■lM^^ V'^W,.mRvEY #::1 * . 1'ft'>i-'-,fi — . -H-Hl- g r!V ; '' ^ i .,,?j5iit i^ Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924008641379 OLl^i F HZ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ITHACA, N. Y. 14583 pHN M. OLIN LIBRARY OLIN LIBRARY - CIRCULATION DATE DUE ll^aifiiifsii»iiMli M — itferW — OCT^* c«Bfir^ UBF ARV A?; NbX CAVLORD PHINTKOIHU.B.A. Cornell University Library F 142.G5C98 History of the counties of Gloucester, S 3 1924 008 641 379 HISTOET OP THE COTJ]SrTIES OF- iraHSiLEIMClMUi NEW JERSEY, WITH BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THEIR PKOMIJSTENT CITIZENS. BY THOS. CUSHINa, M.D. AND ^jta:^t,t^3 e. sheppard, esq. PHILADELPHIA. EVEBTS & PECK. 1 18 8 3. PRESS OF J. B, IPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA. %?■ ft E F A C E. * -N the preparStion of this Verk every available source of information has been utilized. Boc 5, pamphlets, and manuscriPM in the libraries at Trenton, Newark, and Philadelphia have bee ( onsulted, records in the departments at Trenton and in the offices of the clerks in the difi 3ut counties have been searched, the files of newspapers have been examined, and informa- tior las been obtained from individuals who had studied the history of different localities. Acknowledgments are due to the clerks of the counties, and of the boards of freeholders, for acc( to the records in their offices, and to the editors of journals for the use of their files. Chose who have contributed articles for this work, and whose names appear in connection wit their articles, are Eev. J. Y. Burk, Indians of New Jersey; J. Down Heritage, M.D., Grei igy of Southern New Jersey ; J. Ingram, M.D., Meteorology of Southern New Jersey ; Bel out Perry, Esq., Benoh and Bar of Gloucester County ; Luther F. Halsey, M.D., Medical Pn ission of Gloucestei^^^^ounty; "William Milligan, Gloucester County School System; Wallace Mc eorge, M.D., Glouct-s'^'sr County Bible Society, and Gloucester County Sunday-School Asso- ciai n; Eev. D. Thackara^ Temperance in Gloucester County; Samuel Prior, Meadow Improve- me s in Salem County; William H. Reed, Agriculture in Salem County; Quinton Gibbon, M, ., Medical Profess ■■ n in Salem County ; H. P. Davidson, Temperance in Salem County ; an( VI. D. Dicki Many others] W le some erro] wl h, a» in all th( ! the indulg( The histor inc jtedness to am Beasley's chi ches in the to' e previous C. llmer, who uns liciied, exti Rol srt B. Pottej con y has been offii rs of soci H. fixon, Esi so ^' llingly fu; laQ' County. TOVKMBEB, 1883. bunty Sunday-School Association. uted local articles and have freely given valuable information, storians have been corrected, there will doubtless be found others ave eluded the closest vigilance of the compilers of this work : for he critic is asked. Iknd County, Charles E. Sheppard, desires to acknowledge his 'uTjlications : History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County, May, and to the authors of the various historical sketches of ve been published ; and especially to acknowledge his indebtedness berland County and the other publications of the late Hon. L. Q. iter immediately after he became engaged upon this work, and, Amission to use any of his writings, to the fullest extent ; to Mr. le assistance and extensive information on the local history of the to the pastors and other members of the various churches, and J. B. Potter, Col. W. E. Potter, Mr. George F. Nixon, James lomb, Esq., Dr. Enoch Fithian, and the many others who have "tion and assisted him in the preparation of the History of Cumber- ui CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE Indians of New Jebset. Their litiTe Condition— The Lenni Lenapes— Their Primitive ConJi, Clmracter, and Habits— Their Belies found in South- ern 1 Jersey 1 CHAPTER ir. Fzb|iscot£bibs and Skttlrments on the Delaware Biveb. Discowhy Hendriclc Hudson— Visit by Lord Delaware— Bx- plorn by Cornells Hendrickson and Cornelis Jacobson Mey — Ttf °'^ Company — Visit of De Vries 5 CHAPTER III. Swedish B£qime. First aish Settlements — Early Swedish Governors- Difficulties wil^ Dutch — Conquest of the Swedes — Swedish Customs 6 CHAPTER IV. Dutch B^giue. Gomdfe of the Dutch on the Delaware — Dutch Governors — Poliif the Dutch toward the Swedes — Condition under Dutch BuH. 9 CHAPTER V. ; XT Settlements and Final Conquest by the English. Early ims by the English— Eoyal Grants— New Haven Colony- Sir Bund Hoyden's Grant— Trouble with the Dutch- Their Con istby the English 10 CHAPTER VI. English B^gime. lUtrlytadtfion of the People — First Proprietary Government— iti^ among the Proprietors — Influx of Quakers — Diificul- he Governors of New York — Extensions of Settlements ier of the Proprietary Government — Conflicts with Boy Bfl emore— French and Indian War 14 CHAPTER* VII. ilOLUTIONAEI HiSTOET OF SOUTHEBN NEW jEBSET. Bank 23 I CHAPTEll VIII. EEVojiTioNAEy His";OBY— (OmHnKed). galem aM Cumberland Counties— Affair at Quinton's Massacre aL^ancock's Bridge.. #' CHAPTER IX. Eevolutionaby Hi8t;iby— (ConfciweiJ). apna in Gloucester Couui^Near Gloucester- At Egg Ijatetford— At Haddoufleld , 33 CHAPTER X. lEVOLVTIONABY HiSTOBY— (anfcwaj). )y Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland Counties 'roops— LieuteiJ|it B. Elmer's Company— State -BevolutionarJSoldiers' Lists 36 CHAPTER XI. PAGE War or 1812 and Mexican Wae 62 CHAPTER XII. Gloucesteb, Salem, and Cumbebland Counties in the Wae of the Bebellton. Part taken by the Counties — Three Months' Troops — First Brigade, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Begiments — Lists of Soldiers... 63 CHAPTER XIII. Civil Wae — (Coniiimed). Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Begiments — Lists 61 CHAPTER XIV. Civil Wae — (Continued). Ninth Begiment — Tenth Beglment — Lists 67 CHAPTER XV. Civil Wae— (Cton/witwd). Twelfth Eegiment—Lists 73 CHAPTER XVI. Civil Wae— (CwitftttK'rf.) • First Cavalry, Sixteenth Begiment— Twenty fourth Begiinjtot^ Twenty-flfth Begiment— Lists — 80 CHAPTER XVII. Civil Wae — (,C.-...fc5«62 CHAPTER XLV. Township of Mantda. Geographical and Descriptive— Pi^eer Settlers- First Tol ing— Township Officers- Villages- Mantua— Barnsbf ties— Churches CHAPTER XLVI. Township op Moneoe. Geographical and Descriptive— Earto Settlers and PioA imji. '^tjuatl [fep«*6t- • i WfKJie- "I dents— In, Out, and In Gloucester Wunty- Settl8meiit«™.J rto Si CONTENTS. vu kum— Civil Organization— Township Offlcera— Villages and Ham- lets — ■Williamstowii — Cross-Keys— Brooklyn — Ecclesiastical— Cemeteries— Societies— InduBtrieB—Williamatown Glass- Works — J. V. Sharp Canning Company 268 CHAPTEK XLVII. Township of South Harsibon. Geographical and Topographical— Civil Organization— Villages— Harriaonville—Fairview— Lincoln— Chnrches 280 CHAPTEK XLVIII. Township of Washington. Geographical and Descriptive — Early Settlers and Pioneer Inci- dents-Civil List— Villages and Hamlets— Turners ville—Hurff- ville — Churches— Cemeteries 282 CHAPTER XLIX. Township or West Deptford. Descriptive — Early Settlers and Pioneer Incidents— Organization — First Town -Meeting— Township Officers— Villages and Ham- lets—Bed Bank— Thoroughfare — St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church— Drain-Tile and Brick Works 292 CHAPTER L. Township of Woolwich. Geographical Description — Topography — Roads — Soil and Agri- culture — Industries — Old Families — Old Documents — Political and Civil — Township Officers — Bebelliou History — Villages and Hamlets — Swedesboro — Cootstown — Ground-Bents — Schools — Public School in Swedesboro— Ecclesiaatical — Cemeteries — Mills — Manufactories— Swedesboro National Bank — Lodgra and So- cieties 296 CHAPTER LT. Township of Clayton. Erection, Boundary, Population, and Valuation — Topography, Soil, and Industries — Villages — Clayton — Union — Moore Brothers* Glass- Works — Fisler & Morgan Glass- Works — Churches — Schools —Old Settlers and Families 312 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. CHAPTER LII. Settlement and Settlers. Early Settlements — Settlement by the English— Settlement by the Quakers — Pioneer Settlers 316 CHAPTER LIII. Political History, Organization, and Subsequent Changes or Boundaries. Gloucester County Erected— Cape May County Set Off— Cumber- land County Incorporated— Townships— Population— Civil List. 321 CHAPTER LIV. Public Buildings. Coui-t-House Acre Lot^Court-House- Jail— Clerk and Surrogate's Office — Almshouse 326 CHAPTER LV. Extracts from Court Eecobds 328 CHAPTER LVI. Early Eoads, Meadow Improvements, Navigation. Navigation on Oldman's Creek— On Alloways Creek— On Stow Greek- On Salem Biver — Denn's Canal— Penn's Neck Canal 330 CHAPTER LVII. Markets and Fairs, Boundary Question, Fishing Bights. Trade and Social Condition— Bangers 333 CHAPTER LVIII. Agriculture in Salem County. page Marl — Early Trade in Agricultural Products — Agricultural Statis- tics — Improved Agricultural Implements — Stock Baising — Fairs —Agricultural Societies — Exports 335 CHAPTEK LIX. Bar of Salem Oountt. Biographical Sketches of Attorneys— Lists of Attorneys — Lists of Judges and Justices 342 CHAPTER LX. Medical Profession of Salem County. Biographical Sketches of Physicians — List of Besident Physicians.. 353 I CHAPTER LXI. S^lem County in the Civil War. First Volunteers^ Johnson Guards — Home Guards — Action of County Authorities 358 CHAPTER LXII. The Press, and Education in Salem County 361 CHAPTER LXIII. Temperance in Salem County. Temperance Societies — Temperance Alliance 363 CHAPTER LXIV. Societies and Corporations. Bible Society— Sunday-School Association — Salem County Mutual Fire Insurance Company — Farmers* Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Salem County 365 CHAPTER LXV. City op Salem. Situation and Boundaries — Descriptive — Settlement and Settlers — Organization and Incorporation — Early Officers — Incorporation of the City — ^City Civil List — Growth and Population — Educa- tional History — Salem Library — Salem National Banking Com- pany— Salem Board of Trade — Merchants — Trades— Vessel Building — Early Manufactures — Tannery — Glass Industry — Salem Transportation Company — Oil-Cloth Works — Ice-Cream Manufactory — Carriage Making — Fruit-Canning and Pickling Foundry — White Stone Mills — Fire Department and Fire Com- panies — Water Works — Physicians — Attorneys — Beligious His- . tory — Lodges, Societies, and Clubs — Lecture Hall — Hotels 366 CHAPTER LXVI. Township of Elsinboro. Geographical — Topographical and Statistical — Bevolutionary His- tory — Organization — Civil List — Public Schools — Church His- tory — Industries 418 CHAPTER LXVII. Township of Lower Alloways Creek. Geographical — Topographical and Statistical— Early Settlementand Original Purchasers — Organization — Civil List — Cemeteries — Villages and Hamlets— Hancock's Bridge — Harmersville— Can- ton — Public Schools — Ecclesiastical— Industrial 421 CHAPTER LXVIII. Township of Lower Penn's Neck. Situation and Boundaries — Descriptive — Original Purchases and Settlement— Organization— Civil List — Villages and Hamlets — Pennsville — Harrisonville — Public Schools— Churches-Ceme- teries — Industrial Pursuits^Fort Delaware and Finn's Point Battery 427 CHAPTER LXIX. Township of Mannington. Situation and Boundaries — Descriptive — Settlement and Settlers — Organization— Civil List— Industrial— Fertilizer— Villages and Hamlets— Mannington Hill— Welchville—Halltown— Marlboro — Claysville — Acton Station— Public Schools- The Treadway Murder — A Mastodon— Cemeteries— Beligious 433 VIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER LXX. Township or Olduan's. page Geographical— Descriptive and Statistical— Settlement and Settlers — Organization — Civil List — ^Villages and Hamlets — Pedricktown — Pedricktown Station— Perkintown— Five Points— Industrial— ChurcllHistory— Cemeteries- Societies 442 CHAPTER LXXI. Township or Pilesgrove. Geographical— Descriptive— Settlement and Settlers— Poll List- Organization and Civil List — Public Schools-Industrial— Bor- ough of Woods town — Manufacturers — Merchants — Public-Houses — Stages — Bailroads— Educational — Incorporation — First Na- tional Bank of Woodstown — Sharptown — Yorketown — Bichman- ville — Societies and Associations — Pilesgrove Library Associa- Hesgrove Dairy Association — Churches — Burial-Places..., 447 CHAPTER LXXII. Township of Pittsqrove. Geographical — Topographical — Settlement and Settlers — Organiza- nd Civil List — Churches — Burial-FIaces— Educational — Villages and Hamlets — Elmer — Centreton — Palatine — Brad- way — Willow Grove — Industrial — ^Lodges and Societies 464 CHAPTER LXXIII. Township of Quinton. Statistical— Geographical and Descriptive — Settlement and Settler — Organization — Civil List — Public Schools — Qninton's Bridge — Churches— Quinton Glass-Works— Cemeteries 471 CHAPTER LXXIV. Township of TJppee Allowats Ceeek. Geographical — Topographical and Statistical — Original Settlers and Settlements — Organization and Civil List — Churches — Villages and Hamlets — Alloway — Watson's Corners—Freasburg — Stock- ingtown — Kerns terville — Pontonville — Industrial — Cemeteries — Lodges 476 CHAPTER LXXV. Township of Upper Penn's Neck. Geographical — Topographical and Statistical — Organization — Township Officers — Public Schools — Churches — ^Penn's Grove Village — Industrial and Commercial — Lodges and Societies 482 CHAPTER LXXVI. Township of Upper Pittbgrove. Situation and Boundaries — Topography and Statistics — Early Land Purchases and Settlement — Civil List — Schools — Cemeteries — Villages and Hamlets — Daretown — Whig Lane — Pole Tavern — Monroeville — Swing's Corners — Ecclesiastical — Industrial 490 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER LXXyil. Description. Streams — Marshes — Soil and Productions — Land Titles CHAPTER LXXVIII. SUBVETS.. S02 CHAPTER LXXIX. Early Settlers. ' Uncertainty concerning Pioneera— English from Salem— Settlers in Greenwich- Settlers from Wales- From Fairiield, Conn.- From Southampton, L. I. — Settlers at Bridgeton — Swedes on Maurice Biver 610 CHAPTER LXXX. BOADS. Streams and Paths— First Highways— Overseers First Appointed— Eoad from Fairfield to Burlington — Other Roads 515 CHAPTER LXXXI. Early History. page Early Names of Townships — First Court — Taxes — Tavern Licenses —Officers of the Precincts 518 CHAPTER LXXXII. Organization and Boundaries or the Cocktt. Early Action of the Board of Freeholders — Directors of the Board. 622 CHAPTER LXXXIII. County Buildings. Court-House — Second Court-House — Present Court-House — First Jail — Second Jail — Third Jail — County Offices — Poor-Honse — Present Almshouse 525 CHAPTER LXXXIV. Courts, Judges, and Justices. First Courts — Capital Grimes and Executions — Judges of the Court of Common Pleas — Justices of the Peace 530 CHAPTER LXXXV. Cumberland County in the Bbvolution. Destruction of Tea at Greenwich — Appointment and Action of Committees — Extracts from the Journal of Ebenezer Elmer — Men from Cumberland in the Army — Operations in Delaware Bay 635 CHAPTER LXXXVI. Cumberland Coxtnty in the War of the Bebellion. Early Meetings and Formation of Companies — Action of the Board of Freeholders— Action of the Townships— Supplementary List of Soldiers from the County 542 CHAPTER LXXXVII. Bench and Bar. List of Attorneys in the County— Biographical Notices of Judges and Attorneys 646 CHAPTER LXXXVIII. Medical Profession. Biographical Sketches of Physicians— Cumberiand County Medical Society— List of Physicians 655 CHAPTER LXXXIX. Agriculture. Primitive Farming- Improved Methods in Agriculture- Cumber land County Agricultural and Horticultural Society 573 CHAPTER XC. Civil List and Statistics.. 676 CHAPTER XCI. City of Bridgeton. Formation and Boundaries— Eariy History and Growth— Streets- Bridges - Oustom-House - Post-Offioe - Stages - Steamboats- Presa-Banks- Mutual Fire Insurance Company-Gas-Light Company-Water-Works - Mills-City Offices-Manufacturee- Ecolesiastical- Lodges and Societies - Gouldtown - Peraonal Sketches CHAPTER XCir. City of Millville. Incorporation of the Township-Incorporation of the City-Mill " viUe Laid Out-Pioneer Houses-Eariy Industries-Growth of the Town-Streete-Bridges-Post-Offlces-Stages and Steam boats-Press-Public Schools-Workingmou'a Institute -Na- tional Bank-Fire Insurance Company-Gas-Light Company- Water Company-Officers-City Hall-Ecclesiastical History— Manufactnres-Millville Pond and Water-Power-L,Lno.1«,.. Grist-Mill "ugieys CONTENTS. CHAPTER XCIII. Township of Commercial. page Incorporation— Description— Settlement— Villages and Hamleta— Mauricetown Bridge — Lore's Grist-Mill— Churches 645 CHAPTER XCIV. Township or Deerfield. Organization and Description — Villages and Hamlets— Mills — Chosen Freeholders- Churches 652 CHAPTER XCV. Township of Downe. Incorporation — Soil— Settlement and Growth — Villages- Egg Island — DiTiding Greek Bridge — Mills— Freeholders— Churches.. 658 CHAPTER XCVI. Township of Fairfield. Incorporation — Settlement — Soil — Villages — Mills- "Woolen Fac- tory — Freeholders — Churches 662 CHAPTER XCVII. Township of Gbebhwich. Boundaries — Town of Greenwich— Fairs — School Lot^-Trade — Ferry — Greenwlcli in 1883 — Hamleta — Sheppard's Griat-Mill — Freeholders— Churches 680 CHAPTER XCVIII. Township of Hopewell. Boundaries and Description — Villages^ — Shiloh — Roadstown- entown — Cohansey — Freeholders — Churches , Bow- . CHAPTER XCIX. Township ov Landis and Borouoh or Vineland. Incorporation— Soil — Vineland Tract— Town of Vineland — Early Purchasers and Pioneer Buildings— Early History — Growth — Landls-Carruth Tragedy— Fruits — Freeholders— Borough of Vineland — Borough Oflacers—Post-Office— Press — Public Schools — Library Association — Historical and Antiquarian Society — Ag- ricultural and Horticultural Society— Gas-Light Company- Churches — Cemeteries — Secret Societies — National Bank — Man- ufactures-Willow Grove— North Vineland — South Vineland 703 CHAPTER C. ^ Township of Mavbice River. Original Boundaries and Subsequent Changes — Name — Settlements — Villages and Hamlets- Port Elizabeth — Dorchester — Leeaburg — Heislerville— Ewing's Neck — Bucksboro — Belle Plain— Mana- muskin — Manamuskin Manor— Schooner Landing— ^Freeholders -Churches 715 CHAPTER CI. Township of Stow Greek. Boundaries — Soil and Productions— General Features— Jericho- Mills— Freeholders— Ecclesiastical 722 BIOGRAPHICAL. PAGE Abbott, C.G 152 Abbott,^amuel 442 ^ Acton, B. M... 415 Allen, Ira 310 t^Uen, A. D 149 Allen, S. A 347 Armstrong, R. L 130 Armstrong, R. L,, Jr , 137 Archer, Benjamin 354 Ashcraft, J. H 148 Atkinson, C. P 471 Bacon, IJewis 700 Bacon, William 567 Barber, Henry 489 Barton, George W 463 Bateman, Xlphraim 561 Bateman, Moses 672 Bateman, R. M 568 Batten, J, M 464 Bayard, George D 154 Becket, A. T.... 152 Beesley, T. E 356 Black, D. R 311 Blew, Lehman 623 Bloomfleld, Joseph 547 Bodine, J. P 278 Bond, Levi 557 Bowen, Elijah 556 Bowen, Elijah, Jr 556 Bowen, Jonathan 698 Bowen, Willian\ S 568 Bowen, Joseph A 725 Bradshaw, Henry, Jr 155 Brewster, F.G 560 Brewster, Francis G 623 Brewster, Horatius 558 Brewster, Joseph 558 Brick, Joshua 721 Bright, B.T 628 Brooks, W. E 566 Brunyate, William 649 Buck, Ephraim 564 Buck, Henry, Jr 672 Buck, John 614 Buck, Joseph ; 613 Buck, Roberts 597 Buckingham, Henry .....i; 150 Burchau, Richard 343 Burgin Family, the -. 613 Burgin, John 699 Burt, Nathaniel 672 Bntcher, Joseph, Jr 562 Buzby, B. F 150 Carman, O.B 135 Carpenter, T. P 131 Carpenter, William 415 Carter, B.F 128 Champneys, Benjamin 559 Chapman, Thomas 130 Chatham, B. F 147 Chew, M. M 279 Olark, Charles 500 X PAGE Clark, 0. F 146 Clark, H. C 147 Clarkson, William 558 Clawson, I.D 150 Clawson, I.D 357 ClftWBon, W.S 346 Clymer, R. S 136 Coles, Bartholomew 4^ Compton, Charles 650 Cook, Joseph 357 Coombs, Sumuel 01 626 Cooper, Isaac 152 Cooper, B. M 128 Getting, Elias 614 Cox, Stephen, Sr 631 Crane, T. W 551 Cutter, Frederick 152 Danzenbaker, T. F 702 Dare, Abel S 677 Dare, James 691 Dare, William 625 Davenport, Franklin 129 Davis, Elnathan 699 Davis, Isaac, Jr 144 Davi^i^Burton 651 Davis, John T 702 Davis, Smith 679 Dayton, A. 344 Dedrofft,E. E 150 Dick, Samuel 353 Dickeson, A. M. P. V. H 349 Dickeson, T. P 357 Dickinson, I. V 349 Dilks, Andrew 290 Doughty, Elias. 552 Dowdney, S. M 567 Dyer, John.. 556 Eakin, A. L 345 Eastlack, J. C 267 Eastlack, S. A , 267 Egbert, Jacob 566 EUett, H. T : 346 Elmer, Daniel 126 Elmer, Daniel 549 Elmer, Daniel, Jr 573 Elmer, Ebenezer 56I Elmer, Eli 614 Elmer, George E 579 Elmer, James E 679 Elmer, Jonathan 629 Elmer, Jonathan 559 Elmer, L. Q. C 550 Elmer, Theophilus 673 Elmer, Timothy 673 Elmer, William 551 Erwin, Benjamin i 144 Ewing, Charles 126 Ewing, Maskell 685 Ewing, Thomas 557 Ewing, William B 555 Ferguson, J. B 539 Ferrell, Thomas M 232 BIOGRAPHICAL. zi PAGE Flanagin, James H 628 Flitcraft, Allen 464 Fisher, W. 134 Fisler, Benjamin 567 Fisler, Jacob 161 Fialer, J. T 148 Fisler, L. F 666 Fisler, S.F 147 Fitbian, B. B 144 Fitbian, Enoch 568 Fithian, Hosea 662 Fitbian, Joel 685 Fithian, Joel 725 Fitbian, Joseph 145 Fitbian, P. V 686 Fithian, Samuel 685 Fithian, Reuben 725 Fitzhugh, J. E 314 Fort, J. H 137 Foster, J. J 146 Fox, George 666 Fox, Samuel M 666 Freeman, Jonathan 615 Gandy, James G 662 Gardner, D. K 162 Gardner, W. A 161 Garrison, 0. G 150 Garrison, Charles 146 Garrison, J. F 146 Garrison, Joel 657 Garrison, William 566 Gibbon, John 724 Giles, James 651 Gillman, John 147 Gilman, Uriah 150 Glover, Thomas 186 Green, G. G 186 Green, L. M 184 Haines, William 212 Haley, B. F 651 Hall, 6. D 689 Halsey, L. F 146 Halsey, L. M 150 Hampton, I. H 565 Hampton, J. G 552 Hampton, John P 667 Hannah, Charles 355 Hannah, J. M 347 Harker, 0. G 164 Harris, Isaac 354 Harris, Samuel 558 Harris, T. U 592 Harrison, J, B 131 Harrison, Josiah 343 Harsley, Kalph 666 Heisler, Andrew 722 Hepner, Jacob 703 Heritage, J. D 1*9 Heritage, P. S 1*9 Herman, A. V 149 Hewitt, G. H 136 Hitchner, K. M *'l Hood, Charles 651 Hoover, Francis 146 Horublower, J. 126 Howell, B.P 146 Howell, Ebenezer 353 Howell, J. B 154 Howell, Lewis ^^^7 Howell, Richard 648 Hunter, Andrew •'••■■ 686 Hunt, Jacob '^^ Hunt, Reuben 688 Hunt, Thomas B 688 Hunter, Andrew, Jr 