMES B., farmer. 
 
 Y 
 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Martinsburgh. 
 Young, W. H., Martinsburgh. 
 
 3--A.aK:so3sr i?a-^p^i<TST3:TF. 
 
 ABEL, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
 12; P. O. Manhattan. 
 Abel, Eufus, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Adams, Wm., Manhattan. 
 
 Adams, Mary, farmer. Sec 5 ; P. 0, 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Adams, Thomas T., farmer. Sec. 18; 
 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 667 
 
 Allen, G. W., farmer, Sec 15; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 ALTMAN, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 
 36; P. 0. loka; born April 
 21, 1827, in Westmoreland 
 county, Pennsylvania; there 
 he was raised and educated; 
 he came to this county in 1855, 
 and settled where he now lives; 
 he owns a farm of 160 acres of 
 land; he was married March 28, 
 1856, to Miss Elizabeth Welch, a 
 native of Yirginia; they have a 
 family of three children; Franey, 
 Cordelia and Walter M.; all living. 
 
 Altman, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. 0. loka. 
 
 Andrews, Solomon, farmer, Se-j. 22; 
 P. 0. loka. 
 
 BAKER, CAPT. D. C, farmer 
 and stock raiser, Sec. 8; 
 P. 0. loka; born July 22, 
 1833, in Jefferson county. 
 East Tennessee; here he grew to 
 manhood; he was educated in the 
 common schools and Holston Col- 
 lege, at New Market, Tennessee; 
 he came to this county, and settled 
 in Richland township, in 1853 ; he 
 located on his present farm, where 
 he now lives, in 1876; he has a 
 beautiful home of 270 acres, 
 where he can pass the remainder 
 of his life, and enjoy the good 
 things the world affords; he has 
 been honored by his friends and 
 neighbors by being elected town 
 trustee and constable, and he is 
 now a member of the board of 
 county supervisors, an office which 
 he is eminently well qualified to 
 fill; he enlisted in October, 1861, 
 in Company E, Third Missouri 
 Militia, to serve six months, at 
 the expiration of which time he 
 was discharged ; he enlisted again 
 August 15, 1862, in Company I, 
 Fortieth Iowa Infantry, as a pri- . 
 vate; at the organization of the 
 company he was promoted to 
 first lieutenant, and on the 20th 
 of March, 1864, he was promoted 
 
 to cap tail) of his company; he 
 served to January 1, 1864, when 
 he was compelled, on account of 
 his health, to resign and return 
 home; on regaining his health he 
 resumed farming, which avocation 
 he has followed since; he was in 
 the battles of Jenkins' Ferry, 
 Arkansas; Little Eock, siege of 
 Yicksburg; on Bank's Eed 
 Piver expedition, and all the fights 
 and skirmishes his regiment was 
 engaged in while he was in the 
 service; he was married Decem- 
 ber 28, 1854, to Miss Yirtue A., a 
 daughter of Eev. M. L. Milton; 
 they have a family of ten chil- 
 dren: Martha W., Joseph E., 
 Mary E., John, Nora, Charles and 
 Willie, living, and Margaret A., 
 Yirtue T. and Minnie J., deceased. 
 
 Ballard, Susan, Walden. 
 
 Ballard, Milton, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 :6ailey, S. W., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Bean, A. F., farmer. Sec. 30; P. 0. 
 loka. 
 
 Bell, John B., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Bel veal, Seth, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Manhattnn. 
 
 BENDER, C., shoe-maker, loka; 
 born November 25, 1836, 
 in IIohenzollern,Hackengen, Ger- 
 many; his parents died when he 
 was about four years old, leaving 
 him an orphan and alone in the 
 world; he came to the United 
 States in 1849, and landed in New 
 York, where he stopped a short 
 time, and then went to Indiana, 
 where he began to learn his trade, 
 but did not stay long till he went 
 to Harrison, Ohio, where he fin- 
 ished his trade; in the spring of 
 1853 he came to this county, and 
 located in Lancaster, and went to 
 work at his trade; he came to this 
 town in the fall of 1858, and 
 has lived and worked at his trade 
 here ever since; he was married 
 
668 
 
 DIEEOTORT Ot' KEOKtTK COTrNTT. 
 
 February 2, 1857, to Miss Louisa 
 Hahan, a native of Pennsylvania; 
 they have had ten children: Ju- 
 lias A., George W., Mary 
 A., Winnie C., Anna E 
 Laura and Emma, living, and 
 Geo. H., Louie and John, de 
 ceased; he has been town trus 
 tee three terms, and school di 
 rector several times. 
 
 Bergman, Julius, farmer, Sec. 12 
 P. 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Bottger, J. J., farmer. Sec. 12; P, 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Bottger, J. 0., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Bottger, Otimer, farmer. Sec. 1; P 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Bottger, J. C. Sr., farmer, Sec. 12 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 BOWMAN, SAMUEL, retired far- 
 mer and merchant; he resides in 
 loka; born Aug 16, 1804, in West 
 Virginia; here he grew to man- 
 hood and was educated; he came 
 to Iowa Territory in the spring of 
 1839, and to this county in 1845, 
 before it was yet a State, and lo- 
 cated where he now lives; he fol- 
 lowed farming till 1860, when he 
 went to merchandising in loka, 
 which he followed till 1869, when 
 he retired to a quieter life, having 
 laid up a competency for his old 
 age; he was a son of poor pa- 
 rents, and has always had to look 
 out for himself; how well he has 
 done it his neighbors can judge; 
 his motto was "Excelsior," and 
 his guide honesty and integrity; 
 he is one of the oldest settlers 
 now living in the county, and has 
 always taken an active part in all 
 public matters pertaining to the 
 advancement of the interests of 
 his town and neighbors; he has 
 been twice married; first, June 7, 
 1827, to Elizabeth Bowman, a na- 
 tive of West Virginia; she died 
 April 1, 1865, leaving a family of 
 ten children: Susannah, Solomon, 
 Washington, Harriet K.., Martha 
 
 E., Mary M., Joshua M., Amelia 
 A., Polly C. and Samuel H.; Sol- 
 omon, Susan and Harriet E. are 
 deceased; he married again Aug- 
 ust 21, 1865, Mrs. Delila Sanders, 
 a native of Indiana; they have 
 one child: Zue E., living. 
 BOWMAN, J. M., farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Sec. 28; P. O. loka; born 
 March 25, 1838, in Kandolph 
 county, Virginia; parents came to 
 Iowa and settled in JeflFerson 
 county in 1839; he came to this 
 county in 1845, while it was yet a 
 Territory; here he grew up and 
 was educated; he located on his 
 present farm in 1860; he owns 
 190 acres of land, upon which he 
 has a fine dwelling and out-build- 
 ings; he was married February 
 23, 1860, to Miss Irena Siceloff, a 
 native of Indiana; they have a 
 family of six children: Delia, 
 Cora, Nora, Delilah and Samuel 
 D., living, and Cordelia N., de- 
 
 C63.S6Q 
 
 BOWMAN, WASHINGTON, far- 
 mer. Sec. 33; P. O. loka; born 
 July 6, 1830, in Virginia; his pa- 
 rents moved to Iowa Territory in 
 1839 and located in Jefierson 
 county, where they lived till 1846, 
 when they came to this county 
 and located in this township; he 
 located on Sec. 27, Jackson town- 
 ship, in 1855, where he lived till 
 1872, when he located where he 
 now lives; he owns a fine farm of 
 100 acres; he is one of the oldest 
 settlers of this county; he knows 
 and has realized all that the word 
 "pioneer" means, in its broadest 
 sense; he was married January 18, 
 1855, to Miss Jane M. Sisson, a 
 native of Indiana; they have a 
 family of eleven children: Wm. 
 H., Malinda C, Eugene B., Mar- 
 tha M., Laura A., Charles S., Wil- 
 son J. and Floria A., living, and 
 Mary E., Margaret E. and M. E., 
 
 (]6C6£lS6d 
 
 BOWMAN, SAMUEL H., farmer, 
 
JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 669 
 
 Sec. 27; P. O. loka; born March 
 9, 184-5, in Jefferson county, Iowa, 
 so that he is a native Hawkeye in 
 every sense of the word; has 
 chased the deer across tlie prairie 
 and gone home with the girls from 
 spelling-school; has a tine farm 
 of 180 acres of well improved 
 land; he is now hunting for a 
 housekeeper, and will make a 
 good catch for some of the Hawk- 
 eye girls, as he is still hanging to 
 the " ragged edge " of single 
 blessedness. 
 
 Bowman, James S., farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. 0. loka. 
 
 Braden, J. L., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 Braden, R. C, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 Bragg, W. H., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Braden, J. G., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Braden, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES M., farmer, P. 
 0. Martinsburgh ; he lives on Sec 
 19, where he owns a farm of 170 
 acres; born March 15, 1813, in 
 Frederick county, Virginia; his 
 parents came to Ohio in 1824, and 
 to Indiana in 1843; he came to 
 this county in 1853 and located 
 where he now lives; he has fol- 
 lowed farming all his life, and has 
 made what he has by hard, hon- 
 est toil; he was married twice: 
 first, October 25, 1847, to Miss 
 Cornelia Ball, a native of Indi- 
 ana, who died June 8, 1855, leav- 
 ing three children: Henry C. and 
 Lydia A., living, and Henrietta, 
 deceased; he married again Octo- 
 ber 28, 1857, Mrs. Mary Jane Las- 
 well, daughter of Elijah McGee, 
 of Martinsburgh; they have had 
 six children : John M., James H., 
 Wm. A., living, and Joseph A. 
 and Alfred E., deceased; she had 
 one child by her first husband; it 
 died in infancy. 
 
 Brown, John R., Farmer, Sec. 1; 
 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 Brown, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Brown, Thomas E., farmer. Sec. 13; 
 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 Brown Joseph, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 
 O. Richland. 
 Brown, James, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 
 O. Richland. 
 Bryson, J. D., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 Burrough, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 16; 
 
 P. O. loka. 
 
 CAFFS, J. G., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
 O.Ioka; born August 11, 1840, 
 and a native of Indiana; his pa- 
 rents moved to this county in 
 1846; here he was raised and edu- 
 cated in the common schools; he 
 is one of the old settlers of the 
 county ; he was married December 
 15, 1866, to Miss Snsan Cooper, a 
 native of Illinois; they have a 
 family of five children: Alice, 
 "Walter, Lizzie, Oscar, and Joseph, 
 all living. 
 
 Oapps, W. P., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Carter, J. V., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Carter, Nancy J., farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
 O. Manliattan. 
 
 Carpenter, J. W., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
 CATHEY, W. C, tin and copper- 
 smith, loka; born August 26, 
 1829, in "Warren county, Tennes- 
 see; here he grew up and was ed- 
 ucated; he enlisted June 2, 1846, 
 in the First Tennessee Infantry, 
 for the Mexican war; he served 
 twelve months and was discharg- 
 ed ; he was in the battle of Mon- 
 terey, Vera Cruz and Cerro Gor- 
 do; he was presented with a corps 
 badge made from condensed can- 
 non, bearing his name, by the 
 National Association of "V^eterans; 
 in 1850 he came to Jonesborough, 
 Illinois, where he learned his trade 
 with A. C. Calwell, and continued 
 
670 
 
 DIEECTOET OV KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 to work nntil 1857, when. he came 
 to this place; in 1860 he went 
 back to Tennessee and went into 
 business and continned until 
 1862, when he was conscripted in- 
 to the Confederate army, but not 
 wishing to fight against his coun- 
 try, he made his escape, and join- 
 ed Rosecran's army at Murfrees- 
 borough ; entered the secret service 
 and served till June, 1863, when 
 he got his family out and again 
 came to this place; he went 
 to Chicago and on March 29, 
 1864, enlisted in Company K, 
 One hundred and Fifty-sixth Illi- 
 nois, and served till the close of 
 the war; he was married Septem- 
 ber 6, 184:8, to Misslfancy Finley, 
 a native of Tennessee; she died 
 June 30, 1863, leaving - a family 
 of four children: Isaac H., Wil- 
 liam K., Mary and an infant; 
 Mary J. and the infant are de- 
 ceased: in 1857 he was appoint- 
 ed postmaster at Warm Fork, 
 Missouri, which he held for eigh- 
 teen months, when he resigned; 
 he was also postmaster at loka 
 from March, 1869, to September 
 1, 1879, which he also resigned. 
 
 Cleavenger, C. G., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
 Collins, G. W., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Crowner, Wm., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Cutler, R. H., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Darby, Henry, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Dare, George, farmer. See. 15; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Dare, Abile, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 DAVIS. JAMES, farmer. Sec. 
 18; P. O. Walden; born 
 February 5, 1828, in Washington 
 county, Virginia; his parents 
 moved to Hancock county, In- 
 diana, in 1828 ; here he lived till 
 the spring of 1853, when he came 
 
 to this county and settled where 
 he now lives, on the land he 
 claimed from the government; he 
 is one of the oldest settlers in this 
 part of the county; he has made 
 the most of his estate since com- 
 ing here; he established a general 
 store here on his farm, which he 
 ran in 1854-5, and sold goods on 
 credit till it came near "busting" 
 him, when he concluded he had 
 better sell out, which he did, and 
 , turned his attention to farming 
 exclusively, which he has fol- 
 lowed since; he keeps the Walden 
 post oflBce in his house, and is 
 postmaster; he was married Sep- 
 tember 23, 1857, to Matilda Kau- 
 
 . ble, a native of Indiana; they 
 have eight children: Cortez F 
 Ulysses G., David E., Flora A 
 L'illus E. and Etta F., living, and 
 John 0. and Mary A., deceased 
 he owns 414 acres of land. 
 
 Davidson, Daniel L., farmer, Sec 
 11; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Deannond, Rijbert, farmer. Sec. 22 
 •p. 0. loka. 
 
 Deniston, J. E. E., farmer, Sec. 10 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 DULIN, J. A., farmer Sec. 30 
 P. 0. loka; he owns a farm 
 of 70 acres of land; born 
 December 24, 1827, in Penn- 
 sylvania; his parents came to 
 Ohio in 1833; there he was raised, 
 and educated; he lived there until 
 1857, when he came to Iowa and 
 located in Richland township; 
 there he lived about three years, 
 when he came to this township, 
 where he has i-emained ever since; 
 he was married December 6, 1849, 
 to Miss Anna M. Weltner, a na- 
 tive of Pennsylvania; they have 
 a family of three children: Wm. 
 L., Elnora and Mary Yiola; Wm. 
 L. now lives in German township. 
 
 EDWARDS, AARON, farmer, 
 Sec. 29; P. .0. loka. 
 Estes, Thomas E., farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
.^if^ 
 
 A^t 
 
 %:^i_. 
 
JAOKSOK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 673 
 
 Estes, Mary, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. 
 
 loka. 
 Estes. Thomas J., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 
 0. Manhattan. 
 Estes, Joseph N., farmer, Sec. 35; 
 
 P. 0. loka. 
 Evans, "W. H., loka. 
 
 FARMER, J. L., farmer, Sec. 
 6; P. O. Walden. 
 
 Farmer, Susan, farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
 Walden. 
 
 Fleck, Robt., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 FYE, MRS. MARGARET, farmer. 
 Sec. 26; P. O. loka; she and 
 her family own over 1,000 
 acres of the best land of 
 Jackson township; she was 
 born January 31,' 1822, in Butler 
 county, Ohio; there she grew to 
 womanhood, and was married 
 January 4, 1841, to Mr. W illiam 
 Fye, who was born September 29, 
 1841, in Pennsylvania; he died 
 June 3, 1862, leaving her with a 
 family of seven children: Phebe 
 (now Mrs. Robert A. Marshall), 
 Wilson, Delia, Lizzie and Ollie, 
 living, and David and Madison, 
 deceased; they lived in Ohio till 
 1849; when they came to this 
 
 , county and located where she now 
 lives; they entered their lands 
 from the government when they 
 came; they are among the oldest 
 settlers of. the county, and know 
 and have realized all that the word 
 pioneer means; after the death of 
 her husband she run the farm left 
 her, and kept her family together, 
 and supported them until they 
 have become old enough to relieve 
 her of that care, and be a comfort 
 to her in her old age. 
 
 Fye, Cordelia, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 Fye, W. G., farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Eye, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 GABBY, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 
 24; P. O. loka. 
 
 Gardner, J. M., loka. 
 
 Gill, Mitchell, loka. 
 
 Gill, James, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Gilmore, Charles, farmer. Sec. 30; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
 GOODMAN, CHARLES, pro- 
 prietor Lillie House, loka; 
 born April 18, 1818, in North 
 Carolina; when he was about 
 twelve years of age his parents 
 moved to Sangamon county, Illi- 
 nois; he came to Henry county, 
 Iowa, in 1853, and to this county 
 in 1855; he went to farming and 
 followed it till 1875, when he 
 bought the hotel-stand, where he 
 now lives and keeps one of the 
 best houses to be found in this 
 country, and one where his guests 
 will always be glad to return to; 
 he was married November 12, 
 1840, to Yina Tally, a native of 
 Tennessee, who died l^overaber 
 23, 1876, leaving a family of seven 
 children: Mary Ann, William S., 
 Charles. James K. P., John W., 
 Maria E., Francis F. ; William is 
 deceased ; he married again, April 
 8, 1878, Mrs. Allie McKinnis, a 
 native of Alleghany county, Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Goodman, J. K. P., loka. 
 
 HALFERTY, ROBERT, far- 
 mer. Sec. 26 ; P. O. loka ; born 
 December 19, 1819, in Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania; pa- 
 rents moved to Ohio in 1823; there 
 he grew to manhood ; he came to 
 this county in 1854 and located 
 where he now lives; he has made 
 all his estate since coming to this 
 county, as he had but little means 
 when he came; he has been elect- 
 ed, by his neighbors, justice of the 
 peace for one term in this town- 
 ship; he is one of the old settlers 
 of the county ; he owns a fine farm 
 
 41 
 
674 
 
 DIKECTOKY OF KEOKITK COTTNTT 
 
 of 180 acres of land under good im- 
 provement; he was married Sep- 
 tember 9, 1847, to Miss Rachel 
 Crowner, a native ofYirginia; 
 they have a family of eight child- 
 ren: Martha E., John Squire, 
 George, Verona and "William, liv- 
 ing, and Green and an infant, de- 
 ceased. 
 Halferty, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 Halferty, Robert, farmer, Sec. 25; 
 
 P. 0. loka. 
 Harris, W.'C, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 
 0. loka. 
 Hardin, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 Hinkle, George, farmer, Sec. 15: P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Hinkle, Elias, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Hollingsworth, B., farmer. Sec. 18; 
 
 P. O. Walden. 
 TNGLE, J. H., farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
 1 O. loka. 
 Ingle, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 ISRAEL, F.M., merchant at loka; 
 born in Morgan county, Ohio; at 
 the age of nine years his father 
 died, and at fourteen his mother 
 died also; he then went to St. 
 Louis, Missouri, where he attend- 
 ed Henderson's Commercial Col- 
 lege, where he graduated, after 
 which he entered the house of A. 
 T. Harlow & Co., as book-keeper; 
 he remained with them two years; 
 in 1867 he came to Richland, this 
 county, and engaged in business 
 with his brother, R. Israel, where 
 he remained till 1869, when he 
 went into business on his own ac- 
 count at Talleyrand, this county;, 
 there he remained until the rail- 
 road was built to Keota, when he 
 built a store and moved his stock 
 to that place and changed his 
 stock to clothing, which he fol- 
 lowed till 1875, when he went into 
 the banking business, which he 
 followed till 1878, when he sold 
 
 out and came to loka and estab- 
 lished the loka Cash Store, where 
 he keeps a general assortment for 
 a country store ; he buys and sells 
 for cash at the lowest figures; he 
 is editor and proprietor of a spicy 
 little sheet, called the " loka 
 News," which he issues monthly, 
 with a circulation of ono thousand; 
 he buys and ships more produce 
 than any firm in Keokuk county; 
 he was married in September, 
 1869, to Hattie Dorr, a native of 
 this county, who died January 9, 
 1873, leaving one child: Gracie, 
 now living; he married again in 
 Jan'y, 1875, Mrs. Hattie Oooum, 
 daughter of Dr. Miller, of this 
 county; they have three children: 
 Nellie, Myrtle, and a son un- 
 named. 
 JACOBS, PARMELIA, loka. 
 
 Jacobs, Benjamin M., farmer. Sec. 
 4; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 JONES, J. S., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 O. loka; born December 31, 1836, 
 in Rappahannock county, Vir- 
 ginia; his parents came to this 
 county in 1855, and located in this 
 township: he located onhis pres- 
 ent farm in 1873; his father and 
 mother are both dead, as also his 
 brothers and sisters, and he has 
 no near relatives in this country; 
 he own a nice little farm of 60 
 acres, upon which he lives; he is 
 unmarried, and stand in need of 
 a housekeeper. 
 
 KANBLE, WILLIAM R, far- 
 mer. Sec. 19; P. O. loka. 
 Keasling, I. P., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Keasling, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Keasling, Isaac P., farmer. Sec. 10; 
 
 P. 0. Manhattan. 
 Kite, Jacob, loka. 
 
 LAPE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 22; 
 P. O. loka. 
 Lemming, Ellison, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
JAOKSON Township. 
 
 675 
 
 Lewman, J. W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
 
 0. loka. 
 Lewis, U. P., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 loka. 
 Long, Edward D ., farmer, Sec. 13; 
 
 P. 0. Manhattan. 
 Long, Jacob T., farmer Sec. 13; P. 
 
 Q. Manhattan. 
 Luellen Alfred, loka. 
 Luellen, Nancy A., farmer. Sec. 7; 
 
 P. 0. Walden. 
 
 McCREERY, GEORGE, 
 farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. loka; 
 owns a farm of 285 acres of well 
 improved land; born February 
 9, 1843, in Highland county, 
 Ohio; his parents moved to Rush 
 county, Indiana, in 1824; here he 
 grew to manhood and enlisted in 
 August, 1862, in Company D, 
 Nineteenth Iowa Infantry, and 
 served to January 1, 1863, when 
 he was discharged by reason of 
 disability caused by being wound- 
 ed in right elbow joint at the bat- 
 tle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas; he 
 was married twice; first April 10, 
 1845, to Isabella, daughter of Iven 
 Fleener, of Indiana; she died Sep- 
 tember 17, 1873, leaving a family 
 of nine children: Mary J., John 
 M., Jessie, Andrew and William 
 living, and James Alfred, de- 
 ceased; he was married again 
 June 4, 1874, to Mrs. Margery 
 Carson, daughter of "Wm. Ross, 
 of Jefferson county, Iowa; they 
 have two children: Ida May 
 living, and Albert, deceased. 
 
 McCreery, Jno. M., farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. 0. loka. 
 
 McKinnis Bros., merchants, loka. 
 
 McKINNIS, CHARLES,physician 
 loka; born April 22, 1854, in 
 Vinton county, Ohio; parents 
 moved to Jefferson county, Iowa, 
 in 1863 and to Washington coun- 
 ty, Iowa, in 1866; he went to Hen- 
 ry county, Iowa, in 1874, where he 
 attended Whittier College for two 
 years, when he came to this town 
 and began teaching and continued 
 
 for eight terms; since that time he 
 has been in the drug business; 
 he studied medicine with Dr. T. 
 W. Mulhern, of this place, and 
 attend Hughes' Medical and Sur- 
 gical College at Keokuk, Iowa, 
 where he will graduate this win- 
 ter; he has been practicing with 
 Dr. Mulhern for about six months 
 in this vicinity; he was married 
 September 5, 1862, to Miss Laura 
 H. McCarty, a native Hawkeye, 
 having been born in Washington 
 county, Iowa; they have two 
 children: MoUie B, and Ivie 
 Myrtle, both living; he owns 
 and runs a drug store in loka. 
 
 McREYNOLDS,G. W., proprietor 
 loka mills, loka; born March 12, 
 1842, in Posey county, Indiana; pa- 
 rents came to^owa and located in 
 Jefferson county in 1844; he lived 
 there until 1879, when he came 
 to this place and bought a half 
 interest in the loka Mills, which 
 he now owns; "he is almost a 
 Hawkeye, being but about two 
 years old when he came to Iowa; 
 he was married December 25, 
 1873, to Miss Nancy Cowger, a 
 native Hawkeye, having been born 
 in Wapello county, Iowa; they 
 have OTie child: Davie A., living; 
 has a saw-mill in connection with 
 his flouring mill, which he runs 
 when there is anything to do, 
 aiming at all times to accommo- 
 date his customers. 
 
 Martin, Moses, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Marshall, R. A., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 MERIDETH, T. B., farmer. Sec. 
 33; P. 0. loka; born March 5, 
 1836, in Hendricks county, Indi- 
 ana; here he lived till he was 
 eighteen years of age, when he 
 came to this county and located at 
 Richland, where he went to work 
 in the saw-mill of Baker & Ed- 
 wards; this he followed for sever- 
 al years; he has followed farming 
 
676 
 
 DIEEOTOET of KEOiUK OOUNTf. 
 
 most of his life; he came to the 
 farm where he now lives in 1874; 
 he has been J. P. for the last sev- 
 enteen years in succession, and his 
 present term will expire January 
 1, 1881, making the longest term 
 any one man has ever served in 
 the county; he was town clerk 
 fou-r years, and has held various 
 minor offices; he was married 
 September 8, 1858, to Miss Mary 
 M. Bowman, a native Hawkeye, 
 having been born in Jefferson 
 county, Iowa; they have a family 
 of seven children: John C, Oscar, 
 Permelia, Eva, Nathan, Etta, and 
 an infant not named; Oscar is de- 
 
 f*PflSP(l 
 
 Miller, Wm. K, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 Milliken, John, Sec. 36; P. O. loka. 
 Mishey, George, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Mitts, Cyrus, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 MOODY, A.P., farmer. Sec. 15, P.O. 
 Manhattan; he owns a nice little 
 farm of 31 acres; born October 
 
 1, 1814, in Muskingum county, 
 Ohio ; his father having died, his 
 mother moved to Perry county, 
 Ohio, in 1832; there he lived till 
 1840, when he came to Blooming- 
 ton, Illinois, where he remained 
 about two years; in June, 1842, 
 he came to Iowa Territory and lo- 
 cated near the Black Hawk mills, 
 in German township; there he re- 
 mained about two years and mov- 
 ed to Sigourney, where he lived 
 till 1875. when he came to this 
 township and located where ha 
 now lives; he has been twice mar- 
 ried: first, October 15, 1837, to 
 Miss Matilda Dennis, a native of 
 Ohio, who died December 16, 
 1838, leaving one child: Thomas, 
 now living in Montana Territory; 
 he married again, January 20, 
 1850, Mrs. Louisa McFarland, a 
 native of Ohio; they have a fam- 
 
 ily of four children: A. P. and 
 Mary L., living; and John and 
 James McFarland, deceased. 
 
 Moore, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Moorman, E. W., loka. 
 
 Mulhem, V. W., loka. 
 
 NELSON, JOSEPH, farmer. 
 See. 33; P. O. loka. 
 Northrup, Darius, farmer, Sec. 7; 
 P. O. Walden. 
 
 OARD, J. C, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Orsborn, Ritchea, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 
 O. loka. , 
 
 PATTERSON, A. R., farmer. 
 Sec. 17; P. O. loka. 
 Paxtoii, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Pickering, W. T., farmer. Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. loka. 
 Pike, James, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. 
 
 Walden. 
 Power, Anna, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 
 QUICK, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 9; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 Quick, James W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Quick, A. H., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Quick, Teunis, loka. 
 
 RAMSEY, SAMUEL, farmer, 
 Sec. 36; P. O. loka. 
 
 Reimer, H. W., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Reimer, J. W. P., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
 O Manhattan. 
 
 Reiner, J. N., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 RICHARDSON, J. M , merchant, 
 loka; born January 7, 1836, in 
 Vermillion county, Indiana; pa- 
 rents moved in fall of same year 
 to McDonough county, Illinois, 
 where they lived till the fall of 
 1845, when they came to Steady 
 Run township in this county; his 
 mother still lives on the same 
 farm her husband entered when 
 first came to the county; he fol- 
 
jACiSON TOWUSHit. 
 
 en 
 
 lowed farming till the year of 
 1852, when he went to clerk in 
 store of James McGrew, of Lan- 
 caster, where lie remained three 
 years; from that time to 1869 he 
 put in his time farming, carpen- 
 tering and coopering; at that time 
 he moved to loka and went into 
 the goods trade with K.. F. Wel- 
 ler, he putting time and exper- 
 .ience against his partner's money 
 for a share of the profits; this he 
 continued for four years, when his 
 brother, F. P. Kichardson, bought 
 Weller out; he then formed a new 
 partnership with his brother, 
 which lasted about five years, 
 when he bought his brother out 
 and has run it himself until the 
 present time; he keeps a well as- 
 sorted stock of goods for a conn- 
 try store and has a good trade, 
 which he has built up by fair deal- 
 ing and strict integrity; what he 
 has he has made by hard knocks; 
 he owns nine acres of land adjoin- 
 ing the town and is just finishing 
 the best residence in tlie place; is 
 post-master and keeps the ofiice in 
 his store; married October 9, 
 1856, to Emily Jacobs, a native of 
 Indiana; they have a family of 
 eight children: Henry L., an at- 
 torney in Sigourney, Frank Pierce, 
 Malissa E., William H., Edward 
 E., Samuel W., Albert L., and 
 Susan J., living, and Thomas S., 
 deceased. 
 
 ROCKAPELLER,HENRY,farm- 
 er. Sec. 11; P. O. Manhattan; 
 owns eighty acres of land; born 
 April 25, 1797, in New Jersey; 
 parents moved to Franklin coun- 
 ty, Indiana, in 1805; he came to 
 Iowa territory in 1837, and locat- 
 ed in Louisa county near Wapel- 
 lo; he came to this county in 
 1866; took a trip to Oregon in 
 
 - 1852, going by water from New 
 York; has been twice married; 
 first, January 28, 1819, to Miss 
 Elenor Hurst, a native of Ver- 
 
 mont, she died July 6, 1851, leav- 
 ing a family of six children : Sam- 
 uel H., Peter E., William H., Al- 
 bert G., George W., and Allison 
 L. ; Samuel H., Peter R, and Al- 
 lison L. are deceased; married 
 again Dugust 11, 1852, to Char- 
 lotta Oard, a native of Ohio; she 
 died April 3, 1879, leaving three 
 children: John H., living, and 
 two infants deceased; she had two 
 children by a former husband: 
 Jonathan 0. Oard and Elizabeth 
 Jordon, deceased. 
 
 Rogers, Stacy, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
 loka. 
 
 Romaker, Henry, farmer. Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 ROOF, JOHN, farmer and stock- 
 raiser, Sec. 13; P. O. Manhattan; 
 has a fine farm of 800 acres, well- 
 improved, upon which he has a 
 fine residence and large barn ; born 
 June 25, 1824, in Maryland; his 
 parents moved to Ohio in 1834; 
 he was educated and lived there 
 till 1848, when he came to this 
 county and located near Richland; 
 he located on his present farm in 
 1857; has also made another farm 
 in Jefierson county, which he sold 
 out; when he landed in Iowa he 
 had thirty-six dollars in money 
 and a large stock of grit and mus- 
 cle; what he owns he has made 
 since coming here; has been twice 
 married: first, November 26, 
 1846, to Miss Elizabeth Sheridan, 
 a native of Ohio; she died March 
 15, 1850, leaving two children: 
 Susan E., now living, and John T. 
 deceased; he was married again 
 November 6, 1862, to Delilah 
 Broilliar, a native of Ohio; they 
 have six children: J. W., Mary 
 A., Martha F., Arthur M, and 
 Walter D., living, and Grant, de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Ruby, Milas, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0, 
 loka. 
 
 Ruby, Matilda, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 O. ilanhattan. 
 
678 
 
 DtEKCTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNT*. 
 
 Ruby, J. v., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Euby, Marshall, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Kuby, W. K, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Euby, William, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Ruby, Charles E., farmer, Sec. 21;- 
 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 Ruby, J. J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Rnggles, John F., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 
 O. Walden. 
 Eunyan, J. E., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 Eush, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 
 SCEARCY. WM., farmer. 
 Sec. 27; P. O. loka; 
 owns 440 acres of well im- 
 proved land; born February 24, 
 1813, in North Carolina; his 
 parents moved to Tennessee in 
 1815, and to Morgan county, In- 
 diana, in 1829, where they raised 
 one crop, and in the fall of 1830 
 they came to Sangamon county, 
 111.; he lived there until the 
 spring of 1839, when he came to 
 Iowa, and located near Eichland, 
 in this county; he lived there till 
 the spring of 1843, when he 
 located on his present farm where 
 he now lives, and where he has 
 resided since; he was married 
 April 7, 1836, to Miss Sarah Mil- 
 ler, a native of Kentucky; they 
 have a family of ten children: 
 Joshua N., John F., Arminda, 
 Francis M., Geo. W., Marquis De 
 L., Jane, Stephen A. Douglas, 
 Alice and Sarah, all living; his 
 mother, Mrs. Mary Scearcy, died 
 April 15, 1844, in this county. 
 
 Scearcy, F. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 SECHRIST, JACOB, farmer. 
 Sec. 30; P. O. loka; has 
 196 acres of land under a 
 high state of cultivation; 
 born July 12, 1829, in Pennsyl- 
 
 vania; his parents moved to Ohio 
 in 1833; he lived there till 1856, 
 when he came to Iowa and settled 
 on Sec. 27, in Steady Eun town- 
 ship; he lived there four years 
 when he moved to Jefferson coun- 
 ty, and after remaining there near 
 two years, he moved back to Ohio, 
 but after a stay of six years, 
 scratching over the clay banks 
 and stumps of Ohio, he concluded 
 that Iowa was the best State to 
 live in after all; so he came back 
 to this county in 1868 and settled 
 where he now lives; he was mar- 
 ried March 30, 1854, to Miss 
 Eunice E. Warner, a native of 
 Ohio; they have a family of eight 
 children: Alonzo G., Maurice S., 
 Emmit L., Eva L., Henry E., Mer- 
 tie L. and Gartie I., living, and 
 Elmer deceased. 
 Shook, D. P., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. 
 
 loka. 
 Shye, Henry, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 
 Eichland. 
 Sisson, Z. L., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 
 loka. 
 Smith, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 
 O. Walden. 
 Smithart, John, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Snyder, Polly, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 Souner, L. M., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 
 O. loka. 
 SPEIRS, GEO. R., farmer. Sec. 27; 
 P. O. loka; born April 5, 1843, in 
 Franklin county, Indiana; came 
 to this county with his parents in 
 1864, and located in Twin 
 Grove; located on his present 
 farm in 1869: owns 278 acres oi 
 well improved land upon which 
 he has fine buildings, where he 
 can live at home and enjoy life ae 
 it passes; was married Februarj 
 9, 1869, to Miss Nancy Lee, a na- 
 tive of Indiana; they have a fam^ 
 ily of four boys : Chas. B., Ber^ 
 tram, Omer and Eosco, all liv 
 ing. 
 
JAOKSON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 679 
 
 Speirs, Charles, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 
 P. 0. loka. 
 SPEIRS, JAMES R., farmer, Sec. 
 30; P. O. loka; born September 
 20, 1828, in Butler connty, Ohio; 
 when be was five years old his 
 parents moved to Franklin coun- 
 ty Indiana; there he grew to man- 
 hood and married Miss Catharine 
 Stinger, a native of Ohio, Octo- 
 ber 9th, 1852, who died April 21, 
 1858, leaving three children: 
 Mary E» and Anna M., living, 
 and Sarah C, deceased ; he mar- 
 ried again January 26, 1860, 
 Miss Phillis Flint, a native of In- 
 diana; they have no children; 
 he came to this connty in 1854, 
 and has resided here since ; he is 
 one of the oldest settlers of the 
 township; he enlisted August 8, 
 1862, in company F, Thirty- third 
 Iowa Infantry, as sergeant, and 
 served to the close of the war, 
 being discharged August 11, 1865 ; 
 he was in the battles of Helena, 
 Yazoo Pass, Saline River and 
 Mobile, and many skirmishes in 
 which the regiment was engaged; 
 was wounded in the left arm at 
 Helena. 
 
 Starra, D. M., loka. 
 
 Stevenson, Nelson, farmer. Sec. 7; 
 P. 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Story, Isaac B., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 0. Walden. 
 
 T ALLEY, W. G. R., farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 20 ;P. O. loka; 
 born January 28, 1830, in Wayne 
 county, Tennessee; here he lived 
 till 1848, when he moved to Iowa, 
 and has lived in Jackson town- 
 ship ever since; his mother is 
 still living on the same farm they 
 entered from the government 
 when they came here in 1848; he 
 has been twice married, first No- 
 vember 22, 1855, to Miss Harriet 
 Bowman, a native of Virginia; 
 she died March 29, 1867, leaving 
 a family of five children: J. W., 
 A. V.J and Martha J. R. living, 
 
 and Mary E., and Wm. H., de- 
 ceased; he married again Decem- 
 ber 17, 1868, Miss Polly C. Bow- 
 man, a Hawkeye; born in Jef- 
 ferson county, Iowa, November 
 17, 1.842; they have four chil- 
 dren: John A., Thomas P., and 
 Zna E., living, and Samuel H., 
 deceased; he owns a -splendid 
 farm of 300 acres of well im- 
 proved land, and is surrounded by 
 the comforts of life. 
 
 Talley, Nancy S., farmer, Sec. 21; 
 P. O. loka. 
 
 Teller, H. S., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Terrell, J. J., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 Manhattan. 
 
 TERESO, P. SANCHEZ, farmer 
 and stock-raiser, Sec. 25; P. O. 
 Richland; born in Kaisers-lantern, 
 Bavaria; here he lived till he was 
 twenty-one years old, when he 
 went into the war of the rebel- 
 lion in 1848, and at its close was 
 compelled, with others, to flee to 
 the United States in 1849; he 
 landed in New York, and from 
 there he went to Philadelphia, 
 where he stayed but a short time, 
 and went to Scranton, where he 
 remained about one year making 
 harness for the Scrantonian's for 
 their various works; he is a har- 
 ness-maker by trade; he came to 
 this county in 1861, and settled 
 on the farm where he now lives; 
 entered the land from the gov- 
 ernment; he owns a nice stock 
 farm of 160 acres upon which he 
 has a fine house and barn ; was 
 married December 23, 1860, to 
 Miss Sarah L. Franklin, a native 
 of Illinois; they have ten chil- 
 dren: Doratha, Philip, Margaret, 
 Nicholas, Laura, Peter, Lillie 
 May, Fred., Alfonzo and Louisa, 
 all living. 
 
 Terrell, Samuel C, Sr., farmer. Sec. 
 12; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Todd, L. D., Waldon. 
 
680 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKTIK OOrNTT. 
 
 Turner, Jas. T., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 ULIN, BENJAMm, farmer, 
 Sec. 16; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 \ A 7AGNER, A., farmer. Sec. 
 V V 13; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Welch, William, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 White, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Whitson, W. H., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Whitson, Pertiller, farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. loka. : . 
 
 Williams, John, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Williams, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Willian^s, G. B., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. loka. 
 
 Wimer, Oliver, loka. 
 
 Woods, W. E,., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 0. loka. 
 
 Wonderlich, F. A., farmer, Sec. il3; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 WORLEY,W.B., farmer, carpen- 
 ter and builder, loka; born Octo- 
 ber 1, 1827, in Sommerset county, 
 
 Pennsylvania; parents .moved 
 Stark county, Ohio, in 1829, and ' 
 Richland county, Ohio, in 183i 
 he came to Iowa and located i 
 Washington count}', in 1856, an 
 to this county in 1860; he is aca 
 penter by trade and has bui 
 many of the best houses and barr 
 in this part of the county; he ei 
 listed in October, 1861, in con 
 pany I, Fortieth Iowa liifantr 
 and served three years, being dif 
 charged in October, 1864; was i 
 all the battles in which the regi 
 ment was engaged duringhis ten 
 of service; he was married in Oc 
 tober, 1854, to Miss Jane Crowne) 
 a native of Ohio; they have a fara 
 ilyofnine children: Sabina (noA 
 Mrg. Samuel Gabby), John,Orlans 
 Martha G. (now Mrs. W. Cogle] 
 William, Ada, Olive, George ani 
 Frank. 
 
 YOUNG, F. J., farmer, Sec. 31 
 P. O. loka. 
 ZEPP, J. J., farmer, Sec. 31; F 
 O. loka. 
 
 ISiaHL-A-ItTE) 1'0"^7s7-3>TSira». 
 
 ALBERTSON, G. J., farmer. 
 Sec. 29; P. 0. Richland. 
 Allen, W. W., Richland. 
 Arehart, G. W., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 >AILY, STEPHEN, Richland. 
 
 B^ 
 
 Baily & Trigg, Richland. 
 
 BALES, WM., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Richland; born in Tennessee 
 in December, 1811, and lived 
 there until 1849, when he came 
 to Iowa and settled where he now 
 lives; he owns a farm of 109 acres 
 of improved land; he married 
 Miss Huldah Morgan in Septem- 
 ber, 1835; she is a native of Ten- 
 nessee; they have four children: 
 Jessie, Mary J., Hannah and Rho- 
 da; lost one son, Levi M. 
 
 Bales, Z., Richland. 
 
 Bales, John, Richland. 
 
 Bales, W. W., farmer. Sec. 23; P 
 O. Ricliland. 
 
 BANNING, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 6 
 P. O. Richland; born in Marshal 
 county, Virginia, June 19, 1829 
 in 1851 he moved to Iowa anc 
 settled in Henry county, but be 
 ing dissatisfied with his locatioi 
 he visited Kansas and other places 
 with a view to changing his placi 
 of residence, but final!}' selectee 
 the place where he now lives, anc 
 owns a farm of 150 acres; he mar 
 ried Miss Eliza Bowman, Ootobei 
 6, 1851 ; she was born in Waynt 
 county, Ohio, December 24, 1830: 
 they have one daughter, Laura F.. 
 (now Mrs. A. W. Reynolds); the} 
 
(>74^if 
 
 ^^^l^'ry, 
 
BICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 681 
 
 also have two adopted children, 
 William H. Cox and Maggie Mc- 
 Grew; the parents of Mrs. Ban- 
 ning found a pleasant home with 
 the subject of this sketch. 
 
 BASSETT, LESLIE C APT., post- 
 master at Richland; born July 
 12, 1835, in Ohio; he was educa- 
 ted at "Woodward and Oberlin 
 College; there he lived till 1859, 
 when he came to Washington 
 county, Iowa; he enlisted in 1861 
 as a private in Company K, Thir- 
 teenth Iowa Infantry; was pro- 
 moted to quartermaster-sergeant, 
 after eight months' service, and 
 to first lieutenant of his company 
 September 17, 1862, and to cap- 
 tain February 1, 1863 ; served un- 
 til the close of the war and was 
 honorably discharged November 
 1, 1864; he was appointed acting 
 assistant inspector general July 10, 
 1864, by order of Major General 
 F. P. Blair; at close of the war he 
 came to Washington county, Iowa; 
 was married March 8,1865, to Miss 
 Mary Israel, a native of Ohio; 
 she died July 3, 1871, leaving a 
 family of two children living: 
 Nellie A. and Bessie A., and one 
 infant, deceased; was married 
 again March 18, 1874, to Miss 
 Lizzie Armentrout, a native of 
 Ohio; she died October 12, 1878; 
 since 1868 he has been in the drug 
 business in Richland; he is now 
 postmaster of Richland and a can- 
 didate for county auditor on the 
 
 ' Republican ticket; is an honored 
 member of I. 0. O. F. 
 
 BENNETT, FREEDOM, farmer. 
 Sec. 5; P. O. Richland; born in 
 Pennsylvania April 10, 1817, and 
 was taken from his native place 
 by his parents to Ohio, where he 
 lived until 1847, and then remov- 
 ed to Iowa and settled in Musca- 
 tine county, and remained there 
 two years; thence to Iowa county, 
 two years, and came to this county 
 
 42 
 
 in 1851; in 1864 he located where 
 he now lives, and owns a farm of 
 100 acres; he has been twice mar- 
 ried: first, to Miss C. Smith, in 
 January, 1840; she was born in 
 Franklin county, Ohio; by this 
 marriage they had fourteen chil- 
 dren, three ot them still living: 
 Iowa, Wallace and Olive; he mar- 
 ried for his second wife Mrs. 
 Mary Ann Kerby, in 1872; she is 
 a native of Knox county, Tennes- 
 see, and was born in 1839; by 
 this union they have six children: 
 William, Flora, Charles, Dora, 
 Elmer and Clara. 
 
 Bond, H. C, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Bond, Wm., Jr., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Bond, Amon, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Bond, J. H., farmer. Sees. 2 and 12; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 BRISTOW, WILLIAM, farmer. 
 Sec. 25; P. O. Richland; among 
 the early settlers who have passed 
 the ordeal of pioneer life in the 
 West, no one is more deserving 
 of special notice than the subject 
 of this sketch; he was born in 
 Bourbon county, Kentucky, Sep- 
 tember 8, 1806; he removed with 
 his parents to Ohio in 1807, and 
 lived there until 1837, and then 
 removed to Fountain county, In- 
 diana; at this place he lost both 
 of his parents, two brothers and 
 three sisters from the effects of 
 milk sickness; he then went to 
 Warren county, Indiana, and while 
 living there married Miss Celia 
 Frame, on the 29th day of Sep- 
 tember, 1829; she died in 1832; 
 he married for his second wife 
 Miss Phebe Marshall, February 
 15, 1833; they have two children 
 living: John H. and Martin L.; 
 they have lost five; he came to 
 Iowa Territory March 15, 1839, 
 and settled on the farm where he 
 
682 
 
 DIRECTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 . now resides; at that time he came 
 over the Indian reservation lines, 
 and on what was afterward known 
 as the Second Purchase, and is 
 the oldest permanent white set- 
 tler in Keokuk county; he is a 
 man of remarkable constitution, 
 and for forty years there has not 
 been a day but what he could at- 
 tend to his daily avocations; he 
 owns a tine farm of 400 acres of 
 improved land, and has hel/i var- 
 ious township offices; he is an ac- 
 tive member of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 Bowman, Samuel, Richland. 
 
 Bralliar, Lafayette, farmer, Sec. 21 ; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 BRALLIAR, W. G., farmer. Sec. 
 17; P. O. Richland; born No- 
 vember 12, 1831, in Knox county, 
 Ohio; came with his parents to 
 Iowa Territory in 1814, and set- 
 tled near Richland, where he liv- 
 ed till 1865, when he moved upon 
 his present farm, and owns a well 
 improved farm of 80 acres; he is 
 a miller by trade, and has worked 
 at it some ten years since he came 
 to this county; he was married 
 December, 1853, to Miss Martha 
 liornback, a native of East Ten- 
 nessee; they have a family .of 
 seven children: Alice, Emilett J., 
 Maggie T., Christiana, John, Sal- 
 lie A., and Floyd B., now living, 
 and one deceased: William; he 
 has held various offices in the 
 township, and is now assessor of 
 his township; he is a consistent 
 member of the Advent Church. 
 
 Brifogle, Daniel, Richland. 
 
 Bristow, M. L., farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Bristow, J. H., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Byers, Enos, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. 
 Richland. 
 
 Byers, Prudence, farmer, Sec. 3; P, 
 O. Richland. 
 
 CARPENTER, CATHARINE, 
 Richland. 
 
 Carrell, E. H., Richland. 
 
 Carmichael, John, Richland. 
 
 CHARLTON, SAMUEL, hard- 
 ware merchant, Richland; born 
 in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, 
 October 5, 1820, and lived there 
 until 1846; he learned the trade 
 of wagon-making; in 1846 he 
 came to Iowa and settled in Jef- 
 ferson county, and remained there 
 until 1849 and then came to this 
 county and followed his chosen 
 avocation, and has worked at it 
 more or less up to the present 
 time; he is associated with his 
 son in business, and they aro do- 
 ing a successful and profitable 
 trade; he married Miss Lilly 
 Flora in April, 1843; she is a na- 
 tive of Pennsylvania and was 
 born May 26, 1819; they have a 
 son: August C, associated with 
 his father in business; one son: 
 Geo. M. D., was killed at the bat- 
 tle of Shiloh, Tennessee, and fell 
 a sacrifice to his country; he ren- 
 dered himself of value not only 
 as a citizen, but as a soldier, at 
 a time when men's souls were 
 tried and their true worth was 
 based upon their bravery and love 
 of their country; Mr. and Mrs. 
 Charleton have long been active 
 members of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Chacy, Abner, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Charleton, A. C, hardware mer- 
 chant, Richland. 
 
 Coble, Riley, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 Richland. 
 
 Coleman, J. C, Richland. 
 
 Collett William, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Cook, S. T., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 Richland. 
 
 Cook, W. S., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. 
 Richland, 
 
 Cowguill, William, farmer, Sec. 31 ; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 COX, JAMES H., farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. O. Richland; born May 10, 
 1840, in Blunt county, Tennessee; 
 
KIOHLAHD TOWNSHIP. 
 
 683 
 
 he came with his parents to Iowa 
 territory in 1844; has been in 
 Keoknk county since its organi- 
 
 > zation; has sixty acres of land 
 where he now lives, which is well 
 improved; was married to Miss 
 
 ' Lizzie Yates, April 8, 1870; she 
 is a native of Indiana and was 
 born in 1850; they have four 
 children living: Flora, David, 
 MiloandEffie; Mr. Cox enlisted in 
 company M, Seventh Iowa Cav- 
 alry, February 22, 1864; was 
 mustered out June 22, 1867; 
 was with theregiment in all the 
 marches and battles during their 
 term of service and came out with 
 his share of the honors. 
 
 Cox, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 COX, URIAH, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 0. Richland; born in Randolph 
 county, North Carolina, Decem- 
 ber 12, 1822 ; when seven years of 
 age he moved to Indiana, and in 
 1845 came to Iowa; he located 
 where he now lives in 1850; 
 owns seventy-five acres of well 
 improved land; he married Ger- 
 trude Hiatt, a native of Indiana; 
 she was born in 1819; they have 
 six children: William B., Joshua, 
 John D., Hannah (wife of J. C. 
 Jes8up),E., and Rachel J.; he has 
 held various offices in his township 
 and is a member of the Friends' 
 Society. 
 
 Cox, John, Richland. 
 
 Cox, William B., Richland. 
 
 DA7IS, JOSEPHUS, Rich- 
 land. 
 
 Davis, W. H., Richland. 
 
 Davis, James, Richland. 
 
 Davis, John, Richland. 
 
 Davis, Isaac, Richland. 
 
 Davis, D. M., Richland. 
 
 Davis, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Dean, Wm., Richland. 
 
 PIVELBISS, L. W., Richland, 
 carpenter and builder; born Au- 
 gust 21, 1843, in Franklin county, 
 
 Pennsylvania; lived there till ther 
 breaking out of the war, when 
 he enlisted October 19, 1863, in 
 company D, One Hundred and 
 Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Infan- 
 try, and severed until the close of 
 the war, and was discharged July 
 8, 1865; was wounded in the bat- 
 tle of Spottsylvania, Virginia, by 
 having his chin and part of his 
 teeth shot away ;. at the close of 
 the war he came to Mt. Vernon, 
 Ohio, where he followed his trade 
 till March, 1877, when he came to 
 this county; is unmarried. 
 
 D,obenspike, Philip, Richland. 
 
 Downing, Reason, farmer. Sec. 3 ; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Drummond, W. T., Richland. 
 
 EVANS, S. A., Richland, at- 
 torney at law ; born in Straw- 
 bery Plains, Jefferson county, 
 Tennessee, August 29, 1811, and 
 resided here until 1841; his fath- 
 er was a blacksmith, and the son 
 learned the trade of his father, 
 and followed it as an occupation 
 until 1857; left Tennessee in 
 1841 and came to Iowa and set- 
 tled in Van Buren county, now 
 Davis county, and was the first 
 postmaster appointed in the coun- 
 ty, and was the first school direc- 
 tor in the county, and carried the 
 first mail taken into Bloo^mfield, 
 the county-seat of Davis county; 
 came to Richland in 1847, and 
 was soon after elected justice of 
 the peace, and was re-elected sev- 
 eral terms; in 1851 he removed 
 to Lancaster, the county-seat of 
 Keokuk county, and remained 
 there until the county-seat was re- 
 moved to Sigourncy, and then re- 
 turned to Richland; he formed 
 some taste for the practice of law 
 and after preparing himself was 
 admitted to the bar in Sigourney 
 in 1857; cast his first vote for 
 Andrew Jackson for President, 
 and has always affiliated with that 
 school in political matters, and 
 
684 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 while he has always been a parti- 
 san he has steadfastly refused 
 nominations for political offices, 
 save justice of the peace; was 
 married to Miss Sarah Mitchell 
 in 1836; she died in 1865 
 leaving four children : S. B. Evans 
 editor and proprietor of the "Ot, 
 tumwa Democrat," G. L. Evans 
 Maggie E., and- Nan. M.; Mr. 
 Evans has a cozy home, pre 
 sined over by his daughter, Mag 
 gie, in which he found more hap 
 piness and contentment than 
 falls to the ordinary lot of man- 
 kind. 
 FARMER, B. H., farmer, Sec. 
 18; P. O. Eichland; born 
 in November, 1848, in Des 
 Moines county, Iowa, and moved 
 with his parents to Keokuk coun- 
 ty, this State, in 1851; had the 
 advantage of a common school 
 education, and was taught the 
 science of farming by his parents, 
 which he has practiced since; 
 was married to Miss Mary C. 
 Mitchell, September 28, 1871; 
 she is a native of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Iowa; by this union they have 
 three children living: William 
 C, Isabelle, and Cora; he has 87^ 
 acres of land where he now lives; 
 he settled on the place February 
 1878; it is well improved and is 
 in a high state of cultivation. 
 Fearis, W. G., Eichland. 
 Foregrave, J. H., Richland. 
 Foregrave, John, Richland. 
 FREE, ISAIAH, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Richland; born May 20, 1819, 
 in Randolph county, North Caro- 
 lina, and lived there until 1835, 
 and moved with his parents to 
 Hendricks county, Indiana; he 
 received a common school educa- 
 tion; in 1841 he came to this 
 State (then a Territory) and set- 
 tled where he now lives and im- 
 proved his farm of 307-| acres; 
 Mr. F. is one of the pioneers of 
 the county and has suffered all 
 
 the hardships incident to the life 
 of an early settler; he is an active 
 and energetic, as well as a thor- 
 ough, farmer; he married Miss 
 Lucinda Wilson January 9, 1845; 
 she was born in Virginia in 1821 
 and died in 1868; he married for 
 his second wife Miss Emily J. Hill, 
 in January, 1864; she was born in 
 Indiana; their family consists of 
 seven children: Sarah E , John B., 
 Amanda J., Mary A., and Nancy 
 M. by lirst marriage, and Ema- 
 line H. and Lilly E. by second 
 marriage ; has lost four by first 
 marriage and one by second mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Fritz, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
 Richland. 
 
 Funk, D. B., Richland. 
 
 /-> ARRETSON, I. H., Richland. 
 
 GRAHAM, A. A,. M.D., physician 
 and surgeon, Richland; born in 
 Union county, Indiana August 7, 
 1828; when young he moved with 
 his parents to Kentucky, and after 
 remaining there for a time re- 
 turned to Indiana, and in 1855 
 came to Iowa; at an early age he 
 became quite proficient as a ven- 
 triloquist and magician, and he 
 traveled through this State and 
 others for ten years; he afterward 
 made choice of medicine as a pro- 
 fession, and studied with Dr. Sam- 
 uel Graham as preceptor; after 
 preparing himself he commenced 
 the practice of his profession in 
 1860; he settled where he now 
 lives in 1864 and has built up an 
 extensive practice; he owns forty 
 acres of improved land; during 
 the rebellion in 1861 he was com- 
 missioned captain of Brush Bend 
 Zouaves; he is a member of the 
 Masonic fraternity; March 11, 
 1852, he married Miss Laura Dex- 
 ter, a native of Vermont; she 
 was born October 2, 1835; they 
 had by this union three children, 
 one of whom, Bruce, is now liv- 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 685 
 
 ing; lie was born March 1, 1854; 
 he was again married in May, 
 1868, to Miss Mattie Tracey, a 
 native of Ohio, and born in Au- 
 gust, 1847; they have two child- 
 ren: Hope and Jessie. 
 
 Orafton, P. B., Richland. 
 
 Grammar, J. M., Richland. 
 
 (JRAHAM, DR. SAMUEL, phy- 
 sician and surgeon, Sec. 18; P. O. 
 Richland; born May 6, 1820, in 
 Preble county, Ohio, and made 
 choice of the medical profession 
 as an avocation, and commenced 
 preparing himself, but before fin- 
 ishing his course, removed to Lo- 
 gansport, Indiana, and entered 
 the office of Dr. J. T. Taylor, of the 
 City Infirmary, who became his 
 preceptor; came to Keokuk coun- 
 ty in 1855, and has built up a suc- 
 cessful practice; he also has a 
 taste for agricultural pursuits, and 
 owns a farm of sixty-five acres; 
 was married to Miss Phebe A. 
 Connes, November 6, 1848: she 
 was a native of Indiana, and was 
 born in 1832; she died in 1858; 
 by this marriage they had two 
 children : Casper N. and Dora S. ; 
 he married for his second wife 
 Miss E. S. Pencie, May 3, 1860; 
 she is a native of Ohio; by this 
 marriage they have eight children : 
 living: Clarence P., Arnold A., 
 John D , Victor B., Benton A., 
 Zepha D., Charley P. and Samuel 
 J; lost three. 
 
 C^raham, Arnold, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Greenlee, James, Richland. 
 
 «}REESON, DAYTON, farmer 
 and stock- raiser. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Richland ; born in Morton county, 
 Indiana, September 25, 1845; he 
 came with his parents to this 
 county in 1848, and has been 
 raised and educated in Keokuk 
 •county; settled on his present 
 farm in 1875; owns five hundred 
 acres of well improved land which 
 he devotes largely to stock-rais- 
 
 ing; he gives his attention to 
 thoroughbred and graded stock; 
 was married March — , 1868, to 
 Miss Eliza Ann Greenlee, a na- 
 tive of this county; they have 
 four children: Etta G., John L., 
 Martin L. and William Hayes. 
 
 Gregory, Joel, farmer. Sec 7; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 GREESON, OSWALD, farmer, 
 Sec. 17; P. O. Richland; born in 
 Keokuk county, Iowa, December 
 29, 1851; owns a finely im- 
 proved farm of one hundred 
 and seventy acres, well stocked; 
 March 6, 18'<3, he married Miss 
 Annis Crakell; they have one 
 child: Orvil J. 
 
 Greeson, Levy, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Gregory, S., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Gregory, Nuraidia, farmer. Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Gregory, Elisha, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Grisham, David, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 HADLEY, JOSHUA, farmer, 
 Sec. 35; P. O. Richland; 
 born in North Carolina, Novem- 
 ber 27, 1815; in 1842 he came to 
 Iowa, while it was yet a Territory, 
 and settled where he now resides; 
 owns a finely improved farm of 
 486 acres; has been twice mar- 
 ried; first in 1842, to Lydia Hob- 
 son; they had eight children: 
 Mary, Zeurah, Julia, M. R., Jes- 
 sie N., George A., Alfred and 
 Milton; married again to Sarah 
 A. Parchall; by this union .they 
 have one child, living: Addison; 
 she has one: Julia by former mar- 
 riage; he is operating a large coal 
 mine, which is situated on his 
 land; is a member of the Society 
 of Friends. 
 
 Hadley, Jonathan, Richland. 
 
 Hadley, Elmwood, Richland. 
 
 Hadley, Joseph us, farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
686 
 
 DIKEOTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Hadley, Franklin, farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. 6. Kichland. 
 
 HALFERTY, DAVID, farmer, 
 Sec. 30; P. O. Kichland; born in 
 "Westmoreland county, Penn- 
 sylvania, November 9, 1817; 
 when young his parents removed 
 to Kichland county, Ohio, where 
 he was raised a farmer; came to 
 Iowa in 1845, while it was a Ter- 
 ritory, and settled on the land on 
 on which he now resides; he owns 
 a farm of 330 acres, well improv- 
 ed ; he can well be called one of 
 the pioneer settlers of the county 
 and with his wife, has endured all 
 the hardships incident to the early 
 settlement of the county; an in- 
 cident of his life, we feel, is here 
 worth recording; on the day that 
 Fort Sumpter fell he planted two 
 evergreens to commemorate the 
 event, and the growth they have 
 attained since then seems almost 
 prophetical of the growth and 
 greatness of the country ; he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary Brailliar,inl84:3; 
 she was a native of Pennsylvania, 
 and was born in 1824; their fam- 
 ily consists of seven children: 
 Jordan A., Eleanor (now Mrs. 
 Koop), Columbus C, Zephariah, 
 Leonidas, Van and Dora; they 
 have lost one. 
 
 Halferty, J. N., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Hammond, J". H. farmer, Sec. 30; 
 P. O. Kichland. 
 
 Harlan, Stephen, Kichland. 
 
 Hardin, Henry, Kichland. 
 
 Harris, J. N. L., farmer. Sec. 29, P. 
 O. Kichland. 
 
 Harris, 0. M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 
 Kichland. 
 
 Harmon, George, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 HAYWORTH, LYDIA, farmer. 
 Sec. 14; P. O. Kichland; born in 
 Highland county, Ohio, in July, 
 1811, and lived there until her mar- 
 riage to Eli Hayworth, January 
 31,1828; he was born in High- 
 
 land county, Ohio, August 27,. 
 1806, and moved to Hendricks 
 county, Indiana, in 1829; thence 
 to Vermillion county, Illinois, in 
 1830; they came to Iowa in 1840, 
 when it was a Territory, and the 
 following year settled where she 
 now resides; owns 120 acres of 
 land, well improved; when they 
 first settled in this county their 
 nearest neighbor was the Indians; 
 they saw all the hardships inci- 
 dent to a pioneer life in prepar- 
 ing a home for themselves and 
 family; they were active members 
 of the Friends' Society, organized 
 at an early day at Pleasant Plains, 
 he died October 11, 1854, leaving 
 the subject of this sketch and four 
 children surviving: Sarah, James 
 D., Annie and Ruth. 
 
 Hayworth, Rees, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 O. Kichland. 
 
 Haycock, G. A., Richland. 
 
 HAYCOCK, B. A., miller, Rich- 
 land ; born in Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, in April, 1821, and 
 lived thereuntil 1833, when, with 
 his parents, he removed to Carroll 
 county, Ohio; here he served- as 
 apprentice to the milling busi- 
 ness with Benjamin Haycock; af- 
 ter serving three years at the bus- 
 iness he attended Mt. Pleasant 
 seminary for two years; in 1856 
 he came to Keokuk county, Iowa, 
 and engaged in the milling busi- 
 ness, and has built several mills in 
 this county, and owns a large flour- 
 ing mill in Richland, which he is 
 running to its full capacity; has 
 held various township offices; Mr. 
 H. is one of the prominent busi- 
 ness men of the county; as an in- 
 dustrious and energetic citizen he 
 has few equals, always planning 
 some public or private improve- 
 ment, and never resting or halting 
 until he sees it completed; he rep- 
 resented the county in the State 
 legislature in 1868, and served 
 with credit to his constituents and 
 
BICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 687 
 
 honor to himself; he started in 
 life with a laudable ambition to 
 succeed and has not been disap- 
 pointed; he married Miss E. A. 
 Hargrove, November 1, 1843; she 
 was born in Virginia, September 
 22, 1821; their family consists of 
 live children: George A., Anna 
 M. (now Mrs. Keynolds), Jenette 
 B. (now Mrs. Hutchinson), Mary 
 JJ. (now Mrs. Hobson) and Min- 
 nie W.; they have lost live. 
 
 HERRING, NOAH, farmer, Sec. 
 36; P. 0. llichland; born August 
 20, 1842, in Hamilton county, In- 
 diana, where he lived till 1854, 
 when he came to this county; he 
 located where he now lives in 
 1869; he was married November 
 15, 1868, to Miss Malinda Pringle, 
 a native of Iowa, and born in 
 this county ; they have two child- 
 ren: Ida and Etta, both living; 
 he owns a nice farm of 137 acres 
 of well improved land; he is a 
 thorough farmer. 
 
 Hinshaw, Ira, Kichland. 
 
 HINSHAW, WILLIAM, farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P. O. Eichland; 
 born October 25, 1826; is a 
 native of Tennessee; in the year 
 1851 he moved to Keokuk county, 
 Iowa, and settled on the place 
 where he now resides; he has 100 
 'acres of land, which is in a good 
 state of cultivation; he is a mem- 
 ber of the Friends' Society; he 
 has held various offices in his 
 township; he mai-ried Louisa 
 Stalker in December, 1850; she 
 died in 1863; July 27, 1864, he 
 married Sarah Crakall, who is a 
 nstive of Indiana; they have six 
 children living: Alpheus M., 
 Oscar, Margaret J., Alta, Elda 
 and JElvin; lost live: Lucinda, 
 Albert, Ada, Orvin and Orin. 
 
 Hinshaw, E. W., farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Hobson, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 13; 
 P. 0. Richland. 
 
 HOLLINGSWORTH, JER- 
 
 EMIAH, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 Richland ; one of the most worthy 
 citizens that ever made his home 
 in Richland township; born in 
 Union county, Indiana, February 
 25, 1809, and lived there until 
 1824, when he removed to Ver- 
 million county, Illinois; he was 
 raised a farmer, and received the 
 benefit of the common schools; 
 he was married April 5, 1831, to 
 Miss Catherine Arnons; she was 
 born in Benton county, Kentucky, 
 February 18, 1806; came to this 
 county in 1840, and settled on the 
 farm on which he now resides in 
 1842; owns 132 acres of land at 
 the present time, having divided 
 a large number of acres among 
 his children; he was one of the 
 board of commissioners appointed 
 to organize the county, and also 
 served as a member of the consti- 
 tutional committee that met at 
 Iowa City in 1857, and had the 
 honor to help frame the laws un- 
 der which the citizens of Iowa are 
 governed; they have seven child- 
 ren: Amos, Emily and Eliza 
 (twins), America and Amanda 
 (twins), John W. and Julia; have 
 lost live. 
 
 Hollingsworth, Amos, farmer, Sec. 
 12; P. O.Richland. 
 
 Hollingsworth, J. "W"., farmer. Sec. 
 12; P. O. Richland. 
 
 Horton, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 28;, P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 IRWIN, BARBARA, farmer, Sec. 
 29; P. 0. Richland. 
 Israel, Robert, Richland. 
 
 JEFFERIS, W. H., farmer. Sec. 
 24; P. O. Richland. 
 
