■■p^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE nM m t-.f L 1, ■ , ■• :j r . % 0jjg0s0m^'^''"'^^l m ' Hi III* 9it^1ftm 1^^"^ ftPR-tf^'B^it y§g^^M i' I u ll GAYLORD PRINTEOINU.5.A. ; Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026478325 7 publications OP THE IHniipetsit^ of Pennsylvania SERIES IN Philology and Literature .. VOLUME XII, No. 2 STUDIES IN THE WORD-PLAY IN PLAUTUS CHARLES JASTROW MENDELSOHN, Ph.D., Sometime Harrison Fellow for Researcli in the University of Pennsylvania : Tutor in Greek in the College of the City of New York I. THE NAME-PLAY II. THE USE OF SINGLE WORDS IN A DOUBLE MEANING Published for the University PHILADELPHIA 1907 The John C. Winston Co., Selling Agents 1006-16 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ^-^7^=^^ X- Jin Wi^maxxium "Nam, quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad' suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum stu- diorum exstitisse." Cic. Arch. I. PREFACE. The first of these chapters on the Word-Play in Plautus was presented to the Faculty of Philosophy of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1904, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The material for the second was prepared while I was Harrison Fellow for Research in the same University in 1904-1905. I wish to acknowledge here my appreciation of the benefits received from the Harrison Foundation of the University, to which I am deeply indebted for the oppor- tunities afforded me, first as Fellow and later as Fellow for Research, to prepare these papers ; and to express my thanks to the Publication Committee for their generosity in pub- lishing the work. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to my teachers, Professors J. C. Rolfe and W. B. McDaniel, for their kind interest and advice throughout the preparation of this study, and to my friend. Dr. Roland G. Kent, for his kindness in aiding me with the reading of the proof. Charles Jastrow Mendelsohn. College of the City of New York, February, 1907. (S) INTRODUCTION. Word-play has long been recognized as one of Plautus' principal methods for arousing laughter, and every com- mentator has been at more or less pains to point out the passages in which this device is used. Just how much effect word-plays have in making Plautus what he is cannot be determined until the subject of Plautine humor is given a thorough investigation, and the various methods for arous- ing laughter are carefully analyzed and compared. It re- quires, however, only a casual reading of our author to learn that here, as in the case of Shakespeare, we have to do with a writer who does not use word-plays occasionally, but con- stantly, and relies to a great extent on this form of the comic. A recent editor of the Mostellaria' exaggerates but slightly when he says that Plautus is "copious in quip and pun until quip and pun grow wearisome." It would seem well worth while, then, to collect the Plautine word-plays and put them together, so as to see at a glance just how and to what extent Plautus does employ them. A work of this kind must involve first of all the actual collecting of the word-plays and secondly a division or classification into their various kinds. Part of this work was undertaken by O. Raebel in his De Usu Adnominationis apud Romanorum Poetas Comicos.^ Raebel has collected and classified the word-plays in Plautus that may be called adnominatimies or paronomasiae, humorous as well as non- humorous. This is not the place to discuss the classifica- tion of the word-play in general.^ Raebel's classification, 'Fay, Most, Boston, 1902, p. xi. 'Diss. Inaug., Halle, 1882. 'See Gerber, Sprache als Kunst, passim; Wurth, Das Wortspiel bei Shakspere; E. Kraepelin in Wundt's Philosoph. Stud. II, p. 144. ff.; (7) 8 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. though it might be somewhat changed, is a good one for the adnominatio; but the best one so far proposed is that of Wurth in his Wortspiel hei Shakspere. What is impor- tant for the present purpose is the fact that Raebel has considered only the adnominationes in Plautus, with an incidental remark or two on other forms of word-play. An equally important division of the word-play, those plays in which only one word figures and in which there is no play of sound as there is in the adnominatio — perhaps an even more important class from the standpoint of humor — does not come within the scope of his investigation.-* The text of Goetz and SchoelP has been followed in the quotations, since its closeness to the MSS. readings rendered it best for the purpose in hand. Occasionally another reading has been adopted, and such instances are always indicated. I. THE NAME-PLAY. Another form of word-play, however, seemed to me also to deserve a separate investigation, even though, logi- cally speaking, it does not form a class by itself apart from the two classes just mentioned. I refer to plays on proper names. It appears at once that such word-plays will overlap the two classes mentioned above, as those classes are not restricted to certain kinds of words but include all. At the same time investigation proved that Plautus uses this form of word-play to such an extent, and proper names form such a distinct class of words in all languages, that it seemed advisable to make a special examination of this artifice in for ancient views, Raebel, op. cit., introduction, and Wecklein, Das Wortspiel im Lateinischen, in Sitzungsber. d. konigl. haier. Ak. d. Wiss., Philosoph.-Philolog. Klasse, 1887. 'Chapter II of this paper discusses plays of this nature. "Leipzig, 1893 flf. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. g him. Moreover, the plays on proper names are usually very bright and witty, not mere parmiO'masicK, such as are so common in the case of other classes of words. Plays on proper names were as popular in antiquity as they are in the humor of to-day. I. M. Casanowicz, in his dissertation. Paronomasia in the Old Testament,^ has given a brief survey of this subject, and collected references per- taining thereto;'' his dissertation devotes a special chapter to plays upon Proper Names in the Old Testament,* and we may mention, incidentally, his conclusion® that "in most of the explanations of proper names in the Old Testament we have examples of popular etymology, which is satisfied with a partial agreement in sound between the name and the appellative which was suggested by it," and that "in the plays upon proper names, still less regard is had to the real meaning." There is, however, no classification of plays on proper names or name-plays, so far as I have been able to learn. E. Koenig, in his De nominibus propriis quae sunt apud Plautum et Tei'entium,^" has a short collection of such plays, but with no attempt at classification.-'^ And Raebel-'^ has recorded many of them among his other adnominationes. It is interesting to note how many of the adnofninationes on proper names in Raebel fall into the division which he entitles^^ De parononmsiis quae sententiann efficiunt iocu- larem. But neither Koenig nor Raebel has attempted a classification of name-plays as such, because neither was 'Johns Hopkins Univ. diss., Boston, 1894. 'pp. 17-20. *pp. 36-40. °p. 38. "Patschkau, 1876. "p. 3 f. "o/>. cit. "p. 55. 10 Studies in the Word-Play in Plmitus. primarily concerned with the subject. It is obvious, how- ever, that such a name-play as that in Bacch. 129, non omnis aetas, Lyde, ludo convenit, which depends upon the similarity in sound between Lyde and Ivuio, is different in kind from that which is found ib. line 240, opus est chryso Chrysalo, which depends not merely on the similarity in sound between chryso and Chrysalo, but on the etymological connection between those words (see below, p. 13 f.)- I have accordingly been at pains to make a classification for name-plays which should effectually separate plays of dif- ferent natures from one another, while attempting constantly to guard against the error of making too many classes and sub-classes, which would be apt to prove a hindrance rather than an advantage. It has been my aim to include under the heading "Name-Play" all plays in Plautus that involve proper names, whether of persons, of gods, or of countries, whether actual names or names coined in jest; in a word, of all names and words used as such. As I have attempted to find out what Plautus actually did in this field, I have con- stantly striven not to force matters, but to record a play or a "tell-tale name" (see below, p. 47) only where it seemed that one really existed, and not to attempt to make such plays by emendation or other devices. The classification which I have adopted is as fol- lows : First, all plays on names have been divided into two great classes : I. Cases in which a play on a name is actually made; II. Cases in which the name in itself constitutes the word-play. An example of the former class is the play in Bacch. 240 where Chrysalus says, opus est chryso Chrysalo. Here the name Chrysalus is actually played on by its association with the word chryso. Again, in Bacch. 704 the same character, being in quest of gold, says, quid mihi refert Chrysalo esse nomen, nisi factis probo. Here, too, Chrysalus is played on, the idea being that unless Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. ii one can manage to secure gold there is no advantage in having a name that sounds golden. Class II includes names which are chosen because they describe the person to whom they are applied, either actually or ironically. In other words, this class includes such names as have been called in German "redende Namen,"" and to which in English the designation "tell-tale names" has been applied. A type of this class of plays is the name Lycus, i. e., "Wolf," given to the procurer in the Poenulus on account of his rapacity. No statement beyond the fact that this man is a procurer is necessary for the hearer or reader of Plautus to see at once that a word-play exists. The name may be actually played on also ; as a matter of fact, Lycus is directly played on itf the Poenulus several times, e. g., in 648, where Agorastocles in speaking of the plot which is being formed against the procurer says, canes compellunt in plagas lepide \vKov, where \vkov indicates both the procurer and the animal that lurks in his name ; but all such plays as this are recorded under Class I. The name Lycus forms a play in itself; and such plays are included in Class II. As further examples of the latter class may be mentioned Callidamates of the Mostellaria, well rendered by Fay "Lady Killer," and the parasite Saturio of the Persa. Class I, the actual plays on names, falls again into two subdivisions: i. Plays depending on the meaning of the name, and based either upon an explanation of this meaning or upon association with some word or words etymologically cognate; 2. Plays depending mainly on the similarity in sound between the name and the word played on. The name-plays under i must involve sense, and may involve sound; those under 2 may rest on sound only. In other words, any play upon a name that involves primarily the "Cf. the review of E. Koenig: De nomimbus propriis, quae sunt apud Plautum et Terentium, in Bursian's Jahresherichte, 1876, p. 20. 12 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. meaning "of the name, whether or not it involves the sound, falls under i; and any play that rests chiefly on sound falls under 2. To illustrate: the plays, opus est chryso Chrysalo (Bacch. 240) and quid mihi refert Chrysalo esse nomen (lb. 704) both fall under i, because in both of them the idea of gold that is implied in the name Chrysdus is played on. The first play involves sound as well as sense, the second sense only; and this division will accordingly be further subdivided according to this principle. In Bacch. 361-362 Chrysalus says: Credo hercle adueniens nomen mutabit mihi Facietque extemplo Crucisalum me ex Chrysalo. Here the names Chrysalus and Crucisalus form a play by their similarity in sound, and are not etymologically related ; hence this play will come under 2. The names in each of the classes I, i and I, 2 have been subdivided into A, Names of Persons; B, Geographical Names; C, Names of Gods; and D, Names of Comedies. ^^ Plautus plays upon the names of persons to a far greater extent than he does upon any other names, so that it seemed advisable to sq>arate these into sub-classes. Accordingly I have divided them into a, Dramatis Personae, including all persons who appear on the stage; b, Names assumed by or applied to Dramatis Personae, and c, Other Names of Per- sons. In Class II, the "tell-tale names," the various classes of people, such as old men, young men, procurers, and the like, have been put under separate heads; such a division, however, seemed neither necessary nor desirable for Class I. In citing each name-play I have been careful to give the name of the character making the play, with the idea of ascertaining what class of characters make the greater num- ber of these jokes, or, what is really just as important, the fewest of them. The results of this investigation, combined "Found only under I, i. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 13 with those of a similar investigation concerning Plau.tus' use of single words in a double meaning, will be found at the end of Chapter II. Name-plays of each class are arranged, with a few slight exceptions adopted for convenience, by the comedies in which they are found, the names of the comedies being given in alphabetical order. The various divisions of name-plays not explained in the above outline, will, I think, become clear upon examina- tion; the sub-classes are explained as occasion arises. The following table presents a summary of the various kinds of name-plays : I. Cases in which an actual play on the name is made. I. Plays depending on the meaning of the name, and based either upon an explanation of this meaning or upon association with some word or words etymologically cognate. A. NanKS of Persons. a. Dramatis Personae. a. The name is expressed. 1. Play of sound and sense. 2. Play of sense only. 13. The name is implied. 1. Play of sound and sense. 2. Play of sense only. b. Names assumed by or applied to Dramatis Personae. c. Other names of persons. B. Geographical names. C. Names of gods. D. Names of comedies. 14 Studies in the Word-Play in Plcmtus. 2. Plays depending on a similarity in sound between the name and the word that plays on it. A. Names of Persons. a. Dramatis Personae. b. Names assumed by or applied to Dramatis Personae. c. Other names of persons. B. Geographical names. C. Names of gods. II. Cases in which the name in itself constitutes a play by its association with, or description of, the character of the bearer : "tell-tale names." A. Names of Persons. 01. Dramatis Personae. Men: a. Old men. )S. Young men. y. Soldiers. 8. Procurers. e. Parasites. ^. Bankers. 7). Steersman. 0. Sycophant. 1. Cooks. K. Lorarii. X. Slaves in general. Women: ju,. Matrons. V. Bawds. £. Courtesans. o. Slaves. b. Names assumed by or applied to Dram,aiis Personae. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 15 c. Other personal names. a. Men in general. /3. Slaves. y. Women in general. S. Family names. B. Geographical and ethnic names. C. Names of gods. We may now proceed to examine these various classes : I. Actual Plays on Names. I. Depending on the meaning of the name, and based either upon an explanation of this meaning or upon asso- ciation with some word or words etymologically cognate. A. Names of Persons. a. Dramatis Personae. Plays upon names of Dratmatis Personae, as would naturally be expected, are employed more than any other kind of name-play. The Dramatis Personae are always at hand, and their names can always be drawn on for a play; so that it is easier for the author to play upon their names than to search for other names upon which to hang his jokes. These plays fall into subdivisions, since in some cases the name played on is actually mentioned, while in others it is merely implied. A special opportunity for the latter kind of play exists in the case of the names of Dramatis Personae, as the speaker may make a play by using the first person and thus implying the use of his name, or by using the second person and thus implying the name of the person spoken to. In the case of other names, plays with the name implied can be made only by speaking of the bearer of the name in the third person, a manifestly great limitation ; and, as a matter of fact, these plays on the "name implied" occur in Plautus only in the case of the Dramatis Personae. The classes "name expressed" and "name implied" are denoted by a and ^ respectively. i6 Studies in the Word-Play in Plaiitus. In both a and ^ we may have ( i ) a play of both sound and sense, like the first play on Chrysalus quoted above/® and (2) a play of sense only, like the second play on Chrysalus quoted in the same place. We proceed to a consideration of the plays under a (I). A play may be intended in Aul. 398-401, where An- thrax associates Congrio with congrum (see p. 20). I, i,A, a,a, I. In Bacch. 53, Pistoclerus says: Bacchis, Bacchas metuo et bacchanal tuom. Pistoclerus here plays on the connection of the name Bacchis with the worshippers of the god Bacchus ; and the play is especially appropriate because Bacchis is a courtesan. A very similar play occurs lb. 371, where the slave Lydus says, Bacchides non Bacchides, sed bacchae sunt acerrumae. In Bacch. 240, Chrysalus plays on his own name, say- ing, opus est chryso Chrysalo.'^'^ In the statement of Lydus (Bacch. 413-414), nunc propter te tuamque prauos factus est fiduciam Pistoclerus, we may have a play in fiduciam on the element TrttTrds of the name Pistoclerus. Possibly in the Greek original there was a paronomasia on ttuttc? and iricrTo?. In Cure. 586-587, Curculio's name is played upon by associating with it the same word used as a common noun : Therapontigonus : Vbi nunc Curculionem inueniam ? Cappadox : In tritico facillume Vel quingentos curculiones pro uno faxo reperias. The name Curculio applied to a parasite forms a play in itself, and hence will be listed under the "tell-tale names" in II. The present passage shows how Plautus may play on a name that forms a play in itself. The name of the parasite Peniculus in the Menaechmi forms material for several plays (see below, pp. 18, 20). The only one that falls into the present class is Men. 390- 392, where Menaechmus asks Erotium, quoi, malum, para- "p 10. "See p. 10. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. ly sito? certo haec mulier non sanast satis. Erotium replies, Peniculo, and Menaechmus then asks, quis istest Peniculus ? qui extergentur baxeae ? Erotium has confused Menaechmus Sosicles with his brother; hence Menaechmus cannot imagine who the parasite Peniculus may be, and interprets the name in its meaning of "brush." In Pseud. 229 the procurer Ballio says to Phoenicium : Cras, Phoenicium, poenicio'® corio inuises pergulam. Here the name Phaenicium is played on with the meaning "blood- red" possessed by the adjective poeniceus. In Pseud. 607 Harpax says to Pseudolus, tune es Ballio?, and Pseudolus, pretending to be Ballio's slave, answers, immo uero ego eius sum Subballio. This coined word is not understood by Harpax, who inquires, quid istuc uerbist?, whereupon Pseudolus explains, condus pro- mus sum, procurator peni. lb. 712 Pseudolus asks Calidorus whom he has brought with him : Quis istic est ? Calidorus replies : Charinus ; and Pseudolus thereupon plays upon the name, saying, euge, iam -^dpLv tovtco ttoico. Harpa^v is played on often in the Pseudolus (see below, p. 21 f.). Twice it is associated with its etymon harpax: 653-654 : Pseudolus : Apage te, Harpax : hau places. Hue quidem hercle baud ibis intro, niquid 'harpax' feceris; and loio: Ballio: Tun es is Harpax? Simla (impersonating Harpax) : Ego sum : atque ipse harpax quidem. One play on the name Gelasimus, the parasite of the Stichus, falls into this class (628-631); Epignomus here says: Satis spectatast mihi iam tua felicitas. Dum parasitus mihi atque fratri fuisti, rem confregimus. Nunc ego nolo ex Gelasimo mihi fieri te Catagelasimum. The last example of this class is the play in Trin. 977. ''This is the spelling of A; the name and the adjective are identical. i8 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. The sycophant is here speaking to Charmides, and each of the speakers is trying to get the better of the other. The sycophant does not know to whom he is speaking and pretends that Charmides has given him some money. Here Charmides sees a chance to cheat the sycophant and asks for the return of the money, reveahng who he is (973: Char- mides ego sum). The sycophant then denies that he has the money after all and says to him, Postquam ego me aurum ferre dixi, post tu factu's Char- mides : Prius tu non eras quam auri feci mentionem. nil agis : Froin tute itidem ut charmidatus es, frursum recharmida, meaning, "stop being Charmides just as you became Char- mides."^^ Perhaps, too, the meaning "joy" in the name Charmides is hinted at : "Stop being made to rejoice just as you have been made to rejoice." I, I, A, a, a, 2. 2. The play depends solely on the meaning of the name. Here the joke consists either in a direct explanation of the meaning of the name, or in employing the name in such a connection as to imply such an explanation. Names of characters that are directly interpreted are the following : In Men. 77-78 the parasite Peniculiis explains his name as meaning "little brush" : luuentus nomen fecit Peniculo mihi, Ideo quia mensam, quanclo edo, detergeo. Ritschl thinks it likely that there is a lacuna at this point, and that the original contained some other plays on the name Peniculus.^" '"Ritschl, Proleg. p. Ixxv, proposed decharmida against the uni- versal authority of the MSS. Leo {ad toe), defending the MSS. reading, points to the analogy of claudo and recludo, proho and re- probo. "See Ritschl, Appendix on y7, where conjecture is allowed to go to such a length as to suggest that the name Pendiculus was coined in the lost part and played on with penderef Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 19 In Merc. 516-517 Lysimachus says to Pasicompsa: Quid ais tu : quid nomen tibi deicam esse ? Pasicompsa re- plies : Pasicompsae ; and thereupon Lysimachus remarks : Ex forma nomen inditumst, thus explaining the name in its meaning of "pretty in the estimation of all." In Pers. 204 Sophoclidisca addresses Paegnium by name, and then by the meaning of his name, "plaything, pet" : Paegnium, deliciae pueri, salue. The parasite Gelasimus in the Stichus (see above, p. 17) thus explains his own name (174-175) : Gelasimo nomen mihi indidit paruo pater. Quia inde iam a pausillo puero ridiculus fui. In the plays just quoted the name was in each case actually interpreted. In the following three instances, the interpretation is not so direct as in the preceding cases, but is not many degrees removed. Chrysalus practically explains his name in Bacch. 704, while intent upon procuring money from old Nicobulus : Quid mihi refert Chrysalo esse nomen, nisi factis probo? Similarly, in the prologue of the Poenulus^^ the name Lycus, which is played on also in the body of the play (see below, pp. 21, 28), is mentioned thus (91-92) : Vosmet nunc facite coniecturam ceterum. Quid id sit hominis quoi Lyco nomen siet. The courtesan Phronesium in the Truculentus has her name interpreted in lines 77-78^ by her lover Diniarchus : Nam mihi haec meretrix quae hie habet, Phronesium, Suom nomen omne ex pectore exmouit meo. It was a stupid botcher, who gave readers of Plautus credit for a very small amount of intelligence, who interpolated the next line (78b) ; Phronesim : nam phronesis est sapientia. "This prologue is spurious; cf. Ussing, p. 295; Ritschl, Parerg. 204 f., 212 f.; but see Francken in Mnemos. IV (1876), p. 174. 20 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. In the examples now to be cited the names are not actually interpreted, but are used in such a connection as to imply an interpretation; in other words, the hearer of Plautus, or the reader, must see the meaning of the name before he can grasp the meaning of the passage in which it occurs. In Aul. 398 Anthrax plays on the name of the cook Machaerio (derived from fidxatpa, "knife"), saying, tu, Machaerio, Congrum, murenam exdorsua quantum potest. In Bacch. 121 Lydus (i. e., Lydian) has his name played on by Pistoclerus, who protests against his slave's unwillingness to receive Suauisauisatio into his Pantheon: O Lyde, es barbarus. The name Chrysalus, which yields such a wealth of plays, is thus used in Bacch. 639 : Pistoclerus (to Mnesilo- chus) : Tuam copiam eccam Chrysalum uideo. Menaechmus Sosicles, in one of the numerous scenes wherein he is mistaken for his brother, is asked concerning the parasite Peniculus;^^ he naturally does not understand and inquires (285) : Quem tu parasitum quaeris, adules- cens, meum ? Cylindrus answers : Peniculum ; and Menaech- mus' slave Messenio, misinterpreting the name as "brush" or "sponge," replies : Eccum in uidulo saluom fero.^* The connection of the name Toxilus with ro^ov, "bow," may be hinted at in Pers. 856b. Toxilus, in bidding farewell to the outwitted procurer Dordalus, says : tCon- uenisse te Toxilum me ^* i. e., "remember that you have met a man with a bow." We find a series of plays on the name of the procurer "^The actual question that was asked Menaechmus is wanting in our MSS., but its general purport is clear from the context. '"There is a slight confusion as to the speakers in this line, but that Messenio makes the play, is clear. '"The line is corrupt, memineris being Camerarius' correction from me; the general meaning of the line is unquestionable. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 21 Lycus in the Poenulus (see p. 19, above). In line 187 Milphio says : Ita decipiemus fouea lenonem Lycum. In 646 the advocati who are bringing Collabiscus to Lycus associate the latter's name with his plundering pro- pensities, thus : Nunc hunc, Lyce, ad te diripiundum addu- cimus. This line is one of the most artfully composed in Plautus : the procurer is meant to understand, "We bring you this man, Lycus, to be torn in pieces," and to notice the play on his own name; at the same time the audience perceives also the real meaning of the words : "We bring you this man, Lycus, to tear you in pieces." Immediately hereafter (647-648) Collabiscus remarks in an aside : Cum praeda hie hodie incedet uenator domum : Canes compellunt in plagas lepide \vkov. Finally in line 1333, and its duplicate 1382, Agoras- tocles in reply to Hanno's question, quis hie est? answers, utrumuis est, uel leno, uel Xv/cos. Naudet (on V, 5, 53) suggests here, "Fortasse ludit ancipiti nominis 'Xv/cos,' et nominis 'leno,' quod, litera 'n' liquescente, possit leo sonare." But this seems nothing more than wild conjecture, for while n is apt to disappear before s and /, it does not tend to dis- appear before a vowel.^® In Poen. 886, Syncerastus, who is afraid of punishment at the hands of his master Lycus, says : Continuo is me ex Syncerasto Crurifragium fecerit. Here we have a false etymology for Syncerastus, which the slave has connected with sincerus. For a possible play on Xystilis (Pseud. 210 fif.), if that be the right reading, see p. 66, below. The name Harpax, plays on which were noted above, is played on as follows by Simia in Pseud. 925. Simia is boasting to Pseudolus of his ability to impersonate Harpax and deceive Ballio, and, speaking of the true Harpax, says : "Ci. Lindsay, Latin Language, pp. 63, 67. 22 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Numquam edepol erit ille potior Harpax quam ego. No one in the audience could help understanding Harpax here in its meaning of "plunderer" or "thief." Similarly ibid. 1197 fif., after Ballio has been cheated by the false Harpax, the true Harpax appears, but Ballio will have none of him, and tells him : Nil est hodie hie sucophantis quaestus. proin tu Pseudolo Nunties abduxisse alium praedam, qui occurrit prior, Harpax. Ballio refers in Harpax only to the name; but the audi- ence would apprehend the meaning of the name, and the joke is much improved by keeping the name for the end of the sentence. Harpax replies, is quidem edepol Harpax ego sum; and this time Ballio intentionally plays on the name, saying, immo edepol esse uis. The procurer makes another play, though an unintentional one, on the name in the same scene (line 1209) when he says, illam epistulam ipsus uerus Harpax hue ad me attulit. The play here was brought out by the use of the word uerus. Pseudolus, after Charinus has offered to supply his wants, says (Pseud. 736) : Di immortales, non Charinus Tiihi hicquidem, sed copiast. He connects Charinus with careo, meaning: "This isn't Poverty: it's Wealth."