686 Hur£f,T.W 291 PAGE Iszard, Jacob 152 Iszard, W. H 160 Jackson, Winslow 152 Jetfers, W. N 344 Jerrell, William 626 Jessup, J. S 135 Jessup, West 188 Johnson, James 556 Johnson, J. H 156 Johnson, R. C ,« 358 Johnson, E. G 403 Jones, Thomas 714 Keaabey, A. Q ; 347 Keasbey, K. Q 356 Koasby, J. B 150 Eienzle, Jacob 623 Einsey, James 343 Kirby, J. 259 Ladd, W. W 158»- Laning, Richard 676 Lawrence, John 131 Lawrence, N. 674 Lawrence, Samuel 686 Laws, G. C 160 Leak, Samuel 342 Learning, E. B 136 Lee, Thomas 722 Ling, J. W 165 Loper, William F 667 Lord, J. J 296 Ludlam, J. W 564 Lummis, Dayton 144 Lummis, William 144 Macculloch, F. L 346 Matlock, Leamiog 131 Matlock, R. K 131 Maul, Benjamin F 691 McBride, Lewis 631 McCalla, T. H 657 MoOalla, W. H 666 McGeorge, Wallace 152 McKelway, A. J 148 Miller, Charles 690 Miller, S. T 147 Minch, Archibald 700 Minch, Francis B 630 Moore, Alexander 615 More, Azariah f)^9 Moore, James 134 Moore, John P •113 Moore, Jonathan 657 Moore, Samuel 567 Moore, William 134 Morris, John H 416 Mulloid, Isaac W 078 Mulford, David P 629 Musgrave, J. F 152 Newkirk, N. R 565 Nichols, Isaac T 590 Nichols, Robert C 597 Norris, E. C 154 Ogden, Bdo 568 Ogden, John 674 Oliphant, E. T 160 Osborn, J. A 166 Packer, D. J 187 Parker, B. W 664 Parvin, Holmes 566 Parvin, J. B 561 Parker, Joel 127 Parvin, Silas 616 Patterson, Robert 616 Paulding, M. J 160 Peck, Benjamin 567 Peck, T. W 563 Pedrick, J. R 156 BIOGRAPHICAL. PAGE Perry, Belmont 1S5 Perry, Samuel 624 Pierson, Azel S58 Pierson, D. C 664 PiersoD, Joseph 1^7 Piers'ou, Joseph 1^6 Porter, B. M 663 Potter, David 616 Potter, James B 626 Potter, Michael 470 Potter, William 617 Potfer, William E 553 Potts, S. G ; 126 Rambo, John. ; 243 Eambo, William 296 Bamsay, William 675 Bead, Charles 618 Beeve, Mark 686 4BeeveB,J. J 564 Beeves, Thomas 161 Eepp, John 232 Eichman, Isaiah W 700 Eoberts, M.H 165 Bobeson, A.. L 83 Boe, J. B 161 Eulon, 0. A 311 Salisbury, Samuel 242 Saunders, T.J 146 Seeley, Ebenezer 619 Seeley, Ephraim 618 Seeley, E. P 549 Sharp, Daniel 630 Sharp, George S '. 2.60 Sharp, John 651 Sharp, John L 644 Sharp, J. S. T 366 Sharp, Lorenzo 701 Sheppard, Daniel M 690 Sheppard, Philip G 692 Sheppard, Bobert 618 Sheppard, Bobert E 678 Sheppard, C. Henry 726 Sheppard, Edward H 727 Shinn, W. J 344 Shivers, Edgar 137 Shoemnker, John « 148 Shute, S. M 669 Shute, William 266 Sickler, J. E 128 Sickler, John E 146 Siokler, Joseph T 134 Sinnickson, Thomas ', 406 Skill, C.W 165 Smith, A. A 148 Smith, Charles P 406 Smith, T.S 347 Smith, Thomas S 349 Sooy, Samuel T 266 Spratt, George 566 Stambach, H. L 152 Stanger.S. E 150 Starr, John 134 Steeling, William 564 Strattam, E. S 136 Strattam, J. H 165 Strattou, Daniel 413 Stratton, Daniel P 620 PAGE Stratton, Nathan L 620 Sturdivant, Thomas 670 Swing, Charles 355 Swing, Charles 567 Synott, Martin 151 Synott, Miles 160 Thaokara, Thomas , 127 Thompson, Hedge 355 Thompson, J. S 132 Thompson, E. P 346 Trenchard, Albert ■■.■■ 160 Trenchard, James H 621 Trenchard, John 675 Tuft, John B 356 Turner, B.K 201 Turner, J. D 267 Turner, John C 201 Turner, W. H...., 149 Turner, Joseph 290 Turner, T.B 150 Tyler, John 417 Van Hook, B 666 Van Hook, L 663 Van Meter, Edward 348 Van Meter, James 364 Van Meter, E. H 354 Vanneman, W. S 367 Voorhees, N. W 137 Wales, E. L. B 569 Ward, Samuel 656 Ware, H. B 382 Ware, J. B '. 148 Ware, R. M 133 Watson, H.P 689 Watson, J. M 128 Watson, Samuel 689 Weatherby, I. Hurff 311 Weatherby, J. C 151 Westcott, r. E 552 Westcotl, J. D 622 Westcott, J. D., Jr 552 Westcott, Jehiel 677 Whelpley, E. W 126 Whitacar, Bichard , , 676 Whitaker, Ephraim 076 Whitekar, D. B 632 White, J. M 130 White, John M S50 Whiting, Abijah 343 Whitney, S. A 231 Wiley, Elijah 147 Wiley, George 147 Wilkins, Hiram 291 Wilietts, Reuben 564 Wistar, Caspar 441 Wood, John S 290 Wood, Bichard , 687 Woodhull, G. S 127 Woodruff, C. P... 662 Woodruff, E. D 130 Woodruff, Israel 701 Woodruff, Lewis .'. 657 Woolman, Reuben 470 Tarrow, Thomas 355 Yarrow, T.J 356 Yorke, Thomas Jones , 414 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abbott, Samnel facing 442 Acton, K. M " 416 Allen, Ira " 310 Atkinson, 0. P " 471 Bacon, Lewis between 700, 701 Barber, Henry facing 489 Barton, George W " 463 Batten, J. M " 464 Black, D.B between 310,311 Blew, Lehman facing 624 Bodine, J. F " 278 Bowen, William 8 between 568, 669 Bowen, Josepb A facing 726 Brewster, Francis G " 622 Bright, B. T " 628 Bmnyate, 'William 649 Buck, Eobert S facing 696 Butcher, Joseph, Jr 663 Carpenter, William facing 415 Chew.M. M " 279 Olawson, I. D " 366 Coles, Bartholomew *' 462 Compton, Charles " 660 Cook, Josepb " 367 Coombs, Samuel M between 626, 627 Cox, Stephen, Sr facing 631 Dauzenbaker, T. F between 702, 703 Dare, Abel S " 676, 677 Dare, James 692 Dare, William facing 626 Davidson, J. B between 650, 651 Davis, J. Burton " 650,661 Davi8,John T " 702,703 DaYis,Smith ' " 678,679 Dilks, Andrew " 290, 291 Doughty, Eliae facing 663 Eastlack, J. C between 2B6, 267 Eastlack, S. A facing 267 Elmer, George B " 679 Elmer, James B " 680 Elmer, Jonathan " 629 Ehner, L. Q. " 660 Ewing, William B 665 Ferguson, J. B facing 689 Ferrell, Thomas M " 232 Fithian, Enoch " 568 Fithian, Joseph ' ^46 Fithian, Joel " '24 Fitiiian, Reuben " '26 Fitzhugh, J. E ' " 31* Flanagin, James H between 628,629 Fox, George ~. " "66, 667 Fox, Samuel M " "66, 667 Gandy, James G 662 Garrison, Joel facing 667 Glover, Thomas between 186, 187 Green, G.G -^;.. '""'"g 188 Green, L.M ^ 18* Green, L. M., Residence of. " 1*5 Haines, William " 212 Haley, B.F between 650, 651 Hall.G.D • '■«<="'e ""* PAGE Harris, Thomas U facing 693 Hepner, Jacob " 703 Heritage, J. D " 149 Hitohner, K. M between 470, 471 Hunt, Beuben " 688, 689 Hunt, Tlioma^ E " 688, 689 HurfT, T. W facing 291 Jerrell, William : " 626 Jessup, West " 188 Johnson, E. " 358 Johnson, R. G " 403 Jones, Thomas '* 714 Kienzle, Jacob " 623 Kirby, J. C " 269 Laning, Richard " 676 Lord, J. J " 295 Lore Homestead 650 Map facing 1 Maul, Benjamin F " 691 McBride, Lewis between 630, 631 Miller, Charles " 690, 691 Miller, S. T facing 147 Miuch, Archibald " 700 Minoh, Francis B 631 Miiich, Francis B., Residence of facing 584 Moore, John P " 413 More, Jonas & More 699 Morris, John H between 416, 417 Mulford, Isaac W " 678,679 Mnsgrave, J. F facing 152 Nichols, Isaac T " oilO Nichols, Robert C " 597 Old Stone Church 666 Packer, D. J facing 187 Perry, Belmont 136 Perry, Samuel between 624, 625 Potter, James B facing 627 Potter, Michael between 470,471 Potter, William E facing 664 Rambo, John *' 243 Rambo, William " 296 Reeves, J. J " 555 Richman, Isaiah W between 700, 701 Robeson, A. L facing 83 Kulon, C. A " 311 Salisbury, Samuel " 242 Sharp, Daniel " 630 Sharp, George S " 260 Sharp, John " 651 Sharp, Lorenzo " 701 Sheppard, Daniel M between 690,691 gheppard Homestead facing 682 Sheppard, Robert F " 678 Sheppard, C. Henry " 727 Sheppard, Edward H " 727 Shinn, W. J " 344 Shute, William ..between 266, 267 Sinuickson, Thomas facing 404 Sinnickson, Thomas, Jr., Residence of " 428 Smith, A. A " 148 Smith, Charles P " 406 Sooy, Samuel T " 266 xiii ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE South Jersey Institute facing 892 Stratton, Daniel " 412 Sturdivant, Tliomas 670 Turner, E.K between 200, 201 Turner, John C " 200,'201 Turner, Joseph ,. " 290, 291 Turner, J. D facing 268 Tyler, John , " 417 Van Meter, Edward " 348 Wales, B. L. B.... " 569 Ware, H. B " 382 Watson, H. P between 688, 689 Watson, Samuel " 688,689 FASE Weatherby, I. HurtT between 310, 311 Westcott, F. F facing 582 Westoott, Jehiel between 676,677 Wbitall, latum & Co facing 644 Whitekar, D. B " 632 Whitney, S. A " 231 Wilkins, Hiram " 292 Wistar, Caspar " 441 Wood, John S between 290,291 WoodruflF, Israel facing 702 Woodruff, Lewis 657 Woolman, Beubeu dicing 470 Yorke, Thomas Jones " 414 Pi o ^ HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. CHAPTEE I. THE INDIANS OF NEW JERSBT.i If this chapter had been intended to be a contri- bution to the ethnology of North America, the writer would certainly have declined to undertake the task. The time has not yet come when a satisfactory ac- count of the aborigines of this country can be written. It is only very recently that anything like scientific investigation has been applied to this important sub- ject, and the earnest effort and diligent labor which are now being bestowed upon it have as yet only re- vealed the breadth of the field and the vast amount of research, comparison, and scientific reasoning which must be given to it before convincing and satisfactory conclusions can be reached. But the field is " white unto the harvest." Already enough is known to assure us of another triumph not unlike that achieved during the last century in geological science. Once it was sufficient for men to know something of the nature of the rocks beneath their feet. The race was too young to have any traditions of the life of the everlasting hills ; no one dreamed of ascertaining facts and events in the history of the earth before a living man was there to see them. But the mineralogy and biology of the present, well observed, gave the key to the investigation of the"' past; and practical science, through an amount of toilsome and patient study, of which men in general have no conception, now tells the story of primeval ages with greater accuracy than commonly belongs to the records of coeval historians. In the same way is the history of the original inhabitants of North America being investigated. We might almost as well be without the scanty records of the Europeans who first came, in contact with them. There was so 1 By Rev. J. T. Burk. little human sympathy for them, so little interest in anything which did not yield material profit, — the contact itself so soon afifected the original savagery, that we learn but little trustworthy from the first ex- plorers and settlers of our shores. We have practi- cally but two sources of reliable information. They are first, the remains of Indian life in the shape of weapons and domestic implements, which are sown more or less profusely over our fields and forests, and second, the observation of existing Indian life by trained and enthusiastic investigators. Until re- cently this second source of information was far from being satisfactory. He who now visits an Indian reservation in the West witnesses a transition life farther removed from its primitive condition than it is from modern civilization. He sees but little of what Lewis and Clark saw when they explored the Columbia River, of what Schoolcraft saw when he traversed the Missouri and Mississippi, or what Catlin saw when he made his home among the Man- dans, and even they were some removes from the purest types of aboriginal life. It was not until the more obscure r-^cesses of the continent were explored, and its isolated tribes sought out, not until these people were approached as human beings by men like Cushing, who could win a way into their hearts and homes, and be content to be one with them in closest fellowship, that the study became promising of fruitful results. It will not be until after years of exact study of the remains, the dialects, the myths, the customs, and the physical peculiarities of the various tribes, that there can be anything like a con- clusive science of American ethnology. Such study is being made by most competent men. The Smith- sonian Institution and the Peabody Museum are the centres of such investigatidns, and until these are further advanced it would be rash to deal with local archaeology with too presumptuous confidence. 