 Jefferis, E. W., farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 JOHNSON, J. C, farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Richland; among those 
 prominently identified with the in- 
 terest of Richland township, no 
 one is more deserving of a notice 
 iu these memoirs than the subject 
 of this sketch; born in Randolph 
 
688 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 county, North Carolii)a, February 
 3, 1815, and lived there until fif- 
 teen years of age, and then, with 
 his parents, removed to Hendricks 
 county, Indiana; he received the 
 benefits of the common schools, 
 and being a diligent student, he 
 has supplemented his education 
 by extensive reading and close ob- 
 servation, and is one of the best 
 informed men in the township; 
 he was raised a farmer, and he has 
 demonstrated that he is thoroughly 
 practical in all its details; he 
 came to this county in 1846, in 
 time to vote on adoption of the 
 State Constitution ; he settled in 
 the place where he now resides in 
 1849, and has made all the im- 
 provements ; he owns 294 acres in 
 his home farm, and eighty acres 
 in Jefferson county, and has given 
 attention to good graded stock; 
 he has been honored by the citi- 
 zens of the county with various 
 oflSces of trust and honor; he has 
 held various township offices and 
 served three terms as a membei: of 
 the board of supervisors; he serv- 
 ed the unexpired term of E. S. 
 Sampson in the State Senate in 
 1868, when the latter v/as elected 
 District Judge; he is a member of 
 Kossuth Lodge, I. O. O. F.; he 
 married Prudence Sanders, Au- 
 gust 8, 1839; she was born in 
 Ohio, February 12, 1816; their 
 family consists of three children: 
 Oswald N., Amanda E., Martha 
 E.. ; they lost one daughter: Sarah 
 Jane. 
 
 Johnson, I^ot. M., Richland. 
 
 Johnson, 0. N., Eichland. 
 
 Johnson, Enos, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 Jones, E. C, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 Eichland. 
 
 Jones, Linley H., farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. O. Eichland. 
 
 Jones, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Eichland. 
 
 Jones, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 
 P. Eichland. 
 Jones, Abram, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. Eichland. 
 Jones, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. Eichland. 
 Jones, David H., farmer, Sec. 22; 
 
 P. O. Eichland. 
 Jones, Hezekiah, farmer. Sec. 15; 
 
 P. O. Eichland. 
 Jones, Obediah, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 
 O. Eichland. 
 Jones, E. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 
 Eichland. 
 Jones, William, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 
 O. Eichland. 
 Jones, David, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
 
 Eichland. 
 
 ENT, J. H., Eichland. 
 
 K' 
 
 Kinger, Henry, farmer Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 LEMLEY, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 
 17; P. O. Eichland; born 
 July 25, 1827, in Wittemburg, 
 Germany, and came with his pa- 
 rents to the United States in 1829 
 and landed at New York; from 
 there he went to Kichland county, 
 Ohio, thence to Washington coun- 
 ty, this State; not being satisfied 
 with the location he moved to 
 Keokuk county, and in 1859 set- 
 tled on the place where he now 
 lives; he has 80 acres of land, 
 which is in a high state of culti- 
 vrtion; he has held various offices 
 in the township, and is a member 
 of the Disciple Church; Mr. Lem- 
 ley was married December 19, 
 1849, to Miss Caroline Grreene, a 
 native of Ohio, who died May 19, 
 1870; he was again married on 
 March 30, 1872, to Miss Emma 
 Wistler, a native of Ohio; they 
 have nine children living: Mary 
 U., John W., Christina, Ellen, 
 Clara, Elnora, Lillie L., Hattie, 
 Green, Milo, Amanda and Mabel; 
 lost three. 
 Logan, A. W., Richland. 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 689 
 
 Lemly, John W., farmer, Sec. 18; 
 
 P. 0. Eichland. 
 Lewis, William, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 
 0. Richland. 
 Long, G. W., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 
 Eichland. 
 Lundin, Oliver, Eichland. 
 
 MoOLUEE, J. A., farmer, Sec. 
 23; P. O. Eichland. 
 
 McConnell, Henry, farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P, 0. Eichland. 
 
 Maupin, Thos., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 May, A. C, Eichland. 
 
 Mendenhall, Moses, farmer, Sec. 33 ; 
 P. 0. Eichland. 
 
 MILLS, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 
 20; P. O. Eichland; born in Jef- 
 ferson county, Tennessee, Decem- 
 ber 22, 1817; he came to Iowa 
 while it was still a Territory, and 
 settled in Davis county in Febru- 
 ary, 1841, and thence to this coun- 
 ty, where he owns a homestead of 
 37^ acres, and business property 
 in Eichland; he married Miss 
 Nancy Mitchell June 1, 1839; 
 she was a native of Tennessee, 
 and was born March 3, 1818; 
 their family consists of three 
 children; John W., James and 
 Sophia Jane (now Mrs. Morgan). 
 
 Mills, J. S., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Eichland. 
 
 Mills, Pleasant, farmer. Sec. 11; 
 P. 0. Eichland. 
 
 Mills, Charles, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 Mills, Sarah, F., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 Mills, E. A., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 Mitchell, J. W., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 0. Eichland. 
 
 MORGAN, WILLIAM, farmer. 
 Sec. 16; P. 0. Eichland; born 
 June 14, 1806, in Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee; in 1844 he came 
 to Iowa Territory and settled 
 in what was known as Wash- 
 ington county; he remained there 
 till 1862, when he moved to Keo- 
 
 kuk county and settled in the 
 place where he now resides; he 
 has 140 acres of land, in a good 
 state of cultivation; he is one of 
 the oldest settlers in the township 
 and has helped to make it what it 
 is to-day; he is an active member 
 of the Friends' society; he has 
 one child: Sarah E.; lost one: 
 Zachariah. 
 
 Morgan, D. B., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, Eenben, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 9; P.O. 
 Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, T. W., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, W. S., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, W. H., farmer. Sec, 11; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 Morgan, G. W., farmer. Sec 13; P. 
 O. Eichland. 
 
 EICE, J.M., Eichland. 
 
 N' 
 
 Neis, Henry, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
 Eichland. 
 
 Nelson, H. H., Eichland. 
 
 NICHOLSON, J. F., farmer and 
 merchant; P. O. Eichland; born 
 in Tennessee January 18, 1837; 
 he came to this State and settled 
 in Washington county, and thence 
 to this county, where he has since 
 been engaged in farming and mer- 
 cantile pursuits; he married Miss 
 Mary E. Alexander January 24, 
 1861; their family consits of six 
 children: William B., Esther J., 
 Margaret E., John W., Josephus 
 0. and Eosa C. ; lost two. 
 
 Nordyke, Jessie, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Eichland. 
 
 ]S"ordyke, Samuel, Richland. 
 
 OSWALT, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 9; P. O. Eichland. 
 PAMPEL, C. F., farmer. Sec. 18; 
 P. O. Manhattan; born Jan- 
 uary 2, 1820, in Saxon Altenbarg, 
 Germany; he was married in 
 May, 1850, to Miss Gastina Win- 
 
690 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK OOTJNTY. 
 
 ter, a native of Germany; they 
 have a family of nine children ; 
 Emma K., Minnie A., Frank P., 
 Mary A., Margaret E., Anna J., 
 Sophia M., Christie, John D.; 
 they came to the United States in 
 1853, landing in New Tork; they 
 came to Iowa and located where 
 they now live in 1853; he owns a 
 farm of ninety-seven acres of well 
 improved land ; he is a weaver by 
 trade and followed the business 
 till he came to the United States, 
 since which time he has turned 
 his attention to farming; he is a 
 member of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Payne, A. E., Eichland. 
 
 PAYNE, R. H., M. D.. physician 
 and surgeon, Richland; born Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1836, in Vermillion 
 county. 111.; his parents moved to 
 Iowa in fall of 1836 and located in 
 Washington county; here he was 
 raised and educated; in 1854 he 
 came to this county and located 
 at loka; here he taught school 
 and read medicine with Dr. 
 Myers; he taught the first school 
 that ever was taught in loka; he 
 was married November 21, 1857, 
 to Miss Martha J. Falkner; they 
 have six children living: AnnaE., 
 Jessie D., James F., Carrie M., 
 Johnnie E. and G. ;Logan and Rob- 
 ert H., deceased ; in the winter of 
 1857 and 1858 he moved to Henry 
 county and finished his studies 
 with Dr. D. A. Kittle, of Mar- 
 shall and entered into practice with 
 him; in the fall of 1858 he moved 
 to Doniphan county, Kansas, 
 where he remained three years, 
 when he returned to Marshall, 
 Henry county, Iowa, and grad- 
 uated at the Keokuk Medical 
 College in 1862, when he return- 
 ed and located in Richland, where 
 he engaged in the practice of his 
 profession; he also keeps a stock 
 of drugs, which is presided over 
 by his oldest daughter, Anna E.; 
 during the late war he was com- 
 
 missioned assistant surgeon Third 
 Wisconsin Cavalry and promoted 
 to contracting surgeon at the Unit- 
 ed States Hospital at Keokuk, 
 Iowa; his mother who was born 
 in 1800 is still living and finds a 
 pleasant home in the family of 
 . her son. 
 
 Portafield, James, Richland. 
 
 Pringle, J. S., Richland. 
 
 Pringle, Henry, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Pringle, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Pringle, Pleasant, farmer, Sec. 25; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Pringle, Alfred, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Pringle, Joel J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 RAMSEY, A. J., farmer. Sec. 
 20; P. O. Richland. 
 
 RASH, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 13; 
 P. O. Richland; born April,13 
 1805; is a native of Wilkes coun- 
 ty, North Carolina; he lived 
 there till 1833, during which 
 time he was married to 
 Miss Setha Bryan, in August, 
 1824; she is a native of North 
 Carolina; he remained there till 
 1835; and from there went to East 
 Tennessee, where he remained 
 till 1850; not being satisfied with 
 this location he came to this coun- 
 ty in 1853 and settled in the place 
 he now lives on; has 100 acres of 
 land, well improved; his family 
 consists of eight children, living: 
 Malinda E., Levi M., Lewis E, 
 John A., William W., Daniel W., 
 Nancy J., and Amanda A.; lost 
 two; Mr. Rash is a member of 
 the United Brethren Church and 
 is a good neighbor and well re- 
 spected citizen. 
 
 Reddig, Belinda, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Reed, David, Richland. 
 
 REED, JOHN F., farmer, Sec. 8; 
 P. O. Richland; born in Miss., 
 Sept. 13, 1836; in his childhood he 
 
EIOHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 691 
 
 came to Washington county, Ohio, 
 with his parents; there he receiv- 
 ed the advantages of a common 
 school education ; remained there 
 till 1856, when he came to, Eeo- 
 kuk county, Iowa; was married to 
 Miss Celia Shockley, June 4, 1860; 
 sheis a native of this State; by this 
 union they have six children liv- 
 ing: George E., Emma A., Frank, 
 Lemuel, JDora, Albert E.; seven 
 deceased; he has eighty acres of 
 land that he now lives on; has 
 held various offices in his town- 
 ship and is a well respected citi- 
 zen. 
 
 Eeed, Hugh, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. 
 Kichland. 
 
 Hose, Abram, Richland. 
 
 Rummer, Parley, Richland. 
 
 SASSEEN, D. R, farmer, Sec. 
 14; P. O. Richland. 
 
 Sasseen, John, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Seaton, R. P., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Sellars, Anderson, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Sellars, Phebe, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Sbafer, Dudley, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
 Richland. 
 
 SHERADEN, SOLOMON, farmer. 
 Sec. 20; P. O. Richland; 
 owns a farm of 120 acres 
 of land; born October 18, 1819, in 
 Tuscarawas coimty, Ohio; parents 
 moved to Richland county, In- 
 diana, in 1820, where they lived 
 till 1838, when they moved to 
 Ashland county, Indiana; he came 
 to this county in 1850, and settled 
 on the farm where he now lives; 
 he is one of the old settlers of the 
 county, having lived here more 
 than a quarter of a century; he is 
 a member of the I. O. O. F. lodge 
 at Richland; has held varioiis 
 township offices; he was married 
 in November, 1841, to Miss Sabina 
 Campbell, a native of Delaware; 
 she died in June, 1854 ; was mar- 
 
 ried again in December, 1855, ta 
 Miss Henrietta Erwin,a native of 
 Pennsylvania; their family con- 
 sists of twelve children: Elvira, 
 Winfield S., Cornelius, Jane, Ad- 
 aline R., James, Albert, Maggie,. 
 Flora, Emma, Anna and Elmer, 
 living, and four that are deceased. 
 
 Singleton, James, farmer. Sec. 15;. 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Singleton, John, farmer. Sec. 11;. 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Singleton, Joseph, farmer Sec. 10;. 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 SMITH, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Richland; born in this 
 county April 18, 1846, and has 
 been raised a farmer; he owns a 
 farm of 85 acres; he married Miss- 
 Isabel Ramsey March 17, 1860; 
 she is a native of Ohio, and was 
 born February 30, 1845; their 
 family consists of six children: 
 Lloyd W., Ira L., Myrtle, Clyde 
 E., Orville G. and an infant. 
 
 Smith, A. A., Richland. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM., farmer, Sec. 
 11; P, (J. Kichland; born in Ten- 
 nessee March 18, 1804, and wafr 
 raised there; he removed to In- 
 diana, and came to Iowa in 1864,, 
 and settled in Keokuk county on 
 the place where he now resides; 
 he owns a farm of 105 acres; he- 
 has held various township offices, 
 and is an active member of the 
 Methodist Church; he has beea 
 twice married, first to Miss Lydia 
 Mills, a native of Tennessee; born 
 April 20, 1802; she died Februa- 
 ry 21, 1871; by this union they 
 had nine children, three of them, 
 still living: Nathan, Mary and 
 Henry; lost six: John, Louisa J., 
 Sarah, Emily, Enos and Philo; he 
 married for his second wife Mrs. 
 E. J. Atchison, a native of Ken- 
 tucky, who came to Iowa at an 
 earlt day. 
 
 Smith!; W. H., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
 Richland. 
 
 Snyder, G. W., Richland. 
 
«92 
 
 DIEECTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Stalker, G. D., Kichlaud. 
 
 Stalker, George, farmer, Sec. 1 5 ; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Stalker, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Stalker, Allen, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 Stephens, B. G., Richland. 
 
 Steele, Chas,, Richland. 
 
 Stephens, G. W., farmer. Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Stephens, John, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Stockman, J. C, Richland. 
 
 Stroup, John, Richland. 
 
 Stuart, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 Stuart, Gourney, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Richland. 
 
 SWAYZE, DR. H. A., physician 
 and surgeon ; Richland ; born No- 
 vember 12, 1838, in Fairfield 
 county, Ohio; he lived there until 
 1851, when he came to Mahaska 
 ■county, Iowa, where he remained 
 until 1866; during this time he 
 made a choice of the medical pro- 
 fession, and after due and liberal 
 preparation by study, attended the 
 Rush Medical College, of Chicago, 
 Illinois, where he took a full 
 •course of lectures and graduated 
 with honors in 1861; he then re- 
 turned to his liorae in Oskaloosa 
 and began the practice of his pro- 
 fession, which he continued in that 
 place until 1866; he then con- 
 •cluded to change his residence and 
 practice, which he did by remov- 
 ing that year to Richland, in this 
 <!ounty; here he opened, in con- 
 nection with his practice, a drug 
 and general merchandise store, 
 which he still carries on ; he en- 
 joys a good practice in his profes- 
 sion and is esteemed by all his 
 friends and neighbors; he was 
 married February 13, 1862, to Miss 
 Sarepta Moore, a native of Indi- 
 ana; they have one child: Mary. 
 THOMPSON, THOMAS, pro- 
 prietor of Thompson House, 
 
 T 
 
 Richland; born May 2, 1818, in 
 Washington county, Pennsylva- 
 nia; he is a tailor by trade; he 
 traveled as a journeyman tailor 
 from 1838 till 1843; he came 
 from Carrol county, Ohio, to Ke- 
 okuk county, Iowa, in 1854; he 
 was married November, 1844, to 
 Miss Caroline Runkenbrod, a na- 
 tive of Ohio; she died October 
 12, 1855; he married again, Au- 
 gust, 1856, to Miss Hannah Van- 
 Dike, a native of Ohio; he came 
 to Richland in 1857, and bought 
 the hotel he now keeps, and has 
 followed it since; he is a practical 
 hotel man, and a model landlord, 
 and one who is highly esteemed 
 by the traveling public; is a mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church and I. 
 0. O. F. 
 
 Thornburg, Clark, farmer. Sec. 21; 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 Townsend, Charles, Richland. 
 
 Tracey, Andrew, Richland. 
 
 Tracy, H. W. farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Richland. 
 
 Trigg, George, Richland. 
 
 Turner, Miles, Richland. 
 
 VANDYKE, RICHARD, 
 farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Rich- 
 land; born April 12, 1844; is a 
 native of Jefferson county, Ten- 
 nessee; lived there till he was 
 twelve years of age, then, with 
 his parents, he came to Adams 
 county, Illinois; lived there till 
 1868, when he came to this coun- 
 ty, and settled on the place 
 upon which he now resides;' he 
 was married November 12, 1866, 
 to Miss Susan Sassern, a native of 
 Indiana; she was born August 5, 
 1845 ; by this union they have four 
 children living; Zena S., Estella, 
 George L., Lester; he has ninety- 
 two acres of well improved land; 
 is a member of the Masonic fra- 
 ternity; was in company A, Fif- 
 ty-ninth Illinois Infantry; served 
 from the time of his enlistment 
 till the war closed; enlisted 
 
EICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 693 
 
 at Quincy, and was discharged at 
 Springfield, Illinois. 
 
 WADE, ZEPHANIAH, far- 
 mer, Sec. 19; P. O. Eich- 
 land. 
 
 WASSON, JOHN, retired farmer, 
 Richland ; born February 6, 1805, 
 in Bourbon connty, Kentucky; his 
 parents moved to Preble county, 
 Ohio, in 1807; was educated in 
 the common schools, and came to 
 Wayne county, Indiana, in 1823; 
 here he served an apprenticeship 
 of three years and worked at his 
 trade" till 1832, when he went to 
 Warren county, Indiana, remain- 
 ing there until 1839, at which 
 time he came to this county; was 
 married February 1, 1837 to Miss 
 Susan Pringle, a native of Olark 
 county, Ohio; they have one child 
 living: Martha J. (nowMrs. Not- 
 ham Johnson), and two deceased; 
 in 1840 he was elected county 
 commissioner, and in 184-5 he was 
 elected organizing sheriff of the 
 county ; he has held various offices 
 in the township; was justice of 
 the peace for twelve years; is one 
 of the oldest settlers in the county ; 
 he organized the first Lodge of 
 Sons of Temperance in the county; 
 was elected a member of the Ninth 
 General Assembly, of Iowa, from 
 his district, and is an active mem- 
 ber of the Christian Church. 
 
 Ward, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 
 0. Richland. 
 
 WHARTON, LINTON, farmer, 
 Sec. 29; P. O. Richland; born in 
 Bucks county, Pennsylvania, Sep- 
 tember 27, 1805, and moved with 
 his parents to Ohio in 1818; he 
 came to this county in 1863 and 
 owns a farm of forty-six and a 
 half acres of improved land; has 
 a large apiary and devotes con- 
 siderable attention to bee culture; 
 married Miss Sarah A. Turner, 
 February 15, 1832; she was born 
 in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 
 September 27, 1805; their family 
 
 consists of two children: Martha 
 
 (now Mrs. S. Yap), and Michael 
 
 T.; they have lost two. 
 Wiggins, Griffin, farmer, Sec. 30; 
 
 P.O.Richland.. 
 Williams, C. O., Richland. 
 Wonderlich, Chas , farmer. Sec. IS; 
 
 P. O. Richland. 
 
 YULE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Richland; own 210^ 
 acres of land under a high state 
 of cultivation; born May 15, 1794^ 
 in the county of Aberdeen, Scot- 
 land; he emigrated to the United 
 in 1836, and landed in New York 
 city; from there went immedi- 
 ately to Ashland county, Ohio, 
 and remained there till 1854, 
 when he came to this county and 
 settled wbere he now lives; he has- 
 been an active member of the Con- 
 gregational Church for twenty- 
 three y,ears ; is a man well inform- 
 ed in the history of his native 
 country, also of his adopted conn- 
 try, and takes great interest in the 
 institutions ol the same; he is 
 probably the oldest man now liv- 
 ing in the township, having long 
 since passed his three score and 
 ten years, but still retains, to a re- 
 markable degree, his natural facul- 
 ties; he can relate with remaka- 
 ble accuracy, incidents which oc- 
 curred more than three-quarters 
 of a century ago ; has ever made 
 honesty and integrity his* standard 
 of life, never forgetting the Golden 
 Rule: "Do unto others as you 
 would have them do unto you;" 
 he was married February 5, 1829^ 
 to Miss Jennette Thompson, a na- 
 tive of Bauf county, Scotland, 
 who still lives to cheer and com- 
 fort him in his declining years; 
 they have had had seven children : 
 John, George, William, Margaret, 
 Ellen, Samuel, Joseph, living, and 
 one: James, deceased; their son, 
 John, is now a resident of Califor- 
 nia, where he has twice been elect- 
 ed to the legislature of that State, 
 
694 
 
 DIEEOTOBT OF EEOKUK OOUITIT. 
 
 and was honored by being elected 
 Speaker of the House; he was 
 also the Republican candidate for 
 Congress from his distiuct against 
 
 tlie Labor-reform and Democratic 
 candidate, in 1877, but by the fu- 
 sion of all interests against him he 
 was defeated by a small majority. 
 
 CXjB-A-I3 aiSEEI^ TOTT^T-asrsniF. 
 
 ADRIAN, LAWRENCE, farm- 
 er, Sec. 15; P. O. Talley- 
 rand. 
 Aller, Herbert, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 Austerman, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 BADER, CHARLES, mer- 
 chant at Talleyrand ; born in 
 Strausland, Germany in Prussia; 
 there he was raised and there it 
 was that he prepared himself for 
 the mercantile trade; emigrated 
 to the United States in 1867, land- 
 ing at New York; from there he 
 moved to Burlington, Iowa, and 
 was engaged in selling goods over 
 the different portions of the State; 
 not being satisfied with traveling, 
 he located at Sigourney, remain- 
 ing in business there for a short 
 time, then went to Talleyrand, 
 where he is at present; has a large 
 stock of general merchandise, is 
 «njoying a good trade and is a No. 
 1 business man; he was married 
 December 28, 1865, to Miss Caro- 
 line Krieger, a native of Wolgast, 
 Germany; she was born July, 
 1843; by this union they have 
 three children; Max J., Theresa 
 M. and Mary F. 
 
 Barr, Samuel, blacksmith, Talley- 
 rand. 
 
 Baker, Peter, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Baker, Mary, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Baker, Michael, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Bearen, Matthias, farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Brier, John, constable, Talleyrand. 
 
 Berg, Nicholas, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Bench, Peter P., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Bom by, Peter, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Bouroren, Matt., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Buck, Constantine, farmer. Sec. 22; 
 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 CLINE, PETER, farmer. Sec. 
 19; P. O. Harper. 
 Conrad, Laboras, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Conrad, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Connely, Austin, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 DOTY DAVID, farmer, See. 
 13; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 ENGLE, MARY, farmer, Sec. 
 24; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 Engledinger, Nick, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 Engledinger, John, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 FAGEN JOHN, wagonmaker, 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Feltz, Anton, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 0. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Ford, Anderson, huxter and farmer. 
 Sec. 13; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 FORD, SAMUEL, merchant and 
 postmaster at Talleyrand; born 
 December 20, 1824, in Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania; he, 
 with his parents, moved to Guern- 
 sey county, Ohio; there he was 
 raised as a farmer; came to Bur- 
 lington in 1853, and there prepar- 
 ed himself for the mercantile 
 trade; came in 1856 to Talleyrand, 
 this county, where he is now en- 
 
OLEAE CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 695: 
 
 J aged in business with his son 
 ames H.; deals in dry goods and 
 general merchandise, and is also 
 postmaster of that place; is the 
 owner of the property on which 
 he is doing business, and is enjoy- 
 ing a fine trade; March 14, 1847, 
 was married to Miss Martha 
 Moore, a native of the same coun- 
 ty as 'himself; she was born De- 
 cember 28, 1827; by this union 
 they have two children : James U. 
 and Mary A.; have lost three: 0. 
 H. and two infants. 
 
 ¥owl, Lewis, cooper, Talleyrand. 
 
 Freris, Peter, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Frederick, John, farmer, Sec. 21: P. 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 
 Fughes, Michael, farmer; Sec. 17; P. 
 0. Harper. 
 
 GARETT, IfATHAN, farmer 
 and blacksmith, Talleyrand. 
 
 Geoves, Benoral, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 
 Crlance, C, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Goldner, A., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Goldner, John B., farmer, Sec. 7; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Goldner, Ben., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Goldner, J. F., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Goldner, J. A., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Goldner, J. W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Gray, George, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 0, Talleyrand. 
 
 GRAY, DR. J. D., physician and 
 surgeon, Sec. 13; P. O. Talley- 
 rand; born November 15, 1821, in 
 Belmont county, Ohio, and is the 
 third son of Daniel Gray and De- 
 borah, nee Dudley ; he traces his 
 mother's ancestry to England, and 
 has a complete genealogical record 
 from the original ancestry during 
 the fourteenth century to the pres- 
 
 ent time, and on his father's side 
 has it complete from 1742; in his 
 youth he learned the pi-inter's 
 trade, and followed it as an avo- 
 cation, and at the same prepared 
 himself for the practice of medi- 
 cine; in 1843 he entered the 
 office of Dr. Affleck, in Summer- 
 ton, Belmont county, Ohio, and 
 remained with his preceptor until 
 1847; in 1850 he came to Iowa, 
 and in 1857 settled in Keokuk 
 county; he graduated from the 
 medical department of the Iowa 
 University at Keokuk in 1854; in 
 1862 he was appointed assistant 
 surgeon in the Third Iowa Caval- 
 ry, and in September of the same 
 year was appointed assistant sur- 
 geon of the Twenty-fifth Iowa 
 Infantry, and served until Septem- 
 ber, 1863, and resigned; in con- 
 nection with his duties as a phy- 
 sician, he studied law, and in 1866 
 was admitted to the bar, but has 
 not abandoned his medical profes- 
 sion, in which he has built up a 
 large practice; he married Miss 
 Juliet Stevens, of Lancaster, Keo- 
 kuk county, in October, 1855; he 
 settled where he now lives in 1870, 
 and owns an improved farm of 80 
 acres; he has a family of seven 
 children: Charles A., Elam H., 
 Ada, Arthur, Clara, Merrill and 
 Flora; lost two. 
 
 Griner, Peter, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Griner, Mary, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Griner, Fred, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Griner, Peter, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Griner, George, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Gross, Michael, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 O Harper. 
 
 HAH]\MATTHIAS,farmer,Sec. 
 22; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
DIKEOTOET OF KKOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Hahn, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Harris, Moses, retired farmer, Sec. 
 13; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Harmon, Landilin, farmer. Sec. 6; 
 P. 0. Harper. 
 
 Harmon, Gasmer, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 HENDERSON. D. N, farmer. Sec. 
 25; P. O.Talleyrand; born April 
 5, 1819, near Millswood, Guern- 
 sey county, Ohio, and is the son of 
 Thomas and Jane Jackson Hen- 
 derson; his father was horn in 
 Pennsylvania in 1776, near the 
 place, and on the same day, the 
 battle of Brandywine was fought, 
 and emigrated to Ohio in an early 
 day, and was prominently identi- 
 fied with the interests of his adopt- 
 ed State; he served as associate 
 judge of the court of Guernsey 
 county and was elected to repre- 
 sent the county in the State Leg- 
 islature three terms; afterward 
 moved to Illinois, and thence to 
 Keokuk county, Iowa, where he 
 died in September, 1860 ; the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was raised a 
 farmer and came with his parents 
 to this county in the fall of 1839, 
 and took a claim where he now 
 resides ; he has passed the ordeal 
 and experenced the priva- 
 tions of pioneer life, and has 
 held various township offices and 
 was elected justice of the peace 
 when the county was organized, 
 and has held the office almost un- 
 interruptedly since that time; he 
 married Miss Lavina Jeffrey in 
 1845; she died in 1851; after- 
 ward married Miss Rose A. tog- 
 gle; they have two adopted chil- 
 dren : Roscoe and Mary L. ; polit- 
 ically Mr. Henderson is a Demo- 
 crat; he favored the prosecution 
 of the war for the suppression of 
 the rebellion ; his religious views 
 are liberal, and he has devoted a 
 great deal of time in investiga- 
 ting modern spiritualism, and the 
 
 evidence to his mind is without a 
 doubt, and to use his own lan- 
 guage he says two years after his 
 first investigation he developed as 
 a medium, which ultimated in the 
 gift of healing; he is a member 
 of the Masonic fraternity, also a 
 member of the Odd Fellows; is 
 a self-made man; commencing 
 life with but little means, he has 
 by industry and perseverance 
 made for himself a competency, 
 and enjoys the confidence and re- 
 spect of his fellow-citizens. 
 
 Hammes, Nick, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hammes, Peter, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 
 Harper. 
 
 Hanlon, Wm., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Heisdoffer, Mike, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Heisdoffer, Peter, farmer. Sec. 30 ; 
 P. o- Talleyrand. 
 
 Herrick, H. A., blacksmith, Tal- 
 leyrand. 
 
 Hilt, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 8: P. 
 O, Harper. 
 
 Hisel, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Hisel, Eva, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Holmes, L. B., retired farmer, Tal- 
 leyrand. 
 
 Hoffman, J. P., saloon, Talley- 
 rand. 
 
 Horning, Anthony, farmer, Sec. 
 36; P.O.Talleyrand. 
 
 Horning, Martin, farmer, Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Horning, Chris., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Horace, Wendall, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 JAMS, RICHLAND, hotel and 
 
 JL saloon, Talleyrand. 
 
 JOHNSON, S. E., of the firm of 
 
 cJ Johnson & Schreckengast, 
 dealers in general merchandise, 
 Ketoa, P. O. Talleyrand; born in 
 Ashland county, Ohio, March 28, 
 1835; when about three years of 
 
OLEAE CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 697 
 
 age he with his parents moved to 
 DeKalb county, Indiana, where 
 he continued to live till the tall 
 of 1855, when he came to Iowa 
 and located at Talleyrand, re- 
 maining there but one year, and 
 then returned to his native State, 
 where he continued to. reside until 
 1859, and then removed to De- 
 Kalb county,Missouri; while there 
 he was engaged in teaching and 
 surveying until the inaugural of 
 Lincoln in 1861, when, owing to 
 sectional strife, he thought discre- 
 tion the better part of valor and 
 again returned to Talleyrand, 
 where he enlisted in company D, 
 Thirteenth Iowa, as a private un- 
 der Captain Price in October, 
 1861, and continued in that com- 
 pany for two years, and was then 
 transferred to the Sixty-sixth 
 United States Colored Infantry, 
 and was promoted first lieuten- 
 ant, and afterward third adjutant 
 of the regiment, which commis- 
 sion he held until he was mus- 
 tered out of the service. May 31, 
 1866, and returned to his home at 
 Talleyrand; Mr. Johnson's war 
 experience lasted from the begin- 
 ning to the close of the rebellion, 
 and was filled with hard service, 
 and gave him a thorough under- 
 standing of what is meant by the 
 horrors of war; on his return from 
 the army he started a general 
 store at Talleyrand, and the year 
 following (1877) he traded' his 
 store and stock to R. J. Hender- 
 son for the homestead where he 
 now lives, consisting of 200 acres, 
 and September 9, 1869, he was 
 married to Miss Alice, daughter 
 of Robert McCampbell, and by 
 this union they have three daugh- 
 ters and one son: Loie Es telle, 
 Florence, Dora Alice and Albert 
 S. ; Mr. J. is a genial gentleman, 
 quick observer and prompt in bu- 
 siness, as he is generous in his 
 
 43 
 
 social relations, and thoroughly 
 merits the esteem in which he is 
 held by his fellow-citizens. 
 
 JEFFRIES, JOHN, farmer, Sec. -; 
 P. O. Talleyrand; born in Penn- 
 sylvania in 1825, and when three 
 years old his parents emigrated to 
 Ohio, where he lived till the 
 spring of 1844, when he came to 
 Washington county, this State, 
 and from there to this county, in 
 the fall of 1845, and located on 
 his present homestead of eighty 
 acres; he was married first to 
 Miss R. H. Kinkade, of Ohio, in 
 1848, who died in 1851; he was 
 married a second time in this 
 county, in 1852, to ISTancy A. 
 Henderson, who died in 1872 and 
 left two children : R. A. and I. V. ; 
 he was married to his present 
 wife in 1874; her maiden name 
 was Maggie Shaw; he has held 
 the office of county supervisor for 
 two terms and was elected to the 
 third term, but resigned; he was 
 raised on a farm and has always 
 followed farming as an occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 KAUFFMAN, JOHN A., far- 
 mer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. Harper. 
 
 Klett, Godfrey, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Klett, August, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
 Harper. 
 
 Kleckner, Balyar, farmer. Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Keifier, Michael, farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Keibarger, Vince, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Kerchner, George, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Kreger, Wm., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 LEINENCAMP, JOHN, far- 
 mer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Harper. 
 Leike, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Leinen, Matthias, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
698 
 
 DIEEOTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Limebacli, K., farm'fer, Sec. 25; P.O. 
 
 Talleyrand. 
 Lutz, F. A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 
 
 Harper. 
 
 McCAMPBELL, ANDY, 
 farmer, Sec. 25;- P. O. 
 
 Talleyrand. 
 Marquis, Eichard, farmer. Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. Talleyrand. 
 Marquis, David, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 
 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 Marsh, Peter, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Mertz, Peter, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 O. Richland. 
 Mertz, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. 
 
 Talleyrand. 
 Miller. George, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Miner, Gratus, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 Moraine, Matt, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 NEILL, SAMUEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 Npwman, Chas., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Newman, Wm., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Nutz, Peter, blacksmith, Talley- 
 rand. 
 OLIVER, J. 0., farmer, Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 dinger, Peter, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Olinger, P. W., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Oswiler, Michael, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 TFEIi 
 
 Sec. 28.; P. 0. Talleyrand. 
 Pemmey, Albert, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Phiffer, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 
 P. O. Talleyrand. ' 
 Phiffer, Paul, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 
 Harper. 
 Pitzer, Mary A., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Porter, J. M., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 irper. 
 TDEIFFEE, MICHAEL, farmer. 
 
 Ralston, W. S., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 RA3ISEY, CONRAD, farmer. 
 Sec. 25; P. O. Talleyrand; 
 born in Washington county, this 
 State, in 1847, and was raised there 
 and came to this county in 1876; he 
 was raised qn a farm, and has al- 
 ways followed farming as an occu- 
 pation ; October 22, 1878, he was 
 married to Miss Mary Ada Sing- 
 master; they have no family. 
 
 Rand, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Rock, George, merchant, Talleyrand. 
 
 Rudolph, Peter, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Rung, Michael, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 SANDERS. MARTIN, farmer. 
 Sec. 25; P. O.Talleyrand. 
 
 Schram, Peter, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Seiren & Bisser, Talleyrand. 
 
 Sheatz, Adam, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Shockley, John, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 Shuman, John, farmer. See. 26; P. 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 SINGMASTER, SAMUEL, farm- 
 er and importer of thoroughbred 
 Clydesdale and Norman horses. 
 Sec. 36; P. O. Talleyrand; among 
 the pioneers of this county is the 
 subject of this sketch, whose por- 
 trait appears on another page; 
 his nativity is Leliigh county, 
 Pennsylvania, where he was born 
 September 11, 1807, and here he 
 was raised and made his home till 
 in the year 1836, when he came to 
 this State on a prospecting tour, 
 and visited this county and pur- 
 chased land to the amount of 320 
 acres, the same now comprising 
 a part of his pi-esent homestead; 
 he remained but a short time and 
 returned to his native home in 
 Pennsylvania, and two years later, 
 in 1839, he came back and perma- 
 
CLEAE CBEBE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 699 
 
 nertly located on the land which 
 he had formerly purchased, and 
 engaged in farming as an occu- 
 pation, which he has followed 
 since; his means at that time were 
 limited, and he shared all the 
 hardships that are incident to pio- 
 neer life, at times meeting with" 
 the success that attends untiring 
 energy and perseverance, and, on 
 the other hand, suflFering the dis- 
 appointments that seem unavoid- 
 able in preparing a home in a new 
 ■country; a few years after he set- 
 tled in this county his house was 
 taken away by a hurricane, and in 
 1860 his barn and all of his ma- 
 chinery was totally destroyed by 
 fire; yet all this did not discourage 
 him, but prompted him to a more 
 ■decided eifort to replace these 
 losses by honest labor and econ- 
 omy, and to-day he not only en- 
 joys a reasonable competency but 
 has been fortunate in securing a 
 large share of this world's goods; 
 he DOW owns over 2,000 acres of 
 land, most of which are well im- 
 proved; of late years he has made 
 a specialty of importing Clydes- 
 dale and Norman horses, and he 
 manages this class of stock very 
 successfully; as a citizen he is 
 highly respected, and as a neigh- 
 bor, those who have known him 
 longest speak of him as deserving 
 their confidence; he was married 
 in 18 — to Mary Seischolts, of 
 Berks county, Pennsylvania; they 
 have by this union a family of 
 three sons and two daughters: 
 Charles, Thomas, James, Sarah 
 (wife of David Kiser), and Mary 
 Ada (wife of Conrad Kamsey). 
 
 Smith, Frank, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 
 Siiodgrass, Mrs. James, Talleyrand. 
 
 Snider, John, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Spanier, John, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 0. Talleyrand. 
 
 STARR, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 
 
 20; P. O. Talleyrand; born in 
 Germany in 1820, and came to the 
 United States in 1844, and first 
 settled in Ohio, where he lived up 
 to the time he came to this county 
 in the spring of 1867; he owns a 
 farm of 651 acres; was married 
 in Germany in 1844 to Miss Mar- 
 garet Nicol; they have a family 
 of ten children: Michael, John, 
 George, Margaret, Frederick, 
 Mary, Martin, Christian, Annie 
 M. and Lizzie; they have two de- 
 ceased ; he has held various town- 
 ship ofiices and is at present jus- 
 tice of the peace. 
 
 Stein, John, farmer Sec. 17; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Steine, Henry, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Steine, Henry, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 Strickland, L., wagon-maker. Sec. 
 13; P.O.Talleyrand. 
 
 Sundag, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 TINNIS, NICHOLAS, farmer. 
 Sec. 22; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 VASTINE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 33; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 Yogle, George, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Yogle, John, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 
 Talleyrand. 
 
 WALEKICH, JOHN, farmer, 
 Sec. 21; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 "Walerich, Mike, fanner, Sec. 30; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 "Wehr, Nicholas, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 "Wehr, Matthias, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 "Weibly, Louisa, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Wheeler, Maria, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 Wise, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 Wolfe, Michael, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 
 O. Talleyrand. 
 
 YEOMAN, JAMES, farmer, 
 Sec. 14; P. O. Talleyrand. 
 
TOO 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Xj-A.:>TO-A.S1'Eie To-^T^T'isrsmE'. 
 
 A PPLEGATE, BEN., farmer, 
 Jr\. Sec. 2; P.O. Hayesville. 
 Ash, Wm., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 Atwood, Miles, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 
 BAKER,' NICHOLAS, black- 
 smith, Lancaster. 
 Barr, Herman, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 
 0. Lancaster. 
 
 Barlow, James, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. O. 
 
 Hayesville. 
 Basey, Wm., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 BEALL, THEODORE, farmer, 
 See. 19; P. O. Lancaster; born 
 October 17, 1840, in Holmes 
 county, Ohio; at the age of sev- 
 enteen years he came to Iowa and 
 located in Poweshiek county, 
 where he remained until August 
 
 1, 1861; he then enlisted as pri- 
 vate in company F, Tenth Iowa 
 Infantry; was promoted to cor- 
 poral and served until March, 
 1863, when he was discharged to 
 enable him to enlist in the Missis- 
 sippi Marine Brigade, which he 
 did March 1, 1863, and served on 
 the Mississippi river until his dis- 
 charge on the 20th of January, 
 1865 ; he then returned to Brook- 
 lyn, Iowa, and remained there un- 
 til December of the same year; he 
 then came to this county and lo- 
 cated where he now lives; owns 
 123 acres of land; October 17, 
 1866, he was married to Miss Sa- 
 rah E. Utterback, a native of In- 
 diana; they have five children: 
 Ada E., Yirgil S., Corwin M., 
 Lillian E. and Mildred May. 
 
 BEALL, HORATIO L., farmer, 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Lancaster; born in 
 Holmes county, Ohio, September 
 22, 1842; at the age of nineteen 
 years he came to Iowa and located 
 in Poweshiek county, where he re- 
 remained until August 2, 1862, 
 
 when he enlisted in company H,. 
 Twentieth Iowa Infantry and 
 served to the close of the war; was 
 discharged at Davenport, Iowa, 
 August 14, 1865; he was at the 
 battles of Sabine Cross Koads, 
 Cane Eiver, Middle Bayou, Man- 
 sura Bayou, Yellow Bayou, Fish- 
 er's Hill, Cedar Creek and others ;^ 
 after his discharge he came to thia 
 county and located where he now 
 lives, owning 106 acres of land; 
 November 6, 1873, he married 
 Miss Olive A. Goss, a native of 
 this county, having been born in 
 Clear Creek township; have one 
 child : C. L. ; lost one : Mary E. 
 
 Beasley, T. J., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Beekman, Michael, farmer, Sec. 22; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Blatner, John, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Bott, Job, farmer, Lancaster. 
 
 Bott, J. H., farmer, Lancaster. 
 
 BOWMAN, WM., farmer and stock 
 raiser. Sec. 29; P. O. Lancaster; 
 among the many citizens who 
 have given tone and character to 
 Keokuk county, none are deserv- 
 ing of a more prominent place 
 than the subject of this sketch; 
 born in Greene county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, October 13, 1826, and when 
 three years of age was taken by 
 his parents to Ashland county, 
 Ohio, where he lived until he 
 came to Iowa, in 1845, and settled 
 in Henry county, near Mount 
 Pleasant; in 1847 he returned to 
 Ohio and went to Cincinnati and 
 learned the tin, copper and sheet- 
 iron-smith's trade, and from this 
 place went to Virginia; he return- 
 ed to Iowa in 1850 and engaged 
 in the tin and hardware business 
 in New London; he continued in 
 this business until 1856, and then 
 changed his place of residence to 
 
LANCASTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 701 
 
 Richland township, Keoknk coun- 
 ty; in 1858 he moved to Lancas- 
 ter and engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits, and remained in business 
 until 1860, when he returned to 
 his farm in Richland township; he 
 settled where he now resides in 
 1866, and own 761 acres of land; 
 he married Miss Phebe Clark May 
 14, 1850; she was a native of Vir- 
 ginia; their family consists of 
 three children: Wiley C, Elmer 
 D. and Jesse B.; he is a man of 
 independent thought, but of a 
 kind and obliging nature, a man 
 of the people and one true to the 
 highest principles of honor and 
 morality and strict interity; as a 
 citizen, quiet and unostentatious, 
 cordially supporting any measure 
 of real public benelit; socially, he 
 is a gentleman whom to know is 
 only to wish for a more extended 
 acquaintance. 
 
 "Boyce, C. J., and wife, Lancaster. 
 
 BRATER, GEORGE, farmer. 
 Sec. 34; P. O. Manhattan; born 
 in Germany September 11,1835; 
 in 1838 he, with his parents, im- 
 migrated to the United States, 
 landing at New York ; located in 
 Jamesburg, Pennsylvania, and 
 after remaining there for one year 
 moved to Westmoreland county; 
 there he was raised and educated 
 in the common school of that 
 place; he came to Iowa in 1856, 
 and located in German township, 
 this county; he lived there until 
 1865, when he moved upon his 
 present farm ; he owns 480 acres 
 of as fine farm land as can be 
 found in the township, which he 
 has made by hard, honest toil and 
 ^ood management; October 30, 
 1868, he was married to Miss 
 Xatie Sheatz, a native of Germany; 
 they have live children : J. Henry, 
 ■Caroline, Katie, Martha and Min- 
 nie (twins); have lost one daugh- 
 ter: Louisa; Mrs. Brater died May 
 26, 1877; she was supposed to 
 
 have been killed by a man named 
 Hazeltine, who was tried and ac- 
 quitted. 
 Bradley, W. P., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 BROLLIAR, C, farmer, Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Manhattan; born in Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania, March 31, 
 1819; when eight years of age his 
 parents moved to Knox county, 
 Ohio, where he remained until 
 1843; he then moved to Iroquois 
 county, Illinois, where he resided 
 until 1845, then coming to this 
 county; he located in Richland 
 township, and after remaining 
 there for one winter moved to 
 Jackson township; he moved upon 
 his present homestead of 600 
 acres in 1855, and has since re- 
 sided there; he has been, county 
 supervisor for three years, and for 
 four years was postmaster at Man- 
 hattan; he is a mill-wright by 
 trade, but has done* little at' it for 
 the past 16 years; December 19, 
 1844, he was married to Miss 
 Mary Jane Courtright, a native of 
 Ohio; she died September 9, 1879, 
 leaving ten children: Isaac C, 
 Elijah, G. W. M., Mary, Samuel, 
 Albert L., Ross, Jacob, Charles 
 and Emma A.; Willie is deceased; 
 Mr. B. is an old settler of the 
 county, and is a thorough farmer; 
 he has never missed a crop since 
 he has been in the State. 
 Brolliar, Elijah, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 Brown, J. C, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. O. 
 
 Hayesville. 
 BRUNT, W. H., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Lancaster; born in North 
 Carolina March 22, 1810; when 
 19 years of age he, with his pa- 
 rents, moved to Rush county, In- 
 diana, where he remained until 
 1835, then removing to Madison 
 county, Indiana; he remained 
 there until the spring of 1848, 
 when he came to Iowa, and in May 
 of the same year located -on hia 
 
702 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKPK COtTNTT. 
 
 present homestead of 140 acres; 
 Mr. Brunt received his education 
 in the common schools of North 
 Carolina, and while iu Indiana en- 
 gaged in teaching, which he fol- 
 lowed for several years; in 1839 
 he was ordained as an elder in the 
 Christian chnrch in Madison coun- 
 ty , Indiana, and has pursued his 
 chosen calling with untiring zeal 
 and energy ; he has been connected 
 with the Lancaster chnrch since 
 September, 1848, and has always 
 manifested, a deep interest in its 
 temporal and spiritual welfare; 
 February 21, 1832, he married 
 Miss Nancy Williams, a native of 
 Maryland; she died October 25, 
 1874, leaving a family of five 
 children, four of whom are now 
 living: Sarah A., John M., Sam- 
 uel "W . and Elizabeth ; one : James 
 M., is deceased; he is one of the 
 old settlers, and prominent among 
 those who have endured the hard- 
 ships and trials of pioneer life; 
 he has given homes to each of his 
 children, having earned his iirst 
 money by teaching; he was elected 
 school-fund commissioner of the 
 county in 1852, and held that office 
 until it was abolished in Septem- 
 ber, 1858; in 1859 he was elected 
 county treasurer, and served for 
 two years with credit to himself 
 and the satisfaction of the county. 
 
 Brunt, Lu, farmer. Sec. 80; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Bryant, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Bucher, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 26;' P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Burr, Celia, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 CAESON, J. E., farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 Carson, G. M., Lancaster. 
 CHASTAIN, MRS. ELIZA- 
 BETH., farmer,_ Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Hayesville; born in Tennessee Ap- 
 pril 21, 1815; when two years of 
 age her parents moved Lafayette 
 
 county, Missouri; there she wa» 
 raised and educated; never in her 
 life did she go to school where- 
 there was a window in the build- 
 ing; March 9, 1831, she married 
 Mr. Benjamin Chastain, a native 
 of Virginia; in 1833 they moved 
 to Morgan county, Illinois, where 
 they resided for two years, then go- 
 ing to Macoupin county, Illinois, 
 where they lived for about four 
 years; in 1838 they came to Iowa 
 and located in Jefferson county;, 
 lived there until 1845 and then 
 came to this county, and moved 
 on the farm where she now re- 
 sides in 1847; owns 180 acres ot 
 land; they entered their land 
 from the government; June 7,. 
 1853, her husband was killed 
 while handling a span of colts; 
 left four children: Joel H. (now. 
 in Washington Territory), and 
 Martha J. (now Mrs. Aaron Bu- 
 her), living, and Christopher C, 
 John B. and Samara A. (who 
 married Mr. Wm. Hubbird), de- 
 
 Clark, H. S., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 CLINGAN, G. S., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Manhattan ; born in Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, February 
 22, 1818; when fifteen years of 
 age he, with his parents, moved 
 to Trumbull county, Ohio; in 1844 
 lie came to Iowa, locating in Lee 
 county, near Keokuk, and in 1846 
 moved to Mahaska countj', where 
 he remained until August, 1843;. 
 he then came to this county and 
 settled where he now lives; owns- 
 101 acres of land; he is a carpen- 
 ter by trade, and was educated in 
 the common schools; March 19, 
 1845, he married Margaret Ar- 
 cher, a native of Stark county, 
 Ohio; they have six children: 
 Gnstavus A., Alvin M., Sarah J., 
 Mary, Henrietta M. and Joseph;, 
 have lost four: George A., Olive, 
 Eosella and Eose Anna (twins);, 
 
 ■'^SM 
 
LAUCASTBB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 70S 
 
 he is a member of the Christian 
 Church and in 1855 was ordained 
 as an elder of the church, and has 
 preached more or less ever since; 
 he is one of the old settlers of the 
 county; is a man of generous im- 
 pulses, and ever ready to assist 
 those in need. 
 
 Clingan, A. M., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 
 . 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Oockran, A. J., Lancaster. 
 
 Cole, H. H., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Conner, "Wm., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Conner, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 0. Sigournej. 
 
 Conner, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 CRAIG, JAMES, retired farmer, 
 Lancaster; born in Green coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, October 10, 1811, 
 and lived there until sixteen years 
 of age, and then removed to John- 
 son county, Indiana, and lived 
 there until he came to this county 
 in 1847; he has held various 
 township offices; he married Miss 
 Juliet Jacobs in 1834; she was 
 born in Shelby county, Kentucky; 
 they have no children of their 
 own, but have raised three. 
 
 Cramley, Henry, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Cnlp, George, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 DAYIS, A. A., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Dawson, Thornton, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. 0. Hayesville. 
 
 Dermont, Peter, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 0. Lancaster. 
 
 Dermont, J^icholas, farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. 0. Lancaster. 
 
 DOGGETT, CATHARINE, farm- 
 er. Sec. 21; P. 0. Lancaster; born 
 in Kentucky, December 5, 1805; 
 there she was raised and educated 
 in the common schools; in 1830 
 she moved to Indiana, and in 1844 
 came to Iowa and located where 
 she now lives, having lived on the 
 
 same farm since; she owns 115 
 acres of land; August 8, 1828, 
 she was married to Presley Dog- 
 gett, a native of Kentucky; he 
 died June 14, 1872, leaving a fam- 
 ily of twelve children: Andrew 
 J., Shelby, Justin, Amanda, Sarah 
 C, Burnetta, Melissa and Addison 
 (twins), living, and Mary, Leon- 
 ard, William and Emily, deceas- 
 ed; she is one of the pioneer set- 
 tlers of the county, and when 
 they came to it there were but 
 very few settlers here. 
 
 Dogett, Addison, farmer. Sec. 21; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 DOGETT, A. J., farmer. Sec. 27; 
 P. O. Lancaster; born in Ken- 
 tucky, January 29, 1829; in 1838 
 he moved with his parents to In- 
 diana, remaining there until 1843; 
 he then came to Iowa, and located 
 in Henry county; resided there 
 for about one year, and then mov- 
 ed to this county, locating on the 
 place where he now resides; he 
 has resided on one farm as long 
 as any man in the township, and 
 owns 404 acres of land; October21, 
 1852, he was united in marriage 
 with Miss Mary Gilliland, a na- 
 tive of Indiana; they have nine 
 children: America, Eugene, The- 
 odocia, Catharine, Louisa, May, 
 Virginia, Susan and Bertie; have 
 lost three: Theodore, Albert and 
 Arnold. 
 
 Duree, Samuel W., farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 
 ELDRIDGE, MADISON P., farm- 
 er. Sec. 30; P. O. Lancaster; born 
 on the 20th day of August, 1817, 
 in the State of New York; at the 
 age of nineteen he started West, 
 and lived in various places until 
 1849, when he settled in Stephen- 
 son county, Illinois, and lived 
 there until 1865, when he remov- 
 ed to this county, and settled 
 where he now lives; he has 330 
 acres of land, and has accumula- 
 ted what he now enjoys by Indus- 
 
704 
 
 DIEBOTOET OF KEOKTJK COUNTY. 
 
 try, energy and honesty, and is an 
 example of what may be done by 
 any young man if he only has 
 the disposition; he was married 
 November 14, 1849, to Miss So- 
 phia Galord, a native of New 
 York; they have five children 
 living: Lucretia, Lucy, Daniel, 
 Minnie and Mary E.; they have 
 lost two: Barber and Jessie. 
 
 JEldridge, Koss, Lancaster. 
 
 Eldridge, M. P., farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Eldridge, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 ESTEP, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. -; P. 
 O. Hayesville; born in Missouri, 
 March 9, 1855 ; there he was rais- 
 ed and lived until the spring of 
 1875, when he came to this coun- 
 ty, where he has since resided; 
 owns 120 acres of land; October 
 14, 1879, he was married to Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Jones, a native of In- 
 diana; she has five children by 
 former marriage; Millie M., 
 John H., Olive J., Margaret M. 
 and Estella May; lost three: Geo. 
 Wm., Mary F. and Thomas A. 
 
 FERAND, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 20; P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 ■Flanigan, Ed., Lancaster. 
 
 Fallman, Henry, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Fallman, Fred, merchant, Lancaster. 
 
 Fry, H. A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 FULLER, FREDERICK, farmer 
 Sec. 7; P. O. Sigournej'; born in 
 Ohio, November 29, 1833; there 
 he was raised and educated in the 
 common schools ; he came to 
 Iowa in 1860, locating in Cedar 
 county; in 1861 removed to Iowa 
 county, where he lived until the 
 spring of 1869, when he came to 
 this county, locating wherehenow 
 lives; owns a farm of ninety-four 
 acres; has been twice married; 
 February 8, 1853, he married 
 Miss Charity E. Halstead, a na- 
 tive of Ohio; they had four chil- 
 
 dren: Freeman A., George E., 
 Ernest A. and Oren B. ; February 
 19, 1872, he was divorced from 
 her; married again to Miss Hen- 
 rietta Poor, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, May 28, 1872. 
 
 GASTON, S. H., merchant, 
 Hayesville; born in Steady 
 Eun township, this county, De- 
 cember 18, 1852; educated in the 
 common schools and "Wesleyan 
 University, of Mount Pleasant; 
 after a mercantile experience of 
 two years in Martinsburgh, he 
 came to Lancaster, and located 
 where he now lives ; he owns for- 
 ty-one acres of land ; deals in gen- 
 eral merchandise; is also post- 
 master of Hayesville, which posi- 
 tion he has held since the spring 
 of 1875; March 11, 1874, he was 
 married to Miss Delia Hayes, a 
 native of this township; they have 
 two children: Fred and Hattie. 
 
 Gaylard, F. H., farmer,. Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Gilliland, S. A., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Gillett, I. C, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Gilliland, W. S., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Gladfelter, Sam., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Griffin, J. S., farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 HAHN, AMNA, farmer. Sec. 
 27; P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 Halstead, Amos, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Hankey, Henry, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P" 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 HARRIS, S. C, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Manhattan; born in Tennessee 
 March 9, 1809; was raised there 
 and there he lived until 1832, when 
 he moved to Macoupin county, 
 Illinois, remaining there until 
 1845 ; he then came to Towa and 
 located in this county, and after 
 remaiuing here until 1857 he re- 
 moved to Missouri; after the 
 
LANOASTEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 705 
 
 breaking out of the war he re- 
 turned to this county in 1862, and 
 in 1868 moved upon his present 
 
 ■ homestead of forty acres; January 
 Si, 1852, he was married to Miss 
 Mary Rydon, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania; they have by this union 
 five children: Franklin P., Melis- 
 sa, Jennie, Thomas P., and Flor- 
 ence; Mr. H. is one of the old set- 
 
 ■ tiers of the county; has been clerk 
 of the board of commissioners, 
 deputy sheriflF, county treasurer 
 (by appointment), drainage com- 
 missioner, was appointed by the 
 county judge to select and survey 
 the swamp lands; has held the 
 office of assessor in the county and 
 township for three terms. 
 
 HARDESTY, SAMUEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 21 ; P. O. Hayesville; born 
 in Coshocton, Ohio, in 1813, and 
 remained there until 10 years of 
 age, and from there went to 
 Fountain county, Indiana, and 
 lived there about five years, and 
 then removed to Delaware coun- 
 ty, the same State, and lived there 
 
 . until he came to this county in 
 184:0; he owns a farm of 239^ 
 acres; he is a pioneer in all that 
 the term means, and has experi- 
 enced all the hardships incident to 
 pioneer life; he at one time had 
 
 . his rifle drawn on the Indian chief 
 Wapello, and ten days after this 
 incident he died, and Mr. Hardes- 
 ty was employed to take his re- 
 mains to Agency City for burial; 
 he married Miss Sophia Markers, 
 April 7, 1842; she was born in 
 Coshocton county, Ohio; they 
 have nine children : Harvey, Tiio- 
 mas, Charles, George, James, 
 Mary E., Eebecca, Clariet, and 
 Joseph D. 
 
 HARMAN, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 6; P. O. Hayesville; born in Fay- 
 ette county, Virginia; he came 
 with his parents to Iowa in 1842, 
 and settled upon the same section 
 on which they now reside; he 
 
 owns 353 acres of land; his father, 
 M. M. Harman, was one of the 
 oldest settlers of this township, 
 and built the first house in Lan- 
 caster; February 24, 1860, he mar- 
 ried Miss Sarah J. Harman, a na- 
 tive of Indiana; she died February 
 20, 1866, leaving two children: 
 Ida and Arthur; married again to 
 Miss Lenora Hankins, of Virginia; 
 they have two children: Ella L. 
 and George L. ; Mrs. H. has three 
 children by a former marriage: 
 James, Rosa B., and John J. 
 
 Hayes, J. W., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Herman, B. D., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Herman, Michael, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 HUBBIRD, W. H., farmer. Sec. 
 34; P. O. Hayesville; borfi in In- 
 diana August 7, 1831; attended 
 the common schools, and when 17 
 years of age he determined to 
 come West, which he did, stop- 
 ping in Iowa and locating where 
 he now lives in 1848, and has lived 
 here ever since; owns a fine farm 
 of 250 acres ; has been town clerk 
 for three terms, justice of the 
 peace (which office he now holds), 
 four times elected and once ap- 
 pointed, and school director; he 
 has taught school several times 
 since he has resided here; Decem- 
 ber 29, 1855, he married Samaria 
 A. Chastain, a native of Missouri; 
 she died January 31, 1861, leaving 
 a family of three children: B. F., 
 Mary E., and Samaria A.; he mar- 
 ried again to Mrs. Martha J. Her- 
 rell May 7, 1865, a native of In- 
 diana; have two children : Willie 
 H. and Lottie; Mrs. H. has two 
 children by a former marriage: 
 Albert E. and Laura Z. ; he has 
 the most extensive fruit farm in 
 the county, to which he is devot- 
 ing considerable attention; he has 
 500 trees of small fruit. 
 
706 
 
 DIEBOTOET OF KBOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Hobert, Matthias, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 XACOBS, NOAH, farmer, Sec. 
 
 31 ; p. O. Lancaster. 
 
 JACOBS, B. B., fanner, Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Hayesville; born in Ohio Au- 
 gust 18, 1828 ; when seven years of 
 age his parents moved to Johnson 
 county, Indiana; came to this 
 county in 1848, and moved on the 
 farm which he now occupies in 
 1857; ovt-ns 586 acres of land; has 
 made all his estate except one 
 eighty himself, with the assistance 
 of his own family; he is one of the 
 old settlers of this township, hav- 
 ing resided in it since his marriage 
 to Miss Margaret McGahey, of 
 Indiana, June 5,1850; they have 
 nine children: Josephine (now 
 Mrs. Thomas Griffin), Martha J., 
 Mary A. (now Mrs. Samuel Ja- 
 cobs), Harriet, Nancy B., Alvin, 
 Francis, George and Joseph ; have 
 lost two: William and Austin. 
 
 Jacobs, Abe, farmer, P. O.Lancaster. 
 
 Jacobs, Austin, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
 O, Lancaster. 
 
 Jacobs, W. A., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Jacobs, Bennett, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Jacobs, Lydia, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Jacobs, P. H., farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Jennings, T. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Johnson, C. A., Lancaster. 
 
 Jones, James, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Jones, George, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 KEIFER, J. S., farmer, Sec. 
 28; P. O. Lancaster. 
 Keister, Elijah, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Hayesville. 
 Kelley, W. R, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 
 O. Sigonrney. 
 Kensel, Theodore, farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Kester, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 
 O. Lancaster. 
 Kester, Elijah, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Hayesville. 
 Koch, Matthias, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 LEE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 30; 
 P O Hayesville; born inMary- 
 land, Januai'y 31, 1884; there h& 
 was raised, and lived until 1854,. 
 when he moved to Iowa and located 
 near "Webster; came on the place 
 where he now resides in the 
 springof 1872; has followed farm- 
 ing all of his life; owns 110 acres 
 of land; has held .the office of 
 school director; August 14, 1862, 
 he enlisted in company B., Thirty- 
 third Iowa Infantry and served 
 till the close of the war, being 
 discharged July 17, 1865; partici- 
 pated in all the battles in which 
 the regiment was engaged, among 
 which were Camden, Saline, Little- 
 Rock, Union City, Tennesee, Mo- 
 bile and many others; was mar- 
 ried September 30, 1856 to Miss 
 Sarah E Kodgers, a native of 
 Pennsylvania; have five children : 
 Willie, Addie, Johnnie, Daisy 
 and Gray; lost two: Eoy and an 
 infant. 
 
 Lepard, Calvin, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Limbach, Casper, farmer. Sec. 35; 
 P. 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Long, J. P., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Lowe, L. W., Lancaster. 
 
 McCORMIC, J. H., farmer. 
 Sec. 35; P. O. Sigourney; 
 born in Summit county, Ohio, 
 February 22, 1838; there he was 
 raised and educated, attending 
 the common schools of that State; 
 in the fall of 1859 he came to 
 this county and located in Lancas- 
 ter; after remaining there for two 
 years he went to Sigourney; there 
 he resided until 1867, when he 
 moved upon the farm which he 
 
LANCASTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 lor 
 
 now owns, and which consists of 
 220 acres of good land; is a black- 
 smitli by trade, iiaving ' worked 
 at that business for twenty-six 
 years; he has, at present, a shop 
 on his farm, but does little at it 
 excepting his own work; he deals 
 quite extensively in horses, and 
 has shipped a great many to Den- 
 ver, Colorado; April 17, 1860, he 
 married Miss Hildah Stone, of 
 Indiana; have three children: 
 Fred. Alva, Cora V. and Lotta A. 
 
 McGrew, William, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 
 McGrew, Mary M., farmer, Sec. 27; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 McMillan, M. P.. and wife, farmers. 
 Sec. 2; P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 Malcomb, Arthur,, farmer, Sec. 27; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 Mallinger, John, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Maple, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 0. Haveville. 
 
 MARTIN, ED. M., farmer, Sec, 29; 
 P. 0. Lancaster; born in Ohio, 
 September 24, 1830, and at the 
 age of twelve years he came with 
 his parents to Yan Buren county, 
 Iowa, where they remained until 
 the spring of 1854, when they re- 
 moved to this county, and in 1856 
 located on his present farm which 
 consists of 89 acres, which he has 
 made by hard, honest toil, and on 
 August 13, 1856, he was married 
 to Miss Eliza A. Goss, a native 
 of Ohio; have six children: 
 Lizzie E., Elmer L., Bertha M., 
 Guy H., Kate, A. and Joseph W.; 
 lost one daughter: Mary. 
 
 MARTIN, J., farmer,_Sec. 20; R 
 0. Lancaster: born in Virginia, 
 April 10, 1803, and emigrated to 
 Iowa in 1839, and settled in Van 
 Buren county, and came to this 
 county in 1855, and owns 204 
 acres of land; married Miss 
 Eebecca Knox, in 1824; she was 
 born in Westmoreland county, 
 Pennsylvania, and died in 1858; 
 
 he afterward married Miss Mary 
 Bemberger, in 1858; she was a 
 native of Pennsylvania; hav& 
 three children: Ann Eliza, Job B., 
 and Edward M., and has lost 
 three daughters: Louisa, Mary 
 J., (who was the wife of P. L. 
 Eckerly), and Catharine, (who was- 
 the wife of Orr); one daugh- 
 ter married Samuel Bart; he' 
 enlisted in the Sixth Iowa Infan- 
 try, and was killed at the battle of 
 Resaca; left one child: Emma* 
 L. Twife of Kline Kleister). 
 MILLER, GEORGE, DR., physi- 
 cian and surgeon, Lancaster; born 
 in France in 1812, and came to the 
 United States in 1830, and set- 
 tled in Pennsylvania; he made' 
 choice of medicine as a profes- 
 sion, and after pursuing his medi- 
 cal studies commenced the prac- 
 tice of his profession in 1836, and 
 after a residence of two years in 
 Wheeling, Virginia, he removed 
 to Cedar county, Iowa, in 1854, 
 and after a residence here of four 
 years he moved to Missouri in 
 1858, and in 1860 came to Lan- 
 caster, and has been practicing 
 his profession since that time; h& 
 married Miss Martha JaneGourley 
 in 1837; she was born in Hunting- 
 don county, Pennsylvania; their 
 family consists of five children r 
 William, Leander, George,. 
 Cynette and Margaret J. 
 Melcom, Silas, farmer. Sec. 30; P_ 
 
 O. Hayesville. 
 Melcom, John N"., farmer. Sec. 30;. 
 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 MOORE, B. C. merchant, Lancas- 
 ter; born in North Carolina ini 
 1816, and was there raised on a 
 farm; he moved to Morgan county, 
 Indiana, in 1S38, and came to this- 
 county in 1854, and has since re- 
 sided here; he has held various 
 township offices, and is at present 
 justice of the peace; he also holds- 
 "the office of postmaster at this- 
 place; he married Miss Elizabeth 
 
708 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 Sims in 1845; she was born in 
 North Carolina; they have four 
 children: George, Oliver, Mary 
 and Kobert W. 
 Morrow, J. S. farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 'EY, JOHlSr P., Lancaster. 
 
 N' 
 
 PARKHILL, SAMUEL,farmer, 
 Sec. 32; P.O. Lancaster; born 
 in Ireland May 31, 1838; there 
 he was principally raised and edu- 
 cated in the common schools; 
 when 16 years of age he emigrated 
 to the United States, landing at 
 New York; he immediately went 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio, and i-emained 
 there for five years, engaging in 
 the bakery business, which he 
 learned at that place; in 1859 he 
 moved to Johnson county, Indiana, 
 and there engaged in farming; he 
 remained there until the fall of 
 1862, when he enlisted, August 
 15, in company K, One Hun- 
 -dreth Indiana Yolunteer Infantry ; 
 he served until the close of the 
 war; he participated in all the 
 battles in which the regiment was 
 ■engaged, receiving a slight wound 
 in the left arm at Kenesaw 
 Mountain; he was discharged 
 ■June 4, 1865, and returned to 
 Indiana, where he remained but a 
 short time; came to Iowa in No- 
 vember of the same year and lo- 
 cated at Fairfield; he lived there 
 for four years, engaging in the 
 grocery business for two years, 
 and farming for two years; he 
 •came to thie county in 1869, and 
 located where he now lives; he 
 owns 140 acres of land; No- 
 vember 15, 1865, he married Miss 
 Louisa Young, a native of Indiana; 
 they have four children : Willard, 
 Sarah A., Charles and Joseph; 
 lost one: Laura E. 
 