^" The arch-conspirator Pseudolus has his name asso- ciated with fraud in the Ballio-Harpax scene (lines 1192- 95) referred to a few lines above. Ballio thinks Pseudolus has hired the true Harpax to practice some fraud : Ballio : Quantillo argento te conduxit Pseudolus ? Harpax: Quis istic Pseudolust? Ballio : Praeceptor tuus qui te banc fallaciam Docuit, ut fallaciis hinc mulierem a me ab- duceres. Harpax: Quern tu Pseudolum, quas tu mihi praedicas f allacias ? "Cf. Koenig, op. cit., p. 4, note i. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 23 Koenig (p. 4) cites Rud. 827 as a play on Palaestra. Labrax, in lcK>king for the lost Palaestra, hears a voice, which turns out to be not Palaestra's but that of a lorarius. Hereupon he exclaims : Apage, controversiast : Haec quidem Palaestra quae respondit non meast. The play here consists in the contrast between palaestra and controuersia. In Stich. 270-271 Gelasimus plays on the name Pina- cium, "picture,"^^ saying: Sed eccum Pinacium eius puerum. hoc uide : Satin ut facete atque ex pictura astitit? Unless the name Pinaciwn is understood as "picture," the second line is pointless. The idea of "joy" lurking in the name Charmides may be played on in Trin. 973.^* Charmides, after the sycophant has told him that Charmides has given him (the sycophant) a sum of money, says, Charmides ego sum, and the syco- phant replies, nequiquam hercle's : nam nil auri fero. The sycophant may imply, "It's useless for you to be a joyful man; for I have no gold after all." The line, however, is quite intelligible without this interpretation. In two passages in the Amphitruo, names are used ambiguously without reference to their meaning. These are the only cases of the kind that I have found in Plautus, and though they. do not strictly belong under the present class of name-plays I have included them here as being very close to the others that I have mentioned. In Amph. 26-27 Mercurius, who is delivering the pro- logue, says, Etenim ille quoius hue iussu uenio luppiter Non minus quam uostrum quiuis formidat malum : Humana matre natus, humano patre, Mirari non est aequom, sibi si praetimet. "On Fa^s suggestion as to the meaning of Pinacium, see p. 60, below. "See note on line 977 above, p. 18. 24 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus, By luppiter he means ambiguously the god and the actor who takes his part in the play. Cf. Amph. 86 1 ff., p. 84. Similarly, but not quite in the same manner, Mer- curius plays on his own name (line 436) saying, ego per Mercurium iuro; poor confused Sosia gets no idea from these words that his tormentor is invoking his own divinity. I, i,A, a, yS. R. We come now to those plays on the names of Dramatis Personac in which the name is implied and not expressed. These are comparatively few in number; Plau- tus evidently preferred when making a play on a name to leave nothing to be taken for granted, and to give expression to the word that was played on rather than run the risk of having his joke fall flat. However, he does sometimes leave the name to be understood. In this class of name-plays the same two divisions appear as in the preceding class, namely, play of both sound and sense and that of sense only. I, I, A, a, /8, 1. I. Sound and Sense. These are exceedingly few. In these cases there is most danger that the joke will be utterly lost if the name is not expressed, and Plautus has been cor- respondingly careful. In Pers. 139 fif. after Saturio has expressed his usual longing for a feast, Toxilus says to him : Scin quam potest ? Numquam hercle hodie hie prius edes, ne frustra sis, Quam te hoc f acturum quod rogo adfirmas mihi : Atque nisi gnatam tecum hue iam quantum potest Adducis, exigam hercle ego te ex hac decuria. Quid nunc ? Saturio : Quid est ? Toxilus : Quin dicis quid facturus sis? Hereupon Saturio replies, quaeso hercle me quoque etiam uende, si lubet, Dum saturum uendas, saturum being un- doubtedly a play on the name Saturio. In Pers. 668, after Dordalus has been beguiled into buying Lucris, Toxilus puts the finishing touch to the trans- Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 25 action by saying to him, non edepol minis trecentis carast: fecisti lucri. The audience would see the joke; and the procurer, too, might associate Iticri with Lucris as he him- self has already done before.^® Three scenes farther on (712-713), after Dordalus has actually bought the girl, Toxilus pretends to congratulate him on his bargain, and makes two plays on the name of Lucris in two successive lines : Ne hie tibi dies inlexit lucrificabilis ; Nam non emisti banc, uerum fecisti lucri. 2. Play of sense only. Tliese are rather more numer- I, i,A, a, ^, 2. ous than those of both sense and sound. It may seem that the present class overlaps the main division II (Tell-tale names), and the difference between them is in fact not a radical one. My plan has been to include under the class of tell-tale names those names that were applied to their bearer because of the part he took throughout the play, or at least in some scene of the play. I have, however, recorded as actual plays on names (sometimes the same names as those listed under II), those cases in which a line, or a few lines, contained an especial allusion to the name. This distinction, if not clear, will, I think, become so on examination of the examples that now follow. In the Asinaria there is a slave named Leonida. His part is to help cheat the ass-dealer;*** but there is nothing in his general part to indicate why he has a name that shall remind the hearer of a lion; in other words, the reasons for putting the name Leonida in Class II are not very strong. Plautus has, however, played upon the name more than once in name-plays that come in the class now under discussion. In 267-271, after having thought out the plot to cheat the ass-dealer, Leonida enters with the following soliloquy : '"626-627 : Si te emam, Mihi quoque Lucridem confido fore te. =°See 407 ff- 26 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Vbi ego nunc Libanum requiram aut familiarem filium, Vt ego illos lubentiores faciam quam Lubentiast? Maxumam praedam et triumphum eis adfero aduentu meo. Quando mectim pariter potant, pariter scortari solent, Hanc quidem quam nactus praedam pariter cum illis par- tiam. His talk of the "booty" here is an allusion to the savage nature of his name. Libanus, in the speech which he now makes after having overheard Leonida, makes allusion to this nature in an aside of his own: Illic homo aedis com- pilauit, more si fecit suo. Later on in the same scene, Leonida has revealed his plot to Libanus, who asks where the ass-dealer is; and Leonida again shows his leonine nature by asking (337) : lam deuorandum censes, si con- spexeris ? Once more a similar play is made. Libanus is going to palm off Leonida on the ass-dealer as Saurea, and, pre- tending to give him a description of Saurea, describes Leonida (400-401) as Macilentis malis, rufulus, aliquantum uentriosus Truculentis oculis, commoda statura, tristi fronte. Argyrippus in the Asinaria undoubtedly derives his name of "Silver-horse" from the scene 699 ff., where he plays the horse and carries the slave Libanus on his back in order to procure money for the latter.®^ The name is played on several times in that scene. In 699 Libanus says to him : Vehes pol hodie me, si quidem hoc argentum ferre speres; here uehes and argentum together form a play on Argy- rippus. While Libanus is preparing to ride on his master's back, he says to him (704) : Abi, laudo, nee te equo magis est equos ullus sapiens; and while riding on his master's back "Hence Argyrippus will be found among the "tell-tale names." Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 27 he refers to him as a quadruped (708) : lam calcari quad- rupedo agitabo aduorsum cHuom. What seems a direct play on Diabolus occurs in Asin. 810-81 1 ; here Diabolus says: Emori Me malim, quam haec non eius uxori indicem, there being a play on his name in indicem, just as his whole part in the comedy, consisting as it does in giving information, is also a play on his name. Staphyla in the Aulularia, on account of her drinking proclivities, has the name of "bunch of grapes," which she plays upon twice. In 279, after receiving a scolding at the hands of Euclio, she remarks : Nam ecastor malum maerorem metuo ne inmixtum bibam. Again, in 354, speaking to Strobilus about the coming wedding of Phaedra, she asks him, Cererin, Strobile, has sunt facturi nuptias? Strobilus asks qui ?, and is answered, quia temeti nil allatum' intellego. The bawd in the Curculio is named Leaena. At line 97 she says that the smell of wine has reached her nostrils, and in 105 ff. she attempts to trace the whereabouts of the wine by the smell. Palinurus, who overhears her, then plays upon her name of "lioness" (no) : Canem esse banc quidem magis par fuit: sagax nasum habet, meaning she would be a greater success as a dog than as a lioness. Lyco, the usurious banker of the Curculio, is forced in lines 506 if. to listen to a tirade by Curculio against him and his class, in the course of which Curculio compares bankers with procurers, and in one line (508) refers to the meaning of Lyco's name : Vos faenore, hi male suadendo et lustris lacerant homines. In the scene Merc. 842 ff., Eutychus (866) calls to Charinus : Ilico Sta Charine, and Charinus replies, qui me revocat? Eutychus probably has the meaning of his own name (good fortune) in mind when, instead of an- swering "ego" or "Eutychus," he calls out, Spes, Salus, Victoria ! The name Pyrgapolinices is played on in Mil. 1055, 28 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. where Milphidippa says to him : Exprome benignum ex te ingenium, urbicape, occisor regum. Plays on the name Tramio that would come under this class have been suggested by Fay^'^ in Most. 667, 825, 832 ff., 903, 1 103-1 104 and 1 1 15. These will all be found men- tioned below under II ; I avoid giving them here as a useless repetition. Grumio ( "Clodhopper" )^^ is played on in Most. 40, where Tranio calls him germana inhmies. Paegnium in the Persa, a person whose name was noted above, p. 19, is told by Toxilus (806) : Basilice te intulisti et facete, and, accepting facete as a play on his own name, in the meaning "play-fellow," answers : Decet me facetum esse : et hunc inridere Lenonem lubidost. The name Lycius in the Poenulus has been used for two plays of this class (see p. 21, above). In 660 he says, Praeda haec meast, referring to his having entrapped Col- labiscus, a play on Lycus that is akin to the plays on Leonida noted above. In 774-776, where Agorastocles is showing how he has tricked the procurer by means of Collabiscus, Lycus insists that this cannot be so : Compositast fallacia Vt eo me priuent atque inter se diuidant. Lupo agnum eripere postulant. Here Plautus has translated the name in order to give some variety to a joke that has been almost done to death. Charmides (Rud. 543) plays on the meaning of the name Labrax by calling the procurer inpurata belita. In 748 Trachalio calls the same character faelis. Again in 886 Charmides says to him : Credo alium in aliam beluam homi- nem uortier. In Trin. 402 ff., Philto endeavors to persuade Lesbo- 'H. c. ■"Fay. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 29 nicus to allow the latter 's sister to marry Philto's son with- out a dowry. Philto has pity on Lesbonicus' poverty and means his offer in all kindness. Accordingly, it is a mean thrust that the latter's slave Stasimus makes at Philto in an aside in 495-496, when, apropos of a mention of Acheron that Philto has made, he says, Mirum quin tu illo tecum divitias feras : Vbi mortnos sis, ita sis ut nomen cluet, — i. e., when you are dead then you'll be "amiable" but not before. In the fragments of the Vidularia, Cacistus makes a play on his own name, "Worst" (67-68) : Captam praedam perdidi. Nisi quid ego mei simile aliquid contra consilium paro ; i. e., "I must devise some devilish plan such as would be expected from one of my name." This concludes the plays on the names of Dramm>tis I, i,A,b. Personae that fall under I, i. As the next class to be con- sidered, those names which are assumed by Dramatis Per- sonae, or applied to them by other characters, naturally present themselves. Logically the same scheme of classifi- cation should be applied here as in the case of Drainatis Personae. No instances have been found, however, where a name assumed by a Dramatis Persona, or applied to him, is played on without being mentioned. This is what we should expect, since these names usually serve as a joke in the passage in which they are applied to the character and are then dropped. On account of this, and because of the general similarity of this class of plays one to another, they have not been divided as have those on names of Dramatis Personae. ^^^ The first example is a mere adnomina^^^^LAmph. 703 Amphitruo and Sosia think Alcmena ^^^^^V Sosia calls her a bacchante, saying, Bacchae t^^^^^Fsi uehs aduorsarier, etc. ^^^^r Practically the same play occurs in Aul. ^iP Congrio 30 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. considers the inmates of Euclio's house crazy because they beat him so, and says, ad Bacchas ueni in Bacchanal. The parasite Ergasilus says (Capt. 69), iuuentus nomen indidit Scorto mihi, and then interprets Scorto as follows : Eo quia inuocatus soleo esse in conuiuio.^* In Cist. 465^^ Melaenis asks Alcesimarchus, potin ut me molestus ne sis? Alcesimarchus, in his answer, says that Molestus is his name : Quin id est nomen mihi : Omnes mortales ucstu * * consitu. When Curculio, in the play that bears his name, is posing as the slave of Therapontigonus, he tells Lyco that his name is Summanus. Lyco asks (414), qui Summanu's? fac sciam; and Curculio answers, Quia uestimenta ubi obdormiui ebrius, Summano, ob eam rem me omnes Summanum uocant. The name Summamis is one applied to Pluto (cf. Bacch. 895), but Curculio derives it from summano, "to trickle," which he uses, however, in the active sense of "to wet." For the simpltmano used transitively cf. Pliny, H. N. 37, 170. In Pers. lor, Toxilus hails the parasite Saturio: O Saturio, opportune aduenisti mihi. Saturio retorts : Mendacium edepol dicis : atque baud te decet : Nam Essurio uenio, non aduenio Saturio.^® The name Essurio, which Saturio here applies to himself, forms a play upon his real name. It is again a parasite who makes a play involving this same idea in Stich. 242. Crocotium calls out, Gelasime, salue. Gelasimus replies, non id est nomen mihi. Cro- on inuocatus see Chap. 11, p. 86 f. Schoell. [ed from the Goetz and Schoell text to the extent lb and Essurio with capital initials; they are clearly Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 31 cotium insists : Certo mecastor id fuit nomen tibi ; where- upon Gelasimus says: Fuit disertim, uerum id usu perdidi : Nunc Miccotrogus nomine e uero uocor. The name "Crumb-eater" is interpreted by the words e uero; it is almost the exact equivalent of Essurio as used above. Charmides in Trin. 889 asks the sycophant for his name : Quid est tibi nomen, adulescens ? The sycophant answers, Pax, id est nomen mihi. Hoc cotidianumst. Char- mides repHes, Edepol nomen nugatorium : Quasi dicas, siquid crediderim tibi, 'pax,' periisse ilico. Hie homo solide sycophantast. Pmx is here used as in putting an end to a discussion (cf. Mil. 808, Stich. 771 ; Ter. Hemt. 291, 717)." The remaining plays of this class are all of the type of the famous pun in Odyssey j IX, 366, 408, 455, where Odysseus deceives Polyphemus by claiming the name OSrt?. In the first scene of the Amphitruo, Mercurius terrifies Sosia by prophesying dire things to anyone that may come along, all the while pretending that he is ignorant of Sosia's presence. Meantime Sosia, too, is talking to himself. Finally Mercurius says (331) : Certe enim hie nescioquis loquitur. Sosia interprets nescioquis as a name and con- gratulates himself on his escape: Saluos sum, non me uidet : Nescioquem loqui autumat : mihi certo nomen Sosiaest.^® "Lewis and Short (Diet. s. v. Pax, 4) record this meaning as be- longing to the noun pax, "peace" ! Morris ( Trinummus; Boston, igoi) explains it as equivalent to the Greek tto^, denying any con- nection with pax, "'peace.'' irtfefc "Strictly speaking, Nescioquis is not a name a al^^ d by or ap- plied to a dramatis persona; but neither is it appli'gBjPp' or assumed by anyone, and for this reason, since it is so close to the other plays of this class, I have included it here. 32 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Perhaps a similar play is intended in Amph. 1021. Amphitruo has been knocking at the door of his own house. Finally Mercurius from within asks, quis ad fores est? and the following dialogue takes place: Amphitruo: Ego sum. Mercurius : Quid ego sum ? Amphitruo : Ita loquor. Mer- curius here may be intended to understand ego sum as a name. Calidorus, speaking to Pseudolus (Pseud. 709), says to him, die utrum Spemne an Salutem te salutem, Pseudole ? Pseudolus answers, immo utrumque; and Calidorus, taking this as a name, says, Vtrumque, salue. Finally in True. 256 f. there occurs practically the same play as that quoted above from Amph. 1021. The passage is as follows : Stratulax : Quis illic est qui tam propterue nostras aedis arietat ? Astaphium : Ego sum : respice ad me. Stratulax : Quid 'ego' ? Astaphium : Nonne 'ego' uideor tibi ? I, I, A, c. We come next to plays on names of persons who do not take part in the action of the play. The plays on names of the Dramatis Personae naturally far surpass these in number and variety. Plautus, however, has not overlooked the possibilities of playing upon names mentioned inci- dentally. When Mercurius before Amphitruo's house is boasting of the great things he can do with his fists, he says (Amph. 302): Agite pugni : iam diust quom uentri uictum non datis. lam pridem uidetur factum, heri quod homines quattuor In soporem coUocastis nudos. Poor Sosia, listening in terror, says to himself: Formido male, Ne ego hie nomen meum commutem et Quintus fiam ex Sosia. ■ In Aul. 162-164 the old man Megadorus, speaking to Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 33 his sister Eunomia, is arguing against an old man's marry- ing an old woman, and says : Post mediam aetatem qui media ducit uxorem domum, Si earn senex anum praegnantem fortuito fecerit, Quid dubitas, quin sit paratum nomen puero Postumus ? alluding, in the name Postumus, to the fact that the child's father will be dead when it is born. In Capt. 285-287 Thensaurochrysonicochrysides^^ is played on. Philocrates mentions this as his father's name. Hereupon Hegio asks, uidelicet propter diuitias inditum id nomen quasist? and Philocrates turns the joke slightly by answering, immo edepol propter auaritiam ipsius atque audaciam. The writer of the prologue of the Casina has put into it a play on the name of Plautus himself (32-34) : Deiphilus Hanc' graece scripsit, postid rursum denuo Latine Plautus cum latranti nomine. The last words refer to a certain kind of dog mentioned by Paulus (ex Festo, p. 231 M.) : Plauti appellantur canes, quorum aures languidae sunt, ac flaccidae et latius videntur patere. In Men. 402, Erotium, having mistaken one Menaech- mus for his brother, is surprised to hear him talk of his ship; she says, peril misera. Quam tu mihi nunc nauem narras ? to which Menaechmus replies : Ligneam, Saepe tritam, saepe fixam, saepe excussam malleo. Quasi supellex pellionis : palus palo proxumust. It has been thought that pellio is a play on the name of the actor Pellio mentioned in Bacch. 215.*" ™A tell-tale name; see below, p. 71. "Cf. Turnebus, ad he. 34 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. When Tranio is telling Theopropides his ghost-story in the Mostellaria, he tells him the name of the man who, as he says, was murdered in the house, and puns on it (497- 498. Tranio is speaking as though quoting the ghost) : 'Ego transmarinus hospes sum Diapontius.' The word trans- marinus is merely a translation of the Greek name Dioh pontius. I, I, B. Occasionally Plautus makes a play on a geographical term. Once he forms a humorous comparative of a geo- graphical adjective for the sake of making a pun, when Milphio in Poen. 991 says : Nullus mest hodie Poenus Poenior. Other plays on geographical names in this class are more clever than this mere adnominatio. Chrysalus in Bacch. 199-202 plays upon the adjective Samius. He asks Pistoclerus : Eho, an inuenisti Bacchidem ? Pistoclerus, referring to Bacchis' nationality, answers, Samiam quidem ; and hereupon Chrysalus makes his play : Vide, quaeso, nequis tractet illam indiligens : Scis tu ut confringi uas cito Samium solet. That Pistoclerus appreciated the joke appears from his next words, iamne ut soles. A play on Boius is made by the parasite Ergasilus in Capt. 888. Ergasilus is informing Hegio of the return as a captive of the slave Stalagmus who years before stole Hegio's little son. Ergasilus asks Hegio, sed Stalagmus quoius erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit ? Hegio replies : Siculus. Ergasilus then says : At nunc Siculus non est : Boius est, boiam terit. Here boiam is used in the -double sense of "chain"' and "Boian woman" ; terit is also used equivocally, meaning simply "rub" with the first meaning of boiant, and having an obscene sense with the second. In Pers. 506 f. we have a play on the name Chryso- polis*^ which is coined for that purpose. Curculio has given *^Cod. A puts the reading beyond doubt. Studies in the World-Play in Plautus. 35 Dordalus the false letter of Therapontigonus, and Dordalus is reading the reason that detains the soldier from coming : Chrysopolim Persae cepere urbem in Arabia, Plenam bonarum rerum atque antiquom oppidum. Here plenam bonarum rerum explains the name "Gold City." In True. 497 Stratophanes uses the phrase Athenas Atticas, a paronomasia without point. The plays on names of gods in the present class are I, i, C. practically all of the kind in which sound as well as sense plays a part. It has been suspected that a play that does not involve sound exists in Amph. 341.*^ Here Mercurius is intercepting Sosia and asks him, quo ambulas tu, qui Volcanum in cornu conclusum geris? Naudet thinks that Volcanum,, besides referring to the fire in the lantern, is intended to be understood in its literal sense of the god Vulcan. In Asin. 267-268, Lubentia, personified, is played on with the comparative of lubens; Leonida is speaking : Vbi ego nunc Libanum requiram aut familiarem filium, Vt ego illos lubentiores faciam quam Lubentiast? The play is similar in style to the Poenus Poenior of Poen. 991, quoted above, and similar ones occur in Poen. 846 and 1 177 and Pseud. 669-670 (all quoted below). The association of a cognate verb with the name of the god is found in Asin. 506, where Philaenium says, ubi piem Pietatem, etc. In the Aulularia, when Euclio is hiding his precious pot of gold in the temple of Fides, the name of the god is played on several times. In 582 f., before setting out for the temple, Euclio says : Nunc hoc mihi factust optumum, ut te auferam. Aula, in Fidei f anum : ibi abstrudam probe. "See Naudet on Amph. I, i, 185. 36 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Then he plays on the name of the god, the play being one that does not involve sound (584-585) : Fides, nouisti me et ego te : caue sis tibi, Ne tu inmutassis nomen, si hoc concreduo. This play he immediately follows up in the next line with one that depends on both sound and sense : Ibo ad te fretus tua. Fides, fiducia. In 614-615, when entrusting the pot to the care of the god, Euclio makes a pun on Fides, the god's name, and Mes, "faith" : Vide, Fides, etiam atque etiam nunc, saluam ut aulam abs te auferam : Tuae fidei concredidi aurum. In 616-618 Strobilus varies the pun by introducing a new cognate word, saying: Di immortales quod ego hunc hominem facinus audio loqui : Se aulam onustam auri abstrusisse hie intus in fano Fidei. Caue tu illi ftdelis quaeso, potius fueris quam mihi.*^ After Euclio has discovered Strobilus and has come to the conclusion that the temple is not a fit place for the gold, he plays again on the god's name (as in 614-615) in 667- 668: Fide censebam maxumam multo fidem Esse. And here the joke is allowed to rest. Venus in association with uenustas is a pun used sev- eral times by Plautus. The two words occur side by side in Bacch. 115, where Pistoclerus is giving the list of divini- ties in the house of Bacchis : Amor, Voluptas, Venus, Venus- tas, Gaudium, etc. (cf. Most. 161, Poen. 11 77, quoted below). "Plautus' delight in opportunity for word-plays is seen in the play Fides fideliam, which now closely follows. See below, p. 46. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 37 Munditia, personified, is associated with the meaning of the same word as a common noun in Cas. 225. Lysi- damas is speaking, and says :** Qui quom amo Casinam, magis niteo, munditiis Munditiam antideo. The adjective iwnusta is applied to Venus by Philo- laches in Most. 161 : Oh Venus uenusta. (Cf. the colloca- tion of Venus and uenustas, Bacch. 115). In Cist. 515 we find the phrase Ops opulenta. In Most. 350-351 Tranio is bemoaning the unlucky return of Theopropides, and says : Occidit spes nostra : nusquam stabulumst confidentiae. Nee Salus nobis saluti iam esse, si cupiat, potest. The play here on Saliis and saluti is the exact counterpart of Munditia munditiis of Cas. 225, quoted above. Venus, a fruitful source of plays in Plautus, is asso- ciated with ueneror in Poen. 278, where Agorastocles, speaking of Adelphasium, says : * ■ Nam Venus non est Venus : Hanc equidem Venerem uenerabor, me ut amet. In Poen. 623-624 For tuna is mentioned shortly after the use of the adjective fortwnati by Lycus. This is prob- ably intentional, but the play is extremely weak : Fortunati omnes sitis : quod certo scio Nee fore nee Fortunam id situram fieri. Milphio plays upon Ignauia with the adjective ignauus in the same play, lines 845-846 : Proinde habet orationem, quasi ipse sit frugi bonae, Qui ipsus hercle ignauiorem poti est facere Ignauiam. "To make the line intelligible, Leo's text is followed except for the capital letter of Munditiam; the change of inicio to niteo does not aflfect the word-play. 38 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Adelphasium in Poen. 11 76- 11 78, on her return from the festival of Venus, associates the goddess with the adjec- tive uenustus and the noun uenustas: Deamaui ecastor illi*^ hodie lepidissuma munera meretricum, • Digna dea*^ uenustissuma Venere, neque contempsi eius opes hodie: Tanta ibi copia uenustatum aderat in suo quique loco sita munde. Pseudolus, rejoicing in the aid his plot has received from the description of Harpax, congratulates himself thus (Pseud. 669-670) : Namque ipsa Opportunitas non potuit mihi opportunius Aduenire quam haec allatast mihi opportune epistula. In line 709 of the same play Calidorus plays upon Saius, asking Pseudolus : Die utrum Spemne an Salutem te salutem, Pseudole? Several plays on Venus occur in the Rudens. In 305 the fishermen, hoping to make a good catch and being near the temple of Venus, say: Nunc Venerem banc ueneremur bonam, ut nos lepide adiuerit hodie. In 624 Trachalio associates Venus with the derivative adjective Veneria. The procurer Labrax of the Rudens, while bewailing his own misfortune, thus plays on Gaudium (1284- 1285) : Nam lenones ex Gaudio credo esse procreates : Ita omnes mortales, siquid est mali lenoni, gaudcnt. In 1 348- 1 349 Labrax prays to Venus : Illaec aduorsum siquid peccasso, Venus, Veneror te ut omnes miseri lenones sint. "Following Leo's text. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 39 It is by no means accidental that ueneror has been put at the beginning of the last line, just next to Venus of the line preceding. Practically the same play has been noted in Poen. 278 (see above, p. 37). The last of these plays on the names of gods is on Mercurius, and is made by Epignomus*® in Stich. 