1 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. The first settlers in New Jersey, and especially in that part known as West Jersey, found there a very numerous population of Indians. This is not a mat- ter of wonder. There is scarcely a portion of the At- lantic coast so favorable to the exigencies of primitive life in the stone age. (No disparagement intended as to the highest civilization.) The ocean on the one side, a mighty river on the other, hardly more than two days journey apart at the farthest, intersected by numerous streams swarming with fish, with a soil readily absorb- ing rain and easily cultivated by the imperfect tools of the savage, with forests and swamps, even now classed by botanists as southern rather than northern, and therefore abounding in game and fruit, with a drift formation furnishing every choice of pebble for working stone implements and the choicest clay for primitive pottery. West Jersey was not only the home of a larger population of Indians than perhaps any sim- ilar area in the Middle States, but was most largely visited by those who lived elsewhere. Many of the Pennsylvania clans were in the habit of making an- nual visits to the sea-shore along well-known trails across the State. There they may have enjoyed sea- bathing and social dissipations, but their chief object was to procure fish, oysters, and clams for drying as winter food, and partly for making and getting money. The celebrated wampum consisted of beads made out of the shells of the large clam found abundantly upon our coast. The larger and white part of the shell was drilled and ground into a cylindrical bead, which bore the same relation to their currency as our silver, the small blue portion, made into beads, corresponding with our gold. They were not strictly bi-metalists but bi-conchists in their financial economy. There is no record of any serious difficulty in adjusting the relative value of the white and blue strings of beads, but all alike suffered some depreciation in the later years of Indian residence, for a certain Jacob Spicer, a sort of Cape May country storekeeper and trader, set all the country people along the shore to making wampum during the winter, with the mean advan- tage of civilized tools, which he took from them in exchange for goods, and then paid it for pelts to the Five Nations on the Hudson River. These Indians were known as the Lenni-Lenape (original people). The very name suggests a false- hood. What would ever induce such a boast as it implies except the existence of a doubt or contradic- tion ? And, as we shall see when we come to discuss the remains found throughout the State, there are witnesses in the very stones to the probable exist- ence of an entirely different people anterior to the Delawares. According to Heckewelder, a devoted Moravian missionary, who gathered his information from the Indians, whose language he perfectly under- stood, there were three distinct families of aborigines in North Amefica^eggt of the Mississippi. The Iro- quois, often ^^ajleff^e Six Nations, occupied the northern pgrt, the Lenni-Lenape the middle, and the Natches the southern part. The traditions of all concurred in their having had a different origin, and of having reached the Atlantic coast by migration from the West. Just as in Ohio and other Westei'n States there are numerous remains of forts and vil- lages, the construction of which indicates a people of entirely different habits from those of either of these families; so among the stone weapons of our own State there is almost certain evidence of the relics of an earlier people than the Delawares. So well marked is this distinction that collectors designate one arrow- head as a palceolith. {old stone), and another neolith (new stone), although both may be made of precisely the same material. The palseoliths include certain chipped stones, called, from their appearance, " tur- tlip-backs," for which no certain use is known, and which were probably not a part of a Delaware's out- fit. The arrows, spears, etc., of this class have the rudest possible outline, their variety of shape is very little compared with that of the later weapons, and they generally indicate not so much the want of ability to give any desired shape to the stone as a want of artistic perception and an indifference to the appearance and better qualities of the weapon. They were probably the remains of a people who had dis- appeared from these coasts before the advent of the Delawares. If they had been conquered and ex- pelled by the latter, we may be sure that traditions would have boasted of the victory rather than that such a name as " original people" should have been assumed. It has been suggested that the Eskimo once lived here at the end of the Ice Age, and have followed the northward retreating ice-belt until they reached their present location. Certainly the de- scription given by the Norse discoverers of the conti- nent of the " Skrsellings" corresponds better with the Eskimo than with any of our Indian tribes, but this would make their migration far too late to accord with the former theory. But whoever preceded them it is certain that the Lenni-Lenape were not the original people of the country, and it is probable that their existence in New Jersey did not antedate the arrival of the whites by more than a very few centuries. The Lenni-Lenapes were really a noble people. Too much of the judgment which has been formed about them and other Indians has been based upon obser- vations of them in the transitional and worst phases of their national life. Destroy the original methods of Indian life, change all his natural surroundings, debauch him with all the vices of the whites, rob him on the one hand and pamper him with the other, cheat and insult him, and then by sheer force over- awe him, and he would not be human if he did not display the worst vices of his nature and ours. Let him remain an Indian pure and simple in his sav- agery, or else convert him into and treat him as a civilized Christian, and in either case you will have one who need not fear comparison with other races. GENEKAL HISTORY. To ruin first and then to describe and judge has been too much the method used with the Indian. If we turn to the records of those who came in con- tact with them at the very earliest, and above all of the missionaries who approached them as friends, we shall learn something near the truth in regard to their original character. The Lenni-Lenape were a strong, vigorous, and brave race. At the time of the settlement of the shores of the Delaware they were occupying a peculiar position. By a singular strategy of the Iroquois they had been induced to become " women," that is, " non-combatants," under treaty obligations which at the same time protected them from incursions, made them a barrier against in- vading tribes, and placed them in the position of umpires in times of disturbance. To this is partly to be attributed the peaceful character which both Swedes and English found when they settled among them. Their political life was simple and patri- archal. Its foundations were reverence for elders and respect for each other's rights. From earliest childhood these were inculcated and practiced, along with habits of activity, endurance, and courage. Their religion was the filial acknowledgment of a Great Father, and the belief in a future life of re- wards and punishments, to which were added many superstitions concerning evil spirits and occult forces in nature. The conspicuous traits in their character were a pride in their humanity, which gave dignity to speech and manners, a thoroughness in love and hatred, which led to extreme faithfulness and self- sacrifice in one, and implacable vindictiveness in the other, and, in general, a singularly clear apprecia- tion of the virtues of truth and justice among them- selves. On the testimony of the Europeans themselves we gather that the Indians were from the first their friends, that when kindly treated they were capable of devoted and enduring friendships, that they were extremely sensitive to contempt and injury, and that in the fatal difficulties which arose between them the Indians were not the aggressors. They had no written language. Important events were kept in memory by carefully- repeated traditions handed from generation to gener- ation with singular accuracy. Sometimes these events, or the terms of a treaty, or the memoranda of a mes- senger, were arbitrarily associated with particular arrangements of the beads of wampum (before men- tioned as money) embroidered on a belt, which was read by one who knew the memorial arrangement at councils. Their dress was chiefly made from the skins of animals, which they were very expert in dressing into pliability and softness. They were very fond of personal ornament. The feathers of birds, the quills of porcupines, the teeth of bears and panth- ers, shells, perforated stones, and paint made from ochreous clays served for their adornment. The latter was ground in small stone mortars with little pestles of the size of a finger, and was generally found in the warrior's pouch. Different styles of painting were adopted for festival or for war, and tattooing with charcoal for permanent beautifying and for inscribing the " totem" or representative animal or sign upon the individual. Their habitations were wigwams or tents made of skins stretched over a conical frame of light poles, or of the bark of the hemlock which they split off in large sheets and soaked in water to render pliable. Their food was principally animal. The forests and swamps of New Jersey abounded in game of every description. Our statute books still offer bounties for the heads of wolves and catamounts, and the bear and deer are not even now altogether extinct. Our streams, then unpolluted, swarmed with fish ; they and the coast furnished oysters, clams, and mus- sels in abundance, and " Scheyichbi" was in Indian times as now the greatest food-producing region of the Atlantic coast. But their diet was by no means exclusively animal. Besides maize, pumpkins, and beans, which they cultivated rudely in little patches near their permanent homes, they were familiar with and used many of the wild roots, berries, and nuts which are now never thought of as food. There were no large granaries or storehouses, but each family made some provision of dried and smoked food for wintry or stormy weather, although in general they depended upon the hand-to-mouth principle, which is characteristic of savage life. They were almost en- tirely