 Tarkhill, Alex., Lancaster. 
 
 Pennington, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 26 ; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Pike, C. H., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 PORTER, JAMES C, farmer, 
 Sec. 27; P. O. Hayesville; born 
 April 18, 1861, upon the farm 
 which he now owns and lives on; 
 he has two sisters, Mary E., born 
 September 28, 1850, and Sylvia 
 A., born September 2, 1854; they 
 all lived together; their father, 
 James M. Porter, a native of 
 Pennsylvania, came to this county 
 and located on the same farm in 
 1857; he married Miss Eliza J. 
 Ross March 19, 1847; after a long 
 sickness she died, leaving one son 
 and two daughters, August 22, 
 1870; January 22, 1874, the father 
 died, leaving the three children 
 alone ; they remained together 
 until February 17, 1878, when 
 Miss Mary E. was married to J. 
 K. Long, of this township; since 
 that time the remaining two have 
 resided together and run the farm, 
 in which undertaking they have 
 been eminently successful. 
 
 POWER, ABNER B., farmer, 
 Sec. 7; P. O. Manhattan; born in 
 Washington county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, November 6, 1843; when 
 eight years of age he, with his 
 parents, came to this county, where 
 he has since resided; in 1868 he 
 moved on the place where he now 
 resides; he owns 242 acres of land; 
 August 13, 1862, he enlisted m 
 company C, Nineteenth Iowa 
 Volunteer Infantry, and served 
 until the close of the war; he was 
 in all the battles in which the reg- 
 iment was engaged; he was slight- 
 ly wounded at.the battle of Prairie 
 Grove; Septemker 29, 1863, he 
 was taken prisoner at the battle of 
 Organza, Louisiana, and was sent 
 to Tyler, Texas; he remained there 
 most of the time, but was sent to 
 Shreevesport and Alexandria, Lou- 
 isiana; he was exchanged July 2, 
 1864; he was discharged July 31, 
 
LANOASTEE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 709' 
 
 1865, at Davenport, Iowa, and re- 
 turned to his home and resumed 
 farming; May 27, 1869, he mar- 
 ried Miss Sarah A. Morgan, a na- 
 tive of Indiana; they liave four 
 children: Ada E., William W., 
 Daniel B. and Ella B; lost one: 
 Mary A. 
 
 RAGAN, W. A. H., farmer, Sec. 
 20 ; P. O. Lancaster; born in Penn- 
 sylvania, March 16, 1813; there 
 he was raised and educated 
 in the common schools of that 
 State; in 1851 he came to 
 Iowa and located in Wash- 
 ington county; after remaining 
 there for three years he came to 
 Lancaster and settled on Sec. 31, 
 where Mr. Eldridge now lives; 
 he remained there about ten 
 years and came upon his present 
 farm in 1869; owns two hundred 
 acres of land, the most of which 
 he has made himself by 
 hard, honest toil; has held the 
 office of constable; February 
 9, 1843, he married Miss 
 Catharine Grim, a native of 
 Pennsylvania; have nine chil- 
 dren: Collin B., John J., Geo. 
 W., Mary J., Theodore, Pliilip, 
 Louisa, William Edmond, and Jo- 
 seph Grant; lost one: Sarah F. 
 
 Ragan, John J., farmer. Sec. 20; 
 P. O. Lancaster. 
 
 Eandall, Wm., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 0. Lancaster. 
 
 .Reynolds, A. W. farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 Reynolds, B. C, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 RICHARDSON, ANSON, farmer. 
 Sec. 34; P. O. Hayesville; born in 
 Ohio, December 2, 1814; when 
 seven years of age his parents 
 moved to Indiana; he was educat- 
 ed in the common schools of that 
 State, and there he lived until 
 1836, when he removed to McDon- 
 ough county, Illinois; in 1844 he 
 came to this county, and with his 
 family, located on Sec. 24, Steady 
 
 Run township, entering the land 
 from the government; in 1861 he- 
 came to this township and located 
 where he now resides; owns sixty 
 acres of land; is one of the old 
 settlers of the county; is a cooper- 
 by trade but at present is not fol- 
 lowing it as an occupation; he- 
 has owned a good deal of land 
 but has disposed of it to his chil- 
 dren, reserving only a small por- 
 tion for himself; married Febru- 
 ary 19, 1835, to Miss Lydia A. 
 Weller; she was born December 
 2, 1818, in Kentucky; have had 
 fifteen children, six of whom are- 
 no w living: Johnathan T. (physi- 
 cian of Harper), Joel (now county 
 clerk), Isaac BL, George, John E.,. 
 Katie L. (now Mrs. Daniel 
 Hayes); Mr. R. is a man who has 
 always been held in high regard 
 by his neighbors, and ever dis- 
 pensing his hospitalities with an 
 open hand. 
 
 Richardson, George, farmer, Sec 34;; 
 F. O. Hayesville. 
 
 Richardson, I., H., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 
 Robinson, J. S., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Hayesville. 
 
 Schmidt, Alex., farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
 0. Manhattan. 
 
 SHERLOCK, DR. P., physician 
 and surgeon, Lancaster; born 
 Mar. 10, 1845, in Ohio; when three 
 years of age he, with his parents,, 
 moved to this county; here he was 
 raised and received his education 
 from the common schools, supple- 
 mented by one year's course in 
 Howes' Academy, of Mt. Pleas- 
 ant; he studied medicine with the 
 late Dr. Huff, of Sigourney in 
 1875-6; attended medical lectures 
 at the Iowa State University of 
 Iowa City; he began the practice 
 of his profession in that place in 
 November, 1876, and has follow- 
 ed it since; has built up a good 
 practice in his profession ; he is a 
 self-made man and has gained the 
 
710 
 
 DIKEOTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 good name and position he now 
 occupies in the hearts of the peo- 
 ple by his own hard, honest en- 
 deavors; is very successful as a 
 physician and as years roll on we 
 predict for him a mark on the list 
 -of eminent men of his profession; 
 married Miss America Doggott, a 
 native of this township March 7, 
 1871; they have two children: 
 Maggie and Arthur; lost one, Va- 
 rina. 
 
 SHIRKEY, J.R., farmer, Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Manhattan; born in Vir- 
 ginia, May 29, 1825; when seven 
 years of age, he, with his parents, 
 moved to Seneca county, Ohio, 
 where he was raised; he lived 
 there until 1858, when he came to 
 Iowa and located where he now 
 lives; he owns sixty-five acres of 
 land; February 10, 1854, he mar- 
 ried Miss Martha C. Elliott, a na- 
 tive of Pennsylvania; she died 
 ■July 24, 1869, leaving a family of 
 two children: Oren E., living and 
 Eufus, deceased ; he married again 
 December 7, 1869, to Mrs. Mary 
 A. Morgan, a native of Indiana; 
 by this union they have four chil- 
 dren: Elzora, George O., Martha 
 M., and John M. ; Mrs. S. has one 
 child by former marriage: Lillie 
 Belle. 
 
 SHIRKEY, 0. E., farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Manhattan; born in Ohio, 
 November 4, 1852; in 1856 he, 
 with his parents, came to Iowa and 
 located in this township; owns a 
 good farm of ninety- three acres; 
 received his education in the com- 
 mon schools; August 2±, 1875, he 
 married Miss Sarah Parkhill, a 
 native of Ireland; they have two 
 children: Jonathan R. and Navy 
 D. 
 
 STARR, J. G., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
 Manhattan; born in Columbus, 
 Ohio, October 30, 1849; he was 
 there raised and educated in the 
 common schools; in 1867 he came 
 to this county, locating in Clear 
 
 Creek township; he moved upon 
 his present farm in October, 1875; 
 he owns 130 acres of land; he has 
 been town trustee, an office which 
 he now holds; May 9, 1876, he 
 married Miss Mary Biewen, a na- 
 tive of Germany; they have three 
 children: Lillie, Annie and 011a; 
 he has made most of his property 
 himself. 
 
 SMITH, ALFRED H., farmer and 
 stock-raiser, Sec. 19; P. O. Lan- 
 caster; born in Hendricks county, 
 Indiana, July 6, 1828, and lived 
 there until eleven years of age, 
 and then came, with his parents, 
 to this county, August 11, 1839, 
 and settled in Richland township; 
 he was raised a farmer and also 
 learned the trade of carpenter and 
 followed it as an occupation for 
 some years; he is now, in connec- 
 tion with farming, giving consid- 
 erable attention to the raising of 
 good graded horses, hogs and 
 chickens; he married Miss Mary 
 E. Woodward, of Richland, Iowa, 
 September 6, 1849; she was born 
 and raised in Hendricks county, 
 Indiana; they have two children 
 living: Walter D., born July 1, 
 1853, and Arthur D., born Janu- 
 ary 30, 1855 ; they lost one daugh- 
 ter: Linda Frances, October 4, 
 1850; Arthur D. was married 
 November 4, 1879, to Miss Mary 
 Eastburn, of Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 STRONG, MRS. MARIA, farmer, 
 Sec. 20 ; P. O. Lancaster ; born in 
 Greene county, Ohio, December 
 28, 1818; in 1830, she, with her 
 parents, moved to Indiana; there 
 she was raised; in 1841 she, with 
 her husband, moved to Sullivan 
 county, Missouri, and came to 
 Iowa, locating in Wapello in 1849; 
 remained there until 1854, and 
 then came to this county and lo- 
 cated where she now resides ; owns 
 200 acres of land; February 14, 
 1833, she married Mr. E*. W. 
 Strong, who was born November 
 
LANCASTEB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 711 
 
 19, 1809, in New York; he died 
 January 26, 1875, leaving a family 
 of eleven children, six of whom 
 are living: William J., Lewis C, 
 Samantha, Cordelia, Franklin P. 
 and Celestia H.; Silas, Luvicia, 
 Alfred R. and John are deceased. 
 
 Swearingen, Jas. M., farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 .•Swearingen, S. H., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Swearingen, J. T., farmer, Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 Swearingen, W. A., farmer. Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 SULLIVAN,CATHARINE,farm- 
 er. Sec. 1; P. O. Lancaster; born 
 in county Cork, Ireland, Decem- 
 ber 25, 1824; she lived thereuntil 
 1840, when, though only a young 
 girl, she bid adieu to her native 
 land and her parents, and leaving 
 all behind, came to the United 
 States with her uncle, Mr. Dennis 
 Kelly, landing at Boston; there 
 she lived for about six years, when, 
 on the 20th of Ifovember, 1849, 
 she was married to Mr. Dennis 
 Sullivan, a native of Ireland; they 
 came to Illinois in 1859, and after 
 remaining ten years, came to this 
 county, locating where she now 
 lives; Mr. Sullivan died March 
 19, 1873, leaving her with seven 
 children, six of whom are now 
 living: Kate, Josephine, Ellen, 
 Honora, Cornelius J., William D. ; 
 lost one: Mary D. 
 
 TEUSCHER, DAVID, farmer. 
 Sec. 26; P. O. Manhattan. 
 Thill, Peter and John, farmers. Sec. 
 25; P. O. Manhattan. 
 
 UTTERBACK, JOSIAH, far- 
 mer, stock-raiser, stock-dealer 
 and stock-feeder. Sec. 25; P. O. 
 Sigourney; born in Indiana in 
 1834 and lived there until he came 
 •to this county in 1850, his father 
 being one of the early settlers of 
 the county; he owns 475 acres of 
 choice land, and his improvements 
 are among the best in the county; 
 
 he deals to a considerable exttent 
 in stock; he has been prominently 
 identified with the growth and 
 prosperity of his township and 
 has held various township offices; 
 he married Miss Frances E. Dyer 
 in 1854; she was born in Indiana; 
 they have eight children; Gil- 
 bert F., Adna M., Edward, Edith, 
 Addie, Emma, Josie and Rosa. 
 
 Utterback, David, farmer, Sec. 34; 
 P. 0. Hayesville. 
 
 Utterback, J. J., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Utterback, Corban, farmer, Sec. 13; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Utterback, Labon, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 
 VITTETOE, J. S., farmer, Sec. 
 25; P.O.Lancaster; born in In- 
 diana September 16, 1842; when 
 four years of age he, with his pa- 
 rents, came to Iowa, locating in 
 this township; in the spring of 
 1876 he moved on the place where 
 he now resides and which consists 
 of 80 acres of land; he has made 
 most of his land himself by his 
 own efforts; he received his edu- 
 cation from the common schools; 
 March 3, 1867, he married Miss 
 Malinda Utterback, a native of 
 Indiana; they have nine children; 
 Charles C, Leonard L., Nellie M., 
 Parmelia J., Sarah F., Rosa K., 
 John R., Joseph E. and Malinda 
 M. 
 
 T A /"ACHTER, JOHN, farmer, 
 VV Sec. 35; P. O. Manhat- 
 tan. 
 
 Wagoner, F. M., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 WALKER, ELI., miller. Sec.—; 
 P. 0. Sigourney; born in Darke 
 county, Ohio, in 1830, where he 
 was raised; he came to this State 
 in 1852, settling in Jones county, 
 and removed to this county in 
 1867; he is associated with H. 
 Rosecrants & Walker, and are 
 proprietors of Friends' Mill; he 
 married Miss Louisa Luther in 
 
712 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKtTK COUNTY. 
 
 1859; she was born in Lake 
 county, Illinois; they have a fam- 
 ily of five children: William, 
 John, Jesse, Elmer and Earl. 
 
 "Walker, W. H., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 Waller, F. P., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Hayesville. 
 
 Wence, Chas., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Manhattan. 
 
 Wertz, F. M., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Williams, David, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. 0. Lancaster. 
 
 Williams, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Hayesville. 
 
 Wood, Seldon, farmer, Sec. 18: P. 
 O. Lancaster. 
 
 YOUNG, BENJAMIN G., farm- 
 er, Sec. 30; P. 0. Hayesville; 
 born March 28, 1840, in Yirginia; 
 lived there until 1854, when he 
 came to Iowa and located about 
 four miles east of Lancaster; he 
 moved on to his present place in 
 1869; owns 34 acres of land. 
 
 upon which he has and also runs a. 
 saw-mill, and does a good business- 
 in that line; since 1869 Mr. Y. 
 has been to Colorado with his- 
 family, but after remaining there 
 for about two and one-half years 
 came again to Iowa, upon the- 
 same place; he has traveled 
 through most of the States and 
 Territories; August 7, 1862, he- 
 enlisted in Co. 0, Eighty-seventh 
 Indiana Infantry, and served until 
 January 9, 1863, when he was dis- 
 charged on account of disability;. 
 November 18, 1864, he again en- 
 listed, this time as a substitute in 
 Co. E, Thirteenth Iowa Infantry,, 
 and served until the close of the 
 war; was discharged July 21, 
 1865; married Miss Sarah A. 
 Surber, a native of Indiana; have- 
 seven children: Dora Z., John 
 Wm., Mary E., Franklin E., 
 Thomas E., Andrew D.; lost two: 
 James and Laura A. 
 
 -^77--A.i3isE3Dsr TO-^TvT-nsrsmr'. 
 
 BEALL, THOMAS, farmer, 
 Sec. 25; P. O. Springfield. 
 Bethard, James, laborer, Delta. 
 Bishop, Geo., laborer. Delta. 
 Bitner, John, Jr., farmer. Sec. 15; 
 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 Bitner, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 Black, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
 
 Delta. 
 Boies, Samuel G., Delta. 
 Bowen, George, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 
 O. Springfield. 
 Brainard, Alfred, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 
 P. O. Delta. 
 Brainard, Horace, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 
 P. O. Delta. 
 Brainard, Silas, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 BROWN, J. v., druggist. Delta; 
 
 born in St. Joe county, Michigan; 
 
 when he was seven years of age he, 
 
 with his parents, moved to Venan- 
 go county, Pennsylvania; after 
 living there for seven years he 
 moved to Iowa county, Iowa, in 
 1855; lived there for five years, 
 and in 1861 enlisted in Co. L, 
 First Iowa Cavalry; he partici- 
 pated in nine battles, among which 
 were Prairie Grove, Arkansas, 
 and the battle of Little Rock; he 
 was in Gen. Steele's campaign, 
 and was at one time under fire 
 thirty-eight days out of forty-three; 
 he was never wounded; at the 
 close of the war he returned to 
 Iowa and after paying a visit to 
 his parents went to Mt. Vernon, 
 Ohio, supplementing his educa- 
 tion with one term's schooling at 
 that point; he then went to Cold 
 Water, Michigan, and in the fol- 
 lowing October returned to Ohio; 
 
WAEBEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 713 
 
 he married Miss E. Newland, a na- 
 tive of Ohio; they have four child- 
 ren: Warren, Emmet, Jessie and 
 Delpha; Mr. Brown has been 
 closely identified with all the in- 
 terests of the connty, and is at 
 present sneceeding well in his 
 business. 
 
 Burgess, James, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 BURKE, RICHARD, principal of 
 Delta Schools, Delta; born at 
 Marion, Linn county, Iowa, Sep- 
 tember 20, 1854; his parents, J6hn 
 and Mary Burke, migrated from 
 Ireland in 1848; he moved to Keo- 
 kuk county in 1857, and lived on 
 a farm until the summer of 1875, 
 going to school or teaching in the 
 winter; he taught his first term in 
 the winter of '73-4; entered the 
 Iowa Agricultural College in the 
 spring of 1875, and graduated B. 
 S. November 16, 1878; he spent, 
 the following winter teaching near 
 Ottawa, Illinois, and is engaged 
 at present as educator. Principal 
 of Delta schools; he has taught 
 ten terms, and has been out of 
 the school room only five months 
 in the last five years. 
 
 Burrows, Asa, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 0. Rose Hill. 
 
 CAMPBELL, M. D., dealer in 
 hardware and groceries, 
 Delta; born in Belmont county, 
 Ohio, January 4, 1846; it was 
 there that he grew to manhood, a 
 farmer; he moved to Jefi'erson 
 county, Iowa, when he was 23 
 years old; he was married to Miss 
 Mary Kendall August 19, 1869; 
 she was born in Miami county, 
 Ohio; they have four children: 
 John W., S. W. and Lorezo R., 
 living, and Bertha, deceased; he 
 established himself in business at 
 Delta in 1875, and here he has 
 since resided ; this firm is doing 
 a good business; Mr. Campbell is 
 a thorough business man, and is | 
 
 44 
 
 kind and courteous to his patrons; 
 
 we predict for him a bright future. 
 Caywood, John H., laborer. Delta. 
 Coble, Simpson, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
 
 0. Slagle. 
 Corpman, Dan W., Delta. 
 
 Cover & Brown, merchants. Delta. 
 
 CRAIG, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
 
 25; P. 0. Delta; born December 
 
 1, 1815, in Green county, Ken- 
 tucky; he, with his parents, moved 
 to Morgan connty, Indiana, when 
 14 years of age, and there grew 
 to manhood, a farmer; on the 13th 
 of May, 1838, he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Sarah Wol- 
 lard, a native of Kentucky; she 
 was born January 6, 1822, and 
 died October 18, 1874, leaving 
 thirteen children, seven of whom 
 are living: Mary E., born April 
 19, 1839, Wm. H., born March 25, 
 1844, John T., born April 8, 1849, 
 Samuel G., born October 25, 1851, 
 Robert H., born April 10, 1854, 
 Sarah, born April 30, 1864, and 
 Marcellus, born April 19, 1868; 
 Samantha, died November 13, 
 1840, Amandria, died May 14, 
 1872, James W., died May 10, 
 1870, Parthenia, died January 14, 
 1862, Joseph J., died January 17, 
 1862, and Hiram, died October 
 24, 1866; Mr. C. has a farm ot 
 300 acres, well improved, and 
 abundance in store to make him 
 comfortable in his old age; he 
 came on his present farm in 1855; 
 seven times death has visited Mr. 
 C, yet Time is dealing gently 
 with him. 
 
 Cravens, Samuel, farmer. Delta. 
 
 DAVENPORT, GEORGE, 
 farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. Slagle. 
 Dawson, James, Sr., farmer. Sec. 
 
 25; P. O. Springfield. 
 Dawson, Levi, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. Springfield. 
 DeMARCE, MOSES, farmer. Sec. 
 14; P. O. Delta; born Canada 
 "West, September 5,1841; became 
 
714 
 
 DIKECTOKY OF KEOKTJK COTJNTT. 
 
 to the United States in 1855, and 
 located in Washington county, 
 Iowa, where he enlisted in Oo. A, 
 Twenty-fifth Iowa Infantry, in 
 September, 1862; he served three 
 years, and was in the following 
 engagements: Chickasaw Moun- 
 tain, Vicksburg, Arkansas Post, 
 through the Atlantic campaign, 
 and Sherman's "March to the 
 Sea;" he was wonnded at the bat- 
 tle of Bentonsville, North Caro- 
 lina, by a gun shot in the right 
 knee, which caused his leg to be 
 amputated above the knee; he 
 draws a pension of $24 per month 
 from the government; he married 
 Miss Mary F. Lockridge, a native 
 of Greene connty, Pennsylvania; 
 they have three children: Wm. 
 M., born November 22. 1871, Eli 
 S., born July 4, 1874, and Han- 
 nah E., born July 22, 1876, all 
 living; he owns 100 acres of land 
 that is well improved, and upon 
 which he has a saw-mill, where he 
 does a good business; he also has 
 a molasses factory, at which he 
 does an extensive business in its 
 season. 
 Dickey, Thomas M., farmer, Sec. 
 
 26; P.O. Springfield. 
 Dickerson, James, farmer, Sec. 12; 
 
 P. O. Delta. 
 DUNN, J. A., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Delta; born in Johnson coun- 
 ty, Indiana, February 1, 1835; 
 there he was raised and educated, 
 and there he lived until 1854, 
 and then came to Iowa, locating 
 where he now 1 ives; he has a 
 splendid farm of 410 acres, upon 
 which he has a palatial residence 
 and barn ; he owns, in connection 
 with his brother, G. W. Dunn, 40 
 acres of coal land, which they are 
 operating at the present time, 
 running two shafts, in which they 
 work fifty men, and can take out 
 '3,000 bushels of coal; he made 
 the first discovery of coal in that 
 vicinity about one and one-half 
 
 miles southeast of Delta; July 16, 
 1856, he was married to Miss J. 
 Clubb, a native of Indiana; they 
 have a family of five children: 
 Wm. A., Laura A., Frank, and 
 James R, all living. 
 
 Dunn, Allen J., farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 DUNN, G. W., farmer, Sees. 11 and 
 12, P. O. Delta; born October 15, 
 1828, in Johnson county, Indiana; 
 was raised a farmer; he married 
 Miss Mary A. Newkirk, in 
 18 — , a native of Kentucky; by 
 this union they have seven chil- 
 dren living: Martha (now Mrs. 
 Hull), John L., Wm. C, Charlie 
 E., Addie M. and Elias C. ; two 
 deceased: Harvey and an infant; 
 he has a farm of 280 acres under 
 excellent cultivation, upon which 
 he has a fine house and barn; also 
 owns a half interest in the exten- 
 sive coal fields, south of Delta; 
 these yield 8,000 bushels of coal 
 per day, he and his brother have, 
 at present, fifty hands under their 
 employ; the coal of these mines 
 is said to be the best in this part 
 of Iowa; Mr. Dunn came to this 
 township and county in 1861, and 
 has put all the improvement on 
 his farm since that time; he is a 
 stock-feeder and dealer, and is 
 quite successful as such; he has 
 always taken an active part in all 
 public improvements, in both the 
 township and county. 
 
 ELLIS, JOHN M., farmer, 
 Sec. 10; P. O. Delta; born 
 in Ohio, February 2, 1838, and is 
 the son of John and Hannah Ellis, 
 natives of New York; in 1838 
 his parents removed to this coun- 
 ty, and settled in Warren town- 
 ship; he was raised a farmer, and 
 owns a good farm of 160 aci;es; 
 October 26, 1861, he enlisted in 
 company D, Thirteenth Iowa In- 
 fantry, and served his country 
 three years and six months, and 
 was in forty battles and skirmish- 
 
Waeben township. 
 
 715 
 
 fes, among which are Shiloh, 
 Siege of Corinth, Yicksbnrg, 
 liika and Kenesaw Mountain; he 
 married Miss Nancy J. Casey, a 
 native of Ohio, but who has re- 
 sided in Warren township since 
 1859; they have four children: 
 James W., Lillie A., Emma L, 
 and Henry W.; one son: Charles, 
 died Jnly 31, 1878; his father 
 and mother are still living, and 
 find a pleasant home in the fami- 
 ly of tlieir son. 
 FIELDS, J. A., laborer. Del- 
 ta. 
 
 Fritzler, Ellis, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Delta. 
 
 Fritzler, Adam, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Delta. 
 
 GAKRETT, LAUEEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 5; P. O. Springfield. 
 Garrett, John W., farmer. Delta. 
 Gillespie, James, farmer, Sec 6; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 Grovier, Josephus, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 
 0. Delta. 
 Grovier, Joseph B., farmer. Sec. 16; 
 P.O. Delta. 
 
 HAMILTON, W, C, farmer, 
 Sec. 17; P. O. Rose Hill; 
 born in Ohio in 1814; there he 
 was raised, and from the time he 
 was a boy was employed as a 
 clerk in a store; lived there until 
 1886, when he went to Texas, and 
 there enlisted in the Sixteenth 
 Regiment Volunteer Infantry, 
 and served until the close of the 
 war; he there won the title of 
 major; at the close of the Mexi- 
 can war he moved to Missouri, 
 where he remained on a farm un- 
 til 1862, when he moved to the 
 place where he now resides; owns 
 220 acres of good land, which 
 has all been improved by himself; 
 December 25, 1842, he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Rachel Summers, a 
 native of Missouri; they have 
 four children: J. J., James, Wil- 
 son B. and Carrie S. 
 HAMILTON, JAMES, farmer. 
 
 Sec. 20; P. O. Rose Hill; born in 
 Missouri, in the year 1848; he 
 was there raised on a farm, and 
 received a good common school 
 education: he remained in Mis- 
 souri until 1864, when he then 
 moved on the place where he now 
 resides; owns 564 acres of good 
 land, well improved and cultiva- 
 ted; in 1869 he was married to 
 Miss Matilda Test, of this State; 
 they have four children: Rachel 
 L., Levica E., Mary E. and Wil- 
 son. 
 
 Hamilton, W. C, Sr., farmer. Sec. 
 17; P.O. Slagle. 
 
 Hamilton, J., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Hamilton, James, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Hamilton, J. D., farmer. Delta. 
 
 HARDY, G. H., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Delta; born August 4, 1855, 
 in Madison county, Indiana; when 
 a child his parents, moved to this 
 county; it is here that he has 
 grown to manhood; is the owner 
 of 160 acres of good land, under 
 excellant cultivation; he was 
 married to Miss Matilda McNabb, 
 August 18, 1873, a native of In- 
 diana; they have two children: 
 Thos. R., born May 4, 1875, Geo. 
 R., born February 14, 1878; Mr, 
 Hardy is just started in life, with 
 the best of prospects for the fu- 
 ture. 
 
 Hasty, James, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O, 
 Delta. 
 
 HAWK, ANTHONY, farmer, Sec. 
 3; P. O. Delta; born in Ohio, 
 November 30, 1830; there he was 
 raised and lived until 1844, when 
 he came to this county and located 
 in Warren township ; here he has 
 a nice farm of eighty acres in good 
 cultivation, upon which he has a 
 fine house and other buildings; 
 he enlisted in company E, Thirty- 
 third Iowa Volunteer Infantry in 
 1862; he served for three years 
 and was wounded at Jenkins' Fer- 
 
T16 
 
 OtRECroSY of KEOKUK COtfNTT. 
 
 Tj by a gun-shot wound in the left 
 knee; he was taken prisoner at 
 that place and for ten mouths was 
 obliged to endure the hardships 
 and starvations which are incident 
 to southern prison pens; April 
 22, 1868, he was married to Mar- 
 tha Scott; she is a native of Indi- 
 ana; they have one child: Flor- 
 ence Belle, born February 17, 
 1870, and John, a step-son. 
 
 Hawkins, Abel, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Hawk, Morgan, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Hawk, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Delta. 
 
 Herrick, N. E., laborer. Delta. 
 
 HEWITT, EBENEZER C, far- 
 mer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Delta; born 
 September 3, 1840, in Erie county, 
 Pennsylvania; when quite young, 
 he, with his parents, came to this 
 county and located in Warren 
 township; here he was raised a 
 farmer and now owns the farm 
 on which his father first settled; 
 this farm consists of 180 acres of 
 well improved land; in 1862 he 
 responded to his country's call for 
 more soldiers and enlisted in com- 
 pany I, Fortieth Iowa Yolunteer 
 Infantry; he served three years in 
 the sixteenth army corps. General 
 Steele's division ; he was in several 
 minor battles, but in no regular 
 engagements; he was a faithful 
 soldier, only being absent from 
 duty two months, during which 
 time he was in the hospital at 
 Memphis; he has held the office 
 of school director for several 
 terms, and is at present serving 
 his fourth term as township clerk; 
 he married Miss Martha A. Lip- 
 pard, a native of Washington 
 county, Iowa; have three children : 
 E. Delmer, Estella A., and Nellie 
 C. ; at the death of his father he was 
 appointed administrator and set- 
 tled the estate. 
 
 Hewitt, E., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. 
 Delta. 
 
 HICKLTN, T. J., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Delta; born in Bath connty, 
 Kentucky, January 19,1813, where 
 he lived until eighteen years of 
 age, when he, with his parents, 
 moved to Morgan county, Indiana; 
 he was raised a farmer; in 1840 
 he moved to this township, where 
 he has since resided; he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Sarah Custer, a na- 
 tive of Kentucky; they have nine 
 children: Charles, James, David, 
 Allen, Louisa (now Mrs. Clark), 
 Mary A. (now Mrs.Covey), L. (now 
 Mrs. Rivers), and Sarah E; one 
 son, Henry, deceased: Mrs. Hick- 
 lin died; he married for his se- 
 cond wife, Mrs. Knox, August 20, 
 1854, a native of North Carolina; 
 by this union they have three 
 children: Samuel and George, P., 
 living, and Andrew J., deceased; 
 Mr. Hicklin owns 160 acres of 
 well improved land. 
 
 Hicklin, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Hicklin, Thomas, Jr., farmer Sec. 6; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 Hilderbrand, James, farmer, See, 1 ; 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 
 HOGIN, S. R., druggist, Delta; 
 born in Sigourney, Iowa, Februa- 
 ry 27, 1854; he is the son of Hon. 
 Jno. C. Hogin, one of the first 
 merchants and most successful 
 business men of Keokuk county; 
 during his youth he attended the 
 public schools of Sigourney, spend- 
 ing his spare hours in his father's 
 store; it may then be said of Mr. 
 Hogin that he was raised behind 
 the counter; in 1876 he started 
 for Poughkeepsie, N. Y., for the 
 purpose of obtaining a more 
 thorough business education; this 
 proved to be a fortunate move, for 
 Mr. H., being naturally adapted 
 to commercial pursuits, made 
 rapid progress in his studies, and 
 
WA&aEN tOWNSHIP. 
 
 717 
 
 the very excellent course prescrib- 
 ed by the curriculum of this insti- 
 tution was completed by him in the 
 short space of six months; upon 
 his return to Sigourney he en- 
 tered liis brother's store and re- 
 mained there until the spring of 
 1878, when Mr. Hogin, Sr., retired 
 from business; he then entered 
 the office of Donnell & Brooks, to 
 prosecute the study of law, to 
 which he had previously given 
 considerable attention; in the fol- 
 lowing fall he applied for admis- 
 sion to the bar; after a most rigor- 
 ous and searching examination by 
 the committee appointed for the 
 purpose, his application was fa- 
 vorably reported on, and he was 
 admitted by the presiding judge, 
 0. H. Blauohard; although Mr. 
 H. has never entered fully upon 
 the practice of law he expects at 
 no far distant time to make the 
 legal profession his permanent 
 business; in the summer of 1878 
 Mr. Hogin bought the drug store 
 of Dr. 0. C. Wilson, in the then 
 young and flourishing town of 
 Delta, which he has conducted 
 with signal success up to the pres- 
 ent time owing to his fine early 
 training and having adapted him- 
 self to the business; by energy and 
 liberal dealing he has made this 
 one of the best drug houses in the 
 country; his grandfather, Hon. J. 
 L. Hogin, was formerly grand 
 master of the Masonic fraternity; 
 his father, Hon. J. C. Hogin, has 
 for many years been one of tlie 
 leading. Masons, and Mr. Hogin, 
 Jr., has been intimately identified 
 with the same order ever since he 
 has been old enough to be a mem- 
 ber; he is also an Odd Fellow of 
 prominent standing, and one of 
 the most active members of the 
 Irving Literary Society of Sigour- 
 ney; Mr. H. is a young man of 
 fine personal appearance, a fine 
 conversationalist, and of a free and 
 
 generous disposition; socially he 
 has few superiors, and the happy 
 faculty he possesses of making 
 friends give fiattering promises 
 for future promotion; young as he 
 is, he has twice been a delegate to 
 the Kepublican State Convention. 
 HOLLO WAY, MARTIN B., pro- 
 prietor of the " Delta Independ- 
 ent," Delta; born in Stark county, 
 Ohio, July 10, 184:2; came to Keo- 
 kuk county, Iowa, in the fall of 
 1866; married Miss Anna Vail 
 May 17, 1871; Miss Vail was born 
 in Belmont county,Ohio, February 
 14, 1853; they have three chil- 
 dren: Alice L., born June 4, 1872, 
 Lesley, born November 10, 1873, 
 Walter, born November 28, 1875; 
 this family lived at New Sharon, 
 Mahaska county, Iowa, from Sep- 
 tember, 1876, to June, 1879, dur 
 ing which time Mr. Holloway was 
 employed as a compositor on the 
 New Sharon " Star;" on June 12, 
 1879, a new paper, the Delta "In- 
 dependent," was established at 
 Delta, in Keokuk county, with 
 Mr. Holloway in editorial charge; 
 Mr. M. B. Holloway enlisted as a 
 private soldier in company A, 
 Thirty second Iowa Infantry vol- 
 unteers, July 20,1861; in West 
 Virginia he participated in the 
 battles at Cheat and Allegheny 
 mountains; in the Shenandoah 
 Valley, under Gen. Fremont, he 
 was engaged at the battle of Port 
 Republic, near Harrisonburg, 
 from which place Fremont's force 
 was ordered back to Winchester, 
 officially robbed of their com- 
 mander, and finally sold out by 
 Col. Miles, at Harper's Ferry; as 
 soon as an exchange was efiected, 
 the regiment was reorganized, 
 taking part in the campaign, 
 which, under Gen. Grant's leader- 
 ship, ended in the siege and cap- 
 ture of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4, 
 1863; during this campaign Mr. 
 HoUaway was engaged in battles 
 
^18 
 
 biBECTOKir OF kfiOKUK cotjUtr^. 
 
 at Rajmond, Jackson, Champion's 
 Hill, and almost daily encounters 
 during the forty-eight days of the 
 siege; re-enlisted as a veteran vol- 
 unteer January 1, 1864, serving in 
 Sherman's Georgia campaign in 
 the Army of the Tennessee; was 
 wounded and disabled from fur- 
 ther active service during Gen. 
 Hood's memorable onslaught on 
 the Union lines at Atlanta, July 
 22, 1864; final discharge dates 
 July 20, 1865. 
 
 Hutchkins, Orlando, farmer. Sec. 
 29; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 HUTCHINS, R. 0., farmer. Sec. 
 8: P. O. Eose Hill; born in 
 Windsor county, Yermont, April 
 17, 1828; when seventeen years 
 of age he went to the town of 
 Windsor to learn the trade of 
 gunsmith, and after remaining 
 there for five years he went to 
 Springfield, Mass., and there fol- 
 lowed his trade for a short time, 
 and then removed to New Haven, 
 Conn., working there for eighteen 
 months; in the spring of 1854 he 
 went to Chicago, and for eleven 
 months worked in the American 
 Car Compan}' machine shop; he 
 then moved to N"ew York State 
 and in the summer of 1855 he 
 again moved to Illinois, Rockford 
 ftounty, and after a short time he 
 moved to Monee, south of Chica- 
 cago, and there engaged in farm- 
 ing for the first time; in the 
 spring of 1861 he exchanged that 
 farm for the one he now owns, 
 although he did not move upon it 
 until 1867, and has since resided 
 here, and owns 195 acres of good 
 land, well improved, upon which 
 a stone house is now being built; 
 Marcli 25, 1855, he married Miss 
 Mercy J. Bradley, a native of 
 New York; slie is a cousin of the 
 Hon. Judge Bradley, of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United 
 States; they have six chil- 
 dren: Jane B., Grace S., 
 
 Ella P., Mary F., Margaret i*. 
 and Charles D.; Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hutchins are Members of the M. 
 E. Church. 
 HUTCHINS, ORLANDO, farm- 
 er, Sec. 29; P. O. Eose Hill; 
 born in Bethel, Yermont, in 1833, 
 and was raised as a farmer, and 
 remained there until 1855, when 
 he moved to Will county, Illinois, 
 where he remained until 1861, 
 and then returned to his old home 
 in Yermont, and in the fall of 
 1862 enlisted in company K, Six- 
 teenth Yermont Yolunteer Infan- 
 try, and served in the army of the 
 Potomac, and was in the battle of 
 Gettysburg and was mustered out 
 at the end of one year; he again 
 returned to his old home in Ver- 
 mont, and in the spring of 1864 
 settled where he now resides; 
 owns a finely improved farm of 
 80 acres; February 25, 1865, he 
 married Miss Emeline Rich, a na- 
 tive of Johnson county, Iowa; 
 they have one child: Ora, born 
 December 12, 1865; Mrs. H.died 
 August 20, 1871; his mother, 
 Mrs Euby Hutchins, is living 
 with her son ; she was born Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1806; his father, Zarah 
 Hutchins, died February 28, 
 1840. 
 JACOBS. JOSEPH B., farmer, 
 O Sees. 23 and 24; P. O. Delta; 
 born in Johnson county, Indiana, 
 February 28, 1836, and when 
 twelve years of age came with his 
 parents to this county, settling 
 where the town of Lancaster now 
 stands, and was raised on a 
 farm; in 1856 he moved on the 
 the place where he now resides, 
 which consists of 320 acres 
 of well improved and cultivated 
 Isind, upon which he has a good 
 house and barn; December 24, 
 1855 he was united in marriage 
 to Miss Mary Yittetoe, a native 
 of Johnson county, Indiana; she 
 died leaving six children, two of 
 
WAEKKN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 119 
 
 whom, Isabel and McClelland, are 
 living, and Wm. 0., Luella, Aus- 
 tin, and James, deceased; he was 
 married again to Miss Mary A. 
 Coble, February 2, 1870 ; she is a 
 native of Morgan county, Indi- 
 ana; they have one child: Minnie; 
 have lost four : Joseph A., Sarah 
 F., John and an infant. 
 
 Johnston, Robert E., farmer. Sec. 5 ; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 Johnston, Halcom, farmer, Sec. 5; 
 P. 0. Springfield. 
 
 Jones John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Jones, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 Jones, K T., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 . Springfield. 
 
 KENSLER, GEORGE, farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P.O.Delta. 
 Keister, John H., laborer, Delta. 
 Knowler, James, farmer. Sec. 24; 
 
 P. 0. Slagle. 
 Knowler, Geo., farmer, Sec 17; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 LANDERS, ELIZA, farmer, 
 Sec. 21; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Leathers, Josiah, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 
 0. Springfield. 
 
 Leathers, Wm., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 0. Delta. 
 
 Leathers, Sanford, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 0. Delta. 
 
 Lee, Wm., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Lisk, John, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 LOUGH, JOHN B., proprietor of 
 the Delta Water-Mills; P. 
 0. Delta; these mills are 
 are situated on Sec. 14, one and 
 one-half miles south of Delta; 
 born in Preble county, Ohio, No- 
 vember 16, 1826; he lived there 
 until 1838, when he, with his pa- 
 rents, removed to Parke county, In- 
 diana; soon after his arrival there 
 he learned the cabinet-maker's 
 trade, which he followed until 
 1846; he then came to Mahaska 
 county, Iowa, residing there until 
 
 the spring of 1865; he then en- 
 tered the army and served until 
 the close of the war, a' period of 
 nine months; he was married to 
 Miss Margaret Musgrove in 1840; 
 she is a native of Indiana; they 
 have three children, two of whom 
 are living: Gary, Allen and Carl- 
 den G., deceased; Mrs. L. also 
 died; he married again to Mrs. 
 Nuby Sumner, a native of Indi- 
 ana; have one child: Maud; his 
 mill was built by him in 1872; it 
 has two run of burrs and does as 
 good work as any mill in the 
 country. 
 
 Mo DONALD, A. F., farmer; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 McNABB, A. J., farmer. Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Delta; is one of the oldest 
 settlers of Warren township and 
 one of the early settlers of the 
 county; born in Montgomery 
 county, Kentucky, February 16, 
 1815, and lived there until fifteen 
 years of age, and then removed to 
 Morgan county, Indiana, where he 
 was raised a farmer; he owned the 
 land on which the town of Delta 
 is now located; he came to the 
 county with limited means, but 
 by his industry and economy se- 
 cured a competency for his de- 
 clining years; he married Miss 
 America Hicklin, a native of 
 Bath county, Kentucky, and was 
 born in 1813; they have a family 
 of ten children: Elizabeth (now 
 Mrs. Newkirk), Nancy (now Mrs. 
 Fritzler), Matilda (now Mrs. Har- 
 dy), Amanda (now Mrs. Reed), 
 Thomas J., Hicklin, Andrew J., 
 Mary A. and Martha E.; they 
 lost their daughter Emma. 
 
 McNabb, John, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Mahlon, G. W., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 Marrow, W. W., farmer; P. O. Del- 
 ta. 
 
 Merry, William, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
720 
 
 DIEEOTOET OT KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 Mighell, M. P., farmer; P. O. Del- 
 ta. 
 
 Millikin, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Moats, M. Y., laborer, Delta. 
 
 MOODE, W. F., of the firm of 
 Moode Bros. & Stirlen, dealers in 
 dry goods and groceries, Delta 5 
 born in Greene county, Indiana, 
 November 15, 1845; there he 
 grew to manhood a farmer; at the 
 age of eighteen years he enlisted 
 in company C, 147th Indiana 
 "Volunteer Infantry; he served 
 seven months and was mustered 
 out at the close of the war; he 
 then went to Cedar county, Iowa, 
 farming there until 1869, when on 
 the 15th of January, same year, 
 he went into business at Agricola, 
 Mahaska county, Iowa; he com- 
 menced business at Delta in the 
 spring of 1876; Mr. Moode is a 
 No. 1 business man, well quali- 
 fied and suited for the business in 
 which he is now engaged. 
 
 Moore, J. M., farmer. Delta. 
 
 Moore, J. C, laborer. Delta. 
 
 Morrow, Martin, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Slagle. 
 
 NEAS, JAMES H., proprietor 
 of Delta House; born in 
 Jefferson county, Ohio, May 31, 
 1827; he there grew to manhood 
 a farmer; he moved to Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, in July, 1840, and there 
 followed bricklaying and building 
 until 1872; he then came to Sig- 
 ourney and kept hotel and livery 
 in connection with his trade, which 
 he continued for six years; Sep- 
 tember 21, 1844, he married Miss 
 Martha A. JefFer, a native of 
 Ohio; they have nine children, 
 five of whom are living: Lida, 
 James J., Belle, Nettie, Lou, while 
 Eddie J., Frank M., Jennie M., 
 and Pearl H, are dead; Mr. N. 
 has frequently held offices of trust 
 in both this State aud Ohio; he is 
 at present mayor of Delta; he is 
 doing a good business with his 
 
 hotel, as both he and his family 
 are particularly suited for the 
 business; he is a member of the 
 I. O. O. F. 
 
 Nelson, S. E., farmer, Delta. 
 
 NEWKIRK, JOHN 0., farmer. 
 Sec. 2; P. O. Delta; born in Mor- 
 gan county, Indiana, July 4, 1833, 
 was raised a farmer, and in 1852 
 moved to Sigourney township, liv- 
 ing there one year; he owns 120 
 acres of land adjoining the town 
 of Delta, all under cultivation, and 
 which will, in the future, be laid 
 off^ into town lots; married to 
 Miss Elizabeth McNabb, March 
 13, 1865; she was born in Indi- 
 ana, but has resided in Warren 
 township since a child; her father, 
 A. J. McNabb, was one of the first 
 settlers in Keokuk county, having 
 lived in it for nearly forty years; 
 they have four children : America, 
 E. Eureta (now Mrs. Wharton), 
 Flora D., and Mary; two, Martha 
 L. and Elizabeth, have died; Mr. 
 Newkirk is also engaged at pres- 
 ent in the butchering business. 
 " 'BEIEN, E. G., laborer, Delta. 
 
 O' 
 
 PALME K, ZACHAEIAH, 
 farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Delta. 
 
 Pence, George W., farmer, See. 1; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 Pence, Andrew J., farmer, Sec. 1; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JAMES, farmer and 
 miller. Sec. 19; P. O. Eose hill; 
 born in Ohio March 15, 1836; 
 when a child he, with his parents, 
 moved to Parke county, Indiana, 
 in 1837; there he was raised on a 
 farm, and remained there most of 
 the time until 1875, when he 
 moved to where he now resides, 
 and owns 40 acres of land; in 
 1862 he enlisted in Co. H, Twen- 
 ty-first Indiana Yolunteer Infant- 
 ry; he served for three years, and 
 was in the battles of Organza 
 Bend, Ole Eiver, Fort Morgan, 
 Baton Eouge, and others; in the 
 
W" 
 
 WABEEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 721 
 
 battle of Baton Rouge he was 
 wounded by a gun-shot in the left 
 side, and was mustered out at the 
 expiration of his term; October 
 30, 1855, he married Miss Eebec- 
 ca I. Musgrove, a native of Park 
 county, Indiana; they have five 
 children: Martha E. (now Mrs. 
 Wymer), Ulysses L., Carlton O., 
 John F., Melvin M. and Eufus 
 W.; are members of the M. E. 
 Church, and Mr. P. belongs to 
 the I. O. O. F., Waveland Lodge, 
 
 . No. 19, Indiana. 
 
 Pierson, Simeas, laborer. Delta. 
 
 PRENTISS BROTHERS, dealers 
 in hardware, tinware, etc.. Delta; 
 this firm is composed of Newton 
 A. and Frank W. Prentiss; the 
 former was born in Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, November 
 10, 1839 ; there he was raised, and 
 lived on a farm until 23 years of 
 age; he was married July 21, 
 1867, to Miss Jennie M, Garrett, 
 a native of England; they have 
 one adopted daughter: Nettie G., 
 eight years of age; Frank W. 
 Prentiss was born in Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, October 8, 
 1845, and lived there until 19 
 years old, when he moved to 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania; 
 he remained there for four years; 
 was there married to Miss Helen 
 E. Olmstead, who was born in 
 Pennsylvania in 1850 ; they have 
 two children : Eva E. and Mable 
 E.; lost one: Wm.; this firm 
 (Prentiss Brothers) came to Keo- 
 kuk county in 1868, and engaged 
 in the wagon-making, hardware 
 and agricultural implement busi- 
 ness for seven or eight years, and 
 came to Delta in 1876 and 
 commenced in the same business 
 that they are now engaged in; as 
 a business firm they are ambitious 
 and enterprising, and are doing a 
 large and lucrative business, which 
 is steadily increasing every year; 
 
 45 
 
 their success may be attributed to 
 their energy, perseverance, busi- 
 ness ability and fair dealing. 
 RANDALL, JAMES, farmer. 
 Sec. 13;' P. O.Delta. 
 
 Eea, John C, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
 Springfield. 
 
 REED, JESSE C, Jr., dealer in 
 dry goods and groceries, Delta; 
 born November 29, 1857, Ohio 
 being his native State; at the age 
 of nine years, he, with his father, 
 moved to Sprinfield, this county; 
 here his father engaged in the 
 mercantile business for a number 
 of years, and here it was that Mr. 
 Heed, Jr., grew to manhood, as- 
 sisting his father in the store; he 
 is well educated and adapted to 
 the business in which he is now 
 engaged; he owns half interest in 
 the firm of Heed & Son, which 
 firm has a business second to none 
 in the county; it commenced busi- 
 ness in Delta in 1876; December 
 25, 1879 he was united in mariage 
 to Miss Amanda J. McNabb, a 
 native of Warren township; her 
 father, A. J. McNabb, made the 
 first improvements in this town- 
 ship over twenty-eight years ago. 
 
 Reed, James, farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 Reed, J. C, Sr., merchant. Delta. 
 
 Ridpath, James, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Rogers, S. S., laborer. Delta. 
 
 SARTAIN, T. J., mechanic, 
 Delta. 
 Saylor, Godfrey, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 
 O. Slagle. 
 Schoonover, A., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 Scott, B. M., laborer, Delta. 
 Shipley, J. K., laborer, Delta. 
 Shinefield, Gus., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 Simpkins, Geo., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 
 O. Rose Hill. 
 Simpson, Sylvester, farmer. Sec. 5; 
 
 P. O. Springfield. 
 
722 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KKOKUK OOITNTT. 
 
 Simonds, F. W., laborer, Delta. 
 
 Smith, John, farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
 Delta. 
 
 Smith, John, Ji*., farmer. Delta. 
 
 Smiley, David, farmer. Delta. 
 
 Smith, John, Sr., farmer. Delta. 
 
 Stanley, Almon, merchant. Delta. 
 
 Stanley, Willis, merchant, Delta. 
 
 STANLEY, ISAAC E., dealer in 
 dry goods and groceries, Delta; 
 also postmaster; born in Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, August 16, 
 1844, where he made his home 
 until 1856, when he moved to 
 Prarie township, this county; he 
 remained there until 1869, being 
 engaged in farming; from 1869 to 
 1875 he was engaged in the mer- 
 cantile business in that township; 
 Mr. S. and his brother built the 
 first business house in Delta in 
 1875; he has been twice married; 
 first to Hannah Clendenon, 
 January 2, 1868; she is a native 
 of Belmont county, Ohio; died, 
 November 14, 1868; he married 
 again to Rachel B. Hoge, Au- 
 gust 14, 1872; by this union 
 they have two children : Carrie J. 
 and Stella; he served as justice of 
 the peace for one term ; has been 
 school director four or five terms, 
 and is at present chairman of 
 county board of supervisors; he 
 is a member of the Friends' 
 Church. 
 
 STIRLEN, J. R„ of the firm of 
 Moode Bros. & Stirlen, Delta; 
 born May 25, 1839, in Louisa 
 county, Iowa, and was raised upon 
 the same farm upon which he 
 was born ; in 1872 he moved to 
 Mahaska county, Iowa, remaining 
 there for one year, and then re- 
 turned to Louisa county; he re- 
 mained there until March, 1874, 
 then came to this county and en- 
 gaged in farming until March, 
 1876; after a mercantile experi- 
 ence of one year at Coal Creek, 
 with A. Bronson, he entered the 
 employ of the above named firm 
 
 at Delta; he was married January 
 1, 1860, to Miss Sarah M. Brooks, 
 a native of Dauphin county Penn- 
 sylvania; they have a family of 
 four children: Lula Iowa, James 
 A., Minnie O., Lizzie E.; two are 
 dead: Tina and Molly; Mr. Stirlen 
 has made a truly praiseworthy re- 
 cord ; with great prudence and in- 
 dustry he has combined unswerv- 
 ing honesty, and hence has always 
 claimed the highest respect of his 
 fellow-citizens. 
 
 Stout, Anthony, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Surber, Nancj', Delta. 
 
 TAYLOR, THOMAS, farmer, 
 Sec. 18; P. 0. Slagle. 
 Taylor, John S., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 
 O. Slagle. 
 Tinsley, Jacob, farmer. Delta. 
 Tipton, Wm., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 
 Delta. 
 Tipton, David, farmer. Sec 4; P. 0. 
 ■ Delta. 
 Tygart, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 
 0. Delta. 
 Tresslar, John O., farmer. Sec 12; P. 
 
 O. Delta. 
 
 ULIN, A. J., Sr., farmer, Sec. 
 25; P. O.Delta. 
 
 Ulin, Andrew, Jr., farmer. See. 16; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 URIE, JOHN M., farmer, Sec. 5; 
 P. O. Delta; born in Ohio, Janu- 
 ary 30, 1841; his father was a mil- 
 ler and the subject of this sketch 
 assisted him in his duties, and 
 thus grew to manhood a practical 
 miller, though not an enthusiast 
 in the business; he came to this 
 county in 1858 and settled first in 
 "Washington township; enlisted in 
 the late war August 12,1862, and 
 served faithfully until the close; 
 he owns a farm of ninety-five 
 acres; married Miss Mary J. 
 Cochorane, a native of Keokuk 
 county Iowa, and was born Aug- 
 ust 3, 1849; they have four chil- 
 dren: Carrie B., Thomas J., Frank 
 L. and Pearl; lost one. 
 
WAEEEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 723 
 
 UTTERBACK, ABNER, farmer, 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Delta; born in 
 Johnson county, Indiana, March, 
 1837; when thirteen years of age 
 his parents came to this county; 
 here he was raised as a farmer; he 
 moved upon his present farm in 
 1850; it consists of 357 acres of 
 <!hoice land, with good improve- 
 ments; April 5, 1862, he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Amanda Craig, a na- 
 ' tive of Indiana; she died May 14, 
 1872, leaving a family of six chil- 
 dren, two of whom are living: 
 Ethzelda J., and Cora A.; Sarah 
 F., Clement L., and two infants 
 have died; February 20, 1873, he 
 married Miss E. Kephart, of Indi- 
 ana; by this union they have four 
 children: Bertha, Margaret, Eva 
 and Felden. 
 
 Ptterback, David, farmer. Delta. 
 
 Utterback, Hiram, farmer, Sec. 24 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 
 Utterback, Nimrod, farmer, Sec. 23 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 
 Utterback, Corbin, farmer. Sec. 28 
 P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Utterback, Mahlon, farmer, Sec. 21 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 
 VAUGHAN, WM., farmer. Sec. 
 17; P. O. Slagle. 
 
 Vandyke, Mrs. E. B., milliner, Del- 
 ta. 
 
 Vert, Mulford, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 0. Slagle. 
 
 Vert, Rison, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Slagle. 
 
 VICKREY, C, farmer, Sec. 21; 
 P. 0. Sigourney; born in High- 
 land county, Ohio, February 21, 
 1827; his father was of Scotch 
 decent and his mother of English 
 ancestry, connected with the fam- 
 ily of Sir Charles Bowley; when 
 young he was brought by his pa- 
 rents to Hendricks county, Indi- 
 iana, where he was raised on a 
 farm; came to this county in 
 1851,, and owns 680 acres of im- 
 proved land ; he was married to 
 Miss Sarah Landers January 21, 
 
 1851; she was born November 15, 
 1826, in Morgan county, Indiana; 
 her father was of German origin, 
 and her mother is a relative of 
 George "Washington; Mrs. Vick- 
 rey is a sister of theHons. Frank- 
 lin, John, Jackson, and Henry 
 Landers, and is also a sister of 
 Mrs. Anna Ragan, all of whom 
 are living in or near Indianapolis, 
 Indiana; she has two half broth- 
 ers: Jonathan and Joshua Lan- 
 ders ; the former resides in this 
 county; Mr. V. is a large stock- 
 feeder, stock-raiser and shipper; 
 they have one daughter: Harriet 
 D. (now Mrs. Kendall), born 
 March 19, 1852; Mrs. K. has 
 three children : Cyrus G., born 
 September 19, 1870, William F., 
 born October 18, 1872, and Sarah 
 A., born May 13, 1877. 
 
 \ A T^ALLACE, REUBEN, far- 
 V V mer, Sec. 3; P. O. Delta. 
 
 WHARTON, M. R., farmer. Sec. 
 17; P. O. Rose Hill; born in 
 Guernsey county, Ohio, January 
 22, 1833; when a child his pa- 
 rents, John and Mary A. Whar- 
 ton, moved to Delaware county, 
 Indiana, where he was raised on a 
 farm, and remained there until 
 1857, when he came to Mahaska 
 county, Iowa, and remained there 
 until 1869, and then went to Kan- 
 in 1874 he moved on the 
 
 sas 
 
 place where he now resides; owns 
 160 acres of good and well im- 
 proved land; he married in 1857 
 Miss Susan Maddy, of Indiana; 
 they have seven children: Charles 
 L., Warren, Wm., Rachel, Irene, 
 Ines and Robert. 
 WHARTON, WM. T., farmer. 
 Sec. 11-; P. O. Delta; born in 
 Morgan county, Indiana, Decem- 
 ber 4, 1838; in 1843 his parents 
 moved to Johnson county, Indi- 
 ana, and there he grew to man- 
 hood, and removed to Polk coun- 
 ty, Iowa, in 1864, and lived there 
 until 1860, when he moved on the 
 
T24 
 
 DIEEOTOET OT KEOKUK COXTNTT. 
 
 farm he now owns; he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Amanda C. Dunn, 
 September 27, 1856; she is a na- 
 tive of Indiana; they have eight 
 children, six are living: Elmira, 
 Charles 0., William, Harriet, 
 James, Homer G.; two are dead: 
 an infant and Elzira; Mr. W. is 
 the owner of 180 acres of land, 
 all under fence and in the best of 
 cultivation, and well stocked 
 with both cattle and hogs; every- 
 thing is well arranged and shows 
 that he is a number one farmer. 
 
 White, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Whitney, H., laborer. Delta. 
 
 Whisler, M. W., laborer. Delta. 
 
 WILSON, MRS. ELIZABETH, 
 Sec. 6; P. O. Delta; born in Har- 
 din county, Kentucky, December 
 12, 183] ; she married the late 
 Dr. C. C. Wilson; he was born 
 July 29, 1833, in Hardin county, 
 Kentucky, and came to Sigourney 
 Keokuk county, December 11, 
 1856, and from this place he re- 
 moved to Springfield, this county, 
 in 1865, and from thence to Del- 
 ta in the fall of 1877; he served 
 one term in the Iowa Legislature 
 in 1872-3, and was justice of the 
 peace in Sigourney for five years, 
 filled many town and town- 
 ship offices during his life, and 
 always served the people faith- 
 fully and well ; he practiced med- 
 icine in this county for thirteen 
 years and had an extensive prac- 
 tice, and has attended calls at the 
 detriment of his own health; at the 
 
 time of his death, which occurred 
 April 20, 1879, he was president 
 of the school board at Delta, and 
 the fine school building is a mon- 
 ument to his name, for he did more 
 than any other man to secure and 
 erect the building, and Delta will 
 long remember him for it; when 
 Dr. Wilson undertook to do any- 
 thing he did it with a will, and 
 would allow nothing to be 
 left undone that he could do to 
 carry forward a good work; his 
 medical practice extended for 
 many miles in every direction, 
 and the way he was appreciated 
 was attested by the great number 
 who attended his funeral; he wa& 
 a man who had his own ideas 
 about matters, and would stand up 
 manfully for them until he was 
 convinced of his error, if he was 
 in error, and then he was quick to 
 acknowledge his mistakes, and 
 just as quickly correct them; a» 
 a business man he was as honest 
 as men ever get to be; would 
 wrong no man out of a cent, and 
 would rather give than to take 
 from any one; he was an energet- 
 ic man, and was always working 
 for the best interests of the coun- 
 ty, and nothing was too great for 
 him to do when it was beneficial to 
 the county or community in which 
 he lived ; he left seven children : 
 Wm. B., Robert B., Alice, Joseph 
 H., Dewitt 0., Susan and 0. C. 
 Wyrick, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 21^ 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 •VsT-A-SHcnsra-Toisr TOTT^risrsxzir'. 
 
 ALDIISTGER, C, farmer, Sec. 3; 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 Allen, Alvah, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Attig, Levi, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 ALLEN, ALVAH, farmer, Sec. 
 
 24; P. 0. Delta; born in 
 Ohio February 23, 1816; when a 
 child his parents moved to Craw- 
 ford county, Ohio; lived there 
 until 1832, when he went to Knox 
 county, remaing there until 1862 ; 
 he followed the trade of edge-tool 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 725 
 
 making for twenty years; he then 
 went to Muscatine county, Iowa, 
 remaining there until he came to 
 this county in 1856, settling on 
 the place where he now resides ; 
 he has a good farm of 120 acres, 
 well improved, upon which he has 
 & fine bearing orchard; he was 
 married to Miss Martha Carey, a 
 native of New Jersey; she was 
 horn May 6, 1816; have three 
 children: David E.,Meda A. (now 
 Mrs. Dorley) and Louis O.; have 
 lost two: Filander K.. died Sep- 
 tember 30, 1861, and Eva B., died 
 February 21, 1861; they are 
 members of the M. E. Ohurch, 
 and have been for a long time 
 past. 
 
 BALL, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 22; P. 0. Springfield. 
 
 Baxter, Owen, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Baxter, David, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Baxter, Wm., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Bedford, E. W., coal operator, Sec. 
 10; P. 0. What Cheer. 
 
 Beeman, S. P., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 BEMAN, A. C, farmer. Sec. 
 25; P.O. Delta; born in Connect- 
 icut, October 22, 183Y; there he 
 was raised, following the occupa- 
 tion of a carpenter; in 1857 he 
 •came to Iowa, first settling in 
 Washington county;, in 1858 he 
 ■came to Sigourney, and there fol- 
 lowed his trade for one year; he 
 then moved on the place where 
 he now resides ; owns a farm of 
 •520 acres, well improved and all 
 under cultivation, upon which he 
 has a good orchard ; August 12, 
 1862, he enlisted in company I, 
 Fortieth Iowa Infantry; served 
 until the close of the war; enlist- 
 «d as a private, and May 19, 1865, 
 was promoted to second lieuten- 
 ant; was in the siege of Yicks- 
 burg, capture of Little Kook, 
 
 Okalona, battle of Jenkins' Fer- 
 ry, and others; -was never wound- 
 ed, but had narrow escapes, bul- 
 lets having been shot through his 
 clothes; he married Miss Mary J. 
 Garrett, a native of Iowa; she 
 was born December 12, 1849; 
 they have three children : Charles 
 E., Dwight and Gordon A. 
 
 Beeman, John, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 Bell, Robert, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Bell, Nathaniel, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 0. Springfield. 
 
 Black, Peter, Sr., farmer, Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Springfield. 
 
 Black, Peter J., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 
 0. Springfield. 
 
 Bixby, I. M., hardware. What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Bowen, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Bowen, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Bowen, Alanzo, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Bowen, John, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. O . 
 Springfield. 
 
 Bradley, Hiram, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Breeden, F., What Cheer. 
 
 Breeden, F., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Bridges, J. J., farmer. Sec. 18. P. O. 
 Indianapolis, Mahaska county. 
 
 Briney, Hiram, livery. What Cheer. 
 
 Brokaw, C. J., What Cheer. 
 
 BROKAW, MOSES M., farmer, 
 Sec. 21 ; P. O. Springfield ; born 
 in New Jersey July 25, 1811; he 
 lived there on a farm until 1852; 
 one year later he removed to this 
 State and located where he now 
 lives; his farm consists of 542 
 acres of land, all under cultiva- 
 tion and well improved, except 40 
 acres of timber; June 26, 1834, 
 he married Miss Eachel Stryken, 
 a native of New Jersey; they 
 have by this union five children: 
 William, Ezra, Margaret E. (now 
 
726 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Mrs. Sampson), Edwin and Cor- 
 son J.; they have lost five: Charles 
 and four infants; Mr. Brokaw also 
 feeds and deals quite extensively 
 in stock. 
 
 CAMP, J. E., farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Springfield. 
 
 Casey, James, What Cheer. 
 
 Casey, Ben., Sec. 9; P. O. What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Casey, Daniel, What Cheer. 
 
 Caughey, J. K., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Cay wood, W. H., farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Chidester, S., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 Chrisman, John, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Clemons, Fred., Sr., farmer. Sec. 13; 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 
 Clemons, James, What Cheer. 
 
 CLUBB, WILLIAM, farmer and 
 proprietor of coal banks, Sec. 16; 
 P. 0. What Cheer; born January 
 4, 1831, in Morgan county, Indi- 
 ana; lived there until 1848 and 
 then came to this county, where 
 he has since lived; March 25, 
 1855, he was married to Miss Re- 
 becca Whiteraan, a native of In- 
 diana; they have nine children: 
 Arthur P., Calder J., Emily, Sa-. 
 mantha J., Eliza A., Wm. A., 
 Mary E., Estella A. and Harry; 
 have lost two: Oliver JH. and Lu- 
 ella; his coal land embraces a tract 
 of eighty acres, with a vein of coal 
 six feet in thickness; he and his 
 wife are members of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 Collard, A., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Colbert, W.E., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 Cooley, Reuben, Springfield. 
 
 Couglan, Perry, What Cheer. 
 
 Couglan, James, What Cheer. 
 
 Crow, D. S., hotel. What Cheer. 
 
 Cullin, John, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
 
 • What Cheer. 
 
 DAVIS, R. K, farmer, Sec. 6p 
 P. O. Indianapolis. 
 
 Dewey, G., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0- 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Dobbs, James, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 DODGE, DANIEL, proprietor of 
 the Eureka Mills, What Cheer; 
 born in Maine October 8, 1832;, 
 be learned the trade of mill- 
 wright and miller in his earlier 
 years, which he has since followed 
 as an avocation ; he came to this, 
 county in 1866; in 1872 he pur- 
 chased his present mill, and has 
 built up an enviable reputation in 
 his business, his brand of flour 
 being well known and finding a 
 ready sale among the neighboring' 
 towns; his mill contains three- 
 run of burrs, and is fitted with all 
 the improved machinery; Mr. 
 Dodge was elected a member of 
 the board of supervisors of Keo- 
 kuk county at the October elec- 
 tion, an oflice he is well qualified 
 to fill; he married Miss iSancy E. 
 Killer June 25, 1856; she is a na- 
 tive of Ohio; they have one son: 
 Charles B., born May 17, 1858; 
 lost one son: William L., August 
 10, 1871. 
 
 Downing, Geo., What Cheer. 
 
 Dugger, James, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 Dugger, W. S., farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Dunbar, L. S., What Cheer. 
 
 ELLIS, WM., blacksmith, What 
 ■ Cheer. 
 ELLIOTT, G. W., farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Delta; born in Indiana in 
 1832; there he was raised and 
 lived until 1854, when he went to- 
 Texas, and remained there for 
 nearly two years; in 1856 he re- 
 moved to Poweshiek county^ 
 farming there for ten years; in 
 1864 he moved on the place where- 
 he now resides; he owns a finely 
 improved farm of 320 acres, upott 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 T27 
 
 which he has an orchard of 250 
 bearing apple trees ; February 25, 
 1854, he married Miss Ann Greg- 
 son, a native of Indiana; they 
 have twelve children; Nettie (now 
 Mrs. Wallace), Florence I, Sarah 
 E., Susan M., Samantha N., "Wil- 
 lard H., Alta B., loma M., Jeffer- 
 son, Eli H., George W. M. and 
 Waller T. deceased ; Mr. E. is a 
 member of the A. F. and A. M. 
 lodge. 
 
 Emmons, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
 0. Coal Creek. 
 
 Emmons, Albert, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 0. Coal Creek. 
 