404. He is thanking the gods for his safe return home, and after expressing his gratitude to Neptune says : Simul l^sc. grates habeo] Mercurio qui me in mercimoniis luuit lucrisque quadruplicauit rem meam. The name of the play Mercator is associated withI,i,D. mercatum in Merc. 9-1 1 :*'' Graece haec uocatur Emporos Philemonis : Eadem latine Mercator Macci Titi : Pater ad mercatum hic me mens misit Rhodum. The name of the play Trinummus once forms the sub- ject of a name-play. The sycophant says, Trin. 843-844: Huic ego die nomen Trinummo facio; and then gives his reason, nam ego operam meam Tribus nummis hodie locaui ad artis nugatorias. This brings to a close those name-plays designated in I, 2, A, o. the table as I, i, the plays which depend on the explanation of the name or its association with a word etymologically cognate. We now come to Class I, 2, which contains plays of sound in which the word played on is not cognate. It would not be correct to say that these plays depend on the sound only. Some of them do, but the best of them are those in which the words played on are similar in sound, and likewise either similar or contrasted in meaning, so that we have a play of sense also. Plautus has not used plays *'If this is really his name. "For references on the difficulties in this speech of Charinus, see Leo ad loc. 40 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. of this class nearly so much as those of the preceding one ; he has preferred plays in which the etymology of the name played on was directly employed for the purposes of the plays. The division into sub-classes followed here is on the same lines as that of the preceding section. Names of dramatis personae will be considered first. These with few exceptions have the name expressed ; to make a play depend- ing mainly on the similarity in the sound of two words, and leave one of the words to be understood, is to run the gravest danger of wasting one's pains entirely. Plautus perceived this and acted accordingly. The first example under this class is the famous play in Amph. 382-384. Several plays have already been quoted from this scene, in which Mercurius tries to convince Sosia that he is not Sosia. Finally by the aid of considerable threat- ening he makes the poor slave say (382) : Nemo [sc. sum] nisi quem iusseris. Mercurius follows up his advantage: Amphitruonis te esse aiebas Sosiam; and Sosia gets out of the difficulty by answering : Peccaueram : Nam Amphitruonis socium f neme esse uolui dicere. The last part of this verse is corrupt. But whether we read with Lindemann socium memet, etc., with Fleckeisen nam illut Awrphitruonis socium me, etc., or with Ussing naw. Am,phitruonis socium nunc me esse uolui dicere, the meaning seems plain. Sosia seems clearly to say, "I didn't mean to say I was Sosia; I meant I was the socius of Amphitruo." I fail to see the force of Leo's objection : "Sed nee quo acumine se Amphitryonis socium vocet apparet nee quadrat sq. versus." The "acumen" in Sosia's calling himself the socius of Amphitruo is in the really comical pun ; and while the next verse, in which Mer- curius remarks : Scibam equidem nullum esse nobis nisi me seruom Sosiam, seems to me to "fit" well enough. I also fail to see the force of Leo's further suggestion: "Nam Amphitryonis, non me Sosiam esse uolui dicere;" it only Studies in the Word-Playi in Plautus. 41 seems wholly to corrupt a slightly damaged line. It may be pointed out here that too much stress must not be laid on the similarity in sound between the two words that compose a play. It is going too far to suppose, on the basis of a pun like the present one, that c before i had the sound of j. The association of Chrysalus with cruciatus and excrucio in Bacch. 687 and 1184, quoted below, is similar to the present example. So, too, when we find Melaenis associated with delenis (see below, p. 44) we must not assume that ae had the sound of e. In Bacch. 129 Pistoclerus plays upon the name of Lydus, saying to him : Non omnis aetas, Lyde, ludo con- uenit. An excellent play occurs in Bacch. 361-362. Here Chrysalus is fearing his master's return and says : Credo hercle adueniens nomen mutabit mihi. Facietque extemplo Crucisalum me ex Chrysalo. The complete contrast in the meaning of the two names played on, Chrysahis with its idea of "gold" ( for other plays on this meaning of the name see above, p. 10), and Cruci- salus presenting the picture of the punished slave writhing on the cross, could hardly be bettered. Chryscdus is also associated with the similarly sound- ing noun cruciatus and the verb excrucio. When Mnesilo- chus informs him that the well-laid plot against Nicobulus has come to nought because Mnesilochus has given back his gold to the old man, Chrysalus exclaims (687) : Istoc dicto dedisti hodie in cruciatum Chrysalum. Later, when the plot has been tried again and has succeeded, Nicobulus laments (1183-1184) : Quadringentis Philippis filius me et Chrysalus cir- cumduxerunt, Quem quidem ego ut non excruciem, alterum tantum auri non meream. 42 Studies in the Word-Play in Plcmtus. A rather forced play upon Lcaena, but one that shows how Plautus loved this form of humor, occurs in Cure. 76- 78. Phaedromus says : Anus hie solet cubare custos ianitrix — Nomen Leaenaest — multibiba atque merobiba. Palinurus replies, quasi tu lagoenam dicas, ubi uinum Chium solet esse. A play that depends upon sound only, one that lies on the indefinable border between alliteration and word-play, occurs in Cure. 546. Here, after Therapontigonus has been talking of Summanu^, Lyco asks him, quos Summanos somniasf Similarly in Epid. 591-592 the name Epidicus is played on when Acropolistis says, quae didici dixi omnia. Epid- icus mihi fuit magister. In Men. 295 there is a play on the name of the cook Cylindrus, the meaning of which is a puzzle. Menaechmus Sosicles says to Cylindrus : Sei tu Cylindrus sive Co/ien- drus,*^ perieris, or Sei tu Cylindrus sive Coriendrus, peri- eris. In either case the meaning has not been satisfactorily explained. Bothe suggested the emendation Coriandrus, which is an allusion to "coriander," a thing not necessarily used by a cook, and Leo, reading Coriendrus, explains it thus : "a corio alludit ad coriandrum." The best explanation is that of Salmasius. Reading Coliendrus, he says that Cylindrus (Culindrus) is here, for the purposes of the play, supposed to be from cuius (posteriores) , while Coliendrus is a humorous formation from calon ("great-gut"). Even this seems somewhat forced ; it seems hard to make an audience, in one line, think out a false derivation for a name and grasp a new formation besides. It seems worth noting that in Byzantine Greek we find icvXivhpo?, in the plural, used in "The reading of A. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 43 the sense of testes.*^ It seems quite possible that the word may have been used in this sense long before this time with- out getting into the literature, as is often the case with obscene words.®" Plautus may then have had this meaning in mind in the present passage, and used Cylindrus here in this obscene sense, coining Coliendrus from colon, as Sal- masius suggests, to go with it.^^ A simple but rather humorous play occurs in Merc. 601. Charinus calls out, Eutyche, and Eutychus plays on the first syllable of his own name by answering, eu, Charine. Plautus associates Sceledrtis several times in the Miles with scelus. In 289 Palaestrio says : Quod ego, Sceledre, scelus ex te audio ? In 330 he says : Nescio quae te, Sceledre, scelera suscitant. Finally, in 494, the old man Periple- comenus asks : Tun Sceledre hie, scelerum caput, Meam ludificauisti hospitam ante aedis modo? Sagaristio in the Persa is also spoken of by the name Persa, describing his supposed nationality. In line 740, when the procurer finds that he has been imposed upon, he exclaims: Ei, Persa me pessum dedit. Later, in 783-784, he grows violent in his invective, and plays on Persa with persona in the course of his tirade : Qui ilium Persam atque omnis Persas atque omnis personas Male di omnes perdant. Pseudolus, in 584-585^ of the play named from him, plays upon the name of the procurer Ballio: Nunc inimicum ego hunc communem meum atque uostr um omnium. Ballionem exhaiUstabo. Pseudolus' own name is played on in 1205 by Ballio, who says: Edepol hominem uerberonem Pseudolum, ut docte dolum Commentust. *°Ci. Const. Manass., Chron., 2135, 4644, 4651, 613 1. "See Century Diet., s. v. Ball, 20. '^Ussing rejects lines 294-296 entirely, saying they are out of con- nection where they are, and fit in nowhere else. 44 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. This play recurs in Pseud. 1244; here Simo says: Superauit dolum Troianum atque Vlixem Pseudolus. Two plays of the present class correspond to those re- corded under the preceding division, Class a ^, that is, the name that is played on is not expressed (cf. above, pp. 24 ff.). In Cist. 517, Alcesimarchus, speaking to Melaenis, says, tu me delenis, where delenis is evidently meant as a play upon Melaenis. Philocomasium, in addressing Sceledriis, Mil. 366, plays on his name by calling him sceleste: Tun me uidisse in proxumo hie, sceleste, ais osculantem ? I, 2, A, b. Of plays on names applied to or assumed by Dramatis Personae I have found only one that comes in the present class. It is in Cure. 392-393. Lyco here greets Curculio as Unoculus : Unocule, salue. Curculio asks him, quaeso, deri- desne me? Lyco answers : De Coc litum^^ prosapia te esse arbitror : Nam i sunt Unoculi. It seems likely that this is a mere play on sound. Possibly, however, we have a false etymology, for Varro^* says, ab oculo Codes ut ocles dictus, qui unum habent oculum, and cites the present passage in support of the explanation. I, 2, A, c. Persons who take no part in the drama seldom have their names used for these plays of sound. Nicobulus, how- ever, in the Bacchides, thinking that his guest-friend Archi- demides has defrauded him of gold, puns on Archidemides and dempturum (283-285) : Adeon me fuisse fungam ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen eius Archidemides Clamaret dempturum esse, siquid crederem? In Capt. 274, Tyndarus plays upon the name of the philosopher Thales thus : Eugepae, Thalem talento non "'Varro (L. L. 7, 71) cites this as Coclitum; Coculitum is Rib- beck's emendation. Leo still reads Coclitum. 'H. c. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 45 emam Milesium. Incidentally, the association of these two words may furnish evidence for the pronunciation of "th." B. Geographical names are also used rather sparingly I, 2, B. for these plays ; but those that are found are of a rather high standard. The patriotic exhortation with which the god Auxilium concludes his speech (Cist. 199-202) closes with a play on Poeni: Seruate uostros socios, ueteres et nouos, Augete auxilia uostris iustis legibus, Perdite perduelles, parite laudem et lauream : Vt nobis uicti Poeni poeitas sufferant. Epidamnus is twice associated with dcumnum in the Menaechmi. In 263-264, Messenio, in speaking of the bad character of the city, says, Propterea huic urbei nomen Epidamno inditust, Quia nemo ferme sine damno hue deuortitur. A few lines later (266-267) Menaechmus turns the joke against Messenio, saying : lam. aps te metuo de uerbis tuis. Messenio replies, quid metuis? and Menaechmus answers, ne mihi damnum in Epidamno du s. A rather clever play is the one on Vmbra in Most. ydd-jjo. Simo talks about the lack of shade in his yard : Immo edepol uero quom usque quaque umbrast, tamen Sol semper hie est usque a mani ad uesperum. Quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium, Nee mi umbra hie usquamst, nisi si in puteo quaepiamst. Hereupon the mischievous Tranio distorts umbra, "shade," into Vmbra, "Umbrian woman," saying, quid? Sarsinatis ecquast? si Vmbram non habes. In one rather doubtful word-play (Pers. 21-22) the geographical name is not expressed but implied. Sagaristio says, plusculum annum Fui praeferratus apud molas tri- 46 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. bunus uapularis. Lipsius suggested that molas is a play on Nolam, but this seems forced. I, 2, C. There remain the plays on the names of gods. Most of these are uncertain, or at least poor; but one or two are rather ingenious. In the scene in the Aulularia, in which Euclio is en- trusting his pot to Fides, several plays are made on the name Fides, which were recorded above under i, B. In the same scene occurs one play of sound only, in the speech that Strobilus makes preparatory to looking for the pot that he knows Euclio has secreted. He makes a vow to Fides (621-622) : Sed si repperero, o Fides, Mulsi con- gialem plenam faciam tibi ftdeliain. Another good play occurs in Capt. 577-578. Tyndarus has taken the place of his master Philocrates, and Aris- tophontes is exposing what he regards as a mere imposture. Aristophontes demands of Tyndarus: Quid ais, furcifer? Tun te gnatum memoras liberum?^* Tyndarus catches at liberum, and interpreting it as the name of Bacchus answers, non equidem me Liberum, sed Philocratem esse aio. The remaining plays of this class consist of mere simi- larities in sound, which may be dismissed briefly. Palinurus in Cure. 74 plays on Venerem and uomere: Turn tu Venerem uomere uis. In Mil. 15 Pyrgopolinices uses the combination Nep- tuni nepos. In Poen. 1180-1181 Adelphasium says: Tantus ibi clientarum erat numerus, Quae ad Calydoniam uenerant Venerem. A similar play occurs in Rud. 308, where Trachalio says, me hue obuiam iussit sibi uenire ad Veneris fanum. And again in XXVII of the Fragmenta Fabularum Incertarum (Goetz and Schoell, Vol. VII, p. 149) we find the words Venus uenturast nostra. "The verse is metrically unsound; but the insertion of esse before gnatum or before memoras is an easy emendation. Cf. Ussing and Leo. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 47 Class II (see Table, pp. 13 ff.) is to include the instances II. in which Plautus employs tell-tale names. Naturally, there will be no occasion for such minute subdivisions of the kinds of plays as was made in the case of Class I, for all the plays of Class II are of one sort. On the other hand, while in the case of Class I the varieties of names were divided only into a very few classes (cf. Table), it becomes impor- tant in Class II to extend these divisions and to state in each case not only whether the name, for instance, is that of a dramatis persona or of some other person, but also, more particularly, to what class in society the bearer of the name belongs. Since the names of the dramatis personae are almost invariably Greek, it is certain that most of the tell-tale names are due to the Greek originals of the comedies and not to Plautus himself. It is interesting, however, to note the occurrence of some Latin names which prove our author to have had wit and ingenuity enough to be original in this form of humor when he so desired. Thus, Satwrio, in the Persa, has a Latin name, and, in line 103, plays on his own name in connection with the Latin formation Essurio. Lucris, in the same comedy, is another Latin tell-tale name ; and Syncerastus, in Poen. 805, applies to himself the humorously formed name Crurifragius. The division of names in the main follows the same II, A, a. lines as those of Class I : We consider (A) Personal Names; then, as-*he first subdivision under this head, (a) Names of Drapov. His conduct in his offer of marriage to Euclio's daughter is in line with his name. Thus when Euclio says he has no dowry for her, Megadorus replies (192-193): Tace: bonum habe animum, Euclio: Dabitur: adiuuabere a me : die siquid opust, impera. Philoxenus of the Bacchides may derive his name ii\oavr]<;) , and he boasts in a manner befitting his name (see lines 446-447) : Nam strenuiori deterior si praedicat Suas pugnas, de illius illae fiunt sordidae, where he is warning the Miles to be modest; cf. also lines 517-525. As a matter of fact, he plays the fool throughout the play, being a mere butt for the pranks of Epidicus. "p. 349. 50 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Charmides was mentioned above as descriptive of the man of that name in the Trinummus. The same name seems to be used by contrast' in the Rudens. Here Charmides suffers shipwreck with the procurer Labrax, and no more joyless man could be pictured than Charmides when he appears in his dripping clothes after the wreck (485 fif.). Lysimachus of the Mercator (Xvw + fid^rj) is thus described by Ussing:^® "senex nihil magis timens quam uxoris iurgia." In 712 ff. he fights with his wife, and is throughout on the defensive. Theopropide^^ of the Mostellaria (cf. deoTrpcnro^, "prophetic;" OeoirpoTrew, "to prophesy") forms the subject of Tranio's deceits, and is surely named in a spirit of irony. II, A, a, fi. The next class of names to be considered will be those of young men, adalescentes. Argyrippus (apyvpo^ + iirTTOs) in the Asinaria is so called because he plays the horse to his slave in order to procure "money." Cf. 699-710; and see above, p. 26. Diabolus (Std/SoXo^^ of the same play seems to be thus named because he informs Artemona of the doings of her husband Demaenetus, although the name would be more appropriate if his information were false; cf. 810 ff., and see above, p. 27. Pistoclerus (TrwTTo? + Kkrjpoi) in the Bacchides is so called because of the assistance he gives to his friend Mne- silochus ; as Ussing®** puts it : "fidus amicus est, quasi sortem sibi commissam fideliter servans." His character is well expressed in his own speech (196-198) : Egon ut, quod ab illoc attigisset nuntius, Non impetratum id aduenienti ei redderem? Regiones colere mauellem Acherunticas. "p- 314. "On the form cf. Ritschl^ Praef. ad Most., p. xxvi f.; Ritschl, Opuscula, p. 343 f. ™P. 370. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 51 Philopolemus, son of Hegio in the Captivi, is so named because he has gone to war (<^iXos + 7rdX.e/xos) . Cf. 93-95, where Ergasilus says : Ita nunc belligerant Aetoli cum Aleis : Nam AetoHa haec est, captus est in AHde®^ Philopolemus huius Hegionis filius. Chaeribulus in the Epidicus has a name derived from XaLpoi + ^ovkrj, and hence means "one who rejoices in giving counsel." As Ussing,*^ however, remarks, he is an "amicus amicum solo consilio, non re adiuvans" ; this ap- pears clearly in the scene with Stratippocles, 320 ff., and in lines 104 ff. Eutychus in the Mercator (^ev + Tvxv) is so named because of the assistance he gives to his friend Charinus (cf. 469 ff., where he helps Charinus just at the point where the latter is so desperate that he is asking himself Qur non morior?), and because he straightens out the whole tangled web of the plot (cf. 842 ff. ; 962 ff.). Pleusicles of the Miles (from ■TrXeuorts + KXeos), ren- dered by Ussing®* "quasi navigando gloriam consecutus," has his name from the disguise of a sailor which he assumes in order to trick Pyrgopolinices. See the scene beginning at line 1284. CculHdamates in the Mostellaria is a splendid example of the "tell-tale" name. He is a typical Plautine man about town, and his name (kciXXos + Sa/iatu = "tamer of beauty") exactly describes his constant vocation. It has been aptly rendered by Fay "Lady-Killer."«* Lysiteles of the Trinummus has the part of aiding his friend Lesbonicus in his difficulties. A.ccordingly he is well "Following the text of Ritschl^; cf. ibid., Praef. ad Capt., p. xiv f. •''p. 246. "p. 224. "Most, p. 65. 52 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. named XucriTeXifs, "the one who is profitable." He him- self sums up his character, and shows how apt his name is, in lines 628-629. Lesbonicus asks him : Potin ut me ire qtto profectus sum sinas ? He answers : Si in rem tuam, Lesbonice, esse uideatur gloriae aut famae, sinam. Lesbonicus, the friend of Lysiteles, is also appropriately named as one who, like a Lesbian, revels in debauchery. Cf. the description of Koenig :®® "nomen aptum est adolescenti, , qui per comitatem et animi causa rem disperdidit." Strabax in the Truculentus is connected by Koenig*® with arpa/So's (Lat. strabus), "squinting," but the explana- tion "nomen accepit ut rusticus" seems decidedly far-fetched. The following names are ironical, chosen for contrast: Mnesilochus in the Bacchides has a name (Mv7)(rtXoxo?, = ixvrjcn- H- Xd;^os, "remembering ambuscades") which implies that he is not unskilled in tricks. As a matter of fact, he is, throughout the play, at a loss what to do, and never able to devise a plan when he needs one. Stratippodes in the Epidicus has a name derived from arparo^, lttttos and kXeos, which would indicate great ability in war. This ability consisted entirely in his losing his arms to the enemy; see lines 29-3113: Ep. : Vbi arma sunt Stratippocli ? Th. : Pol ilia ad hostis trans fugerunt. Ep. : Armane? Th. : Atque equidem cito. Ep. : Serione dicis tu? Th. : Serio inquam hostes habent.®^ II, A, a, y. The names of soldiers are numerous enough and are chosen with sufficient skill to warrant placing them in a class °°De nom. prop., p. 17. '";. c, p. 18. "This is almost an actual play on the name, of the type recorded under I, i, A, a, a, 2; no plays of that class, however, interpret the name kwt avTipa(ri,v, as is done here. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 53 by themselves. Of these PyrgopoUniccs, the Aliles Glo- riosus, is the most familiar example. He, like several others of this class,*^® has a name indicating the opposite of his character. Cleomachus (icXeos + /u.a;(o/Liai) is the soldier of the Bacchides. See his boastful speech, 845 fif. : Non me arbitratur militem, sed mulierem, Qui me meosque non queam defendere. Nam neque Bellona mi umquam neque Mars creduat, Ni ilium exanimalem faxo, si conuenero, Niue exheredem fecero uitae suae. Philocrates (<^i\os + /c/jaros) is one of the captives in the Captivi. The fact that he is a captive does not argue against his bravery, while the circumstance that he keeps his pledge and returns after being allowed to go home shows true courage. Aristophontes ('A/aioTo^di'Tij? = a/aioros + -^6vrq<;, which is used in composition as the equivalent of i^ov€v<;; see Ussing, p. 459) may be given this name, "slayer of good men," because it is suitable for a warrior. Possibly, how- ever, it is applied to him because he gets the good Tyndarus into trouble by exposing him ; see the two scenes beginning at Capt. 533. The name of the boasting soldier, Pyrgopolynices or Pyrgopolinices need only be mentioned. The former spelling would indicate a derivation from Trupyo<; + ttoXvvlkt)^, the latter injpyo<; + irdXis + viKaca, or Trupyd'jroXis + viKaw."^ Ritschr** prefers the second spelling, understanding an allu- sion to the famous name nokvveiKTjs, but without deriving the name from this. The name is, of course, ironical. "With these names compare also that of the cowardly Stratippocles, cited above, p. 52. "Cf. Koenig, De nom. prop., p. 21 ; Ussing, p. 224. ^"Opuscula, p. 328; Ritschl', Praef. ad Mil Gl., p. xx. 54 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Antamoenides^^ in the Poenulus has a similar high- sounding name. It is derived from 'AvrajLtwiSijs, by which, to quote Ritschl/i (who established the correct form of the name), "mirifice ad veritatem militis imago avraiMwofievov [{. e., 'defending one's self] designatur." Stratophanes (crTpa.T6<; + apov, "eye-lid"). Naucrates, mentioned in the same play (on whom see p. 71), has a name merely implying association with a ship. Sycophant. Siinia,''^ in the Pseudolus, is named because II, A, a, 6. of his similarity to the monkey, although the name really represents the Greek Si/ita?, "tifjifiia^.'" "p. 6s. "On the spelling cf. Studemund, Festgruss zu Wurzburg, 1858, p. S6 ff. "Cf. Ussing, p. 221. 56 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. II, A, a, t. Cooks. Several cooks bear names descriptive of their occupations. In the Aulularia there are four of these intro- duced to aid in preparing for the wedding. Congrio {yoyypiov, diminutive of ydyy/ao?) has his name from the "eel," with which cooks were so often called upon to busy themselves.'^'' An eel forms part of the ban- quet which the cooks in the Aulularia prepare ; see 399. Anthrax is named from dvdpa^, "charcoal," which well suggests his function. Dromo (398: Anthrax: Dromo desquama piscis)''^ seems named from Spo/*09, "running," owing, perhaps, to propensities for stealing; he and his fellow cooks are called Rapacidae in line 370. A slowly paying debtor, mentioned in Asin. 441, has the same name. Machaerio^^ {[jid^aipa, "knife") has a name parallel to Anthrax. He is on the stage at line 398. If the reading Citrio (cito, MSS.) is correct in Cas. 744,''^ we would seem to have a cook named from Kurpiov, "citron." Cylindrus of the Menaechmi is probably named, as Ussing*" puts it, "a cylindro quo in rotae modum volutato coqui inter dum utuntur." The name is played on in line 295 (see above, p. 42). Possibly Cyamus in the Truculentus is named "Bean" (/cvajiAos) for the same reason that the name Congrio "Eel," was applied to another cook. II, A, a, K. In the cooks, we have come down to the lowest class of society, the slaves. We now proceed to the rest of the slave-names, first mentioning several lorarii, who bear names suitable to their vocation. "The derivation "a congruendo" (cf. Forcellini-De Vit, Onom. s. v.), although it would better describe what Congrio does, seems forced, especially as Latin names are somewhat rare in Plautus. ™The name does not appear in the list of Dramatis Personae. "Cf. Ritschl'', Praef. ad Most., p. xv; ib. Praef. ad Cas. p. xvii "p. 384. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 57 Artamo, the lorarius of the Bacchides, has his name from dfyrafio<;, lanius,^^ used here in a metaphorical sense. "Apra/Aos occurs in the sense of "murderer" in Soph. Fr. 848 (Dindorf) and Lye. 236, 797; and Icmius is found with the meaning "executioner" in Plant. Pseud. 327, 332, a meaning which would be entirely suitable for the name of a lorarius. In Capt. 657, when Hegio has been convinced that Tyndarus has been imposing on him, he calls out his lorarii to bind him. They bear the following names : ColapJvws, from /cdXac^os, box on the ear; Cordaiio, possibly from KopSvXr), "cudgel," though the change from v to a is against this supposition. Cf. Cordalus, below, p. 72; Corax, from Kopai, an instrument of torture. In Rud. 657, Daemones summons his lorarii to pro- ceed against the procurer Labrax. Their names are: Turbalio (rup/Sakiav , cf. TVp^a.t,u)), "one who stirs up," tumultuator ;^^ Sparax (cf. cnrapda-cro}, cnrapafis), "one who lacerates." Next come the names of slaves in general. II, A, a, \ Strohilus in the Aulularia has his name fromcTT/Jo/SiXos, "whirlwind," on account of what Ussing** calls the "volu- bilis agilitas" with which he pursues and avoids Euclio.^* Chrysalus of the Bacchides, named from ^pucros, "gold," because his function is to secure money, is often the object of word-plays; see above, pp. 10, 12, etc. Stalagmus (crraXay/Ads, "drop") in the Captivi may possibly be named from his short stature,^^ though there seems nothing to prove that he really was short. "/b.; Koenig, p. 25. "^Forcellini-De Vit, Onom. s. v. "p- 273. "It seems to me that the two Strobili of the play can be identi- fied without difficulty. But cf. Ussing, pp. 273-275, Ritschl, Praef. ad AuL, pp. viii-ix. "Cf. Ussing, p. 4S9. 58 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Chalinus in the Casina is called "bridle" (^aXii'ds), pos- sibly because he is an armor-bearer (cf. 257, 270, 278),*® and, as such, may have had charge of the trappings of his master's horse, possibly because it is his function to defeat the plot, to hold the plotters in check. Lampadio ( Aa/ATraSiW from Xa/Airas, "torch") in the Cistellaria, discovers who Selenium really is, and may hence properly be called a "torch" or "lamp." Acantio of the Mercator is named "thorn" {a,Kavdoai'ds a sycophant in Aristophanes Equit. 1256. Fay regards Pinacium of the same play as a tell-tale name. He refers to the surly character of the slave and notes that the irivaKiov was used to contain information in a case of eLixayyeKia, and says there is no reason for the translation "picture." He compares the character of this Pinacium with that of the similarly named slave in the Stichus; but Pinacium in the Stichus is played on in the sense of "picture" (see above, p. 23). Toxilus of the Persa is named from to^ov, "bow," because of his successful attacks on the procurer Dordalus. Cf. the play on his name, cited above, p. 20. Paegnium of the same comedy is called "plaything, toy," or "playfellow" (iraiyi'toi') because of his sportive disposition. Cf. lines 183-250, 271-301, 806 ff. On the play on the name in the last passage see above, p. 28. Collabiscus^^ in the Poenulus has a name derived from KoXXa^os, "cake." Ussing** explains: "dictum videtur '"Loci cit. I am especially indebted to Fay's discussion for hints on all the names in the Mostellaria. "On this form, as against Collybiscus, see Ritschl, Opuscula, 344 f. "p. 294. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 6i quasi esca, qua leno in pedicam vel laqueum illiciendus est." If this seems forced, the name remains unexplained. Syncerastus, also in the Poenulus (cf. (TvyKepdvwiJbi, "mix up"), is so named because he gives information to Milphio concerning Adelphasium and Anterastylis, and thus puts Lycus' affairs into confusion. Cf. 865 ff. Pseudolus,^^ the cheat, need but be mentioned to recall the part he has in the play that bears his name. Harpax, the servant of Polymachaeroplagides, is so called for a reason, which is, I think, unique so far as Plautus is concerned. His name is derived from dpTrd^o), "to plunder," but this title of "plunderer" is applied to him not on account of any acts of his own, but because Simla masquerading as Harpax plunders Ballio of his money. Plays on the name are cited above, pp. 17, 21, 22. The slave Sceparnio, in the Rudens, may have his name from the instrument crKeirapvov "adze." Gripus in the same play is a fisherman and is named from yplTros, "a take of fish" (Diog. Laert., I 32) or "a fishing-net." See lines 906 ff. Stasimus in the Trinummus is called "constant, firm" (crrao-i/Aos) because he constantly stands by his masters, Lesbonicus and old Charmides. Stratulax,^* the "Truculentus" of the play bearing that name, is named from the pugnacious character which he has ((TTparvWai, a diminutive form). Leo,®^ who rejects the name entirely because it does not appear in the text of "On the spelling, — whether Pseudulus or Pseudolus, — cf. Koenig, p. 29, and Raebel, p. 58 n. 2, and the references cited there. The argument of Goetz, in Ritschl,' Praef. ad Pseud. IX ff., seems con- clusive in favor of Pseudolus. "The form is discussed in Ritschl', Praef., p. xxxviii. The name does not appear in the text of the play, but only in the stage directions, though Fleckeisen attempts to read it into line 251 and Schoell (in Ritschl') into line 259. "On line 256. 