ignorant of the use of metals. About all that they ever possessed were flakes of natural copper from the lake regions which were occasionally found among them, generally rolled into little cylinders and strung as beads. Hence all the operations of life were con- ducted with implements of other material. Clay, wood, stone, shell, bone, and horn composed every tool or weapon which they possessed, and we may safely claim that they reached the highest pitch of civilization ever attained where these were the only resources for human instruments. Of these there re- main as relics of the departed race, after the lapse of over two centuries, only those which were made of stone and clay. As we examine them, which have been plowed up in enormous quantities and variety all over the State, but especially in these lower coun- ties, we read distinctly in them the mode of life of our predecessors here. We note the density of the population, encouraged by the natural advantages of the place. We detect the site of long-vanished vil- lages or of long-forgotten graveyards. We learn how they killed their game and fish, how they fought their battles, how they ground their grain and boiled their meat, how they barked the trees and excavated their canoes, how they flayed and dressed and sewed the skins of animals for house and clothing, how they speared and scaled their fish, how they adorned their persons and smoked their tobacco, how tenderly they buried their dead, — all these are lithographed in the stones which their fingers have shaped and their hands used, along with yet hidden secrets which per- HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. haps further study and comparison may hereafter reveal. Let us examine a collection of such relics, and read in them the mode of life of their former owners. At once we discern two principal classes into which they are divided. The first are atones, the shape of which has been more or less modified by pecking, pounding, or grinding. A flat stone has a shallow cavity on its upper surface, and with this is an elongated pestle, and these constitute the mills of the Indians in which, according to size, corn and other food was pounded into meal or clay into paint. Oval and flattened natural stones have depressions on each side for thumb and finger, and on the circumference marks of bruising, and these are hammers. Cylindrical or oval stones are found with a groove pecked out around the middle for the reception of a handle, the " poga- moggen" or war-club. Of the same form, but with the larger portion ground evenly to an edge, are the well-known Indian hatchets of innumerable variety in weight, form, and finish. These axes were not used for chopping trees, for which they are totally unfit, but for barking them, and, after burning, for cutting away charred wood. They were also effec- tive weapons of war. Smaller stones, of like shape, but without the groove for a handle, are called " celts" or chisels. When what we might call axes or pick- axes are found with a hole drilled for a handle, as in modern tools, they are always finely made and pol- ished, and never intended for hard work. They have been called " banner stones," and are believed to have been badges of office. Thin, flat stones of ob- long shape, with rounded ends and drilled in two or more places as if for cords, are supposed to have been ornaments for the breast. Stones with variously-sized grooves are found, which were adapted for finishing, as with sand-paper, the shafts of arrows, or for round- ing sinews into threads and bowstrings. And, lastly, the precious tobacco-pipe is found in all forms from the rudest to the most elaborate. One, found in this county, represents a beautifully-carved tortoise. A deep cavity in the back is the bowl, and three pro- portions on either side of the shell would admit long reeds to radiate out to each of six sociable smokers squatted around it. The second class is that of chipped or flaked im- i plements. In these the Indians exhibited their highest skill and most artistic taste. Every variety of mineral is brought into use, but the best were those which have a distinctly conchoidal fracture, such as jasper and chalcedony. The art of making them was in producing at will this conchoidal fracture, breaking off flakes of mineral, and leaving a series of larger or smaller concave surfaces over the formed imple- ment. Such tools show no signs of bruising or grind- ing on their edges. They are sharp, serrated slightly on the edges, and thickened in the middle. The frac- tures were produced by cunningly-directed pressure, not from stone or metal, but from a piece of hard wood or deer-horn, which, slightly yielding to the stone, embraces an exposed edge, and determines the direc- tion of cleavage. The most familiar examples are the "darts" or arrow-heads. Beginning with the size of the little finger nail, we can arrange a beautiful series of leaf-shaped, triangular, stemmed, barbed, twisted, serrated, and other forms, increasing in size until the line is passed when they can be called arrow-heads, and they are evidently spears. These are generally from five to eight inches in length, and of strong and effective proportions. There is one form, however, very common along our water-courses, not larger than some arrow-heads, but long and narrow, and evidently used as a " gig" for spearing fish. Next to the spears come the much larger and broader implements of siAilar make, which were spades or hoes according as they were lashed to a straight or bent handle. All arrows and spear-heads have a flat, chisel-like end opposite to the point, and many were inserted into the split end of a shaft, which was then strongly bound with green .sinew, which contracted as it dried. Fish-scaling knives, scalping-knives, and skinning- knives were made by the same process, the latter cu- riously similar to the peculiar curved knife now used by furriers for cutting up their skins. Long, slender, and triangular flint perforators or awls were made for piercing hides in the process of sewing. We have seen a magnificent dagger, heft and blade in one piece, made out of choice red jasper. We can readily see the handiness and use of the relics above described, but every collector of such specimens has other sin- gular objects, evidently wrought into shape with defi- nite purpose, but what that purpose was is yet to be discovered. For over two centuries these imperishable riches of the Indians have laid in the soil, and only now are eagerly collected and carefully compared with almost identical remainsfrom thelake- and cave-dwel- lers of pre-historic times in Europe. The only other relics commonly found are of pot- tery. The Indian tribes were quite expert in making a certain kind of earthenware more or less perfectly burned. The Southern and Southwestern tribes ex- celled in this and kindred arts, and the more as we approach the Mexicans or Aztecs. Our own Indians, though inferior to them, were no mean potters. Just as the modern faience-worker, having selected his best clay, mixes therewith a " degraissant" of some refractory material to counteract shrinkage, so the Indian tempered our natural clays, and mixed therein mica scales or washed quartz sand, where the Florida Indians used pounded shells. Sometimes the plastic material was moulded on the inside of a woven bas- ket and then fired, the basket-marks remaining on the finished vessel. Generally the vessels were moulded by hand, quite thin, and ornamented by rolling a corn- cob over the soft .surface, by stamping it with circles from the end of a hollow reed, by tracing lines with a sharp stick, or by impressions of thumb-nails. Holes were provided near the rim for suspending such GENERAL HISTORY. vessels by cords. They were then burnt, more or less, but never, so far as we have seen, to anything like ■vitrifaction or glazing. Such vessels were very frag- ile, whether buried or left on the surface, but their fragments are almost imperishable. They sometimes mark the spot of burial, where they were placed by pious hands, and often mark the site of ancient vil- lages. None are very large, yet quite a curious col- lection can be made of their various kinds and mark- ings. Such are the remains of our predecessors in this county. May we not hope that their zealous gather- ing and contribution to the centres of scientific study will, along with further research into the languages and myths of the Americau tribes, make possible in the near future a more thorough knowledge of the people who so long ago faded from the land before the advance of our civilized life. They left no ill name in New Jersey, nor is New Jersey stained by any dark records of crime or cruelty on the part of white men towards its " original people." CHAPTER II. FIRST DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELAWARE RIVER. In 1609 Delaware Bay was first discovered by Hen- drick Hudson, an Englishman in the service of a Dutch trading company. He had sailed west in quest of a passage to the Indies, reached Newfound- land, turned south, discovered Cape Cod, which, in ignorance of its previous discovery, he named New Holland, and proceeded southward till he reached the shore near Chesapeake Bay. He then turned northward, and on the 28th of August entered Dela- ware Bay.' There he found shallow water and sand- bars ; and deeming navigation unsafe, he sailed out and proceeded north till he came to New York Bay, which he entered. He sailed up the river which bears his name as far as Albany, then returned, and started on his voyage to Holland in October of the same year. The next year Lord Delaware, on a voyage to Vir- ginia, touched at Delaware Bay, which thus came to bear his name. The report which Hudson gave of his voyage and the country which he visited induced the merchants of Amsterdam to send another vessel, in 1610, freighted with goods for trade with the natives at Manhattan Island and its vicinity. This adventure proved profit- able, and they obtained from the States-General the exclusive privilege of trading during four years with the natives of Hudson River and that vicinity. Here a remunerative commerce was carried on, and agents were left to care for the interests of the trading com- pany during the winter of each year. In 1613, Sir Samuel Argall entered New York Bay, and found four traders' houses on Manhattan Island, and in 1614 the Dutch built a fort on the southern extremity of that island for the protection of their trading establishment. Although the discovery of America by Columbus was made in 1492, more than a century elapsed be- fore any successful and permanent colonies were planted here. In 1607 the first was established at Jamestown, in Virginia, by the English, under a charter granted by James the First to Sir Thomas Gates, Richard Hackluyt, and others. Under an- other charter granted to the Plymouth Company in 1620, the settlement of New England was com- menced, and a permanent colony was established in that year. As before stated, the trading-post at Manhattan Island was fortified