 ELLIS, G. P., SR., farmer and me- 
 chanic, Springfield; born in Shel- 
 by county, Kentucky, August 30, 
 1817; lived there until 1834, when 
 in October he moved with his 
 parents to Hendricks county, In- 
 diana; he remained in that State 
 for fourteen years, and then came 
 to Lee county, this State; he 
 staid there until the spring of 
 1852, when he settled in Sigour- 
 ney, making that place his home 
 for three years; he again moved, 
 this time to Yan Buren township, 
 and in 1869 came to Springfield, 
 where he has since resided; Mr. 
 Ellis has been notary public for 
 twenty years; in 1859 he was 
 elected Bepresentative from the 
 county; he has served as justice 
 of the peace in the county for 
 thirteen years; he married Miss 
 Mary A. Hamilton ; she was born 
 October 29, 1837, in Kentucky: 
 Mrs. E. died, leaving six children, 
 five of whom are living: Tebe J. 
 (now Mrs. Foster), Andrew L., 
 Isabel (now Mrs. Kelvey), Wm. 
 J. and George P., Jr. ; Mary Fran- 
 cis McAdams died May 14, 1862; 
 he married again to Mrs. Frances 
 A.Wilson; they have four child- 
 ren: Solomon L., A. A., Robert 
 T. and Mabel E.; lost two: Mar- 
 
 ijaret A. and Davis P.; Mrs. Ellis 
 las four children by a previous 
 
 marriage: Leonidas G., Llewellyn 
 A., Lorenzo L. and Mary A. L. ; 
 Mr. E. has been a member of the 
 A. F. and A. M. lodge- since 
 1844. 
 EWING, L. W., dealer in dry 
 goods and groceries, Springfield; 
 born in Licking county, Ohio, 
 September 17, 1822; his parents 
 were Josiah and Elizabeth Ewing; 
 the former died at the age of 67; 
 his mother, when he was a child; 
 Mr. Ewing was raised in Ohio, and 
 there learned the carpenter trade; 
 in 1855 moved to Fulton county, 
 111.; lived there for three years, 
 and then came to Iowa, locating 
 in this township; established him- 
 self in business in January, 1877; 
 March 14, 1 843, married to Miss* 
 Martha J. Wadell; she died April 
 21, 1859, leaving a family of six 
 children, five of whom are living: 
 Sanford P., Francis S. (now Mrs. 
 Snodgrass). Eufus B., Sarah J. 
 (now Mrs. Lowers), Julia A. ; lost 
 one: Dr. Franklin, who died in 
 Little Bock, Arkansas, while in 
 the army; he belonged to com- 
 pany 0, Fortieth Iowa; married 
 again to Miss Nancy A. Leathers; 
 they have three children : Mattie 
 E., William D., and Schuyler G.; 
 have lost three: Austin B., Sarah 
 F., and an infant. 
 
 FEAK, W. A., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Delta. 
 
 Foster, George, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 Fisher,' William, What Cheer. 
 
 Flathers, William, hotel, What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Flathers, B., furniture. What Cheer. 
 
 Flitscraft, Thomas, What Cheer. 
 
 Forsythe, E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 FLATHERS, WM. H., proprietor 
 of Valley House, What Cheer; 
 born June 14, 1814, Kentucky 
 being his native State; in 1824 he 
 moved 'with his father to Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana; there he 
 
728 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 , was raised on a farm; in 1842 lie 
 came to Iowa, locating in Jackson 
 county; remained there until 
 1854, and in 1860 came to Keo- 
 kuk county; he married Miss 
 Sarah E. Ellis, a native of Ken- 
 tucky; they have six children: 
 Benjamin E., Victoria (now Mrs. 
 Lamb), Melissa, Levinda (now 
 Mrs. Biglow),Wm. and Olega; Mr. 
 F. has been keeping this hotel, 
 which is the largest one in the 
 town, for twelve years; his busi- 
 ness has increased from time to 
 time so that he has been obliged 
 to enlarge his house. 
 
 FRANCE, WILLIAM, of the 
 firm of France, Rhodes & Bed- 
 ford, coal proprietors. Sec. 10 ; P. 
 O. What Cheer; born in Lan- 
 shire county, in 1851; he emigra- 
 ted to the United States, first set- 
 tling in Massachusetts ; remained 
 there for five years, and in 1857 
 moved to Illinois; he came to this 
 county in 1865, where he has 
 since resided; was in the army 
 for one year, in the gun -boat ser- 
 vice; in 1855 he married Miss 
 Elizabeth Farra, a native of Eng- 
 land; they have three children: 
 Harriet A. (now Mrs. Orr), Eliza 
 and Emma; lost one: Elizabeth; 
 owns fifty-eight acres of coal land, 
 the shaft being situated one quar- 
 ter of a mile northeast of what 
 Cheer ; the shaft is seventy -five 
 feet, and the vein six feet in 
 depth; coal is always on hand and 
 their mines have a capacity of 
 1,000 bushels per day. 
 
 Fritzler, Henry, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 Fritzler, Albert, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
 0. What Cheer. 
 
 FRITZLER, ANDREW, farmer, 
 Sec. 28; P. O. Springfield; born 
 in Prussia,Germany,May7,1818 ; at 
 the age of twelve he with his pa- 
 rents emigrated to the United 
 States, first settling in Miami 
 county, Ohio; there he was rais- 
 
 ed, and in 1842 he came to Iowa, 
 locating where he now lives; he 
 has a farm of 194 acres, well im- 
 proved and finely cultivated ; Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1841, he was married to 
 Miss Polly Ellis, a native of Ifew 
 York; they have ten children: 
 Henry, Albert, Ellis, Hannah 
 (now Mrs. Knox), John A., 
 Thomas, Andrew L., Annie (now 
 Mrs. Eose), Alfred and Barbara 
 B. 
 
 GARRETT, JOHN, farmer and 
 stock raiser. Sec. 35 ; P. O. Delta; 
 born in Kentucky in 1820; 'when 
 a child his parents moved to 
 Morgan county, Indiana, where 
 lie was raised on a farm; in 
 1843 he moved where he now 
 lives, and owns 170 acres of land, 
 well improved, and upon which is 
 a good orchard; he entered his 
 land in 1846 ; in 1840 he 
 married Miss Eachel Jones, a 
 native of Illinois; they have a 
 family of ten children; Eliza J. 
 (now Mrs. Tressler), Silas E., 
 Eachel A. (now Mrs. Black), Mary 
 E. (now Mrs. Tressler), John W., 
 William A. and Evan S. (twins) 
 and Charlotte E. (now Mrs. Reed; 
 have lost two: Martha E. and 
 James H. 
 
 GARRETT, ANDRE WP., farmer, 
 Sec. 23; P. O. What Cheer; born 
 in Morgan county, Indiana, March 
 22, 1836; he was raised and lived 
 there until 1854, when he came 
 to this county, locating where he 
 now resides; he has a farm of 
 eighty acres, all of which he has 
 improved; November 24, 1857, 
 he was united in marriage with 
 Miss Hester A. Crocker, a native of 
 Pennsylvania; they have ten 
 children : Marion H., Thomas A., 
 Elizabeth, E.. Samuel E., Louis 
 G., Francis, Ida M., Ernest and 
 William; have lost two: Lucinda 
 and Eosa Lee; Mr. and Mrs. Gar- 
 rett are members of the M. E. 
 Church. 
 
WASHINQTOlf TOWNSHIP. 
 
 729 
 
 Oarrett, S. E., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 0. Delta. 
 Garrett, J. W., fanner, Sec. 31 ; P. 
 
 0. "What Cheer. 
 Garrett, Elijah, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 Garrett, James, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 
 0. Springfield. 
 Garrett, Silas, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 Garrett, W. A. farmer; Sec. 35; P. 
 
 0. Springfield. 
 Garrett, E., Springfield. 
 Garrett, S. E. Sec. 36; P. O. Spring- 
 , field. 
 Garrett, Thomas A., farmer. Sec. 23 ; 
 
 P. 0. What Cheer. 
 Garrett, Marion, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 
 
 0. What Cheer. 
 Geneva, A., batcher. What Cheer. 
 Geneva, Albert, What Cheer. 
 Goodman, Charles, farmer, Sec. 11; 
 
 P. 0. What Cheer. 
 Greenlee, Geo., farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 
 0. Springfield. 
 Greenlee, A., Springfield. 
 Green, Isaac farmer Sec. 1; P. O. 
 
 What Cheer. 
 Griffin, J. H. farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 
 HAMPTON, JOHlSr, farmer. 
 Sec. 18; P. O. What Cheer. 
 Harlan & Davis, merchants, What 
 
 Cheer. 
 Harbinson, M. E., farmer. Sec. 12; 
 
 P. 0. What Cheer. 
 Hardy, J. M., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 0. Springfield. 
 Harlan, H. M., What Cheer. 
 Hasty, J. T., Sec. 35; P. O. Delta. 
 Hasty, M., Sec. 27; P. O. Delta. 
 Hawk, Martin, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 
 0. What Cheer. 
 Hazen, L., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 
 What Cheer. 
 Headlee, George, farmer. Sec. 11; 
 
 P. O. What (Jheer. 
 Headlee, E., What Cheer. 
 Headlee, J. C, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
 
 0. What Cheer. 
 Headlee, Charles, farmer, Sec. 11; 
 
 P. O. What Cheer, 
 
 Headlee, Jehu, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Headlee, W. N., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Headlee, William, farmer; Sec. 14; 
 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 Herendeen, E., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
 
 What Cheer. 
 Heston, Thomas, farmer Sec. 14; P. 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Hicklin, Allen, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
 
 O. Springfield. 
 Hicklin, James, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Springfield. 
 Hicklin, D., farmer. Sec. 31; P. (). 
 
 Springfield. 
 Hicklin, T., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 Hickland, Charles, Sec. 34; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 Homigan, Mrs. C, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Humes, James, farmer; Sec. 12; P. 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Humes, N. H., farmer. Sec. 1; P.O. 
 
 What Cheer. 
 Hurd, William, engineer, What 
 
 Cheer. 
 JACKSON, JOHJSr, farmer. Sec. 
 J 20; P. O. What Cheer. 
 Jackson, E., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 James, David, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 KEEP, JOHN 0., farmer, Sec. 
 32; P. O. Springfield; born 
 in Pennsylvania August 9, 1840; 
 was there raised on a farm, and in 
 1861 he moved to the State of Ill- 
 inois, and June 1, of that year he 
 enlisted in company H, Twentieth 
 Illinois, Volunteer Infantry; was 
 in the battlos of Fort Henry and 
 Fort Donaldson ; July 22, 1862, 
 he was discharged on account 
 of disability caused by gun- 
 shot in the left hip, received 
 at the latter battle; in December, 
 1862, he moved on the place where 
 he now resides, and which con- 
 sists of 125. acres of good land; 
 Nov. 8, 1862, he married Miss 
 
730 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 Amelia A. Stoddard of Pennsyl- 
 vania; have three children: Jessie 
 L., Nellie B. and Richard O.; have 
 lost one: Inez; Mr. and Mrs. K. 
 are members of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Keitsman, John, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 Keister, Silas, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Keitsman, A., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Kelvey, John, farmer, P. O. Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Kendal, F. G., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 King, Wm., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 King, M. P., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 KING, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Springfield ; born in county of 
 Kent, England, December 25, 
 1813; in 1833 he emigrated to 
 the United States, first settling in 
 New York City; he carried on 
 sugar refining for several years, 
 and in 1853 removed to Illinois; 
 after staying there for about two 
 years he came to Iowa, locating 
 where he now resides; he has a 
 finely improved farm of 223 acres ; 
 he married Miss Jane Cornwell 
 about the year 1832; she is a na- 
 tive of England; they have six 
 children: Emma (now Mrs 
 Bourke), born December 10, 1835, 
 John B., born May 2, 1843, Chas. 
 A., born July 1, 1845, George F., 
 born December 24, 1848, Mary 
 A., born September 6, 1850, Wal- 
 ter C, born December 4, 1854; 
 have lost six: Elizabeth J., born 
 July 23, 1838, and died December 
 10, 1870; Alfred W., born March 
 23, 1840, and died January 13, 
 1861; Sarah J., born March 29, 
 1842, and died May 27, 1842; 
 Susannah F., born May 12, 1847, 
 and died February 26, 1851 ; Fran- 
 cis M., born June 6, 1862, and 
 died June 15, 1854; Frederick H., 
 born May 20, 1856, and died Jan- 
 
 uary 13, 1865; Mrs. King died 
 November 30, 1870; after Mr. 
 King became of age he returned 
 to England and brought his pa- 
 rents to the United States. 
 
 Knox, J. T., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 Delta. 
 
 Knox, W. A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 Delta. 
 
 Knox. C. H., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 Delta. 
 
 LAMB, L. farmer. Sec. 21; 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 
 Lamb, Nelson, What Cheer. 
 
 Lamb, T. B., farmer, Sec 10; P. 0. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 LASH, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 
 33; P. O. Springfield; born in 
 Kentucky May 2, 1817; lived 
 there until 1827, when he went to 
 Johnson county, Indiana; he re- 
 mained there until 1847, when he 
 removed to Iowa; in 1854 he lo- 
 cated in Sigourney and engaged 
 in the mercantile business for 
 eighteen years; he was deputy 
 sheriff four years of that time; he 
 has held various township offices; 
 he was wounded in the Skunk 
 river war while attempting to ar- 
 rest a deserter; he owns a tine 
 farm of 90 acres of land, with all 
 improvements; December 21,. 
 1836, he was taarried to Miss 
 Mary D. Cunningham, of Indi- 
 ana; they have seven children: 
 Nancy J. (now Mrs. Mclntire), 
 Mary A. (now Mrs. Jennings), 
 David W., Samuel E., Wm. E., 
 Addie M. (now Mrs. Nye), Am- 
 brose C; have lost four: Martha 
 McCoy, Harriet L., Bradley and 
 Sarah; Mr. and Mrs. L. are mem- 
 ■ hers of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Lawrence, O. D., physician, What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Leathers, J. H., merchant, What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Lentanel, John, Sec. 7; P. O. What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Locher, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
"WASHINGTOK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 731 
 
 McFARLAND, SAM'L, farm- 
 er and stock dealer, Sec. 3; P. 
 0. "What Cheer; the subject of this 
 sketch, whose portrait appears in 
 this work, was born in Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, May 31, 
 1821; raised a farmer and lived 
 there until he reached his major- 
 ity; after living in various places 
 he went to South America in 
 1846, and after remaining a short 
 time returned to New Orleans; 
 came to Iowa in 184:7; came to 
 the county in 1867, and owns a 
 farm of 320 acres of improved 
 land, and is devoting his attention 
 largely to stock; is a valuable cit- 
 izen of the county, infusing a spirit 
 of laudable enterprise in more 
 than one direction ; he commands, 
 in a large degree, the confidence 
 of his acquaintances, and no one 
 has more friends in the commu- 
 nity; has been twice married, first 
 to Miss Louisa Carl, a native of 
 Indiana, born July 25, 1830; she 
 died November 27, 1874; by this 
 union they had seven children; 
 Mary (now Mrs. Pace), Emma, 
 Marshall, Addie and Samuel liv- 
 ing; Harriet and William de- 
 ceased; married for his second 
 wife Mrs. J. C. Abston, Septem- 
 ber 21, 1876; she was born in 
 Ohio June 19, 1841; by this mar- 
 riage they have one child: Carl 
 F.; Mr. McFarland is a member 
 of the A. F. and M., and he and 
 his wife are active members of the 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 McKinsie, C, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 McMullin, N., farmer, Springfield. 
 
 McMullin, B., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 0. Springfield. 
 
 McNabb, J. H., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
 0. Delta. 
 
 Mackey, James, Sr., farmer, Sec. 22 ; 
 P. 0. What Cheer. 
 
 Mackey, James, What Cheer. 
 
 Morrissy, John, Sec. 16; P. O. What 
 Cheer. 
 
 NELSON, ELIAS, farmer, Sec. 
 12; P. O. What Cheer; born in 
 Virginia May 27, 1822; when a 
 child he moved with his parents tO' 
 Ohio; there he was raised on a 
 farm, and resided in that State 
 until 1840, when he removed to 
 Illinois, remaining there until 
 1854, ^nd then came to this coun- 
 ty, where he has since resided; he- 
 owns 160 acres of good land; was 
 married to Miss Emily Brown, at 
 native of Pennsylvania; she was- 
 born December 25, 1825; have ai 
 family of eight children: Jona- 
 than M., born May 5, 1849; Mary- 
 J., born October 22, 1850; Vir- 
 
 finia, born June 7, 1853; Perry 
 '., born March 5,1856; Julania,. 
 born February 7, 1858 ; Delia F.^ 
 born February 29, 1860; A., born. 
 April 5, 1862; Grant, born Sep- 
 tember 17, 1866; lost two: Will- 
 iam O., born December 27, 1849^ 
 died October 18, 1850; Columbus, 
 born February 22, 1846, died in» 
 1865, at Mound City, 111. 
 Nanke, John, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0.. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 OLAM, JOHN, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 PENCE, J. T., farmer. Sec. 36;, 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 Perry, JeflPerson, farmer. Sec. 3; P- 
 
 O.' What Cheer. 
 Petty, Nathaniel, farmer. Sec. 35;, 
 
 P. O. Delta. 
 Pitman, A. M., farmer, Springfield- 
 Pollock, Marion, farmer, Sec. 13; P- 
 
 O. What Cheer. 
 Prokrand, Martin, farmer, Sec. 4; P^ 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
 RAPLINGER, JACOB, What 
 Cheer. 
 
 Keed, Jacob, Sec. 33; P. O. Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Keynolds, Henry, farmer, Sec. 36; 
 P. 0. Delta. 
 
 Eeynolds, C, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O- 
 Delta. 
 
 Ehodes, Josiah, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 O. What Cheer. 
 
732 
 
 DIEEOTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Hose, Austin, farmer Sec. 31; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 SAMPSOlSr, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 
 30; P. O. Springfield. 
 
 Sampson, E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 Sampson, Wash., Sec. 33; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 Sampson, B., Sec. 34; P. 0, Delta. 
 
 Shackelford, W. T., farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. 0. What Cheer. 
 
 Shewey, Enoch, farmer, Spring- 
 field. 
 
 SHERIFF, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 
 3; P. O. What Cheer; born in Ger- 
 many, on the Rhine, in 1828; there 
 he was raised; when twenty 
 years old he was drafted for six 
 jears in company Eight, Fortieth 
 Regiment, regular army; after 
 three years' service he deserted and 
 ■emigrated to the United States; 
 •on arriving in this country he 
 pawned his clothes for his first 
 night's lodging; he has gained 
 what he now has by hard work, 
 industry and perseverance; he first 
 settled in Buffalo, N. T.; after re- 
 maining there until 1853, he came 
 to Muscatine county, where he 
 stopped for seven years, and then, 
 in 1867, enlisted in company B, 
 Thirty-fifth Iowa Volunteer In- 
 fantry, served until the close of 
 the war and was in several small 
 battles; he married Miss Nancy 
 Pursell, of Indiana; they have 
 four children: A. C, Howard T., 
 Grace M. and Blanch W. ; has a 
 farm of eighty acres. 
 
 Shisler, Wm., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Springfield. 
 
 SHERBONDY, H., farmer. Sec. lO ; 
 P. O. What Cheer; born in Sum- 
 mit county, Ohio, October 2, 1836; 
 there he was raised on a farm un- 
 til 1857, when he moved to Bu- 
 reau county, Illinois; he enlisted 
 August 22, 1862, as a private in 
 •company C, One Hundred and 
 Twelfth Illinois Infantry, and 
 
 served till the close of the war; 
 December 11, 1863, he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of second lieu- 
 tenant; he participated in the 
 siege of Knoxville, under General 
 Burnsides, in Tennessee, Eesaca, 
 and was wounded May 20, at 
 Good Hope Church, Georgia, by 
 
 fun-shot in the left arm and lung; 
 Tovember 29, 1864, he again 
 joined his regiment, but on the 
 next day, at the battle of Frank- 
 lin, Tennessee, was taken prisoner 
 and remained in the southern 
 prison-pen until the close of the 
 war; he was in Anderson ville 
 prison for four months and seven 
 days; at the close of the war he 
 removed to Iowa, and in May, 
 1870, came to What Cheer and 
 engaged in the mercantile busi- 
 ness until 1876, when he went to 
 Lead ville, Colorado; he was one 
 of the first engaged there in min- 
 ing; he took a claim and discov- 
 ered the Little Ellen mines, which 
 he sold, August 18, for a large re- 
 muneration; he then came home, 
 reaching here in October, 1879; 
 he has a nice farm of eighty acres; 
 he married Miss Catharine M. 
 Bort, August 22, 1857; they have 
 a family of six children: Byron, 
 Florence, Jennie, Addie, Maggie 
 and Warren (twins). 
 
 Skidmore, A. M., farmer, Sec. 30; 
 P. O. Springfield. 
 
 Smothers, James, Sec. 20; P. 0. 
 Sprinfield. 
 
 Snodgrass, Ben., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 O.^What Cheer. 
 
 Snodgrass, M., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 O. Delta. 
 
 Sparks, Ben., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. 
 Springfield. 
 
 Snodgrass, John, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Springfield. 
 
 TASK, WILLIAM, farmer, 
 Sec. 33; P. O. Springfield. 
 
 Thomas, W. P., 
 Cheer. 
 
 restaurant, What 
 
w 
 
 VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 1U 
 
 Thomas, W. W., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 
 0. What Cheer. 
 Thornloe, Thomas, Sr., farmer, Sec. 
 
 21; P. O. "What Cheer. 
 Tncker, Ira, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 
 What Cheer. 
 
 UEIE, WILLIAM, farmer, 
 Springfield. 
 Urie, Thomas, farmer, Springfield. 
 
 VANWINKLE, E., farmer. Sec. 
 33; P. O. Springfield. 
 Vance, Michael, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 0. Delta. 
 Veach, B. H., Sec. 6; P. O. In- 
 dianapolis, Mahaska county. 
 WABEE, CHAELES, Sec. 2; 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 Washburn, J., Sec. 2; P. O. What 
 
 Cheer. 
 Waterhouse, — , hotel, Springfield. 
 Wilson, I. G., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 
 Springfield. 
 Wildman & Stanton, merchants, 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Wright, Joel, Sec. 5; P. O. Coal 
 
 WILSON, ISAAC B., fanner. Sec. 
 4; P. O. What Cheer; born in 
 Champaign county, Ohio, Marcb 
 14, 1830; he was raised and lived ' 
 there until 1854, when he came tO' 
 Iowa and located in Mahaska 
 county: he remained there until 
 October of the same year, when 
 he came to this county, settling- 
 on the place which he now owns^ 
 which he entered from the gov- 
 ernment, and which consists of 
 202 acres of finely improved land,, 
 upon which he has a fine bearing- 
 orchard; he married Miss Mary 
 Wilson, of Ohio; by this union 
 they have three children : Emma,, 
 Lansen C. and Burris; have lost 
 five: Let and Lew{twins),and thre& 
 infants; they are members of the 
 Baptist Church, and Mr. W. be- 
 longs to the I. O. O. F. lodge. 
 
 ■^-^3^T BTTI^BIlSr TO"Vv^IsrSI3:iE'. 
 
 ALLEN, ELIJAH, farmer, Sec. 
 24; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Allen, John, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Albers, J. W., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Armstrong, James, farmer. Sec. 4; 
 
 P. 0. Sigourney. 
 Armstrong, W. B., farmer. Sec. 4; 
 
 P. 0. Sigourney. 
 Aprance, Otto, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 
 0. Sigourney. 
 Aultman, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 BAKEE, G. W.. farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Banton, Jonah, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 BEARDSLEY, H., farmer, Sec. 9; 
 P. 0. Sigourney; born in Dela- 
 ware county, New York, May 1, 
 1807; when quite young his 
 parents moved to Licking county, 
 Ohio; there he was raised on a 
 
 farm ; he came to this State ancf 
 county in 1854, and located oa 
 the place which he now occupies, 
 and which consists of seventy acres- 
 of good land; in June, 1839, he- 
 was married to Miss Anna. 
 Strather, a native of Yirginia; 
 she was born in 1810; in 1850- 
 she died, leaving nine children r 
 Emeline, John S., Charles A., 
 Eobert B., Wilford W., Hannah^ 
 Malinda J., Margaret S. and Ja- 
 cob; lost four: Benjamin B., Ann,. 
 Hannah and Eobert B., who died 
 in the war; he was a member of 
 the Eighth Iowa Infantry; Mr.. 
 B. is a member of the M. E.. 
 Church. 
 BELL, GEORGE R., farmer. Sec. 
 21; P. 0. Sigourney; born in 
 Dumfries, Scotland, December 
 22, 1833; in 1842 he emigrated 
 with his parents to the tJnited 
 States, landing at New York, 
 
734 
 
 DIEECTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 where they remained for three 
 years, and then returned to their 
 native land in 1847; in 1859 he 
 •came back to America, and for 
 four years was engaged as clerk 
 in one of the prominent shipping 
 houses of New York city ; from 
 there he came to Muscatine coun- 
 ty, Iowa, in 1863, and after engag- 
 ing in farming there for eleven 
 years came to Keokuk county and 
 located where he now lives; owns 
 196 acres of good land ; he is at 
 present school director, which of- 
 fice he has held for two years 
 past; December 26, 1856, he mar- 
 ried Miss Jessie Alson, a native 
 ■of the same place as himself; 
 she was born in 1833; by this 
 union they have six children: 
 William A., Mary G., Ellen J., 
 James B., John R., Charles H.; 
 Mrs. Bell is a member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 BLANi), S. W., farmer,. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Foun- 
 tain county, Indiana, May 25, 
 
 , 1829; in 1833, when quite young, 
 he moved with his parents to 
 Knox county, Illinois, and was 
 raised on a farm and received the 
 advantages of a common school 
 ■education ; from there he came to 
 Iowa and settled on the place 
 where he now resides in 1866; owns 
 a pleasant place of seventy-eight 
 acres of good land; he married 
 Miss A. A. Willisom, a native of 
 JVIenard county, 111., in Oct. 1850; 
 they have five children : William 
 H., John "W., James W., Charles 
 W., and S. 0.; lost one: George 
 V. ; Mr. and Mrs. B. are members 
 of the M.' E. Church. 
 
 Bland, Wesley, farmer, See. 29; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Bramenburg, Fred., farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 IBrannon, Edward,, farmer, Sec, 24; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 BRINGMAN, JOSHUA, farm- 
 er and stock-raiser, Sec. 17; 
 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Adams county, Pennsylvania, 
 December 19, 1817; he was there 
 raised on a farm until 1838, when 
 he went to Preble county, Ohio, 
 and remained there till 1847; 
 he then moved to Indiana, and 
 after remaining there until 1853, 
 he came to this county, locating 
 where he now resides; has a tarm 
 of 272f acres of land ; has held 
 various offices, in the township, 
 and is an active, energetic citizen; 
 May 20, 1841, he married Miss 
 M. York; she was born in Ten- 
 nessee, October 23, 1821; they 
 have nine children: Oscar B., 
 Canipscdel (now Mrs. Aurora 
 Clemens), Jerusha (now Mrs. 
 H. Nation), Mary (now Mrs. 
 Khoads), Mahala J. (now Mrs. 0. 
 Harvey), Omer B., O. C, Owen 
 E., and E,.; lost four: Kosalee B. 
 (who was Mrs. P. Waltz), William 
 H., and two infants. 
 
 BRITTON, WILLIAM W.,farmer, 
 Sec. 29; P. Sigourney; born in 
 Knox county, Ohio, July 7, 1834; 
 he was raised a farmer, and at the 
 age of sixteen years he moved with 
 his parents to Johnson county, 
 Iowa, and there he entered a 
 piece of land from the govern- 
 ment; in 1867 he came to Keo- 
 kuk county, arid settled on the 
 place where he now lives, 
 which consists of 200 acres of 
 good land; in 1858 he was united 
 in marriage to Miss Elizabeth 
 Mcllree, a native of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio; by this union they 
 have five children: John E., 
 Frank L., Jeanette, Jay, and Al- 
 vahA.; have lost four: Charlie, 
 Ray, and two infants; are mem- 
 bers of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Brown, James, farmer, Sec. 32; V. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Bussing, J. F., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Butler, James, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
TAN BUBBN TOWNSHIP, 
 
 735 
 
 CARR, SAM., farmer, Sec. 2Y; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Clubb, Wm., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 €HRISMAN, R., farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania, May 27, 
 1830; when thirteen years ot age 
 he, with his parents, moved to 
 Madison county, Ohio, where he 
 was raised on a farm ; he came to 
 this State and county and located 
 near Lancaster, where he remain- 
 ed but a short time and then re- 
 moved to Van Bnren township 
 and settled where he now lives in 
 1851: owns 150 acres of good 
 land; February 22, 1844, he mar- 
 ried Miss Jane Sidner; she was 
 born in Ohio in 1823 ; they have 
 by this union six children : Ellen 
 (now Mrs. Downing), David, 
 Sarah M., Frank P., L. G. and 
 -John, who enlisted in company 
 B, Thirty-third Iowa Infantry and 
 served until the close of the war; 
 discharged at Davenport in 1865; 
 Mr. and Mrs.C. are active members 
 of the Baptist Church; also have 
 four children members of the 
 same church, and one is a mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church. 
 
 CLARY, LEONARD, farmer. Sec. 
 29; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Fleming county, Kentucky, 
 July 14, 1827; when quite young 
 his parents moved to Parke coun- 
 ty, Indiana; there he was raised 
 on a farm and continued to be a 
 farmer to the present time; came 
 to Iowa in 1850 and settled in 
 Tan Buren township, this county; 
 after remaining here for seven 
 years he moved to Christian coun- 
 ty, Missouri, and from there to 
 Dallas county, same State; from 
 there he removed to McLean 
 •county, Illinois; he returned to 
 Iowa, stopping in Monroe county; 
 the situation not being desirable, 
 he again came to this county and 
 settled on his old farm, and re- 
 
 mained there for four years; he 
 then moved on Sec. 15, and in 
 1877 he located where he now re- 
 sides; owns 160 acres of well im- 
 proved and cultivated land; in 
 November, 1849, he was married 
 to Miss Emily Ashbury, a native 
 of Indiana; have seven children: 
 Henry C, William, M., Thomas, 
 Mary F., Amos and Ida M.; have 
 lost one. 
 CLUBB, ANDERSON, farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 28; P. O. Sig- 
 ourney; born July 26, 1838, in 
 Morgan county, Indiana ; remain- 
 ed there until ten years of age, 
 when, with his parents, he came 
 to this county, settling in Van 
 Buren township, near the place 
 where he now resides; he was 
 brought up as a farmer and has 
 followed that occupation very suc- 
 cessfully to the present time; in 
 1859 he went overland to Califor- 
 nia, and for eleven months was en- 
 gaged in mining; in 1860 he re- 
 turned in the same manner in 
 which he went; two years later 
 he again went overland to Califor- 
 nia, with eighteen head of drift 
 horses for market; meeting with 
 good success he returned, and the 
 following year made still another 
 trip, well satisfied with what he 
 had accomplished; in 1863 Mr. 
 Clubb settled on Sec. 29, this 
 township, and there engaged in 
 farming and stock-raising; in con- 
 nection with larming he has for 
 the past ten years given consider- 
 able time and attention to the 
 raising of blooded horses and cat- 
 tle; he has a good farm ol 149 
 acres, with a fine and well arrang- 
 ed house and barn, with out- 
 buildings to correspond; Novem- 
 ber 19, 1861, he was married to 
 Miss Mary J. Mead, a native of 
 Champaign county, Ohio, and 
 born April 20, 1838; she came 
 with her parents to this county in 
 1856 and settled in Van Buren 
 
736 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 township, where she resided when 
 she was married ; they have five 
 children: Dora, born in 1862, 
 Hattie, born in 1863, Allie, born 
 in 1865, Charlie, born in 1866, 
 and Ralph, born in 1868; Mr. 
 and Mrs. C. came to this State at an 
 early day, and have seen all the 
 hardships known to a pioneer life; 
 by industry and economy they 
 have accumulated a fine property; 
 Mr. Clubb is a member of Sig- 
 ourney Lodge No. 98, 1. O. O. F. 
 
 Cochlan, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Cory, Clint., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Cosner, A., farmer, TSec. ] 1 ; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Covey, Lorenzo, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Covey, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
 Sigonrney. 
 
 Covey, Byron, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Grossman, Mary, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 GROSSMAN, JOEL, farmer, Sec. 
 8; P. O. Sigourney; born in Gen- 
 esee county. New Tork, August 
 18, 1818, and was raised in this 
 and adjoining county until four- 
 teen years of age, and then re- 
 moved with his parents to Ohio; 
 he received a good common school 
 education, and came to this coun- 
 ty first in 1849 and located land, 
 and in 1851 made the county his 
 permanent home; he owns a good 
 farm of 320 acres; he held the 
 office of county surveyor eighteen 
 years, also the office of as- 
 sessor of internal revenue 
 four years and then resign- 
 ed; served as a member of 
 the board of supervisors, and has 
 ever discharged his official duties 
 with scrupulous care and fidelity; 
 owing to an affection of his eyes 
 he spent the past summer and 
 autumn in Montana, and received 
 great benefit; he also owns an in- 
 
 terest in several mining claims; 
 he married Miss Cynthia Marsh 
 in 1852; she was born in New 
 Tork, and died April 2, 1862, 
 leaving four children: ClarencCj, 
 
 Lurena, Omar and 
 
 Alvin A.; he 
 
 married for his second wife Miss 
 Sarah E. Doming, in 1863; she 
 was born in Washington county, 
 Ohio; by this marriage they hav& 
 four children: Mary, Cynthia, 
 Joel and Ida. 
 
 DARLET, J. E., farmer, Sec. 
 28; P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Dawson, Wm., farmer. Sec. 14; P, 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Decker, Elias, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Sigonrney. 
 
 Decker, J. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Decker, Edward, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 DORMAN, J., retired farmer, Sec. 
 20; P. O. Sigourney; born Octo- 
 ber 9, 1826, in Morgan county, 
 Indiana; there he was raised, fol- 
 lowing the occupation of farmer, 
 and continued the same until 
 1876 ; he came to Iowa in 1853,. 
 and settled in Van Buren town- 
 ship, this county, on the farm 
 known as the J. Dorman farm, 
 there he resided until 1876 "j. 
 was married December 13, 1846, 
 to Miss Matilda Conduitt; she 
 died November 14, 1857, leaving 
 a family of four children: Wil- 
 liamW.(phy8ician, PattersoHjMad- 
 ison county Iowa), Thomas L. (a 
 farmer in Oregon), and Ella M. 
 (wife of C. H. Whiteman); was 
 again married May 1, 1860, to 
 Miss Elizabeth Davis, a native of 
 Johnson county, Indiana; she 
 was born April 6, 1840; have one 
 daughter: Annie; they are unde- 
 cided at present where they will 
 make their future home, but in all 
 probabilities in Thornburg, Prair- 
 ie township ; Mr. and Mrs. D. are 
 active members of the Christian 
 Church at What Cheer. 
 
TAN BUEEH TOWNSHIP. 
 
 73T 
 
 DORMAN, WILLIAM W., farm- 
 er, Sec. 20; P. O. Sigourney ; born 
 in Morgan county, Indiana, Octo- 
 ber 30, 1848; he, with his parents, 
 came to this county in 1852 and 
 settled where he now resides; 
 owns 200 acres of well cultivated 
 land; November 16, 1871, he 
 married Miss Hattie Smith, a na- 
 tive of Morgan county, Indiana; 
 she was born September 12, 1852, 
 and remained there until her mar- 
 riage; they have a family of two 
 children: Maud, born November 
 27, 1872, and Owen, born Febru- 
 ary 27, 1874. 
 
 DORMAN, H., farmer, .Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Sigourney; born in Morgan 
 county Indiana, January 27, 1842 ; 
 when thirteen years of age he 
 came with his parents to this State 
 and county, locating on the place 
 where he now lives; he own 250 
 acres of well improved land ; Sep- 
 tember 9, 1862, he enlisted in 
 company H, Thirty-third Iowa In- 
 fantry, at Oskaloosa; was in all the 
 battles participated in by the reg- 
 iment, and April 30, 1864, he was 
 wounded at Jenkins' Ferry, Ar- 
 kansas; he was unable to join his 
 regiment for a short time, but af- 
 ter his wound healed served till 
 the close of the war, and was mus- 
 tered out September 9, 1865, at 
 Davenport; he returned home and 
 resumed his labors on his farm; 
 has held various township offices; 
 February, 1866, he married Miss 
 Martha Knox; she was born in 
 in 1848, in this county; have six 
 children : Aurthur, L., Orris, Lot- 
 ta, Jessie, Lou. ; Mr. D. is a mem- 
 ber of the I. O. O. F., Sigourney 
 Lodge, No. 98. 
 
 ' Dunlap, James, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Dunbar, J. S., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 DUNLAP, J. M., farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Sec. 15; P. O. Sigourney; 
 
 46 
 
 born in Marion county, Ohio, 
 April 26, 1835; he was there 
 raised as a farmer, but learned the 
 carpenter's trade, which he is now 
 carrying on in connection with his 
 farming and stock-raising; he 
 principally raises fine-blooded 
 sheep, Cotswold and Leicester, 
 but raised other stock to some ex- 
 tent; in 1877 he came to this 
 county, locating where he now re- 
 sides; he owns 195 acres of tine 
 land; in November, 1859, he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary A. Hill; she died 
 in December, 1867, leaving a fam- 
 ily of two children : Jame L. and 
 Delia J.; was again married in 
 March, 1869, to Miss Phebe Wat- 
 ters, a native of Delaware county, 
 Ohio, and born in May, 1840; he 
 is a member of the Masonic Fra- 
 ternity, Bucyrus Lodge, No. 129, 
 of Crawford county, Ohio; Mr. 
 James Dunlap, his father, is 
 with him; he was born in Ohio 
 county, Virginia, April 6, 1802; 
 moved to Marion county, Ohio, 
 in 1822, and located on a farm 
 where he resided for fifty years; 
 he came to Iowa in 1877 and set- 
 tled on the place, with his son, 
 where he now resides, and owns 
 120 acres of finely improved land; 
 he was married November, 1825, 
 to Miss Martha Yates, a native of 
 Yirginia; she died in November, 
 1826, leaving one child : Martha 
 (now Mrs. Scott, of Washing- 
 ton' county, Ohio); November, 
 27, 1827, he again married Miss 
 Nancy Story; she died in Septem- 
 ber, 1863, leaving a family of four 
 children : William, Kutham, Ma- 
 tilda and Jno. M. ; lost two : Ke- 
 ziah and Matilda; he was married 
 the third time to Mrs. Susan E. 
 Watters, of Delaware county, 
 Ohio, in June, 1868 ; Mr. Dunlap 
 intends to rent his land, deal in 
 stock to some extent and live com- 
 fortably the rest of his days. 
 
738 
 
 DIEECTORT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 EATON, W. D., farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. 0. Sigonrney. 
 FORD, THOMAS F., farmer 
 and stock-raiser; P. 0. Sig- 
 ourney; born in Licking county, 
 Ohio, March 16, 1839; there he 
 was raised a farmer and received 
 his education from the common 
 schools of that State; in 1856 he 
 came with his parents to Keokuk 
 county, locating near Sigourney; 
 there his mother still resides with 
 her daughter, Mrs. Geo. Halferty; 
 his father died in 1870; he enlist- 
 ed September 21, 1861, in com- 
 pauy F. Eiglith Iowa Volunteer 
 Infantry; was taken sick at Syra- 
 cuse, Missouri, and after serving 
 for nine months, was mustered 
 out at St.'Louis, Missouri; he re- 
 turned to this county and settled 
 in Adams township, but the loca- 
 tion not being desirable, he locat- 
 ed where he now lives; owns 120 
 acres of fine land; Mr. F. is at 
 present, and has been for the past 
 three years, township trustee; Oc- 
 tober 15, 1862, married Miss Su- 
 san Clubb, a native of Indiana; 
 they have one adopted daughter: 
 Eliza Hansyel, who has lived with 
 them for some twelve years; are 
 both active members of the Christ- 
 ian Church. 
 
 Fisher, Fred., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Dan., farmer, Sec. 21; 
 P. O. Sigourney. , 
 
 GEJSTO, WM., farmer, Sec. 20; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 Gramm, Kobert, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 HALL, J. R., farmer Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Sigourney; born in Logan 
 county, Ohio, October 2, 1830; 
 there he was raised, following the 
 occupation of farmer, which he 
 contined until 1865; he then came 
 to this county and settled near 
 Springfield; he remained there 
 for two years and then went to 
 German township in 1867; was 
 
 appointed steward of the county 
 poor-farm, and remained in that 
 position for twelve years; during 
 that time all of the improvements 
 were made; in 1874 he settled 
 where he now resides; owns 136 
 acres of land under good cultiva- 
 tion; November, 1853, he was 
 married to Miss Elizabeth Sapp; 
 she was born April 27, 1829'; by 
 this union they have seven child- 
 dren: George W., Alice M., Oli- 
 ver S., Frank B., William C, 
 Mary E. and Lucinda E.; lost one: 
 Charles ; Mr. Hall is a member of 
 the A. O. U. W. Lodge. 
 
 Ham, Lewis, farmer Sec. 18; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 HASTY, T. B., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Sigourney; born in Fleming 
 county, Kentucky, January 11, 
 1826; he remained there until 
 nearly six years of age, when, with 
 his parents, he moved to Morgan 
 county, Indiana; he remained 
 there until 1842, when he came 
 to "Washington county, Iowa, and 
 there engaged in farming; came 
 to this county in 1856 and settled 
 in Yan Buren township; in 1866 
 he moved on the place where he 
 now resides; owns 160 acres of 
 good land, and well improved; 
 was formerly engaged in milling, 
 having followed that business for 
 fourteen years, up to 1871; he 
 built and operated what is known 
 as "Hasty's Mill," during that 
 time; October 28, 1854, he mar- 
 ried Miss Althea Dean, a, native 
 of Montgomery county, Indiana; 
 they have nine children: Leah E. 
 (now Mrs. Shennofield), Dora, 
 Hosea D., Lewis D., Frank "W., 
 Sarah E., Etty M., Martha A. and 
 Q. L. 
 
 Hasty, J. G., farmer. Sec. 30; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Hartlong, Charles, farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Harvey, J. B., farmer. Sec. 4; P.. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
VAN BUEEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 739 
 
 Heart, Dan., farmer. Sec. 17^ P. O. 
 
 Sigonrney. 
 Hill, H. K., farmer. Sec. 5; P.O. 
 
 Sigonrney. 
 Honsechilds, Fred, farmer, Sec. 14; 
 
 P. O. Sigonrney. 
 JENNINGS, WM., farmer, Sec. 
 d 26; P. O. Sigournpy. 
 Johnson, J. C, ifarmer. Sec. 9; P. 
 
 O. Sigonrney. 
 John, Wm., farmer,' Sec. 16; P. 0. 
 
 Sigonrney. 
 Johnson, Oliver, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
 
 O. Sigonrney. 
 Just, Chris, Jr., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
 
 0. Sigourney. 
 Just, Chris, farmer. Sec. 7; P. 0. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Just, Fred, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 
 Sigonrney. 
 
 KLEINSCHMIDT. N., farmer, 
 Sec. 30; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Klitz, A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Koltman, Wm., farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 LANDEES, JONES, farmer, 
 Sec. 9; P. Sigourney. 
 Legg, Sam, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Legg, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Lowe, J. B., farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 McCLANAHAN, JAMES, 
 farmoi-. Sec. 8; P. O. Sig- 
 ourney. 
 McCLENAHAN, ELIJAH, farm- 
 er and stock-raiser, Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Sigourney; born in Kentucky, 
 June 3, 1811; when sixteen years 
 of age he moved with his parents 
 to Shelby county, Ohio; was 
 raised a farmer, and in 1829 he 
 went to Pickaway county; he 
 thei'e learned the hatters' trade, 
 but owing to impaired health was 
 obliged to abandon it; in 1831 he 
 moved to Peoria county, Illinois, 
 and engaged in farming; about 
 this time the trouble between 
 Black Hawk and his tribe and the 
 
 whites occurred; Mr. McC. lived 
 near where some of the most 
 fiendish outrages were perpetrat- 
 ed; he himself was, at one time 
 during the troubles, a target for 
 twenty shots from the Indians, 
 and yet unharmed; during the 
 period of these troubles, he, in 
 common with his neighbors, ex- 
 perienced hardships that words 
 fail to describe; in 1833 he re- 
 moved to Putnam county, Illi- 
 nois; in 1855 he came to Keokuk 
 county, and settled on an improv- 
 ed farm known as the Brown 
 farm, near Sigourney; he at one 
 time owned and operated a saw 
 mill in Sigourney, near where the 
 flouring mill now stands; this 
 he exchanged for the farm on 
 which he now lives, and owns 404 
 acres of improved land, well 
 stocked; has held various town- 
 ship oflBces; has been twice mar- 
 ried, first to Miss Sarah Emery, 
 in March, 1835 ; she was a native 
 of Ohio; she died January 26, 
 1854, leaving eleven children, liv- 
 ing: Elizabeth, Sarah J., Robert 
 and Mary (twins), James E., 
 Nancy, Winfield S., Isabel, Com- 
 modore J., Rosella I. and Clarin- 
 da; lost three; he married for his 
 second wife Miss Elizabeth Wil- 
 son, May 27, 1855; she was born 
 in Belmont county, Ohio, in 1831; 
 by this union they have nine 
 chiidren: Maria A., Abraham 
 L., Andrew J., Elijah, Amanda, 
 Melvin, Russell, Shadon and Al- 
 raon: lost* two: John H. and 
 Eliza; Mr. and Mrs. McC. are ac- 
 tive members of the Christian 
 Chnrch. 
 
 McNabb, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 31; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 McNabb, Philip, farmer, Sec. 31; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Manyon, Frances, farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Marts, Andrew, farmer, Sec 26; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
740 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK OOUNnr. 
 
 MEAD, WILLIAM, farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 19; P. 0. Sig- 
 ourney; born in Licking county, 
 Ohio, February 22, 1827; when 
 nine years of age he with his pa- 
 rents moved to Champaign coun- 
 ty, Ohio, where he was raised on 
 a farm; during his early years he 
 taught school during the winters, 
 and farmed through the summers ; 
 he came to this State and county 
 October 13, 1861, and located on 
 the place where he now resides; 
 owns 500 acres of land, the most 
 of which is well improved; has 
 held various township oflSces; he 
 has been twice married, first to 
 Miss Sarah Harlan, a native of 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, 
 May 24,1851; they had by this 
 union three children: William E., 
 George O. and Li da M. (now Mrs. 
 J. W. Bland); married for his 
 second wife, February 3, 1859, 
 Miss Susan M. Cowgill, a native 
 of Champaign county, Ohio; they 
 have seven children: Charlie, 
 Carrie, Harland, Annie C, Alice, 
 Lillie and Frank; have lost one: 
 Harry; Mr. and Mrs. M. are mem- 
 bers of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Mead, Oscar, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Miller, Wm., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Sigournej'. 
 
 Mollinix, David, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 NEWMAN, MIKE, / farmer. 
 Sec. 7; P. 0. Sigourney. 
 Newman, Adolph, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 
 P. 0. Sigourney. 
 Newman, Fred, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Nichol, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Nichol, Fred, farmer, Sec. 8; P.-0. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 
 PARKE, THERESA, farmer, 
 Sec. 8; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Parke, A. J., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Parke, W. J., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Parke, Kebecca, farmer, Sec. 10; P, 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Polka, August, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 RENTFRO, J. S., farmer, Sec. 
 22; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Eock, Fred, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Kodes, Wm. farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0, 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Kodes, Phillip, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Rogers, Archillis, farmer. Sec. 11; 
 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 Rogers, H.J. farmer, Sec. 12; P.O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 Roice, Wilber, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Roice, Abner, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 
 Sigonrney. 
 
 S EATON, JOSEPH, farmer. 
 Sec. 28; P. O. Sigourney, 
 
 Shawhan, John, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Shawhan, J. R., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 SHUFFLEBARGER, HENRY, 
 farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Sigourney f 
 born in Montgomery county, Vir- 
 ginia; in 1830, when quite young, 
 he moved with his parents to 
 Johnson county, Indiana; there 
 he remained until 1847, being 
 raised there on a farm, which oc- 
 cupation he has followed since; in 
 1847 he came to this county, and 
 has resided here mos't of the time 
 since; in 1863 he moved to Indi- 
 ana, but not being satisfied with 
 the location, returned to this 
 county, locating where he now 
 lives in 1868; owns 189 acres of 
 well improved land ; Mr. S. was 
 an active worker in the struggle 
 for the location of the county-seat, 
 and he himself, with a team, re- 
 moved the records of the county 
 from Sigourney to Lancaster, 
 in 1848, but in 1858 the 
 
VAN BXJEEIT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 741 
 
 records were returned to Sig- 
 ourney; he has held var- 
 ious offices of trust in his town- 
 ship; he married Miss Elizabeth 
 Lowe, November 14, 1848; she is 
 a native of Kush county, Indiana, 
 there she was raised, and in 1846, 
 ■came with her parents to Iowa, 
 locating in Keokuk county; they 
 have ten children: Florence J. 
 (now Mrs. Milton Harden, of 
 Johnson county, Indiana), Mary 
 E. (now Mrs. A. W. Sanders, of 
 Greenwood county, Kansas), Ol- 
 ive E. (now Mrs. V. T. Sanders, 
 of the same county and State), 
 Sarah E., Effie L. (now Mrs. S. F. 
 Finsley, of this county), John H., 
 Joseph F., Inez M., Burton H. 
 and Eessie E.; lost two: Delia M. 
 and an infant ; they are old settlers 
 and have participated in all the 
 hardships known to a pioneer life; 
 Mrs. S. and four of her daughters 
 are members of the Baptist 
 Church, at Sigourney. 
 
 ihutts, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 ilaser, Godlieb, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Imith, J. v., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 5MITH, LiESTER, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Tomp- 
 kins county. New York, June 10, 
 1818; when quite young he, with 
 his parents, moved to Fayette 
 ■county, Indiana; there he was 
 raised on a farm, which occupa- 
 tion he has followed to the present 
 time; in 1844 he went to Mc- 
 Lean county, Illinois, where he 
 remained for eleven years, and in 
 1854 he removed to this State and 
 county; in 1856 he located on the 
 place which he now occupies; 
 owns 180 acres of good land; has 
 held various town ship offices; mar- 
 ried February 24, 1842, to Miss 
 Mary Richardson; she was born 
 in Belmont county, Ohio, Febru- 
 ary 24, 1817; she remained in 
 
 Ohio until thirteen years of age, 
 when her parents moved to Fay- 
 ette county, Indiana; there she 
 was raised ; they have four chil- 
 dren : John v., Oliver H., Sarah 
 J., Olive A. ; lost one son : Aaron 
 B., who was a member of company 
 H, Thirty-third , Iowa Yolunteer 
 Infantry; enlisted August, 1862, 
 and died January 24, 1864, at 
 Keokuk, Iowa; John V. was also 
 a member of the same company, 
 but was discharged on account of 
 disability; Mrs. Smith is a mem- 
 ber of the Christian Church at 
 What Cheer. 
 
 Snider, Ernest, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Snider, S., farmer. See. 20; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Swails, Abram, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Story, N. L., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 THOMPSON, ANN, farmer, 
 Sec. 11; P. O. Sigourney. 
 THOMPSON, T. J., farmer. Sec. 
 10; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Boone county, Indiana, March 31, 
 1840; he remained there until 
 twelve years of age, when he with 
 his parents moved to Iowa, locat- 
 ing in this county and township; 
 in 1853 he moved upon the place 
 where he now resides, and which 
 consists of 220 acres of good land 
 upon which he has a fine house 
 and outbuildings; he enlisted in 
 1862 in company B, Thirty-third 
 Iowa Volunteer Infantry; served 
 until the close of the war, was not 
 wounded, and was mustered out at 
 Davenport in 1865 ; from there he 
 returned home, where he now re- 
 sides: he has held various offices 
 in his township, and is a thorough 
 farmer; January 1, 1859, he was 
 united in marriage with Miss Har- 
 riet Rodman; she was born in, 
 Jackson county, Indiana, August 
 28, 1841 ; she came to this county 
 with her parents (who were some 
 
742 
 
 DIEECTOET OF ZEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 of the pioneers of this county) in 
 1843; have three children : Doug- 
 las E., Melissa H., Dora E.; have 
 lost two : Francis L. and Thomas 
 H. 
 Tools, William, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Tools, Pat., farmer, Sec. 22; P.O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Turner, John, farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 •\ 7^ TALTZ, PETER, farmer, Sec. 
 VV 18; P, O. Sigourney. 
 
 WHEELER, JOHNSTON, farm- 
 er. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Sigourney ; born 
 February 21, 1836, Ohio being 
 his native State; there he was rais- 
 ed upon a farm, living there until 
 1857, when he came to Iowa, re- 
 maining there for one year, then 
 removing to Kansas; he made that 
 State his home until 1859, when 
 he went to Missouri, and in 1861 
 came to Iowa; he settled upon his 
 present ferm in 1864; it consists 
 of 281 acres of land with all the 
 improvements necessary; married 
 Miss Kate M. Dewitt, a native of 
 Ohio; she was born October 1, 
 1835; they have three children: 
 Orville D. born November 25, 
 1860, Ezekiel E., born October 
 30, 1863, William A., born May 
 
 1, 1872; have lost one: Puss, who 
 ■was born April 2, 1867; she died 
 March 4, 1870. 
 
 Wheeler, E., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Wheas, John, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, SAMUEL, far- 
 mer and stock-raiser, Sec. 6 ; P. O. 
 Sigourney; born in Yonngstown, 
 Trumbull county, Ohio, July 12, 
 1818; he was there raised on a 
 farm; learned the leather trade 
 and continued to follow it until 
 twenty-four years of age, when he 
 
 . went to Michigan City, Indiana; 
 he was there engaged in the man- 
 ufactory of mill machinery; in 
 1848 he returned to Trumbull 
 
 county, Ohio, where he remained 
 for two years ; married September 
 12, 1850 to Miss Caroline Bent- 
 ley; she was born in Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, April 6, 1827; her 
 father, James Bentley, was the 
 first white child born in Mercer 
 county. Western Pennsylvania; he 
 was born in 1799, and is still liv- 
 ing; they have five children: 
 Charles D., Anson L., Mary E., 
 Louisa C. and James W; Mr. W. 
 came to Henry county, Iowa, in 
 1851, settling at New London; he 
 was there engaged in the milling 
 business for eight years, and in 
 1859 came to this county and set- 
 tled where he now resides; owns- 
 200 acres of land well supplied 
 with graded stock; he ha^followed 
 farming exclusively since 1859^ 
 has held various township offices,, 
 and is a well respected citizen. 
 WRIGHT, S.R., farmer, Sec 3; P. 
 0. Sigourney; born in Fioyd coun- 
 ty, Indiana, September 22, 1816; 
 was there raised a farmer; from 
 there he went to Morgan county 
 in 1838; in 1852 he came to lowa^ 
 settled where he now lives in 
 1855; owns 170 acres of land and 
 does some work in the carpenter's 
 line; has held various township 
 offices; in March, 1842, he was 
 married to Miss L. Fields, a na- 
 tive of North Carolina; born in 
 March, 1820; have nine children: 
 Frances A. (now Mrs. Lowe), Lucy 
 M.jThomasN., Yirindi J., Armita, 
 Henry, John E., Martha E. and 
 Alfred F.; have lost three: Eliza- 
 beth, Samuel and William A., 
 who enlisted September 9, 1862^ 
 in company B., Thirty-third Iowa. 
 Volunteer Infantry and served! 
 with his regimentfor a short time^ 
 when, in May, 1863, he died at 
 Helena, Arkansas, of a disease 
 contracted in the army; Mrs.. 
 Wright is a member of the Bap- 
 tist Church at Sigourney. 
 
GEEMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 743 
 
 Or^lTZli/L.A.l<T TO"^;7s7"3iTSmr'. 
 
 A DKIAN, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 
 !^ 9; P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 .Ibers, Albert, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 .Ibers, "W. H., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 lLLEN,JOHN, farmer. Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Harper; born in New Jer- 
 sey in 1848 and lived there until 
 ten years of age, and then remov- 
 ed to this county in 1858; he was 
 raised a farmer and owns 231 
 acres of land ; he has held various 
 township offices; he married Miss 
 Sarah Matheny in 1869; she was 
 born in Virginia; they have four 
 children: Hoben'a, Henry, Catha- 
 rine and Mary ; lost one son : Oli- 
 ver. 
 
 Lntony, D., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 LRCHER,D., farmer, Seel; P. 
 0. South English ; born in Scot- 
 land in 1824; he received the ad- 
 vantages of a good education and 
 was engaged in the loan business 
 until he came to the United 
 States; he came to this county in 
 1855 and engaged in agricultural 
 
 Irarsuits; he owns 360 acres of 
 and; he represented this county 
 in the Fourteenth General Assem- 
 bly of the State Legisalture and 
 served with credit to his constitu- 
 ents and honor to himself; he 
 married Miss M. E. Bannerman 
 in 1854; she is a native of Scot- 
 land; they have two children: 
 Elizabeth (wife of Robert H. 
 Gemmell) and Anna (wife of S. B. 
 Robinson). 
 
 BACKHOUS, CHAS., Se., far- 
 mer, Sec. 8; P. O. Sigour- 
 ney. 
 Jacker, Adam, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 
 0. Harper. 
 5aker, Nic, farmer, Sec. 26; P.O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Jaker, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 27 ; F. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Balzer, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Baumert, Magdalena, farmer. Sec. 
 26; P. O. Harper. 
 
 Baumert, George, farmer, Sec. 12; 
 P. 0. Harper. 
 
 Beneman, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Beneman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 BEINHART, DAVID, farmer, 
 Sec. 25; P. 0. Harder; born in 
 Germany May 8, 1821; he lived 
 there till 1837, when he emigrat- 
 ed to the United States and land- 
 ed at New York, and from this 
 place he went to Pennsylvania, 
 where he remained till 1845 and 
 came to Keokuk county and set- 
 tled in -German township, where 
 he has since lived; he owns a farm 
 of 143 acres, well improved and 
 in a good state of cultivation; he 
 has held various township offices 
 and is a practical farmer; he mar- 
 ried Miss Louisa F. Geiss May 4, 
 1845; she was born in Germany 
 December 16, 1830, and came to 
 the United States in 1837; she 
 died January 17, 1877; their fam- 
 ily consists of ten children: Isa- 
 bel M.. Catharine, Christena, Lou- 
 isa, Emma J., Pauline, Otilia, 
 John D., Clara W. and Georgia 
 B.; lost three: Andrew B., Alvi- 
 na and Mary. 
 
 Beinhart, John, Sr., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Beinke, Herman, farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 BLAISE, THEODORE, farmer. 
 Sec. 14; P. O. Garibaldi; born in 
 Prussia in 1822, and lived there 
 until he emigrated to the United 
 States in 1847 and settled in Keo- 
 kuk county, where he has 
 since resided excepting two years 
 when he was engaged in the can- 
 dle business; he owns a farm of 
 90 acres and has been honored 
 
744: 
 
 DIRBOTOET OF KEOKUK COUKl'T. 
 
 with all the township offices; he 
 married Miss Margaret Eeder in 
 1855; she was also born in Prus- 
 sia; they have eight children: 
 Kobert, Emile, Theodore, Katie, 
 Frank, Philip, Annie and Bertha. 
 
 BLAISE, MATTHIAS, farmer, 
 stock raiser and stock dealer, Sec. 
 28; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Germany in 1820, aad was raised 
 there; he emigrated to the United 
 States in 1848, and settled in 
 Keokuk county, where he owns 
 320 acres of land, with good im- 
 provements; he has held various 
 offices in the township, and is al- 
 ways among the foremost in ad- 
 vancing the interests of the coun- 
 ty; he married Miss Margaret 
 Geregan in 1848; she was born in 
 Germany; they have eight child- 
 ren: John, Charles, Henry, Zeno, 
 Dena, Peter, Albert and Nellie. 
 
 Blaise, John, Sr., farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. 0. Garibaldi. 
 
 Blaise, John, Jr., farmer. Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Blower, John, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Bower, Charles, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Brower, C. M., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 BOWER, LEVI, county treasurer, 
 Sigourney; born in Marion coun- 
 ty, Ohio^ May 7, 1842; his pa- 
 rents were Samuel and Johannah 
 Bower, natives of Germany; they 
 emigrated to the United States in 
 1841, and settled in Ohio, and 
 came to this county in 1853; the 
 subject of this sketch received a 
 
 food common school education; 
 e learned the carpenter's trade, 
 and worked at it for some years 
 in the snmmer, and taught school 
 in the winter; in March, 1863, he 
 went overland to California, and 
 was eighty-one days on the road; 
 after remaining there a year, he 
 returned by the way of the Isth- 
 
 mus and Cuba; in 1864 he bought 
 the farm on which he now resides 
 in German township; he also en- 
 gaged in making brick, and built 
 his house of brick at a cost of 
 $2,500; he also built a barn at a 
 cost of $1,200; he has a valuable 
 stone quarry on his farm; he has 
 held all the various township offi- 
 ces previous to his election to his 
 present position ; he is a member 
 of the Free Masons, of the I. O. 
 O. F., and of the A. O. U.W.; 
 he was married March 13, 1864, 
 to Miss Isabella M.' Grove; they 
 have four children: Amelia, Dora 
 Belle, Albert and Edward. 
 
 Brunce, E.., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 BURKE, JOHN, farmer,- Sec. 30; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Ireland 
 in 1823, and was raised there on a 
 farm ; he emigrated to the United 
 States in 1848, and settled in New 
 York city; in April, 1864, he re- 
 moved to Linn county, Iowa, 
 where he remained four years, 
 aud came to this county in 1858; 
 he owns a farm of 230 acres; Mr. 
 Burke has traveled extensively, 
 both east and west, with a view of 
 changing his place of residence; 
 he visited Kansas and Montana, 
 California, and east as far as Vir- 
 ginia, and has concluded to spend 
 the balance of his days in his 
 home in Keokuk counry; he has 
 held various township offices; he 
 married Miss Mary Ryan in Au- 
 gust, 1853; she was born in Ire- 
 land, and died November 25, 
 1866 ; he married Julia Mannion, 
 who was born in Africa, and 
 
 brought to 
 young, and 
 three 
 
 in 
 this country when 
 raised here; he haS 
 children by his first mar- 
 riage: Eichard (who is a graduate 
 of the State Agricultural College 
 at Ames, and at the present time 
 Principal of the schools in Delta), 
 Thomas (a student in the State 
 
GERMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 74S 
 
 Agricultural College), and John; 
 be has two children living by his 
 second marriage: Ann and Ed- 
 ward ; he lost five children within 
 four weeks 'of diptheria: Francis, 
 Martin, William, Mary and Agnes. 
 
 OASSENS, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 
 
 <^ 8; P. O. Webster. 
 
 Dampbell, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 0. "Webster. 
 
 Jollins, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 O. "Webster. 
 
 Jollins, Henry, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 0. "Webster. 
 
 DOOKE, A., farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Sigourney; 
 born in Ireland in 1832, and was 
 raised there on farm ; in 1852 he 
 emigrated to the United States, 
 and settled in Licking county, 
 Ohio, and came to "Washington 
 county, Iowa, in 1855, and to 
 Keokukcounty in 1867; he owns 
 417 acres of land; he married 
 Miss Catharine E. Eeister, in 
 1857; she was born in Ohio; 
 they have six children: James 
 "W., George E., Frederick E., 
 Catharine J., Harry and Charles. 
 
 Doon, Charles, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Harper. 
 
 jourtzel, Frank, farmer. Sec 10; P. 
 0. Harper. 
 
 Dox, Fred., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
 
 DECKER, A., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 DELONG, LEONARD, farmer. 
 Sec. 18; P. O. Sigourney; born 
 in Ohio in 1829, and removed to 
 Washington county, Iowa, in 
 1840, and remained there until 
 1850; he then went overland to 
 California and was gone three 
 years, and returned to Iowa in 
 1853 and settled in this county, 
 where he now owns 300 acres of 
 good land ; he' married Miss Sa- 
 rah Brannan in 1856. 
 
 )1CKEY, T. M., steward of the 
 poor farm. Sec. 34; F. O. Sigour- 
 ney; born in Indiana in 1829, 
 
 and when ten years of age was 
 brought by his parents to Fulton 
 county, Illinois; he was raised a 
 farmer, and lived in Warren, 
 Knox, and Marshall counties, Illi- 
 nois; he then went to Missouri 
 and lived there five years, and 
 came to this county in 1872; owns 
 a farm of 121 acres ; in March, 
 1879, he was appointed steward 
 of the poor farm, and has man- 
 aged it to the satisfaction of all 
 of its inmates and the citizens of 
 the county; he married Miss" Su- 
 san Houser, in 1858; she was 
 born in Ohio; they have seven 
 children : Andrew, Delia, George, 
 Addie, Harry, Maggie and Den- 
 ver. 
 
 Donahue, Mrs., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Duensing, Henry, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Dunker, Wm., farmer, Sec. 2; P.O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Dulin, Wm. L., farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
 O. W^ebster. 
 
 EHLEN, C. H., farmer, Sec. 
 20; P. O. Sigourney. 
 FAtJTH,MARY, farmer, Sec. 9; 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 Ferry, Chester, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Fixmer, R., Sr., farmer. Sec. 27; 
 
 P. O. Harper. 
 Flitch, John, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. 
 
 Harper. 
 Fry, Harrison, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 
 O. Webster. 
 Fry, Wm., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 
 "Webster. 
 Fry, Reuben, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 
 "Webster. 
 Fry, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 
 GAMMEL, R. H., farmer. Sec. 
 2; P. 0. South English. 
 Glander, Susan, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Goeldner, Wm., Jr., farmer, Sec. 25 ; 
 
 P. O. Harper. 
 GOELDNER, J. H., farmer, Sec. 
 
746 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 13; P. O. Harper; born in Prus- 
 sia in 1824, and raised there; he 
 learned the trade of carpenter and 
 emigrated to the United States in 
 1850, and to this county in 1852; 
 owns eighty acres of land and has 
 held various township offices and 
 is at the present time justice of 
 the peace; he married Sarah Tel- 
 ler in 1853; she was born in Ohio, 
 and died in 18G7, leaving five 
 children: Henry T., Eobert B., 
 Albert, George W., Edwin; he 
 married L. Schaafenberg, in 1869; 
 she was born in Germany; they 
 have one child : Amelia; lost six. 
 
 Griswold, E. T., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Gries, Peter, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Gross, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Gross, ISTic, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 Gross, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 HAHJSr, GEO., farmer. Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Hammes, Val.,^farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Hammon, Peter, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hartman, Lucy, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Harman, John, farmer, Sec 36; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hartman, Val., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hein, Nic, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 Heina, Wm., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 HELSCHER, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 36; P. O. Harper; born in Des 
 Moines county, Iowa, in 1844, and 
 lived there until he came to this 
 county in 1869; owns a farm of 
 eighty acres and holds offices of 
 town trustee and school director; 
 married Miss Annie Schnaken- 
 berg in 1869; she was born in 
 
 this county; they have three 
 children : Geo. H. D., John W. 
 and Didricb B. 
 Herrick, L. R., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
 
 vV^GbstGI" 
 
 HOFFMAN, ANDREW, farmer 
 and local preacher. Sec. 2; P. 0. 
 Harper; born in Germany, April 
 25, 1811; he learned the trade of 
 weaver and followed it as an avo- 
 tion until 1836, when he emigrat- 
 ed to the United States; he landed 
 In New York, and from that place 
 went to St. Louis, Missouri, and 
 remained there until 1846, and 
 then came to Keokuk county and 
 settled in German township, 
 where he has since lived; he owns 
 an improved farm of 179 acres; 
 has held various township offices; 
 is a prominent member of the M. 
 E. Church, and is also a local 
 preacher ; married Wilhelmine 
 Knight, August 16, 1842; she 
 was born in Germany and emi- 
 grated to the United States in 
 1832; they have a family of ten 
 children : Henry, Daniel, Andrew, 
 Louisa, Elvena, Wilhelmine, Au-. 
 gust, William, Oliver and Emma; 
 they lost one son : Eddie. 
 