62 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. the play, complains also that it is a "nomen servi non ser- vile"; but it is eminently suited for this slave. Cicero (ad. Att. xvi, 15) applies the term crTparuXKa^ to Lepta. The double W as against / is troublesome. For // transliterating X see Havet, A. L. L. ix, p. 135 f. Cacistus of the Vidularia is named as though he were {KaKiaToi) a rascal of rascals. In the fragmentary condi- tion of the play, we cannot tell much about him. The name is played on in line 67 (see above, p. 29). The two names which follow seem to be given by contrast : Libanus in the Asinaria has a name which means 'incense" (Xi^Savos). His part is to cheat the ass-dealer and make sport of his master, and, as Ussing®® remarks, "potius contrarium nomen convenit." Olympio in the Casina seems to be given this name, which reminds one of the abode of the gods, because he is a vilicus, one whose work is done in the country, and a dirty fellow. II, A, a, jji. The names so far recorded have been those of men in the various walks of life. We now turn to names of women, and take up first of all the names of married women. Of these I have found but three that are tell-tale names : Eunomia (eivofiia, "good order" ; Hesiod, Th. 902 applies the name to a daughter of Themis) in the Aulularia is named from her general uprightness of character. In 135 Megadorus calls her optuma fetnma, and the counsel she gives him throughout this scene is uniformly good. If Philumeruf be the correct form of the name of one of the faithful sisters in the Stichus, the reason may be because of the love her husband bore her. ='p. 348. "This is the form that Ritschl adopted (cf. RitschP, Praef., p. x f.), but the older reading Panegyris is generally followed (so Ritschl", Leo, Goetz and Schoell). Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 63 Philumena's sister Pamphila,^^ on the other hand, seems to be named for the love she bears her husband. The name, however, sounds like a courtesan's ("all-loving") rather than that of a faithful wife. Next come the names of young women. In Plautus most of these are courtesans; accordingly I have put these names under another head. Phaedra in the Aulularia seems to be called after the famous heroine of the Phaedra-Hippolytus story, because of her illicit love for Lyconides. Lucris in the Persa is never called by her right name, but by this feigned name derived from lucrum, "gain," under which she is palmed off on Dordalus. The name is used for word-plays (see above, p. 25). Names of women in the shady walks of life will now II, A, a, v. be recorded; first the bawds. Leaencf^ {\iaiva, lioness) is explained by Ussing^"" as indicating an "anum bibacem et voracem." While vora- citas is a characteristic of the procuress and may have helped in the choice of the name, still it is noteworthy that Leaena was the name of a famous meretrix at Athens (cf. Plin. N. H. 7, 87; 34, 72; Lact. I, 20). Melaenis in the Cistellaria is also named because of asso- ciation, her name being reminiscent of 'A^/ooSirij MeXatvis (cf. Ath. 588 C. : 'A^poSiTT/ 17 iv Kopivda rj MeXaivis KaXovfj^T)). Cleaereta (kXco? + aipem) has a name given her by contrast, as the "glory" that a bawd will "secure" is not great. Next come the names of courtesans. These occur in II, A, a, f. °'This reading of the name is due to Ritschl (/. c.) ; Leo (on line i) rejects it entirely and calls the character simply "soror, uxor Pamphilippi." ""The reading of this name in Cure. 77 and 113a is due to Fleckeisen. ""p. 528. 64 Studies in the Word-Play in Plwutus. large numbers, and the quantity of tell-tale names is con- siderable. Philaenivim {^ikiw H- atvos, "praise-lover") in the Asinaria has an appellation which shows how she courts the applause of men. The Bacchides of the play of the same title have namies which cannot fail to remind the hearer of the licen- tious rites of Bacchus. Terence in the Heautontimorumenos has also used this name. Gymnasium (yvfivda-iov, "gymnasium" ; or diminutive of yviJi.vd<;=yvfiva(Tia, exercitatio) in the Cistellaria bears a name descriptive of her calling. Cf. Palaestra of the Rudens, cited below. Selenium^^^ of the same play is named for her beauty (aeX'^viov = "light of the moon," or "peony"). Erotium of the Menaechmi is well called "little love" (ipcoTiov), the diminutive denoting endearment. Pasicompsa of the Mercator (ttSs 4- ko/jl^, "pretty in the eyes of all") is played on in line 517 (see above, p. 19). Philocomasium of the Miles, while not strictly speaking a courtesan, is very close to that class of women, and is named from her personal appearance (^iXos -I- fcojuacu, i. e., "one who loves to let the hair grow long"). Possibly, how- ever, KoiLtioi is here to be taken in its secondary meaning, "give oneself airs." Acroteleutium of the Miles (aKpos + rcXeimj) might be rendered "Tip-top" ; her name is a tribute to her charms. Philematium (cf. Erotium,, above) in the Mostellaria is named "precious kiss" {^iK-qfidriov). Fay^'*^ renders it "Kissy." Delphium, the companion of Philematium, may, as ™Amply attested as against Silenium; cf. Studerrjund, Hermes, xix, 456. ^""Most, p. 64. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 65 Pgyios suggests, be named from some "graceful attribute of the dolphins." The word, however, looks like a diminu- tive, and, if it is derived from 8eX,^is, we should expect heK^iiviov. Possibly it is a diminutive of Be\'^ and means "little sister." As she is the older of the two (cf. 1278-1279), the name does not seem particularly appropriate in this sense; it may be a term of endearment, and mean "dear sister." More likely, however, dS€\y] here is used in the sense of meretrix, a sense which soror is capable of bearing in Latin. Thus, Martial II, 4, says i^"^ O quam beandus es, Ammiane, matri ! Quam beanda est tibi mater, Ammiane! Fratrem te vocat et soror vocatur. Again, in XII, 20, 1-2, Martial has : Quare non habeat, Fabelle, quaeris Uxorem Themison? habet sororem. Cf. also Petronius, 127 init.: "Si non fastidis," inquit, "feminam ornatam concilio tibi, O iuvenis, sororem." . If this meaning be given to dSek(p7J, Adelphasium will be entirely appropriate. (See O. Hey in A. L. L. xi, 534, who, however, does not cite the name Adelphasium as an example of soror used in the sense of meretrix. ) Anterastylis (cf. dvrepaa-Trj^) is a "rival in love, com- panion in love." "M. /. P., I. c. "'On the form, see Ritschl\ Praef., p. x; id. Opuscula, p. 319; Ritschl', Praef., p. xvi f. ""See Friedlaender's note on II, 4, 3. 66 Studies in the Word-Play in Plamtus. In Pseud. 187 ff., where Ballio takes his courtesans to task, several of the latter are mute characters. The first is Hedylium (from lySuXos), whose name might be rendered "Sweety," or "Sweetheart." The second (196) is Aeschro- dora {aiaxpov + Swpov), one who does not make sufficient money for her proprietor, or^"^ who gives her charms to the vile; or, giving Saipov a different sense, the name may mean "one who will give a man anything," i. e., one who stops at nothing. The' third one Xystilis^"'' (210) is not quite clear. The name is derived from fucrros {^vcS), which would mean "polished." SpengeP"* interprets it as being equivalent to frictrix. Koenig'-"* derives it from ^cttos, porticus, without further explanation, while Ussing,'^" adopting the same explanation, interprets "est a xysto ubi oleo unguebantur palaestritae," and Leo^^^ paraphrases it, without explanation, "decus olei." The suggestion of Spengel seems most plausible, but the name is anything but clear. If the suggestions of Ussing or of Leo were accepted, we might have a play on the name in the following words (Pseud. 210-213) '■ Quoius amatores oliui Dynamin domi habent maxumam : Si mihi non iam hue culleis Oleum deportatum erit, etc. "°Cf. Leo on Pseud., 210. ™A reads Xytilis; BCD, Xittilis; Ed. princeps, Xistilis; Camera- rius, Xystylis. Goetz and Schoell read tXytilis as corrupt; Ritschl, Opuscula, p. 325, Xystilis; Fleckeisen, Xustulis; Ritschl^ Praef., p. xi note, reads Xytilis. Xytilis, although it has the authority of the MSS., seems unexplainable and the insertion of the s is an easy emendation. '"^Ueber die lat. Komoedie, p. 15. "°P. 23. ''°0n line 210. '"On line 210. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 67 Finally, Phoetiicium may possibly, as Leo"^ explains it, indicate the "supei"bos amatores" which she had (cf. 227: Phoenicium . . . deliciae summatum virum). Palaestra in the Rudens has her name from the joking use of that noun in the meaning "brothel." Cf. Bacch. 66, where Pistoclerus, speaking of the home of the Bacchides, says, adulescens homo Penetrem me huius modi in palaes- tram, ubi damnis desudascitur ; and Ter. Phorm. 484, eccum ab sua palaestra exit foras, with Donatus' remark, bene palaestram eius dixit lenonis domum, in qua est exercitus amor assidue. Cf. Gymnasium of the Cistellaria, cited above, p. 64. Phronesium { "one who holds fast"). Cerconicus is the name of the second rascal. This, too, gives no real sense {KepKoi, in the sense of mentula). Leo'^'^ proposes Circonychus (/ctpKos, "hawk" +6vv^, "talon") and compares the description of a thief in Pseud. 852 : miluinis aut aquilinis ungulis, certainly a most in- genious suggestion, though Leo does not receive it into his own text. Spengel^^® suggests Creconicus (KpmcD, "beat" + viKa.01, "conquer", although KpeKw could hardly mean "beat" in the sense of "thrash"), "one able to survive or overcome "°MSS., — plac — ; the correction is due to Guyet, though Salmasius read — plag — "^ad loc. "Troleg. ad Trinumm., p. Ixxxii. ^Praef. ad Trin., p. vii. 74 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. blows" ; and Koenig^*" makes a good suggestion when he proposed to keep the MSS. reading Cerconicus, but to inter- pret it as though formed by metathesis from Creconicus. Crinmis is the MSS. reading of the third name. Scal- iger proposed Crimnus {KpCfjivov, "a coarse loaf of bread, crumbs of the same"), a name which might suit a slave in general, but seems hardly appropriate to a rogue. -^^^ Spen- gel^*^ proposes to derive Crinmis from Kpiirq "nettle," and would refer it to a form of punishment. Crinus (ci. Kpivov, "a. kind of bread") has also found favor with some.^^* Leo'^* suggests Crius, explaining the name thus : " K/aios quasi toi^w/jvxos, cf. Aristopho, Athen. 238C," which, as he explains, would well become a thief. But the puzzle seems unsolvable or, at least, unsolved. Cercobulus is the next name, according to Codd. BCD, while F and the Editio Princeps read Cercobolus by a com-> mon error. For the element KepKoq, mentula, cf. Cerconicus. It seems to have little or no meaning, and many emendations have been proposed. Ritschl^^*^ suggested Cricokubtis, which would mean (k/jikos + Xajx^dvci), "ring-stealer"), which is very appropriate, on account of the theft of Stasimus' ring. Leo^^® suggests Cercnobuhis, which he connects with KipKvo. 26. '"See RitschI, Opuscula, p. 345. ^l. c. His argument is: "quoniam Hesychius Kpivt) explicat kviSi;, et KviSotJvTes idem valere testatur atque xviSg /xaoriyoBvTcs. ""Cf. RitschI, ibid. ™ ad he. '^Proleg. ad Trin., p. Ixxxii. ™ad loc. ""Opuscula, p. 34S. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 75 ilar meaning of Crimnus just quoted. Leo^^* suggests that the word may be a hybrid, formed from con -\- Xaii^dvto, and equal to crv\Xa/3, used by Pollux (9,129) in the meaning "to box on the ear." We should then have a name similar to that of the lorarius Colaphus of the Captivi, mentioned above, p. 57. This name would well become a ruffian. These names form a tantalizing series which serves to remind us how far we are from understanding Plautus as a Roman audience understood him. Next come names of women, which are extremely few in number. In Pseud. 658-659 Harpax says : II, A, c, y, Ego divortar extra portam hue in tabernam tertiam Apud anum illam doliarem, claudam, crassam Chrysidem. The name is evidently derived from the high charges of the old woman. The meaning of Casina in the play of that name is uncertain. Koenig^^® proposes a derivation from Kaaaa, "harlot," which would be perhaps a tell-tale name, though Casina is not a harlot; besides, we should then expect Cassina, a form found, in some MSS., in Paul. Fest. p. 6ij 7. For other guesses see Koenig.^*" The following two names are names of families, not II, A, c, S. of individuals. In Aul. 369-370 Pythodicus satirizes the thievishness ""Leo gives no credit for this suggestion, and Koenig (p. 26) assigns it to Ritschl without further reference. "°pp. 25-26. "°/. c. y6 Studies in the Word-Play in PloMtus. of cooks as a class by saying they are of the race of "sons of thieves" : Sed verba hie facio, quasi negoti nil siet, Rapacidarum ubi tantum sit in aedibus. In Capt. 277, when Philocrates, posing as Tyndarus, is asked by Hegio, quo de genere natust illic Philocrates? he replies Polyplusio^*^ (rroX-us + TrXoucrtos, "very rich," a name well in accord with that assigned to his father Then- saurochrysonicochrysides), quod genus illi est unum pollens atque honoratissumum. II, B, Geographical and ethnic names are frequently coined by Plautus for humorous purposes. Most of them are found in two comedies, the Captivi and Curculio, each of which contains a long list of such names. The list in the Captivi is found in 160 ff. Ergasilus is complaining that the lot of the parasite is a hard "one, he can find no one to give him food (153), remissus est edendi exercitus. Hegio tells him that it is no wonder that the army finds no recruits, and continues : Multis et multigeneribus opus est tibi Militibus : primumdum opus est Pistorensibus, Eorum sunt aliquot genera Pistorensium, Opus Paniceis est, opus Placentinis quoque. Opus Turdetmiis, opust Ficedulensibtis. Pistorenses, "race of bakers," suggests Pistorium, a town in Etruria;'*^ Paniceis, "inhabitants of Bread ville,""^ plays '"The original of this play is found in Alexis, frag. 90, Keck from the play ©vj/Satoi (the speakers are denoted by A and B) : A. IcTTiv 8e TToSairos to yivoi ouros ; B. IIXouVios. TouTovs 8e irdvTcs ^oxtlv ciyei'eo'TaTovs elvai TTCVYjTa'i 8' ewarpiSas oiSets opa. '"Cf. Pistorium in Plin. N. H. Ill, 52; Pistoriensis, Sallust, Cat., 57, I. ""Lewis and Short, Diet., s. v. Studies in the Wurd-Play in Plautus. ']'/ on a Samnite town Pana.^** Flacentinis, "inhabitants of Cakeville," is a play on the inhabitants of Placentia, a city on the Po.^*® Turdetcmi (derived for the joke from turdus, "thrush") refers to the people of that name who lived in Hispania Baetica.^*^ Ficedulenses is from Hcedula, another kind of bird, the fig-pecker or becafico. Naudet refers to a Roman town Ficedulae, of which, however, I can find no mention elsewhere.^*'' The similar list in the Curculio is found in lines 444- 446. Curculio, in recording the imaginary exploits of Therapontigonus, mentions first some real countries as sub- dued by him, and then adds Perediam et P erbibedam}*'^ Centaiiromachiam et Classimn Vnomammiam Libyamque et^** oram omnem Conterebromniam. Peredia and Perbibesia are formed from peredo and perbibo respectively. Centaur omachia is the land where the Cen- taurs fought, while Classia Vnomammia is an obvious allu- sion to the Amazons.^®" Conterebromnia I cannot explain. Conterebromiam, which occurs only in J,"^^^ is a combina- tion of contera and Bromius and would indicate fruitfulness in vine-producing. Contenebroniam, defended by Ussing, is derived from con + tenebrae. ^"Cf. Strabo, 250 init. ^■"Cf. Liv. 21, 25, etc.; Placentini, ih. 27, 10. '"Cf. Liv. 21, 6, I, etc. "'Possibly the last word of the series is intentionally a mere coinage, not referring to any real town, for the purpose of ending with something different from the rest. '"Festus, p. 214, 28, quotes "bibesiam" ; so Paul. Fest., 215, 12. ""Adopting the emendation of Bothe and Ussing to fill out the metre. "°Cf. Justinus, 2, 4. "'Cf. Ritschl", Praef. ad Cure, p. i. 78 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. In Mil. 13, the braggart soldier mentions the campi Curcidionii,^^^ "weavil-lands." In Mil. 43 we find Scytkolatronia^^^ mentioned as another scene of the exploits of Pyrgopolinices. It is a compound of tKvdo<;, "Scythian," and Xarpov, "pay." In Pers. 506, Chrysopolis, "Gold City," is mentioned and played on ; see above, p. 34 f . II, C. Names of gods are not often coined. In one passage, however, Bacch. 11 5- 116, Pistoclerus names several such divinities in jest, saying that they reside in the house of the Bacchides : Amor, Voluptas, Venus, Venustas, Gaudium, locus, ^^* Ludus, Sermo, Suamisamatio. Lydus is shocked at the list, calling them dei damnosissumi (117) and then expresses doubt as to the existence of the one last mentioned (120) : An deus est ullus Suauisauiatio ? In Capt. 877 Saturio calls upon Saturitas as his patron goddess. II. THE USE OF SINGLE WORDS IN A DOUBLE MEANING. This chapter aims to collect and classify the instances in which Plautus employs a single word in more than one meaning, with the exception of proper names, which have already been considered in Chapter I. The term "single "^Cod. A seems to settle the reading. But see the emendations mentioned by Ussing (od loc.) and Ritschl^ "'Geppert restored this correct reading from A Plant. Stud., II, p. 11). '"Cf. Hor. Odes, i, 2, 54. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 79 word" is to be interpreted in its strictest sense; those cases in which the same word is used several times successively in different senses do not enter into the present discussion, since they form paronomasiae. For example, in Capt. 970, Hegio says to the renegade slave Stalagmus, who has just observed that he knows what punishment to expect : At ea subter- fugere potis es pauca, si non omnia. Stalagmus answers : Pauca effugiam scio : Nam multa eueniunt, et merito meo. The first pauca here means "a few" ; the second means "few" ; there is undoubtedly a play on pauca, but the word has but one meaning in either of the cases in which it is employed. Had Stalagmus answered merely: Scio: Nam multa eueniunt et merito meo, both meanings of pauca would still be present without actual repetition of the word. The play as it stands is outside the scope of the present paper ; had Plautus chosen to make the joke without repeat- ing pauca it would be of the type here considered.^ The classification is based on Wurth, Das Wortspiel bei Shakspere: Wien und Leipzig, 1895. Where, however, the classification which he gives has seemed too elaborate, I have not hesitated to depart from it in the direction of simplicity. The aim throughout has been to create a new division only where one seemed necessary. Accordingly, I have but eight kinds of plays here, as against Wurth's far greater number.^ These word-plays consisting of one word used in a double sense are divided broadly into two main divisions. The first division includes those instances in which the speaker of the word that is ambiguously employed brings 'On this point see further below, and p. 120 n. 69. For plays on a single word repeated cf. Raebel, p. 52 ff. ''Wurth's purpose was to work out what might be called a system of the philosophy of the word-play with Shakespeare as a basis, so that he was naturally more concerned in pointing out the differences between various kinds of word-plays. It may be doubted whether there exists any word-play that cannot accurately be assigned to one of Wurth's divisions. 8o Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. out the double meaning without the aid of any other char- acter. The second division comprehends those word-plays which are brought out by means of the dialogue, and in which more than one person participate. The difference between these two divisions is best shown by citing an example of each. In Aul. 419 ff. Euclio scolds Congrio: Homo nullust te scelestior qui uiuat hodie Neque quoi ego de industria amplius male plus lubens faxim. Congrio answers : Pol etsi taceas, palam id quidemst : Res ipsa testist. Ita fustibus sum mollior magis quam ullus cinaedus. Congrio here uses the word mollior in the two senses of "soft," literally, as though beaten to a pulp, and "effemi- nate." Both meanings are brought out by his own words; there is no partner to misapply or distort them, inten- tionally or unintentionally. In the same comedy at lines 731 ff. Euclio and Lyconides converse at cross purposes: Euclio is accusing Lyconides of stealing the precious pot of gold, while Lyconides thinks that the old man is referring to the violation of Phaedra. Among several word-plays in the passage the one at lines 740-741 will serve to illustrate our second division. Euclio asks : Cur id ausu's facere, ut id quod non tuom esset tangeres? Referring to the pot of gold he uses tangere, of course, in the literal sense of "touch." Lyconides replies: Quid uis fieri? factumst illud: Fieri infectum non potest, understanding tangere in an obscene sense, referring to Phaedra. In Euclio's line there is no word-play at all; none exists until Lyconides has spoken. Each of these two main divisions, which will be denoted respectively by I and II, has several subdivisions, which will be explained as each is introduced. These subdivisions will be denoted by the numerals i, 2, etc. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 8i We consider first the word-plays falling under Division 1, i. I, Class I. This class is to comprise word-plays in which the speaker intends no double meaning. By referring to the example just quoted to illustrate Division II, it is apparent that this description of I, i would apply also to the example given of II, as it would in fact to all the word- plays of Division II. There is this fundamental difference, however, that, whereas in the word-plays of Division II the double meaning of the word is brought out by the aid of the words of the second character, in those belonging to I, i no character actually develops the double meaning. In other words, as Wurth,* in speaking of a similar class of word-plays, has well put it, the joke is made by no char- acter in the comedy, but by its author. The examples are not numerous. In Amph. 508 luppiter in the guise of Amphitruo has been speaking to Alcmena. Alcmena retorts : Ecastor te experior quanti facias uxorem tuam. By uxorem Alcmena undoubtedly means herself, but the audience could not help thinking of Juno, and must have appreciated Plautus' sly hit at luppiter's wanderings from the narrow path. Strictly speaking te and tuam are also used in double senses, indi- cating Amphitruo (the meaning intended by Alcmena) and Jupiter. This artifice of causing ambiguity by means of a pronoun referring to different individuals at the same time will be further considered under II (see below, p. 135). In Amph. 580, Amphitruo, disgusted with Sosia's wild tale of seeing a second Sosia while absent from his master, says : Apage te a me. Naudet suggests that when Sosia replies, quid est negoti, a play on negoti is intended, the word meaning, "trouble" ("what's the matter?") and "busi- ness" ("what can I do for you?", "what do you wish to send me for?"). This seems somewhat doubtful; the play, however, could easily be made clear by proper stage busi- ness on the part of Sosia. 'p. 54- 82 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. When Amphitruo accuses Alcmena of adultery, insist- ing that he was at the harbor during the time when she insists that he was with her, and Sosia supports his master's statement, Alcmena declares (824) : Mihi quoque adsunt testes, qui illud quod ego dicam adsentiant. She means, by testes, of course, "witnesses" ; but it seems not unlikely that an audience would see here an obscene play, having in mind the purpose of luppiter's visit. A play of this nature occurs in Cas. 449, which, for convenience, has been recorded under I, 2, a. See below, p. 90. In Cure. 382, Lyco, the banker, says: Cupio aliquem emere puerum, qui usurarius Nunc mihi quaeratur. Vsu- rarins puer would be a slave whom he would not own, but whose services he could command. Possibly there is a double entendre implied; cf. Tibullus I, 9, 55: Et cum furtivo iuvenem lassaverit usu. It may be, too, that the speaker's vocation would lend still a third turn to the word, and that the hearers were intended to understand that a usurer was speaking. Epidicus, in Epid. 281, has been trying to induce Peri- phanes to give him the money which he desires, and has finished his story of wishing to buy the singing girl Acro- polistis, in order to get her out of the way of Stratippocles. The lying slave, having secured the approval of Periphanes, turns to Apoecides and asks his opinion of the plan. Apoe- cides answers: fQui ego iam? nisi te commentum nimis astute intellego.* Apoecides means that he thinks Epidicus has "devised" his scheme well ; but the audience would per- ceive the dramatic irony that lies in the word commentum in its other sense of "lie, sham." In Most. 662 and 668 we have two word-plays on comminiscere, similar to the one in Epid. 281. Tranio has 'The metre is imperfect, but the sense is clear; at any rate the corruption does not extend to the latter part of the line. Studies in the. Word-Play in Plautus. 83 told Theopropides the lie that Philolaches has bought a house, but cannot remember the name of the owner. Theo-, propides becomes impatient: Age comminiscere, ergo. By comminiscere he means "reflect, recollect," but the audience would see also the meaning, "make-up something." The same meaning occurs for the same verb in line 668, when the old man asks : Quid igitur ? iam commentu's ?® The same word-play, under similar circumstances, occurs in Trin. 912. Here, however, the speaker intended the play, and this instance therefore comes under I 2, a. See below, p. 94. We now proceed to word-plays of Class I, 2, in 1, 2. which the speaker intends .his word to have a double mean- ing. Here we must make further subdivisions according as (a) the double meaning lies in the word itself, or (b) is brought out by its connection with other words. The word- plays belonging to this class are very numerous and are about equally distributed between a and b. The distinction between the two classes will become clear, if any of the examples under a be compared with others taken from b. In Amph. 294, Sosia is disturbed by the appearance I, 2, a. of Mercurius, and is afraid of trouble. He says : Illic homo hoc denuo uolt pallium detexere. Detexere has clearly a double meaning: "weave, take from the loom," and "take from my back, steal." Rather a different turn has been given to the word-play by Naudet, who thinks detexere sig- nifies "weave" and conveys further the idea of beating or striking as in the process of weaving. The first explanation "Lewis and Short fail to record the meaning "reflect, remember, recollect," for comminiscor ; but it clearly has this meaning here. The same play occurs in Trin. 912 (see below, p. 94), this time on recommentor. The word there is due to Salmasius' emendation (see below, p. 94, note), and Lewis and Short do not record it. Their fail- ure to record the meaning "remember" for comminiscor is the more striking in view of the fact that that is necessarily the only meaning assigned by them to recomminiscor, which occurs in Trin. 915. 84 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. appears more likely. Possibly the Roman audience saw all three meanings in the word. After Mercurius has made his threat: Alia forma esse oportet qitem tu pugno legeris, Sosia remarks (317) : IHic homo me interpolabit meumque os finget denuo, using interpolabit as "make over, make anew," and "make over, disfigure." In 664 Sosia tells Amphitruo that he thinks they had best return to the ship, quia domi daturus nemost prandium aduentientibus. When Amphitruo asks how he hits on that idea, the slave answers, quia Alcumenam ante aedis stare saturam intellego, where saturam means "full-bellied," in the two senses of "filled with food" and "pregnant." The character luppiter in Amph. 861-864 makes a play by thinking of himself at the same time as the god luppiter and as the actor playing the part. He says : Ego sum ille Amphitruo, quoiust seruos Sosia, Idem Mercurius qui fjt quando commodumst, In superiore qui habito cenaculo. Qui interdum fio luppiter, quando lubet. Cenaculo indicates his heavenly abode, and at the same time refers to the humble lodgings that the actor occupied, "a sky parlor."