in 1614, and at about the same time Fort Orange was erected on an island in the Hudson, near Albany. The settlements thus made were for purposes of trade only, and nothing having the character of a colony was established during several years. Even as late as 1625 there was but one European family residing on Long Island in the near vicinity of the principal trading-post. The commercial operations established and carried on here were quite successful, and in 1621 the States- General granted a charter to the " West India Com- pany,'' with extensive powers and privileges, but without any grant of specific territory, or any guar- anty of its possessions. If the company became in- volved in hostilities it was to defend itself at its own expense, but it was not empowered to declare war without the concurrence of the States. To this com- pany the States made a present of half a million of guilders, and subscribed half a million more to its stock. It was at once seen that, although commerce was the object of this corporation, colonization was essen- tial to its success, and efforts in that direction were made, not only in the vicinity of the Hudson, or North River, but on the Delaware, or South River, as they were then called. It is said that in 1616, Cornells Hendrickson, in the ship " Restless," a vessel of light draft, that was built at Manhattan in 1614 by Adrian Block, sailed up the Delaware River as far as the mouth of the Schuylkill. No other European is known to have explored this stream till 1623, when Cornells Jacob- son Mey, with Adrian Joris second in command, was sent by the West India Company with a number of emigrants from Holland. He brought a stock of mer- chandise, and means of subsistence and defense. He sailed along the coast from Cape Cod, entered New York Bay, which he christened Port Mey, then sailed south to Delaware Bay, which he named New Port Mey. The cape at the north of the entrance to Dela- ware Bay he called Cape Mey (now Cape May), and that at the south Cape Cornells (now Henlopen). HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. He ascended the stream as far as the mouth of Tim- ber Creek, near which he landed and erected a fort, which he named Fort Nassau. This was the first at- tempt to establish a settlement on the Delaware River. The object of planting this settlement was trade with the natives, but it is presumed the adventure was not successful. No reliable history remains as to subse- quent proceedings here, and it is only known that ten years later no whites were found here, but that the fort was occupied by the Indians. In 1629 the West India Company, to promote col- onization in New Netherland, offered to patroons, or founders of settlements, not only exclusive property in large tracts of land but extensive manorial and seignorial rights. Encouraged by these offers, sev- eral of the directors of the company sought to make large territorial acquisitions here. In 1629 the agents of Samuel Godyn and Samuel Bloemart purchased from three Indian chiefs a tract of land extending from Cape Henlopen thirty-two miles and two miles in breadth, and the next year another tract was pur- chased for the same persons on the opposite side of the bay, at Cape May. This purchase was made from nine chiefs, and was sixteen miles in length by the same in breadth. In 1630 two vessels were fitted out and laden with emigrants, animals, implements, grain, seeds, etc., for settlement on the Delaware or South River. The command was given to David Pretersen de Vries, and the vessels arrived at their destination early in 1631. The settlers, thirty-four in number, landed at Hore Kill,' now Lewis Creek. Here a palisade fort was erected, and, in the autumn, De Vries returned to Holland, leaving the colony in charge of Giles Osset. In the absence of De Vries, Osset, who appears to have been an indiscreet man, quarreled with the In- dians, and one of their chiefs was killed. It has been said that the arms of the States-General were set up, painted on tin, and that a chief, attracted by the shining metal, took it to convert it into trinkets. This was regarded as a national insult, and to appease the wrath of the settlers the head of the chief was brought by the Indians themselves. The truth of this story is doubted. Probably the chief had been wantonly killed for some trifling offense. On the re- turn of De Vries, in December, 1632, he found nothing of the colony he had left but the skulls and bones of the colonists strewn on the ground. The Indians had fallen on them when unsuspicious of danger, killed them all, and burned their fort and other buildings. After lingering a few weeks in the neighborhood of Hoornkill, De Vries, in January, 1633, sailed up the river to Fort Nassau, which he found occupied by Indians. The Hollanders, left there by Mey ten years before, had voluntarily removed to New Amsterdam. 1 Variously written Horeskill, Hoarliill, Whorekill, doubtless corrup- tions of Hoornl^ill, from Hoorn, a city in Holland, and Kill, a river or creek. Here De Vries, by the timely information given him by an Indian woman, eluded a plan to murder him and his crew, as the crew of an English boat that had been sent there by the Governor of Virginia had been entrapped and murdered. He descended the river and sailed for Manhattan, and thus ended the first attempt to colonize the country on the Delaware. CHAPTER IIL SWEDISH REGIME. The first project of planting a Swedish colony in America was formed during the reign of the renowned Gustavus Adolphus. Upon the representation of William Usselinx, a Hollander, that America oft'ered great advantages for profitable trade, a company was formed, and in 1626 a favorable edict was issued by the king. Ships and all necessaries were provided, and the preparations were made for the accomplish- ment of the work, but the breaking out of the Ger- man war, and the subsequent death of the king, ar- rested the proceedings, and for the time defeated the project. Although the idea of establishing a trading colony on an extensive scale was not revived, that of a colony for settlement was not long dormant. Peter Minuit, who had been Governor of the Dutch colony at New Amsterdam, went to Sweden and urged the project of a settlement on the Delaware. Count Oxenstiern favored the project, and laid the plan of a colony before Queen Christina. It met her approval, and in 1636-37 she gave orders for its execution. Minuit was made commander of the colony, a ship, called the "Key of Calmar," was fitted out at Gottenburg, and sailed, accompanied by a smaller vessel, the " Bird Grip" (or " Griffin"), both laden with colonists and supplies. On their arrival they purchased from the Indians a tract of land on the west side of the river, extending from Cape Henlopen to the falls at Trenton, and settled on Christina Creek, at the mouth of which they built a fort, which they named, in honor of their queen. Fort Christina. Historians differ with regard to the time when this fort was built, but the weight of evidence seems to fix the time not earlier than 1636 nor later than 1638, probably the latter year. On the death of Minuit the government of the colony devolved on Peter Hol- lendare, who, after eighteen months, returned to Swe- den, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. John Printz, who came over in 1642 in the ship "Fame," ac- companied by two other ships, the "Swan" and " Charitas." In the instructions given to Governor Printz the following article is noteworthy in its bearing on ihe early settlement of the eastern side of the Delaware River: GENERAL HISTORY. "6. Recently, and in the year last past, viz., 1641, several English families, probably amounting to sixty persons in all, have settled and begun to build and cultivate the laud elsewhere, namely, upon the east side of the above-mentioned south river, on a little stream named Ferken's Kil,^ so have also the above-named subjects of Her Majesty, and participants in the Company, purchased for themselves of the wild inhabitants of the country the whole of this eastern side of the river, from the mouth of the aforesaid great river at Cape May up to a stream named Narraticen's Kil,^ which tract extends about twelve (12) German miles, including also the said Ferken's Kil, with the intention uf draw- ing to themselves the English aforesaid. This purchase the governor shall always, with all his power, keep intact, and thus bring these fam- ilies under the jurisdiction and government of Her Boyal Majesty and the Swedish Crown, especially as we are informed that they themselves are not indisposed thereto, and should they be induced, as a free people, voluntarily to submit themselves to a government which can maintain and protect them, it is believed that they might shortly amount to some hundred strong. But however that may be, the Governor is to seek to bring these English under the government of the Swedish Crown as partners in this undertaking, and they might also, with good reason, be driven out and away from said place, therefore. Her Most Royal Majesty aforesaid will most graciously leave it to the discretion of Governor Printz so to consider and act in the premises as can be done with pro- priety and success." It Is not known whether the English settlers spoken of were squatters from New Haven, adventurers from Maryland, or the pioneers of Sir Edmund Ployden. With regard to the Indians, the instructions received by Governor Printz were to regard them as the right- ful owners of the country, to obtain land from them only by purchase, and to treat them in the most equitable and humane manner, that no injury should be done to them by any of his people. Thus was in- augurated the just and humane policy toward the na- tives that was afterward pursued by William Penn. As soon as it became known to the Dutch author- ities at New Amsterdam that the Swedes were erect- ing a fort at the mouth of Christina Creek, a protest was made by Governor William Kieft, "that the whole south river of the New Netherlands, both above and below, hath already for many years been our property, occupied by our forts and sealed with our blood, which was also done when you were in service in the New Netherlands, and you are, there- fore, well aware of this. But whereas you have now come among our forts to build a fortress to our injury and damage, which we shall never permit, as we are also assured that Her Royal Majesty of Sweden has never given you authority to build forts upon our rivers and coasts, and to settle people on the land, nor to traffic in peltries, nor to undertake anything to our injury, we do therefore protest against all the disorder and injury, and all the evil consequences of bloodshed, uproar, and wrong which our Trading Company may thus suffer, and that we shall protect our rights in such manner as we may find most advisable." Beyond this protest, and the repair and reoccupa- tion of Fort Nassau, it does not appear that any ac- tive measures were adopted by the Dutch, during the administration of Minuit and Hollandare, for the as- 1 "Varken's Kil," t.e., "Hog Creek," now Salem Creek. 