 Hipp, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 36; P.O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Homensteffer, John, farmer, Sec. 6; 
 P. O. Webster. 
 
 HORRASS, W., Jr., farmer. Sec. 
 9; P. O. Sigourney; born io 
 Germany in 1842 and came to the 
 United States in 1847; owns a 
 farm of 106 acres ; married Miss- 
 Elizabeth Cline, in 1866; she was 
 born in Germany; they have 
 seven children: Peter, Casper, 
 Wendell, Nicholas, Millie, Amy 
 and John. 
 
 HOUSE, JOHN B., farmer. Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Sigourney ; born in Virginia 
 in 1828, and Ifved there until 
 eighteen years of age and then 
 emigrated to Indiana and settled 
 in Morgan county, and remained 
 
GEEMAU TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ur 
 
 there until he came to this county 
 in 1852; he owns 240 acres of 
 land; he has lived on his present 
 farm since coming to the county, 
 and has made all the improve- 
 ments; he married Miss Sarah 
 Jackson, in 1851; she was born 
 in South Carolina; they have five 
 children: Alando, Catharine (now 
 Mrs. Parish), Mary (now Mrs. Dr. 
 Armstrong), Millie and Delia; 
 lost one son: Alvin. 
 
 TACQUES, JOHl^, farmer. Sec. 
 
 J 13; P. O. Harper. 
 
 ackson, C. S., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 FT- AUFMAN, T. H., farmer. Sec. 
 
 LX. 24; P. O. Harper; bOrn in 
 Ashland county, Ohio, July 6, 
 1830, and was raised there until 
 eighteen years of age, in the mill- 
 ing business ; in 1848 he removed 
 to Illinois, and came to Iowa in 
 1857 and settled in Washington 
 county, and lived there until 1860, 
 then came to this county; he 
 owns 175 acres of land; has held 
 oflBces of town trustee, secretary 
 of school board and assessor, four 
 terms; he married Miss Sarah 
 Dawson, of Washington county, 
 in 1858; she died in 1862, leav- 
 ing three children : Theodore J., 
 William H. and Burrus I. 
 
 lautenberger, Nic, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 ieck, Phillip, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 ienning, John and Fritz, farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 ienney, William, farmer. Sec. 16 ; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 leller, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 15; 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 lern. Rev. P. J., Catholic priest, 
 Baden; P. O. Harper. 
 
 ilLLMER, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 
 11; P. O. Harper; born in Keo- 
 kuk county, Iowa, in 1848; here 
 he has been raised a farmer, and 
 owns a farm of fifty acres ; his pa- 
 rents are among the early settlers 
 
 of the county; is one of the pres- 
 ent town trustees; married Miss- 
 Mary Stow in 1872; she was born 
 in Ohio ; they have three children r. 
 Clara A., Dora M., Laura M.; lost 
 one daughter: Emma. 
 
 KILLMAR, FRED., farmer, Sec. 
 4; P. O. Sigourney; born in Pitts- 
 burgh, Pennsylvania, in 1839, and 
 came to this county when young;, 
 was raised a farmer and owns a 
 farm of sixty-eight acres ; has held 
 offices of constable and school di- 
 rector; married Miss Anna Her- 
 mann in 1864; she was born im 
 Indiana; they have a family of 
 ten children: John, Louisa, Ma- 
 tilda, Frank,Lewis, Frances, Hen- 
 ry, William, Mary and Annie. 
 
 Killmar, August, farmer. Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Killmar, John, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Klett, C, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Klein, Michael, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Knox, John, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Koch, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Koeber, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 15; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Koedel, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Kohlhass, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Kracht, Albert, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Kracht, Emil, Dr., farmer, Sec. 12; 
 P. 0. Garibaldi. 
 
 Kuntz, Conrad, farmer, Sec. 23; PL 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Kurtz, John, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 LAFFEE, B. F., farmer, Sec. 10,, 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 Legill, Peter, farmer, Sec. 1; P. C 
 
 Harper. 
 LETJRS, HERMANN, farmer. Sec. 
 13; P.O.Harper; born in Gerv 
 many in 1833 and emigrated to. 
 
748 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 the United States in 1852, and the 
 same year came to this county; he 
 owns 240 acres of land; has held 
 school oflBces; he married Miss 
 Louisa Beinke in 1859; she was 
 born in Hanover, Germany; they 
 have seven children: Margaret, 
 Louisa, Henry, Annie, Hermann, 
 Eddie and Didrick; lost two; the 
 father of Mr. L. was John Leurs ; 
 he was born in Hanover, Ger- 
 many, and died October 18, 1868; 
 his mother's name was Margaret; 
 she was born in the same place 
 and died December 25, 1876. 
 
 Leonhart, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Linen, John, farmer, Sec. 23; F. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Linen, Nic, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Linnenkam, Henry, P. 0. Harper. 
 
 LONG, JOEL, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 O. Sigourney; born in Cumber- 
 land county, Kentucky, October 
 22, 1809, and was raised there on 
 a farm until nineteen years of 
 age; he then moved to Jackson- 
 ville, Morgan county, Illinois, and 
 lived there four years, and then 
 went to Warren county and lived 
 the same length of time, and came 
 to Washington (then Slaughter) 
 county, Iowa, in 1838, remaining 
 until he made his residence in 
 this county in 1845; he owns a 
 farm of 133 acres; he has been 
 . honored by the citizens of the 
 township and county with various 
 oflices of honor and trust, among 
 them that of sheriff for two terms; 
 he married Miss Susan Grimsley 
 in 1832; she was born in Tennes- 
 ••see; they have nine children liv- 
 ing: William, Samantha (now 
 Mrs. Parmley), Elizabeth (now 
 Mrs. Allen), Abraham G., Ed- 
 ward, James P., Vienna (now Mrs. 
 Shanafelt), Samuel and Augustus 
 D.; lost three. 
 
 Loughbridge, Wm., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 MoCAY, CALVIN, farmer. 
 Sec. 7; P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 McNeal, D. A., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Magus, Fred., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Mahland, C. H., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 MERZ, CHARLES B., farmer. Sec. 
 10; P. O. Garibaldi; born in 
 Germany, December 6, 1814; 
 he received the advantage of a 
 good education and studied law; 
 he emigrated to the United States 
 September 1, 1843, and settled in 
 Cass county, Illinois; in 1851 he 
 removed to Des Moines county, 
 Iowa, and published the first pa- 
 per in the German language in 
 Burlington; he came to this 
 county in 1852 and engaged in 
 farming, and has followed it as an 
 ocoupation since that time; he 
 owns a farm of 275 acres; he has 
 held various township offices; he 
 married Miss Aletta Scheneider 
 in 1860; she was born in Ger- 
 many; they have a family of 
 eight children: Charles, Arthur, 
 Aletta, Nannie, Constance, Eve, 
 lonie and Virginia. 
 
 Meyer, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Meyerdick, Curt., farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Meyerdick, Henry, farmer, sec. 3; 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Mohland, Martin, farmer, Sec. 11; 
 P. O. . 
 
 MOHLAND, C. H., attorney, See. 
 11; P.O. Garibaldi; born in this 
 township in 1850, his parents be- 
 ing among the early settlers of 
 the county; he received the bene- 
 fit of a good education, and took 
 a law course at the State Univer- 
 sity, at Iowa City, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1877; he has 
 been engaged in teaching a large 
 portion of his time for 10 years; 
 he owns a farm of eighty acres; 
 
 BlOORE, RICHARD T., farmer, 
 
GEEMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 74:9 
 
 Sec. 16; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Virginia in 1799, and when young 
 was taken by his parents to Chilli- 
 cothe, Ohio, where he was raised 
 on a farm and lived there until he 
 came to this county in 1853; he 
 owns 149 acres of land, and has 
 lived where he now resides since 
 coming to the county; he has held 
 the oflice of justice of the peace 
 for many years, as well as various 
 township offices; be married Miss 
 Mary Brown in 1821 ; she was 
 born in Delaware, and died in 
 1844; he married for his second 
 wife Mrs. Eliza Jane Gaskill, 
 whose maiden name was Keen, in 
 1845; she was born in Pike coun- 
 ty, Ohio; has seven children by 
 first marriage: John, David A., 
 Eichard S., Allen, Eliza J. (now 
 Mrs. Moore), Emily (now Mrs. 
 Storm), and Amy; have three by 
 second marriage: Amanda (now 
 Mrs. Belcher), Lntisia (now Mrs. 
 Lute), and Thomas, 
 [core, 0. J., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Webster. 
 
 [ueller, Henrv, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 lueller, John, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 0. Webster. 
 
 ^ASS, WM.; farmer, Sec. 31; 
 -N P. O. Sigourney. 
 felson, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 
 P. 0. . 
 
 richoli, Wm., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 3LDERBUEG, GEOEGE, far- 
 mer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Sigour- 
 ney. 
 
 )ldshue, Henry, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 >VERTURF, J. M., farmer. Sec. 
 29; P. O. Sigourney; born in Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio, in 1832, and 
 was raised there on a farm; he 
 came to this county in 1860; owns 
 a farm of eighty acres ; he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary A. Ford in 1855; 
 she was a native of Muskingum 
 county, Ohio; she died in 1873, 
 
 leaving two children: George W. 
 and Catharine J. ; he married for 
 his second wife. Miss Margaretta 
 Loughridge, in 1876; she was 
 born in Pennsylvania. 
 
 PARMLEY, WM. S., farmer. 
 Sec. 19; P. O. Sigourney; 
 born in Wayne county, Ken- 
 tucky, in 1834; he traces his an- 
 cestry on his father's side to 
 France, and settled first in Mary- 
 land when they came to this coun- 
 try; his great grand-father was in 
 the Eevolutionary war, his grand- 
 father was in the war of 1812, and 
 his father enlisted in the Eight- 
 eenth Missouri Infantry during- 
 the late war, and wks killed at 
 Pittsburg Landing; the subject 
 of this sketch was raised a tarmer, 
 and came to this country in May, 
 1855; he owns a farm of ninety 
 acres; he enlisted as a private in 
 the Thirty-third Iowa Infantry, 
 and was commissioned' as second 
 lieutenant in company B, and 
 was mustered out as captain; he 
 has held various township oflices; 
 he married Miss Samantha Long 
 in 1836; she was born in Illinois; 
 they have a family of ten children : 
 Sarah F., Joel, Yeana, Abraham, 
 Jennie, Eoscoe, Cicero, Maggie, 
 Tillie and Dora. 
 
 Paulus, Nic, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 PAYTONJ WM., farmer, Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Morgan 
 county, Indiana, in 1840, and 
 came to this county in 1845; he- 
 was raised a farmer, and followed 
 it as an occupation until July 12, 
 1862, when, heeding the call of 
 his country for volunteers to de- 
 fend its honor, he enlisted as a pri- 
 vate in company B, Thirty-third 
 Iowa Infantry, and after serving 
 over three years, and participating 
 in most of the battles and skir- 
 mishes in which the regiment was 
 engaged, he was mustered out 
 August 8, 1865; he owns 200 
 
1?50 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKTIK COTHSTTT. 
 
 acres of land: he married Mrs. 
 Mary 0. Crawford in 1866; she 
 was born in Beaver county, Penn- 
 sylvania; their family consists of 
 four children: George. Melvina 
 E., William 0. A. and Eugene 0. 
 
 Pfannerbacker, Henry, farmer, Sec. 
 33; P.O. Sigourney. 
 
 Poland, J. "W., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Polka, Albert, farmer, Sec. 16;' P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 REBEE, MAETIN, farmer, Sec. 
 5; P.O. "Webster. 
 
 Eeinert, Matthias, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 0. Webster. 
 
 BEINERT, MICHAEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 4; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Prussia, January 1, 1843, and 
 lived there until eighteen years of 
 age, and then emigrated to the. 
 ilnited States and settled in Keo- 
 kuk county; enlisted in the Sec- 
 ond Iowa Infantry during the late 
 war and' served until discharged; 
 he has held the offices of town 
 trustee, assessor and school direc- 
 tor; married Miss Mary Horrass 
 in 1866 ; she was born in Prussia 
 and was brought by her parents 
 to, this country when an infant 
 ;and raised in this county; they 
 have eight children: Frank, Cas- 
 per, Charles, Henry, Willie, Ber- 
 tha, Bessie, and an infant son. 
 
 Hichardson, Ben, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. 0. Webster. 
 
 Eitzinger, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 iEobison, S. B., farmer, Sec, 2 ; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 JRose, Wm., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Eobison, D. L., farmer. Sec. 3;P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 lEunge, Fred, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 SEABA, H., farmer and dealer 
 in fine stock. Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 Harper; born in Germany Febru- 
 ary 5, 1834; in 1836 he came with 
 Jiis parents to the United States 
 
 and landed in Baltimore, and from 
 thence to Wheeling, Yirginia, 
 and lived there until 1838, and 
 then came to Keokuk county; he 
 settled in German township, where 
 he has since resided and has de- 
 voted his attention to stock-rais- 
 ing; he owns an improved farm 
 of 160 acres; married Miss Mary 
 Walrich, September 11, 1839; she 
 was born in Germany and came 
 to the United States in 1852; they 
 have eight children: Anna C, 
 John, Henry, Mina, William D., 
 Harmon, Elizabeth and George; 
 lost one son: William. 
 
 Scheets, H., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Schmit, George, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Schmit, John (second), farmer, 
 Sec. 9; P. O.Webster. 
 
 Schmit, John, Sr., farmer, Sec. 22; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Schmit, Frank, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Schmit, John (first), farmer, Sec. 
 15; P. 0- Sigourney. 
 
 Schnakeniaerg, Henry, farmer, Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Webster: 
 
 Schnakenberg, Lewis S., farmer. 
 Sec. 20; P. O. Sigourney. . 
 
 Schroeder, Dit., farmer. Seel; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Schroeder, Henry, farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Schuman, Solomon, Sec. 11; P. 0. 
 Harper. 
 
 SCHNAKENBERG, DIDRICK, 
 farmer and local preacher, Sec. 35; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Ger- 
 many, November 5, 1805; he lived 
 there until 1824, and then went 
 to England, where he remained 
 until 1833, when he returned to 
 Germany; in 1836 he emigated to 
 the United States and landed in 
 Baltimore and from this place to 
 Wheeling, Virgina, and lived 
 there until 1839, and then remov- 
 ed to Washington county, Iowa, 
 and remained in that county un- 
 
GERMAN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 751 
 
 til 1843, and then came to Keokuk 
 county and settled in German 
 township, where he has since lived ; 
 he owns a farm of 405 acres, well 
 improved and in a good state of 
 cultivation; he has held various 
 township offices and is a promi- 
 nent and active member of the 
 •German M. E. Church, and is al- 
 so a local preacher in this denom- 
 ination ; he married Miss Mary F. 
 Seaba, August 24, 1837 ; she was 
 born in Zeven, Germany, in 1811, 
 and came to the United States in 
 1836; their family consists of sev- 
 en children: Henry, William, 
 Mary Ann, Anna,Wilhemina, Did- 
 rick and Louisa; lost two: John 
 and Benjamin. 
 
 3chimmelpfening, Fred, farmer, Sec. 
 20; P. 0. Sigourney. 
 
 3CHNAKENBERG, JOHN, far- 
 mer. Sec. 20; P. O. Sigour- 
 ney; born in Germany in 
 1814; he came to the 
 United States and settled in 
 Wheeling, Virginia, and came to 
 this county at an early day and 
 now owns 440 acres of land; he 
 married Miss Dorothy Schanolds 
 in 1844; she was born in Ger- 
 many; they have ten children: 
 Lewis, John, Henry, Nicholas, 
 Mary, EJate, Minnie, Emma, Ded- 
 rick and George. 
 
 Schurmer, John, farmer, Sec. 84; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Schuanka, Fred, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 0. Webster. 
 
 Seaba, John, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
 Garibaldi. 
 
 Seaba, Christ, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Seibel, Adolph, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 0. Sigourney. 
 
 Seiwert, John, farmer. See. 36; P. 
 0. 
 
 8HANAFELT,D., farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Wash- 
 ington county, Maryland, in 1814, 
 and lived there until thirteen 
 years of age, and then removed to 
 
 Ohio, where he learned the trade 
 of wagon-making; in 1836 he 
 changed his place of residence to 
 Indiana, where he remained until 
 coming to this county in 1854; he 
 owns a farm of 178 acres and has 
 held various township offices; he 
 married Miss Charlotte House in 
 1839; she was born in Yirginia 
 and died in 1864; he afterward 
 married Clarissa Carter in 1871; 
 she was born in Ohio,; have five 
 children: Kate (now Mrs.Beattey), 
 John D., Daniel L. and Charlotte 
 (now Mrs. Knox); lost two: Eliz- 
 abeth and Amanda J. 
 
 Sherwood, S., larmei-. Sec. 1; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Slaughter, Lucinda, farmer. Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Starr, Fred., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 STEEGLEDER, AUGUST, post- 
 master. Garibaldi; born in Ger- 
 many in 1828; he entered the of- 
 fice of an architect and builder 
 and made it his occupation and 
 attained great proficiency, and his 
 services in this direction were rec- 
 ognized by King William the IV, 
 who presented him with an elegant 
 medal; he immigrated to the 
 United States in 1856 and set- 
 tled in this county; he has been 
 twice married: first, to Miss Ma- 
 tilda Schilling in 1851 ; she was 
 born in Germany and died Octo- 
 ber 18, 1875, leaving nine chil-- 
 dren: Bertha, Emma, Edmund, 
 August, Fred, Henry, Emma, 
 Lewis and Gotoff; lost three ; he 
 married for his second wife Mrs. 
 Margaret Leurs, in February, 
 1878; she was born in Germany; 
 owns 105 acres of land. 
 
 STRIEGEL, MICHAEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 36; P. O. Harper; born in 
 this county April 3, 1855; he 
 rents 175 acres of land from his 
 father; was an early settler and 
 was a blacksmith by trade, and 
 the son was brought up at this 
 
762 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 business in connection with the 
 
 farm; he married Miss Mary L. 
 
 Doll in 1877; she was born in 
 
 Yirginia; they have two children: 
 
 Kosa Catharine and Henry Al- 
 bert. 
 Stoersner, Gottlieb, shoemaker and 
 
 farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Strokmann, Henry, farmer. Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. . 
 
 Stokesbnry, J. W., Sr., farmer, Sec. 
 
 9; P. O. Sigourney. 
 Stoermer, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Stoermer, L., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 
 Garibaldi. 
 Strohman, Dit, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Strohman, D. H., farmer, Sec. 31; 
 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 Strohman, Fred., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Strupp, Nic, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 
 Garibaldi. 
 Strigel, Christ., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 
 TAEUSCHER, CHRIST., farm- 
 er. Sec. 14; P. O. Harper. 
 Todd, C. M., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
 
 Harper. 
 Todd, William, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Todd, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Taylor, John M., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 
 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 Tirrill, James, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 
 "Webster. 
 Triebel, Frank, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 Triebel, Yal., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
 
 Garibaldi. 
 Trotter, J. W., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 VANVLEET, L., farmer, Sec. 
 13; P. O. Harper. 
 Vanfleet, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Yoegtli, Urs Sen., farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 
 P. O. Garibaldi. 
 Toltner, David, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 WALLACE, W. C, farmer. 
 See. 23; P. O. Harper. 
 
 "Walker, James, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 "Walrich, John P., farmer. Sec. 2 ; P, 
 O. Harper. 
 
 "Watson, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. 
 "Webster. 
 
 "Weaver, Martin, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 "Wehr, Frank, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 0. 
 Harper. 
 
 Weisdorfer, Mat., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 "Wieland, Fred., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
 O. Garibaldi. 
 
 WILSON, JONATHAN, farmer, 
 Sec. 17; P. O. Sigourney; born in 
 Ohio in 1813, and was raised there 
 until sixteen years of age, and then 
 removed to Indiana, where he 
 lived nineteen years, and came to 
 this county in 1849; owns 166 
 acres of land ; married Miss Mary 
 Reynolds in 1837; she was a na- 
 tive of Tennessee, and died in 
 1862 ; married for his second wife 
 Elizabeth Fowler, in 1863; she 
 was born in Ohio; has two chil- 
 dren living by first marriage: 
 John J. and Mary J.; lost three: 
 Adaline, "Wilkinson, and an in- 
 fant. 
 
 WITTEN, JOHN C, farmer. Sec. 
 28; P. O. Harper; born in Ger- 
 many in 1814, and learned the 
 trade of carpenter; emigrated to 
 the United States in 1863, and 
 settled in Keokuk county, Iowa, 
 where he owns a good farm of 160 
 acres; married in Germany in 
 1833; they have five children: 
 Gascha, J. Peter, Anna, Amanda 
 and Henry. 
 
 "Wittencamp, Ferdinand, former, 
 Sec. 6; P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 "Wittencamp, Henry, Jr., farmer. 
 Sec. 22; P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Wittencamp, Henry, Sr., farmer, 
 Sec. 22; P. O. Garibaldi. 
 
 Wolf, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
LAFArETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 763 
 
 lA.^'.A.-Z-ETTE TO-^^T-D^TSmr'. 
 
 A LLER, ANTOlsr, farmer, Sec. 
 
 r^ 31;F. O.Harper. 
 
 .Her, Nic, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Liiton, Mike, farmer. See. 30; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 lSHBY, J. A. Y., of the firm of 
 Littler, Ashby & Company, deal- 
 ers in general merchandise, Keo- 
 ta; born in Washington, "Wash- 
 ington county, Iowa, October 18, 
 1852; his father came to Iowa, 
 October 17, 1839, and is still liv- 
 ing in Washington, and is in his 
 ninety-third year; January 1, 
 1875, he came to Keota and en- 
 gaged in the mercantile business, 
 under the firm name of Sutton & 
 Ashby, where he continued for 
 about six months, when they de- 
 solved, and he became one of the 
 present firm of Littler, Ashby & 
 Company. May 9, 1878, he mar- 
 ried Miss Lizzie E. Hulse, a na- 
 tive of Whiteside county, Illinois; 
 Mr. Ashby is a man of good busi- 
 ness qualifications, and is an in- 
 telligent, affable gentleman ; we 
 cannot speak too highly of the 
 good taste displayed in the ar- 
 rangement of his store. 
 
 ixthelm, F. L., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 
 0. Harper. 
 
 BAILEY, H. S., farmer. Sec. 23; 
 P. 0. Keota. 
 laker, Peter, farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 lames, Ezra, farming implements, 
 
 Keota. 
 Jatterson, J. L., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 
 
 0. Keota. 
 iatterson, Mrs. C, farmer, Sec. 27; 
 
 P. 0. Keota. 
 
 ieck, Peter, laborer. Harper, 
 fellows, Mard, farmer. Sec 4; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 
 iesser, John, retired, Harper. 
 Jesser, J. P., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 
 Harper. 
 
 SE^SER, N., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. 
 47 
 
 Harper; born in Prussia, June 
 26, 1833; when eleven years of 
 age he emigrated with his parents 
 to the United States; they came 
 to this county in 1844; his father 
 died October 11, a few days after 
 his arrival here; his mother died 
 three years later, October 26, 
 1647; he has made this county his 
 home ever since 1844; January 
 29, 1860, he was married to Miss 
 Margaret Harris, a native of 
 Prussia; she died October 
 10, 1868, leaving two children: 
 Charles and Mary; he was again 
 married to Miss Anna Schiltz, 
 November 20, 1869; by this un- 
 ion they have four children: Al- 
 bert, Frankie, Edward and John; 
 he owns a well improved farm of 
 400 acres; Mr. Besser is a good 
 practical farmer and has the re- 
 spect of all who know him. 
 
 Blower, John, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Blower, Fred, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Bohr, Nick, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
 Harper. 
 
 Boss, Peter, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Bouslog, S., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 Bowleft, E., Keota. 
 
 BRICE, ROBERT S., physician 
 and surgeon, Keota; the subject 
 of this sketch was born in Bel- 
 mont county, Ohio, July 7, 1839; 
 his parents were farmers; he lived 
 on a farm until eighteen years of 
 age, where he received the advan- 
 tages of the common schools of 
 the county until fourteen years of 
 age; he then attended the West 
 Alexander Academy, where he 
 completed his education; when 
 about eighteen years of age he 
 engaged in teaching, which occu- 
 pation he followed for about three 
 years; he then commenced the 
 
t54 
 
 DIEEOTOKY OP KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 study of medicine witli Dr. R. 
 N. Bain, of Powlmttan, Ohio; he 
 took one course of lectures at the 
 Louisville University, and anoth- 
 er at Ann Arbor, Michigan; on 
 the breaking out of the rebellion 
 Dr. Brice entered the army in 
 company K, Fifty-second Ohio 
 Yolunteer Infantry, as private, 
 and was in the service ten months, 
 and was wounded at the battle of 
 Stone River, and was then trans- 
 ferred to the Medical Department, 
 at Louisville, Kentucky, where he 
 continued for one year, and dur- 
 ing that time was under the tutor- 
 ship of Donald McClane, phy- 
 sician, who is now professor of 
 surgery in the University of 
 Michigan ; the doctor came to Tal- 
 leyrand, this county, in 1865, and 
 commenced the practice of his 
 profession; he continued there 
 until June, 1872, when he came 
 to Keota; since that time has 
 been closely identified with Keo- 
 ta's best interests, and great cred- 
 it is due him for the fine educa- 
 tional interests they now enjoy; 
 he has been president oi the 
 school board most of the time 
 since his residence here; Febru- 
 ary 83, 1870, he was married to 
 Mrs. Minerva Smith, a native of 
 Illinois, but raised in this State; 
 they have by this union one 
 daughter living: Nellie, and have 
 lost one son and one daughter: 
 Bernie and Bessie; Mrs. B. has 
 one son and one daughter by her 
 former marriage: Francis M. and 
 Alice. 
 
 Brown, S. T., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Buckley, H. S., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Burkhart, Samuel, restaurant, 
 Keota. , 
 
 Bush, Isoah, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Butcher, Conrad, livery. Harper. 
 
 Butterfield, Oscar, restaurant, Ke^ 
 ota. 
 
 C ARRIS, R. T., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Keota; born in Orange 
 county, !N"ew York, November 20, 
 1832 ; when four years of age, his 
 parents moved to Licking county, 
 Ohio ; he came here in the spring 
 of 1854 and located on his pres- 
 ent homestead of 310 acres ; April 
 14, 1854, he was married to Miss 
 Mary J. Brooks, a native of Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio; they have seven 
 sons and four daughters: Hila A., 
 Eldridge G., "William H., Eosa 
 M., John S., Ulysses G., Rufus, 
 Leroy, Victor W., Eva and Mary; 
 he is a man honored and respected 
 by all who know him as a thor- 
 ough business man; he has been 
 county supervisor for two ternis, 
 and has held most of the township 
 offices. 
 
 Campbell, R. F., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 
 O. Keeta. 
 
 Casford, J. R., drayman, Keota. 
 
 CHARLTON, JOSEPH, President 
 of the Keota Glass Works; the 
 subject of this sketch was born in 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 June 25, 1818; when about two 
 years of age he with his parents 
 moved to Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, where he was 
 raised; he was married to Miss 
 Margaret Thomas, of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 18 — ; 
 they came to Iowa and located in 
 Scott county in 1853, and to this 
 county in the fall of 1855; in 
 April, 1856, they returned to 
 Pennsylvania, and returned here 
 in May, 1858, and have been resi- 
 dents of this county ever since; 
 Mr. Charlton has been principally 
 engaged in farming until six 
 years ago, when he came to Keota, 
 while in its infancy, and started 
 a meat market under the firm 
 name of Charlton & Son; Mr. 
 Charlton has been closely identi- 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 755 
 
 fied with the interests of Keota 
 for the past six years, and was one 
 of the foremost in the organiza- 
 tion of their glass works, and de- 
 serves a great deal of credit for 
 the substantial aid and encourage- 
 ment of such an enterprise; al- 
 though not the richest man in 
 Keota, he has rendered more sub- 
 stantial aid in the advancement of 
 the enterprise than any other citi- 
 zen; Mr. and Mrs. Charlton have 
 been blessed with seven children, 
 two sons and five daughters: Jo- 
 sephus B.jWm. K., Caroline, Mag- 
 
 fie, Nancy J., Lucy and Ella; J. 
 >., the oldest, served his country 
 during the late war; he enlisted 
 in company I, Eighteenth Iowa In- 
 fantry; he enlisted as private, and 
 was mustered out as second , lieu- 
 tenant; he served three years; 
 Mr. C. was mayor of Keota one 
 term, and has held various offices 
 of trust. 
 
 Charlton & Son, butchers, Keota. 
 
 Charlton, W. K., meat market, Ke- 
 ota. 
 
 Chesney, Mrs. M., Creswell. 
 
 Chesney, Wm., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 0. Creswell. 
 
 Chesney, J. M., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN, farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Sec. 9; P. O. Keota; born 
 March 25, 1831, in Lincolnshire, 
 England, and was raised a farmer; 
 he came to the United States in 
 1852 and settled in Tasewell coun- 
 ty, Illinois; he came to this county 
 and settled where he now lives in 
 1858; owns a fine farm of 140 
 acres; he married Miss M. Fergu- 
 son, December 28, 1856; she was 
 a native of Perthshire, Scotland, 
 horn August 28, 1827; they have 
 five children: "Wm. T., Eliza A., 
 Benj. Gr., May andKittie; lost one 
 son: David F. 
 
 CLARKE, J. C, dealer in 
 agricultural implements, Keota; 
 born in Grafton county, N. H., 
 
 July 25, 1832; seven years later, 
 he, with his parents, moved to 
 Caledonia county, Vermont, where 
 he continued to make his home 
 until he reached his majority; 
 Mr. Clark had all the advantages 
 of the common schools of that 
 State supplemented with an acad- 
 emic education; he taught school 
 in Caledonia county four years; 
 in 1853 he was married to Miss 
 Mary E. Carson, of Grafton coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire; the same 
 year he came west and locat- 
 ed in Peoria, Illinois, where he 
 engaged in teaching three years; 
 in the fall of 1856 he removed to 
 Iowa county, this State; he there 
 engaged in farming for twenty 
 years, with the exception of one 
 year, when he was engaged in the 
 mercantile business; in 1869 he 
 -returned to Iowa county, occa- 
 sionally teaching school during 
 the winter months; he repre- 
 sented that county in the legisla- 
 ture during the Fourteenth and 
 Ffteenth General Assemblies, 1872 
 and 1874; came to Keota in 1875 
 and established his present busi- 
 ness, and being a good business 
 manager, he has gained the confi- 
 dence of the people and is doing 
 a flourishing business; the com- 
 plement of his family circle are 
 James F., Genevive and Harry 
 H. 
 
 Clarahan, Pat., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Clarahan, M. J., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Clarahan, P. H., farmer. Harper. 
 
 CLEVELAND,B.A., dealer in gen- 
 eral merchandise. Harper; born 
 in Greene county, New York, 
 April 2, 1822; lived there until 
 fifteen years of age, when he emi- 
 grated to Whitley county, Indi- 
 ana; in 1858 he came to this 
 county and located in this town- 
 ship, and has retained his resi- 
 dence here ever since; owns 180 
 
766 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 acres of land; in January, 1846, he 
 married Miss Mary E. Long, a na- 
 tive of Greene county, Ohio; have 
 one son and two daughters: Em- 
 ma, Clara and Horace; in 1875 
 he was sent by the Kepublican 
 party as a member of the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 Clyde, D. G., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 Clyde, D. F., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Creswall. 
 
 Coffman, H. A., feed stable, Keota. 
 
 Conklin, Geo., carpenter, Keota. 
 
 Cook, Geo., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 Correll, A., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Crawford, James, retired, Keota. 
 
 Crabb, Geo., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 Creswell, 
 
 Craft, E. J., painter, Harper. 
 
 DAIBEE, M., boot and shoe deal- 
 er, Keota. 
 
 Dayton, H. T., retired, Keota. 
 
 Dellenbach, Wm., farmer. Sec. 11; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Detrick, D., harness maker, Keota. 
 
 Dillon, Geo., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Dillon, Eli, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Dillon, Richard, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Dimerly, Math., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Disney, L. B., constable, Keota. 
 
 Divelbiss, H. T., carpenter, Keota. 
 
 Dryburg, Jno., laborer, Keota. 
 
 Dunshee, Luke, retired, Keota. 
 
 Dunham, J. P., music teacher, Keo- 
 ta. 
 
 Dutcher, G. C, retired, Keota. 
 
 EATON, J.. E., druggist, Keota; 
 born in Cortland county, New 
 York, in 1838 ; was there raised 
 until thirteen years of age; came 
 to Iowa in 1852 and lived in Jones 
 county; on the breaking out of 
 the rebellion he enlisted from An- 
 amosa in August, 1861, in com- 
 pany I, Second Iowa Cavalry; 
 
 served for three years and partici- 
 pated in the battles of First Cor- 
 inth, Second luka, Holly Springs 
 and numerous skirmishes; he en- 
 listed as private, but was bugler 
 most of the time; he came to Ke- 
 ota in 1875 and started his pres- 
 ent business; in 1868 he was mar- 
 ried in Monticello, to Mattie L. 
 Norcross, a native of New Hamp- 
 shire; they have by this union one 
 son and two daughters : Edward 
 N., Mabel and Grace. 
 
 Eckard, A. J., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Elliott, Ben., drayman, Keota. 
 
 Emeric, Joe and John, farmers, Sec. 
 30; P. O. Harper. 
 
 ERDICE, A. L., of the firm of 
 Moses & Erdice, dealers in gener- 
 al merchandise, Keota; born in 
 Mercer county, Pennsylvania, No- 
 vember 1, 1848, where he contin- 
 ued to live until he was fifteen 
 years of age; he then came to 
 "Washington county, Iowa; he was 
 married there to Miss E. J., 
 daughter of A. K. Stewart, Octo- 
 ber 29, 1873; Mrs. Erdice is a na- 
 tive of Indiana; they have by this 
 union two sons and one daughter: 
 Elmer S., Arthur C. and AUie; 
 Mr. E. came to Keota and engag- 
 ed in his present business with 
 Captain Moses in 1874; Mr. Er- 
 dice is a man of good business 
 qualifications and has the confi- 
 dence of his many friends. 
 FARLEY, ISAAC, attorney at 
 law, Keota; born in Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, March 1, 
 1827; he was there raised and had 
 all the advantages the schools of 
 that commonwealth afforded, sup- 
 plemented by one year of aca- 
 demic study; he came to Iowa 
 and located at "Wasson, in the 
 northern part of Washington 
 county, in 1854, where he contin- 
 ued to live until 1868, and engag- 
 ed in the hotel business; from 
 1859 until 1864 Mr. Farley was 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 75T 
 
 nearly blind ; daring the Kansas 
 difficulties of 1856, and after the 
 border ruffians had blockaded the 
 Missouri river, Iowa City being 
 the western terminus of railroad 
 communication in Iowa, the New 
 England Emigrant Aid Society 
 were compelled to direct their em- 
 igration via this route, and estab- 
 lished what was called Free-State 
 stations between Iowa City and 
 the Missouri river; Mr. F., being 
 a strong free state partisan, kept 
 the first station west of Iowa 
 City; this brought him into close 
 connection and association with 
 many prominent free-state men of 
 that memorable struggle, promi- 
 nent among whom were old John 
 Brown, Gen. Jim Lane, Calvin 
 ■Cutter, Revs. Moore, Haney, Cut- 
 ler, Eldridge, Cline, and others 
 whose names and deeds belong to 
 the history of that bloody strag- 
 gle for freedom; when asked if 
 • he considered old John Brown in 
 fiane (we give Mr. Farley's answer 
 in his own words), he replied : "If 
 a willingness and determination 
 to do whatever he considered to 
 be right, regardless of consequen- 
 ces to himself, is an indication of 
 insanity, Brown might have been ; 
 otherwise, he was the clearest 
 headed man I ever saw;" in 1868 
 he removed to Iowa county, where 
 he continued to live until 1873; 
 Mr.F. was admitted to the bar May 
 2, 1873, before Judge McKain; 
 ■shortly after he came to Keota and 
 commenced the practice of his 
 profession; he was married to 
 Miss Lavina J. Call May 3, 1848; 
 «he is a native of Franklin county, 
 Massachusetts; they have two 
 sons and two daughters: Percy 
 H., "Wealthy E., fiarlan G. and 
 Eettie Y.; was justice of the 
 peace in Washington county for 
 nine years; Mr. Farley was from 
 iis youth an abolitionist who dared 
 
 to denounce the wickedness of 
 slavery and to proclaim the right 
 of universal liberty; he enjoys 
 the company of friends, and is 
 never more happy than when thus 
 surrounded, discussing some topic 
 of the day. 
 
 Faris, "Wm., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Faris, S., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Farris, A. D., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Fell, Matthias, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 FERGUSON, DAVID, farmer and 
 stock raiser, Sec. 7; P. O. Cres- 
 well; born August 16, 1816, in 
 Blairgowne, Perthshire, Scotland; 
 raised a farmer and followed it as 
 a vocation since; came to the 
 United States in 1850, landing at 
 New York; thence to Peoria, 111., 
 and purchased a farm; in 1861 he 
 came to Iowa; owns 520 acres of 
 improved land; married Miss M. 
 Ferguson August 19, 1850, in the 
 city of Perth, Scotland; she was 
 born in 1825; they have a family 
 of three children: Eliza A., Will- 
 iam and David ; Mr. F. is a mem- 
 ber of St. Andrew's Benevolent 
 Society, and is one of the repre- 
 sentative farmers of Keokuk 
 county. 
 
 Fletzer, John, miller, Harper. 
 
 Fisher, Peter, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Fixmer, Rinehart, farmer, Sec. 30; P, 
 0. Harper. 
 
 Fobes, Mrs. Charlotte, farmer. Sec. 
 27; P. O. Keota. 
 
 Fordice, G. W., laborer, Keota. 
 
 Furgason, D., farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 GRAHAM, J. F., produce deal- 
 er, Keota; born in TrnmbuU 
 county, Iowa, in 1842; lived there 
 until 1865, and then came to this 
 county, locating in Lafayette 
 township, and engaged in farming 
 
758 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOK0K COUNTY. 
 
 and school teaching; came to Ke- 
 ota and engaged in the produce, 
 loaning and insurance business; 
 was in the army in company G, 
 Seventy-seventh Ohio Infantry, 
 and served one year; Mr. Graham 
 is a young man of good business 
 qualifications, and is respected by 
 all who know him. 
 
 Gregg, James, laborer, Keota. 
 
 GREIGG, DAVID H , farmer and 
 stock raiser, Sec. 5; P. O. Ores- 
 well; born February 2, 1826, in 
 Arbroath Oity, Forfarshire, Scot- 
 land ; was raised there till twelve 
 years of age, when he engaged in 
 a seafaring life, which he followed 
 for seven years, and during this 
 period was chief mate of the ship 
 Majestic; in 1847 he emigrated to 
 the United States and settled in 
 Taswell county. 111.; in 1854 he 
 came to this county and located 
 where he now resides; owns a well 
 improved farm of 160 acres; mar- 
 ried Miss Ann Salmond, August 
 3,. 1848; she is a native of the 
 same city, born May 22, 1823; 
 they have a family of seven chil- 
 dren : James 0., William S., Pal- 
 mer J., David E., Jesse, Nellie, 
 and Aggie. 
 
 Green, Alexis, wagonmaker, Keota. 
 
 Greigg, D. H., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 Greenlee, G. M., retired. Harper. 
 
 Gilbert, L. S., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Goeldner, John, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Gortner, F. M., justice of the peace, 
 Keota. 
 
 H AGIST, GEOEGE, farmer, 
 Sec. 10; P. O, Keota. 
 Halstead, E. K., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Hamman, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 Hamilton, George, house mover, 
 
 Keota. 
 Harman, Simsn, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hanlon, W. S., clerk, Keota. 
 
 HARTMAN, PETER, grain-deal- 
 er, Harper; born in Switzerland 
 May 1843, and came with his pa- 
 rents to the United States in 1846,. 
 and settled in Des Moines county,. 
 Iowa; in 1855 his parents settled 
 in German township, of this coun- 
 ty, where his mother still resides;, 
 his father died in 1861 ; until 1869- 
 he was engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits; he then opened a store 
 in the towu of Baden, as dealer 
 in general merchandise, and was- 
 also appointed postmaster and 
 held this office till 1872, when it 
 was discontinued; he moved his 
 stock of goods to Harper inp 
 1872, and received the appoint- 
 ment of postmaster at this place; 
 in 1875 he sold his interest in the 
 firm of Hartman & Oleveland,. 
 and engaged in the grain business ; 
 as a business man he is prompt 
 and energetic, upright in all his 
 dealings, and has secured the es- 
 teem of all with whom he has bus- 
 iness transactions, and attained 
 to a well-merited success; he was. 
 elected Mayor of the city of Har- 
 per at the late election, a position 
 he is well qualified to fill. 
 
 Haupert, Frank, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Heffiefineer, Jacob, miller, Keota. 
 
 Heintz, Peter, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 HENKLE, HARMON, of the firm 
 of Henkle & Ritchey, furniture 
 dealers. Littler Ashby & Co., gen- 
 eral merchandise, and Henkle & 
 Hutchinson, lumber dealers, Keo- 
 ta; born in Fayette county, Ohio. 
 April 7, 1832; when about eight 
 years of age his parents came ta 
 Iowa and located in "Washington 
 county, and were among the first 
 settlers; Mr. H. was raised there 
 on a farm ; his education as far aa 
 books were concerned was very 
 meager; he remained on a farm 
 until eighteen years of age, and 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 759 
 
 was engaged in different kinds of 
 business until 1860, when he 
 handled goods for Mr. N. Littler 
 on commission for one year;, he 
 then went into partnership with 
 Mr. Littler; from April 1861 to 
 1870, he was engaged in running 
 a saw-mill at Henkletown, Iowa 
 county; he married June 1, 1854, 
 Miss Lydia J. Wartenbee, a na- 
 tive of Henry county, Ohio; they 
 have two daughters and one son: 
 Ella (now Mrs. Ritchey), Doug- 
 las and Clara; Mr. H. also has a 
 one-third interest in the lumber- 
 yard of Henkle, Wakelee & Co., 
 at Kenross, and is also one of the 
 directors and stockholders of the 
 bank of Keota ; he is a thorough 
 gentleman, a quick observer, and 
 in him great mental and physical 
 force combine; these traits with 
 energy, a strong will and sound 
 judgment have placed him among 
 the foremost citizens of Keokuk 
 county. 
 
 Helcher, H., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Henkle, George, cabinet-maker, 
 Keota. 
 
 Hiberger, John, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. 0. Harper. 
 
 Hiberger, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 32 ; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Hiberger, Wendelin, farmer,, Sec. — 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Hiberger, Tlieo., farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Hiberger, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Hine, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Hoffman, J. H., merchant, Harper. 
 
 Hoffman, Frank, farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Holmes, W. C, farmer. Sec. i; P. 
 O. Creswell. 
 
 HOLZWORTH, JOHN, farmer, 
 stock and grain-dealer. Sec. 18; 
 P. O, Harper; born November 
 10, 1831, Baden, Germany; in 
 early life he learned the trade of 
 
 miller, and followed it as an occu- 
 pation till 1858; he emigrated to 
 the United States in 1852, land- 
 ing at New York city, and thence 
 to Rochester, where he remained 
 one year; he then removed to 
 Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, 
 Iowa, and after one year came to 
 Keokuk county, where he has 
 since resided ; he owns 759 acres 
 of land; his home farm contains 
 369 acres, and is one of the best 
 improved in the township; Mr. 
 H. is one of Keokuk county's 
 largest feeders and most successful 
 shippers; he was married March 
 8, 1857, to Miss Elizabath Kilmer; 
 she was born in Philadelphia 
 Pennsylvania, and is of German 
 ancestry; they have nine chil- 
 dren: George, Caroline, Chris- 
 tine, Elizabeth, Henry J., . Wm., 
 Louisa, John and Rosa; lost one 
 daughter: Emma. 
 
 Horumen, Jake, wagon-maker, 
 Harper. 
 
 Hommen, Mrs. Anna, house-keeper, 
 Harper. 
 
 HOME, F. B., M, D., physician 
 and surgeon, Keota; the subject 
 of this sketch was born in Han- 
 cock county, Illinois, February 
 27, 1844; at the age of twelve 
 years he with his parents moved 
 to Mercer county, Illinois, and 
 there had all the advantages of 
 the schools of that common- 
 wealth, supplemented with a 
 course of academic study; at an 
 early age he commenced the study 
 of medicine with Dr. Hollings- 
 worth, of Keithsburg, Illinois; 
 he graduated with the highest 
 honors at the Hahneman Medical 
 College of Chicago; he came to 
 Keota and commenced the prac- 
 tice of liis profession in 1874, and 
 has been a successful practitioner; 
 he is genial, open-hearted and 
 generous, and is at the same time 
 positive in his character, but 
 kind and obliging; Dr. Home is 
 
760 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 a man of acknowledged ability 
 as a physician, and his services as 
 such are recognized, and his calls 
 are numerous; November, 
 1877, he was married to Miss 
 Clara B. Ellis, a native of Ohio, 
 but raised in Iowa City; by this 
 union they have one son: Al- 
 vah E. 
 
 Hudson, John, retired Presbyterian 
 minister, Keota. 
 
 Hull, Benjamin, laborer, Keota. 
 
 HULSE, M. A., clerk for Henkle & 
 Kitchey, Keota; born in Tomp- 
 kins county, New York, August 
 28, 1830; his father died when he 
 was four years of age; the year 
 following his mother took the 
 family to Knox county, Ohio; 
 when quite young Mc-. Hulse 
 learned the carpenter's trade; he 
 came west as far as Whiteside 
 county, Illinois, in 1852, and 
 while there was married to Miss 
 Eliza Penrose, June 30, 1853; she 
 was born in Belmont county, 
 Ohio; came to this county in 1865 
 and located on a farm near Har- 
 per; he still owns a farm of eighty 
 acres; they have three sons and 
 two daughters: Mary E., Lizzie 
 E. (now Mrs. Ashby), Addison, 
 Elmer and Edwin. 
 
 HURLESS, C. M., station agent, 
 Harper; born July 30, 1821, in 
 Harrison county, Ohio ; at the age 
 of fourteen he commenced to learn 
 the carpenter trade, and followed 
 it as an occupation for seven 
 years; in 1842 he removed to Van 
 Buren county, Iowa, and remain- 
 ed there till 1844, and then went to 
 Davis county and engaged in vari- 
 ous pursuits till 1857, when he 
 was admitted to the bar, and for 
 fifteen years was engaged in the 
 practice of his profession ; August 
 7, 1861, he enlisted in company 
 E, Third Iowa Cavalry and served 
 three years ; after the war he re- 
 turned to his home in Davis coun- 
 ty; he came to Harper in 1873 
 
 and took charge of the station ; he 
 is a presiding officer in Harper 
 Lodge of I. O. O. F., No. 353, 
 also a member of the Masonic fra,- 
 ternity; he was married in Octo- 
 ber, 1841, to Miss Mary E. Greens, 
 of Nova Scotia, but raised in Ohio; 
 she was born February 25, 1823; 
 they have seven children: John 
 W., Martha P., Wm. M., Keturah 
 E., James P., Chas. S. and Frank 
 E. ; two died in infancv. 
 
 HUSKINS, J. C, proprietor livery 
 stable, Keota; born in Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania, September 
 25, 1833, and was there raised; he 
 came to Muscatine county, this 
 State, in 1855 ; remained there for 
 a short time and in 1856 went to 
 Johnson county; he soon went to 
 Des Moines; he is a carpenter by 
 trade and helped build the old 
 State House at Des Moines; in 
 July, 1857, he left there and mov- 
 ed to Newton, Jasper county, and 
 helped to build the court-house at 
 that place; after remaining there 
 for two years he returned to John- 
 son county, and June, 1861, he en- 
 listed in company F, First Regi- 
 ment Iowa Cavalry, served four 
 years and nine months, and par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Little 
 Eock, Prairie Grove, Saline Riv- 
 er and numerous skirmishes; 
 May 14, 1867, he married in "Wash- 
 ington, this State, to Miss Zelda 
 Yockey, a native of the same place; 
 they have a family of one datfgh- 
 ter and two sons: Stella, Richard 
 and James. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, Z.W., of the firm 
 of Henkle & Hutchinson, lumber 
 dealers, Keota; born in Iowa City, 
 February 6, 1846; his father came 
 to that city in 1839, and was there 
 married ; Mr. H. lived there until 
 seventeen years of age, receiving 
 all the advantages of the common 
 schools supplemented by two and 
 a-half years of study in the Iowa 
 University of Iowa City; was 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 761 
 
 obliged to stop study on account 
 of ill health; a short time after- 
 ward he engaged in the railroad 
 business, serving as civil engineer, 
 which occupation he followed for 
 about nine years; in February, 
 1877, he came to Keota and started 
 in his present business; he was 
 engaged in the same business at 
 Muscatine for two years; June 
 13, 1872, he was married to Miss 
 Clara Hogin, a native of Indiana, 
 but raised in Sigourney ; they have 
 two sons : Zelah H. and Harry H. 
 
 IRWIN, J. B., druggist, Keota; 
 born in Cambria county, Penn., 
 August 10, 1848; lived there for 
 thirteen years, when he came to 
 Washington county, this State; 
 he received all the advantages of a 
 •common-school education supple- 
 mented by a two years' course of 
 academic study; he studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar at 
 Iowa City in March, 1874; the fol- 
 lowing April he came to Keota 
 and began the practice of his pro- 
 fession; in April, 1877, he started 
 his present business, to which he 
 has since given his special atten- 
 tion; he was married in Wash- 
 • ington to Miss Julia E. Dicken, a 
 native of that county, October 
 24, 187S; his wife has a complete 
 and well assorted stock of millin- 
 ery goods in connection with the 
 drug business ; Mr. Irwin enjoys 
 a good trade and the confidence of 
 the people. 
 
 JORDAN, FRED., saloon-keeper, 
 Keota. 
 Johnson, "W. L., carpenter, Keota. 
 Johnson, V. R., carpenter, Keota. 
 Jones, O. B., attorney at law, Keota. 
 Junken, D. X., grain merchant, Ke- 
 ota. 
 
 KEELEY, WM., notary public. 
 Harper. 
 Kefauber, John, tailor, Keota. 
 Kennelly, John, section boss, Keota. 
 Kendall, Mrs. H. E., farmer. Sec. 8; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, C., farmer, Sec. 11; P, 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Theo., farmer. Sec. 1 1 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, R. S., farmer. Sec. 13 
 P. 0. Keota. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, G. G., farmer. Sec. 14 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, T., farmer, Sec. 
 — ; P. O. Keota; born in Licking 
 county, Ohio, July 27, 1811; he 
 lived there until 1836, and in 
 June, 1837, moved to Bureau 
 county, Illinois ; he remained there 
 until the spring ot 1868, when he 
 came to this county and bought 
 seven and a quarter sections of 
 land; was married in Ohio in 
 . 1836, to Miss Sophia Rapp ; they 
 have a family of three sons and 
 two daughters: Chalmers, Flora 
 C. (now Mrs. S. K. Leacox), 
 George G., Sadie (now Mrs. A. B. 
 Weed), and Renwick S. 
 
 Kiser, David, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Klein, Isaac, clothing, Keota. 
 
 Kleping, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Klett, Geo., blacksmith. Harper. 
 
 Klein, John, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Kach, Mike, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Keota. • 
 
 Kramer, J. P., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Kramer, Nick, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 0. Keota. 
 
 Kramer, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 KULP, JOSEPH, dealer in hard- 
 ware and farm implements, Keota; 
 born in Medina county, Ohio, 
 September 10, 1843, where he 
 lived until twelve years of age; 
 his parents then moved to Elkhart 
 county, Indiana, where they lived 
 two years, then removed to Grun- 
 dy county, Illinois; he came to 
 Keota in March, 1872, and was in 
 the drug business with his brother 
 a short time; he then opened a 
 
762 
 
 DIEEOTOBT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 hardware store; Mr. Kulp carries 
 a fine stock in his line, and re- 
 ceives a good share of the patron- 
 age of the people; he was married 
 in Grundy county, Illinois, to 
 Miss Eliza Headlee, a native of 
 Shelby county, Indiana, Septem- 
 ber 20, 1862; their family consists 
 of one son and two daughters : 
 Amos E., Annetta S. and Lillie 
 E.; Mr. Kulp and family have the 
 honor of being the first family in 
 Keota. 
 KULP, J. S., druggist and jeweler, 
 Keota; the first business man of 
 Keota; born in Medina county, 
 Ohio, July 25, 1845; came to 
 Keokuk soon after the laying out 
 of the town in the spring of 1872, 
 and built the first business house 
 in the place; Mr. Kulp possessed 
 rare business talents, was gifted 
 with a shrewd and far-seeing 
 mind, which seemed able to fore- 
 cast the future of Keota with re- 
 markable accuracy; by his indom- 
 itable energy and business qualifi- 
 cations he has attained a fine 
 business and the confidence of the 
 trade, and is a most exemplary 
 citizen; March 20, 1872, he was 
 married to Miss Ellen Fry, of 
 Knox county, Ohio; their chil- 
 dren are Grace and George; Mr. 
 Kulp also has the honor of being 
 the first mayor of Keota. 
 
 LAHE, MES. KATE, farmer. 
 Sec. 16; P. O. Harper. 
 
 Lahr, Peter, wagon-maker. Harper. 
 
 Leacox, S. K., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Leacox, J. M., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 LEIGHTON, J. H., supevintendent 
 of the Keota Glass Works, Keota; 
 born in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 February 18, 1849; there he lived 
 until about eight years of age, 
 when he, with his parents, moved 
 to Wheeling, West Virginia; he 
 is a practical glass blower, having 
 been brought up in the business 
 
 from childhood, the New England 
 Glass Works having been under 
 the control of the Leighton family 
 for sixty-five years; in 1874 Mr. 
 Leighton started and operated 
 glass works in Wheeling, West 
 Virginia, which concern he oper- 
 ated for about four months; meet- 
 ing with misfortune he lost all he 
 had ; being a young man of good 
 judgment, and not easily discour- 
 aged, he at once went to work for 
 Hobbs. Brockinsener & Co., of 
 Wheeling, where he continued for 
 about one year, at the expiration 
 of which time he went to Martin's 
 Ferry, Ohio, remodeled and took 
 charge of the old Excelsior Glass 
 Works, now known as the Buck- 
 eye Glass Works, where he con- 
 tinued until 1878, when he capie 
 to Keota and built and started the 
 Keota Glass Works; Mr. Leighton 
 is a man of more than ordinary 
 intelligence, good business quali- 
 fications, and deserves great credit 
 and the help of the community for 
 starting such an enterprise in 
 Keota. 
 
 Lenninger, Peter, farmer, Sec. 20; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Lewis, T. E., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 LITTLER, CHARLES S., of the 
 firm of Littler, Ashby & Co., deal- 
 ers in general merchandise, Keota; 
 born in Richmond, Washington 
 county, Iowa, in 1855; came to 
 this town and sold the first mer- 
 chandise in Keota; has been en- 
 gaged'in the mercantile business 
 since boyhood; June 5, 1878, h^ 
 married Miss Anna Daiber, a na- 
 tive of Muscatine, Iowa; they have 
 one daughter. Birdie. 
 
 Longman, J., boot and shoe maker, 
 Keota, 
 
 Long, S. T., farmer. Sec. 1; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Ludwig, John, furniture. Harper. 
 
 Lutz, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWKSHIP, 
 
 763 
 
 Lutz, Frank, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 Lyle, E. W., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 Lyle, James, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
 
 Keota. 
 
 McFARLANE,D ANIEL, phy- 
 sician and surgeon, Keota; 
 this gentleman is a native of Ar- 
 gyleshire, Scotland, born July 29, 
 1841; was educated in his native 
 place and graduated in the medi- 
 cal profession at the Edinburgh 
 University; he emigrated to the 
 United States in 1870, and located 
 in this county; came to Keota in 
 March, 1872, and commenced the 
 practice of his profession, and has 
 the honor of being the first physi- 
 cian of the place ; Dr. McFarlane 
 is a man of acknowledged ability 
 as a physician, and his services as 
 such are recognized by a host of 
 appreciating friends, and his kind 
 and sympathetic nature makes 
 him a welcome visitor in the sick 
 room ; his calls are numerous and 
 remote; he has an extensive prac- 
 tice throughout the surrounding 
 country, and the respect shown 
 him is as wide as his acquaintance ; 
 July 22, 1874, he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Mary E. Disor, 
 a native of Liberty township, this 
 county; they have by this union 
 three daughters: Sarah I., Mar- 
 garet C, and Maud M. 
 
 McCarty, Charles, farmer. Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 McCrabb, J. M., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 0. Keota. 
 
 McGinnis, J. W., insurance agent, 
 Keota. 
 
 McLoud, William, farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 MANTZ, G. H., jeweler and pho- 
 tographer, Keota; born in 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, 
 July 2, 1849; he came with 
 his parents to this county 
 and came to Keota in March, 
 1872, and has since been engaged 
 
 in the above named businesses; 
 November 14, 1871, he married 
 Miss M. 0. Buckley, a native of 
 Illinois; have a family of one son 
 and one daughter: Rnssey L. and 
 Allie A.; Mr. Mantz has a very 
 fine and neat jewelry store and 
 keeps a good stock; he also has in 
 connection a photograph gallery,, 
 where he would be pleased to meet 
 his many friends. 
 
 Martin, Chas., saloon, Harper. 
 
 Martin, Ed., laborer, Harper. 
 
 MATTHEWS. T. P., merchant. 
 Harper; born October 29, 1824, in 
 Gallia county, Ohio; he was there 
 raised a farmer; in youth he had 
 the advantages of a good common 
 school education ; in 1847 he emi- 
 grated to Henry county, Iowa; in 
 1852 he went to Colorado and en- 
 gaegd in mining in the Feather 
 river district, meeting with satis- 
 factory results; he returned to his- 
 home in 1854, and soon after set- 
 tled in Washington county and 
 engaged in farming, which he 
 continued till 1864, and then re- 
 moved to Iowa county and lived 
 there two years, then changed hia 
 place of residence to Sigourney 
 and engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits; two years later he closed 
 out his business and returned 
 to Iowa county and engaged in 
 the same business, and in 1872: 
 returned to Sigourney and re- 
 mained there till 1874, when he 
 moved to Harper and engaged in 
 his present occupation; he com- 
 bines with energy good business- 
 qualifications, and has huilt up a 
 large and increasing trade; he has- 
 been twice married : first, to Miss 
 Elizabeth Benn in 1851; she was- 
 a native of Ohio and died in June,. 
 1843; he married for his second 
 wife Miss B. Brown April, 1855; 
 she is also a native of Ohio; they 
 have two children : Mary E. and 
 DonR.; they have one deceased:. 
 Edna. 
 
764 
 
 DIBEOTOKT OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Millhouse, H. A., blacksmith, Keo- 
 ta. 
 
 Millhouse, ' C. ]£., harness-maker, 
 Keota. 
 
 Montgomery, Mrs. M. A., farmer. 
 Sec. 7; P. O. Harper. 
 
 Morgan, G. W., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Creswell. 
 
 MOSES, CAPT. ELMER, of the 
 firm of Moses & Erdice, dealers 
 in general merchandise, Keota; 
 born in Hartford, Trumbull coun- 
 ty, Ohio, June 9, 1831; his pa- 
 rents were farmers and his boy- 
 hood days were passed on a farm 
 where he had the advantages of 
 the schools of that commonwealth ; 
 in August, 1861, he enlisted in 
 company A, Forty-first Ohio In- 
 fantry, in which capacity he serv- 
 ed for thirteen months and was 
 then promoted to first lieutenant 
 of company B, and afterward 
 .transferred to company E, 125th 
 Ohio; in July, 1863, he was again 
 promoted to the captaincy of that 
 •compan}', which commission he 
 held until his retirement from the 
 service; he was engaged in the 
 battles of Pittsburgh Landing 
 and Kenesaw Mountain; at the 
 latter battle he was severely wound- 
 ed in his left limb, above the 
 knee; he was then sent to the 
 liospital at Chattanooga, where he 
 remained till he was able to be 
 sent home, November 1, 1864; on 
 bis return he entered into the gro- 
 cery business; in the fall of 1867 
 he was elected Eecorder and serv- 
 ed in that capacity two terms; 
 May 7, 1857, he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Rosanna Er- 
 •dice, a native of Mercer county, 
 Pennsylvania; their family con- 
 «ists of one son and one daughter: 
 Mary and Wells H.; Mr. M. came 
 to Keota in October, 1874, and 
 «ince that time has been engaged 
 in the mercantile business; he en- 
 voys the liberal patronage and es- 
 teem of his many friends. 
 
 Mickey, M. F., nursery, Keota. 
 Myers, Corydon, laborer, Keota. 
 Meyer, J. H., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 NANOUR, EUGENE, miller, 
 Harper. 
 
 Neiss, Anton, miller, Harper. 
 
 Newhart, L., blacksmith, Keota. 
 
 Newhouse, A., retired, Harper. 
 
 Newton, H. P., farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 NEWTON, H. N., farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Keota; born in New Hamp- 
 shire February 18, 1814, and was 
 there raised; lived there until 
 1840 and then moved to New 
 Haven, Connecticut, and after re- 
 maining there until 1858 he came 
 to this county and located where 
 he now resides: he was married 
 January 12, 1837, in New Hamp- 
 shire, to Miss Mary A. B. Fist; 
 they have one son : H. P., who in 
 connection has a finely improved 
 farm of 161^ acres; in 1874 he 
 was a member of the State Legis- 
 lature from this county, during 
 the sessions of 1874-6; he is a 
 man whom one would like to meet 
 with, warm in his friendship and 
 strong in his prejudices. 
 
 Norcross, D. L., druggist, Keota. 
 
 Norton, L. A., livery, Keota. 
 
 NORTON, G. R., stock dealer, 
 Keota; born in Washington coun- 
 ty, Ohio, December 26, 1839; 
 when about six years of age he 
 came with his parents to Wash- 
 ington county, Iowa; in 1860 he 
 went to California, and after re- 
 maining there until 1865 he came 
 to this county; he has been en- 
 gaged in the stock business for 
 eight years; December 17, 1865, 
 he married Miss Mary L. Dan- 
 shee, a native of Ohio ; they have 
 one son and four daughters: 
 Amanda, Ada, Nettie, John and 
 Delia. 
 
 Nugent, W. K., farmer, Keota. 
 
 'BRIEN, JOHN, hotel, Keota. 
 
 O 
 
LAPATETTE TOWNSmP. 
 
 765 
 
 PALMER, JEROME, of the 
 firm of Palmer & Tallman, 
 hardware merchants, Keota; the 
 subject of this sketch was born 
 in Rutland county, Vermont, 
 April 11, 1843; he lived there 
 until fourteen years of age, when 
 he came to Iowa county, this 
 State; a short time afterward he 
 went to Iowa City, and learned 
 the printer's trade; on the break- 
 ing out of the. Eebellion he was 
 clerking in Missouri, and finding 
 that country pretty warm for a 
 man of his political preference, he 
 returned to Marengo, Iowa, and in 
 July, 1862, he enlisted in com- 
 pany B, Twenty-eighth Iowa In- 
 fantry, and served for three years; 
 he was at the seige of Yicksburg, 
 Eed Eiver, Shenandoah Yalley 
 and the Mississippi campaign, 
 comprising fifteen engagements; 
 after his return from the army 
 he engaged in teaching school ; he 
 came to Keota in 1872, and has 
 been engaged in business there 
 ever since; for the first two years 
 he was engaged in the furniture 
 business by himself, when Mr. 
 Tallman, his present partner, 
 bought one-half interest, and 
 added thereto a stock of hard- 
 ware; in April, 1878, they sold 
 out their furniture interest, and 
 continued to keep a well assorted 
 stock of hardware, and enjoy the 
 confidence and liberal patronage 
 of the people; in 1871 Mr. Palmer 
 was united in marriage with Miss 
 Mary A. Petti bone, a native of 
 Illinois, but raised in Iowa coun- 
 ty, this State; by this union they 
 have two sons and two daughters: 
 Armilla, James R., "W'ebber T. 
 and MoUie; Mr. P. is a gentle- 
 man whom one meets only to wish 
 for a more intimate acquaintance; 
 as a citizen he is quiet and unas- 
 suming, and one of Keota's best 
 business men. 
 Pauley, John, blacksmith, Harper. 
 
 Palmer & Glover, blacksmiths, Ke- 
 ota. 
 
 Papes, William, harness-maker, Ke- 
 ota. 
 
 Patterson, Robert, farmer. Sec. 9; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Peifer, Peter, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Pettibone, Albert, farmer, Sec. 24;. 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 PETGEN, J. G., lumber dealer. 
 Harper; born in Prussia July 13, 
 1842 ; he was raised a farmer, and 
 in 1863 emigrated to the United 
 States, landing at New York, 
 and in the same year came to this 
 county; he followed agricultural 
 pursuits until 1874, when he en- 
 gaged in his present business; in 
 1867 he married Miss Mary Son- 
 day ; she was born in France Au- 
 gust 11, 1845, and died December 
 18, 1872, leaving a family of three 
 children, two, Susan and Mary, 
 now living, and one deceased ; he 
 was again married December 15, 
 1875, to Miss Emma Leminger, 
 a native of Prussia; she was born 
 December 1, 1856; she came to 
 this country with her parents in 
 1868; they have two children: 
 George P. and L. ; since coming 
 to the United States he has visited 
 his home; he went in 1867, and 
 remained there for some three 
 months, and in 1868 returned 
 home, bringing with him his 
 mother, who is still living with 
 him; he is an active citizen, a 
 thorough business man, and has 
 built up a good trade. 
 
 RANDOLPH, JAMES, farmer, 
 Sec, 1; P.O. Keota. 
 Randolph, J. F., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Randolph, John, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Redlinger, Mike, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
 
 O. Harper. 
 REED, G. L., editor and proprietor 
 
 of the "Keota Eagle," Keota; 
 
 born in Richland county, Ohio, 
 
V66 
 
 DIEEOTOEY OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 October 5, 1831, where he contin- 
 ned to live until after his majori- 
 ty: Mr. Reed had all the advan- 
 tages of the common schools, sup- 
 plemented with two years of aca- 
 demical study; he has had a 
 large experience as a school-teach- 
 er, having taught thirty -live terms 
 after leaving his school; he came 
 to Washington county, Iowa, in 
 1853, and September 15, 1855, 
 returned to his native place, and 
 was there married to Miss Mary 
 E. "Wigton, of that county^ their 
 family consists oi three sons and 
 five daughters: Minnie P., Ella 
 J., Emma E., Wm. F., Eva M., 
 Josie, John and George; death 
 has taken daughter Lila L. ; Mr. 
 Eeed came to Keota and took 
 charge of the " Keota Eagle " in 
 1875. 
 