® In the scene between Argyrippus and Libanus, in which the former carries the latter on his back, Libanus says to his master (Asin. 703) : Asta igitur, ut consuetus es puer olim; scin ut dicam.. Besides its meaning of "accustomed" consuetus has here an obscene suggestion (cf. below, P- 135)- The last scene of the Asinaria contains several word- plays of this class. The parasite has shown Artemona her husband Demaenetus with Philaenium, and is urging the °Cf. Enn. ap. Tert., adv. Vol., 7 (Ann. v. 61 V.) ; "sky-parlor" is the translation of H. T. Riley in Bohn series. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 85 wife to revenge. He tells her (908) : In oculos inuadi optumumst, meaning by inuadi "go towards his eyes," i. e., "appear before him," so as to confound him in the very act of paying attentions to the courtesan, and "go against, attack," i. e., "scratch his eyes out." In 937 Demaenetus has been separated from Philae- nium, and complains : Male cubandumst : ludicatum me uxor abducit domum, referring in ciibandum to his comfortable couch at the table and lamenting the fact that he m,ust sleep in a different bed from the one he had intended; the two meanings of cubandum are "recline at table" and "lie in bed."'' Just as luppiter in the Amphitruo referred to himself in his double character of god and actor, so the personality of the actor was introduced in the speech of the "Grex," at the end of the Asinaria (942-947) : Hie senex siquid clam uxorem suo animo fecit uolup, Neque nouom neque mirum fecit nee secus quam alii solent. Nunc si uoltis deprecari huic seni ne uapulet, Remur impetrari posse, plausum si clarum datis. The word senex is here twice played on, meaning each time Demaenetus and the actor who played his part. In Bacch. 64* and 73 one of the Bacchides says to Pistoclerus : Ah, nimium ferus es, and adds later, malacis- sandus. From the calling of Bacchis it seems clear that a second, obscene meaning is intended in malacissmidus. In Bacch. 991-992, after Nicobulus has complained that the letters in the missive of Pistoclerus are very small, Chrysalus says, qui quidem uideat parum. Verum qui satis uideat, grandes satis sunt. By uideat he means Nicobulus to understand literally "see," but the audience gets from the 'Cf. the similar play in line 923 recorded under I, 2, b, p. 98. "On the deletion of this line, see Acidalius. 86 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. word the further meaning "understand" ; the idea being : "if you but understood the trick I'm playing on you, the letters would be quite large enough." In Bacch. 842 f., Cleomachus rails against Mnesilochus in the hearing of the latter's father Nicobulus : Meamne hie Mnesilochus Nicobuli filius Per uim ut retineat mulierem? Naudet suggests that mulierem has here the two meanings, "woman" and "wife," Nicobulus being supposed to under- stand from the soldier's speech that he is married to Bacchis. Nicobulus, however, does not notice the hint at all; in fact it comes as a surprise to him, when, in 851, he is told by the lying Chrysalus that Nicobulus is actually married to Bacchis. Accordingly there seems to be no play intended here.* In 891, however, we may have mulier used in this double sense. Here Chrysalus says to Cleomachus concern- ing Mnesilochus : lam dudum hercle equidem sentio, suspicio Quae te sollicitet : eum esse cum ilia muliere. Chrysalus may intend that Nicobulus should understand "wife," while Cleomachus understands "woman" or "mis- tress"; but even here it seems doubtful whether in connec- tion with Ula the word muliere can be taken as meaning any- thing but "woman." The inveterate punster Ergasilus in Capt. 69-70 pro- claims : luuentus nomen indidit Scorto mihi, Eo quia inuocatus soleo esse in conuiuio. Inuocatus has the two meanings "called upon, invoked" (referring to the custom described in 73-74; cf. Asin. 779- 780), and "un-bid, un-invited." One may imagine the parasite entering some banquet without an invitation and "If it existed, it would fall in the class I, i, since Cleomachus does not intend the play. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 87 being saluted as scortum by some young rake who proceeds to explain his quip. In the scene between Hegio and the lorarius in Capt. no ff., after some other word-plays, which, on account of their form, do not come within the scope of the present paper,^" the lorarius says (123) : Auis me ferae consimilem faciam, ut praedicas ; which provokes from Hegio the reply, Ita ut dicis : nam si faxis, te in caueam dabo, meaning by caueam, "cage, bird-cage," and "prison." Possibly even a third meaning, "pit of the theatre,"^^ was indicated by a gesture of Hegio's, implying that he was whisking the slave off the stage. After Ergasilus has announced that Hegio's long-lost son has been found, Hegio promises the parasite aeternum uictum if the news be true. Ergasilus asks (898) : Sponden tu istud? Hegio replies, spondeo, and the parasite there- upon answers, at ego tuum tibi aduenisse filium respondeo, meaning by respondeo "answer," and, using the word in the sense of re-, "again," -j- spondeo, "re-promise, declare again, re-assure." The play, of course, is heightened by the pun on spondeo, which the actor no doubt brought out by an emphatic pronunciation of the syllable re-. In Capt. 966 Hegio says of Stalagmus, bene morigerus fuit puer, meaning morigerus as, "obedient," and in malam partem,. The same play occurs in Cas. 463 (see below, p. 90). The Prologus of the Casina, in 27-28, says of the bankers, Ratione utuntur : ludis poscunt neminem. Secundum ludos reddunt autera nemini. Besides the plays on ludis and ludos (cf. below, p. 88) another play has been suspected here in ratione^^ which has ""121-122. "Cf. Amph. 66. "See Naudet. 88 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. been taken to mean "account" (the bankers during the game, cast up accounts), and "method" (the bankers act methodically). Still a third meaning has been given to the phrase, namely, "exercise moderation."^* On the whole it appears more a question of which one of these meanings is to be adopted than anything else, for the play is quite point- less. Two plays on ludi are found in the same lines. Ludis means "at the games" (cf. 25), and "in sport"; and^ simi- larly, ludos means "games," or "sport, fun" ; i. e., the bank- ers ask no one for money in sports or at the games, but after the games, or after they have had their fun, they return money to nobody. Chalinus, after hearing from the conversation of Lysi- damas and Olympio that Lysidamas desires Casina for him- self, remarks (Cas. 476) : lam ego uno in saltu lepide apros capiarh duos. Saltiis, besides the meaning of "glade," has here a second meaning, pudendum muliebre. (See O. Hey, in A. L. L., xi, 531.) The same word is played on in line 922, when Olympio, describing his experiences with Casina, says, ubi ilium saltum uideo opsaeptum, rogo ut altero * * f sin adire.^* In lines 533, 535, and 537 of the same comedy, we have a play on liber, twice repeated. Cleostrata says : Hoc erat ecastor, quod me uir tanto opere orabat mens, Vt properarem arcessere banc ad me uicinam meam : Liberae aedes ut sibi essent, Casinam quo deducerent. Nunc adeo nequaquam arcessam, < ne ilHs > ignauissumis Liberi loci potestas sit uetulis uerbecibus. Sed eccum egreditur senati columen, praesidium popli; Meus uicinus, meo uiro qui liberum praehibet locum. "Lewis and Short, .f. v. ratio, II, give to the words the first mean- ing quoted above ; j. v. utor I, A, 2, g, they give them the third mean- ing. "The corruption of the text does not obscure the general purport of the line. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 89 Liber means here each time "free, empty" and "free of any restraint, free-and-easy."^® After Cleostrata has discovered Lysidamas' scheme and told Myrrhina that she will not need her, Lysidamas takes Alcesimus to task for the failure of his plan. Alcesimus explains that Myrrhina is to blame, and after some argu- ment asks roughly (Cas. 610) : Quid nunc? missurun es ad me uxorem tuam ? Alcesimus answers : Ducas easque in maxumam malam crucem. By ducas he means "take her away," but the continual complaihts made by the husband of comedy against his troublesome wife, lead us to under- stand also, as a second meaning, "marry." An obscene play seems intended in Cure. 56, where Palinurus observes. Qui uolt cubare, pandit saltum sauiis, the second meaning of saltum finding a parallel in Cas. 922 (cf. p. 88). When Cappadox seeks to have his dream interpreted (Cure. 251 fif.) Palinurus refers him to the coquos as a better interpreter than himself and assures him that the latter will give the matter his attention. Cappadox remarks (258), facit hie quod pauci, ut sit magistro obsequens. It seems that an obscene meaning lurks in obsequens, a mean- ing similar to that frequently given to its synonym mori- gerus}^ Outside of the passage in Cas. 449, presently to be discussed, I can find no instance of obsequens in this sense applied to a man. It is, however, thus used of a woman in Most. 205, where Philematium says, speaking of Philolaches, illi me soli censeo esse oportere opsequentem.^^ Moreover, the phrase animo obsequi, in an obscene sense is "For the latter meaning cf. Poen. 657-658: (Ait se) locum sibi uelle liberum praeberier, Vbi nequam faciat. "Cf. e. g. Capt. 966, where the word is played on in its two mean- ings. "We find, of course, morigera used of a woman as obsequens is here; cf. Cas. 8g6. 90 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. very common. ^^ Additional evidence for the interpretation given to ohsequi in the passage of the Curcuho is found in Cas. 449, where the same word-play occurs again. ^* Here Olympio says to Lysidamas, ut tibi ego inuentus sum obsequens. From the nature of the ensuing conversation and actions it seems quite likely that Chalinus would see an obscene meaning in obsequens.^'^ The strongest proof of this view, however, is the fact that, in this very passage, morigenis is again employed in its double meaning; indeed, Olympio repeats his original remark (463), changing it little beyond the substitution of morigerus for its synonym obsequens: Vt tibi morigerus hodie, ut uoluptati fui. That morigerus is used in a double sense is certain from the remarks of Chalinus which immediately follow (465-466) ; Hodie opinor hi conturbabunt pedes : Solet hie barbatos sane sectari senex.^^ Cure. 316 contains a play on esse. Phaedromus asks Curculio, Quid igitur uis? The latter answers, esse ut uentum gaudeam, esse meaning "to be," i. e., "that things may be in such a state that I may rejoice at my arrival," and "to eat." The play occurs again in Most. 889. Cure. 622, where Phaedromus says, luppiter te male perdat : intestatus uiuito, has been rejected by Guyet, whom Ussing, Goetz and Schoell, and Goetz in his revision of Ritschl follow. If we are to keep the line, the best emenda- "Cf. Amph. 290; Pseud. 1272; etc. ^°This word-play is of the class I, i ; I have put it here for con- venience. See above, p. 82. ^There is no remark of Chalinus' to support this view. If there were, the play would come under Division II. '^The play on morigerus, unlike that on obsequens, comes properly under II, since the remark of Chalinus brings out the second meaning. This remark properly refers to the whole preceding conversation, and might thus be taken to refer even to obsequens of 449, although it is rather far removed. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 91 tion is perhaps that of Leo, who reads miles for male. Ussing's excellent note, however, seems incontrovertible. If we keep the line, we have a play on intestatus (besides the adnominatio involved) identical with that on intestabilis in Mil. 14161 (see below, at bottom' of this page). In Epid. 116-117, Stratippocles says, nam quid te igitur retulit Beneficum esse oratione, si ad rem auxilium emortuomst, meaning by rem, "the matter in hand," and "money."22 In Men. 653-654, Peniculus asks Menaechmus I, uin adferri noctuam, Quae "Tu tu" usque dicat tibi? T« tu is here the owl's cry, but the words also mean "thou thou."^* In Merc. 526, Lysimachus, speaking to Pasicompsa of Demipho, and calling him a sheep, says, eam si curabeis, perbonast : tondetur nimium scite. He employs tondetur in the senses "shear" and "fleece."^* In Mil. 1407, when Periplecomenus is frightening Pyr- gopolinices almost to death, he bids his lorarii: Dispennite hominen diuorsum et distennite. Dispennite may be taken as "stretch out," and (as though it were dispenite) in malam partem.^^ The line contains a good adnominatio, and if the play be accepted, it in itself would involve sound as well as sense. This play would fall under I, 5; cf. p. 115. When the Braggart Captain has sworn to mend his ways, he says (Mil. 1416), si intestatus non abeo hinc, bene agitur pro noxia. Periplecomenus asks him, quid, si id non faxis?, and the answer is, ut uiuam semper intes- tabilis, i. e., "not to be believed, foresworn," and "sine testibus." Intestabilis also plays upon intestatus. In the same scene Carlo demands (1418), uerberetur '"Cf. Poen. 565-566, quoted below, p. 136. "'We have here likewise a paronomasia on tu, tu of line 653. "This play finds a parallel in Bacch. iiaib and in the toustrix Suburae of Martial II, 17. (See below, p. 99.) ''Cf. Naudet, who proposes to read dispenite. ^2 Studies in the Word-Play in Plauttis. etiam: postibi amittendum censeo. Pyrgopolinices thanks him, di tibi bene faciant semper, quom aduocatus mihi bene es. The following dialogue then takes place : Cario : Ergo des minam auri nobis. Pyrgopolinices : Quam ob rem? Cario: Saluis testibus ut ted hodie hinc amittamus uenerium nepotulum. By testibus he means "witnesses" and testicuU. The same play is made again by Periplecomenus in 1426. In Most. 66-67, Tranio tells Grumio: Tace atque abi rus : ego ire in Piraeum uolo In uesperum parare piscatum mihi. He means by piscatum "a catch" of fish or of a harlot (of. Bacch. 102). The play is perhaps repeated by Simo in line 730. In the same comedy Philolaches, in 252-253, says : Ob istuc uerbum, ne nequiquam Scapha, tam lepide dixeris, Dabo aliquid hodie peculi — ^tibi, Philematium mea. The word peculi, when first uttered, seems to be addressed to Scapha, and is to be understood as "money" ; Philolaches then, probably with a wave of his hand, or some similar ges- ture, adroitly shifts both the application and the meaning of the word, and applies it to Philematium in malam partem; even as applied to Philematium both meanings may be understood. Tranio makes another play in 1103. Theopropides endeavors to induce him to leave the altar, saying : Surgedum hue igitur: consulere quiddamst quod tecum uolo.. Tranio replies : Sic tamen hinc consilium dedero : nimio plus sapio sedens. By sedens he means "sitting," i. e., "not leaving my seat to come to you," and "sitting" like a judge, as we say "the court sits."^'' Fay explains the line as spoken by Tranio in his character of Picus (cf. Chap. I, pp. 28, 58). ""On this meaning of sedeo see the citations in Lewis and Short, J. V. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 93 In Pers. 192, Toxilus says to Paegnium, scelus tu pueri's: atqiie ob istanc rem ego aliqui te peculiabo. In peculiabo he intends, besides the meaning of "reward," a second signification in malam partem (cf. Most. 252-253, noted above, p. 92). Possibly the same character intends a word-play in line 408, where, among other pleasant appellations, he calls the procurer Dordalus, impure, inhoneste, iniure, inlex, labes popli. Whether inlex is, however, to be taken in the two senses of "lawless man" and "seducer," or, if not, which one of these meanings is intended, is not sufficiently clear. It may be, that as the first of these meanings is so close to that of the preceding word, iniure, and the second is closer to labes popli, inlex is intended in both senses as a transition between the two. At best, however, the play would hardly be clear to an audience. Agorastocles, in the Poenulus, when Adelphasium has finally succeeded in tearing herself away from his unwel- come advances, begs her, as she departs for the festival of Venus (408), respice. He then says, respexit. Idem edepol Venerem credo facturam tibi. He uses respexit here in two meanings, "look back" (literally), and "pay atten- tion to, regard," i. e., "Venus will answer your prayer." In Rud. 859, Plesidippus, referring to the pander, says : Ego hunc scelestum in ius rapiam f exulem. Naudet thinks exulem plays on the rather doubtful derivation of exulem from ex -\- solum.^'^ On the whole, however, it seems safer to agree with Sonnenschein that the word is inexplicable. When Pseudolus, in the comedy that bears his name, says of the bankers (296 fif.), postquam hercle isti a mensa surgunt satis poti uiri Qui suom repetunt alienum reddunt nato nemini, Postilla omnes cautiores sunt, ne credant alteri, "Walde, Lat. Etym. Worterh., 1906, accepts this derivation. p4 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. he alludes, in mmsa, both to the "banker's table" and to the "dining-table." With this opinion of the bankers, compare that in Cas. 27 f., cited above, p. 87. Sceparnio, speaking of the sacra urna Veneris which he is carrying, says (Rud. 478): Nam haec htteratast: eapse cantat quoia sit. Litterata has the two meanings "lettered" (literally) and "learned."^* In Stich. 750, Sagarinus asks Stephanium, utrubi tu uis (accumbere) ? i. e., "Do you prefer to recline with Stichus or with me?" Stephanium answers, cum ambobus uolo: Nam ambos amo. Hereupon Stichus cries out: Vapulat peculium : actumst ; fugit hoc libertas caput. Here we have another play on peculium (cf. Pers. 192; Most. 252-253). The obvious meaning is "savings," but an obscene meaning is also intended.^® In Trin. 906, after the sycophant has declared to Char- mides that he bears two letters from the father of Les- bonicus, i. e., Charmides himself, he is asked the father's name, but cannot recall it. He says (908), deuoraui nomen imprudens modo. Charmides is hugely' enjoying the situation. He persists in asking for the name, and inquires (912), iam recoramentatu's*" nomen. The syco- phant is to understand by recammentatu's only "remember," but the audience would see a hit at his trickery in the second meaning of the word, "devise, make up."^^ Diniarchus, in the Truculentus, after speaking of his mistress Phronesium as though she were a piece of hired "^Cf. Sonnenschein ad loc. '^Douza's emendation uapula is quite unnecessary. ""Salmasius' emendation for re (or rem) comnientatus- es. The verb seems to be a airai XeyofJievov. In view, however, of Plautus' use of recomminiscor (also a awa| Xeyofievov) , three lines later, this fact does not militate against adopting the emendation. "Cf . Epid. 281 ; Most. 662, 668 ; and see above, pp. 82 f. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 95 pasture land, and coming off second-best in his argument with Astaphium, changes his tactics, and says (147-148) : Male uortit res pecuaria mihi apud uos : nunc uicissim Volo habere aratiunculam pro copia hie apud uos. In aratiunculam he shifts his metaphor, considering Phrone- sium now not as pasture-land but as ploughed land; but the word has a second meaning in malawi partem, as have arationes and arari in the following lines.*^ Astaphium tells Diniarchus (True. 150a f.) : Si arationes Habituris, qui arari solent, ad pueros ire meliust. Diniarchus, in reply, says : Vtrosque pergnoui probe, using pergnoui in two meanings,** of which the second is obscene. Class I, 2, b is to include those word-plays in which I, 2, &. the two senses of the word are brought out by the connec- tion of the word of double meaning with other words. Wurth describes this class** thus : "Das Wort ist mit anderen Wortern verbunden auf die sich je eine seiner Bedeutungen bezieht," adding, however : "Ist die eine Be- deutung durch die Situation klar, so braucht nur die andere gebunden zu werden." Accordingly, we will put into this class those plays in which a word has two meanings, one to be taken with one other word or group of words, the other with another word or group of words ; and likewise those in which one meaning follows from the situation, while the other is secured by the connection of the ambiguous word with another word or group of words. If the object were to distinguish word-plays as finely as possible, these classes might be separated. Thus, Epidicus says (Epid. 125) : Sine meo sumptu paratae iam sunt scapulis symbolae. He uses symbolae in a double meaning; in connection with "a. Asin, 874: Fundum alienum arat, incultum familiarem deserit. "Cf. Ovid Heroid. 6, 133; for nosco in a double meaning cf. Most. 894; Pers. 131-132. "p. 27. 96 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. sumptu it has the meaning "expense"; but taken with scafndis it means "beating." In this instance the word of double meaning has one meaning respectively with each of two other words. In line 371 of the same comedy Stratip- pocles, in admiration of the wily plans of Epidicus, tells the latter, uorsutior es quam rota figularis. With the words rota figularis, uorsutior has the literal meaning "turnable" f^ the other meaning, "versatile," is brought out by no special word or group of words, but is apparent through the general situation. Word-plays of these two types might, as ob- served, be kept distinct with some logical exactness. Noth- ing would be gained, however, by this distinction, and Wurth does not even mention it; I have followed him in putting word-plays of these types together. On the other hand, Wurth does distinguish a class of word-plays from those just described which, it seems to me, had best be taken with them. After describing Class I, 2, b in the words given above and giving examples of that class, he mentions,^® as belonging to Class I, 3, those word-plays in which "ein doppelsinniges Wort wird an und fiir sich nicht zweideutig gebraucht. Es ist aber mit einem zur nicht gebrauchten Bedeutung antithetischen oder syn- onymen Worte so verbunden, dass der Doppelsinn angeregt wird." The sole difference between this class and the pre- ceding one consists in the fact that, in this class, a synonym or antonym of the ambiguous word is employed to bring out the double meaning, ;while in the preceding class any word or group of words may fulfil this function. That this is the only difference is apparent from Wurth's own words. After describing Class I, 2, b,^'' he says: "Diese '"Lewis and Short fail to record this literal meaning of the word. This word-play shows clearly that it was so used, at least in the popular mouth. "p. 41. "p. 27; see above, p 95. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 97 bindenden Hilfsworter diirfen sich aber weder synonymisch noch antithetisch zum Spielworte^^ stellen, noch sonst mit ihm verwandt sein {dies zv'dre die Unterart _j) ; sie haben nur den Zweck die Situation aufzuklaren." This distinction between the two classes appeal's forced, and I have treated them as one. If any further division of the word-plays included under I, 2, b, as now described, appears desirable, it seems to me it would be better to distinguish the two varie- ties that enter into Wurth's Class I, 2, b, than to dissociate from that class the word-plays assigned by him to I, 3. To proceed to the discussion of word-play of Class I, 2, b. Mercurius tells the poor terrified Sosia (Amph. 357- 358), faciam ego hodie te superbum nisi hinc abis. Sosia, asks, quonam modo? The answer is, auferere, non abibis, si ego fustem sumpsero. The first meaning the reader, or hearer, assigns to stiperbinn is the usual one "proud" ; the moment, however, that auferere is uttered the second mean- ing 'Hofty, borne up," i. c, "carried," because he will be physically unable to walk, makes itself felt. When Sosia sees a counterpart of himself in Mercurius, he says (Amph. 458-459) : Nam hicquidem omnem imaginem meam, quae antehac fuerat, possidet. Viuo fit, quod numquam quisquam mortuo faciet mihi. Imaginem when first uttered conveys merely the meaning "appearance" ; but in connection with the following line, and especially with mortuo, it acquires the force of "image," referring to the rites in honor of the dead. Mercurius, in Amph. 997-1001, says: Nunc Amphitruonem uolt deludi mens pater : faxo probe lam hie deludetur, spectatores, uobis < in > spectantibus. Capiam coronam mi in caput, adsimulabo me esse ebrium. "An English equivalent of this useful compound is hard to find. 98 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Atque illuc sursum escendero: inde optume aspellam virum De supero, quom hue accesserit: faciam ut sit madidus sobrius. Madidus has the force of "wet," but in connection with sobrius acquires the additional meaning "drunk." In As. 779-780, the parasite is reading to Diabolus the contract between Diabolus and Cleaereta for the possession of Philaenium : Talos * ne quoiquam homini admoueat nisi tibi. Quom iaciat, "te" ne dicat, nomen nominet. Talos here means "dice" in connection with iaciat, but "ankles" in connection with admoueat. In the scene in the Asinaria in which Leonida pretends to be Saurea in order to get money from the ass-dealer, he makes his entrance in an angry manner, in order to impress the merchant with his authority. He scolds his confederate and pseudo-slave Libanus for alleged neglect of duty, and then says (427) : Tamquam si claudus sim, cum fustist ambulandum. Fusti has, in connection with claudus the meaning of "prop, walking stick," besides which it has the force of "cudgel" ; Libanus is to beware of blows. The words si clmidus sim are added for the purposes of the word-play. Artemona, seeing her husband Demaenetus reclining with Philaenium, bids him (As. 921), surge, amator, i domum, and when he hesitates, says, at etiam cubat cuculus. The first force of cuhat is "recline" at table; the addition of cuculus, with the well-known habits of the bird, adds the meaning "he" in bed. The play is repeated in line 937 (see above, p. 85) ; cf. also Most. 701 (cited below, p. 105). In Aul. 422 the cook, Congrio, laments the many beat- ings that fall to his dot, and says : Fustibus sum mollior magis quam ullus cinaedus. Mollior, in connection with Studies in thet Word-Play in Plautus. 99 fitstibiiSj has its literal meaning, with much the same force as "beaten to a pulp" ; with cinaedus it has its tropical meaning "effeminate." Possibly fustibus is also to be taken in the sense of membris virilibus (cf. the use of porraKov Anth. Plan. 261). In this case the word-play would come under Class I, 3. In Aul. 570 Euclio declines to drink with Megadorus, and in 572 he says : Mihi bibere decretumst aquam. Mega- dorus, persists in his hospitality: Ego te hodie reddam madidum, si uiuo, probe, Tibi quoi decretumst bibere aquam. In connection with aquavi, madidum has its literal force of "wet," besides which it conveys the meaning "drunk." Pius' emendation sed uino for si uiuo spoils the play by making it too obvious. In Bacch. ii2it one of the Bacchides speaks of the two old men, Nicobulus and Philoxenus, as ouis. Later, line 1 125, the other Bacchis says, attonsae hae quidem ambae usque sunt. Referring to ouis, attonsae means "shorn" ; referring to the men who have been represented as sheep, it means "fleeced" of their money. Martial's tonstrix Suburae (II, 17) is a close parallel to the present passage. Martial says of her, nbn tondet, jnquam. Quid igitur facit? Radit. (See Friedlaender's note.) Possibly an idea similar to that expressed in radit lurks in the attonsae of Bacchis. The similar play in Merc. 526 was noted above, p. 91. Lines 15-16 of the prologue of the Captiui read, Vos qui potestis ope nostra censerier Accipite relicuom : alieno uti nil moror. Reliciiom signifies "that which is left," i. e., the rest of the argument of the play ; but in connection with alieno it means "the rest" of a debt, as though the speaker had borrowed from his audience.. 100 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. The same word-play occurs under similar circumstances in the speech of the god Auxilium in Cist. i88: Nunc quod relicuom restat, uolo persoluere, Vt expungatur nomen, nequid debeam. Here several words bring out the second meaning, "rest of my debt," viz., persoluere, expungatur nomen, and debeam. In the scene in which Tyndarus is exposed by Aristo- phontes the former (Capt. 636-637) says: Quin j quiescis=** dierectum cor meum, ac suspende te : Tu sussultas, ego miser uix asto prae formidine. In addition to the meaning "palpitate," the occurrence of asto lends to sussultas the literal signification, "dance." In lines 907-908 of the same comedy, the parasite Ergasilus observes : Nunc ibo, ut pro praefectura mea ius dicam larido, Et quae pendent indemnatae pernis auxilium ut feram. Pendent has, of course, the meaning "hang." With indem- natae, however, it acquires the additional force, "have their law suits pending."