2 Eaccoon Creek. The Naratioongs are mentioned by O'Callaghan as an Indian tribe. sertion and maintenance of their rights which they claimed to the whole of Delaware River. Governor Printz selected as his residence the island of Tenackong, otherwise known as Tutaenung and Tenico,' and here he erected a fort, with considerable armament, which he named New Gotheborg. This location was selected because of its relation to Fort Nassau, by the occupancy of which the Dutch might interfere with passage on the river. It may here be remarked that a portion of the Swedish immigrants were called freemen, because they came with liberty to settle and remain in the country or leave it at their pleasure ; while another portion came in the service of a trading company, and received wages. Malefactors were also sent over at first, but the influx of these was arrested by Gov- ernor Printz. The traffic with the Indians, which the Swedes de- sired to control, was interfered with by the Dutch, who came with permits from Governor Stuyvesant, of New Amsterdam. One of these, named Thomas Broen, associated with some Swedish freemen, pur- chased from the natives land on the eastern shore adjacent to this. Printz protested against this, and made a purchase from the Indians of the land from Mantas Huck, nearly opposite Tenackong, to Narriti- cons, or Raccoon's Kihl. On this land he set up a post, to which he affixed the Swedish coat of arms^ and thus, for a time, the plan of the Hollanders was frustrated. Governor Printz having by the erection of the fort on Tinicum Island blocked the passage of the Hol- landers to Fort Nassau, the latter, in the name of the States-General, made a treaty with the Indians in 1651, for the land between Mingua's Kihl and Bambo Hook. This treaty was probably made with the Delawares, whose title to the soil was not admitted by the Mingos or Iroquois. Soon afterwards they built Fort Casimir, at Sandhuk (now Newcastle, in the State of Delaware). Governor Printz protested against the erection of this fort, but without effect. To overcome the advantage which the Dutch had thus gained. Governor Printz erected, on the eastern shore, at a place called Wootsessung Sing (Salem Creek), another Swedish fort, which he named Elfsborg. From this fort the district in that region took the name of Elsinborg. The fort was a Swedish mile (more than six English miles) below Fort Casimir, and two miles below Christina. From this fort Swe- dish ships were saluted as they passed, and Dutch vessels were compelled to lower their flags. This fort was afterwards called Myggenborg, because of the abundance of gnats, or mosquitoes (Myggor), which rendered it almost untenable. It was afterwards abandoned and destroyed by the Swedes. Several other fortifications were erected by the Swedes on the western side. 3 Now Tinicum, about nine miles southwest from Phihulelpliia. HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. The Dutch historian, Adrian Van der Donck, thus speaks of Governor Printz's doings at this fort: " The Swedish governor, thinking that now is the right time, has huilt a fort called Elsinborg. There he holds a high hand over each and all, even over the vessels of our trading company, and all those who sail up into South River, compelling them to strike their flags, without exception. He sends two men on board to inquire where they come from, which is scarcely better than searching us, to which it will come at last. We cannot understand what right those Swedes have to act so, or how the officers of another power, as these give themselves out to be with full powers, can take upon themselves such high au- thority over another people's lands and wares which they have so long had in possession and sealed with their own blood, especially as we hold it by a charter." However jealous the Swedes and Hollanders were of each other, they were always united in excluding the English from the river. Says Acrelius, " Already in those times the Englishman sought to settle him- self on those coasts, and had so far a claim to it as the western shore was regarded as the rear of Virginia, especially as the times then gave him the best right who had the most strength. The year before Gover- nor Printz landed the English had fortified a place upon the Schulkihl," whom the Dutch commissary at Fort Nassau was ordered to drive out. Again, Van der Donck says, "There lies another creek (kihl) on the eastern shore, three miles down towards the mouth of the river, called Varcken's Kihl (Hog Creek, or Salem Creek), where some English settled (the ones referred to in Governor Printz's instructions), but Di- rector Kieft drove them away, and protested against them being in that part, supported by the Swedes, for they had both agreed to drive the English away." Governor Printz returned to Sweden in 1652, leav- ing the administration of governmental affairs in the hands of his son-in-law, John Papeoija. In 1654 the ship " Eagle" came from Sweden, bring- ing John Claudius Rising, who assumed the guberna- torial functions under the title of "General Director of New Sweden," and Papeoija returned to his native country. Immediately on the arrival of Rising he took possession of Fort Casimir, which was surren- dered by the Dutch commandant without bloodshed, and it was rebuilt and christened Fort Trinity. An engineer named Lindstrom, who came over with Rising, made a map of Swedes River, on which the following places on the eastern side were named : "Cape May, which is still so called; ABtvehoens River in Indian, called in Swedish Kiddare Kihl, now commonly (English) Prince Maur- ice Elver; Fogelsland, Sw., now Egg Island; Sepahacking, or Co- han/.y Greek, the Indian name being retained in English ; Bolter Biver, now Atlevas (Allovoways?), or Oliver's Creek; Aeamohacking, OijfscB- Bing, Wootsessungsing, Ind. ; Eltsborg, Sw., now Elsingborg; Warken'a Kihl in Dutch, Hog Creek in Bug., now Salcm Creek; Obiaquabosit, Ind., now Pennsneck ; Kagkikanizackius Kihl, Ind.; Aldman's Kihl, Sw,, now Oldman's Creek; Memiraco, Narriticon, Ind., now Baccoon Creek. (N.B. — This name has undergone various changes; Merairaco, Baccoon, Bacunn, Narraticon, Araratcung, Batcung.) Mackle's Kihl, now Manto's Creek; Piscozaokaaing's Kihl, Ind., now Woodbury Creek ; Tetamekanek/. Kihl, Ind., now Timber Creek ; Arwaraes, Tekoke, Te- kaacho, Hermaomissing, Ind,; Fort Nassau in Holland, now Gloucester Point," 1 From the time that Fort Casimir was taken by Di- rector Rising, and the Dutch thus practically expelled from New Sweden, the Hollanders at New Amster- dam began to make preparations for retaliation. Their plans were matured, and in 1665 Governor Peter Stuy- vesant, with seven vessels and from six hundred to seven hundred men from New Amsterdam, sailed up the river, encamped one night at the abandoned and decayed Fort Elfsborg, then sailed past Fort Trinity, landed and invested that fort, which, after a delay of a day, surrendered. Thence the Hollanders marched ,p,gainst Fort Christina, which also surrendered with- out resistance. Thus terminated the Swedish author- ity on the Delaware. Ferris says, "The war now brought to an issue by the vigorous hand of Stuyvesant was, in many respects, a singular one. It was waged by the most powerful fleet and army that had ever been engaged in North America. It was prosecuted by a skillful, experi- enced general, and finally closed without the loss of a single victim on either side." Of the customs of the Swedes an intelligent and observing countryman of theirs (Professor Kalm), who resided some time among them in New Jersey, relates in substance: "They had neither tea, coflfee, chocolate, nor sugar, and were too poor to buy any intoxicating drinks, or vessels to distill them in. The first settlers drank at table, as a substitute for tea, a decoction of sassafras, and even as late as 1748 they mixed the tea they then used with all sorts of herbs, so that it no longer deserved the name of tea. For a long time they continued to make their candles and soap from bayberry bushes. Their buckwheat cakes, which were a standard dish, were baked in frying- pans, or on stones. The men wore caps, breeches, and vests of the skins of various animals. The women wore jackets and petticoats of the same ma- terials. Their beds, except the sheets, were composed of. the skins of wolves, bears, panthers, and other beasts, with which the woods once abounded. They made their own leather for shoes and other articles, dyeing it red with chestnut bark, or the moss of a cer- tain tree not now known, or black with a preparation of common field-sorrel." Among the customs men- tioned by Kalm, as peculiar to some of the settle- ments on the banks of the Delaware, there was one which may be adverted to. When a man died in such circumstances that his widow could not pay his debts, if she had an ofier of a second husband she was obliged to marry him en ohemiae. In this plight, on her wedding day, she went out from her former house to that of her new spouse, who met her half- way with a full suit of clothes, which he presented to her, saying he only rented them, because had he given « ^ AcreliuB, p. 69. GENERAL HISTORY. them to her the creditors of the first husband might take them from her. Until the English arrived the Swedes bathed regu- larly every Saturday. Christmas they celebrated with various games, and by serving up certain pecu- liar dishes at table, as was customary in old Sweden. They made their cart and wagon wheels by sawing thick sections out of liquidambar-trees, but when the English came they began to use spokes and fel- loes of white- and Spanish-oak. They made their bedposts of sassafras wood to keep away the bugs. Holly-leaves, dried and bruised in a mortar, they used as a cure for the pleurisy. Against the ague they employed the root of the tulip-tree, the bark of the dogwood, the yellow bark of the peach, the leaves of the potentilla reptans, and several other indigenous preparations which they adopted from the Indians. As an anti-febrile they sometimes tied wisps of mullein or Indian tobacco around their arms and feet. The root of the bayberry-tree they used as a cure for the toothache. Kalm says, "The house of the first Swedish set- tlers was very indifferent. It consisted of but one room ; the door was so low as to require one to stoop to enter. Instead of window-panes of glass they had little holes, before which a sliding-board was put, or on other occasions they had isinglass. The crevices between the logs were filled with clay, the chimneys in a corner were generally of gray sandstone, or for want of it sometimes of mere clay ; the ovens were in the same room. They had at first separate stables for the cattle, but after the English came and set the example they let their cattle suffer in the open win- ter air." CHAPTER IV. DUTCH REGIME. Although Swedish historians have complained of tlie grievousness and afflictive character of the sub- jugation of the Swedes to the authority of the Dutch, it does not appear to