 Reinhart, John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 RENFREW, ROBERT, dealer in 
 grain, agricultural implements, 
 and all kinds of farmers' machin- 
 ery, Harper; born September 8, 
 1832, in Glasgow, Scotland; he 
 received a good common-school 
 education, and was educated in 
 the shipping and commercial busi- 
 ness; he emigrated to the United 
 States in 1854 and settled in Syra- 
 cuse, New York, and engaged in 
 the grain, lumber and cooper busi- 
 ness; during the great forest fires 
 in Canada, he lost all his property 
 by the destroying element, and in 
 1869 came to Muscatine, Iowa, 
 and entered the employ of Hail 
 Bros., and remained with this 
 firm until 1875 ; two years of this 
 time he was conducting the grain 
 business at Keota; he removed to 
 Harper and engaged in his pres- 
 ent business; as a business man 
 he is prompt and energetic, and 
 upright in all his dealings; he has 
 secured the esteem of all with 
 whom he has had to do, and has 
 attained to a well merited success; 
 
 he was one of the organizers of 
 the St. Andrew's Society of Keo- 
 kuk county, and has been an 
 active member, taking great inter- 
 est in all that has pertained to it; 
 he is also a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity, and a member of 
 the I. O. 0. F.; he was married to 
 Miss Helen Davidson November 
 6, 1857; she was born in Scotland 
 March 14, 1832, and came to the 
 United States in 1857; their fam- 
 ily consists of seven children: 
 Libbie M., James D., Margaret J., 
 Mary M., Ontario, Anna B. and 
 Robert A.; lost one daughter: 
 Helen. 
 
 Rounce, J. S., Keota. 
 
 RICHARDSON, J. F., physician 
 and surgeon, Harper; born in 
 Vermillion county, Indiana, July 
 31, 1836; when quite young his 
 parents moved to McDonough 
 county, Illinois, where he lived 
 until 1846 ; he then came to this 
 county and located in Steady Run 
 township, where he was raised; 
 while young he took up the trade 
 of carpenter, which business he 
 followed until lie reached his ma- 
 jority; he then took up the study 
 of medicine with Dr. Flint, of 
 Ottumwa; he graduated at the 
 college of physicians and surgeons, 
 at Keokuk, in the spring session 
 of 1864; the same year he began 
 the practice of his profession at 
 Lancaster, this county, where he 
 continued successfully until 1872; 
 he then removed to Sigourney, 
 where he remained for about one 
 year, and came to Harper a short 
 time after the laying out of the 
 town ; there he has continued very 
 successfully since that time; he 
 was married in Lancaster October 
 20, 1869, to Miss Martha J. Ja- 
 cobs, a native of Johnson county, 
 Indiana, but principally raised in 
 this county; their family consists 
 of three sons and one daughter: 
 Frances A. (who is now attending 
 
LAFATETTB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 767 
 
 music school at Iowa City), Rob- 
 ert L., John C. and Austin A. 
 
 RICE, J. S., dealer in grain, feed, 
 coal, etc., Keota; born in Wash- 
 ington county, Yermont, July 8, 
 1831 ; at the early age of ten years 
 Mr. E. was thrown on his own re- 
 sources; at the age of eighteen he 
 left his native place and went to 
 Orange county, Vermont, where 
 he'remained for one year; thence 
 to Clinton county, New York, 
 where he lived seven years; he 
 then came west, and stopped for 
 one year in Chicago; from there 
 he went to Iowa City; from this 
 place he enlisted in company K, 
 Thirteenth Iowa Volunteer In- 
 fantry, November 2, 1861; he 
 participated in the battles of 
 Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg and 
 Atlanta, at which battle he was 
 taken prisoner (which occurred 
 July 2, 1864), and was confined in 
 the Charleston, S. C, prison, and 
 afterward at Raleigh, N. C, and 
 was detained eight months, and 
 then paroUed ; whileout on parole 
 he returned to Iowa City, and was 
 there married to Miss Delia A. 
 Stone, April 11,1865; they have 
 by this union one son : Howard ; 
 Mr. Rice was mustered out of the 
 sercice in 1865; he came to Keota 
 in 1872, and bought and shipped 
 the first grain from this place. 
 
 RITCHEY, E. M., of the firm of 
 Henkle & Ritchey, furniture 
 dealers; also of Littler, Ashby & 
 Co., dealers in general merchan- 
 dise, Keota; born in Washington, 
 Washington county, Iowa, May 2, 
 1847, where he lived until ten 
 years of age; he then removed to 
 Richmond, in the same county, 
 where he continued to reside un- 
 til he reached his majority; in 
 1868 he went to Iowa county, at 
 a place called Foote P. O., and 
 there engaged in the mercantile 
 business under the firm name of 
 
 Henkle, Littler & Co.; he was 
 also postmaster at that point from 
 1869 until his coming to Keota in 
 1872, when he resigned; he con- 
 tinued in merchandising until 
 about three years ago, when he, 
 in connection with Mr. Henkle, 
 opened a furniture store, but still 
 retains an interest in the firm of 
 Littler, Ashby & Co.; Mr. R. is 
 also secretary of the Keota Glass 
 Works, to which institution he 
 has rendered substantial aid and 
 encouragement; he is also one of 
 the stock-holders in the Bank of 
 Keota; he is a man of more than 
 "ordinary ability, and by close at- 
 tention to business has gained for 
 himself an enviable reputation as 
 a business man; he was married 
 to Miss Mary E. Henkle May 14, 
 1874, a native of Washington 
 county, Iowa; their family circle 
 are Myrtle E., Daisy A. and 
 Pearl. 
 
 ROSECRANS, DANIEL, of the 
 firm of Whistler & Rosecrans, 
 dealers in drugs, school-books and 
 notions. Harper; born in Lake 
 county, Indiana, in 1847; in the 
 fall of 1851 he, with his parents, 
 moved to this county and located 
 in Lafayette township; has been 
 engaged in farming until the past 
 four years, since which time he 
 has been following the above 
 mentioned business; since 1876 
 he has been postmaster ; May 21, 
 1877, he married Miss Emma, a 
 daughter of B. A. Cleveland, of 
 Whitley county, Indiana. 
 
 Russell, Jas., retired, Keota. 
 
 Russell, M. S., retired, Keota. 
 
 Russell, Tolbert, farmer. See. 24; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 SALM, JOHN, harness-maker. 
 Harper; born in Prussia Ap- 
 ril 27, 1844, and came to the 
 United States in 1860; he first 
 settled in Wisconsin, where he re- 
 mained one year and then went to 
 
768 
 
 DIEECTOET 0! KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 Chicago, where he worked at his 
 trade, and in 1862 he came 
 to this county and purchased a 
 farm in Clear Creek township and 
 divided his time between farming 
 in the summer and working at his 
 trade in the winter; in 1874 he 
 abandoned farming and has since 
 given his whole attention to his 
 present business; he was married 
 September 2, 1876, to Miss Susan- 
 na Adrian, a native of Prussia, 
 born in 1846; they have five chil- 
 dren: Lena, Mena, Nicholas A., 
 Kosa and George P.; they have 
 lost two : Mary and Peter. 
 
 SALISBURY, H. L., stock dealer 
 and proprietor Salisbury House, 
 Harper; born in Erie county, N. 
 T., January 30, 1831, and when 
 sixteen years of age removed with 
 his parents to Kush county, "Wis- 
 consin, where he followed farming 
 as his occupation; in 1860 he 
 moved to Kansas; he only lived 
 there seven months, when, owing 
 to a failure of crops, he came to 
 his present location; he is the 
 pioneer settler of the town, and did 
 much in aiding its progress; is a 
 practical business man, and as a 
 landlord is without a rival; mar- 
 ried Miss Ellen A. Seager Dec. 15, 
 1858; she was born in Washing- 
 ton county, New York, June 28, 
 1838; they have two children: 
 Eva E., born December 22, 1862, 
 and Edith M., born August 18, 
 1869. 
 
 SANFORD, E. H^, farmer. Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Keota; bom in Delaware 
 county, Eew York, November 13, 
 1838; lived there till sixteen years 
 of age ; received the advantages of 
 a graded school, where he was 
 prepared for the business pursuits 
 of life; in 1854 he removed to 
 Ogle county, Illinois, where he 
 was engaged in agricultural pur- 
 suits for five years; in 1859 re- 
 moved to Kansas; being dissat- 
 
 isfied with the location he went to 
 Colorado in 1860 and engaged in 
 mining; in 1861 he enlisted in 
 company B, Second Colorado Vol- 
 unteer Cavalry, and served three 
 years; received two wounds on the 
 Rio Grande, in New Mexico, one 
 of which disabled him for six 
 months; was mustered out at Fort 
 Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1864; 
 then returned to Ogle county, 111., 
 and in a short time re-enlisted in 
 what is known as Gen. Hancock's 
 Yeteran Reserve Corps, and served 
 till the close of the war; settled in 
 Keokuk county in 1867, and now 
 owns a farm of 160 acres; married 
 Miss Agnes Chesney November 
 9, 18€9; she was born in Taswell 
 county. 111., July 81, 1849, and 
 came to Iowa with her parents in 
 1854; their family consists of two 
 children: Robert O. and Frank L. 
 
 SCHRECKENGAST, ISAAC, 
 firm of Johnson & Schreckengast, 
 dealers in general merchandise, 
 Keota; born in Lebanon county, 
 Pennsylvania, October 13, 1830, 
 where he lived till 1850; then came 
 to Iowa and located in Des Moines 
 county; came to this county in 
 1867; has been connected with 
 Mr. Johnson since February,l878 ; 
 while in Des Moines county he 
 was married to Miss Sarah Davis, 
 October 30, 1852; she was born in 
 Pennsylvania; they have two sons 
 and three daughters: A. F.,Mary 
 L., Lydia A., Isaac B., and Aman- 
 da E. 
 
 Scott, P. P., farmer, Sec. 8; P.O. 
 Creswell. 
 
 Shaub, Jacob, farmer, Keota. 
 
 Shaub, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Sherman, Justin, carpenter, Keota. 
 
 Sherman, J. L., farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. , 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Shurtz, Fannie, milliner, Keota. 
 
 Sidey, David, general merchandise, 
 Keota. 
 
LAPATBTTB TOWNSHIP, 
 
 769 
 
 SiBgmaster, M., general merchan- 
 dise, Keota. 
 
 SINGMASTER, C.F., farmer and 
 stock-dealer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Keota; prominent among the 
 practical and successful busi- 
 ness men of this county is 
 the subject of this sketch, who 
 was born in Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania, February 29, 1834; 
 in 1843 he came, with his pa- 
 rents, to this county, and settled 
 in Clear Creek township, near 
 Talleyrand, where his father still 
 resides; Mr. Singmaster has been 
 closely identified with Keokuk 
 county's best interests for thirty- 
 six years; he has given special at- 
 tention to the raising and develp- 
 ing of fine horses, having some of 
 the finest specimens to be found 
 in the State of the Clydesdale and 
 Norman stock; among the most 
 prominent of the former are 
 "Baron Kier," seven years old, 
 which has taken more j)remiums 
 and highest honors than any oth- 
 er animal has received; "Roving 
 Boy," and " Mary Monarch" are 
 also classed very high; he has in 
 his stables 140 horses, 100 of 
 which are well-bred; he also deals 
 quite extensively in short horn 
 and graded stock, and finds after 
 thirty years' experience that they 
 are three dollars to one over all 
 other stock; he owns a well im- 
 proved farm of 900 acres; Mr. 
 Singmaster is also president of 
 the Bank of Keota; married in 
 this county to Miss Mary A. Mc- 
 Carty, a native of Massachu- 
 setts, April 25, 1866; they have, 
 by this union, two sons and two 
 daughters: Homer, Charles, So- 
 phia and Theresa; he is a man of 
 independent thought but of a 
 kind and obliging nature; a man 
 of the people and one true to the 
 highest pnnciples of honor and 
 morality; !r~s a citizen quiet and 
 
 48 
 
 ostentatious, cordially supporting 
 any measure of real public benefit. 
 
 Slattery, Mike, farmer. Sec, 18; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Smith, John, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 SNOCfK, W. C, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 O. Keota; born in Henry county, 
 Indiana, September 30, 1841; 
 there he lived until ten years 
 of age, when, with his pa- 
 rents, he moved to Kentucky, re- 
 mainining there for one year; 
 thence to Van Buren county, this 
 State, where he lived for seven 
 years; in 1868 he came to this 
 county; owns a well improved 
 farm of 200 acres; married in 
 this county to Miss Anna J. Wil- 
 son, October 31, 1865; she was 
 born in Illinois; they have a fam- 
 ily of two sons and three daugh- 
 ters: Harry W., Jennie M., Edith 
 M., Guy E. and Helen B.; Mr. 
 Smock is a graduate of Hanover 
 College, Indiana; he is a genial 
 gentleman, a quick observer, and 
 as pron^pt in his business as he is 
 generous in his social relation, and 
 thoroughly merits the esteem in 
 which he is held by his fellow- 
 citizens. 
 
 Smock, F. M., wagon-maker, Keota. 
 
 Snider, A. J., laborer, Keota. .^^ 
 
 Stewart, A. K., Sr., stock-dealer, 
 Keota. 
 
 Stevens, W. A., farmer, Keota. 
 
 Stewart, Arthur, stock-dealer, Keo- 
 ta. 
 
 Stiver, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. 
 Harper. 
 
 Stiver, Peter, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Stomm, Andrew, laborer, Keota. 
 
 Streit, Peter, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Streit, Mats, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Streigel, Len, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Streigel, J. D., saloon, Harper, 
 
770 
 
 DIEECTOBT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 Sturdwon, Chas., brick mason, Keo- 
 ta. 
 
 TALLMAN. J. W., of the firm 
 of Palmer & Tallman, hard- 
 ware merchants, Keota; born in 
 Grafton county. New Hampshire, 
 October 14, 1824; there he lived 
 until ten years of age, when he 
 moved, with his parents, to Erie 
 county, Pennsylvania, where they 
 still reside; he was there married 
 March 2, 1858, to Miss Julia Car- 
 penter; they came to Iowa and lo- 
 cated in "Washington county; he 
 has been a resident of Keota for 
 six years, during which time he 
 has been closely identified with 
 Keota's best interests; he is also 
 the mayor of the city; his family 
 consists of two sons and three 
 daughters: Theresa, Ethel, Clar- 
 ence, May and Cameron. 
 
 Teakle, Amos, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
 
 . Creswell. 
 
 Thompson, J. J., grocer, Keota. 
 
 Thompson & Bros., grocers, Keota. 
 
 Trewiler, Mrs. Elizabeth, farmer, 
 Sec. 35; P. O. Keota. 
 
 Truby, George., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 VALERIUS, JOHN, farmer, 
 Sec. 30; P. O. Harper. 
 
 Vandyke, L. H. farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Yarner, A., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Yercheval, Louis, farmer. Sec. 21; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Volquardsen, August, painter, Keo- 
 ta. 
 
 VITTETOE, H. C, dealer in drugs, 
 jewelry, etc.. Harper; born in 
 Morgan county, Indiana, June 6, 
 1832; lived there until 1846, when 
 he with his parents came to this 
 county, locating in Jackson town- 
 ship ; he was principally raised on 
 a farm; came to this place in 1875 
 and started his present business; 
 September 27, 1857, he was mar- 
 ried .to MissLucinda J. Eeynolds, 
 a native of Indiana; she died 
 
 March 25, 1869, leaving a family 
 of one son and two daughters: 
 William IT., Sarah and Loie; 
 May 15, 1871, he married again 
 to Martha E. Coble, a native of 
 Indiana; they have one son and 
 two daughters : Margaret I., James 
 B.and Blanche; Mr. V. has a fine 
 stock in his line and enjoys the 
 liberal patronage of the people. 
 
 WADE, ALBERT, farmer. 
 Sec. 2; P. O. Keota. 
 
 Wallace, J. O., plasterer, Keota. 
 
 WARRINGTON, J.B., proprietor 
 of the Lindle House, Keota; born 
 in Yorkshire, England, August 
 10, 1831; he emigrated to the 
 United States in 1850; located in 
 Hartford, Connecticut, where he 
 remained about seven months; 
 from there went to Lawrence, 
 Massachusetts, where he made his 
 home for two years ; in December, 
 1850, he returned to England and 
 there was married to Miss Mary 
 Ward, of Halifax, Yorkshire, Oc- 
 tober 31, 1851 ; they then returned 
 to Lawrence and removed in 1853 
 to Bean Hill, Connecticut, one 
 and a-half miles from Norwich, 
 which place they made their home 
 until coming to Fond du Lac, 
 Wisconsin, in 1858, where they 
 lived one and a-half years; 
 they then went to Seneca Palls, 
 New York, and afterward to Ge- 
 neva; while there Mr. W. met 
 with a sad loss in the death of his 
 wife and one son, Samuel J.; the 
 former died November 21, 1865, 
 and the latter May 18, 1866; he 
 has two sons by this union: 
 Joseph and William; he married 
 again to Mrs. Kate St. John in 
 1867, a native of England; Mr. 
 W. came to Keota in March, 1875, 
 and bought the Lindle House, and 
 since has made many improve- 
 ments and keeps a first-class hotel 
 in every respect, as his many 
 patrons, can testify. 
 
 WEBBER, J, T., cashier of the 
 
LAFAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 771 
 
 ' Bank of Keota, Keota; born in 
 Waldo county, Maine, December 
 10, 1845; when about eighteen 
 months old his father died; a 
 short time afterward his mother 
 with the family moved to Ponob- 
 scot county, Maine; came to Mat- 
 toon, Illinois, where Mr. W. en- 
 gaged in the grain business for one 
 year; he then removed to Des 
 Moines, Iowa, and for about eight 
 years was engaged as station agent 
 
 . and operator at different points 
 on the Chicago, Kock Island and 
 Paciiic railroad, which position he 
 was compelled to resign on ac- 
 count of failing health ; since 
 February, 1877, he has held the 
 
 . position of cashier in the Bank of 
 Keota; Mr. Webber is a thorough 
 gentleman in manner and treats 
 all persons with a genial and un- 
 
 . affected courtesy; this added to 
 fais ability and faithful perform- 
 ance of duty, have gained him the 
 general esteem; in July, 1864, 
 Mr. W. enlisted in the Second 
 Iowa Battery from Polk county 
 and served about one year; in his 
 own home he has been abundant- 
 ly blessed ; the partner of his joys 
 and the sharer of his life's ills he 
 found in the person of Miss Z. M. 
 Thompson of Louisa county, 
 Iowa, whom he married October 
 12, 1871; two children: Ada E. 
 and Waldo, W., are the compli- 
 ment of his family circle; Mr. 
 Webber came to Keota in 1873. 
 
 Weed, B., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Wehr, J. M., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 Welter, Nic, Sr., farmer. Sec. 7.; 
 P. O. Harper. 
 
 Wollenstein, Peter, saloon. Harper. 
 
 WHISTLER, LEVI, dealer in 
 drugs, stationery, etc.. Harper; 
 born in Shenandoah county, Vir- 
 ginia, November 26,. 1832, and 
 was there raised a farmer; he at- 
 
 tended school until thirteen years 
 of age, when he was engaged to 
 learn the trade of cabinet'-maker, 
 continuing at that business for 
 four years; until 1873 he was in 
 the business of mill-wright and 
 other branches; then engaged in 
 the grain business and in 1875 he 
 purchased an interest in the drug 
 store, the firm name being Whist- 
 ler & Rosecrans; Mr. Whistler 
 came to Iowa September 26, 1856, 
 stopping at Davenport; from there 
 he came to this county and has 
 since resided here; in 1875 he set- 
 tled in Harper; he gave the town 
 its name, naming it after Harper 
 Bros., the publishers in New 
 York; the latter donated liberally 
 toward the erection of the Episco- 
 pal church; April 12, 1860, he 
 married Miss Rosecrans; she was 
 born September 9, 1835, and ie a 
 native of Ohio; they have seven 
 children: William, Maggie M., 
 Minnie C, Hattie B., Edwin J., 
 Homer L. and Viola; lost one son, 
 Lee; Mr. W. is a member of the 
 I. O. O. F. Harper Lodge No. 
 353, also of the A. F. and A. M. 
 Lodge of Talleyrand ; he is a good 
 merchant and is doing a thriving 
 business. 
 
 Wilhelmy, Geo., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Wilcox, Jno., barber, Keota. 
 
 Wilkin, Thos., retired, Keota. 
 
 Wilson, John, laborer, Keota. 
 
 Wilson, B. F., blacksmith, Keota. 
 
 Wilson & Newhart, blacksmiths, 
 Keota. 
 
 Wilson, J. M., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Willis, H. T., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Wilson, J. C, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
 Harper. 
 
 WILLIAMS, J. H., dopier in dry 
 goods and groceries, Keota; born 
 in Taylor county, West Virginia, 
 December 12, 1826; he lived there 
 
772 
 
 DIBECTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 until twenty-one years of age, 
 when he moved to Tyler county, 
 same State, where lived until 1856 ; 
 was there married, in 18 — , to 
 Miss Matilda M. Perkins; in 1856 
 he moved to Wood county, where 
 he remained until 1864, and then 
 went to Plymouth, Indiana; in 
 December, 1873, he came to Keo- 
 ta and started a boot and shoe 
 store, which business he continued 
 until the July following, when he 
 sold out to J. R. Dunham; he 
 then commenced buying and ship- 
 ping produce,; three years later 
 started his present business; was 
 a member of the town council 
 for two years and justice of 
 the peace for the same length 
 of time; his family consists of 
 two children: Walter L. and 
 Harry D. ; Mr. Williams keeps a 
 well assorted stock and has a lib- 
 eral share of the patronage, is 
 kind and obliging, and has the re- 
 spect of all who know him. 
 WILSON, HON. J. F., postmaster, 
 Keota; born in Ayshire, Scotland, 
 in 1808; when eighteen years of 
 age he emigrated to the United 
 States and located in Philadelphia, 
 where he resided until the spring 
 of 1837; he was married there to 
 Miss Jane McMillen, March 19, 
 1830; she was born in Paisley, 
 Scotland ; they came west and lo- 
 cated in Tazewell county, Illinois, 
 in the spring of 1837, where they 
 remained iintil their coming to 
 this county in the fall of 1854; 
 Mr. Wilson was one of the iirst 
 settlers of this part of the county, 
 and has been closely identified 
 with its interests ever since with 
 the exception of four years during 
 the war, which period he made his 
 home in Washington, this State, 
 and was elected mayor of that city 
 for one term; he was sent to the 
 legislature by the Republican 
 party during the session of 1871 
 and 1872; while in Philadelphia 
 
 Mr. Wilson was engaged in the 
 manufacture of cotton goods, but 
 since coming west has principally 
 engaged in farming, until the 
 starting of the town of Keota; he 
 was Keota's first postmaster, and 
 still holds that position ; he is a 
 man of strict integrity and good 
 business qualifications, and has the 
 entire confidence of all who know 
 him ; his family consists of three 
 sons and four daughters: J. C, 
 James M., Robert R., Anna J. 
 (now Mrs. Wm. 0, Smock), Su- 
 sanna D. (now Mrs. Robt. Gem- 
 mel), Margaret (widow of Jo- 
 seph Coffman), and Mary E. (now 
 Mrs, A. E. Kendall). 
 
 Wilkin, T. M., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 WILSON, JNO. C, farmer See. 8; 
 P. O. Harper; born in Philadel- 
 phia, Pennsylvania, January 12, 
 1831, and was taken by his pa- 
 rents to Tazewell county, Illinois, 
 in 1837, and was raised there on a 
 farm; when twenty years of age 
 he learned the locomotive machine 
 trade with Miles & Co., of Cin- 
 cinnati, and continued at this busi- 
 ness till 1856, when he came to 
 this county; he owns an improved 
 farm of 340 acres ; he is one of the 
 early settlers of the township and 
 has been closely identified with 
 all of its improvements, is a mem- 
 ber of the Masonic fraternity and 
 also of the I. O. O. F.; he was 
 married December 20, 1859, to 
 Miss Olive Eaton, a native of 
 Ohio, born September 7, 1833; they 
 have six children: Fannie R., 
 Warren H., Ollie M., Annie E., 
 Ella F. and Aldie H. ; lost one 
 daughter: Mary. 
 
 Winter, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
 Keota. 
 
 Woltering, J. H., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Harper. 
 
 Wright, W. M., clerk, Keota. 
 
 YOUNT, W. H., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
LIBEETT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 773 
 
 3LjIBEI5T'-2- TO-^Tv^nsrSKCII'. 
 
 ALLEN, T. J., farmer, Sec. 32 
 P. O. Creswell. 
 Avards, M., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O 
 South English. 
 
 BAGGS, EOB'T, farmer, Sec, 
 1; P. O. Foote. 
 
 Barrett, Anthony, farmer, Sec. 2 
 P. O. Foote. 
 
 Barklow, B. C, farmer, Sec. 28; P, 
 O. South English. 
 
 BEATY, J. F., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. South English; born in 
 Virginia in 1830; there he was 
 raised and lived until 1853, when 
 
 , he came to this State; spent one 
 summer in Warren county and 
 returned to Virginia; the follow- 
 ing spring he returned to Iowa, 
 settling in Washington county; 
 from there he went to Story Co. ; 
 lived there until he came to this 
 county in 1865; he was raised on 
 a farm and owns 100 acres of land; 
 he has held various township of- 
 fices; he was married in Wash- 
 ington county in 1859 to Miss 
 Elizabeth Blick, of Ohio; they 
 have five children : M. E., W. H., 
 H. C, E. E. and M. A. 
 
 Beaty, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 • South English. 
 
 Berkenbine, John, farmer. Sec. 27; 
 P. O, South English. 
 
 Bigleyy, James, farmer. Sec. 14; 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 
 Bigley, Jas., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Brady, John, farmer, P. O. Keota. 
 
 Black, J. M., farmer. Sec. 2'< ; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 Black, W. H., farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Blaylock, J. R., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Blaylock, J. E. farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Blaylock, K. S., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Bray, Levi, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 
 
 ; Chandler. 
 
 Breeden, B., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 
 Foote. 
 Brown, Mrs., farmer. Sec. 38; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 Brower, J aciob, farmer. Sec. 29; P, 
 
 O. South English. 
 Brown, Peter, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 
 O. South English. 
 
 CARfl, THOR., farmer. Sec. 1; 
 P. O. Foote. 
 
 Carter, Wm., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Foote. 
 
 Chapman, H. T., farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 
 Christ, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 demons, Henry, farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Cline, James, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P O. 
 South English. 
 
 COFFMAN, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 
 31; P. O. South English; born in 
 Virginia in 1819, and came from 
 there to this State in 1854, and 
 settled first in Johnson county, 
 where he lived but one year, and 
 came to this county in the spring 
 of 1855; he was married in his 
 native State, in 1841, to Miss 
 Barbara Flora, of that State; 
 they have seven children living: 
 Sarah, Daniel, Benjamin, Eliza- 
 beth, Henry, Joseph and Wm; he 
 owns an improved farm of 220 
 acres, and has held various town- 
 ship offices; he was raised on a 
 farm and has followed it as an oc- 
 cupation since. 
 
 Cotfman,B. F., farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 CofFman, D. F., farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Coiner, Preston, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Corridan, M., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Foote. 
 
 Correll, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 27; 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 
 Cranson, C. G., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
n* 
 
 DIEECTOET OF KEOKUK COTTNTT. 
 
 DAYIS, WM., farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. South EugUsh. 
 Denton, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 26; 
 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 Devine, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 
 O. . 
 
 Dill, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 Keota. I 
 
 Dunn, James, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 EBY, PHILIP, farmer. Sec. 
 21; P. O. South English. 
 Etter, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 Evans, David, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 FAHEY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 4; 
 P. O. Foote. 
 
 rLORY,ELDER SAMUEL,farm- 
 er, Sec. 30; P. 0. South English; 
 born in Augusta county, Virginia, 
 September 10, 1826, and came 
 from there to this county in 1854, 
 and settled on his present home- 
 stead of 269 acres; was raised a 
 farmer; has been twice married; 
 first he was married in Virginia 
 to Miss Mary Brower, August 14, 
 1851, a native of the. same State; 
 she died October 2, 1872, leaving 
 a family of four children: Fannie 
 
 . (born in Virginia), Jacob B., Ly- 
 dia C, Anna B.; two are dead; 
 was married the second time to 
 Elizabeth S. Perry, of Virginia, 
 November 16, 1873; she has one 
 child by former marriage: Emma 
 (now Mrs. Korner), of this State. 
 
 riory, Joel, farmer. Sec. 19 P. O.; 
 South English. 
 
 Fraze, Henry, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 Fry, John, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Fry, J. G., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Fry, Sarah J., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Fulk, J; S., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Fulk, J. M., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Funk, W. E., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 GAMMAL. WILLIAM, farmer. 
 Sec. 30; P.O. South English. 
 Gibbons, J. M., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
 0. North English. 
 
 HANLEY, PETER, farmer. Sec. 
 11; P.O. Foote. 
 
 Hanlev, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 1 ; Pj 
 O. Foote. 
 
 Haze, H. E., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
 Keota. 
 
 HERR, MICHAEL, farmer. Sec. 
 23; P. O. Chandler; born in 
 Montour county, Pennsylvania, 
 December 24, 1811, and was raised 
 there; he came from there to this 
 county in the spring of 1858, 
 and in the following year he loca- 
 ted permanently on his present 
 homestead of 712 acres, 60 of 
 which is in Iowa county — all im- 
 proved farms, supplied with build- 
 ings; has held various township 
 offices; married in Pennsylvania 
 in 1837 to Miss Catharine Sandel, 
 of Pennsylvania, who died April 
 22, 1879, leaving a family of five 
 sons and one daughter: Michael 
 (now in Montana Territory), Hen- 
 ry and George (twins), Simon, 
 John, and Catharine (wife of 
 James Schatz); have lost three: 
 Samuel, William, and an infant. ' 
 
 Herr, George, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Herr, Simon, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
 Chandler. 
 
 Hoif, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Hotchkiss, 0. M., farmer. Sec. 84; 
 P. O. Keota. 
 
 Huxford, George, farmer, Sec. 18; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 KEISTER, JACOB, farmer. 
 Sec. 27; P. 0. Kenross. 
 Kelly, J. J., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 
 Foote. 
 Kelley, J. J., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. 
 
 Chandler. 
 KLINE, WILLIAM W., farmer. 
 Sec. 19; P. O. South Englieh; 
 
LIBEETI TOWNSHIP. 
 
 •775 
 
 born in Pennsylvania in the year 
 1837; when about eleven years of 
 age he moved With his parents to 
 Ohio ; there he was raised and re- 
 ceived his early training; from 
 there came to Linn county, this 
 State, in 1857, where he made his 
 home for a short time, and then 
 moved to "Washington county, 
 Iowa, where he engaged in teach- 
 ing school during the winter and 
 farming during the summer 
 seasons; in 1863 he came to this 
 , county and settled on his present 
 . homestead of 102 acres ot well im- 
 proved land; in 1858 he began the 
 study of law, which he has con- 
 tinned, as best he could, by study- 
 ing during leisure hours since; has 
 been a practicing attorney since 
 1870, and has attended to such 
 legal business as has presented it- 
 self, at the same time managing 
 his farm ; in 1863 was married to 
 Miss Margaret Stoner, of Vir- 
 ginia; they have by this union 
 four children : Charles W., Effiie, 
 Mertie, and Price; have lost one: 
 Captolia. 
 King, Frank, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
 Korth English. 
 
 LAKIlSr, THOMAS, farmer, 
 Sec. 13; P. O. Chandler. 
 
 Lawler, T. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Lawler, John, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Lefever, Jackson, farmer. Sec. 35; 
 P. 0. Keota. 
 
 Lindsey, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 0. North English. 
 
 LAWLER, J. L., farmer. Sec. 30; 
 P. O. South English; born in In- 
 diana, in 1849, and came to this 
 State with his parents when only 
 about seven years of age, and set- 
 tled on the farm which he now 
 occupies, in 1856; he owns an im- 
 proved farm of ninety acres; he 
 was raised a farmer and has re- 
 sided on a farm since; in January, 
 1872, he was married to Miss 
 
 Nancy McDowell; they have two 
 children : Hattie Belle and Theo- 
 dore. 
 
 Lockridge, James, farmer. Sec. 6; 
 P. O. North English. 
 
 Long, James, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 Lytle, C. F., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Foote. 
 
 McMAHAN, C. A., farmer. 
 Sec. 4; P. O. Foote. 
 
 MoMahan, James, farmer. Sec. 4; 
 P. O. Foote. 
 
 McGurk, John, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Foote. 
 
 McCann, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Foote. 
 
 McCan, Thos., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Foote. 
 
 McDowell, David, farmer. Sec. 33; 
 P. 0. Cresweil. 
 
 McDowell, R., farmer, Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Keota; born in Pennsylva- 
 nia, in 1818, and was raised there, 
 and went on the water when 
 about eighteen years of age, and 
 followed it for about six years, 
 mostly engaged in transportation; 
 he came to northern Indiana in 
 1841, where he followed the lum- 
 ber business for three years, at 
 the same time carrying on a farm; 
 from there to Knox county, Illi- 
 nois, and after three years came 
 to Pock Island county, and came 
 from there to this county, in May, 
 1852; he owns an improved farm 
 of 285 acres in all; he married in 
 Pennsylvania, in 1839, to Miss 
 Catharine Herr, of that State; 
 they have by this union nine chil- 
 dren living: David, Lavina (wife 
 of Wm. Kent). Nancy (wife of 
 John Lawler), Elizabeth (wife of 
 James Kent), Martin, Ellen, Sarah, 
 Hattie and Robert, Jr., and three 
 deceased: Catharine, John and 
 William ; he settled on his pres- 
 ent farm the year that he came to 
 the county, and planted trees,some 
 of which now measure three feet 
 and over in diameter; was raised 
 
7T6 
 
 DIEEOTORT OF KBOKXTK OOUNTT. 
 
 on a farm up to the time he went 
 
 on the water, and since he came 
 
 to the county has followed his 
 
 present occupation. 
 McKenna, James, farmer, Sec. 11; 
 
 P. O. Foote. 
 Martin, Mary, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Matheny, Oliver, farmer. Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. South English. 
 Mickle, Wm., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 O. Kenross. 
 Miller, "Win., farmer, Sec. 22. 
 Miller, Michael, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 
 O. North English. 
 Moler, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 
 O. Chandler. 
 Moler, John, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
 
 Chandler. 
 Moler, Asa, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 
 
 Chandler. 
 Monaghan, Mike, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 
 P. O. Foote. 
 Monaghan, Pat, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 
 O. Foote. 
 Moore, L. J., farmer, Sec. 19; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 Morman, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 19; 
 
 P. O. South English. 
 Murray, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 4; 
 
 P. O. Foote. 
 
 NYSWANER, D., farmer, Sec. 
 29; P. O. South English. 
 O'BEIEE", PATRICK, farmer. 
 Sec. 8; P. O. Foote. 
 Ogle, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
 Foote. 
 
 POTEET, WM., farmer. Sec. 
 22; P. O. Chandler. 
 RANDOLPH, E. F., farmer. 
 Sec. 36 ; P. O. Keota. 
 RANKIN, E. L., deceased; born 
 in Sangamon county, Illinois, 
 March 14. 1834; he was educated 
 at the Illinois State University, 
 and received both a classical and 
 scientific education; he made 
 farming his principal business, 
 although he had large experience 
 in teaching; he removed to St. 
 Joseph, Missouri, in 1861, but 
 being a strong Union man and a 
 
 true patriot, he found it unsafe to 
 remain where the Rebel element 
 prevailed to such an extent; he 
 brought his family to Keokuk 
 county and settled in Liberty 
 township, where he owned a good 
 farm of 160 acres ; he held various 
 township offices, and Was promi- 
 nently identified in the interests 
 of the county; he had enjoyed 
 the benefits of more than an or- 
 dinary education, and found time 
 to indulge occasionally in literary 
 pursuits, and his letters to the 
 " News," under the nom deplume 
 of " Curtins," exhibited no little 
 talent and culture; he was a man 
 who impressed every one favorably 
 on first acquaintance, and the 
 more you knew of him the better 
 you liked him; he was honest 
 and upriglit in all of his dealings, 
 and when he told you anything 
 you could depend on it being 
 just so ; he was ambitious, but not 
 too much so; was a man who 
 wanted to be somebody in the 
 world, and did not wish to pass 
 his days away and when the time 
 came for him to pass away, leave 
 no trace behind that one could 
 point to as being his good works 
 and his good deeds ; he married 
 Miss E. R. Searle on the 29th day 
 of September, 1861; she was a 
 daughter of Jas. Searle, Esq., of 
 Rock Island; she was a graduate 
 of the Northwestern Female Col- 
 lege at Evanston, 111., and a wo- 
 man of rare ability and personal 
 attraction ; he left one son. 
 
 Richbangh, C, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Riley, Owen, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 Foote. 
 
 Rhodes, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O; South English. 
 
 Riddle, L. P., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Keota. 
 
 Riggle, Jerry, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
LIBEKTS" TOWNSHIP. 
 
 777 
 
 Koach, W. S., farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 
 Chandler. 
 Rowe, Joannah, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 
 
 0. Chandler. 
 Enth, John, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 
 SITESINGER, A. E., farmer, 
 Sec. 22; P. O. Chandler. 
 Stoner, Henry, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 
 0. South English. 
 Stoner, Emanuel, farmer, Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. South English. 
 Stoner, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 
 0. South English. 
 Smith, Christian, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 
 0. North English. 
 Simmons, A. J., farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 
 
 O. North English. 
 Simmons, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 6; 
 
 P. O. North English. 
 Sevink, Oliver, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. 
 
 North English. 
 Seitsinger, James, farmer. Sec. 23; 
 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 Slocum, M., farmer. Sec. 13; P.O. 
 
 Chandler. 
 Squires, Ezra, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
 
 Chandler. 
 Stouffer, J. H., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 
 ,0. Keota. 
 Studebaker, J., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Smith, Adam, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 ^mith, James, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 
 O. Keota. 
 Sniteman, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 28; 
 
 P. O. South English. 
 Smith, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 Creswell. 
 Shaffer, Solomon, farmer. Sec. 15; 
 
 P. O. Chandler. 
 Shaffer, Frank, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 
 0. Keota. 
 Searles, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 
 
 0. Keota. 
 Suiter, Wm., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
 
 North English. 
 STOUFFER, J. H., farmer, Sec. 25; 
 
 P. O. Kenross; born in Washing- 
 ton county, Maryland' in 1853, 
 
 and left there when about twenty- ■ 
 
 onie years of age, and came to 
 Illinois, where he remained to the 
 time of his coming to this county 
 in the spring of 1870, and since 
 that time has been a permanent 
 resident; he owns a well improved 
 farm of 160 acres, and has been 
 connected with various township 
 offices; was married in Illinois, 
 November 28, 1854, to Miss Cath- 
 arine Hayes, a native of Washing- 
 ton county, Maryland; they have 
 a family of two children: Mollis 
 E., and Minnie M; have lost one: 
 Sarah E. 
 STONER, E., farmer and stock- 
 raiser, Sec. 29; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish ; born in Carroll County, Md., 
 in 1833, and was raised there and 
 made it his home till he came to 
 this county in March, 1876, and 
 settled on his present homestead; 
 previous to his coming to this 
 county he was engaged in the iron 
 mining and machine shops, and 
 is still interested in the business 
 in Maryland; he had also followed 
 farming and since he came to his 
 present location has made it his 
 specialty; he is the inventor of 
 the " Sampson Cider Press," 
 which has proved to be a success, 
 and spends a good portion of time 
 in putting it before the public; he 
 was married in his native county 
 in 1853 to Miss Maria Boyer, of 
 that county; they have, by this 
 union, twelve children living: 
 Mary S. (wife of D. P. Stoner), 
 Anna V., Emma R. (wife of D. 
 F. Rhodes), John D., Lucinda C, 
 Clayton L., Samuel 0., Harry D., 
 Jesse E., George E., Clarence A., 
 and Nora B. ; he owns an improv- 
 ed farm of 226 acres, is of a genial 
 disposition and in every respect a 
 very agreeable gentleman. 
 
 TROUTMAN, C. S., farmer. 
 Sec. 32; P. O. Creswell; born 
 in the State of Pennsylvania in 
 1842, and was raised there, and 
 made it his home till he came to 
 
778 
 
 DIEEGTOBY OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 ' this State and first settled in John- 
 son county, and came from there 
 to this county in the spring of 
 1874, and purchased his present 
 liome of 80 acres of improved 
 land ; he married in Johnson coun- 
 ty, this State, in 1869, to Miss M. 
 J. Salley, of Pennsylvania; they 
 have four children living: Josiah, 
 Laura, Walter and John L. ; he 
 enlisted in the late war in com- 
 pany Gr, Sixth Iowa Infantry, July 
 12, 1861, and was mustered out 
 July 19, 1865. 
 
 VANDYKE, D. M., farmer. Sec. 
 33, P. O. South English. 
 
 T A T^ADE, CHAS., farmer, Sec. 
 VV 35; P. O.Keota. 
 
 Wagaman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 0. Chandler. 
 
 Wakelee, 0. L., farmer. Sec. 1-3 ; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Walters, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Walsh, Thos., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 Foote. 
 
 Walsh, James, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Foote. 
 
 WATKINS,WM. J., farmer. Sec. 4; 
 P. O. Foote; born in Montgomery 
 county, Virginia, July 22, 1822, 
 ind went to Indiana with his pa- 
 rents when quite young, and set- 
 tled in Henry county, where he 
 lived until he moved to Wabash 
 county, and from there to this 
 county and settled in this town- 
 ship in the fall of 1852, and 
 since that time he has been iden- 
 tified with its interests; previous 
 to his settling on his present home- 
 stead he followed brick-making 
 for about fourteen years; his farm 
 consists of 168 acres, well im- 
 proved; he was married in Ran- 
 dolph county, Indiana, in 1845, to 
 Miss Sarah J. Hudson, of Eoss 
 county, Ohio; they have, by this 
 union, eight children living: John 
 N., David A., Newton F., Winfred 
 L., Charles R., Robert D., George 
 
 P., Sanford A., and four deceased^ 
 he enlisted in the Mexican war in 
 company C, First Indiana Reg- 
 iment, March 18, 1846, and 
 served two years and two months, 
 under command of Gen. Taylor, 
 and participated in nearly all the 
 engagements of the war. 
 
 Wimer, William, farmer, Sec. 2; P» 
 O. Foote. 
 
 Wenger, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 19;P<. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Westfall, Jessie, farmer Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Westfall, H. S. farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 O. Chandler. 
 
 Whitmore, J. J., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. North English. 
 
 WILSON, J. W.,-farmer, Sec. 5; Pi 
 O. North English; is a native of 
 the State of Maryland, born in 
 the year 1826, and when a boy he 
 emigrated to ■ Ohio with his pa- 
 rents, where he lived till he came 
 to this county in the fall of 1856, 
 and since that time he has always 
 been a resident of the county;, 
 when eighteen years of age he 
 learned the blacksmith trade, and 
 followed it more or less during 
 his life; he was married in Ohio 
 in 1850 to Miss Mary E. Mahan- 
 na, a native of Pennsylvania; 
 they have a family of six sons and 
 four daughters living: C. >S., Su- 
 san, Ooates, William, John, Ellen, 
 McElvane, Etta,George and Anna; 
 he has held the ofiice of justice of 
 the peace four terms, and town- 
 ship assessors two terms ; his pres- 
 ent homestead consists of 141 
 acres of land. 
 
 Wine, George, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Wine, Solomon, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 WISE, FREDERICK, farmer, 
 Sec. 24; P. O. Chandler; born in 
 Pennsylvania in 1829, and moved 
 to Ohio when quite young; from 
 there he came to this county in 
 
ENGLISH BIVEE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 7Y^ 
 
 1866, and settled on his present 
 homestead of 160 acres; August 
 19, 1861, he enlisted in company 
 M, Eleventh Pennsylvania Caval- 
 ry, and served for three years; 
 held the office of justice of 
 the peace and township clerk; has 
 been twice married, first in 1857, 
 to Miss Martha Merriam, of 
 
 Yirginia, who died in 1865; left 
 no family; was married in 1866 to- 
 Johanna Folec, of Ohio; they 
 have two children; Delia May and 
 Frederic Bnrr. 
 
 Wolf, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 "Wolf, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 EiSTcs-Xjisia: tztt^^itz to-\p^2<tst3:tf. 
 
 ANDERSON, J. M., physi- 
 cian and surgeon, Webster; 
 the subject of this sketch was 
 born in Trumbull county, Ohio, 
 June 20, 1832: his father, James 
 Anderson, A. M., D. D., was pas- 
 tor of the first Presbyterian 
 Church at Lancaster, Ohio, and 
 his mother was principal of Fair- 
 field Female Seminary for eigh- 
 teen years ; thus Mr. A. was, from 
 
 ■ his earliest youth, surrounded by 
 
 ■ influences that but few have en- 
 
 ■ joyed; he commenced his educa- 
 tion at the academy of that place, 
 continuing it until sixteen years of 
 age; he then entered Athens Uni- 
 
 • versity, and after pursuing his 
 collegiate course, graduated in 
 1849 with high honors from 
 that institution ; he was professor 
 of Latin and Greek for six 
 months in the Miller Acadamy, 
 in Guernsey county,Ohio ; he then 
 accepted the position of president 
 of Vienna Academy, Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, for one year; dur- 
 ing this time he was studying 
 medicine with Wm. D. Payne, an 
 eminent physician, for four years; 
 he practiced his profession from 
 1858 until 1861, when he enlist- 
 ed in the Sixteenth Ohio Infant- 
 ry; served three months as a pri- 
 vate, and was then detached, act- 
 ing as assistant surgeon until his 
 regiment was discharged; after 
 the discharge he assisted in re- 
 cruiting the Eightieth Ohio In- 
 
 - fantry, and was captain of com- 
 
 pany I; he held that position un- 
 til July 23, when he was appoint^ 
 ed, by Gen. Grant, superintend- 
 ent of the contrabands in the de- 
 partment of Tennessee; that po- 
 sition he held for about one year- 
 he was then ordered to Michigan 
 as military commander of the 
 Rendezvous Draft Camp, remain- 
 ing there for nine months; in 
 February, 1854, he was ordered 
 to the front, and appointed pro- 
 vost marshal of the eastern de- 
 partment of Tennessee, on the 
 staff of Gen. Myer, which posi- 
 tion he held until he was muster- 
 ed out at the close of the war; he- 
 came to this county and engaged 
 in the practice of his profession; 
 he married Miss Louisa Summitt, 
 June 22, 1867; she is a native of 
 Franklin county, Kentucky; they 
 have a family of three children* 
 Katie, Mary and Scott M. 
 
 BAKER, WM. M., South 
 English. 
 
 Pair, S. H., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O.. 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 Bair, Sarah J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O.. 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 Bair, John S., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O.- 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 Bane, Mary J., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0.. 
 South English. 
 
 Bets, J. A., farmer. Sec. 7: P. O.. 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 BLAND, JOHN S., county super- 
 intent of schools; P. 0. White- 
 Pigeon ; born in Jefferson county, 
 Indiana, in 1844, and was brought 
 
780 
 
 DIREOTOBT Ol" KEOKUK COtTNTT. 
 
 by his parents, when eight years 
 of age, to Keokuk county, 
 and was raised a farmer; his op- 
 portunties for receiving an 
 education were limited, and he 
 may well be termed a self-made 
 man; he has been engaged in 
 teaching for the last twelve years, 
 and was elected to his present po- 
 sition in October, 1S79. 
 
 Bottomfield, W. C, farmer. Sec. 28; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Bowser, Michael, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Bowser, O. J. farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 Bowser, Valentine, South English. 
 
 Boyd, Miss Mollie M., South Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 Brown, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Brown, J. M., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Webster. ^ 
 
 Brnmback, Graiit, farmer. Sec. 25; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Butler, Mrs. M. E., farmer, Sec 2; 
 P. O. North English. 
 
 Butler, E. A., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
 North English. 
 
 CABLEK, EDWARD, farmer. 
 Sec. 14; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish. ^ 
 
 Cabler, John W., farmer, Sec 12; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Clarke, Mrs. 0. E., farmer. Sec 36; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 COFFMAN, W. T., of the firm of 
 Coffman & Co., druggists. South 
 English ; born in Augusta county, 
 Yirginia, July 24, 1838; when 
 siJrteen years of age he came to 
 Washington county, this State, 
 and engaged in farming, which 
 occupation .he followed until Au- 
 gust 17, 1862, when he enlisted in 
 company K, Thirtieth Iowa In- 
 fantry, and served with that regi- 
 ment until the close of the war; 
 he participated in the following 
 battles: Chickasaw Bayou, Ar- 
 kansas Post, Yicksburg, Jackson, 
 Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
 
 Eidge, Einggold (where he was se- 
 verely wounded through the hand), 
 Eesaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Ken- 
 esaw Mountain, Atlanta, rear of 
 Jonesborough (where he was ter- 
 ribly wounded in the face), cap- 
 ture of Savannah, capture of Col- 
 lumbia and Ben tons; he was dis- 
 charged at Washington D. C, 
 June 6, 1866; Mr. CofiEman 
 returned to Washington coun- 
 ty, Iowa, after his discharge, 
 and resumed farming, which ne 
 continued until 1871, when he re- 
 moved to South English and en- 
 gaged in his present business; he 
 was married January 21, 1873, to 
 Miss Elizabeth J. Lambert, a na- 
 tive of Virginia: they have by 
 this union two daughters: Vir- 
 ginia Lyle and Lillian A. 
 
 COFFMAN, D. N., station agent, 
 South English; born in Rocking- 
 ham county, Virginia, Sept. 2, 
 1838, where his childhood and 
 early youth were spent; in com- 
 pany with his mother and family, 
 he came to this county in the fall 
 of 1856, locating in Liberty town- 
 ship, and to this enterprising vil- 
 lage in 1870; his first employ- 
 ments, after receiving his educa- 
 tion, were farming and teaching 
 school during the winters; he fol- 
 lowed this for some years and 
 then entered the employ of J. E. 
 White, of South English, as sales- 
 man, where, by his courteous bear- 
 ing and strict attention to busi- 
 ness, he won the confidence of his 
 employers and the esteem of his 
 numerous acquaintances; in the 
 summer of 1879, he was appoint- 
 ed railroad agent at this point; 
 December 24, 1863, he was united 
 in marriage to Miss Leah E. 
 Wyne, a native of Allen county, 
 Ohio; they have a family of two 
 children: Eva May and Katie 
 Carmilla. 
 
 COSBY, C. F., postmaster and gro- 
 cer, South English; born in 
 
ENGLISH EIVEB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 781 
 
 Jefferson county, Indiana, Feb- 
 ruary 13, 1833, where he 
 had the advantages of a good 
 common school education until he 
 was sixteen years of age; he then 
 made the carpenter's trade his fu- 
 ture occupation ; he served an ap- 
 Srenticeship at the trade which 
 e has since followed for twenty- 
 seven years, building some of the 
 finest churches and residences 
 in this part of the coun- 
 ty; he removed to this coun- 
 ty in May, 1856, where he has 
 since resided, and has been prom- 
 inently identified with the growth 
 and development of the township ; 
 he engaged in his present busi- 
 ness in the spring of 1877, giving 
 universal satisfaction as an officer 
 and tradesman; in June, 1861, he 
 enlisted in company F, Fifth 
 Iowa Infantry, and served till 
 January, 1862, when he was hon- 
 orably discharged on account of 
 disability; he is a man of decided 
 conviction, ever searching for 
 right principles, which he firmly 
 maintains ; be commands the re- 
 spect and esteem of his numerous 
 acquaintances, and has held var- 
 ious offices of trust in his town- 
 ship; on the 9th day of Novem- 
 ber, 1864:, Miss Ann Rhea, a na- 
 tive of the north of Ire- 
 land, became his wife; she died 
 on the 22d day of November, 1855, 
 he was married again to Miss 
 Kate K. Sprague, who was born 
 in Ohio; by this union they have 
 two children: one son and one 
 daughter: Lillie A. and C.Elmer. 
 Cox, James, farmer. Sec 27; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 Cox, Wm., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
 
 South English. 
 CRAWFORD, BARZILLAI, de- 
 ceased, English River; born at 
 Saratoga Springs, New York, Au- 
 gust 25, 1804, where he was rais- 
 ed; he was there married to Miss 
 Eliza Hemphill, January 27, 
 
 1828; she was born and raised 
 in that county; in 1834 they 
 moved to Anondye county, where 
 Mr. Crawford died June 19, 1837; 
 Mrs. Crawford then moved to 
 Fulton county, Ohio, living there 
 for fifteen years, and then came 
 to this county, where she has since 
 resided; owns eighty acres of 
 good land ; she has two children : 
 Elias H. and Lucy A. 
 Crawford, E. H., farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 
 DEBOW, NELSON, farmer. 
 Sec. 27; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish; born in Tioga county. New 
 York, November 16, 1828; when 
 seven years of age his parents 
 moved to Hudson county, Ohio, 
 where his youth was spent until 
 1844, when he removed to La 
 Grange county, Indiana; there he 
 resided until his coming to this 
 county in 1865; he then settled on 
 the place where he now resides 
 and which consists of 100 acres of 
 choice land under splendid culti- 
 vation; he married Miss Anna M. 
 Richmond, a native of Ohio, 
 April 2, 1848; she died August 7, 
 1876; they had one daughter, who 
 died in infancy; he was married 
 again to Miss Sallie T. Drake, a 
 native of Greene county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, November i, 1877; they 
 have one daughter: Jennie Myrtle. 
 DILLON, CAPT. JOHN, farmer, 
 stock-raiser and feeder. Sec. 5; P. 
 O. White Pigeon ; born in Ireland 
 February 28, 1827; when two 
 years of age his parents emi- 
 grated to tbe United States, set- 
 tling in Zanesville, Ohio, where 
 his mother died a few months 
 after their arrival ; his father was 
 a man of considerable means but 
 at the loss of his wife he became 
 thoroughly prostrated with grief 
 and like too many others sought 
 to hide his sorrows in the intoxi- 
 cating cup and in this way squan- 
 derea his wealth; but his affec- 
 
782 
 
 DIEEOTOKT OF KEOKUK OOtTNTY. 
 
 tion for his children through all 
 his troubles persuaded him to send 
 to Ireland for a sister and the 
 subject of this sketch was brought 
 np under the care of his aunt un- 
 til about 1838, when his father 
 abound him to Abner Bades, a 
 horse dealer; with this man he 
 moved to Coshocton county, where 
 ; he lived until nineteen years of 
 ■age, wheh he enlisted in company 
 B, Third Ohio Infantry, and 
 passed through the Mexican war; 
 he returned to Ohio in' 1848, and 
 in 1849 came to this county and 
 •entered the first piece of land on 
 the north side of English River 
 in June, 1849; this he has since 
 improved and occupied, and he 
 mow owns 515 acres of good laud; 
 August 14, 1861, he enlisted as 
 private in company H, Thirtj"^- 
 third Iowa Volunteer infantry, 
 and was elected captain of his 
 company, which position he was 
 obliged to resign July 26, 1863, 
 much against his desire, On ac- 
 count of ill health; he returned 
 home and has since devoted his 
 time to agricultural pursuits and 
 stock-dealing; he has been hon- 
 ored by the citizens with the posi- 
 tion as one of the members of the 
 board of supervisors, and has held 
 ■offices of trust in his township; 
 May 22, 1850, he was married to 
 Miss Susannah Baker, a native of 
 Coshocton county, Ohio; they 
 have six children: Chas. L., Wm. 
 H., Mary E. (now Mrs. I. Bair of 
 Iowa county), Libbie C, Perry W. 
 and Anna May. 
 
 FANCHER, J., farmer. Sec. 6 ; 
 P. O. White Pigeon. 
 Fancher, R., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
 
 White Pigeon. 
 Fancher, James, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 Fancher, W. T., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 Fluckey, Amos, South English. 
 Flnckey, Aaron, South English. 
 
 FRENCH, MARION, farmer. Sec. 
 8 ; P.O. White Pigeon ; born in 
 Switzerland county, Indiana, Au- 
 gust 31, 1837; in 1849 his parents 
 moved to Lee county, this State, 
 where he was principally raised 
 on a farm, attending school win- 
 ters; he removed to where he now 
 resides in 1870, and owns 140 acres 
 of good land ; married October 14, 
 1864, to Miss Susan Beur, a na- 
 tive of Virginia; she is of Ger- 
 man origin. 
 
 Fry, Perry, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Fry, Peter, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 FRY, CONRAD, farmer, Sec, 21; 
 P. O. South English; born in 
 Mercer county, Pennsylvania, 
 March 14, 1833; there he was 
 raised on a farm, attending school 
 summers; he has followed farm- 
 ing exclusively all his life except 
 the time spent in defending his 
 country ; in 1853 he moved to 
 Stephenson county, Illinois, re- 
 maining there for two years; then 
 removed to this county, staying 
 here till 1861, when he returned 
 to Illinois, where his family re- 
 sided; in 1865 he came to Bremer 
 county, Iowa, and in 1868 located 
 where he now resides ; has 185 acres 
 of choice laud, splendidly located 
 on the banks of the English river, 
 well adapted for stock and grain ; 
 January 5, 1863, he enlisted in 
 company K, Forty-sixth Illinois 
 Infantry, and served with that 
 regiment until the close of the 
 war; in June, 1865, was mustered 
 out at New Orleans; he was in the 
 battle of Spanish Fort and Port 
 Blakely and others, and also in 
 numerous skirmishes ; March 18, 
 1855, he married Miss Louisa 
 Gibler, of Ohio; she is of German 
 and English descent; have seven 
 children: Perry H., John P., Ada 
 A., Mary E., Katie, Willie and 
 James ; he is social and entertain- 
 
ENGLISH BIVEB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 783 
 
 ing and ]3ossesses in a high degree 
 the confidence of all who know 
 him. 
 
 GIESLER, CHAS., of the firm 
 of Giesler & Garlick, dealers 
 in lumber and agricaltnral imple- 
 ments, South English; born in 
 Germany, December 25^ 1834; in 
 1844 his parents removed to Mus- 
 catine county, where he was 
 raised on a farm; in 1869 he went 
 into the agricultural implement 
 business for five years with suc- 
 cess, and has followed the railroad 
 and has finally located in this 
 beautiful town ; he is a thoroughly 
 •educated business man, energetic, 
 courteous and genial and is an 
 honorable acquisition to the busi- 
 ness portion, as well as to the so- 
 ciety, of South English ; he was 
 married August 26, 1854, to Miss 
 Lena Wickey, a native of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 'Gilchrist, James, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
 O. North English. 
 
 Crilchrist, David, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 0. North English. 
 
 Glandon, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 
 . P. O. South English. 
 
 'GLANDON, S. M., farmer. Sec. 21; 
 
 . P. 0. South English, born in Han- 
 cock county, Indiana. December 
 17, 1830, but raised in Morgan 
 county; he had a good common 
 school education and followed 
 farming as the principal occupa- 
 tion; in the fall of 1850 he re- 
 moved to this county and in com- 
 pany with his uncle, F. S. Glan- 
 ■don, built a saw-mill on the Eng- 
 lish river, on Sec. 15, being the 
 first in the north part of the coun- 
 ty; he taught school the winter 
 previous, 1850-51, being the sec- 
 ond who taught school in the 
 township, his wife having the 
 honor of being the first; he then 
 ■went to work at the carpenter's 
 
 - trade, which he followed for seven 
 years; from that time to this he 
 
 has devoted himself exclusively to 
 farming; he owns a farm of 300 
 acres of land, well improved; was 
 married May 1, 1851, to Miss 
 E. J. Reynolds, a native of Ohio; 
 she came to this county at an 
 early day; they have six children : 
 Alma v., E., Laura A., Cassius 
 M. C, Harriet L. and David L. ; 
 lost two: Amanda C, died Decem- 
 ber, 1852, and Mary; Mr. G. was 
 elected justice of the peace at the 
 first election in the township, but 
 refused to qualify; is a man of 
 strong prejudices. 
 
 Glandon, James B,., farmer. Sec. 25; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Glenn, J. M., South English. 
 
 Greenlee, J. A., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Greenlee, G. M., Jr., farmer. See. 
 14, P. O. South English. 
 
 Greenlee, Adam, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Gregory, John, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 GORE, W. H., farmer. Sec. 35, P. 
 O. South English ; the , subject of 
 this sketch was born in Jefierson 
 county, Indiana, October 10, 1832; 
 when he was two years old his 
 parents moved to Johnson county 
 and afterward returned to Jeffer- 
 son county, where he spent his 
 youth and early manhood ; in 1853 
 he removed to this county, where 
 he has since resided and where he 
 owns a farm of 190 acres of 
 choice land well improved ; until 
 1854 he worked at the carpenter's 
 trade; August 5, 1862, he enlisted 
 in company H, Thirty-third Iowa 
 Infantry, as a private and from 
 meritorious conduct and ability, 
 he was deservedly promoted until 
 he became the captain of his 
 company; he participated in the 
 battles of Helena, Yazoo Pass, 
 Shell Mound, Little Rock and 
 Jenkins' Ferry, going into this 
 battles with forty-two men and 
 
784 
 
 DIEBOTOBT OF KEOKUK COTTNTT. 
 
 coming out with twenty-one; he 
 was in varit)U8 other engagements 
 and was mustered out in August, 
 1865; January 16, 1857, he was 
 married to Miss Mary, daughter 
 of Martin Slate; she is a native of 
 Franklin county, Ohio; have four 
 children : Alice May, Howard B., 
 Albert H. and Walter E.; Mr. 
 Gore was left an orphan at an 
 early age, and without help has 
 been the architect of his own for- 
 tune and well deserves the esteem 
 in which he is held and the suc- 
 cess that has attended his efforts. 
 
 Griner, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
 O. "Webster. 
 
 Grimes, John, farmer. Sec. 18; P.' 
 O. Webster. 
 
 HALE, A., physician. South 
 English; the subject of this 
 sketch was born in Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, July 1, 1829, where 
 he lived until removing to Jeffer- 
 son county, Indiana, in 1853, and 
 in 1856 to his present location; 
 Dr. Hale was educated at Mount 
 Pleasant, Ohio, in the Friends' 
 Boarding School, and attended 
 medical lectures at the Eclectic 
 Medical College of Cincinnati, 
 Ohio; he has been very successful 
 in profession and has a wide 
 and extended practice, as he well 
 deserves ; he was married to Miss 
 Rebecca Neil, a native of Ohio; 
 the compliment of their family 
 circle consists of three children: 
 Lydia A., William and Clarence. 
 
 Hall, Mrs. Annie E., farmer, Sec. 
 23; P. O. South English. 
 
 HALL, ABEL, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
 O. North English; born in ' Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio, September 10, 
 1824; when nineteen years of age 
 he moved to Bock county, Wis- 
 consin, where he remained until 
 coming to this State and county in 
 1849 ; ae first settled on the bor- 
 der of Keokuk county, but in 
 1858 settled where he now resides; 
 
 owns eighty acres of choice land; 
 when he first came to this county 
 he endured many hardships in 
 common with other pioneers; 
 Iowa City furnished the nearest 
 
 . mill of any importance; in 1861 
 there were heavy rains for a long 
 time 60 that no grinding was 
 done, and corn had to be soaked 
 in water and then grated and 
 baked into bread; he has had to 
 swim the South English river on 
 his way to mill and on one of 
 these voyages nearly lost his life, 
 as his wagon and load were lost 
 and he himself barely reached the 
 bank; has been twice married; 
 first, January 23, 1847, to Miss 
 Mary Stewart, a native of Glas- 
 gow, Scotland; she died in 1865, 
 leaving four children: James, Jas- 
 per, Charlie and C; married 
 again to Mrs. Louisa (Sears) But- 
 ler; have seven children: Ida, 
 Effie, Jessie, Wilford, Maynard, 
 Lamont and Chester; lost two; 
 Mrs. Hall has four children by a, 
 former marriage: Ethan, John F., 
 Nancy and Elva. 
 
 Hale, Allen, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Hall, L. C, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Hallowell, Sam, Webster. 
 
 Harper, Mack, South English. 
 
 Harden brook, Abraham, farmer, Sec. 
 25; P. O. South English. 
 
 HARRIS, W. H., farmer, Sec. 15; 
 P. O. South English; born in 
 Herefordshire, England, May 2, 
 1828; emigrated to this country 
 in 1853 and located in Philadel- 
 phia; he remained there for one 
 year, working in a foundry of that 
 city; when seventeen years of age, 
 he, being of a mechanical turn of 
 mind, entered the employ of a 
 prominent machinist, working in 
 that employ for two years, when 
 he was given the charge of an en- 
 gine to run on a railroad; he con- 
 
rr 
 
 ENGLISH EIVEB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 785 
 
 . tinned at that for five years, and 
 since leaving Pennsylvania has 
 devoted himself to farming; in 
 1864 he moved to TiOrain county, 
 Ohio, and lived there ten years, 
 when he came to this county and 
 settled where he now lives in 
 1868; owns 170 acres of land, 
 well improved and under cultiva- 
 tion; unaided, he has by hard 
 work, perseverance, etc., fought 
 the battle of life, and has been 
 eminently successful; August 10, 
 1852, he married Miss Margaret 
 Price, a lady of refinement, and 
 it is through her aid, encourage- 
 ment and good management, as 
 well as his own energy and perse- 
 verance, that success has crowned 
 his eflbrts; they have two chil- 
 dren: Henry A. and Edward P. 
 
 Heaton, L. H., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Hennon, Perry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 HIGGINS, DECATUR, farmer. 
 Sec. 21; P. O. South English; 
 born in Knox county, Ohio, Oc- 
 tober 9, 1827; his father was a 
 native of Vermont and of Eng- 
 lish ancestry, and his mother of 
 Welch and German origin; when 
 five years old he, with his parents, 
 moved to Marion county, where 
 he was raised; he came from 
 there to this county in 1856, and 
 improved the place on which he 
 now resides, and which consists of 
 100 acres of finely improved and 
 well cultivated land ; his residence 
 is surrounded by a fine grove of 
 Btately evergreens, which shelter 
 the place; he has been intimately 
 connected with the interests and 
 growth of the county, and has 
 been entrusted with prominent 
 and important offices in the town- 
 ship; he was married September 
 17, 1857, to Miss Nancy A. Irons, 
 of Adams township, formerly of 
 Virginia; they have a family of 
 
 49 
 
 three children: Jeaiinette, Lafay- 
 ette and Elfie Wren; have lost 
 one daughter: Elsie, who died 
 June 3, 1877. 
 
 Holmes, Bacon, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Howard, G. B., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 HORN, C. C, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 O. South English; is of German 
 descent, his ancestors having emi- 
 grated to this country in a very 
 early day; the subject of this 
 sketch was born in Greene coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, March 24, 1831 ; 
 there he was raised; in 1864 he 
 moved to Appanoose county, Iowa, 
 living there until October of the 
 same year, when he removed to 
 this county; in 1866 he moved 
 on the place where he now re- 
 sides and which consists of ninety 
 acres of choice land, with good 
 improvements ; September 27, 
 1857, he was married to Miss 
 Elizabeth Greenlee, a native of 
 Greene county (Pennsylvania; have 
 three children : William N., Em- 
 ma J. and George,; lost an infant. 
 