*" The renegade Stalagmus asks of Hegio (Capt. 961), quod ego fateor, credin pudeat quom autumes? Hegio's answer is, at ego faciam ut pudeat: nam in ruborem te totum dabo. With pudet, ruborem signifies the redness of countenance due to blushing, besides which it means the red- ness due to a sound scourging. Tyndarus, speaking of the hard life he has led in the quarries (Capt. 1002- 1004), says: Nam ubi illo adueni, quasi patriciis pueris aut monerulae Aut anites aut coturnices dantur quicum lusitent : Itidem mi haec aduenienti upupa qui me delectem datast. '"Gulielmus inserted i after quiescis, and Leo, Ussing, and Schoell follow him. *°Cf. Plin. Epist. IV, 9, I, quoted by Gronovitis ad loc. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. loi The two meanings of upupa, the bird "hoopoe" (brought out by monerulae, anites, coturnices), and the instrument "mattock," are well expressed by the English "crow."*^ Olympic, referring to Chalinus, says to Lysidamas (Cas. 437-438), Sine modo rus ueniat : ego remittam ad te uirum Cum furca in urbem tamquam carbonarium. Furca is understood, when first uttered, in the sense of the instrument of torture that went under that name.*^ In connection with carbonarium, however, it can only refer to a pole in the shape of a fork, put on the back to support burdens.** Olympic, speaking to the cook Citrio, of the apprentice cooks (Cas. 720), bids him, uide, fur, ut sentis sub signis ducas. Citrio, not understanding the allusion, asks : Qui uero hi sunt sentis? Olympio explains, quia quod tetigere, ilico rapiunt: si eas ereptum, ilico scindunt. Scindunt, referring to the cooks, means "cut" with their knives; referring to sentis, there is a slightly different signification, "tear," "rend." In lines 809-810 of this comedy, after Lysidamas has sung the Hymen, hymenaee, o hymen in honor of Casina's wedding, he exclaims pathetically : Peril hercle ego miser ; dirrumpi cantando hymenaeum licet. Illo morbo, quo dirrumpi cupio, non est copiae. Olympio tells him, edepol, ne tu si equos esses, esses indo- mabilis. Lysidamas asks, quo argumento ?, and receives the reply, nimis tenax es. Temtx, referring to illo morbo, etc., has an obscene sense; in connection with equos indomabilis "H. T. Riley, English Translation, in Bohn Series. ^Cf. Pers. 8551, Cas. 389. "Ci. Lewis and Short, who quote the present passage. Plautus does not elsewhere use the word in this sense. 102 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. it means "stubborn." Lysidamas may understand the word in both senses, or in one only, but he proceeds to ask, num me expertu's uspiam? Olympic's answer to this is, di melius faciant; he, at least, seems to understand Lysidamas to give tenax an interpretation in malcmb partem.. Possibly, how- ever, Lysidamas understood the word only in the meaning of "stubborn" and asked naively, "Have you ever tried me to find out what kind of horse I am?" Olympic's reply would then drive home the other meaning of tenax even to one who was dense enough not to see it before. The man- ner in which Lysidamas actually did understand tenax would have to be brought out by the dramatic action. Upon the interpretation that we suppose Lysidamas to have given to tenax will depend also our classification of the play that exists in expertus, or our decision that that word is not played on. If Lysidamas understands tenax in a double sense, he uses expertus in a double sense, first in that of "try, put to the test," and second in a sexual sense. In the latter case we then have a word-play of the type II, 3, the two meanings of tenax being parallel with those of expertus, and one word spoken by one character, the other by another. If he understands tenax only as "stubborn" and Olympic misapplies his use of expertus, the play on the latter word falls under II, 2. Finally, if Lysidamas under- stands tenax in its obscene sense only, he uses expertus in an obscene sense only, and, since Olympic interprets the word only in this sense, there is no play on expertus at all. The whole passage is an excellent example of how the dramatic action can bring out the finest shades of meaning. In Cure. 168, Phaedrcmus asks Palinurus whether he does not admire Planesium : Quid uidisti aut quid uidebis magis dis aequiparabile ? Palinurus answers only the words quid uidisti aut quid uidebis, saying, male f ualere te, quod mihi aegrest. Aegrest means "does not please me" ; besides this, in connection with male ualere, there lurks in aegre the meaning of "ill." Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 103 Curculio, in berating the Graeci palliati (Cure. 287 ff.)' says (292-293) : Quos semper uideas bibentes esse in thermipolio : Vbi quid subripuere, operto capitulo calidum bibunt. Naudet points out that caHdum here means "hot" (referring to thermipolio) and "immediately," comparing for the latter meaning minis calidis in Epid. 142. The play might be rendered "drink it while it's hot," and lose none of its force. Therapontigonus, in Cure. 689-690, threatens the pander Cappadox: Ego ex te hodie faciam pilum catapultarium Atque ita te neruo torquebo, itidem ut catapultae solent. Neruo in itself signifies the "cords" or "fetters" with which he threatens to have Cappadox bound; in connection with catapultarium and catapultae it refers to the "string" of the catapult. Phaedromus, who joins Therapontigonus in attacking Cappadox, adds to the soldier's threat (691-692) : Deli- catum te hodie faciam cum catello ut accubes, Ferreo ego dico. The first meaning of catello, "little dog," is changed to "chain," as soon as ferreo is uttered. Epidicus, in line 125 of the comedy of that name, says, sine meo sumptu paratae iam sunt scapulis sym^bolae. This play has been explained above, p. 95 f. In his long list of women's garments (Epid. 225 fif.), the same character mentions (232) supparum aut sub- nimium.** Suppairum. as a garment is explained by Varro, L.L. 5, 131, and by Festus, p. 311. Subnimium, how- ever, is nowhere else mentioned, and suhminiam, which "This reading, which Leo retains, has the support of Nonius (p. 540, 10). Wagner regards the whole passage as an interpolation. (See references in Goetz (RitschI, 1878) ad loc; J. H. Onions in Journal of Philology, xiv, p. 7S). 104 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. would likewise be a aira^ Xeyoixevov, is the reading of the Editio Princeps. If subniniium is correct, it is a meaning- less word, used merely to bring out a play on the parum in siipparum. The two words have been well translated by Onions** "under-petticoat and under-greatcoat." Stratippocles' play on uorsntior, in Epid. 371 has been explained above, p. 96. Peniculus, in Men. 105-107, while on his way to sponge on Menaechmus, complains that he has had nothing from him now for some days, and that, meanwhile : Domi t domitus sum usque cum careis meis : Nam neque edo neque emo nisi quod est carissumum. Id quoque iam cari qui instruontur deserunt. We have here two plays on careis. When spoken, it means "loved ones, dear ones, relatives," but as soon as edo is heard, it acquires the force of "dear things," "things I am fond of" ; carissumum has the force of "dear, precious," and with emo that of "expensive." Cari in 107 has the same meanings as carissumum. Menaechmus, in Men. 196, holding up the cloak which he has stolen from his wife, says : Exuuias facere quas uoui uolo. He uses exuuias as "spoils of battle" (in connection with uoui), and, as "things stripped off" (in connection with the similar use of the word in 191). Periplecomenus gives orders (Mil. 156 f.) to treat harshly anyone who may trespass on his property: Ni hercle diffregeritis talos posthac, quemque in tegulis Videritis alienum, ego nostra faciam latera lorea. In line 164 he returns to his idea of breaking the intruders' ankles, but this time he makes a play on tali: Atque adeo, ut ne legi fraudem faciant aleariae, Adcuratote ut sine talis domi agitent conuiuium. "I. c. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 105 Besides meaning "ankle bones," talis has here, in connection with legi aleariae, and conuiuium, the force of "dice." (Cf. As. 779-780, quoted above, p. 98.) In Mil. 767 Palaestrio tells Periplecomenus that he has a scheme to undo Pyrgopolinices : nam ego inueni lepidam sycophantiam, Qui admutiletur miles usque caesariatus. Ad^ mutiletur, in addition to the force of "cheat," acquires, in connection with caesariatus the force of "shave." (Cf. Capt. 269; Pers. 829.) When Tranio conceives his scheme of deceiving Theo- propides by telling him the house is haunted, he says (Most. 427-428) : Ludos ego hodie uiuo praesenti hie seni Faciam : quod credo mortuo numquam fore. The words uiuo, praesenti, and mortuo give ludos the force of "funeral games" ; besides this it has the meaning "jokes," "tricks."" The same inveterate joker makes another play in line 701. He has overheard Simo's account of trouble with his wife, and remarks, et cenandum et cubandumst ei male. The obvious meaning of cubandum is here "lie in bed" (with reference to 693 and 696) ; its connection with cenandum lends it, however, the additional idea of "recline at table." This play has already been noted in Asin. 923 and 937. (See above, pp. 98, 85.) Still again, in the scene with Simo and Theopropides, Tranio asks Theopropides (829), uiden coagmenta in fori- bus ? Theopropides answers, uideo. Tranio says : Specta quam arte dormiunt. Theopropides, not understanding, rejoins: Dormiunt? Tranio then tells him that dormiunt was a slip of the tongue : Illud quidem, ut coniuent, uolui dicere. The meaning "wink," which coniuent has, shows how the slave happened to say dormiunt at first; with refer- "Cf. Aul. 253-254, quoted below, p. 121. io6 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. ence to the condition of the coagmenfa, coiiiuenf means "be tightly closed, well-joined." In Poen. 582-587, Milphio says of the aduocafi: Tot quidem Non potuisti adducere homines magis ad hanc rem idoneos : Nam istorum nullus nefastust, comitiales sunt meri t*^ Ibi habitant, ibi eos conspicias quam praetorem saepius : Hodie iuris doctiores non sunt qui lites creant, Quam hi sunt qui, si nil est quicum litigent, lites emunt. In line 586 it is doubtful whether the MSS. reading is doctiores or coctiores; if doctiores be adopted, there is no play. If we read coctiores, iuris acquires a double- meaning, ' "law" and "sauce." It is no objection that the word-play is a nonsensical one, it is certainly no more nonsensical than the one on assum in line 279 of this same comedy. The phrase iuris coctior is a harsh one to be sure, but by no means unintelligible ; one who is coctus in the law would be quite similar, though in a bad sense, to one who is doctus in the law. The phrase qui lites creant, which follows, refers to the habit, common among advocati, of helping to stir up lawsuits, and it may be that in coctiores we have a pun (Lautspiel) on coctor = coquus.*^ As between coctior and doctior, coctior has the advantage of being the lectio difUcilior. On ius cf. Epid. 522 f., Poen. 1349. Collabiscus (Poen. 609-610) plays on crepuerunt as follows : Collabiscus : Fores haec fecerunt magnum flagi- tium modo. Aduocati: Quid est flagiti? Collabiscus: Crepuerunt clare. Crepuerunt acquires an obscene force, in addition to that of "creak," from its connection with Hagi- tium. "The double play in this line falls under Class I, 3, and is dis- cussed below, p. 113. ■■'Plautus does not use the word, but it is an obvious formation. It is found in Petronius 95, 8, and elsewhere. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 107 The same person (Poen. 613) characterizes Lycus thus : Bonus est : nam simiHs mahst. The first meaning of bojms is "good," in the sense of "upright, honorable" ; Col- labiscus then explains what he means by thus describing a procurer, the words similis malist giving to bono the force of "go.od at his trade," i. e., a "good" procurer, although not a good man. Syncerastus, returning to the house of his master Lycus from the festival of Venus, is asked by Milphio (Poen. 862), quid agis? He answers, facio quod manufesti moechi hau ferme solent. Milphio asks, quid id est? and the answer is, refero uasa salua. Vasa in one sense refers to the vases which he is carrying (cf. line 847) ; another meaning, in malamu pasrtem, is given by the preceding line, and refers to a well-known punishment of adulterers. The joke is not lost on Milphio, who answers impatiently, dei te et tuom erum perduint. Milphio himself makes a play in line 908. Syncerastus has just said, profecto (sc. Agorastocles) ad incitas lenonem rediget, si eas {i. e., Adelphasium et Anterastylin) abdux- erit,-and Milphio answers, quin prius disperibit faxo quam unam calcem ciuerit. Calcem is to be taken as "chess- piece" in connection with ad incitas; besides this, it seems to mean also, his own foot, i. e., the procurer is to be over- come before he can take a step. Harpax, in Pseud. 1190, referring to the obscene turn that Ballio has just given to an expression of Simo's (see below, p. 133), says, uncti hi sunt senes : fricari sese ex antiquo uolunt. Fricari, in connection with uncti, means "to be rubbed down" ; besides this, it has another significa- tion in mahm partem. Stasimus, asked by Lesbonicus what has become of forty minae entrusted to the slave's keeping about a fort- night before, says (Trin. 406) that the money has been: Comessum, expotum, exunctum, elotum in balineis. Elotum io8 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. has here the force of "squandered," but in connection with balineis also the Hteral force "washed out, washed away."*^ Practically the same play occurs in Asin. 134 f. Argy- rippus, before the house of Cleaereta, says: Mare baud est mare : uos mare acerrumum : Nam in mari repperi,-hic elaui bonis. Here it is mare that brings out the literal force of ekmi; the phrase in mari repperi indicates his surprise that the sea has not "washed" away his goods, by shipwreck. I, 3 . Next to be considered is a class of especially clever plays. They are closely related to those of the last group. The words of double meaning acquire at least one of them from connection with one or more other words in the sen- tence. They differ from Class I, 2, h, however, in that they occur in pairs; that is, two words are, in each instance, used in a double sense, one meaning of each word going with one of the other. Wurth entitles this class^" "Doppelsinn infolge der parallelen Verbindung mit einem zweiten doppelsinnigen Worte." Plautus furnishes a fair number of these ingenious plays. In Asin. 290-291 Leonida says : Sed quid ego hie properans concesso pedibus, lingua largior ? Quin ego banc iubeo tacere, quae loquens lacerat diem? Libanus comments on this : Edepol hominem infelicem, qui patronam comprimat. Paironmn means "patroness," applied to Leonida's tongue, and "patroness" in a literal sense ; com- primat, similarly, means literally, "restrain, check," and has besides a setisus obscoenus. In line 301, Leonida says to Libanus, nudus uinctus "Elutum, the reading of Ritschl and of Brix, after Cod. A, makes no material difference. '"Table of Contents, p. vii; see also p. 44 Studies in the, Word-Play in Plautus. 109 centum pondo's quando pendes per pedes. This line is re- markable, first for its alliteration, next for the adnominaiio, pondo's, pendes, pedes, and, finally, for the word-play that especially concerns us here. Nudus and pendes are used in parallel double meanings, nudtis signifying "stripped" (for flogging), and, "without clothes" — simply this idea with no accessory notion; pendes has the meanings "hang" (to be beaten), and "to weigh," in an intransitive sense.^"- Libanus, as well as his fellow-slave, could indulge in this form of wit. In 379 Leonida says to him : lam ego recurro hue : tu hunc interea hie tene : Volo seni narrare. Libanus replies, quin tu officium facis ergo ac fugis. OfUckim means "duty," i. e., the task before you, and its second force is that which is ordinarily considered the "function" of a slave, explained by fugis; fugis means "run, hurry," and "run away, become a fugitive." In Aul. 363 ff. Pythodicus tells how he is going to supervise the cooks who are working for Euclio : Ego interuisam quid faciant coqui : Quos pol ut egO' hodie seruem cura maxumast. Nisi unum hoc faciam, ut in puteo cenam coquant : Inde coctam sursum subducemus corbulis. Si autem deorsum comedent, siquid coxerint, Superi incenati sunt et cenati inferi. The last line falls flat unless we understand superi to mean both "the men up stairs" and "gods of the upper world," and take inferi similarly as "men down below stairs" and "gods of the nether world." The arrangement of the two words, at the beginning and end of the line, respectively, is ingenious. The line sounds somewhat like a proverb. Chrysalus, in concocting his plot against Nicobulus, likens his exploit to the siege of Troy, and the old man to Priam (cf. the long monologue, Bacch. 925 ff.). In lines "See Lewis and Short s.v. pendo II. no Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 976-977 he says, comptionalem senem Vendam ego, venalem quern habeo, extemplo ubi oppidum expugnauero. Vendam means "cheat, betray" and "sell" (as people are sold after the sack of a city) ; in the same way ucnalem means "easy to cheat or deceive" and "salable." In Capt. 887-888 Ergasilus says of Stalagmus, the re- turned Sicilian runaway slave: At nunc Siculus non est: Boius est, boiam terit. Boiam means "chain" and "Boian woman"; terit signifies "rub," and has also a sensus ob- scoenus}^ Ergasilus continues: Liberorum quaerundorum causa ei credo datast. Quaerendorum here means "seek- ing, seeking to produce," and uxor means "wife" ; but there is in the former word an allusion to the "kidnapping" pro- pensities of Stalagmus, and iixor, in connection with this meaning of the word, refers to boiam of the preceding line.^* Platner, Class. Rev. Ill, 220, says that this inter- pretation "fails to note the function of the gerundive." Of course cctusa with the gerundive usually means "for the purpose of," and it is not "for the purpose of kidnapping" but "because of his kidnapping" that Ergasilus intends. Still it is unnecessary, where we have a word-play, to be so accurate as this ; the only essential thing is that the idea of kidnapping be brought to the hearer's mind. Moreover, the joke will not lose by the added touch of irony, if we interpret it strictly, "for the purpose of kidnapping." In Cas. no Olympio states as his purpose, after he has won Casina, rure incubabo, usque in praefectura mea. Besides the meaning of "abide in, stay at," incubo has here the signification "lie upon" ; and praefectura, besides indi- cating the country as the abode of the nilicus, also refers to Casina. In line 527 of the same comedy Lysidamas shows how eager he is to obtain possession of Casina. He is arranging ""On the play here, see Chap. I, p. 34. °'See Strong in Class. Rev. Ill, p. 75 ; Elmer, Captivi, ad loc. Studies in, the Word-Play in Plautus. iii with Alcesimus to occupy the latter's house, and says to him, fac habeant Hnguam tuae aedes. Alcesimus asks him, quid ita? Lysidamas raphes, quom ueniam, uocent. The eagerness of Lysidamas provokes Alcesimus to twit him in these words : attatae, caedundus tu homo's : nimias delicias facis. Naudet has interpreted caedundus as "to^ be beaten" and in malam partenu, and delicias as "jokes" and "lover'" sport." The first meanings of the two words are certain, and the second meaning assigned to delicias seems at least probable ; but the second meaning of caedundus seems some- what forced. If we assign but one meaning to ccnedundus and two to delicias we shall have a play of the type I, 2, a. In Cure. 28 ff. Palinurus advises Phaedromus on mat- ters of love. He bids him : Ita tuom conferto amare semper, si sapis, Ne id quod ames, populus si sciat, tibi sit probro. Semper curato ne sis intestabilis.^* Phaedromus asks, quid istuc est uerbi? The answer is, Caute ut incedas uia : quod amas amato testibus praesen- tibus. Intestabilis and testibus, besides forming an adnomi- natio, have parallel double meanings : intestabilis signifies "abominable" and sine testiculis; testibus means "witnesses" and testiculi. Cf. Mil. 1416, 1420, 1426, pp. 91 f. In Cure. 131 Palinurus, who has been watching the old bawd drink copious drafts of wine, says : Ecce autem bibit^^ arcus : pluet, credo, hercle hodie. Arcus means "rainbow," besides which it alludes to the bent figure of the old woman ; and pluet, meaning "rain" in connection with rainbow, has an obscene sense in connection with the bawd. Epid. 523, until Cod. A fixed' the reading as condictor, afforded a play in the words iurum fictor, conditor, iurum meaning "laws" and "sauces," and conditor "author" (con- ditor) and "seaponer" (conditor). "On the allusion cf. Poen. 863, quoted above, p. 107. ""Cf. Verg. Georg. I, 381 ; et bibit ingens arcus ; Tib. I, 4, 44 : nimbifer arcus. 112 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. In lines 586-587 of the Miles, Periplecomenus, referring to the manner in which he has fooled Sceledrus, says : Illic hinc abscessit. sat edepol certo scio Occisam saepe sapere plus multo suem. Sapere signifies "taste good" and "to be wise, have under- standing" ; suem refers to Sceledrus and means also "a pig" in general. It seems, too, that occiscnn has two mean- ings parallel with those of sapere and suem: "killed," in the sense of "done for, got rid of, put out of the way" and "killed," literally. In saying that Sceledrus is "wiser' after being put off the scent, he means that he knows more of what, from Periplecomenus' standpoint, he should know. Tranio asks Theopropides, in showing him over the house of Simo (Most. 832) : Viden pictum, ubi ludificat una cornix uolturios duos? The picture is an imaginary one (see 836). Tranio refers to the manner in which he is deceiving Theopropides and Simo. He wants Theopro- pides to understand cornix and uolturios literally; but he wishes the audience to take cornix as referring to hifnself (Tranio) ; and uolturios to the two old men. He repeats the play in 836-837. (See below, p. 114.) The prologue of the Poenulus has the following lines (116-117), after telling part of the story of the comedy: lamne hoc tenetis ? Si tenetis, ducite : Caue dirumpatis : quaeso sinite transigi.^^ Tenetis means here "understand" and "hold" (in a literal sense), ®^ the second meaning being made clear by ducite. In connection with the first meaning of tenetis, dirumpatis signifies "interrupt" and in connection with the second, "break apart," in a literal sense. °°The repetition of tenetis would, strictly speaking, exclude this part of the play from consideration here. "Cf. Cure. 44, 45, quoted below, p. 128, and Poen. 565-566. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 113 Nefastus and comitialis are played on in parallel dou- ble meanings in Poen. 584. Milphio, in speaking of the aduocati whom Agorastocles has summoned, says : Non potuisti adducere homines magis ad hanc rem idoneos : Nam istorum nuUus nefastust, comitiales sunt meri. Nefastus when first spoken is understood as "wicked" ; Milphio pretends to pay the aduocati a compliment; then when comitiales is uttered, nefastus acquires the force it has in dies nefastus, while cofnitialis, in connection with this meaning, has the force which it has in dies comitialis. When Milphio continues, ibi habitant, ibi eos conspicias quam praetor em saepius, comitialis is seen to mean "resorting to the assembly, loafers at the assembly." The slave says : "None of these men is wicked; oh, no; they're just assembly loafers" : The words nefastus and comitialis are used solely to make a word-play. Ballio says to Harpax (Pseud. 1180-1181) : Noctu in uigiliam quando ibat Miles, quom tu ibas simul, Conueniebatne in uaginam tuam machaera militis ? Vaginam and machaera, besides their military meanings, have here another force in modern, partem, which Harpax is quick to resent, replying, i in malam crucem. Strabax, the countryman, in True. 645 ff., tells how he has appropriated the money someone has paid for sheep purchased from his father. After saying that he has the money with him, he continues (656-657) : Fuit edepol Mars meo p iratus patri. Nam ones illius au longe absunt a lupis. Oues and Inpis are used in their literal meanings, "the wolves will soon get the sheep"; besides this, oues means the money received for the sheep, and lupis signifies cour- tesans. 1 14 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Our next class of plays includes those in which the speaker employs a word in a double meaning, not only for the sake of the joke involved, but also to make his meaning obscure to his hearers. In other words, the interlocutor is intended to understand but one meaning of the ambigu- ous word, while the audience appreciates both. In Bacch. 1000, when Chrysalus has handed Nicobulus the letter of Mnesilochus, and the old man begins to read it, the slave asks him : Non prius salutem scripsit ? He wants Nicobulus to understand, "Didn't Mnesilochus first write the 'greeting' that usually begins a letter?" but he has in mind also the literal meaning of scdus, and the audi- ence, which understands the trick that is being played on the old man, would not miss the irony. In Most. 834 Tranio is showing Theopropides over the house of Simo, pretending that Philolaches has purchased it. He bids him : Quaeso hie ad me specta, cornicem ut conspicere possies, and (837 f.) : At tu isto ad uos optuere, quoniam cornicem nequis Conspicari, sis uolturios forte possis contui. In both these lines ad has the double force of "towards, in the direction of" and "at"; the former, of course, is the meaning Tranio wishes the two old men to understand, the latter is his little joke. Cornicem refers to himself uolturios to the old men, as in line 832.®* ''Here, as in line 832, these two words are used in parallel double meanings, as mentioned above, p. 112). Here may be mentioned some other plays from the present passage pointed out by Strong in Class. Rev. n, p. 160, and HI, p. 75, which seem, however, to be forced. (Cf. Platner, Class. Rev. HI, 220; Fay, in his edition of the Mostellaria, adopts most of Strong's suggestions.) In line 817 Strong suggests, rather doubtfully, that uestibulum et ambulacrum, beside their literal meanings, may mean "scarecrow" and "walking gentleman," referring to the two old men, Simo and Theopropides. This play would fall under Class I, 3. In line 819, he thinks pastes and crassitudine also refer to Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 115 After Dordalus has been deceived into buying Lucris, in the Persa, Toxikis, who knows well what the conse- quences of the act will be, ironically congratulates the pro- curer (line 667) : Eu, praedatu's probe. Dordalus under- stands praedatus in the sense "you've made a good bargain" ; Toxilus may, however, imply a passive force, "you've been cleverly robbed. "°^ A bit later, Dordalus bids Toxilus take good care of the girl, and Toxilus answers (723) : Saluast haec quidem. Dordalus understands, "she's in good hands, she won't be allowed to run away;" but Toxilus has in mind, "she's safe," i. e., "not in your clutches." The last class of plays under Division I is quite dif- I, 5- ferent from any other here considered. All other word- plays mentioned in this chapter are, in the broadest sense, of one kind, namely, plays in which one word is used in more than one meaning. All the meanings assigned to the word are, however, meanings that the particular word under consideration legitimately has. The case is different with the two old men, and mean respectively "block heads'' and "'stupidity'' ; this play also would come under I, 3. Improbiores, he thinks, is applied to grasping men ; if so, this play would come under Class I, 4. Infumo (825), he thinks, may refer to the gouty feet of the men, as well as to the bottoms of the posts; this play, likewise, would come under Class I, 4. In line 826, excises, besides referring to the posts, is taken as "untimely brought to ruin," referring to the old men, another play of Class I, 4. In 827 he thinks indttcti may mean "smeared," with reference to the posts, and "led on," with reference to the old men, pice then coming in vapa ■TrpoaSoKuiv, this play would come under Class I, 2, b. Arte, in 829), may mean "arete," and "by my art" (Class I, 2, a). Coniuent in 830 (on which see above, p. 105, under I, 2, b), he thinks has the force of "close their eyes," referring to the old men. All these plays, if they seemed less far-fetched, might be considered as words used in parallel double meanings (Class I, 3). "Cf. Rud. 1242 : Mihi istaec uidetur praeda praedatum irier ; here, however, the word is used of the thing stolen, and not of the person robbed. ii6 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. the plays now to be taken up, for in these the word played on has, in each case, but one meaning; it has, however, a kind of double meaning, by suggesting another word similar in sound to the first. In other words, the plays of this class are adfumdnationes or paronomasiaie with the second word implied and not expressed. Genuine adnominationes lie outside the scope of this paper; but the plays now to be mentioned are close enough to the others here considered to deserve a place by their side. Many are doubtful, since it is difficult to say whether the implied word was really felt by the Roman audiences, or intended by Plautus to be felt. None of these plays are mere adnominationes, but all are plays of sense as well as of sotmd. Chrysalus, when, in his lying story of the fraud of Arclijdemides, he has reached the point where he is about to sail away from Ephesus (Bacch. 