 Hoyt, Jane S., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Hurst, Melvina, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 TEkKINS, "W. D., farmer, Sec. 
 
 d 26; P. 0. South English. 
 
 Jester, John W., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 
 O. South Enrlish. 
 
 JOHNSON, W. H., general mer- 
 chant, Webster; born in Wash-^ 
 ington county, Pennsylvania, ^^ 
 April 11, 1819, but raised in Knox ^ 
 county, Ohio; at the age of sev- 
 enteen he learned the tanner's 
 trade, which he followed with 
 success until 1876, when he re- 
 moved to Iowa and entered into 
 the mercantile trade; on the 22d 
 of May, 1839, he was married to 
 Lydia A. Marshall, a native of 
 Ohio; they have four children liv- 
 ing: Ella, Emeline, N. D. and 
 
786 
 
 DIKEOTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTT. 
 
 Flora D.; have lost three: Mar- 
 shall "W"., Adalade E. and Fran- 
 cis S. 
 
 KEMEEY, HARRIET, farmer, 
 Sec. 23; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 KEMREY, DANIEL, farmer, 
 stock-feeder and raiser, Sec. 20; 
 P. O. South English; born in Le- 
 high county, Pennsylvania, April 
 10, 1833; when four years of age 
 his parents, who were of German 
 origin, moved to Wayne county, 
 Ohio; there he was raised ; when 
 he was eight years old his father 
 died, leaving young K. dependent 
 on no one, and to earn his own 
 living; when nineteen years old 
 he left Ohio and went to Cass 
 county, Michigan; lived there for 
 two years and in 1854 came to 
 this county and entered the land 
 upon which he now resides and 
 which consists of 320 acres, well 
 improved and in good cultivation; 
 July, 186i, he was married to 
 Miss Harriet Colcord, a native of 
 Lower Canada; they have four 
 children: Helen E. (wife of . J. 
 Charter, of South English), George 
 R., "Wm. A. and Elmer A. 
 
 Kimball, C. D., South English. 
 
 Kimball, E., South English. 
 
 King, Wm. S., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 King, Charles, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Mrs. L. M., farmer, Sec. 
 23; P. 0. South English. 
 
 Kleinschmidt, A., farmer, Sec. 10; 
 P. O. South English. 'y^C"" . 
 
 LAKIN, RICHARD,^^Varmer 
 and stock- raiser. Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Webster; born in in England 
 April li, 1819, where he was 
 raised; emigrated to this country 
 in 1852, and settled in Ohio; after 
 remaining there for four years he 
 , emigrated to this State in 1856 
 / and settled in this county; he 
 owns 200 acres of land, under im- 
 provement; mari'ied October, 
 
 1841, to Emma Walker, a native 
 of England; she died March 26, 
 1863, leaving a family of six 
 children living: Thomas, Mary, 
 William, Anna, Edward and Rich- 
 ard; lost two: James, died Sep- 
 tember 13, 1853, and Joh>i, died 
 while serving his country at Hel- 
 ena, October 18, 1864; he mar- 
 ried again February 15, 1869. to 
 Mrs. Margaret Griffin Maxwell, a 
 native of Upper Canada; they 
 have four children : Emma, 
 
 gie, Katie and Minnie May; she 
 has six children by first marriage: 
 Robert, Sallie, Caroline, Sarah, 
 Esther and Lizzie; he makes 
 stock-raising a principal business. 
 
 LEWIS, JOHN Q., harness-maker 
 and livery. South English; born 
 in Henry county, Iowa, February 
 25, 1856; he lived there until 
 fourteen years of age, enjoying 
 good educational advantages; in 
 1870 he went to Shellsburgh, Ben- 
 ton county, Iowa, to learn his 
 trade; remained there for three 
 years, and thence • to Marshall 
 county; engaged in business 
 there, and in 1873 came back to 
 Shellsburgh, pursuing his trade 
 there forgone year; in 1876 he 
 came to his present location, where 
 he is doing a thriving business; 
 September 19, 1877, he married 
 Miss Mary J., daughter of George 
 Dobey, an old settler of Sigour- 
 ney; they have bj' this union one 
 daughter: Ethel. 
 
 LUTTON, A. J., farmer, Sec. 4; 
 P. O. White Pigeon; born in 
 Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, 
 April 3, 1828, but was raised in 
 Mercer county, same State; in 
 1854 he, with his parents, remov- 
 ed to this county and settled on 
 the place upon which he now re- 
 sides; he owns eighty acres of 
 well improved land, upon which 
 he has a fine orchard; June 11, 
 1854, he was married to Mias An- 
 gelina Marshall, a native of Penn- 
 
ENGLISH BIVEE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 787 
 
 sylvania; they have three chil- 
 dren: John F., 'William Z. and 
 . Charles "W.; Nettie May died 
 Jnne 30, 1870; he commenced 
 life with a capital of twenty-five 
 ■cents, a yoke of oxen and one 
 <!0W, and by proper economy and 
 perseverance, assisted by his wife, 
 they have a nice homestead and 
 a reasonable competence. 
 
 McAFFERTY, JAMES, farm- 
 er and dealer in tine horses, 
 Sonth English ; born in Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, July 25, 
 1812, and was raised thei-e; in 
 1834 he went to Wayne county, 
 Ohio, and engaged in farming; 
 <5ame to Jefferson county, Iowa, 
 in 1848, and remained there a few 
 months, when he went to Lynn 
 county and remained there until 
 the year 1855 ; then came to this 
 county; at the age of seventeen 
 he learned the milling trade, which 
 he followed for about six years; 
 
 ■ finding it injurious to his health 
 he had to leave that business, and 
 has since followed farming and 
 handling stock horses; he has 
 done much towards improving the 
 fitock horses in this county; 
 March 12, 1832, was married to 
 Miss Fanny Bucher, a native of 
 Pennsylvania: they have five chil- 
 dren living: Susannah, Elizabeth, 
 Sarah, John and Lydia; have lost 
 three: Samuel, Fannie and Mary 
 Jane. 
 
 McBride, Is., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. 
 
 It cbstGr 
 
 McBRIDE, JAMES, general mer- 
 chant and postmaster, Webster; 
 born in Perry county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, May 2&, 1832, where he was 
 raised a farmer; removed to Iowa 
 in 1856, and to this county in 
 1857, where he now resides; at- 
 tended Bloorafield Academy for 
 upwards of two years, and gradu- 
 ated at the Commercial School of 
 York county, Pennsylvanila; fol- 
 lowed farming and school teach- 
 
 ing until 1863, then engaged iu 
 stock dealing, continuing it one 
 year, or until 1864, when he en- 
 tered the mercantile business, 
 which he has since followed with 
 success ; he is of a social, genial _ 
 nature, well adapted to gain and 
 retain the confidence and respect 
 of the community, which he em- 
 ploys to a great extent; married 
 Miss Julia A. Findley, a native 
 of Pennsylvania; they have five 
 children: E. O, Frank E., Nora 
 Belle, Minnie L., and an infant 
 daughter. 
 
 McCombs, B. M., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 McLanahan, J. M., farmer, Sec. 34; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Mc WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, re- 
 tired farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. South 
 English; his father, John Mc- 
 Williams, was born in Belmont 
 county, Ohio, January 31, 1797; 
 his grandfather, William McWill- 
 iams, came to this country from 
 Ireland about 1775, and partici- 
 pated in the struggle for our in- 
 dependence; the subject of our 
 sketch was born in Knox county, 
 Ohio, January 11, 1820, where he 
 was raised; removed to this coun- 
 ty in 1857, where he has since re- 
 sided ; owns a fine homestead, con- 
 taining five acres, and also in the 
 vicinity eighty acres of choice 
 land; January 9, 1841, he took for 
 the partner and sharer of his joys 
 and sorrows Miss Lucy A. Nofi- 
 singer, a native of Pennsylvania; 
 the complement of their family 
 circle consists of nine children, 
 living: Margaret K. (now Mrs. 
 D. W. Miller, of South English), 
 T. B.,M. D., J. F., W. 0. (Eecord- 
 er), H. A., Nuke, Ida, S. N. and 
 Clara; Mr. Mc Williams is a man 
 of unblemished reputation, gener- 
 ous and courteous, and is held in 
 high esteem by all who know 
 him; has held various ofiices of 
 trust in his township. 
 
T8g 
 
 DIRECTOET OF KEOKUK COUKTT. 
 
 McWilliaini?, H. A., farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 McWilliamSj James, farmer, Sec. 23; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Magee, "William, South English. 
 
 MAHANNAH, CLARK, farmer, 
 Sec. 2; P. O. North English; born 
 in Greene county, Pennsylvania, 
 August 9, 1829; is of Irish and 
 German descent; his grandfather 
 was killed in one of the battles of 
 the Eevolutionary war; when quite 
 young Mr. M. with his parents 
 moved to Knox county, Ohio, 
 where most of his youth and early 
 manhood were spent; in 1856 he 
 removed to Warren county, 111., 
 and after remaining in that place 
 for one year he came to this coun- 
 ty and located where he now 
 lives; owns 200 acres of good 
 land, with a nice dwelling and 
 barn; on arriving in this county 
 he and his wife had but a team 
 and $150 in cash with which to 
 start in a then comparatively new 
 State, but by industry, economy, 
 perseverance and good manage- 
 ment, they have all that is need- 
 ful; August 11, 1862, he enlisted 
 in company I, Twenty-eighth 
 Iowa Infanti-y, and served with 
 that regiment until May 16, 1863, 
 when he was wounded at the bat- 
 tle of Champion's Hill; was there 
 taken .prisonir and paroled; he 
 partially recovered, and came 
 home on a furlough in August, 
 1863; returned to Davenport in 
 the next March, and was dis- 
 charged June 12, 1864; partici- 
 pated in the battles of Fort Gib- 
 son and Champion's Hill, beside 
 several skirmishes; October 10, 
 1853, married Miss S. Wier, of 
 Ohio, but formerly of New Jer- 
 sey; she is of German descent, 
 her ancestors having emigrated to 
 this country at an early day; they 
 have ten children: Curtis D., 
 "William J., Emma G., Susannah 
 (wife of "William Dixon, of Iowa), 
 
 Carrie A., Charles G., Sarah J., 
 Lizzie M., Frank A. and Mattie 
 B.; have lost two: Clark C, who 
 died October 12, 1863, and Bessie^ 
 died May 22, 1875. 
 
 MANTZ, D. H., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. "Webster; born in Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, August 29, 
 1826; there he was raised on a 
 farm until eighteen years of age,, 
 when he learned the carpenter's 
 trade, which he followed until 
 about 1873; in connection with 
 that he has carried on farming; 
 moved to this county in 1856, 
 where he now resides and owns- 
 128 acres of choice land; his im- 
 provements are excellent, his resi- 
 dence being the finest in the town- 
 ship and second to none in the 
 county; his grounds are embel- 
 lished by handsome evergreens; 
 since 1848 he has accomplished 
 his work alone, and he now owea 
 his prosperity to his industry, en- 
 ergy, good management, etc.; 
 January 1, 1847, married Miss 
 
 • Mary Sasseman, of Pennsylvania; 
 they have seven children: George 
 H., "William, James, Salvina^ 
 Lizzie, Emma and Lily L. 
 
 Markwell, A. H., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 Massie, John, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0: 
 South English. 
 
 MEAD, JOHN F., blacksmith and 
 wagon-maker. South English ;. 
 born in Eensellaer county New 
 York, October 10, 1841; at the 
 early age of twelve years his 
 parents removed to California, 
 where Mr. Mead was raised ; he 
 served his apprenticeship in San 
 Francisco and foltowed his trade 
 there until 1874, when he removed 
 to this county; here he was mar- 
 ried January 1, 1874, to Miss Ju-- 
 lia, daughter of John and Eliza- 
 beth (Owns) Houston; they have 
 three children: Elizabeth, Leslie 
 and Mary D. ; the mother of Mrs. 
 Mead, Mrs. Houston and her hus- 
 
ENGLISH EITEE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 789 
 
 band, were among the earliest 
 settlers of this township, locating 
 a little east of where South Eng- 
 lish now stands (which was called 
 Houston's Point for many years); 
 we acknowledge our indebtedness 
 to this lady for much valuable in- 
 formation in regard to the early 
 settlement of this part of the 
 county. 
 
 Meelick, Mrs. Louisa, South Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 MILLER, S., retired farmer; Sec. 
 — P. O. South English ; born in 
 Washington county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, August 18, 1810, where his 
 «arly youth was spent: in 1828 
 he with his parents went to Knox 
 county, Ohio, where he resided 
 until 1843, and then went to Han- 
 cock county (same State), and in 
 1855 came to this county, where 
 he has since resided; he owns 135 
 acres of land under cultivation and 
 finely improved; April 7, 1836, 
 he was married to Maria Brad- 
 dock, a native of Knox county; 
 they have seven children : Nancy 
 A. (wife of Morgan Kizer), Wm. 
 B., Sarah (wife of A. Hurst), 
 John B., Martin L., "Wilson W. 
 and Thomas L. 
 
 Miles, John G., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
 0. North English. 
 
 MILLER, N, C, farmer, stock- 
 dealer and livery, South English; 
 born in Perry county, Oliio, May 
 13, 1814, and raised there as a 
 farmer-boy; in 1838 he com- 
 menced the study of medicine, 
 and attended lectures in Cleve- 
 land, Columbus and Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, receiving a thorough medi- 
 cal education; he commenced the 
 practice of his profession in 1844 
 and followed it until 1876; in 
 1854 he removed to this county 
 and enlisted as a private June 22, 
 1862, in company D, Eighteenth 
 Iowa Infantry; in the following 
 August he was detached as sur- 
 geon of the Eighteenth regiment, 
 
 serving in that capacity until No- 
 vember, when he had a stroke of 
 paralysis and was honorably dis- 
 charged in January, 1863; previ- 
 ous to his discharge lie was ap- 
 pointed assistant medical director 
 of the Western divi.siun; he was 
 married July 9, l>;.i>, to Miss 
 Elizabeth Sellers, a n.i.ive of Per- 
 ry county, Ohio; tli> \ have four 
 children: Philip ' ., Mary M. 
 (now Mrs. J. D. i'>< .yd, of South 
 English), David W. and Harriet 
 L. (now Mrs. S. M. Israel, of 
 loka); have lost one son: Isaiah, 
 who died in November, 1838. 
 
 Miller, William, farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 MILLER, NOAH, farmer. Sec. 1; 
 P. O. North English; born in 
 Kockingham county, Yirginia, 
 October 22, 1821), and was there 
 raised on a farm until eighteen 
 years of age, when he engaged in 
 milling, but was obliged to resume 
 farming on account of ill health; 
 in 1856 he came to this county, 
 settling on the farm where he now 
 lives; owns a fine farm of 255 
 acres of as good land as can be 
 found in the county; has a fine 
 orchard, and also a fine brick res- 
 idence, surrounded by evergreens; 
 has a barn 48x60 feet two stories 
 in height, and the best in the 
 county; he has been the architect 
 of his own fortune, earning what 
 he has by hard work; October 23, 
 1851, he married Miss Frances 
 Lough, a native of Virginia; they 
 have twelve children: Sarah A., 
 Hiram W., Benjamin F., Michael 
 H., Mary K, M. Ellen, Virginia 
 C, Noah S., John H , Anna B., 
 Nettie J. and Maggie May. 
 
 Miller, D. W., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Monts, H., farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. 
 Webster. 
 
 Monts, Moses, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Monts, D. H., Webster. 
 
790 
 
 DIBECTOBT OF KKOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 MontB, Wilson, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 MORGAN, THOMAS, farmer and 
 Btock-raiser, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Web- 
 ster; born in Bourbon connty, 
 Kentucky, September 15, 1817; 
 his father, David Morgan, was a 
 native of Virginia, and his grand- 
 father, vrho came to this country 
 about 1747, was born in Wales; 
 his mother, whose maiden name 
 was Hughbanks, was a native of 
 Indiana; young Morgan lived in 
 Kentucky until twelve years of 
 age, when his father moved to 
 Scott county, Indiana; there he 
 was principally raised; came to 
 this county in 1848; he bought a 
 claim of a half section of land of 
 Simeon Ballard, giving for it his 
 wagon, a pair of oxen and a colt, 
 which was all he possessed in the 
 world; but with indomitable 
 courage and perseverance, good 
 judgment and economy, he has 
 improved his farm and added to it 
 until he now owns 720 acres of 
 good land; January 3, 1839, he 
 married Miss Polly Ballard, a na- 
 tive of Indiana; by this union 
 they have have eight children, 
 two of whom now are living: 
 Page B. and Hattie Ann (wife of 
 James Morrison, of this 
 county); Mrs. Morgan died Octo- 
 27, 1856; he married again to 
 Miss Mary A. McBride, of Penn- 
 sylvania, Februray 15, 1859; they 
 have three children: Elraira (now 
 Mrs. William Carmichiel, of this 
 county), Jennie and Thomas A. ; 
 have lost one son ; Mr. Morgan 
 has been closely identified with 
 the interests, growth and develop- 
 ment of the connty; he has held 
 various oiiices of trust in his town- 
 ship; is a man well preserved in 
 years; naturally a social man and 
 is respected by all who know 
 him. 
 
 Morgan, Mrs. M. J., Webster. 
 
 MORGAN, HON. T. A., farmer. 
 Sec. 31; P. O. Webster; while 
 the lives of self-made men fieldomi 
 abound in incidents of a sensa- 
 tional character, there is yet an 
 energy, a perseverance, and an 
 underflow of character, that lends 
 to them a charm, attractiveness- 
 and worth that merits admiration 
 and careful thought; Theron A.. 
 Morgan was born in Sheffield, 
 Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 
 January 5, 1809; he traces hia 
 ancestry on his father's side to 
 Wales, the original ancestor com- 
 ing to America and settling in 
 Roxburj', near Boston, prior to 
 1640; Gov. Morgan, of New 
 York, as well as many others of 
 the same name who have honored 
 their country, are descendants 
 from the same source in a direct 
 line; his father died when Theron 
 was eight years old, and he was, 
 as it were, thrown on his own 
 resources; his early life was that 
 of a farmer boy; his early educa- 
 tion was gained at the common 
 schools, but this he has supple- 
 mented by extensive reading, and 
 being a close observer, and a man 
 of large experience; he has ac- 
 quired an education of no mean 
 order; he removed to Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, in 1828; in 1829 he 
 removed to Mercer county, Penn- 
 sylvania, and was engaged teach- 
 ing school; he remained there 
 about one year and returned tO' 
 Ohio and engaged in the comb 
 manufacturing business with sat- 
 isfactory results; in 1851 he went 
 to California and remained there- 
 two years, and his operations were 
 favored here as elsewhere; after 
 his return from California he came 
 to this State, and in 1854 made 
 his home in Keokuk county, where- 
 he has since been engaged in ag- 
 ricultural pursuits and stock rais- 
 ing; his homestead includes 160i 
 
BNGLISH BIVBB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 791 
 
 acrcB of choice land, with fineim- 
 provementB; he has given 400 
 acres of land to his sons; he rep- 
 resented the county in the. State 
 legislature of Iowa in 1857, and 
 was again elected to the same po- 
 sition in 1865, and served with 
 credit to his county and honor to 
 himself; he has also served as 
 trustee of the State Agricultural 
 College at Ames; he was married 
 to Miss Sylvia Mallory November 
 9, 1828; she was born in ISTew 
 York; they have four children 
 living: E. L., Cornelius L., Gil- 
 bert D. and Mary (now Mrs. Geo. 
 Griswold, of Ottumwa); have lost 
 one daughter: Polly A. (wife of 
 L. Gorham), died April 1, 1855; 
 Mr. Morgan is emphatically a 
 self-made man; commencing life 
 without a penny, he has, by his 
 own unaided energy, industry and 
 perseverance made for himself a 
 competency; but few men have a 
 better record,or have been more suc- 
 cessful from a small and discour- 
 aging beginning; he is known as 
 a man of sterling integrity, de- 
 cided character and untiring en- 
 ^■"gy; lis receives and merits the 
 esteem and confidence of his fel- 
 low citizens. 
 MOWAN, B., farmer, Sec. 26: P. 
 0. South English; born in Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, July 25, 
 1825; he was raised there; in 
 1863 he moved to Plymouth, In- 
 diana, and went back to Ohio in 
 1859, where he lived until 1865, 
 and then went to Niies, Michigail; 
 after remaining there for one 
 and one-half years, he removed to 
 Snmmerbell, Cass county, where 
 he resided for three years; then to 
 Franklin, Tennessee, in 1872, and 
 in 1878 he came to and located in 
 this county; here he has a fine 
 farm of 120 acres, well improved 
 and under good cultivation, giv- 
 ing sufficient evidence that he is 
 a thorough farmer; his early 
 
 youth was spent on a farm, some- 
 times attending school in the win- 
 ter; in 1848 he commenced to 
 work at masonry, which trade he 
 followed nntil September 1, 1864, 
 when he enlisted in the U. S. Na- 
 vy, was detailed to the Mississippi 
 Squadron on the flag-ship Benton, 
 and served until the close of the 
 war; returning to Ada, Hardin 
 county, Ohio, he engaged in his 
 trade, which he has followed since; 
 March 6, 1848, he was married to 
 Miss Sophia Nogle, a native of 
 Trumbull county, Ohio; the 
 Mowans came from Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, about 1750; Mr. M.'s 
 mother is still living with her son ; 
 she is 83 years old, and well pre- 
 served in years. 
 
 NEWSOME, W. W., M. D., 
 physician and surgeon, South 
 English; he is a native of En- 
 gland, and was born in Bradford, 
 May 12, 1841, and is the son of 
 William Newsome and Sarah, nee 
 DeGars; the former was of En- 
 glish ancestry, and the latter a na- 
 tive ot France; they emigrated to 
 the United States in 1848, and 
 settled in New Athens, Harrison 
 county, Ohio, and remained there 
 four years, and then removed to 
 Crawfoi'dsville, Washington Co., 
 Iowa, where the father of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch died in 1860; 
 young Newsome attended the 
 common schools until 16 years of 
 age, and studied anatomy with his 
 brother. Dr. A. Newsome, an em- 
 inent physician of Crawfordsville; 
 at the age of sixteen he entered 
 the academy at this place, and at- 
 tended two years; having made 
 choice of medicine as a profession, 
 he devoted his entire time to the 
 study thereof, with his brother as 
 preceptor; he attended the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons 
 at Keokuk, and graduated from 
 that institution with high honors 
 in 1863; during his college course 
 
792 
 
 DIRBCTOET OF KEOKUK COUNTY. 
 
 he was employed as Assistant 
 •Surgeon at Estes Hnse Hospital, 
 and the experience received there 
 has proved of incalculable benefit 
 in his practice since that time; 
 after his graduation in 1863, he 
 selected South English as his 
 place of residence, where he 
 has pursued his chosen calling 
 with untiring zeal and energy, 
 and with a success which has 
 earned for him an enviable repu- 
 tation; in his medical relations he 
 has built up his own reputation 
 by skill and energy, and has ac- 
 
 iuired an extensive practice; the 
 )octor is well known throughout 
 the county, and the respect shown 
 him is as wide as his acquaintance; 
 his intellect is quick and decisive, 
 as well as comprehensive, possess- 
 ing a wide range of experience; he 
 possesses rare gifts as a public 
 speaker, a fine conversationalist, 
 and a most excellent social com- 
 panion ; June 6, 1864, he was 
 married to Miss Jennie Maxwell, 
 of Crawfordsville, Iowa, a lady of 
 high attainments and thoroughly 
 accomplished, and one who com- 
 manded the respect of all who 
 knew her; she died July 18, 1865, 
 from injuries received by the ex- 
 plosion of a lamp; the Doctor, 
 who was present, made heroic ef- 
 forts to extinguish the flames, but 
 not in time to save her life; the 
 efibrt nearly lost him his own life; 
 she left one son : Wm. H.; he was 
 again- married February 26, 1867, 
 to Miss Katie fl.,daughter of Rev. 
 James Anderson, D. D., who was 
 a full cousin of Gen. Robert An- 
 derson, of Fort Sumpter fame; 
 she died in Jnly, 1874, leaving 
 one son: J. W., and two twin 
 daughters: Katie and Nellie; his 
 mother is still living, and was an 
 intimate friend of the Rev. P. 
 Bronte and his talented daughters, 
 Charlotte Bronte, of national rep- 
 utation and world-wide renown, 
 
 and her sisters, Anna and Emily, 
 both well known authors ; the at- 
 tachment was so great between 
 Mrs. Newsome and these celebri- 
 ties that at one time when she 
 was ill with typhus fever, Char- 
 lotte Bronte came from London, a 
 distance of 100 miles to see her 
 friend, and notwithstanding the 
 physicians tried to dissuade her 
 from entering the sick room, she, 
 with woman's love, scorning all 
 danger, came and embraced her 
 friend; this friendship was life- 
 long, and during the many year- 
 of separation a loving corresponds 
 ence was continued until the 
 Brontes died, and their letters are 
 preserved as precious souvenirs. 
 
 Nofl'singer, David, farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 NOFFSINGER, S., farmer, Sec. 
 23; P. O. South English; born in 
 Washington county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, August 19, 1813; his pa- 
 rents, Daniel and Lucy (van 
 Treicy) Nofi^singer removed to 
 Knox county, Ohio, where he lived 
 until 1856, when he removed to 
 this county, where henowresides; 
 Mr. N. was raised a farmer, and 
 had more than ordinary education- 
 al advantages: at the age of 22 
 he studied medicine at Mt. Ver- 
 non; not being to his taste he 
 learned the carpenter's trade, 
 which he followed until 1863, 
 when he resumed his early occu- 
 pation of farming, and has since 
 followed it; in January, 1839, he 
 was united in marriage to Miss 
 Lydia McClain, who was born in 
 Greene county, Pennsylvania; 
 she died in 1852, leaving one 
 daughter : Kate (now the wife of 
 James Slate); he married again to 
 Miss Dora Sprague in 1856, a na- 
 tive of "Worthington, Ohio; they 
 have one son : Ernest. 
 
 NOFFSINGER, A., farmer. Sec. 
 22; P. O. South English; born in 
 Washington county. Pa., Novem- 
 
 \ 
 
ENGLISH EIVER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 793 
 
 ber 27, 1825, and raised in Knox 
 county, Ohio; he came to this 
 county in the spring of 1853 and 
 located where he now resides; he 
 redeemed 180 acres of land from its 
 original wildness; in 1848 he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary J. Trindle, who 
 was born in Ohio; she died Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1854, leaving a family 
 of three children, two of who are 
 now living: John and James; he 
 was again married to Miss Helen 
 Wood, in January, 1858, a native 
 of Ohio ; they have three children : 
 Albert, Mary A. and Emma B.; 
 has held the office of township 
 trustee; he is a good farmer and 
 generally respected by all who are 
 acquainted with him. 
 l^YSwaner, John, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 PAGE, B. A., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 JParnell, Peter, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 0. South English. 
 
 PATERSON, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 2; P. O. North English; born in 
 Scotland, February 29, 1824; there 
 he lived until 1854, when he em- 
 igrated to the United States, lo- 
 cating where he now resides; he 
 owns eighty acres of land, well 
 improved; when he commenced 
 farming he had but very little 
 means, but by industry, persever- 
 ance and hard, honest toil, he has 
 prospered, and now has a line res- 
 idence and barn; August 11, 1862, 
 he enlisted in company I, Twenty- 
 eighth Iowa Infantry, and served 
 with his regiment until the expi- 
 ration of his term ; he was dis- 
 charged August 1, 1864, and then 
 returned home, and has since de- 
 voted his time to farming; mar- 
 ried June 15, 1849, to Miss JST. 
 Gilchrist, a native of Scotland. 
 
 Peck, Geo. H., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 Phelps, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 27; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 -PLATT, W, D., druggist. South 
 
 English; born in Rochester, New 
 York, December 17, 1850; in 
 1859, he, with his parents, re- 
 moved to Davenport, Iowa, and 
 two years later to Eock Island, 
 Illinois; here he attended school 
 until 1867, when, at the age of 
 seventeen, he entered into the em- 
 ploy of John Benston, Esq., an 
 eminent druggist of that city; he 
 ren)ained in that capacity for four 
 years; he then came to Muscatine, 
 Iowa, and for eight years continu- 
 ed his study of drugs, and in 1879 
 he entered into business in South 
 English, having had unusual ad- 
 vantages in learning his business; 
 he is a safe and competent drug- 
 gist; May 10, 1876, he married 
 Miss Mary C, daughter of W. D. 
 Ament, a prominent carriage- 
 manufacturer of Muscatine; they 
 have one daughter: Mary Amelia. 
 
 TDEED, WILLIAM, farmer, 
 ^Ll. stock-dealer and stock-raiser. 
 Sec. 29; P. O. "Webster; born in 
 Marion county, Indiana, February 
 11, 1829; there he lived until six- 
 teen years of age; in 1849 he came 
 from Indiana to this county and 
 entered land upon which he now 
 resides; he has a farm of 510 acres 
 of the choice land of the vicinity; 
 September 14, 1852, he was united 
 in marriage with Mrs. Jemima H. 
 Monical, a native of Ohio; by 
 this union they have two daugh- 
 ters : Mary J. (now Mrs. Jas. Ran- 
 dolph), and Manda F. (now Mrs. 
 A. Bottenfield); lost one son who 
 died in infancy; Mrs. Reed has 
 one daughter by a previous mar- 
 riage: Matilda J. (now Mrs. Jas. 
 Irons, of this county); he has been 
 justice of the peace for several 
 years, and is a prominent member 
 of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Reed, Charles, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 REED, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Webster; born in Marion 
 county, Indiana, June 2, 1835; he 
 
794 
 
 DIKECTOBT OF KBOKTJK OOXJNTT. 
 
 was there raised ; he came to this 
 county in 1855 and entered land 
 on Sec. 31; in June, 1861, he en- 
 listed in company F, Fifth Iowa 
 Infantry and served with that reg- 
 iment until the close of the war; 
 participated in the battles of 
 SpringiBeld, Corinth, Yicksburg, 
 luka, Missionary Ridge, Lookout 
 Mountain and several others; re- 
 turned to this county in 1871 
 and went to Oregon, remaining 
 for four years, and then returned ; 
 Mr. Heed is a man of sterling 
 worth, of a kind and obliging 
 nature and strong in his friend- 
 ship. 
 
 REED,ALEXANDER,farmerand 
 stock-raiser, Sec. 29; P. O. Web- 
 ster; born in Marion county, Ohio, 
 July 24, 1832; he was there raised 
 on a farm; in 1851 he moved to 
 to this county and entered the 
 land on which he now resides; he 
 owns 203 acres under good cul- 
 tivation, .with excellent improve- 
 ments; the first two seasons after 
 his arrival here he cultivated his 
 corn with an ox; he had no friends 
 to help him, and he broke his land 
 without favor from any one; he 
 is a man highly respected, honest 
 in his dealing, and enjoys the good 
 will and confidence of his fellow- 
 citizens; has held various ofiices 
 of trust in his township; in early 
 times, when, on account of high 
 water, it was impossible to go to 
 mill, he was obliged to grind his 
 corn three times a day for a period 
 of eight weeks; July 2, 1855, he 
 married Miss Malinda G. Long, a 
 native of Illinois; they have seven 
 children: Susan (wife of S. Bot- 
 tenfield). Sarah E. (wife of B. F. 
 Montz), Ida, W. L., Jennie, Isaac 
 and Gertie; have lost two: Edgar 
 and Maud. 
 
 Richardson, J. F.. Webster. 
 
 RICHMOND, C, farmer, Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Webster; born in Loraine 
 county, Ohio, February 12, 1820; 
 
 was raised there on a farm until 
 twenty years of age, when he was- 
 engaged as watchman of a steam- 
 boat on the Alabama river; he 
 was soon promoted to mate of the- 
 same steamer, and after remain- 
 ing at that occupation for several 
 years, he moved to Illinois and 
 engaged in farming, which ho has- 
 since followed; in 1844 he remov- 
 ed to LaGrange county, Indiana, 
 living there until 1866, when he 
 came to this county and located 
 on the place where he now resides,, 
 which consists of 160 acres of 
 choice land, situated within half a 
 mile of Webster; Mr. R. com- 
 menced life without any pecuniary 
 aid, and has accumulated, his 
 handsome property by industry 
 and economy ; February 27, 1841, 
 he married, Miss Elizabeth Marsh, 
 of New Brunswick, but principal- 
 ly raised in Illinois; have six 
 children : Benjamin F., Charlotte 
 A. (wife of B." Holmes), Elvira R. 
 (wife of B. C. Hoyt), Arthur M., 
 Alice B. (wife of J. Herrick) and 
 George H. ; lost two: Charles A., 
 died October 12, 1869, and an in- 
 fant daughter. 
 
 Robinson W. A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 ROGERS, EDWARD M., physi- 
 cian and surgeon, Webster; born 
 in Philadelphia, May 9, 1863; 
 when five years old his parents 
 moved to Iowa City, where he was 
 principally raised, attending the 
 common schools of that place; in 
 1872 he graduated from McLean's 
 Academy, of that city; then 
 studied medipine with his father, 
 E. M. Rogers, who was a graduate 
 of "Her Imperial Institute of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, of Lon- 
 don," and who has been deservedly 
 considered one of the most emi- 
 nent surgeons and physicians of 
 this country; young Rogers was 
 a student nntil the fall of 1876, 
 when he then attended a course of 
 
ENGLISH BIVBE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 795 
 
 lectures in Iowa City, and gradu- 
 ated from Jefferson College, at 
 Philadelphia, in March, 1878; on 
 his arrival home he had a capital 
 of thirty-five cents with which to 
 commence business; he located in 
 Johnson county in the same year, 
 and there practiced his profession' 
 for one year, and in March, 1879, 
 came to his present location; in 
 1874, Dr. Rogers lost seven thou- 
 sand dollars, having gone security 
 for a friend, who, through misfor- 
 tune, lost his own and the Doc- 
 tor's money besides; he was mar- 
 ried November 4, 1876, to Miss 
 E. W. Chissman, a native of Fay- 
 ette county, Iowa; she is a lady of 
 rare personal appearance and one 
 who makes the Doctor's home an 
 agreeable place for friends ; they 
 have one son living; have lost one 
 son: Edmond C, who died Octo- 
 ber 27 1879 
 ROOT, JOSEPH H., farmer. Sec. 
 27; P. O. South English; born in 
 Cayuga county, New York, Janu- 
 ary 25, 1824, where he was raised 
 as a farmer; in 1855 he removed 
 to Wisconsin, and came- to this 
 township in tlie same year, making 
 the trip with an ox team ; he owns 
 250 acres of choice land and his 
 dwelling is surrounded with beau- 
 tiful evergreens; has a fine bear- 
 ing orchard also; in personal ap- 
 pearance Mr. Hoot is a true repre- 
 sentative of the better class of the 
 pioneers; unassuming, social and 
 hospitable, he is held in high es- 
 teem by all who know him; he has 
 held various oflices of trust in the 
 township, and credit is due him 
 for the manner in which he has 
 performed the duties pertaining 
 to them; on May 17, 1855, he was 
 ur.ited in marriage to Miss Laura 
 A. Hoyt, also a native of Cayuga 
 county; she is a lady of refine- 
 ment; they have two children liv- 
 ing: Elmer L. and Gracie N.; 
 have lost three: E. F., died Feb- 
 
 ruary 18, 1872, Geo. H. died July 
 5, 1870, and Jennie May died 
 February 22, 1866; Mr. Root 
 traces seven generations of his an- 
 cestors to England, over a period 
 of 200 years back; Mrs. (Hoyt> 
 Root is in the possession of a geo- 
 ological history of her family ; the 
 book is in royal octavo form, con- 
 sists of 686 pages and gives a. 
 complete history of the Hoyt fam- 
 ily; in it we find that Simoiii 
 Hoyt was the first who came from 
 England, and this was some time 
 before the year 1629; the mother 
 of both John and General Sher- 
 man was of this family of Hoyt's; 
 Mr. Root has taken two children* 
 to raise: Mary Lafferty and John 
 Cox; they surely have a good 
 home. 
 
 SEAMAN, S. H., farmer. Sec. 
 29; P.O.Webster. 
 SEAMAN,' M. H., farmer, stock, 
 raiser and dealer, Sec. 29, P. O. 
 Webster; born in Marion county,, 
 Ohio, February 20, 1846; there 
 he was raised and attended the 
 common schools for a short time 
 in his early youth; his father died 
 when he was six years of age and 
 an older brother when he was 
 twelve, so that Mr. S. was left the 
 sole support of his widowed 
 mother, and he has proved him- 
 self to be a kind and dutiful son; 
 he was determined to acquire- a 
 more thorough education and 
 worked hard in his youth to save 
 the means necessary to accom- 
 plish this desire; at the age of 
 twenty-three he entered the Ohio 
 Central College, which he attend- 
 ed for one year, but was obliged' 
 to forego further study in that in- 
 stitution as his services were need- 
 ed at home; he returned and took 
 charge of the farm and taught 
 school during during the winters; 
 he came with his mother to this- 
 county in 1871 and located where- 
 he now resides; owns 120 acres in. 
 
796 
 
 DIEECTOKT OF KBOKTJK COUNl'Y. 
 
 liome farm and 160 acres in the 
 adjoining township. 
 
 Seerley, Thos., farmer, Sec. 35 ; • P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 SHEPARD, W. M., of the firm of 
 Shepard & Co., hardware mer- 
 .cliants,South English; born in Iowa 
 City, Iowa, December 31, 1857, 
 where he was raised,and was educat- 
 ed at the university of that place; 
 in 1875 he became the commercial 
 agent of Remington & Sons, which 
 position he held until 1878, when 
 lie entered into the hardware busi- 
 ness at South English ; this firm 
 is in a prosperous condition and is 
 ■doing an extensive business; Oc- 
 tober 9, 1879, he was united in 
 marriage to Miss Lizzie L. Miller, 
 of South English; Mr. Shepard 
 is of English descent, his grand- 
 father having emigrated to this 
 country about the year 1779. 
 
 •Shipman, Thos., Sr., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 SHINABARGER, GEORGE, far- 
 mer. Sec. 26; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish; born in Steuben county. 
 New York, October 26, 1826, and 
 was there raised ; his father could 
 not afford to send him to school, 
 so he was obliged to work to help 
 support the family; at the age of 
 21 years he left home with one 
 suit of clothes and spent the most 
 of the time teaming until 1852, 
 "when he went into the lime busi- 
 ness; he followed that for a time, 
 and then, after selling out, went 
 into the dry goods and notions 
 business; in 1862 he devoted his 
 attention to farming and bought 
 the farm of 105 acres of good 
 land where he now'resides; he has 
 a fine residence; when he came to 
 this county he had lost all his 
 property, but he went to work and 
 with indomitable energy and by 
 the help of his noble wife they 
 have been enabled to give their 
 children a good education, and 
 now have a comfortable home; 
 
 October 1, 1849, he married Miss 
 Harriet Hill, of Eensellaer county, 
 New York; they have three chil- 
 dren: Ella (now Mrs. Wm. Pow- 
 ell), Frank and Lida. 
 
 Sigafoose, Nancy, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 SLATE,MARTIN S., retired farm- 
 er. Sec. 24; P. O. South English; 
 born in Franklin county, Massa- 
 chusetts, September 28, 1824; 
 when but eleven years of age he, 
 with his parents, went to Franklin 
 county, Ohio, where he lived un- 
 til 1850; he then came to this 
 county and entered land on Sec. 
 27, which he still owns ; has a fine 
 farm of 115 acres; July 4, 1854, 
 he was married to Miss Charlotte 
 M. Dingee, a native of New 
 York; by this union they had 
 four children, one of whom now 
 lives : A. C. ; Mrs. Slate died Jan- 
 uary 31, 1862; he married again 
 to Miss Eliza C. Mitchell, a native 
 of Marion county, Ohio; they 
 have one daughter: Addie Belle; 
 Mr. Slate was the first justice of 
 the peace elected in the township, 
 which was in 1852; he has been 
 township trustee and has held oth- 
 er oflBces of trust; is a man of 
 strict integrity and is a prominent 
 member of the M. E. Church, and 
 has been for upwards of thirty 
 years. 
 
 Slate, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 11; P.O. 
 South English. 
 
 Sloan, Wm., South English. 
 
 Sloan, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 23; P, 
 O. South English. 
 
 SMAWLEY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 36; P. O. South English; born in 
 Huntingdon county jPennsylvania, 
 September 24, 1821; he was there 
 raised and in 1845 removed to 
 Cedar county, Iowa; he then re- 
 turned to Pennsylvania, remain- 
 ing there for two years, when he 
 then went to Johnson county, 
 Iowa; in 1869 he located on the 
 place where he now resides, and 
 
ENGLISH EIVEE TOWNSHIP, 
 
 79T 
 
 owns 137 acres of choice land, 
 
 which he has gained by hard, hon- 
 
 / est toil, energy and perseverance, 
 
 [ as he commenced life without 
 
 \ funds or favor; he had but limit- 
 
 I ed advantages for education, but 
 
 Is^he improved what he did have, 
 
 and has now gained a knowledge 
 
 of no mean order; he married 
 
 Miss ; they have five 
 
 children: Mary J. (wife of C. 
 Troutman), William H., Amanda 
 (now Mrs. H. Mc Williams), Lu- 
 cinda (now Mrs. Thos. Steele) and 
 Samantha E.; lost two: JohnW., 
 died March 12, 1861, and Louisa 
 S., who died May 10, 1877. 
 SMITH, IRA F., farmer, Sec. 2; 
 P. 0. ISTorth English; born in 
 Greene county, Pennsylvania, 
 March 16, 1829; he moved with 
 his father to Scott county, Iowa, 
 then the Wisconsin Territory; 
 here he was raised, having for his 
 playmates the children of the ab- 
 origines, and he has seen as much 
 pioneer life in this then pioneer 
 State as any man in the county 
 and perhaps in the State; in 1868 
 he removed to this county, where 
 he has since resided; owns eighty 
 acres and controls sixty acres be- 
 side; he had but very limited ed- 
 ucational advantages, attending 
 school but six months, but he has 
 been an industrious student, and 
 is now a well-read and thoroughly 
 informed man; we say honor to 
 the hardy men who have fought 
 the battle of life without funds or 
 favor; in September, 1847, he en- 
 listed in company F, Fourteenth 
 Begiment Illinois Infantry, and 
 was discharged at New Orleans in 
 July, 1848; he then returned to 
 Iowa, where he has since devoted 
 his time to farming; August 21, 
 1855, he married Miss Harriet 
 E. Conrow, a native of Scott 
 county, Iowa; they have a family 
 of three children: Eodella E. 
 
 (wife of James Hall, of Nebras- 
 ka), Jennie Yiola and Loretta. 
 
 Spickerman, A. D., farmer, Sec. 30 1 
 P. O. Webster. 
 
 Sprague, Eli, farmer. Sec. 23; P. O. 
 South English. 
 
 Sprague, Charles, farmer. Sec. 23 1 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 STULL, J. D. druggist, South Eng- 
 lish ; born in Washington county,. 
 Pennsylvania, July 24, 1837; 
 there he was raised upon a farm ;: 
 he removed to this county in 
 1863; he owns a fine homestead, 
 also a farm of 55 acres of choice 
 land, besides wild land in Mis- 
 souri; Mr. Stutt has had fair edu- 
 cational advantages, but made the- 
 most of what he had; from 1856 
 to 1865 he was engaged in ship- 
 ping stock; he then went into the 
 the mercantile business, which he 
 followed until 1877, when he en- 
 gaged in the drug business, the 
 firm name being Newsome & 
 Stutt; he was married October 
 15, 1861, to Miss Elmira Zollars,. 
 a native of Washington county,. 
 Pennsylvania; she died in 1864; 
 he was married again to Miss 
 Mary Ann Newsome December 
 25, 1867; they have two children! 
 Wm. H. and Wilfred W. N. 
 
 Stull, Wm. L., farmer. Sec. 25; P: 
 O. South English. 
 
 Stull, Abigal C, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 TEETEE, PAEKIS H., farmer. 
 Sec. 26; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish. 
 THOMAS, W. A., farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P. O. North English; born in 
 Hamilton county, Virginia, May 
 17, 1827, and made that State his 
 home until 1850, when he came 
 to Washington county, Iowa; in 
 1852 he located in this county, on 
 the farm upon which he now re- 
 sides, and which consist of 570 
 acres, all improved ; he also de- 
 votes considerable attention to 
 
798 
 
 DIBEOTOBT OF KEOKUK OOTJWTT. 
 
 stock-raising and feeding; was 
 married December 25, 1851, . to 
 Miss Jane A. Patterson, of Alle- 
 ghany county, Maryland; they 
 Eave six children living: Luvenia 
 E., Margaret D., Hannah S., 
 Mary A., Martha J., Annie S. and 
 JohnW.; lost two: Charles M. 
 and Carrie; he has held various 
 township offices. 
 
 Thompson, Susan, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 
 Thompson, L. P., farmer, Sec. 15; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 VAN TUYL, J. R., farmer. Sec. 
 32; P. O. Webster; born in 
 Auburn, New York; is a son of 
 William H. Van Tuyl, an emi- 
 nent architect and builder of that 
 city; lie had more than ordinary 
 educational advantages has; had 
 a good academic education; he 
 worked with his father for several 
 years, but chose farming as his 
 occupation, which he followed in 
 that State until 1867, when he re- 
 moved to this county and located 
 where he now lives; he owns 
 eighty acres of land, under good 
 improvement; Mr. Yan Tuyl's 
 ancestors emigrated to this coun- 
 try from Germany at an early day; 
 May 2, 1865, he married Miss La- 
 vina Curtis; she was born in 
 Auburn, New York; have one 
 daughter: May, and one adopted 
 SQu: Willis. 
 
 Vananken, A., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
 O. South English. 
 
 \A7AIT. W. H., farmer, Sec. 
 V V 25; p. O. South English; 
 born in Scioto County, Ohio, Jan- 
 uary 3, 1835; brought up on a 
 farm; he followed farming until 
 December 7, 1861, when he en- 
 listed in company K, Fifty-sixth 
 regiment Ohio Infantry; served 
 with that regiment, particiJDating 
 in all the engagements, which were 
 as follows: Shiloh, siege of Corinth, 
 Port Gibson, Champion's Hill, 
 Siege of Jackson, Sabine Cross 
 
 Eoads, Pleasant Hill, Snagg's 
 Point, and several others; re-en- 
 listed as a veteran in the spring of 
 1864, and served with the same 
 regiment until his discharge at 
 Columbus, Ohio, in May, 1866; 
 then removed to this State and to 
 the place where he now resides; 
 this was in 1867; owns 160 acres 
 of choice land under splendid cul- 
 tivation; on the 16th of February, 
 1867, was married to Miss Abigal 
 Adams, a native of the same coun- 
 ty as himself; they have four chil- 
 dren : Isabel, Pearly H., Lillian 
 and Theodore; have lost two: 
 Edith, died November 15, 1873, 
 and an infant; he lost a fine 
 house, with its contents, by fire in 
 1873 ; commenced life a poor boy, 
 and by energy, industry, good 
 judgment, and economy, has sur- 
 rounded himself and family with 
 an excellent home with all its 
 comforts. 
 
 WERTZ, LEVI, farmer, carpenter 
 and joiner, Sec. 7; P. O. White 
 Pigeon ; born in Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, April 17, 1827; 
 was raised a farmer until eighteen 
 years of age, when he was bound 
 out for three years as an appren- 
 tice to learn the cabinet and car- 
 penter's trade; served his time and 
 has followed it as an occupation 
 nearly all the time since; in 1861 
 he moved to Wayne county, 
 Ohio, and in 1856 came to Iowa 
 county, this State; in 1862 he lo- 
 cated in this county and bought a 
 steam saw-mill, which he still 
 owns and runs; owns a farm of 
 seventy acres of choice land, well 
 improved; November 27, 1849, 
 married Miss Margaret J. Mc- 
 Gregor, a native of Sedford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania; she is of Scotch , 
 descent; they have three children: 
 J. W., Alexander and Orra ; lost one 
 daughter: Sarah E., who died in 
 February, 1857. 
 
 WHEELER, A., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
 
ENGLISH KIVEB TOWNSHIP. 
 
 799 
 
 O. White Pigeon ; born in Rich- 
 land connty, Ohio, March 31, 
 1825 ; when nine years of age he 
 with his parents moved to Fulton 
 •county, Illinois, where they lived 
 until they came to this county in 
 1855; entered the land on which 
 he now resides, and owns ninety 
 acres well improved and in a good 
 «tate of cultivation; in youth his 
 school privileges were limited, but 
 he has made the best use of the 
 •opportunities afforded, and may 
 well be termed a self-made man ; 
 has undergone the hardships inci- 
 ■dent to pioneer life, and has expe- 
 rienced its vicissitudes; at one 
 time in company with one other 
 person he started for the mill at 
 Marengo, and had not proceeded 
 far before the rain commenced 
 falling in torrents; they were 
 •obliged to camp upon the track- 
 less prairie; to make their situ- 
 ation more uncomfortable the 
 wind blew the canvass covering 
 from their wagon, and they were 
 ■exposed all night to the fury of 
 the storm; but in the morning 
 they soon found that hospitality 
 for which the early settlers were 
 •characterized; May 12, 1851, mar- 
 ried Miss Mary J. Marshall, a na- 
 tive of Ohio ; they have one daugh- 
 ter: Josephine (wife of Jesse 
 Fancher, of this county); a little 
 
 Eirl, Mary J., finds a pleasant 
 ome in their family. 
 
 WHEELER, MARION M., farmer 
 and stock raiser, Sec. 31; P. O. 
 Webster; born in Marion county, 
 Ohio, February 24, 1847; lived 
 ■there until 1865, when he came to 
 this county; remained until 1868, 
 when he returned to Ohio for the 
 purpose of disposing of some prop- 
 erty there, in order that he might 
 become a Western farmer; in 1871 
 le again came to this county, and 
 then took a trip to Kansas, but 
 
 • the location not being desirable he 
 returned to this county; owns 240 
 
 acres of good land, with fine im- 
 provements, upon which he has a 
 tine orchard; his farm was the 
 first one entered on that section, 
 and is one of the best in the coun- 
 ty; September 7, 1874, married to 
 Mrs. Mina J. (Yoakens) R^ed, a 
 native of Marion county, Ohio; 
 have two children : Homer C. and 
 Minnie Blanche; Mrs. W. has one 
 child by a former marriage: Ada 
 A.; she lost one: Jessie A., who 
 died February 16, 1877. 
 
 White, Mrs. E. C, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 WHITE, r. E., farmer and stock 
 raiser, Sec. 17; P. O. South Eng- 
 lish; born in Prussia, and was 
 there raised; had a very limited 
 education, and was raised under 
 the most unfavorable circumstan- 
 ces, as his father died when he was 
 quite young, leaving a family of 
 five small children to the care of 
 his mother, who had to live 
 with the most rigid economy, to 
 save enough to keep the family 
 from actual starvation; in 1857 
 emigrated to America and located 
 in this connty, where he has since 
 resided ; owns 420 acres of choice 
 land, situated on the banks of the 
 English river, and well adapted to 
 stock raising, as it is supplied 
 with water; March, 1862, he en- 
 listed in company I, Thirteenth 
 Iowa Infantry; served with that 
 regiment until the close of the 
 • war, and was discharged August, 
 1865; participated in all the bat- 
 tles of the Corinth campaign — 
 Vicksburg, Atlanta and Sher- 
 man's March to the Sea; was never 
 sick, and never missed a meal of 
 victuals when he could eat; Oc- 
 tober, 1866, married Miss Lydia 
 Betts, of Ohio ; they have a fam- 
 ily of three children : Ira, Ida and 
 
 WHITE, JOHN F., merchant. 
 South English; among the many 
 worthy and enterprising citizens 
 
800 
 
 DIKBCTOBT OF KEOKUK 00X7NTT. 
 
 who have made their home in 
 this township no one is worthy of 
 a more extended notice than tlie 
 subject of this sketch, whose 
 portrait appears in another part 
 of this volume; he was born in 
 Boone county, Indiana, June 3, 
 1835, his father being of English 
 ancestry and his mother of Welsh 
 origin; the former died when he 
 was nine years of age, and the 
 latter when he was fourteen ; he 
 received a very limited education 
 in the district schools of his na- 
 tive county, supplemented by an 
 attendance at Lebanon, Indiana, 
 Seminary for a short time ; at the 
 age of fourteen he commenced 
 teaching and followed it as an oc- 
 cupation for five years; when he 
 was nineteen years of age he im- 
 proved a farm in Holt county, 
 Missouri, breaking the land him- 
 self with a heavy yoke of oxen ; 
 in 1857 he decided to change his 
 location and so' came to Keokuk 
 county, settling, in English 
 Eiver township and engaged in 
 farming; there he owns a farm 
 of 365 acres of land; the follow- 
 year he bought out Hogin, Adams 
 & Co., dealers in general merchan- 
 dise, and since that time has car- 
 ried on business successfully, and 
 his record in this, as in other en- 
 terprises, is an enviable one, for 
 during twenty-one years thathehas 
 been in business he has nevef had 
 a suit in court or asked an exten- 
 sion of time on his commercial 
 paper; in connection with his mer- 
 cantile pursuits he has been en- 
 gaged largely and successfully in 
 stock-feeding and stock-dealing; 
 he is a director in the Iowa City 
 & Western E, E., and it is 
 largely owing to his efibrts and 
 energy that the northern portion 
 of the county now has railroad com- 
 munications; he is also proprietor 
 of the " Western Herald," a jour- 
 
 nal that has quite a circulation in 
 both this and adjoining counties; 
 is a man of independent thought, 
 but of a kind and obliging na- 
 ture; a man of the people and on& 
 true to the highest principles of 
 honor and morality; as a citizen,, 
 quiet and unostentatious, cordial- 
 ly supporting any measure of real 
 public benefit; he started in life- 
 without funds or favor with which 
 to pave his pathway to success; he- 
 has a sanguine temperament, 
 strong in his prejudices and warm 
 in his friendships; a good conver- 
 sationalist and a gentleman whom 
 one meets only to wish for a more- 
 extended and intimate acquaint- 
 ance; we are convinced that to 
 him this township, as well as the 
 northern part of the county, 
 is indebted, and that he deserves 
 his success, his fortune and his 
 friends; he married Miss Maria 
 Thompson, December 4, 1864; she 
 is a native of Morgan county,. 
 Indiana; they have four children: 
 Yirgil E., Theodore E., Williard 
 W., and Elvina; have lost one 
 daughter: Amazetta; Virgil E. 
 and Theodore E. are associated 
 with their father in business; the 
 latter is married to Miss Alice 
 Knox, a native of this county. 
 
 White, Godfrey, farmer, Sec. 8; 
 P. O. White Pigeon. 
 
 "^Viggins, T. J., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 
 Wiggins, Edward, farmer, Sec. 24;, 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Wiggins, Henry, farmer, Sec. 15; 
 P. O. South English. 
 
 Williams, J. A., farmer, White 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Wise, H. J., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. 
 South English. 
 
 Wolfe, Jeremiah, South English. 
 
 Wray, John, P. O. Webster. 
 
 WYANT, ABRAHAM, farmer, 
 Sec. 6; P. O. White Pigeon; 
 born in Jefferson county, Ohio, 
 
ENGLISH RIVEE TOWK8HIP. 
 
 801 
 
 January 30, 1812; he was raised 
 in that State; moved to Lawrence 
 county, Illinois, in 1839, and re- 
 mained there two years, and came 
 to Jackson county, Iowa, and in 
 1849, located where he now lives; 
 he owns 153 acres or choice land; 
 when he came to this county he 
 bought a portable saw-mill to 
 
 ■ which in 1850 he added a run of 
 of stone; this was the first mill 
 in the tbwnship; his princi- 
 pal occupation through life has 
 been farming, in connection with 
 which he has been for some years 
 in the mercantile business; mar- 
 ried Miss Catharine Baringer 
 of Baltimore, February 22, 1838; 
 have five children: Mollie, Luan- 
 da, Permelia, Sarah E. and Corde- 
 delia; lost four: John B., Peter, 
 Lavindaand Ellen. 
 
 WYANT. SAMUEL, farmer and 
 merchant. White Pigeon; born 
 in Harrison county, Ohio, March 
 11, 1808; lived there until nine- 
 teen years of age, receiving a fair 
 common school education, and 
 then removed with his parents to 
 Carroll county, where he lived 
 until 1855, then coming to this 
 county and locating where he now 
 resides; has a farm of 220 acres 
 under good cultivation; he has 
 followea farming all his life; in 
 1872 in connection with farming 
 he entered into the mercantile 
 business, keeping a general store; 
 was married May, 1832, to Miss 
 Eliza J. McCombs, of Ohio; she 
 died in 1858, leaving eight chil- 
 dren, six of whom are now living; 
 James B., Peter J., Abraham, 
 Margaretta, Archibald B. and 
 Samuel; two have died: Isabelle 
 and Bartlett; married again in 
 September, 1859, to Miss Sarah J. 
 Loun, a native of Ohio; have 
 eight children by this union: 
 
 ' Ann, Lettie J., Elizabeth, W^il- 
 
 liam, Minnie, Bertha, Kichard, 
 and Arthur; lost one in infancy. 
 
 Y OAK AM, THOMAS, farmer, 
 Sec. 18; P. O. Webster. 
 
 YOAKAM, S., farmer, stock- raiser 
 and stock-feeder, P. O. "Webster; 
 born in Knox county, Ohio, March 
 8,1823; he lived there until he 
 was fourteen years of age, when 
 he with his fatlier moved to Ma- 
 rion county, where the subject of 
 this sketch spent his youth 
 and early manhood; in 1863 
 he removed to where he 
 now resides; he owns 400 
 acres of as choice land as can 
 be found in the county; he has it. 
 all fenced with a splendid hedge, 
 of some nine miles in length; he 
 also has a very fine I'esidence 
 and some ont-honses; he makes 
 stock-raising and feeding his prin- 
 cipal business, which he conducts 
 with admirable judgment, feeding 
 and shipping his stock himself; 
 he has given 360 acres of land to 
 his children; he has never specu- 
 lated but attended to farming, etc., 
 exclusively; October 5, 1852, he 
 married Miss Eliza Scovill, of 
 Ohio; they have four children: 
 Mina (now Mrs. Marion Wheel- 
 er, of this county), Emma (now 
 Mrs. A. Hall, of this county), 
 Marion and Marietta (wife of 
 James Wilhight, of this county; 
 have lost three: Grant, Henry and 
 an, infant; Mr. T, commenced 
 without any help and very little 
 means ; he is therefore a self-made 
 man ; he is honest above reproach, 
 and independent in thought. 
 
 YOUNKIN, U., proprietor of Na- 
 tional Hotel, South English; born 
 in Summerset county, Virginia, 
 l^ovember 15, 1828, and was rais- 
 ed there; in 1857 he removed to 
 Henry county, Illinois, and three 
 years after to Muscatine, Iowa; 
 has resided in this State since 
 
 50 
 
m 
 
 DlI(.SfftQM P? Wf^Of^^ POUNTT. 
 
 18^0 and in this county since 
 3.87?; in youth Mr. Y. had gpod 
 educational advantages which am- 
 ply fitted him for business; he 
 learned the blacksmith's trade at 
 the ^ge of eighteen, and followed 
 it for about twelve years; his fa- 
 ther was a physician and young 
 Yqiinkin studied medicine for a 
 few years, and at the age of thir- 
 ty yea,rs began to practice; 
 he continued this for six years 
 
 j»n4 w$? obliged t9 stQp#H,ac- 
 iBPunt of disease in ^ p4F$1j;(ic 
 form; since th^t time Mr. Yopi- 
 l^ia has been engaged in the h^lel 
 business; November 27, lS52,.)ie 
 married Mi$^ I^ydia E. Spa^ugh; 
 she was born in Virginia; t))py 
 have four sons: Orjando F., Qfin 
 F., Winfield S. and Chester; ))^ is 
 a gentle^nait well adapted to 
 please the public, and i^ 9, cour- 
 tep^6 and genial landlord. 
 
 -A.3D-A-3yCS 1'0"^?s7'3SrSSIE». 
 
 AGKLEY, GEO. W., farmer. 
 Sec. 33; P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 Aekley, C. S., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 ALLEN, DAVID E., farmer. Sec. 
 4; P. O. Aurora; born in Knox 
 county, Ohio, December 10, 1838; 
 in 18S2 he, with his parents, Alva 
 and Martha (Gary) Allen, came to 
 Muscatine county, Iowa; Mr. 
 Allen was proprietor of the West 
 Liberty House when the C, K. I. 
 & P. R. R. was built through that 
 place; the family removed to this 
 county in 1854, where the subject 
 of this sketch spent his youth and 
 early manhood; he owns 132 acres 
 of choice land under splendid cul- 
 tivation, with good improvements; 
 he enlisted in company F, Eighth 
 Iowa Infantry, and served with 
 his regiment until the close of the 
 war; he was discharged October 
 4, 1865, having participated in 
 the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, the 
 battles on Red River under Banks, 
 besides others, and numerous 
 skirmishes; he was never wound- 
 ed; December 3, 1865, he mar- 
 ried Miss Lucinda Wyant, of this 
 county; she was born in Jackson 
 county; they have six children: 
 Nellie O., Eva B., Elmer H., Lo- 
 rena E.. Alva and Katie Belle. 
 
 ALKIRE, J. D., farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born in Ohio 
 
 July 31, 1821; whe young he 
 moved with his parents to Sapga- 
 mon county, Illinois, where he 
 was raised a farmer; he continued 
 farming in Illinois until 1^55, 
 when he came to this county, set- 
 tling where now resides; he owns 
 a finely improved farm of 140 
 acres; he came to this county in 
 an early day, and knows to some 
 extent what pioneer life is; in 
 August, 1842, he was married to 
 Miss Elvira Meeker; she died 
 June 30, 1864, leaving six child- 
 ren ; he was again married Octo- 
 ber 26, 1864, to Mrs. Mary Scott, 
 a native of Indiana; they have 
 eight children: Sarah E., Joseph, 
 Virgil, Harriet I., William J., 
 Leonard R., Alvin M. and Isaac 
 A.; lost: James A., Jane M., 
 and an infant; Mrs. A. has three 
 children by a former marriage: 
 Barclay M. Scott, Avesta F. Scott 
 and E. E. C. Scott; lost two: Ida 
 L. Scott and Ada L. Scott; are 
 members of the Christian Church 
 at White Pigeon, English River 
 township. 
 AXSMEAR, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 1 ; 
 P. O. White Pigeon; the subject 
 of this sketch, whose portrait ap- 
 pears in this work, was born in 
 Amsterdam, Holland, on the 30th 
 day of November, 1822; his father 
 and grand-father were ship car- 
 
ADAMS TOWNSHip. 
 
 ao3 
 
 , and the latter was eii- 
 
 fra^ed for years in building vessels 
 or Napoleon I; Mr. Axsmear 
 ]iad wore than ordinary educa- 
 tional advantages until eighteen 
 years of age; he then entered the 
 army and served four years; dur- 
 ing the time he was wounded in 
 tjie short war between Belgium 
 and Holland; after leaving the 
 army, he had a mercantile expe- 
 rience of four years in the employ 
 •of a noted merchant of Amster- 
 dam; he emigrated to the United 
 States in 1848, and settled in 
 ■Cumberland, Maryland, and lived 
 there one year, and then removed 
 ■to West Virginia; until the out- 
 break of the Rebellion he was em- 
 ployed by the construction com- 
 pany of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 railroad, and held an important 
 ^nd responsible position; but, 
 ■dwing to the war, the business 
 was suspended ; he determined to 
 leave,and had to sacrifice all he had 
 made excepting $735; being a 
 «trong Union man, he came to 
 Iowa in 1863 and has lived in 
 Keokuk county since that time; 
 he owns 540 acres of choice land, 
 well improved; Mr. A. has been 
 twice married, first to Miss D. 
 Deline, in 1848; she was born in 
 Amsterdam and died in West 
 Virginia January 31, 1860, leav- 
 ing five children: John, Emily, 
 Jacob C, William and George 
 W. ; for his second wife he mar- 
 ried Miss Julia A. Martin, a na- 
 tive of Bavaria; they have one 
 daughter: Melissa, living, and 
 have lost two children : Peter and 
 Almeda. 
 
 BAILEY, J. A., farmer. Sec. 2; 
 P. O. White Pigeon; born in 
 London, England, March 21, 1833; 
 when two years of age his parents 
 moved to Seneca county, Ohio, 
 where the subject of this sketch 
 was raised a farmer; he was 
 obliged to take the entire charge 
 
 of his home aqd family, as his 
 father was a cripple, unable tQ do 
 much, an4 poor Mr, B. ha4 l?u|; a 
 very limited education, hut has in 
 later years supplemented virhajt he 
 learned in youth by extensive 
 reading; when seventeen years of 
 age lie served as an apprentice to 
 the blacksmith trade, ^hich he fol- 
 lowed for about eight years; he 
 then turned his attention to farm- 
 ing; this he followed in th^t State 
 (Ohio) until 1865, wheij he re- 
 moxed to Dodge county, Wiscon- 
 sin; three years later he removed 
 to Iowa county, and in 1871 to 
 where he now resides; he owns 
 120 acres of choice land, under 
 splendid cultivation and fair im- 
 provements; on commencing life 
 he had not a dollar with which to 
 start in business, but owing to 
 his energy, good judgment, per- 
 severance and economy, he has 
 gained for himself and family 
 a comfortabfe home: he married 
 February 14, 1855, Miss Martha 
 P. Ford, a native of Tioga coun- 
 ty, New York; they have eight 
 children: Benjamin H., Walter 
 A., Abby A., William C, Rich- 
 ard S., Mary E., Clinton C. and 
 L. v.; have lost one daughter: 
 Martha P., who died October 26, 
 1862. 
 
 Baldwin, A. D., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Bell, Francis, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Branenburgh, J., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 Brakel, C. G., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Aurora. 
 
 Brady, Hugh, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Aurora. 
 
 Brown, D. P., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. 
 
 BURDINE, JOHNF., farmer. Sec. 
 18; P. 0. Keswick; born Septem- 
 ber 22, 1832, in Marion county, 
 Ohio, and was there raised a farm- 
 er; came to Iowa in 1866, locating 
 
804 
 
 DIBECtOKT OF KEOKUK OOrNTT. 
 
 in Keokuk coanty on the place 
 where he now resides; owns 166 
 acres of land, nicely cultivated; 
 August 8, 1862, he enlisted in 
 Deleware in company C, Ninety- 
 sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry; 
 was taken orisoner April 8. 1864, 
 at the battle of Mansfield, and 
 taken to Fort Texas, where he re- 
 mained until October 23 of the 
 sanne year; was then exchanged at 
 the mouth of Red river, and was 
 granted a leave of absence for 
 thirty days; at the expiration of 
 that time he again joined his reg- 
 iment at the mouth of the "White 
 river, and was mustered out at 
 Columbus, Ohio, July 29, 1865; 
 April 9, 1854, married Miss Mary 
 Flattery, a native of Ohio, and 
 born Novembers, 1835; they have 
 seven children: Charles E., Emily, 
 George H., Irene, Fannie O., 
 Pliebe and Warren; lost one: 
 Clarinda; Mr. Burdine has held 
 various offices in his township; 
 they are members of the Metho- 
 dist Protestant Church. 
 CAMERON, ALLEN, farmer, 
 Sec. 22; of the iirm of Cameron 
 & Son, druggists, Keswick; born 
 in Montgomery county. New 
 York, January 3, 1820, and is of 
 Scotch ancestry; the subject of 
 this sketch received the advantages 
 of the common schools in his 
 youth, attending them until eigh- 
 teen years of age; halving a desire 
 for a more thorough education he 
 entered the Fredonia Academy, in 
 the city of Fredonia, and attended 
 three terms, and in the meantime 
 taught school during the winter, 
 in order to obtain means to pur- 
 sue his studies; after pursuing his 
 academical course he engaged in 
 teaching, and followed it as an 
 avocation for seven years, and has 
 had an experience of thirty terms 
 in teaching; in the autumn of 
 1841 he removfcd to Hamilton 
 
 county, Ohio; September 5, 1844,, 
 married Miss Maria Broadwell, a 
 daughter of Ira Broadwell, Esq., 
 6f that county; by this union they 
 have three children: Ira F., Cath- 
 arine L (now Mrs. J. Irwin, of this 
 township), and Allen; they lost 
 one daughter: Alberta, August 
 29, 1863; in 1852 Mr. Cameron 
 came to this county and purchased 
 a claim of Jesse Eller, and after- 
 ward entered the land, and in 
 1857 he removed on it with his 
 family, and now owns 320 acres of 
 choice land, well improved; has 
 filled most of the offices of the 
 township with credit to himself 
 and to the entire satisfaction of 
 his constituents; has all his life 
 been an earnest and conscientious 
 advocate of educational enter- 
 prises, and has contributed his 
 time, means, and influeuce in rais- 
 ing the standard of the schools in 
 his locality; has served as secre- 
 tary of the school board since 
 1858; has never sought political 
 preferment, finding the social en- 
 joyments of a happy home far 
 more congenial to his taste; is a 
 man of strong convictions, and 
 bold and fearless in advocating 
 them; is quiet and unassuming in 
 his habits and manners, an up- 
 right citizen, enjoying the confi- 
 dence of all who know him; Mr, 
 Cameron's success is attributable 
 in no small measure to the sound 
 judgment and wise counsels of hi& 
 excellent wife — a woman of rare 
 ability, attractiveness, and win- 
 ning manners; in their home love 
 and kindness reign supreme; in 
 thirty-five years of their married 
 life not an unkind word has grated 
 harshly on the ear. 
 CAMERON, I. K., physician, 
 Keswick; the subject of this 
 sketch is a son of Allen and Ma- 
 ria (Broadwell) Cameron, of 
 this county, and was born 
 
ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 805 
 
 in Hamilton county, Ohio, 
 June 20, 1847, and came with his 
 parents to this county in 1857; he 
 was brought up on a farm, attend- 
 ing the common schools until he 
 was eighteen years of age; he 
 
 , then entered the Iowa State Uni- 
 versity, of Iowa City, studying 
 
 . there for two years; he taught 
 school for some time, and in 1874 
 entered the Eclectic Medical Insti- 
 tution of Cincinnati, and gradua- 
 ted from that institution with 
 high honors; in January, 1876, 
 he returned to this county, and 
 entered upon the practice of his 
 profession at Aurora; has been 
 
 , very successful and has an extend- 
 jed practice in both this and ad- 
 joining counties; in connection 
 
 , with his practice he is a member 
 of the firm of Cameron & Son, 
 druggists at Keswick; they 
 have a fine established business 
 
 . and give the most careful atten- 
 tion to all their customers; on 
 the 3d of March, 1870, he was 
 married to Miss Martha Connelly, 
 
 . a native of Delaware county, 
 Ohio; she is a lady of high at- 
 tainments and grace and rare 
 
 . musical talents; they have one 
 daughter: Mabel. 
 
 CHURCHILL, A. W., farmer and 
 
 , wool-grower, Sec. 16; P. O. Kes- 
 wick; born in Morrow county, 
 Ohio, February 18, 1837; his 
 «arly life was that of a farmer, 
 
 ' and he was educated in this and 
 the stock-raising business; he 
 «ame to Iowa in 1864, and se- 
 lected his farm with an especial 
 view to sheep-raising; he owns 
 3,700 acres of improved land, his 
 home farm containing 1,300 acres; 
 he has at the present time 2,200 
 head of sheep, and makes a spec- 
 ialty of fine Ootswold and mutton 
 sheep; he clipped about 9,000 
 3)ounds of wool during the past 
 season; his stock is in a very 
 healthy condition, and he consid- 
 
 ers his location one of the best 
 adapted for the business in the 
 county; his brother, C. P. Churc- 
 hill, was associated with him in 
 business until 1874, when he died 
 leaving a wife and son: Willie E. 
 surviving; Mrs. Churchill is now 
 Mrs. J. A. Sanders, of Poweshiek 
 county; the subject of this sketch 
 was married January 30, 1866, to 
 MissDulana F.Connelly; she was 
 born in Delaware county, Ohio, 
 August 14, 1844; she remained 
 there with her parents until her 
 marriage; they have three chil- 
 dren: Frank O., born April 18, 
 1869, Charles N., born June 14, 
 1875, George S, born March 22, 
 1879. 
 
 Cochran, Ephraim, farmer, Sec. 24; 
 P. O. Webster. 
 
 Conley John, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. 
 Aurora. 
 
 Cover, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Craven, S. J., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Cress, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Cross, Wm. farmer, Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Cuddihey, S. and J., farmers. Sec 36; 
 P. O. Webster. 
 
 DAOGHERTT, MOSES, farm- 
 er. Sec. 22; P. O. Webster. 
 DUNNE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 24; P. O. Webster; born in Ire- 
 land, June 24, 1817, where he 
 was raised ; he had only the ad- 
 vantages of the night schools, but 
 he has acquired a no mean knowl- 
 edge by reading whenever he had 
 an opportunity ; in 1844 he em- 
 igrated to this country, and set- 
 tled in Washington county, Wis- 
 consin; lived there until 1876, 
 when became this country ,settling 
 where he now resides ; owns 160 
 acres of choice land, and under 
 good improvement; on arrival in 
 this country his cash capital con- 
 sisted of one fivie franc-piece, and 
 
m 
 
 DIBEOTOSf 6f iSSEOi^M OOtJNTT. 
 
 tipofi tbi^ §ftlall beginning be bas, 
 by bonfcat industi-y, economy, 
 hafd wort and w6hderfnl eriei-gy, 
 snrroundfed himself and family 
 with a good home wherfe hospital- 
 ities abdutid; in November 1855 
 he married Miss Mary Fitzgerald, 
 born in Ireland, but raised in 
 Wisconsin ; they ha'^e eight chil- 
 dren: John, Mary Ann, James, 
 Elizabeth, Margaret, C, Katie 
 and Hannah ; lost one son : Char- 
 lie. 
 FANCHER, AMOS, farmer. 
 Sec. 2; P. O. White Pigfeon. 
 
 Fancher, Wm. N., farmer. Sec. 2; 
 P. O. White Pigeon. 
 
 Finch, Samnel, fanner, Sec. 1; P. O. 
 White Pieeon. 
 
 GREEN^Cr.W., farmer, and stock- 
 dealer, Sec.3; P. O. Keswick; 
 born in Watertown, Oneida coun- 
 ty. New ■Jork, February 22, 1833; 
 his parents moved to Portage coun- 
 ty, Ohio, in 1837, and to Geauga 
 CoOhty one year later; there the 
 isubject of this sketch was raised 
 on a farm, and like most of farm- 
 er boys attended school winters 
 and farmed during the summers; 
 in 186Y he removed to this coun- 
 ty, where he now resides; owns 
 300 acres of choice land, tinder 
 fexcellent improvement, his resi- 
 dence being the best in the town- 
 ship; the grounds surroundiiig 
 his homestead are beautifully 
 embellished with shade trees, 
 evergreens, etc.; he also has a fine 
 fcirchard of five hundred apple- 
 trees; Mr. G. has made farming 
 and stock-dealing his principal 
 bbsiness, and has displayed a 
 gi-eat deal of taste; in 
 m&,nners he is Conservative, but 
 eonrteons and hospitable, a man 
 ■ifbom to know is to esteem, jilst in 
 his dealing and irreproachable in 
 his character; March 8, 1856* he 
 married Miss Louetta Crafts, a 
 iiatite of Portagb county; they 
 
 have four childi-eii: Eira, Etta^ 
 Willie and Frankie. 
 
 GREEN, ASAHEL, retired trie- 
 chanic and farmer, Sec. 3; P. O, 
 Keswick; born in Otisfield,. 
 Maine, October 9, 1802; his fath- 
 er was picked up on the sea shore- 
 ned,r Boston after a shipwreck,, 
 and was adopted by a family 
 named John Green; the subject 
 of this sketch was taken by his- 
 parents to Oneida county. New 
 York, where he was raised on a^ 
 farm, farming in summer, and 
 winter his time was occupied 
 in in making half-biishel 
 el measures; he early de- 
 veloped a mechanical genius- 
 and afterward gave a gfeat deal 
 of attention to inventions; he Can 
 be accredited with making the- 
 first cheese-box in Ohio abOnt 
 1840, and invented the first buzz- 
 saw for cutting heading, also in- 
 Vented a patent for cui-ling hair 
 for mattresses, and more reeelitly 
 has invented a fence-wire tighten- 
 er, that promises to be very pop- 
 ular, and the best machine of the 
 kind yet invented; in 1867 Mr. 
 Green moved to this county kbi 
 settled where he now live^; he- 
 was married December 26, 1826, 
 to Miss Mary Everet, a native of 
 Connecticut; their family coilsists- 
 bf four children: Mary, (now 
 Mrs. S. McKee), Susanj (n6w 
 Mrs. J. Hawkins, of Clevfeland, 
 Ohio), Geo. W., a prominent 
 stock-dealer of Keokuk county,, 
 and Jane, (iiow Mrs. Mo'Wian, of 
 Cleveland); they have lost Oiies in- 
 fant son. 
 
 Gibson, Alex., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O, 
 
 Gilbraith, John, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
 
 O. Webster. 
 Goodndugh, Mrs. E. E., farmei'j Sec. 
 
 7; P. O. . 
 
 HALL, A., fartaei^, See. 26; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
ADAM6 IdWuSHIP. 
 
 80^ 
 
 BALLEtT, SOLOMON, farmer, 
 flee. — ; P. O. Webster; is the son 
 of Isaiah Ha]lett and Annsl nee 
 Elinball, and was born in Water- 
 ♦ille, Kennebeek conntj', Maine, 
 On the 2d day of March, 1812; 
 his parents were both of English 
 drigin; their ancestors came to 
 this country before the revolu- 
 fionary war; his father enlisted 
 in the war of 1812; when the 
 sabject of this sketch was six 
 years old his parents removed to 
 Marietta, Washington county, 
 Ohio; here his early boyhood was 
 spent in agricultural pursuits witli 
 limited school advantages; after 
 the death of his father in 1823, he 
 lived in the family of a Mr. 
 Btone, and lived with him until 
 his death about 1830; he then 
 start«d in the world for himself, 
 his Worldly effects being $1.18 in 
 money, a few school books and a 
 Bible, and was employed on a keel 
 boat running down the Missis- 
 sippi river, and continued this 
 business principally until 1834, 
 and then purchased a farm; in 
 1853 he sold his farm and came 
 to Iowa, and purchased a large 
 tract of land, and remained there 
 fourteen years; he then went to 
 Missouri and remained a short 
 time, and came to Keokuk county, 
 and purchased 310 acres of land; 
 he married Miss Sarah A. Parker 
 in 1835; she was a native of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harding, J. H., farmer, Sec< t; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Harding, O. C, farmer, Sec. 7; 
 P. O. Aurora. 
 
 Hartzel, John, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Sigonmey. 
 
 HARMONSON, OBED, farmer, 
 See. 28; P. O. Sigourney; born 
 in this county June 25, 1851; was 
 raised a farmer, which occupa- 
 tion he still follows; he moved 
 irhere he now resides in 1862, and 
 Im Biittj acres of good land; 
 
 January 25, 1872, he married 
 Miss Lucretia Goodrich; she Was 
 bo^n October 12, 1850, in Ottawa 
 county, Michigan; she moved to 
 this county with her parents in 
 1862; Mr. Harmonson's parents 
 are also residents of this county; 
 they have two children : Walter 
 H., and Clara G.; lost one: Wil- 
 liam M.; Mr. and Mrs, H. are 
 members of the Christian Church 
 at What Clieer, Washington town- 
 ship. 
 
 Hazlett, J. C. farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
 White Pigeon. 
 
 HARTZELL, JOHN, farmer. See. 
 34; P.O.Sigourney ; born in Marion 
 county, Indiana, September 21, 
 1836; he came with his parents to 
 Iowa in 1849, and settled in Van 
 Buren county; after remaining 
 there for about two years he came 
 to this county locating in this 
 townsliip; here he spent his early 
 manhood on a farm; he moved 
 upon his present farin of 160 
 acres in 1874; he was married 
 November 27, 1855, to Miss Har- 
 riet M. Ronalds, a native of Lick- 
 ing county, Ohio; she was born 
 October 9, 1836; she came to 
 Iowa in 1851, and settled in this 
 county; their family consists of 
 nine children: S. R., Philip B., 
 Ira S., Mary E., Netty M., Char- 
 lie B., Thomas A., John R. and 
 Clarence. 
 
 HARDING, J. H., farmer. Sec. 7; 
 P. O. Sigourney; born January 
 8, 1821, inRichland county, Ohio; 
 he was there raised, following the 
 occupation of a farmer, which he 
 has since adhered to; he remained 
 in Ohio until 1862, when he came 
 to this county and located where 
 he now resides in 1865; he owns 
 320 acres of well improved land, 
 well stocked with graded cattle; 
 in 1857 he engaged in the mer- 
 cantile business and followed that 
 for five years, and then engaged 
 in farming; he was married May 
 
808 
 
 DIEEOTOET OP KBOKUK OOTJNTX". 
 
 ■ 7, 1842, to Miss Emily A. Flint, 
 a native of Eichland county, Oliio; 
 she was born June 20,1823; their 
 family consists of four children: 
 Odelpha H. (now Mrs. E. Davis), 
 Curtis O., Rosella R. (now Mrs. 
 F. M. Brown — Mr. Brown died 
 July 26, 1878, when living in 
 Xansas), and "William E.; Mr. H. 
 has held various offices of trust in 
 his township, and is -at present 
 holding one; they are active mem- 
 bers of the Baptist Church at 
 Prairie View, Prairie township. 
 
 HEItVEY,DAVID A., farmer, Sec. 
 1; P. O. White Pigeon; born in 
 Washington county, Penn., Jan- 
 uary 21, 1814, but raised in Jef- 
 ferson county, Oliio; he lost his 
 mother when ten years of age and 
 he was left under the care of his 
 aunt for some time; when seven- 
 teen years of age he was entered 
 as an apprentice to learn the sad- 
 dlery trade; he followed that for 
 about twelve years, but was oblig- 
 ed to discontinue it on account of 
 ill health; he then engaged in 
 farming and has since followed it; 
 in 1852 he removed to Washing- 
 
 . ton county, Iowa, and lived there 
 until March, 1854, when he came 
 to this county and settled where 
 he now resides; owns 120 acres 
 of choice land under good im- 
 provement; he married May 12, 
 1836, Miss Margaret M. Christy, 
 a native of Harrison county, Ohio; 
 they have seven children: John 
 - R., Sarah J. (now wife of H. L. 
 Barber, of this county), Wm. H. 
 H., Samuel C, Nancy E., David 
 L. and Joshua W. 
 
 HIGGINS, W., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
 O. Webster; born February 17, 
 1825, in Knox county, Ohio; he 
 traces his father's origin to Irish 
 ancestry, ahd was in the the war 
 of 1812; his mother wasof German 
 origin; the subject of this sketch 
 was raised in Ohio on a farm and 
 divided his time between working 
 
 on a farm during the summer 
 months and attending school in 
 winter; when Mr. Higgins at- 
 tained his majority his father gave 
 him $100 and a horse, and this 
 was his capital, coupled with a 
 stout hand and willing heart and 
 fixed principles of honor, industry 
 and integrity; he followed his 
 chosen avocation until 1853, when, 
 following , the Star of Empire 
 westward, he came to Iowa and 
 purchased land where he now re- 
 sides ; he owns 695 acres of choice 
 land; he is a practical farmer and 
 his farm one of the best cultivated 
 in the county; he devotes con- 
 siderable attention to stock, and 
 of late years has been improving 
 the quality so that at the present 
 time we may say he has his farm 
 well stocked with good graded 
 cattle; April 14, 1850, he married 
 Miss Marcia Rubins, a native of 
 Richland county, Ohio, a woman 
 of ability, and her counsel and 
 good judgment have contributed 
 largely to their success; their 
 family consists of four children: 
 Hale, Joseph R., Effie and Delano; 
 their home is a pleasant one, where 
 one meets with a cordial, but un- 
 osten-tatious welcome. 
 
 Holliday, H. M., farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Hughbanks, J. W., farmer. Sec 1; 
 P. O. White Pigeon. 
 
 Hummer, A., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 JRONS, 'LEVI, farmer, Sec. 21; 
 
 -L P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 IRONS, JOHN, farmer and stock- 
 raiser, Sec. 22; P. O. Keswick; 
 born in Alleghany county, Mary- 
 land, April 19, 181 1 ; he was there 
 raised, and when twenty-three 
 years of age he engaged in the 
 lumber business on the Mononga" 
 hela river and continued it for 
 about fourteen years; he then 
 went to West Virginia, and in 
 1849 returned to Maryland; in 
 
ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 809 
 
 1853 he came to Keokuk county, 
 where he now lives; he entered 
 200 acres of his farm, which now 
 is well improved; he at one time 
 owned 600 acres, but has since di- 
 vided a large portion among his 
 ■children; he sold forty acres, upon 
 which the town of Keswick is now 
 beingbnilt; Dec. 13, 1833, he mar- 
 ried Miss Margaret Powell; she 
 is a native of West Yirginla, and 
 was born April 24, 1813; by this 
 union they have eight children: 
 Joseph, Nancy A., Charles, Wil- 
 liam, Levi, Margaret, Warren C. 
 and Alice V.; have lost six: 
 Catherine, James B., Allen, two 
 infants and John, who was a mem- 
 ber of company H, Thirty-third 
 Iowa Yolunteer Infantry; served 
 until his term of service expired, 
 and was discharged at Davenport, 
 in 1865; while on his way home 
 he was killed by the cars breaking 
 
 , through a bridge; Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 . Irons commenced their married 
 
 . life without means ; their furniture 
 and wearing apparel were made by 
 
 . themselves ; the linen for the latter 
 
 , wa sraised, prepared and manufac- 
 tured with their own hands, and 
 «ome of the garments then made are 
 
 . preserved as mementoes of their 
 
 . early married life ; and among the 
 
 . early settlers who have passed the 
 ordeal of pioneer life, none is de- 
 serving of more especial notice 
 than the subject of this sketch; 
 by industry, economy, and hones- 
 ty, they have acquired a compe- 
 
 "^ tenoy for their declining years. 
 
 Irwin, George, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
 Aurora. 
 
 IRWIN, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
 
 . O. Aurora; born in Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania, June 17, 
 
 . 1815, and resided there until 1845, 
 
 . when he went to Mercer county, 
 Illinois, and there engaged, prin- 
 
 » cipally, in building; in 1850 he 
 returned to Pennsylvania, where 
 
 . he devoted his time to farming 
 
 and mason work ; he came to this 
 county in 1864, and settled where 
 he now resides; he owns 120 
 acres of land under good improve- 
 ments; rnarried December 25, 
 1838, to Eliza Stewart, a native of 
 Ireland: they have five children 
 living: Matthew S., George, Mary 
 (wife of C. M. Paull), Jared, and 
 Harriet (wife of J. E. Hull); Mr. 
 Irwin traces his ancestors to Ire- 
 land; his grandfather, Jerard Ir- 
 win, came to this country about 
 the year 1760, and settled in Cum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, 
 there engaging in merchandising. 
 
 XOHlSrSTON, JAS.. farmer, Sec. 
 
 t) 19; P. O. Sigourney. 
 
 JOHNS, TH.OMAS E., general 
 merchant. Keswick; born in Glan- 
 morganshire, Wales, May 30, 
 1846; he emigrated to this coun- 
 try in 1865, and located in John- 
 son county and engaged in farm- 
 ing; in March, 1871, he came to 
 this county and continued in his 
 business in Prairie township until 
 1876, when he entered upon his 
 present business; Mr. Johns came 
 to this country a poor boy, with- 
 out a dollar, but by industry 
 and good management has been 
 eminently successful; his career 
 as a merchant is in keeping with 
 all his other undertakings; he is 
 well suited for his business, pru- 
 dent, but generous in his dealings; 
 he has made many friends 
 during the time of his residence 
 in the county; on the 17th of 
 January, 1871, Miss Margaret 
 Baxter, of Johnson county, be- 
 came his wife; she is a lady of 
 much refinement; her father, John 
 Baxter, was a native of Wales, 
 and came to Cambria, Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 1830. 
 
 Jordon, J. H., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
 Junkin, Jane, farmer, Sec. 33; P.O. 
 Sigourney. 
 
DIEEOTOltt (ft SESiEtTBE COUNTY. 
 
 KESSmG, CASPER, feftoer, 
 Sec. 34; P. O. Sigoiirney. 
 LEWIS^EJLLIOTT, tarnier, Sec. 
 29; P. O. Sjgonrney; born 
 Jannarj' 18, 1831, in Fayette 
 County, Pennsylvania, and was 
 there raised a farmer; in 1854, 
 he moved to Henry coutity, Illi- 
 nois, and there engaged in fann- 
 ing; he came to this county in 
 1866, and settled where he now 
 resides; owns 240 acres of land 
 under good cultivation, and is at 
 present feeding a large number 
 of hogs; it is his intention to en- 
 gage in the wool-growing busi- 
 ness before very long; April 19, 
 1855, he married Miss Rachel 
 Huston; she was born in 1832 in 
 Dearborn county, Indiana, came 
 with her parents to Illinois in 
 1852, and was thefe married ; they 
 have a family of seven children: 
 Charles, William S., Edgar A., 
 Henry C., Emma A., EvaM., and 
 Clarence R. ; Mr. Lewis has held 
 offices in his township for the 
 past ten or twelve years. 
 
 McBRIDE, JESSE 0., farmer, 
 and stock-raiser, Sec. 11 ; P. 
 O. White Pigeon; born in Perry 
 county, Pennsylvania, March 4, 
 1830; he was there raised, attend- 
 ing the common schools of that 
 State during the winters and farm- 
 ing in the summers; in 1855 he 
 Came to Des Moines coiJnty, Iowa; 
 TVhen he landed at Burlington he 
 had $130, and has made what he 
 now has by hard, honest toil; he 
 remained iti Des Moines county 
 until 1857, when he came to this 
 county; here he has since resi- 
 ded, owns 950 acres of land and 
 has the best farm in the township ; 
 devotes considerable attention to 
 stock-raising; he was married 
 April 24, 1860, to Miss Rachel 
 Lutton, a native of Moi-cer coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania; the have three 
 children: Mary Belle, Jennie 
 May and Ulysess; Mr. McBride 
 
 6Ame to iow& a jxXit tattti ; hiS ha» 
 always been prudent in WS ex- 
 penditures; his life has beell one 
 of ceaseless activity, aild the r^ult 
 of his labors aild energies Way 
 well inspire the young to i'ene\fred 
 exertions in emulating his exam- 
 ple. 
 
 Martin, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 MESSINGERj S., farmer. Sec. 3; 
 P. O. Aurora; born September 6, 
 1821, in West Virginia, wher^ he 
 was raised a farmer aiid deale* in 
 cooperage; he removed to thi» 
 county in 1865, and settled whfere 
 he now resides; owns 642 acres of 
 choice land which he manages 
 himself; he also raises and feeds^ 
 graded stock altogether; his farm 
 is under cultivation and fineljr im- 
 proved ; he has a barn 76x40 feet, 
 besides granaries, cattle sheds, 
 etc.; Mr. M. commenced life tyith- 
 out capital and is indebted to na 
 otie save himself for the handsdme 
 property which he now owns and 
 which he gained by energy^ per- 
 severance, etc. ; December 2j 1847, 
 he married Miss Margaret Hayes, 
 a native of Hardy county, Vir- 
 ginia; they have seven children 
 living: Jerome, Charles, Mary A. 
 (wife of F. Starettof Iowa counrty), 
 Nancy E. (now Mrs. Thoflias 
 Minor of this State), Sarah, Lu- 
 cinda and Halleck; have lostt^ro: 
 Margaret, died June 21, 1863, 
 and Samuel, who died September 
 11, 1865. 
 
 Miller, James, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Miller, Hugh, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0'. 
 Aurora. 
 
 Miller, T. H., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 Aurora. 
 
 MISEL, D.i farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. 
 Aurora; born in Guernsey county, 
 Ohio, April 17, 1823; the*fe he 
 was raised on a farm ; removed to 
 this county in 1862 and owns 200 
 acres of choice land ; he is a j 
 
AiJA*ie foWiisfti*. 
 
 Sit 
 
 eeatrorHical and indiistri- 
 646 ; he is th^ architect of his 
 eiTfrtl fbrttlnfe; he was married in 
 Ohio Septeinbei- 4, 1845, to Miss 
 Maftha Trimble, a native of Ohio: 
 ihejr have iiine children: Mar- 
 gfti^t (wife of J. Hervey), Nancy 
 
 iwife of Thomas Byers), Harriet J. 
 Wifeof Wm.Shriver),Oatliarine A. 
 *ife of Wm. Waggoner), Caro- 
 line (wife of 0. Thomas), David 
 il., Sarah, Edward W. and Snsan. 
 
 Moore, James, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
 0. Sigonrney. 
 
 MORRISON, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 
 11; P. O. Aurora; born in the 
 north of Ireland August 7, 1841 ; 
 he eraigl^ted to America in 1864 
 aild located in Bock Island coun- 
 ty, Illinois, where he remained 
 fbr three years; he then removed 
 to this county, where he has since 
 resided; he owns 160 acres of 
 good land, under fair improve- 
 ment; Mr. Morrison commenced 
 life a poor boy, and is indebted 
 for his present high standing only 
 to his own energy, good judgment, 
 hard work and a wife who is a 
 help as well as a companion, and 
 19 gentle and kind in her man- 
 ners; they are both highly respect- 
 ed by all who know them; April 
 17, 1872, Miss Hattie, daughter 
 of Thomas Morgan, of English 
 River township, became his bride; 
 she was among the first born in 
 the township; they have two 
 Sons: Edward and Jesse; Mr. M. 
 intends making stock-raising his 
 principal business. 
 
 Morrison, Wm., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 MORGAN, E. L., farmer, stook- 
 l^iser and stock-dealer. Sec. 36; 
 P. O. Webster; the subject of this 
 sketch is a son of the Honorable 
 T. A. Morgan, of this county, 
 
 .".and was born in Pennsylvania 
 
 f' May ,J4, 1830, but raised in Trum- 
 
 *" hull county, Ohio; in 1854 he 
 (Ame With bis parents to this 
 
 county and vrds eUga^d ih httii- 
 ing until 1859, when hfe went tO' 
 California with his fathfei* aild en- 
 gaged in mining for six years; in 
 this undertaking, as in all others, 
 success crowned his efforts; he-, 
 returned to tliis county in 1864> 
 and improved the farm that he- 
 now occupies; he owns 453 acres 
 of choice land, under splendid 
 improvement; his residence is- 
 surrounded by a fine orchard on 
 one side and an fevergreen and 
 walnut grdve of fifteen acres on- 
 the other; in the former he ha& 
 3,300 European larches, and it is- 
 his intention to set out 1,0000 
 more: he devotes the produce of 
 his fine farm to stock-raising 
 altogether; September 9, 1866, 
 he married MiSs Eliza Reed, of 
 this county; they have five chil- 
 dren: Anna, Isadore, Theron Av- 
 ery, UsTellie F. and Sylvia. 
 
 MORGAN, G. S., farmer, stock- 
 raiser and stock-feeder. Sec. 36; 
 P.O.Webster; born in Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, April 17, 1841; 
 there he spent his early youth and 
 in 1854 he, with his parents, mov- 
 ed to this county, where the Sub- 
 ject of this sketch grew to man- 
 hood ; he owns 345 acres of choice 
 land, well improved; November 
 14, 1869, he was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Sarah A. Ervin; 
 she was born in Preston county, 
 Virginia; they have four children: 
 Stella A., Alden, EoUin E. and 
 Lucy M. 
 
 Morgan, Wm. F., farmer. Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Webster. 
 
 Morgan, T. J., farmer. Sec. 33; P- 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Murphy, Richard, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Aurora. 
 
 Murphy, James, farmer. Sec. 9; P^ 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Murphy, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 9; P.. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Mushrush, James, farmer, Sfec. 5; 
 P. O. Aurora. 
 
612 
 
 DIEEOTOKT OF EBOEUE OOXrUlT. 
 
 Mushrnsh, J. R., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
 
 O. Aurora. 
 Mushrush, Geo., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 NANKEE, GUSTAYE, farmer, 
 Sec. 31; P. O. Sigourney. 
 O'KEEFF, MICHAEL, farmer, 
 Sec. 23, P. O. Webster. 
 PAULL, J. G., farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Sec. 29; P, O. Sigour- 
 
 , ney; boru in Medina, Ohio, Jan- 
 uary 19, 1826 ; he lived there un- 
 til thirteen years of age, when he, 
 
 , with his brother, moved to Kane 
 ■county, Illinois, in 1839; he was 
 there raised a farmer, and came 
 to this county in 1866, settling on 
 the place where he now resides; 
 has a fine farm of 800 acres and 
 ■devotes considerable atention to 
 
 ■ the raising and feeding of graded 
 ■stock; he has at the pesent time 
 about 100 head of cattle which he 
 is preparing for market; October 
 20, 18i8, he married Miss Harriet 
 Sheldon, a native of New York; 
 when youngshe moved with her 
 parents to Kane county, Illinois, 
 where she resided until her mar- 
 riage; by this union they have 
 seven children living: William 
 <x., born in 1849, Clara A., born 
 in 1851, Eva E., born in 1853, 
 Ida M., born in 1857, Gustavus 
 •G., born in 1859, George M., 
 born in 1864, Stephen H., born 
 in 1867; lost one: Eliza G., born 
 an 1862; their oldest son, Wil- 
 liam G., was married November 
 27, 1872, to Miss Maggie R. 
 Jjegg, a native of Eush county, 
 Indiana; they have one child: 
 Franklin S.; Mr. and Mrs. PauU 
 are old settlers of this county, and 
 are well acquainted with the 
 hardships and troubles of pioneer 
 life. 
 
 Fan], Wm. G., farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
 O. Sigourney. 
 
 PORTER, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. O. White Pigeon; bom in 
 Athens county, Ohio, October 21, 
 
 1820; in 1847 he removed to Ful- 
 ton county, Illinois, remaining 
 there until 1854; he then came to 
 this county, locating wiiere he 
 now resides; he entered liis land 
 from the government; owns 166 
 acres of choice land with excel- 
 lent improvements, good orchard, 
 etc., which he has made himself; 
 he has a splendid home; Decem- 
 ber 13, 1849, he married Miss 
 Caroline McCall, a native of In- 
 diana; they have three children: 
 Martha Ann, Lucretia and Es- 
 telleM.; lost three: William H., 
 Albert and Electa. 
 
 REASONER, H. S., farmer. 
 Sec. 7; P. O. Aurora. 
 
 Reasoner, Reuben, farmer, Sec. 7; 
 P. O. Aurora. 
 
 ROBERTSON, J. B. A., general 
 merchant, postmaster and farmer. 
 Sec. 4; P. O. Aurora; born in 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, 
 September 7, 1836; there he spent 
 his childhood and early youth; 
 worked in the iron works at Safe 
 Harbor, Lancaster county, for 
 about seven years; in 1855 he re- 
 moved to Cedar county, Iowa, 
 where he was engaged in the lime 
 burning business until August 11, 
 1862; he then enlisted in company 
 B, Twenty-fourth Iowa Infantry, 
 remaining with that regiment un- 
 til February 15, 1864, when he 
 was transferred to company K, 
 Seventh Regiment Veteran Re- 
 serve Corps, and discharged June 
 28, 1865; participated in all the 
 battles in which his regiment was 
 engaged until his transfer, among 
 which were the battles near Wash- 
 ington against Early and Breokeu- 
 ridge, July 12, 1864; was de- 
 tached to guard the persons since 
 executed for the assassination of 
 President Lincoln; after his dis- 
 charge he came to tliis county 
 and made farming his business 
 until March, 1875, when he en- 
 gaged in the mercantile basiness, 
 
ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 &1S 
 
 his being the first business honse 
 in Aurora; he also owns a farm 
 of eighty-seven acres of choice 
 land situated on Sec. 16 in this 
 township, which he also manages; 
 January 19, 1860, he married Miss 
 
 . Clarissa M. Wright, a native of 
 
 . Ohio; they have nine children: 
 John H., Anna M., George A., 
 Margaret A., Jas. B. A., Elizabeth 
 
 ■ A., Meda F., Alice and an infant 
 son. 
 
 Roland, Peter, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
 0; Webster. 
 
 Eoss, Mary J., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 SEYMOUR, C. S., farmer. Sec. 
 5; P. O. Aurora. 
 SHA.TZ, J., farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
 ' White Pigeon ; born in Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, Octo- 
 ber 6, 1843; when sixteen years of 
 age he removed with his parents 
 to this county; he was here prin- 
 cipally raised on a farm, and has 
 been prominently identified with 
 the growth and development of 
 the county since coming here; 
 ^ followed farming until July 4, 
 >. 1862, when he enlisted in company 
 D, Eighteenth Iowa Infantry ; at 
 • this time he was only eighteen 
 years of age, and weighed but 100 
 pounds, but he served with his 
 regiment until the close of the 
 war, and participated in the bat- 
 tles of Springfield, Mo., Poison 
 Spring, Ark., Saline River, and 
 Igvimany other battles and skirmishes ; 
 returning home he engaged in 
 <: farming; owns eighty acres of 
 4' choice land; January 14, 1869, he 
 married Miss Sophia E. Lindsey, 
 a native of Lancaster county, 
 i- Pennsylvania; they have two chil- 
 ^ dren: Leslie R. and Annie E.; 
 § have lost one son: Charles W., 
 : who died March 4. 187-1. 
 SHIMMIN, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
 17; P. O. Sigourney; born Janu- 
 I ury 27, 1831, on the Isle of Man, 
 ■i England, and was there raised as a 
 
 farmer; emigrated to the United 
 States in 1850, landing at New 
 York; moved to Illinois, settling 
 in McHenry coimty, and there 
 learned the trade of mason, which 
 he followed for some ten years; in 
 1860 he removed to Winnebago 
 county, Illinois, and for four years: 
 was engaged in farming; in 1864 
 he came to this county and settled 
 where he now resides; owns a 
 finely improved farm of 200 acres, 
 well supplied with graded stock; 
 May 1, 1855, Miss Margaret Gay- 
 lord, of New York, became his. 
 wife; she was born August 9, 
 1834; they have a family of five 
 children: Charlotte C. (now MrsJ 
 Z. E. Reasner), Lizzie A., Edward 
 J., Eunice S-, Celestia M.; lost 
 three: Isabelle, Thomas and an 
 infant; Mr. Shimmin is a mem- 
 ber of the Masonic fraternity, St. 
 Mark's Lodge, No. 63, of Wood- 
 stock, McHenry county, Illinois; 
 he also belongs to the Episcopal 
 Church of England; Mrs. S. is a 
 member of the M. E. Church, of 
 the Springdale class of this town- 
 ship. 
 Shott, John, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
 
 White Pigeon. 
 SORDEN, DANIEL, farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 24 ; P. O. Web- 
 ster; born in Franklin county, 
 Ohio, September 1, 1823; when 
 quite young, he with his parents 
 moved to Marion county, same 
 State, where his youth and early 
 manhood were spent on a farm ; in 
 in 1853 he moved upon his pres- 
 ent homestead of 195 acres of 
 fine land; he makes stock-raising 
 his principal business; October 
 24, 1860, he married Miss Emily 
 J. Scovell, a native of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio; she died December 
 6, 1851, leaving one son, Anson, 
 who died the following August; 
 May 15, 1855, he married again to 
 Miss Ann Roland, a native of In- 
 diana; by this union they have 
 
m 
 
 DIEEOTOgy QW JJlKQf 0^ OOUNTT. 
 
 foijrchilclrpn: Qporge A., Lywjan 
 M; Ett^ and Flora; lost tjieir 
 eldest son; Win. S., whodie^ Jan- 
 uary 31, 1§73; he was six|;e!en 
 ye^rs of age. 
 
 ^(ewart, Charles, farmer, Sec. i; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Stephenson, A. H., farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. 0. Webster. 
 
 Stewart, H. C, farmer, geiC. 8; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Stewart, L. S., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. O. 
 Aiirorsj. 
 
 Smith, Sarah J., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 Sturdivan, S. F., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
 O. White Pigeon. 
 
 TKEGO, y. B; farmer. Sec. 33; 
 P. O. Sigourney. 
 ULUM, L., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 ■TTTAKNOCK, A., farmer. Sec. 
 
 yV 20;P.O. Sigourney. 
 Warnock, Wm., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
 
 O. Sigonrney. 
 Weaver, Mary, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
 
 O. Sigonrney. 
 Wemer, I. J., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. 
 
 Sigourney. 
 WEMER, G. W., farmer, Sec. 20; 
 P. O. Sigonrney; born May 3, 
 1827, in Henry county, Indiana, 
 and was there raised a farmer; he 
 moved from there to Hancock 
 
 (sonnty, Ohio; he Cjaoie |P tMs 
 county in 1853, an^ j» April, 
 1851, 6pttle4 whepe he nqw re- 
 sides; iie lia; 4^3^ ^cres of gqod 
 land, well stocjced ; June 28, XS^S, 
 he married J^is^ Elizabeth Wieja^pr, 
 a natjve of Arpastrpng coonjiy, 
 Ppnnsylvanja; when qujte yojing 
 she ipQved with her parent? to 
 ^.rmstrong cpuntj', Pennsylyaiiia, 
 and was there raised, and there 
 lived until her marriage; t^ey 
 have ^ix children: Barbara A. 
 (now Mrs. Mushrush), Isaac P., 
 Albert G., I^. L., Jacob A., Frapr 
 cis C; have lost two; Catharine 
 J. and Jphn J,; Mr. W. has hel^ 
 various offices in his township, 
 and has held the office of schpql 
 director since the independent 
 district was organize^. 
 
 Wheeler, S. L., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
 O. Aurora. 
 
 White, William J., farmer, See. 7; 
 P. O. Aurora. 
 
 Willhight, J. P., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
 O. Webster. 
 
 Williams, J., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 Webster. 
 
 Winegarden, John, farmer, Sec. 14, 
 P. O. White Pigeon. 
 
 Woods, Samuel, farmer, Sec. Ij P. 
 Q. Aurora. 
 
 t=>-^jAjztzx:ei TOTTvT'njTsmF. 
 
 ALLISON, CHESTEE, farmer, 
 Sec. 5; P. O. Thorn burg. 
 BATES, BENJAMIN L., farm- 
 er and stock raiser. Sec. 29; 
 P. O. Coal Creek; born Septem- 
 ber 6, 1831, in Jefferson county, 
 Ohio, and was raised on a farm; 
 in 1853 he came to Iowa and set- 
 tled in Washington county, near 
 Crawfordsville, and lived there 
 until 18.')6; he then removed to 
 Keokuk county, and located where 
 he now resides in 1858; he owns 
 & well improved farm of 180 
 acres, and has proved hin^self one 
 
 of Keokuk county's most prac- 
 tical fanners; he has been hon- 
 ored with all the various town- 
 ship offices, and has tilled them, 
 alike creditably to himself and 
 his constituents; he was married 
 to Martha A. Cooper March 25, 
 1858; she was born in Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, May 28, 1830, 
 and was brought by her parents 
 to Keokuk county, Iowa, in 1855; 
 they have two children: Chalkjey 
 C, born January 26, 1859, a,nd 
 Sarah C, born September 28, 
 1865; lost one daughter: Msry, 
 
PE^iBu: Towjiseip, 
 
 915 
 
 born Pioeeraber 5, 1862, ^Qd died 
 April 12, 1864. 
 
 BATES, JOSHUA, fanner and 
 
 , vool grower. Sec. 27; P. O. 
 Thorphnrg; born on the 9th day 
 pf Aqgust, 1829, in Jefferson 
 county, Ohio, and was raised 
 4i^re a farmer, and has followed 
 it as an avocation since that time; 
 ^e came to Iowa in 1853 and set- 
 tled in Washington county, and 
 jn 1856 removed to Keokuk coun- 
 ty and settled where he now re- 
 sides; lie owns a well improved 
 ^rm of 235 acres, and gives con- 
 siderable attention to the raising 
 of sheep, mostly of the Merino 
 «tock; his herd is closely con- 
 nected with the celebrated Ham- 
 mond herd, of Vermont, and with 
 the best families in Iowa; his 
 farm is well adapted for the pur- 
 pose to which it is devoted in re- 
 gard to health — an important 
 •consideration in sheep raising; he 
 also is engaged, to a moderate ex- 
 tent, in Durham cattle; the sub- 
 ject of this sketch is a thoroughly 
 practical farmer, and much of his 
 success may be attributed to his 
 ■careful attention to all that per- 
 tains to his business, and is a val- 
 uable citizen of the county; he 
 rendered valuable aid and assist- 
 ance in securing railroad com- 
 munication for his township, and 
 has been honored by his fellow 
 citizens with various township 
 offices; he was married to 
 Julia A. Pluraner August 14, 
 1856; she is a native of Jefferson 
 <30unty, Ohio, and was born Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1834; their family con- 
 sists of four children: Mary N., 
 born in July, 1858, Oliver L., born 
 in September, 1860, Catharine A., 
 
 li born in June, 1863, Susan L., born 
 . in June, 1869; lost two: Emma 
 
 ;; P. and Amos P.; he and his wife 
 are members of the Society of 
 
 ^ Friends. 
 
 BARNHIZER, JOSEPH, farmer 
 
 and stock raiser, See. 17; P. O. 
 Coal Creek; born March 6, 1819, 
 in Washington county, Maryland, 
 and lived there until his parents 
 removed to Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1836; he was 
 raised on a farm until nineteen 
 years of age, and then learned tbe 
 miller's trade, and followed it as 
 an occupation until 1861; during 
 the time he was engaged in this 
 business he repaired and run sev' 
 eral mills in Ohio; be removed to 
 this connty in 1870, and settled in 
 Prairie township, where he owns 
 an impi'oved farm of 320 acres, 
 and js giving his attention largely 
 to stock raising; he is a man of 
 wide experience and sound judg- 
 ment, and has the respect of all 
 with whom he has business rela- 
 tions; he was married in Putnam 
 county, Ohio, January 17, 1847, 
 to Miss Samantha Stout, a native 
 of Licking county, Ohio, born 
 August 25, 1829; their family 
 consists of nine children: John 
 C, Edson G.; Martha, Thomas J., 
 Chester R, Abagail M., Jackson 
 B., Guy C. and Jay; lost one son: 
 Elisha F. 
 
 Barthelman, Chas., farmer, Sec. 26; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Baty, James, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. 
 . Thornburg. 
 
 Bigelow, W. H., farmer, Sec. 25; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Blackburn, Sarah, farmer. Sec. 18; 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Bonsall, Evan, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 BRANSON, ASA, merchapt, 
 Thornburg; born in Belmont 
 county, Ohio, April 26, 1832, and 
 was raised there on a farm; in 
 1854 he emigrated to Iowa, and 
 settled in Cedar county, but not 
 being satisfied with his location, 
 he returned to Ohio in 1856, 
 after a visit to Kansas, and other 
 sections of tbe State, with 
 the view of s^Jegting ^ pl^ee 
 
816 
 
 DIEEOTOHT OF KEOKUK OOUNTT. 
 
 of residence ; in 1858 he went to 
 Missouri, but the Rebel element 
 was too strong to make it desirable 
 or pleasant, and in 1862 he re- 
 turned to his native countj', and 
 lived there until 1865, when he 
 came to Keokuk county, Iowa, 
 and engaged in agricultural pur- 
 suits; in 18t>9 he engaged in the 
 . mercantile business at Coal Creek 
 and built up a large trade in gen- 
 eral merchandise, and has been 
 postmaster at that point since 
 1869; he has recently removed to 
 the new town of Thornburg, and 
 intends enlarging his business in 
 the same line; he was married 
 February 16, 1860, to Miss E. A. 
 Craig, of Muskingum county, 
 Ohio; she was born April 9, 1842; 
 their family consists of seven 
 children: Smith, "William E., Da- 
 vid C, Francis D., Emareta, 
 Mary and Louis. 
 
 Bremmer, James, farmer. Sec. 15; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Briggs, Jonathan, farmer, Sec. 31 ; 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Bruce, E. K, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 CARL, ABRAHAM, farmer, 
 Sec. 34; P. O. What Cheer. 
 
 Chandler, A., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 CLENDENON, STEPHEN, mer- 
 chant, Coal Creek; born in May, 
 1833, in Belmont county, Ohio, 
 and was raised a farmer, and fol- 
 lowed it in connection with run- 
 ning a saw-mill; he came to Keo- 
 kuk county in 1864 and purchased 
 a farm, but after a time disposed 
 of his farm and engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits; he has recently 
 been appointed postmaster at 
 Coal Creek; he carries in stock a 
 line of general merchandise and 
 has built up a good trade; he has 
 been ,twii'.e married; first to Ma- 
 tilda Dawson, February 1, 1854; 
 she was born in Belmont county, 
 Ohio, and died June 6, 1857, 
 
 leaving one daughter: Sarah J., the 
 wife of R. Wood; he married for 
 his second wife Elizabeth F,^ 
 Branson, March 25, 1859; she 
 was a native of Belmont county, 
 Ohio; they have by this union 
 seven children: Matilda J., Isaac 
 W., Mary Lincoln, E. T. Smith, 
 Hannah E., Amy and Lydia. 
 
 COOPER, EVAN, farmer. Sec. 
 29; P. O. Coal Creek; born in 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 July 15, 1801,and when young wa& 
 taken b^' his parents to Columbi- 
 ana county, Ohio, where he was 
 raised a farmer, and has since fol- 
 lowed it for an avocation; he came 
 to this county in 1855, and is one 
 of the four early settlers of the 
 township, and he has resided on 
 the same place since that time ; 
 he owns at the present time fifty- 
 five acres of well improved land, 
 after dividing with his children; 
 he has not only been a pioneer in 
 Ohio, but in Keokuk county, 
 Iowa; he was married August 27, 
 1823, to Mary Middleton, a native 
 of Columbiana county, Ohio; she 
 was born October 13, 1804; their 
 family consists of four children 
 living: Martha, born in 1827; 
 Hinchman, born in 1834; Albert, 
 born in 1839; Ann, born in 1841; 
 they have lost five: William, 
 Chalkley, Sarah, Mark and one in 
 infancy. 
 
 Cooper, Albert, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 CORY, P. S., retired farmer. Sec. 
 33; P. O. What Cheer; born in 
 Miami county, Ohio, March 14, 
 1808, and was raised a farmer, 
 and remained in his native State 
 until 1832, when he moved to 
 Tippecanoe county, Indiana, and 
 lived there ten years; in 1842 he 
 came to Iowa Territory and set- 
 tled in Cedar county, and thence 
 to Wilton Junction, Muscatin,e 
 county, in 1856, and was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits, and the 
 
PKAIEIE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 817 
 
 bnying and shipping of stock; he 
 came to this county in 1871 ; he 
 was married January 19, 1831, to 
 Khod Hain; she was a native of 
 Ohio, and was born August 16, 
 1816; by this marriage they have 
 two children living: L. S., and 
 P. S. Cory, Jr. ; they have lost 
 six: Thomas J., Margaret, Mar- 
 tha, Harrison and two infants un- 
 named; Thomas J. enlisted in 
 company D, Eleventh Iowa Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, and was killed at 
 at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 
 1862; Mr. Cory, although but a 
 small boy, can well remember 
 when the war of 1812 closed, and 
 the hardships endured at that 
 period are fixed indelibly in his 
 memory; his son, L. S. Cory, was 
 born August 6, 1839, in Tippe- 
 canoe county, Indiana, and came 
 with his parents to Iowa in 1842; 
 he was raised on a farm and re- 
 ceived the benefits afforded by the 
 common schools, supplemented 
 by attendance at the Iowa College 
 at Davenport one year; he enlist- 
 ed in August 1862, in the Thirty- 
 fifth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and 
 served until the close of the war, 
 and was mustered out at Daven- 
 port in 1865; he was with his 
 regiment in all the engagements 
 in which it participated; after he 
 was mustered out of the United 
 States service he returned to his 
 home in Muscatine county, and 
 on September 27, 1866, was mar- 
 l ried to Miss Mary A. Sterrett, a 
 , native of Iowa, and born in Ce- 
 dar county, January 6, 1811 ; by 
 this union they have four chil- 
 dren: Philo S., born in 1867; 
 Clara A., born in 1868; Maggie 
 i M., born in 1872; Frank S., born 
 i. in 1876; they moved to this coun- 
 i ty in 1868, and settled where they 
 now live; his farm contains 320 
 acres of improved land, devoted 
 
 largely to stock-raising, in which 
 he has been very successful. 
 
 Cotes, E. J., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Thorn burg. 
 
 COUPLIN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 
 25; P. O. Thornburg; born 
 March 6, 1822, in Monroe county, 
 Ohio; there he was raised on a 
 farm; he learned the trade of 
 tailor, and continued in that bus- 
 iness for some nine years; he 
 then engaged in engineering and 
 followed that occupation for near- 
 ly seven years; in 1850 he moved 
 from Monroe county, Ohio, to 
 Wheeling, West Virginia, re- 
 maining there for two and a half 
 years; he then returned to Ohio, 
 settling in Jefferson county; after 
 remaining there for seven years; 
 he moved to Harrison county, 
 and resided in that county for 
 five years; he then came to Iowa 
 and located where he now lives; 
 owns 160 acres of good land; in 
 June, 1847, he married Miss Ly- 
 dia Lupton; she was born August. 
 6, 1862, in Jefferson couty, Ohio; 
 they have seven children: David 
 F., Leander, Mary, Ann E. (now 
 Mrs. I. D. Davis), Margaret J. 
 (now Mrs. A. Grooms), Levi S. 
 and Lewis; Mr. Couplin has held 
 various oflices in the township. 
 Coulson, Chas., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 Coulson, Benj, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 DAVIS, J. D., farmer. Sec. 30; 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 Dolcater, W. F., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Draegert, Ludolph, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 ECROYDE, SARAH, farmer. 
 Sec 27; P. O. Thornburg. 
 EDGERTON, JOSEPH, farmer 
 and stock-raiser. Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Coal Creek; born in :^elmont 
 county, Ohio, November 18, 1830; 
 
 51 
 
818 
 
 DIEECTOKT OF KEOKUK OOTTNTT. 
 
 he was raised a fanner and has 
 followed it for an occupation since 
 that time; he emigrated to Iowa in 
 1857 and settled in Linn county and 
 
 ■ lived there two years and then re- 
 moved to Taylor county, and after 
 a residence there of five years he 
 came to Keokuk county, where 
 he still resides; his home farm con- 
 sists of 160 acres of land, well 
 improved; he is devoting his at- 
 tention to stock and improving 
 his grades and it is his intention 
 to make still greater improve- 
 ments and raise the standard in 
 both cattle and sheep; he married 
 Lydia Mitchell, April 27, 1853; 
 she was a native of Nantucket, 
 Massachusetts, and was born Oc- 
 tober 4, 1831; their family con- 
 sists of seven children: William, 
 Mary E., Edward, Sarah E., Na- 
 than II., Joseph J. and Frederick 
 M. 
 
 Edmondson, J., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 Ellis, David, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 Emmons, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 32; 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Eyler, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 Thorn bnrg. 
 
 FKANCE, HANISTAH, farmer, 
 Sec. 19; P. O. Coal Creek. 
 
 French, H. farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 <Jaddis, W. H., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Garwood, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 €HBBONS, HOMER, farmer and 
 stock-raiser. Sec. 16: P. O. Coal 
 Creek; born in Belmont county, 
 Ohio, December 29, 1833, and 
 lived there until he removed to 
 this county and engaged in agri- 
 •cultural pursuits; he came to 
 Iowa in 1863 and settled where he 
 now resides; his farm contains 
 138 acres of improved land; he 
 married Ann Garretson, April 2, 
 1854; she was born January 24, 
 
 1832, in Belmont county, Ohio; 
 their family consists of four chil- 
 dren: Oliver H., born August 11, 
 1857, John F., born January 6, 
 1859, Elvira, born November 14, 
 1862, and Euth Anna, born April 
 16, 1872; they are members of 
 the Friends' Society. 
 
 Glover, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 17;' P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 Goodner, Benj., farmer Sec. 29; P. 0. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 Graves, D. D., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. 
 Thorn burgh. 
 
 HALDEMAN, JACOB, far- 
 mer. Sec. 34. P. O. Coal 
 Creek; born August 9, 1813, in 
 Columbiana county, Ohio; he 
 was raised a farmer until eighteen 
 years of age, and then learned the 
 clothier's trade, and followed this 
 business as an avocation uhtil 
 1843, when he engaged in agri- 
 cultural piirsuits; he came to 
 Iowa in 1857 and settled in Cedar 
 county, and thence to this county 
 in 1858, and settled where he now 
 lives; he owns a well improved 
 fariii af 160 acres; he has held 
 various township offices and com- 
 mands the respect and esteem of 
 his friends and acquaintances; he 
 was married to M. McBride, 
 March 31, 1842; she was born 
 Novembet 18, 1815 in Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio; their family 
 consists of ten children: Elizabeth 
 A., Mary E., Milton, Newton, 
 David E., Adaline, Jared,Ann J., 
 Joseph and Susan C; they are 
 members of the Friends' Society. 
 
 Hall, John, farmer Sec. 35; P. 0. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 Halderman, Milton, farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Halderman, D. E. farmer. Sec. 28; 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Hamilton, "W. L. farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 Hamilton, Francis, farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
PBAIEIE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 sigr 
 
 lampton, J. P., fanner, Sec. 21; 1*. 
 0. Thorn burg. 
 
 larris, B., fanner, Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 lazen, P., farmer, Sec 35; P. O. 
 What Cheer. 
 
 leald, E., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 libbs, J., farmer Sec. 30; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 loge, John, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 lolloway, David, Coal Creek. 
 
 lolland, D. O., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 lolland, Gabriel, farmer, Sec. 13; 
 P. 0. Thornburg. 
 
 lorass, Casper, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 lutehinson, Irwin, farmer, Sec 35; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 TAMES, ISKAEL, farmer. Sec. 
 
 J 15; P. O. Thornburgh. 
 
 rOHNSON, J. W., whose portrait 
 
 ., appears in this work,, was born 
 
 , June 23, 1841, in Stark county, 
 Ohio; when three years of age 
 
 . his parents removed to Columbi- 
 
 , ana county, Ohio, where he lived 
 
 ;; until he was fourteen years of age; 
 he returned to Mount Union; he 
 enlisted in company K, One Hun- 
 
 .< dred and Fourth Ohio Yolunteer 
 Infantry, in August, 1862, anjd 
 served until the close of the war; 
 during the war he was taken pris- 
 oner, March 28, 1863, but soon 
 
 , after, paroled and returned to his 
 command July 12, 1863; he par- 
 ticipated in all the battles in 
 which his regiment was engaged, 
 coramencing at the battle of Fort 
 Mitchell, Kentucky, with Burn- 
 side on his expedition, at Cum- 
 berland Gap, at tiie seige of Knox- 
 ville, and with Sherman when 
 moving on Atlanta; he was also 
 with General Thomas in the en- 
 gagement with General Hood, and 
 numerous other battles; he wit- 
 nessed the surrender of General 
 Joseph E. Johnson, at Greens- 
 
 borough, N. C. ; he was mustered 
 out of the service June 21, 1865 ; 
 after the war he was engaged in 
 mercantile business at Mount 
 Union, Ohio, until 1867, and then 
 came to Keokuk county and pur-' 
 chased a farm in Prairie township, 
 in section 23, and engaged in ag- 
 ricultural pursuits; he has been 
 prominently identified in the in- 
 terest of his township, and was 
 one of the active workers in secur- 
 ing the railroad, and is one of the 
 proprietors of the town of Thorn- 
 burg, located on his land, and its 
 geographical location will make it 
 one of the best towns on the line 
 of the road; lie married March 28, 
 1867, to Miss Esther Tutors, who 
 was born in Stark county, Ohio, 
 May, 31, 1849; she died April 12, 
 1874; he married for his second 
 wife. Miss Mary E. Taylor, Octo- 
 ber 29, 1865; she was a native of 
 Massilon, Ohio; born August 12, 
 1849; they have two children: 
 . Frank 0. and Uessie E. ; they lost 
 one son: Lewis. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN R., fanner. Sec. 
 18; P. O. Coal Creek; born in 
 Ireland in March, 1827; he was 
 raised there on a farm ; in 1846 he 
 emigrated to the United States 
 and landed at New Orleans; from 
 this place he removed to Rock Is- 
 land and lived there until 1876, 
 when he came to this county and 
 purchased the farm on which he 
 now resides, containing 145 acres 
 of improved land; he married 
 Miss Mary Manes, December 24, 
 1854; she was born in Ireland in 
 1838; they have a family of eight 
 children: Elizabeth, John, Mar- 
 tha, Robert H., Mary, Abigail, 
 Maria and Margaret; lost two. 
 
 Johnson, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 13; 
 P. 0. Thornburg. 
 
 Jones, David, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 KITZMANN, AUGUST,farmer, 
 Sec. 28; P.O. Coal Creek. 
 
820 
 
 DIEEOTOET OF KEOKTTK COUNTY. 
 
 LEE, A. T., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 O. Thorn burg. 
 
 LUCAS, D. W., farmer, stock-raiser 
 and stock-dealer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
 Thornburg ; among the prominent 
 farmers of this township is the 
 subject of this sketch; born in 
 Louisville, Kentucky, June 23, 
 1840, and when young his parents 
 removed to La Salle county, Illi- 
 nois, where he lived until eighteen 
 years of age, and then removed to 
 Mason county, Illinois; he receiv- 
 «d a good common school educa- 
 tion ; he was raised on a farm and 
 had considerable experience in 
 handling stock; he came to Iowa 
 in 1868 and settled in Prairie 
 township, where he owns 700 acres 
 of land; his homestead contains 
 280 acres, and his location is one 
 of the conspicuous ones of the 
 township; he has taken pains to 
 make the surroundings of his 
 home pleasing and attractive; he 
 married Miss J. E. Daniels, Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1864; she was born in 
 Cass county, Illinois, but raised 
 in Mason county, that State; Mr. 
 L. has held various township offi- 
 ces and is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity. 
 
 Mc ADAMS, THOMAS, Coal 
 Creek. 
 
 McCaley, "W. J., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 McCov, Mark, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
 O. Kose Hill. 
 
 McCracken, James, farmer. Sec. 23 ; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 McCracken, John, farmer. Sec. 23; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 McGimpsey, Henry, farmer, Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Maines, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 16; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Maines, Jolm, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 Marshall, Wm., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 MARSHALL, GEO. M., farmer, 
 stock-raiser and stock-dealer. Sec. 
 
 7; P. O. Coal Creek; born in 
 Brooklyn, New York, on the 30th 
 day of November, 1840; he re- 
 ceived excellent educational ad- 
 vantages in youth, in his native 
 place; in 1856 he went to Ger- 
 many and attended a high school 
 at Biebrich, on the Rhine, and 
 remained there two years, and 
 then entered Heidleberg Univer- 
 sity; after his return to his native 
 country his time was occupied in 
 an office and attending a course 
 of lectures in Columbia College, 
 New York city; he came to Iowa 
 in 1874, and settled in Prairie 
 township, where he owns 520 
 acres of improved land, with the 
 iinest farm buildings in the coun- 
 ty; his house was built at an ex- 
 pense of $11,000, and his barn 
 cost $3,000, and other buildings 
 to correspond; his farm is well 
 stocked with good graded cattle; 
 is an enterprising, thorough- 
 going farmer; he married Miss 
 Lillie Holcomb, February 24, 
 1875; she was born in Brooklyn, 
 New York, in 1854; they have 
 two children: William C, born 
 December 25, 1875, and George 
 M., born July 4, 1878. 
 
 Miller, Adaline,' farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
 •O. Thornburg. 
 
 MILLER, J, N., farmer and stook- 
 raiser. Sec. 31; P.O. Coal Creek; 
 born in Merrimack county, New 
 Hampshire, on the 9th day of 
 January, 1818; he was raised a 
 farmer, and in youth had the ad- 
 vantages of the common schools; 
 in 1830 be became a pupil in the 
 Friends' Boarding School; at 
 Providence, Rhode Island, and 
 remained there at intervals until 
 1837; he was engaged for some 
 years in buying and shipping 
 stock, mostly horses; he afterwards 
 turned his attention to cattle and 
 sheep; in 1853 he came to Iowa, 
 and settled in Mahaska county, 
 near Oskaloosa, and engaged in 
 
PEAIEIE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 821 
 
 farming and handling stock, and 
 continued in this business about 
 twelve years, and in consequence 
 of impaired health deemed it ex- 
 pedient to quit business; in 1874 
 he moved to Keokuk county, and 
 settled where he now resides; he 
 owns 330 acres of land, and his 
 homestead contains eighty acres 
 of well improved land, this with 
 good buildings; his grounds are 
 adorned with handsome ever- 
 green and shade trees, and few 
 men have exhibited the taste or 
 expended the time that the sub- 
 ject of this sketch has in making 
 home attractive; he has held var- 
 ious township offices, and has 
 proven himself a good neighbor, 
 and a valuable citizen ; he has 
 been twice married: first to Mary 
 V. Johnson, a native of New 
 Hampshire, in Febtuary, 1842; 
 > in October, 1851 , he married Mary 
 M. Meader; she was born in "Ver- 
 mont, and died February 4, 1879, 
 leaving an adopted daughter, (now 
 the wife of Wm. Edgerton.) 
 Miller, B., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. 
 
 Coal Creek. 
 Miller, W. P., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Miller, Kobert, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Minor, D. W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 MOLYNEUX, THOMAS, farmer 
 and stock-raiser, Sec. 10; P. O. 
 Thornburg; born June 21, 1831, 
 in Lancashire, England, and was 
 raised there; he received the ad- 
 vantage of a common school 
 education, and until twenty years 
 of age was engaged in the coal 
 L business; in 1851 he emigrated 
 I with his parents to the tJnited 
 [ States and settled in New York, 
 ; ■ and thence to Morgan county, 
 
 f- Ohio, where he engaged in farm- 
 ing; in 1862 he came to Iowa in 
 , company with his brother John ; 
 i owns an improved farm of 320 
 
 acres, and they are in all respects 
 good farmers; he married Miss 
 Lida A. James, December 3, 1869; 
 she was born in Ohio, of English 
 and Welsh parentage; their family 
 consists of four children: John 
 J., born in 1870, Thomas E., born 
 in 1872, Margaret A., born in 
 1876 and Stephen A., born in 
 1878 ; lost one son, Eobert E. 
 
 Moore, John, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 Moore, James, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
 O. Thornburg. 
 
 Moore, T. J., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 Moore, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 12; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Morrison, Michael, farmer. Sec. 35 ; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 
 Mott, Geo., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 NAEMORE, LEWIS, farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P. O. Thornburg. 
 OGDEN, T. J., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. O. What Cheer. 
 PALMER, E. B., farmer. Sec. 22; 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 Penrose, Osman, 'farmer. Sec. 19; 
 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 Phelps, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Pim, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
 
 Coal Creek. 
 Powell, C. B., farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
 RANDOLPH, JOHN, farmer, 
 Sec. 3; P. O. Thornburg. 
 Reasoner, B., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Reasoner, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 18,; 
 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 Rugg, C. F., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Rust, E., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 
 SANTEE, LP., farmer, Sec. 30; 
 P. 0. Coal Creek. 
 San tee, David, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 Sears, David, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
 Thornburg. 
 
822 
 
 DIEBOTOBT OF KEOKUK OOUHTT. 
 
 Shaw, F., farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 SHEPHERD,JAMES,farmer, Sec. 
 35; P. O. Thornburg; born in 
 Landshire, England, March 19, 
 182.7; there he was raised as a 
 dairyman and farmer; he lived 
 there until 1848, when he emi- 
 grated to the United States, land- 
 ing at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 
 at this time-he had but very little 
 money, but he went to work en- 
 gaging in coal mining; not being 
 suited with that business, he 
 served as fireman on a vessel; 
 after remaining there for a short 
 time he went to Johnston, Penn- 
 sylvania; there he paid his last 
 dollar for subsistence over Sun- 
 day; he then undertook the jour- 
 ney on foot to Crawford county, 
 Ohio; after traveling for three 
 weeks, having relied on the mer- 
 cies of the people for his living, 
 he landed at Gallon, Crawford 
 county, Ohio, and from there 
 went toKichland county and there 
 engaged in building cisterns for 
 three years; during this time he 
 also made some money dealing in 
 sheep and poultry, at which he 
 continued until 1853; he then 
 had enough money to enter the 
 160 acres of land where he now 
 resides; he came to this county 
 in 1863 and settled on his present 
 homeatead of 447^ acres; his farm 
 is well improved and has upon it 
 a nice barn and fine house; Oc- 
 tober 17, 1860, he married Miss 
 Eebecca A. Coughlin, a native of 
 Hancock county, Ohio; she was 
 born November 11, 1829; by this 
 union they have seven children 
 living: Alexander K., Adnia E., 
 Henry I., Kent J., Laura J., Lin- 
 nia M. and Ida Z.; Mr. Shepherd 
 has held various offices in his 
 township, and has been school 
 director for five years; in 1877 he 
 returned to his native land to 
 visit; on landing again on this 
 
 shore he was in very different cir- 
 cumstances than when he arrived 
 
 on this continent in 1653. 
 Smith, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Smith, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Smith, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Smith, Evan, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. 
 
 Coal Creek. 
 Spencer, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 Stanley, Ezra, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 
 
 Coal Creek. 
 Stratton, "William, farmer. Sec. 28; 
 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 Stroufe, James, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
 
 O. Sigourney. 
 Strassar, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
 
 O. Thornburg. 
 Strawser, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 10; 
 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 Straten, John, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 
 VERNON MANOAK, farmer. 
 Sec. 8; P.O. Coal Creek. 
 Vail, Eobert, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Vail, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 0. 
 Coal Creek. 
 
 WAINWEIGHT, STEPHEN, 
 farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. . 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Warrington, Nathan, farmer. Sec, 
 
 30; P. O.Coal Creek. 
 Wardrip, John, farmer, Sec. 7; P, 
 
 O. Coal Creek. 
 Way, Marrin, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Weersham, Thos., farmer, Sec. 29; 
 
 P. O. Coal Creek. 
 Williamson, J. F., farmer, Sec. 23; 
 
 P. O. Thornburg. 
 Wilson, W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. 
 
 Thornburg. 
 Winegarden, Wm., farmer. Sec. 33;, 
 
 P. O.Coal Creek.; 
 Winder, David, farmer. Sec. 7; P.; 
 
 O.Coal Creek. 
 Wood, A., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. 
 
 Thornburg. ,