279 ff.), adds : Dum circumspecto, atque ego lembum conspicor Longum strigorem maleficum {i. e., Archidemiden) exor- narier. Nicobulus, enraged by the piratical tale, exclaims : Perii hercle : lembus ille mihi laedit latus. Naudet thinks there is a play here on lembus and limhus, "belt." Plautus does not use the latter word, though he has the cognate limbolm-ii, "edging-makers, lace-makers." When Chalinus appears as a mock-bride (Cas. 815 fif.), Pardalisca says to him (821-824) : Tua uox superet tuomque imperium : uir te uestiat, tu uirum despolies. Noctuque et diu ut uiro subdola sis, Opsecro memento. Gronovius suggests that subdola here was so pronounced as to have the force of both subdola and sedula. When Epidicus has secured from Periphanes the money desired by Stratippocles, the slave boasts to the young man Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 117 (Epid. 348) ; Dum tibi ego placeam atque obsequar, meum tergtim flocci f acio. Stratippocles asks : Nam quid ita ? and Epidicus replies : Quia ego tuom patrem faciam perenti- cidam,®" playing in the last word, which is a coinage of the moment, on parenticidam. The meaning then is, "I will make your father cut his purse [perai] open," so that you may have your fill of money. The play consists in the humor- ous corruption of parenticidam; we must not seek to find a meaning here for that word also. Erotium greets Menaechmus (Men. 182) : Aninie mei, Menaechme, salue. Peniculus wants to know why he isn't welcomed : Quid ego ? Erotium replies : Extra numerum es mihi. Peniculus rejoins : Idem istuc aliis adscriptiuis fieri ad legionem solet. Menaechmus, keeping up the military tone that has been introduced into the conversation, then says : Ego istic mihi hodie adparari iussi apud te proelium. He means, as the next verses show, "a dinner," and there is a play on proelium and prandium. In Merc. 225 ff., Demipho soliloquizes on a dream he has had. He has bought, in his dream, a she-goat, which, in order not to offend another she-goat that he already has, he has given to an ape for safe-keeping. He says of the ape (238) : Dicit capram quam dederam seruandam sibi Suae uxoris dotem ambedisse oppido. Demipho then continues : Mihi illud uideri mirum, ut una illaec capra Vxoris simiae dotem ambederit. Amhederit, in connection with una, is played on as though connected with ambo, "both." In Mil. 1 308- 1 309, where Pleusicles is explaining what is wrong with his left eye, if we read maris in 130S with "Goetz and Schoell read parenticidam, though Goetz in his revision of Ritschl (1878) reads percnticidam. Ussing notes that parenticidam is quite pointless, but suggests the unlikely paricticidam. On the whole, Camerarius' emendation to pereniicidam seems most likely. ii8 Studies in the Word-Play in Plmitus. amare in 1309, we have, besides the adnondnatio , a play on mmwe and a mare. But the rhythm of line 1308 is wretched, if we read maris. Ritschl®^ therefore proposed amoris for maris, since the MSS. uniformly give the im- possible moris.^^ This seems the most satisfactory solution of the difficulty.®^ If we read asmoris there is no play in the lines, beyond the adnominatio, no matter what reading we follow in line 130. In Most. 319 the drunken Callidamates asks Delphium, Ecquid tibi uideor ma-m-ma-madere ? His drunken stammer, accompanied no doubt by a gesture, suggests manimam adire. The play is repeated in 331. In the Persa, when the pander Dordalus is buying the girl Lucris, Toxilus pretends to look out for Dordalus' inter- ests. He tells him (591) : Nimis tu quidem hercle homo stultus es pueriliter. Dordalus inquires: Quid ita? Toxilus replies : Quia enim te ex puella prius percontari nolo Quae ad rem referunt. Dordalus, delighted at Toxilus' seeming good nature, says : Atque hercle tu me monuisti hau male. Vide sis, ego ille doctus leno paene in foueam decidi. Possibly we have here a play on leno and lea,^^ the latter being suggested by foueam. In line 759I5 Toxilus is celebrating his triumphs, and is speaking of himself as a military hero. Being about to give a banquet, he says, hie statui uolo primum aquilam.*® It seems certain that we have here a play on aquila, "eagle" and aquula, "little water." Leo objects : "Aquilae statu- "^Neue Plautinsche Exkurse, Erstes Heft, Leipzig, 1869, p. 72. "''Loewe thought that Cod. A showed traces of mar. but was very doubtful. "Leo, however, retains maris. °*Cf., however, Chap. 1, p. 21, on Poen. 1333. "'Following the reading of Schoell in his revision of Ritschl (1892). Studies in the^ Word-Play^ in Plautus. 119 endae nullus locus pace facta"; but surely the exulting slave's words must not be held to such a degree of accuracy as this. Ballio, making fun of Harpax, whom he regards as an impostor, asks him (Pseud. 11 77) : Quid ais? Tune etiam cubitare solitu's in cunis puer? That we have here a play on cunis and curmis is made clear by the following line. Harpax answers : Scilicet, and Ballio then asks him : Etiamne f acere solitus es, scin quid loquar ? In Rud. 758 Trachalio, who is berating Labrax for his treatment of Ampelisca and Palaestra, says to the pro- curer : Quid causaest quin uirgis te usque ad saturitatem sauciem? Naudet makes the rather doubtful suggestion that sauciem here plays on satiein. In True. 682 f., where Stratulax tells Astaphium : Heus tu, iam postquam in urbem crebro commeo, Dicax sum factus : iam sum caulator probus.®® Astaphium asks Stratulax : Quid id est, amabo? f istaec ridicularia, Cauillationes uis, opinor, dicere. He answers, istud pauxillum diifert a cauillibus^'^ Cauilli- bus is his corruption of caulibus, very suitable to his char- acter as a countryman. It is very probable, however, that an obscene sense lurks in the word.^^ So, too, in beluam, "The MSS. read cauillator, which cannot stand. It is evident from the following lines that Stratulax makes some departure from the norm. Leo reads caullator, following Weise. Caulator is Kampmann's emen- dation. Lipsius suggested cauUator for cauillator of the MSS., saying that Stratilax is making a contamination of the words cauillator and caulae, "a sheep fold." Perhaps the greatest objecticvn to this suggestion is its extreme ingenuity. "Following Leo, although Plautus does not elsewhere use differt a. ""Cf. Lucilius ap. Nonius, p. 399, i ; see also Schoell's note in his revision of Ritschl (1881). Schoell's emendation, ita ut pauxillum dif- feram te caulibus, seems a bit bold. I20 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. in line 689, which certainly refers to Stratilax's barbarous pronunciation of arrabonem, we may find a second meaning which was probably accompanied by an obscene gesture. Ausonius (Cento Nuptialis 108) uses monstrum in this sense. II. We will now consider the second main division of plays, those in which a double meaning is given to the word by means of the dialogue, more than one person taking part in the play. It is essential, however, that the word played upon be not actually repeated ; or, if repeated, that it be used each time in a double sense.*® See p. 131 n. 88. II, I. ' The first class under this division includes those ex- amples in which a play arises through an actual misunder- standing on the part of the second speaker of the sense in which the first speaker has used the word, as opposed to those plays in which the second speaker intentionall}' dis- torts the meaning of the first. In other words, the present class includes those plays in which the second speaker does not understand, as opposed to those in which he does not zvish to understand. It may be added that the line is some- times difficult to draw, and may be a matter of individual opinion. A slight play occurs in Aul. 143. Eunomia says to "I have here departed from Wtirth, who considers all plays of this class as "Doppelsinn eines zweimal oder offer gebrauchten Wortes'' (p. 52). His grounds for this are (p. 53) : "Ich betone, dass ... die Wiederholung des Wortes nicht wirklich stattfinden muss ; nur der Begriff muss wiederkehren.'' It certainly cannot be denied that, when, for instance, in Poen. 565-566, Agorastocles having duly instructed his aduocati, says to them tenetis rem, "you understand the matter," and they answer, Vix quidem hercle, ita pauxilla est, digitulis primoribus, — interpreting tenetis as "hold," and rem as "substance, money," — the sense is the same as though they had said : Vix quidem hercle, ita paux- illa res est, tenemus digitulis primoribus. At the same time, it surely makes a difference to the ear whether the actual repetition does or does not occur. Without repetition, the element of sound plays little or no part; with repetition it becomes very prominent. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 121 Megadorus : Da mihi operam, amabo. The good-natured man answers : Tuast : utere atque impera siquid uis. It seems possible that Megadorus shifts the meaning of operain from "attention" to "work." In Aul. 178 ff. Megadorus meets Euclio and proposes for the hand of Phaedra. Euclio thinks his hidden fortune has been discovered, and that this is the reason for Mega- dorus' proposal. Finally he hears a noise within his house and, in wild fear for his treasure, rushes indoors. Mega- dorus, mystified by such antics, thinks he is being made sport of. When Euclio returns he chides him (252-253) : Video hercle ego te me arbitrari, Euclio, hominem idoneum, Quem senecta aetate ludos facias haud merito meo. Euclio takes ludos as "games," instead of "fun, sport," and answers, neque edepol, Megadore, facio neque si cupiam copiast. A better and typical example is found in line 740 f. of the same play. Here Euclio and Lyconides are talking at cross purposes. Euclio accuses Lyconides of stealing the precious pot of gold, while Lyconides thinks his affair with Phaedra is referred to. In the line mentioned Euclio says : Cur id ausu's facere, ut id quod non tuom esset tangeres? and Lyconides, trying to soothe him, replies : Quid uis fieri ? factumst illud : fieri infectum non potest. Euclio uses tam- gere in its literal signification of "touch" ; to Lyconides it has an obscene sense.'^" The other plays in this passage will be found under II, 3, p. 135. In Cure. 41-42, Phaedromus says to Palinurus, who has just called down evils on the house of Cappadox, the procurer : Obloquere, using the second person singular, pres- ent indicative; Palinurus, taking the word as imperative, and referring to his malediction of line 39, male istis euenat, "Cf. Poen. Prol. 98. 122 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. answers, fiat: maxumeJ^ In the next line he explains his interpretation of Phaedromus' remark, answering his mas- ter's etiam taces? by nempe obloqui me iusseras. A dose parallel to this play is the one on querere in Pseud. 314, quoted below under II, 3, p. 137. There, however, the word is meant as an imperative and interpreted as an indicative.''* In Cure. 314, Curculio says, obsecro hercle, facite uentum ut gaudeam. Palinurus, beyond doubt accompany- ing his remark with an unseemly action, says, maxume. Curculio is annoyed: Quid facitis, quaeso? The answer is, uentum. We have here a series of plays, to which a new one is at once added. Curculio objects : Nolo equidem mihi Fieri uentulum. Phaedromus asks him, quid igitur? and Curculio replies, esse, ut uentum gaudeam. There are four word-plays here: (i) The play on facite of line 314; (2) that on uentum in the same line; (3) the play on facitis in 315 ; and (4) the play on esse in 316. The last play ("be" and "eat") has been noted above under Class I, 2, a. The first two form a double play which will be recorded below (see p. 135) ; the third belongs to the present class. Curculio asks Palinurus, "what are you doing?" the latter takes facitis as "make" instead of "do," and answers accord- ingly.'^* In Men. 141, Menaechmus asks Peniculus, uin tu f acinus luculentum conspicere? The parasite, taking f acinus as "confection, dish," instead of "act, thing," answers, quis id coxit coquos? In Merc. 367-368, Demipho asks Charinus, unde in- "It may fairly be regarded as a matter of opinion whether Palinurus really misunderstands or intentionally misinterprets. '"If querere were the only word played on in the passage in which it occurs, it would come here, or perhaps rather under II, 2 ; it has been removed from that class on account of the parallel play with nouerca. "Here, as in lines 41-42, it may be doubtful whether or hot there is an actual misunderstanding. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 123 cedis? quid festinas, gnate mi? Charinus replies, recte pater. Demipho continues, ita uolo. Charinus means recte as "never mind, excuse me, I'd rather not answer" f* Demi- pho understands it as meaning, "on the right way, things are all right." In Merc. 529, Pasicompsa inquires for whom she has been purchased : Deic igitur, quaeso, quoia sum ? Lysi- machus replies : Tuo ero redempta's rursum. Pasicompsa thinks Charinus is meant, and is joyful; but Lysimachus really means Demipho as the erus in question. The mis- understanding is kept up to the end of the scene. In Most. 653, the banker is seeking the money which Philolaches owes him. Theopropides, who has been led on by Tranio's tale to take up his son's debts, calls to the banker : Adulescens, mecum rem habe. The banker, taking rem as "money," instead of "business," answers, nempe aps te petam.'^ Our next class, one comprising a considerable number II, 2. of plays, is similar to the class just described, except that the hearer does not misunderstand the speaker but pretends to misunderstand. In Amph. 344, Mercurius, who has been terrifying poor Sosia, says to him, uerbei^o. Sosia, who takes the word as "I beat," instead of "scoundrel!" retorts, mentiris nunc, — i. e., "You're not beating me." In line 348, Mercurius threatens him, ego tibi istam hodie, sceleste, comprimam linguam. Sosia, taking com- primarm in an obscene sense, says.: Hand potes : Bene pudi- ceque adseruatur. Cf. Asin. 292, cited above, p. 108. In lines 605-606, Sosia has returned to Amphitruo and told his marvelous tale of seeing a second Sosia before Amphitruo's house. The master is naturally incredulous: "Cf. passages cited in Forcellini-DeVit, Lex. s.v. Recte, 21. "It is doubtful, though, whether he misunderstands the old man. On the play, cf. Poen. 565-566; Cure. 600. 124 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Huic homini nescioquid est mali mala obiectum manu, Post- quam a me abiit. Naudet points out that Amphitruo uses manu metaphorically, and cites Verg., Aen.^ VII, 754: Spargere qui somnos cantuque manuque solebat. Sosia, however, takes the word in its most literal meaning : Fateor : nam sum obtusus pugnis pessume. In Asin. 329, Leonida is telling Libanus of his scheme to help Argyrippus. He asks where his master is, and, hearing that the old Demaenetus is at the forum, while the young Argyrippus is in the house, says, iam satis est mihi. Libanus cannot let the chance for a joke pass by : Tum igitur tu diues es factus? he asks, taking satis as "enough wealth." In line 377 of the same comedy, Leonida has told Libanus of his scheme of impersonating Saurea; he has also told his fellow-slave that he may find it necessary, while in the guise of Saurea, to strike Libanus occasionally. Li- banus rebels against the prospect. Leonida bids him : Ne nega, "do not refuse to be struck." Libanus plays upon nega by using its antonym promitto: Quin promitto, inquam, hostire contra ut merueris. When the parasite shows Artemona her husband Demaenetus at banquet with the courtesan Philaenium, the outraged wife watches the proceedings for a while but finally exclaims (Asin. 907) : Non queo durare. The para- site makes a forced play by twisting durare from the mean- ing "endure" to that of "harden, harden cloth": Si non didicisti fuUoniam, Non mirandumst. A bit later, when Artemona takes revenge by soundly beating her wayward husband, Demaenetus cries out (922) : Nullus sum. The angry Artemona, taking nullus in its literal sense, replies: Immo es, ne nega, omnium pol nequissumus. In line 637 of the Aulularia, Euclio, thinking Strobilus has stolen the pot of gold, bids him lav it down : Pone. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 125 Strobilus, taking pone as an answer to his previous ques- tion, quid uis tibi? makes an obscene play: Idquidem pol te datare credo consuetum, senex. In the next hne Euclio , insists that no word-play will divert him from his purpose : Pone hoc sis : aufer cauillam : non ego nunc nugas ago. In Bacch. 40, Pistoclerus, who asks the Bacchides, quid in consilio consuluistis ?, receives the reply, bene, and then observes, pol baud meretriciumst. Acidalius took bene as meaning "enough, never mind," in which case Pistoclerus' next remark would play on the word, by taking it in its literal meaning; but Naudet points out that bene is not used in this sense.'^® In the scene between Hegio and Ergasilus (Capt. no fiF.) Hegio tells the parasite what poor food he may expect at his house, saying (188) : Asper mens uictus sanest. Er- gasilus, taking asper literally, instead of in the meaning "coarse," plays on the word : Sentisne essitas ? When Philocrates impersonates his slave Tyndarus, in order to escape from captivity, Hegio questions the pseudo- slave concerning the family and fortune of Philocrates. Hearing that Philocrates belongs to the "Polyplusian" fam- ily, he asks (281) : Quid diuitiae? suntne opimae? Philo- crates takes opimae as "fat," instead of "abundant," and answers, unde excoquat sebum senex. Later, when Aristophontes exposes the fact that the pretended Philocrates is a fraud, Hegio asks (646) : Sed qua faciest tuos sodalis Philocrates? Aristophontes de- scribes him; and Hegio, having in mind the appearance of his escaped captive, exclaims (648), conuenit, "it fits." Tyndarus, taking the word as "it is agreed," continues as though Hegio had left his sentence unfinished : Vt quidem hercle in medium ego hodie pessume processerim. "Cf. the play on recte, Merc. 367-368, cited above, p. 122 ; Forcellini- DeVit, Lex., s.v. Recte, 21, cites the present passage, obviously by mistake. 126 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. When Hegio determines to punish Tyndarus for the deceit he has practiced, he says to him. ( 724 ff. ) : Nisi Cottidiano sesquiopus confeceris Sescentoplago nomen indetur tibi. Aristophontes pleads for the slave: Per deos atque homines te obtestor, Hegio Ne tu istunc hominem perduis. Hegio, taking perduis as "lose," instead of'ruin," replies : Curabitur : Nam noctu neruo uinctus custodibitur, Interdius sub terra lapides eximet. In Capt. 834, Hegio has called Ergasilus, and Ergasilus has asked, Ergasilum qui uocat? Hegio says, respice. Ergasilus, twisting the word from its meaning of "look about" to that of "be mindful of, have regard for,'' says : Fortuna quod tibi nee facit nee faciet, me iubesJ'^ In line 866, Hegio says to Ergasilus, essurire mihi uidere. Ergasilus takes mihi as "for me," instead of "to me," and replies, miquidem esurio, non tibiJ* In lines 1027 f., Hegio determines to remove the fet- ters from Tyndarus and to put them on the kidnapping Stalagmus : Eamus intro, ut arcessatur faber, ut istas com- pedis Tibi adimam, huic dem. Stalagmus takes hide dem as an independent thought, as though Hegio had said : "that I may remove the fetters from this man, and give (some- thing) to this fellow." Accordingly, he observes : Quoi peculi nil est, recte feceris. In may be, though, that Stalag- mus interprets dem obscenely (^= pcciilicm; cf. dare, Cas. "Cf. Poen. 409, quoted above, p. 93. "Besides a double meaning given to mihi we have here an adnomi- natio on mihi and miquidem. Studies ifh. the Word-Play in Plautus. 127 362), and uses peculi in the two senses of "money" and membrum inrile. This play would go under II, 3. In Cas. 229 ff., Lysidamus urges Cleostrata not to leave him. She protests, he insists. In line 233 she tells him, enecas. Taking the word in its literal meaning of "kill," instead of that of "torture, annoy," in which it was spoken, Lysidamus retorts : Vera dicas uelim, i. e., "I wish I might kill you, and be rid of you." In lines 309 ff. of the same comedy, Olympio tells Lysidamus that he has just had a quarrel with Cleostrata, who wants him to give up Casina. He has refused, and she is angry; as he expresses it (325) : Ita turget mihi. Lysidamus takes turget^ in its literal, instead of in its figura- tive meaning : ego edepol illam mediam diruptam uelim. A similar play on suMattt>s occurs in Bacch. 603. Chalinus and Olympio quarrel before the lots are drawn for the possession of Casina. Olympio calls out (Cas. 362) : comprime istum (i. e., Chalinum). Chalinus, giving comprime an obscene meaning, says : Immo istunc qui didicit dare. At the drawing of the lots, Lysidamus bids Cleostrata do the drawing, that she may be sure all is fair. Olympio protests (395) : Perdis me. Chalinus takes advantage of the opportunity to score one on his enemy ; taking perdis as "lose," instead of "ruin," he say, lucrum facit.'® The play on morigerus in Cas. 463-465 has for the sake of convenience been recorded above, p. 90. In 490 ff., Lysidamus gives directions to Olympio for providing a banquet, and, in 494 f., tells him, emito sepio- las, lopadas, loligunculas, Hordeias. The listening Chali- nus, taking hordeias as an adjective derived from hordeum,^^ puts in, in an aside, immo triticeias, si sapis. "Cf. Capt. 728-730, quoted above, p. 126. "The word is not found elsewhere. But that it denotes a kind of fish, and is not an adjective limiting loligunculas (see Lewis and Short s.v. hordeius) seems clear, especially from a similar play on soleas in the next line. 128 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. In the next line a similar play occurs. Lysidamus orders soleas, which Chalinus takes as "sandals," instead of as a kind of fish, saying : Qui, quaeso, potius quam scul- poneas, Quibus battuatur tibi os, senex nequissume. The play on lingulavas that now follows is not considered here on account of the actual repetition of the word. For the play on expertus, in Cas. 812, see above, p. lOI f. In Cist. 731-732 Halisca is looking for a lost casket, and Lampadio asks her what she seeks. She replies, cis- tella hie mihi, adulescens, euolauit. Lampadio takes euo- Imdt in its literal meaning, replying, in caueam latam oportuit. In Cure. 44, Palinurus, who has asked Phaedromus a question, is told by the latter, recte tenes. He plays on the literal meaning of tenes, ^'^ replying, minus formidabo ne excidat. Phaedromus doesn't like his wit, for he rejoins, odiosus es. Phaedromus tells Palinurus (Cure. 67 fif.) : Nunc hinc parasitum in Cariam misi meum Petitum argentum a meo sodali mutuom : Quod si non affert, quo me uortam nescio. Palinurus, taking uortam as literally "turn," instead of "resort," says, si deos salutas, dextrouorsum censeo. Here we have adnammatia combined with the play on uorto. In line 327, Curculio, who has returned, confesses that his mission has failed: Nil attuH. Phaedromus exclaims: Perdidisti me. Curculio, taking the last word as "lose" instead of "ruin" replies: Inuenire possum, si mi operam datis.*^ *'Cf. Poen., ProL, 116 f., quoted above, p. 112; Poen. 565-566, qtioted below, p. 136. f"There is, however, an additional force in the play. Inuenire is meaningless, except as a play on perdidisti. Any hearer, however. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 129 In Cure. 599, Planesium bids Phaedromus make haste, and adds (600) : Magna res .est. Curculio takes res as "money" instead of "business," and answers : Nullast mihi : nam quam habui absumpsi celeriter.^* In Cure. 705, the procurer Cappadox has denied that he promised to return the money paid for Planesium in case she should be discovered to be free-born. He asks : Qui promisi? Phaedromus, taking qui as "by means of what?" instead of "by saying what?" answers him: Lingua. Epidicus, in Epid. 619, fears that Apoecides and Peri- phanes will punish him. Stratippocles asures him: Ego te seruabo. Epidicus takes seruabo as "keep in custody," in- stead of "protect" : Edepol ne illi melius, si nancti fuant. In Mil. 826, Palaestrio, speaking to Lurcio of Scele- drus' having gone to sleep, asks him, qui lubitumst illi condormiscere ? Lurcio makes a play on qui similar to the one just noted in Cure. 705, answering, oculis, opinor. In Most. II Grumio chides Tranio for consuming the property of his absent master : Absentem comes. Tranio connects com-edo with con-sum, when he answers : Nee ueri simile loquere nee uerum, frutex : Comesse quemquam ut quisquam absentem posset. In Most. 397, Tranio bids Delphium and Philematium retire into the house. Delphium answers, morigerae tibi erimus ambae. Tranio gives an obscene turn to morigerae, rejoining, ita ille faxit luppiter.** noting the contrast between perdere and inuenire, unconsciously assigns to inuenire a force that is the opposite of "ruin," so that Curculio's an- swer is equivalent to saying, "I can make matters all right again." The play thus approaches closely to those in which we have a parallel use of two words, both in double meaning (see below, II, 3). The play on perdere has been noted before in Cas. 395 (p. 127) ; Capt. 728-730 (p. 126). "Cf. Poen. 565-566, p. 136. "Cf. Cas. 463-466, quoted above, p. 90. 130 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. In line 999 of this comedy, Theopropides ask Simo : Numquid processit ad forum hodie noui? By processit he means, "took place." Simo replies, etiam. Theopropides asks : Quid tandem ? Simo, taking processit as "did a pro- cession pass along," answers, uidi efferri mortuom. In the quarrel between Pinacium and Phaniscus C Most. 885a ff.), Phaniscus says (893) : Non potes tu cogere me ut tibi maledicam. Nouit erus me. Pinacium, distorting nouit into a meaning in maiam partem, answers: Suam quidem pol culcitulam oportet. Theopropides, taking Tranio to task for corrupting Philolaches, says (Most. 1117) : Loquere: quoiusmodi reliqui, quom hinc abibam, filium? Tranio takes quoius- modi as referring to Philolaches' physical instead of his moral nature, replying: Cum pedibus manibus, cum digitis auribus, oculis labris. In Pers. 369, Saturio loses patience with his daughter, who opposes his selling her, and tells her : Malo cauere meliust te. The girl takes m^lo as "evil person" (mas- culine), instead of as "mischief" (neuter), answering: At si non licet cauere, quid agam? Nam ego tibi cautum uolo. In line 630 of this comedy, Dordalus asks the girl, ubi tu nata's? Taking ubi as "in what spot?" instead of as "in what country?" she answers: Vt mihi Mater dixit, in culina, in angulo ad laeuam manum. Dordalus insists (635) : at ego patriam te rogo quae sit tua. The girl now takes patria as "home,"*^ instead of "native land," or "city," saying: Quae mihi sit, nisi haec ubi nunc sum? Palaestra makes a similar play in Rud. 238.*® In Poen. 279, Agorastocles distorts Milphio's assuin, "Here I am," into assiim, "roasted," telling him, At ego elixus sis uolo. Agorastocles, after showing how madly he loves Adel- "Ci. Verg., Aen., XI, 25; Quae sanguine nobis hanc patriam peperere suo. ™Cf. Trin. 901, cited below, p. 134. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 131 phasium, asks Milphio (Poen. 327), ecquid amare uideor? Milphio takes ecquid as "anything," instead of as "at all" : Damnum, quod Mercurius minume amat. In Poen. 729, Agorastocles asks the aduocati as they stand in front of Lycus' house, si pultem, non recludet? They take pultem (nonsensically) as "pulse," answering, panem frangito. Such a passage as this proves how dear to Plautus' heart a word-play must have been. After the procurer Lycus has been caught in the trap set for him, Antamoenides says to him (Poen. 1349) : Leno, in ius eas. Lycus interprets ius as "sauce," instead of "law," answering : De prandio tu dicis : debetur, dabo. For the double meaning of ius, see Poen.586, cited above, p. 106. A clever series of plays of this class occurs in Pseud. 32 ff.^'' Pseudolus has asked Calidorus what is troubling him, and Calidorus has given him the letter from Phoeni- cium. Pseudolus, preparing to read the letter, says, aduor- tito animum. Calidorus, twisting animus from the mean- ing "attention" to that of "spirit," replies, non adest, whereupon Pseudolus bids him, at tu cita. Calidorus now answers : Immo ego tacebo : tu istinc ex cera cita : Nam istic meus animus nunc est, non in pectore.^® Animus in connection with istic means "affections, feel- ings" (Gefilhlsleben: Lorenz), while in connection with in pectore it has the force of "heart." Pseudolus, in reply, assigns still another meaning to the word when he says, "Cf. Lorenz, ad loc. "The repetition of animus here does not exclude this play from among those consisting of one word used in a double meaning: The word is each time used ambiguously. The present play would, strictly speaking, come under Class I, 2, b, since Calidorus uses the word and plays on it ; but it seemed best not to remove these lines from the con- text, especially as Pseudolus now proceeds to play on the word animus spoken here by Calidorus. 132 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. tuam amicam uideo, Calidore; he refers to Calidorus' statement that his cmimus is in the wax tablets, and by- using arnica assigns to animus the force of "sweetheart. "®® When Pseudolus promises Calidorus to obtain money for him, he says (lb. 120) : Si neminem alium potero, tuom tangam patrem. Pseudolus uses tangam. in our slang sense of "touch ;" Calidorus interprets it in ail obscene sense when he answers, Di te mihi semper seruent. uerum si potest, Pietatis caussa uel etiam matrem quoque. In line 129 f., Pseudolus says, ostium Lenonis crepuit. Taking crepuit as "break with a crash," instead of "creak," Calidorus says, crura mauellem modo. In the same comedy (158) Ballio, after roundly abus- ing his slaves for their laziness, says to one of them: Te cum securi caudicali praeficio prouinciae. The slave replies, referring to the axe : At haec retunsast, i. e., "dull." Ballio answers, sine siet. itidem uos quoque estis plagis, taking retunsa as literally, re-tunsa, "beaten again and again." In Pseud. 313-314, BaUio tells the impoverished Cali- dorus : Nam istud quod nunc lamentare, non esse argentum tibi, Apud nouercam querere.®" Pseudolus, who takes querere as an indicative and applies nouerca to Ballio, asks, eho, an umquam tu huius nupsisti patri?, i. e., "did you marry Calidorus' father that you call yourself his nouerca?" Ballio, instead of taking nupsisti as "marry," takes it in nialcmi partem?^ and replies : Di meliora faxint. Possibly, however, Pseudolus intended the obscene meaning of nup- sisti, in which case there would be no word-play. In 737, Pseudolus asks Charinus, concerning the con- federate whom the latter is going to supply, sed iste seruos "Ci. Most. 336, Men. 182, etc. "For the parallel plays on nouerca and querere see below, p. 137. "Cf. Juv. II, 134; Mart. XII, 42, i. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 133 ex Carysto qui hie adest ecquid sapit? Charinus takes sapit as "smell," instead of as "understand, know," answer- ing, hircum ab alis. In 746, Pseudolus asks concerning the same person: Ecquid argutust? Here Charinus interprets argtitus as "accused of," instead of as "clever," and answers, malorum facinorum saepissume. In Pseud. 868 ff., the cook tells Ballio : Sorbitione faciam ego hodie te mea Item ut Medea Peliam concoxit senem, Quern medicamento et suis uenenis dicitur Fecisse rursus ex sene adulescentulum : Item ego te faciam. Ballio asks, eho an etiam es ueneficus ? He means ueneficus as "sorcerer" ; taking it as "poisoner," the cook replies, Immo edepol uero hominum seruator. In the scene in the Pseudolus beginning at line 1103, Ballio, who has been deceived by the trickery of Pseudolus^ thinks the true Harpax a fraud. One after another he asks him where he has borrowed his articles of attire. In line 1 186 he inquires: Quid mercedis petasus hodie domino demeret ? Harpax insists : Quid, domino ? quid somniatis ? mea quidem haec habeo omnia, Meo peculio empta. Ballio, taking peculio in an obscene sense, answers : Nempe quod femina summa sustine; t. In Stich. 342, Panegyris asks Pinacium, who has just returned from the harbor, ecquem conuenisti? Pinacium answers : Multos. Panegyris then inquires : At uirum, and Pinacium replies : Equidem plurumos. Panegyris means by uirum "my husband," but Pinacium takes it as "man."®* In the same comedy, 435-436, Epignomus, who has "Cf. Amph. 810 f., a word-play which is not recorded because of the actual repetition of the word. 134 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. just returned from abroad, is asked by his slave Stichus for one day of freedom and replies : Hunc tibi dedo diem. Stichus takes dedo in the sense of giving over a prisoner,** replying, meam culpam habeto, nisi probe excruciauero. After all, however, this may be more a metaphor than a word-play, since Epignomus may have in mind the same meaning of dedo that Stichus applies to it. Naudet points out what he considers an intentional mis- interpretation of ubi in Trin. 901. Charmides, speaking to the sycophant asks, Vbi erat? by ubi meaning "where." The sycophant replies, bene rem gerebat. Charmides repeats his question, ergo ubi? This time the sycophant answers, in Seleucia.®* The sycophant's first answer is more suitable to the question, "in mhat condition was he?"than to "where was he?" and Naudet thinks that the sycophant has given ubi the former meaning. To justify this interpretation of ubi, he cites Bacch. 188, 244 and 246, and Verg. Aen. Ill, 312. In the last three passages, ubi can surely be taken in its literal sense of "where." Naudet further cites quo loco in Verg. Aen. II, 322, as analogous to the unusual meaning he assigns to ubi. Even here, Conington prefers the initial sense of quo loco. The latter phrase, however, surely signi- fies "in what condition" in Verg. Aen. IX, 723, and Hor. Ep. I, 12, 25. These two passages, then, together with Bacch. 188, may be cited in support of Naudet's view on the passage under discussion. The sycophant's answer can, however, just as well be understood as a mere evasion, and this would avoid interpreting ubi in so unusual a sense. II, 3 Our next class of word-plays is closely related to those of I, 3. A pair of words is employed, each word in a double meaning. The sole difference between this class and I, 3, "Cf. Ter., And., 199: Verberibus caesum te in pistrinum, Dave, dedara usque ad necem. '*Cf. the play on the same word in Pers. 630, Rud. 238 (see above, p. 130). Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 135 is that here the double meanings are brought out by the dialogue. The scene in the Aulularia in which Euclio and Ly- conides talk at cross purposes, the former referring to his pot of gold (cmla) while the latter refers to Phaedra, has been mentioned above (p. 121). In line 754, Euclio says: Tu illam scibas non tuam esse: non attactam oportuit. Illmn and tuam refer to the pot of gold ; attactam- is "touch," in general. Lyconides understands the pronouns to mean Phaedra, and takes attactam in an obscene sense. He answers : Ergo quia sum tangere ausus, baud causificor quin eam Ego habeo potissumum. In tangere and earn we have the same play again,*^ since Euclio understands these words in the senses in which he himself uses illamir and attactam. The play on iUam, is carried on in lines 756 (meamt), 757 (mecum), and 758 {illam), three plays which, if we classi- fied them separately, would come under II, i, since but one word is played on, and that through a misunderstanding. In Capt. 867, after Ergasilus has complained of his hunger, Hegio says to him, tuo arbitratu : facile patior. Ergasilus replies by giving patior an obscene meaning, and making a play of his own on consuetus: Credo consuetu's puer.®^ On tenax and expertus, Cas. 812, see above, pp. loi f. The passage in the Curculio beginning at line 314 con- tains several word-plays,®'^ including one of the present class. Curculio says: Obsecro hercle, facite uentum ut gaudeam. By facite he means "act" (in such a way that) or "bring it about" (that) ; uentum is from uenio. Palinu- rus, in the action that accompanied his answer, maxime, takes facite as "make" and uentum as "wind." "The fact that tangere is found in addition to attactam does not ex- clude this play from consideration, since both words are used in double meanings. "For consuetus, as here used, see Asin. 703., cited above, p. 84. "See on esse (316), p. 90; on facitis, p. 122. 1 36 Studies in the Word-Play in PloMtus. In line 400, Curculio has explained to Lyco, who has twitted him on account of his being one-eyed, that he re- ceived his injury in the public service, and asks: Quod insigne habeo, quaeso ne me incomities. Lyco plays on incomities in its connection with comitium when he replies, licetne inforare, si incomitiare non licet ?^* Inforare he uses in an obscene sense, but also intends a connection be- tween that word and forum to be understood.^® In Mil. 1360, the Captain has been tricked into send- ing Philocomasium away, and allowing Palaestrio to accom- pany her. In bidding Palaestrio good-bye, he says : Fac sis frugi. He means frugi in a general sense ; Palaestrio, how- ever, takes the word also with reference to engaging in a love-affair with Philocomasium, replying : lam non possum : amisi omnem lubidinem. In reference to Philocomasium, possum and lubidinem mean, respectively, "I can't carry on a love affair""" (with Philocomasium), and "lust"; but in connection with the general meaning of frugi they mean respectively "I can't be virtuous, upright, honest," and "inclination.""! In Poen. 565, the aduocati have repeated to Agoras- tocles his instructions for tricking Lycus, and he tells them, tenetis rem, "you understand the matter." Both words are given another meaning by the aduocati (fenetis= literally, "hold"; rem="money"), when they reply: Vix quidem hercle — ita pauxillast — digitulis primoribus. A play on nupsisti was noted above in Pseud. 314-315 "The repetition of incomitiare would, strictly speaking, exclude that part of the play from consideration here. "It seems unnecessary, however, actually to regard inforo, in its second meaning, as a new word coined on the analogy of incomitio (see Lewis and Short, s.v.) ; the word is used in its first meaning, and assumes its second meaning solely for the purposes of the word-play. ^"We may, perhaps, compare Mart. Ill, 32. ™For another interpretation of frugi cf. Meurs, ad loc. Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 137 (see p. 132). The same passage contains a play of the class now under consideration. Ballio tells Calidorus, apud nouercam {sc. argentum) querere. He means nouerca in a general sense, as of one who won't give, and querere as an imperative. ^"^ Pseudolus, who is standing by, takes nouerca as meaning Ballio himself, and querere as an indic- ative when he asks Ballio, eho, an umquam tu huius nupsisti patri ? Finally, we have a few plays corresponding to those of II, 4, I, 5, plays that are really adnominationes with the second member implied. In those listed here, as opposed to those of I, 5, the play is brought out by the dialogue. Theopropides asks Simo (Most. 999) whether any- thing new has gone on in the forum. ^"^ Simo says, uidi efferri mortuom. Theopropides scoffs at the idea of calling this something new: Hem, nouom. Simo then replies: Vnum uidi mortuom efferri foras. If this line be taken without an emphasis on unum, it is absolutely without force. On the other hand, unum 1has an ictus and would naturally be emphasized by the speaker. Point is given to the line and the emphasis on unum seems quite rational, if we sup- pose that Simo plays on nouom as if he had understood nouem. The second syllable of this word must have been slurred over in speaking. It is in anger because of Simo's joke that Theopropides exclaims (1002), uae capiti tuo. The meaning of the passage would then be this : Theopro- pides exclaims disgustedly, "that's no new thing"; Simo then replies as though Theopropides had said, "Oh, you saw a funeral of nine men!" Sagaristio, in his quarrel with Paegnium, says to the latter (Pers. 288) : Abi in malam rem. Paegnium retorts, at tu domum: Nam ibi tibi parata praestost. As though ""See Lorenz, ad loc. ""For the play on processit in this line see above, p. 129 f. 138 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. Paegnium had said something concerning a praes, Sagaristio observes, uadatur hie me. In the Truculentus, after Phronesium has explained to Diniarchus her plan of pretending to have borne a child, in order to deceive Stratophanes, she says (418 fif.) ■ Vbi illud quod uolo Habebo ab illo, facile inuenio quo modo Diuortium et discordia < m > inter nos parem. Postid ego tecum, mea uoluptas, usque ero Adsiduo. Diniarchus plays upon the derivation of adsiduo, replying, Immo hercle uero accubuo mauelim. Having concluded the classification of the word-plays, I wish to present a brief statistical summary of them, divid- ing them among the classes of characters that make them.^"* The table following includes all the word-plays listed in Chapters I and II. As regards the tell-tale names, it is obvious that only those falling under II, A, b (pp. 68 &.), II, A, c (pp. 71 fif.), II, B (pp. 76 fi.), and II C (p. 78) can enter into consideration, since only these names are invented by the Dramtatis Personae, and thus constitute actual word-plays. In putting these names into the mouths ™It may be of interest, though perhaps not of great significance, to present at this point a summary of the word-plays as divided among the various comedies. This table follows : Amphitruo 21 Asinaria 26 Aulularia 24 Bacchides 31 Captivi 34 Casina 27 Cistellaria 6 Curculio 36 Epidicus 9 Menaechmi 13 Mercator 8 Miles 20 Mostellaria 31 Persa 30 Poenulus 29 Pseudolus 33 Rudens 13 Stichus 8 Trinummus 9 Truculentus 11 Vidularia i Fragments 1 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. 139 of his characters, Plautus has made them the makers of these jests. The tell-tale names of the characters themselves are word-plays made by the author himself. Similarly, word- plays of Class I, I (pp. 81 fif.), in which the speaker uncon- sciously makes a play, are not considered here. A word on the tell-tale names of Drwinatis Personae may here be said in passing. These names, except when played on in the body of the comedy, cannot be supposed to have produced nearly so humorous an effect as they do in modern times, when the list of characters appears on the printed program, and is read by every spectator before the performance begins. The table follows : Slaves 159 "I _. Cooks '^|4i.i4% Young men 67 Parasites 44 Old men 42 Procurers 23 Gods 9 Soldiers 7 Speakers of Prologue 7 Sycophants 6 Bankers 3 Advocati 3 Grex 2 Fisherman i Meretrices 9 Old women 7 Women slaves 3 I Girlios 2 ^ Unknown^"* i 5-23% ""The girl Lucris in the Persa who comes under no other division of women's names. ""Occurring in Fragments. 146 Studies in the Word-Play in Plautus. The table would be somewhat changed, if it were made to include all the forms of Plautine word-plays instead of those only that were selected for treatment. The general character of the result would, however, remain the same. A separate count, for example, of the plays listed in Chap- ters I and II, respectively, yielded results, in each case, essen- tially the same as those given in the table. It is easy to lay too much stress upon statistical results in considering an author's style. So long, however, as we emphasize extremes only, we are comparatively safe. Ac- cording to the table, 41.14% of the total number of plays are made by male slaves, while only 5.23% are made by all the women characters combined. The table, then, may be said to demonstrate two things beyond a reasonable doubt, namely: i. Plautus regarded men, and not women, as the proper characters to convey his word-plays. 2. Of the male characters, he chose the slaves as the class best suited for this purpose, just as he has, in gaieral, assigned to them the lion's share of his humor. INDEX OF WORDS. Acantio, 58 Acroteleutium, 64 Adelphasium, 65 Admutilo, 105 Adsiduo, 138 Aegre, 102 Aeschrodora, 66 Alcesimus, 48 Ambedo, 117 Ambo, 117 Ambulacrum, 114 n. 58 Amo, 118 Amor, 118 Animus, 131 f. Antamoenides, 54 Anterastylis, 65 Anthrax, 56 Aquila, 118 f. Aquula, ii8f. Aratio, 95 Aratiuncula, 95 Archidemides, 44 Afcus, III Argentumextenebronides, etc., 69 Argutus, 133 Aristophontes, S3 Argyrippus, 26, 50 Aro, 95 Artamo, 57 Arte, 115 n. 58 Artotrogus, 55 Asp'er, 125 Assum, 106, 130 Assus, 59, 106, 130 Astaphium, 67 Athenae, 35 Attango, 135 Atticus, 35 Attondeo, 99 B. Baccha, 16, 29, 30 Bacchanal, 16, 30 Bacchis, 16 Bacchides, 16, 64 Bacchor, 29 Ballio, 17, 43, 54 Belua, 119 f. Bene, 125 Blepharo, 55 Boia, 34, no Boius, 34 Bonus, 107 Bromia, 67 Bumbomachides, 72 C. Cacistus, 29, 62 Caedo, 59, in Calidus, 103 Callicles, 48 f. Callidamates, n, 51 Calx, 107 Capito, 69 Careo, 22 Carus, 104 Casina, 75 Catagelasimus, 17, 70 Catellus, 103 (141) 142 Index of Words. Caulis, iig Cavea, 87 Cavillibus, 119 Cenaculum, 84 Centauromachia, yj Cercobulus, etc., 74 Cerconicus, etc., 73 f. Chaeribulus, 51 Chalinus, 58 Charinus, 17, 22 Xapts, 17 Charmides, 18, 23, 49, 50 Chiruchus, 73 Chrysalus, jo, 12, 16, 19, 20, 41, 57 Chrysis, 75 Chryson, 10, 12, 16 Chrysopolis, 34 f., 78 Citrio, 56 Classia Unomammia, J7 Cleaereta, 63 Cleomachus 53 Clutomestoridysarchides, etc., 72 Codes (Cocules), 44 Colaphus, 57, 75 Coliendrus, etc., 42 CoUabiscus, etc., 60 f. Collabus, 74 f. Colon, 42 Comedo, 129 Comitialis, 113 Comminiscor, 82 f. Comprimo, 108, 123, 127 Condictor, iii f. Conditor, iii f. Conger, 16 Congrio, 16, 56 Coniveo, 105 f., 115 n. 58 Consuesco, 84, 135 Consum, 129 Conterebromnia, etc., 77 Contero, 59 Convenio, 125 Copia, 23 Corax, 57 Cordalio, 57 Cordalus, 57, 72 Cornix, 59, 112 Crassitudo, 114 n. 58 Crepo, 106, 132 Crinnus, etc., 74 Cruciatus, 41 Crucisalus, 12, 41, 68 Crurifragius, 70 Cubo, 85, 98, IDS Culindrus, 42 Cuius, 42 Cunae, 119 Cunnus, 119 Curculio, 16, 54 Curculionius, 78 Cyamus, 56 Cylindrus, 42, 56 D. Damnum, 45 Decharmido, 18 n. 19 Dedo, 134 Delenio, 41, 44 Delicia, III Delphium, 64 f. Demaenetus, 49 Demo, 44 Detexo, 83 Diabolus, 27, 50 Diapontius, 34, 72 Dico, 42 Dirumpo, 112 Disco, 42 Dispenno, 91 Do, 126 Dolus, 43, 44 Dromo, 56, 71 Index of Words. 143 Duco, 89 Duro, 124 Ecquis, 130 f. Edo, 90, 122, 135 n. 97 Ego, 32, 126 Ego sum, 32 Elavo, 107 f. Elixus, 59, 130 Eluo, 108 n. 49 Eneco, 127 Epidamnus, 45 Epidicus, 42 Ergasilus, 55 Erotium, 64 Erus, 123 Essurio, 30, 69 Eu, 43 Euclio, 47 f. Eunomia, 62 Eutychus, 27, 43, 51 Evolo, 128 Exballisto, 43 Excido, 115 n. 58 Excrucio, 41 Experior, 102, 128, 135 Exul, 93 Exuviae, 104 Facinus, 122 Facio, 122, 135 Ficedulenses, y7 Fidelia, 36 n. 43, Fidelis, 36 Fides, 35 f., 46 Fiducia, 16, 36 Fortuna, 37 Fortunatus, yj Frico, 107 Frugi, 136 Fugio, 109 Furca, loi Fustis, 98 f. Gaudeo, 38 Gaudium, 38, 78 Gelasimus, 17, 19, 31, 55 Glycera (Dicere, Aixatia, Dirca), Gripus, 61 Gruinio, 28, 60 Gymnasium, 64, 67 H. Harpax, 17, 21, 22, 61 Hedylium, 66 Hordeia, 127 Hordeius, 127 Ignavia, 37 Ignavus, 37 IHe, 135 Imago, 97 Improbus, 115 n. 58 Incomitio, 136 Incubo, no Induco, 115 n. 58 Inferus, 109, 115 n. £8 Inforo, 136 Inlex, 93 Interpolo, 84 Intestabilis, 91, in Intestatus, 91 Invado, 85 Invenio, 128 n. 82 144 Index of Words. Invocatus, 86 f. Is, I3S ' luppiter, 24 lus, 106, III f., 131 K. KoXios, 59 KoXoios, 59 K«Aiv8/jos, 42 L. Labrax, 28, 54 Lagoena, 42 Lampadio, 58 Leaena, 27, 42, 63 Lembus, 116 Lemniselenis, 65 Leno, 21, 118 Leo, 21, 118 Leonida, 25 f. Lesbonicus, 52 Libanus, 62 Liber, 46, 88 f. Limbus, 116 Litterata, 94 Lubentia, 35 Lubens, 35 Lubido, 136 Lucris, 25, 63 Lucrum, 25 Ludus, 10, 41, 78, 88, 105, 121 Lupa, 113 Lyco, 27, 55 Lycus, II, 19, 21, 28, 54, 55 AlJKOS, II, 2 1 Lydus, 10, 20, 41 Lysimachus, 50 Lysiteles, 51 f. M. Machaera, 113 Machaerio, 20, $6 Madeo, 118 Madidus, 98, 99 Malacisso, 85 Malus, 130 Mammam adeo, 118 Manus, 124 Mare, 117 f. Megadorus, 48 Megalobulus, 71 Melaenis, 41, 44, 63 Mensa, 94 Mercator, 39 Mercatus, 39 Mercimonium, 39 Mercurius, 24, 39 Merobiba, 70 Meus, 13s Miccotrogus, 31, 55, 70 Migdilix, etc., 70 Misargyrides, 55 Mnesilochus, 52 Mola, 46 Molestus, 30 Mollis, 80, 98 f. Morigerus, 87, 89, 90, 127, 129 Mulceo, 59 Mulier, 86 Multibiba, 70 Munditia, 37 Naucrates, 55, 71 Nefastus, 113 Nego, 124 Negotium, 81 Nepos, 46 Neptunus, 46 Index of Words. 145 Nervus, 103 Nescioquis, 31 Nicobulus, 49 Nola, 46 Nosco, 95 n. 33, 130 Novem, 137 Noverca, 132, 137 Novus, 137 Nubo, 132 Nudus, log Nugicrepiloquides, etc., 69 Nullus, 124 Nummosexpalponides, etc., 70 Numquameripides, 70 O. Obloquor, 121 f. Obsequens, 89 f. Occido, 112 Officium, 109 Olympio, 62 Opera, 121 Opimus, 125 • Opportune, 38 Opportunitas, 38 Ops, 37 Opulentus, 37 Ovis, 113 P. Paegnium, 19, 28, 60 Palaestra, 23, 67 Palaestrio, 58 Pamphila, 63 Panegyris, 62 n. 97 Panicei, 76 f. Pardalisca, 67 Parenticida, 117 Parieticida, 117 n. 60 Pasicompsa, ig, 64 Patior, 13s Patrona, 108 Paucus, 79 « Pax, 31 Peculio, g3 Peculium, 92, 94, 126 f., 133 Pellio, 33 Pendeo, 100 Pendiculus, 18 n. 20 Pendo, log Peniculus, 16, 18, 20, 55 Perbibesia, 77 Perdo, 126, 127, 128 Peredia, 77 Perenticida, 117 Pergnosco, 95 Periphanes, 49, 72 Periplecomenus, etc., 48 Persona, 43 Persa, 43 Pessuni, 43 Phaedra, 63 Phaniscus, 60 Philaenium, 64 Philematium, 64 Philocomasium, 64 Philocrates, 53 Philopolemus, 51 Philoxenus, 48 Philto, 29 Philumena, 62 Phoenicium, 17 Phronesis, 19 Phronesium, 19, 67 Phrygia, 67 Picus, s8 f., 92 Pietas, 35 Pinacium, 23, 60 Pio, 35 Piscatus, 92 HtCTTlS, 16 146 Index of Words. Pistoclerus, 16, 50 Pistorenses, 76 nuTTos, 16 Fix, 59 Placentini, yj Platagidorus, 68 Plautus, 33 Pleusicles, 51 nXoTjcrios, 76 n. 141 Pluo, III Poena, 45 Poeniceus, 17 Poenior, 34, 35 Poenus, 34, 3S, 45 Polymachaeroplagides, yz Polyplusius, 76 Pone, 125 Pono, 124 f. Possum, 136 Postis, 141 n. 58 Postumus, 33 Praedor, 115 Praefectura, no Praes, 138 Praesto, 137 f. Prandium, 117 Procedo, 129 f. Proelium, 117 Pseudolus, 22, 43, 44, 61 Pseudulus, 61 n. 93 Puis, 131 Pulto, 131 Pyrgopolinices, 27!., 53 Pyrgopolynices, 53 Q. Quaere, no Queror, 122, 132, 137 Qui, 129 Quintus, 32 Quodseraelarripides, 70 Quoiusmodi, 130 Rapacidae, 56, 76 Ratio, 87 f. Recharmido, 18 Recommentor, 94 Recte, 123, 125 n. 76 Reliquus, 99, 100 Res, 91, 123, 129, 136 Respicio, 93, 126 Respondeo, 87 Retundo, 132 Rubor, 100 S. Saltus, 88 Salus, 27, 38, 114 Saluto, 38 Salvus, IIS Samius, 34 Sapio, 112, 133 Satio, 119 Satis, 124 Satur, 24, 84 Saturio, 11, 24, 30 Saucio, iig Scapha, 68 Sceledrus, 43, 44 Scelestus, 44 Scelus, 43 Sceparnio, 61 Scindo, loi Scortum, 30, 87 Scytholatronia, 78 Sedeo, 92 Sedulus, 116 Selenium (Silenium), 64 Senex, 85 Index of Words. 147 Sermo, 78 Servo, 129 Sescentoplagus, 68 Simia, 55 Sincerus, 21, 70 Socius, 40 Solea, 127 n. 80, 128 Sofflnio, 42 Sosia, 40 Sparax, 57 Spondeo, 87 Stalagmus, 57 Staphyla, 27, 67 Stasimus, 61 Stephanium, 68 Strabax, 52 Stratippocles, 52 Stratophanes, 54 Stratulax, 61 f. Strobilus, 57 Strouthos, 73 Suavisaviatio, 78 Subballio, 17 Siibdolus, 116 Subnimium, 103 f. Sufflo, 127 Sum, 90, 122, 13s n. 97 Summano, 30 Stimmanus, 30, 42, 69 Superbus, 97 Superus, 109 Supparum, 103 Sus, 112 Sussulto, 100 Symbola, 95 f., 103 Syncerastus, 21, 61, 70 T. Talentum, 44 f . Talus, 98, 104 f. Tango, 80, 121, 132, 135 Tarmes, 59 Tedigniloquides, 70 Tenax, loi f., 135 Teneo, 112, 128, 136 Tero, 34, no Testis, 82, 92 Thales, 44 f. Theopropides, 50 Thensaurochrysonicochrysides, 33, 71 Theotimus, 71 Therapontigonus, 54 Tondeo, 91 Toxilus, 20, 60 To^ov, 20 Tranio, 28, 58 ff. T/oavds, 58, 59 Transmarinus, 34 Tres nummi, 39 Trinummus, 39 Truchus, etc., 73 Tu, 81, 91 Turbalio, 57 Turdetani, 77 Turgeo, 127 Tu tu, 91 Tuus, 81, 13s U. Ubi, 130, 134 Umbra, 45 Upiipa, loi Usurarius, 82 Utrumque, 32 Uxor, 81, no Vagina, n3 Vaniloquidorus, 69 Vas, 107 148 Index of Words. Venalis, no Vendo, no Veneficus, 133 Venerius, 38 Veneror, 37, 38 Venio, 46, 122, 13s Ventus, 122, I3S Venus, 36, 37, 38, 46 Venustas, 36, 37, 38, 78 Venustus, 37, 38 Verbero, 123 Verto, 128 Vestibulum, 114 n. Sf Video, 8sf. Vir, 133 Virginisvendonides 69 Volcanus, 35 Volturius, 112 Vomor, 46 Vorsutus, 96, 104 X. Xystilis, etc., 21, 66 INDEX OF PASSAGES. LINE. PAGE. Amphitruo. 26 f 23 290 90 n. 18 294 83 302 ff 32 317 84 331 i 31 341 35 344 123 348 123 3S7f 97 382 ff 40 436 24 458 f 97 S08 81 S8o 81 605 f 123 f. 666 84 703 29 810 f 133 n. 92 824 82 849 71 861 ff 24, 84 997 ff 97 f. 1021 32 I0S3 67 Asinaria. 134 f 108 267 f 35 f- 267 ff 25 f. 272 26 290 ff .108, 123 301 108 f. 329 124 LINE. PAGE. 337 26 377 124 379 f 109 400 f 26 427 98 441 56,71 506 35 6gg 26 699 ff so 703 84, 13s n. 96 704 26 708 27 779 f 86, 98, los 810 f 27 810 ff so 86s ff 49 874 95 n. 32 907 f 124 908 85 922 124 923 8s n. 7, 98, 105 937 8s, los 942ff 8s Aulularia. 135 62 143 120 f. 162 ff 32 f. 192 f 48 253 f los n. 46, 121 279 27, 67 354 f 27 3633 109 369 16, 56, 75 f- 398 20, 56 (149) ISO Index of Passages. LINE. PAGE. Aulularia — Cont. 408 29 f. 419 ff 80 422 98 f. 572 ff 99 582 ff 35 f- 614 f 36 616 ff 36 621 f 46 637 124 f. 667f 36 740 f 80, 121 7S4ff I3S Bacchides. 40 125 S3 16 64 85 (56 67 73 8s 102 92 "5 36, 37 "Sf 78 121 20 129 10, 41 188 134 ig6ff 50 199 ff 34 240 10, 12, 16 244 134 246 134 279 ff 116 283 ff 44 306 71 308 71 361 f 12, 41, 68 371 i6 413 f 16 456 48 603 127 LINE. PAGE. 639 20 687 41 704 10, 12, 19 8421 86 84s ff S3 891 86 976 f 1 10 991 f 85 f. 1000 114 iiaib 91 n. 24 1121'' ff 99 iiSsf 41 Captivi. 15 f- ,. 99 69 f 30, 86 73f 86 93 ff SI 124 87 160 ff. 76 188 125 269 105 274 44 f. 277 76 281 125 285ff 33 533 ff S3 577 f 46 636 f 100 648 f 135 657 57 723 ff 126 726 68 735 72 834! 126 866 126 867 135 877 78 888 34, no 899 87 907 f 100 Index of Passages. iSt LINE. PAGE. Captivi — Cont. 962 100 966 87, 89'n. 16 970 f. 79 1002 ff 100 f. 1027 f 126 f. Casina. 25 88 27f 87f. 32 ff 33 no no 233 f 127 225 37 257 58 270 58 278 58 325 f 127 362 127 389 loi n. 42 395 127 437f loi 449 82, 89, 90 463 ff 87, 90, 127, 129 n. 83 476 88 494 f 127 496 128 527 f iiof. 533 88 535 88 537 88 611 89 61S 48 720 f lOI f. 809 ff loi, 135 821 ff 116 875 ff 67 922 88, 89 Cistellaria. 188 100 199 ff 45 LINE. PAGE. 465 30 S15 37 517 44 731 f. 128 Curculio. 28ff Ill 41 f '21 f. 44 f 112 n. 57, 128 56 89 67ff 128 74 46 76 f. 42 77 70 no 27 131 Ill 168 f 102 258 89 292 f 103 314 f 122, 135 i 316 90 327 f 128 382 82 392 f 44 400 136 413 69 414 ff 30 430 68 444 ff 77 508 27, 55 546 42 586f 16 599 f 12311.75,129 622 90 f. 636 72 689 f. 103 691 f 103 705 129 Epidicus. 29 ff. 52 I04ff. 51 152 Index of Passages. LINE. PAGE. Epidicus — Cont. ii6f 91 125 95 f-, 103 142 103 232 103 f. 281 82, 94 n. 31 320 ff. 51 34Sf. 117 371 96, 104 446 f 49 Si7ff 49 523 106, III f. 591 f 42 619 129 Menaechmi. 77i 18, SS 105 ff 104 141 122 182 ff 117 191 104 196 104 263 f 45 266 f. 45 285 f. 20 29s 42,56 390 ff 16 402 ff, 33 I 653 f. 91 / / Mercator. 9ff 39 » ). 112 ff 58 »\ . ,•• 225 ff 117 367 f. 122 f., 125 n. 76 469 ff 51 516 f 19, 64 526 91 529 123 LINE. P. 601 43 712 ff 50 842 ff SI 866 f 27 962 ff 51 Miles Gloriosus. 13 78 IS ■■■' 46 43 78 156 f 104 164 f 104 f. 289 •■43 330 43 366 44 417 91 436 70 f. 494 43 586 f 112 651I' 69 767 f 105 826 129 1055 27 f. 1284 ff SI 1308 f i-iji. 1360 136 1407 91 I4i6f 91, III I4i8ff 91 f., Ill 1426 92, III Mostellaria. 5 7i iiff 40 6S 66f. 161 ■59 .60 .129 ■28, 60 I ■59 .92 ■36, 37 Index of Passages. 153 LINE. PAGE. Mostellaria — Cont. 20s 89 252 f 92. 93, 94 319 118 331 118 350 f 37 397 f 129 427! 105 497 ff. 34. 72 S14 58 6S3 123 662 82 f., 94 n. 31 667 -«. 58 668 82 f., 94 n. 31 701 los 730 92 766 ff 45 817 114 n. 58 819 "4". 58 825 28,59, "Sn. 58 826 "5 n. 58- 827 S9,'ii5n. 58 829 "5 n- 58 829 ff 105 f. 830 92 832 112, 114 832 ff 28, 59 836 f 112, 114 839 59 , 889 90 893 f 130 894 95 n. 33 903 28, 59 940 ff 60 984 59 999 f- I2pf., 137 1103 92 ii03f 28, 58 1115 ^.59 1117 130 LINE. PAGE. Persa. 21 f 45 f- 60 69 loi ff 30, 69 103 69 131 f 95 n. 33 139 ff 24 183 ff 60 192 93. 94 204 19 271 ff 60 288 I37f. 369 f 130, 134". 94 408 93 ^6f 34f-, 78 Sgiff 118 626 f 25 n. 29 630 f 130 635 f 130 667 115 668 24 702 ff 68, 69 f. 712 f 25 723 "5 740 43 759'' "8 f. 783f 43 806 ff 28, 60 829 105 8553 loi n. 42 856b 20 Poenulus. 91 f 19 98 121 n. 70 116 f 112 187 21 278 37,39 279 59. 106, 130 327 I30f. 154 Index of Passages. LINE. PAGE. Poenulus — Cont. 408 f 93, 126 n. 77 565 f 91 n. 22, 112 n. 57, 120 n. 6g, 123 n. 75, 128 n. 81, 129 n. 83, 136 582 ff 106, 131 583 f 113 609 f. 106 613 107 623 f. 3; 646 21 648 II, 21 6S7 f 89 n. IS 660 28 729 131 774ff 28 846 35, 37 862 f 107, III n. 54 865 ff 61 885 f 21, 70 908 107 991 ..34 1033 70 ii76ff 35,36,38 ii8of 46 1333 • • 21, 118 n. 64 1382 21 1349 106, 131 Pseudolus. 32 ff 131 120 ff 132 129 132 158 132 187 ff 66 210 ff 21, 66 227 67 229 17 296 ff 93 f. LINE. PAGE. 313 ff 132, 136 £ 584 f 43 607 17 653 f 17 658 f. 75 669 f 35, 38 709 38 709 f. 32 712 17 736 22 737 f 132 f. 746 133 868ff 133 925 21 988 73 loio 17 1177 119 1190 107 ii8of. 113 ii86ff 133 ii92ff 22 ii97ff 22 1205 43 1209 44 1244 22 1272 90 n. 18 Rudens. 238 130, 134 n. 94 305 38 478 94 485 ff 50 543 28 624 38 657 57 748 28 7S8 119 827 23 859 93 886 28 Index of Passages. 155 LINE. PAGE. Rudens — Cont. 906 ff 61 1242 IIS n. 59 1284! 38 I348f 38 Stichus. 174 f 19 242 30f., 55 270 f 23 342 133 404 39 435 f 133 f- 628 ff 17, 70 742ff 68 750 f. 94 Trinummus. 402 ff 28 f. 406 107 f. 628 f 52 843 f 39 889 ff. 31 901 130 n. 86, 134 912 83, 94 LINE. PAGE. 973 23 977 18 1020 73 Truculentus. 77 i 19 147 f 94 f- iSoaf 95 256! 32 418 ff 138 497 35 656 f 113 682 ff 119 f. Vidularia. 67 f 29, 62 Fragmenta. Fragmenta Fabu- larum Incertarum, xxvii (G. and S.) 46