have been in reality afflictive or grievous to them. They were for a time cut off from as frequent intercourse with the mother-country as before, but their rights were scrupulously respected, and in the exercise of their religious beliefs they were left wholly free. In his mortification at the loss of the colony, Rising sought to induce the Swedish govern- ment to undertake the reconquest of the country, and endeavored to make the impression that the Swedish colonists were badly treated and oppressed. As time wore on, however, this wrong impression was corrected, and in a letter from thirty-six of the principal Swedes on the Delaware it was stated, — " Since this country has ceased to be under the government of Sweden, we are bound to acknowledge and declare, /m- the take of litUh, that w« have been well and kindly treated as well hy the Dutch as by his majesty the king of England, We have always had over us good and gracious magistrates, and we live in the greatest union and harmony with each other." The Dutch were a commercial people, and the pro- motion of their trade on the Delaware was the object they sought in the recovery of their possessions from the Swedes. They cared little for land, which could be had anywhere by taking it up, and during their possession of the region they gave the Swedes only three deeds for real estate,^ — two for plantations and one for a mill, — and these were deeds of confirma- tion for the satisfaction of occupants. Many such deeds were afterwards executed by the English au- thorities. They were willing to encourage agriculture, because it tended to promote commerce; and where that encouragement depended on the easy acquisition of land they placed no restrictions on it. They wished to trade, and not to govern ; hence the lenity which they exercised. In 1656 the colony was strengthened by the acces- sion of families from New Amsterdam, who were or- dered by the government to settle in villages of six- teen to twenty families for protection against the natives, who, in the vicinity of North River, had been hostile. On retiring from the scene of his conquest, Gover- nor Stuyvesant left Deryk Smidt in charge of the settlements, but on his arrival at New Amsterdam he commissioned Johan Paul Jaquet as Governor. From all their, municipal regulations it appears evident that the Dutch were not desirous of strength- ening their colonies by filling them with a vigorous population. They appear to have acted more in fear that the presence of such a population among the Indians would interfere with their trade than in the hope that it would give support in time of danger. " Present gain seems to have closed their eyes to fu- ture evils, and blinded them to the fact that a very extensive fertile country could not be long retained for the benefit of a mere trading company." After having been established in America during half a century the Dutch had only a meagre popula- tion, while the colonies in New England, in less time, had so expanded that they were crowding the Dutch from their trading-places. In April, 1657, Jaquet was superseded by Jacob Alrich, and in October, 1658, William Beekman was appointed Vice-Governor over a part of the colony. Goeran Van Dyke was made inspector over the Swedes, under the Dutch title of Schout fiscal, and an unsuccessful effort was made to gather these peo- ple from the places where they had settled and im- proved their lands into one settlement. The adminis- tration of Alrich was not marked by that liberality which characterized that of the other Dutch Gov- ernors. At that time the number of Swedish families in the colony was one hundred and thirty, and they consti- 10 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. tuted a majority of the population. Estimated from that basis, the European population on the Delaware in 1659 did not exceed twelve hundred. In May, 1659, Beekman, acting under orders from Stuyvesant, purchased from the Indians the land from Bambo Hook to Cape Henlopen, and erected a fort at Hoorn Kill. In this purchase no regard ap- pears to have been had for the purchase either of Godyn or of the Swedes. On the New Jersey side of the Delaware the Dutch had at this time acquired several tracts of country, and it is reasonable to suppose that the road between the colonies on the North and South Elvers was not without inhabitants. After the failure of the attempts to collect the Swedes into a settlement by themselves a more lib- eral policy was pursued, and these people quietly settled down among their Dutch neighbors, and in a few years, by family alliances, they became one people. The Swedes maintained public worship, while the Dutch had no regular ministry among them. The children of the Dutch soon came to un- derstand the religious service in the Swedish churches, and gradually they lost their Dutch character and language, so that the people became homogeneous, and in their manners and customs they were purely Swedish. Governor Alrich died in 1659, and was succeeded by Alexander Hinoyosa, who administered the gov- ernment jointly with Beekman during three years, when Hinoyosa became sole Governor under Stuy- vesant. The profits to the West India Company from its trade on the Delaware were not remunerative. The stringent regulations of the government in relation to trade were not conducive to the prosperity of the colony. It has been said, " On a review of the state of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, under the dominion of the Dutch, there is little to incline the friends of civil liberty to love or admire the gov- ernment whose sole object is pecuniary emolument. Its policy was not only mercenary but highly injurious to the civil and intellectual improvement of the in- habitants. Under the leaden sceptre of a Dutch trading company everything beautiful, and fair, and good drooped and languished. The people were dis- couraged and indolent, the lands, by nature fruitful, and offering rich returns to the diligent cultivator, were neglected and lay waste. The manners of the people were rude and unpolished, education was not promoted, the standard of morals was low, and the population, which had been gradually augmenting under the Swedish dominion, had increased but little under that of the Dutch. " The rational nature of man requires higher aspi- rations and aims than those which find their fruition in the accumulation of wealth or personal aggrandize- ment, and governments which fail to promote such aims and aspirations will end, as did the rule of the Dutch West India Company on the banks of the Del- aware, in disappointment." CHAPTER V. EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND FINAL CONQUEST BY THE ENGLISH. The successor of Peter Minuit as director-general or Governor of New Netherlands was Wouter van Twiller, who was appointed in 1633. He was suc- ceeded in 1638 by William Kieft, and he, in 1646, by Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch Governor of that province. It may here be remarked that the English never abandoned their claim to the country on which the Dutch and Swedes settled in North America. The claim to these regions was based on the discoveries of Cabot, Hudson, and others, and though its validity has been more than questioned, it was never relin- quished. The English nation has always been fertile in pretexts for claims on anything which it coveted. In 1606 James I. granted letters patent dividing that portion of the American continent which stretches from the thirty-fourth to the forty-sixth degrees of north latitude into two nearly equal dis- tricts. The south, or Virginia district, was allotted to Sir Thomas Gates, Richard Hackluyt, and others, of London, and the other to sundry knights, gentle- men, and merchants of Plymouth, Bristol, and other parts of Western England. Under this charter, and another granted to the Plymouth Company in 1620, the settlement of Virginia and New England were commenced. It is not necessary here to trace the growth of these and other colonies, or to make allusions to them, ex- cept as they are directly or remotely connected with events which transpired with the settlements on the Delaware ; and here it may be remarked that so inti- mately were the settlements on the eastern and western sides of the river connected, that the early history of the former cannot be separated from that of the latter. Early during the administration by Van Twiller of the government of New Netherland, the relations between the Dutch and English in New England be- gan to assume a threatening character. The Dutch had entered Connecticut River and established a trading-post. The expansion of the New England colony in that direction led to questions of jurisdic- tion, protests, and finally to threatened hostilities, with the result of the loss by the Dutch of the foot- hold which they had acquired there. In the year of the arrival of Director Kieft the English formed a settlement at a place which they named New Haven, but which had been called by the Dutch Roodeberg, and notwithstanding the pro- GENERAL HISTORY. 11 tests of Kieft they continued to hold possession. In addition to the lands occupied there they sought fur- ther acquisitions, and in the following year they sent an agent, Capt. Nathaniel Turner, who purchased from the Indians a tract for plantations on both sides of the river Delaware. Many of the grants from the English king appear to have been made in ignorance or forgetfulness of the limits of previous grants, and the result, in many instances, was confusion and conflict of jurisdiction. The grant to the Virginia Company had lapsed by the dissolution of that company, and a portion of the territory had been regranted, in 1632, to George Cal- vert, Lord Baltimore, and had become the province of Maryland. In 1634 a grant in favor of Sir Edmund Ployden, knight, and his associates, was made. This grant included territory bounded by a line running west- wardly from Cape May forty leagues, northwardly forty leagues, northeastwardly forty leagues ; then, "descending, touching, and including the top of Sandhoey (Sandy Hook), to the promontory of Cape May aforesaid." This grant included portions of Maryland and of the territory of New England, and all these grants wholly ignored the title of the Dutch. This grant was ample and full in the title to the lands conveyed ; and in the powers which it conferred on Sir Edmund Ployden, it was, to say the least, ex- traordinary. He was constituted county palatine, with the title of Earl Palatine of Albion or of the province of New Albion in America, and invested with, in some respects, almost regal authority. He was empowered to ordain laws under certain circum- stances, and to create barons, baronets, and knights of his palatinate. It was also provided that all per- sons, goods, wares, or merchandise intended for the iettlement of the palatinate should be shipped with- out tax or duty, with only a license from the king's treasurer, and that all goods and merchandise ex- ported from the province might, for the space of ten years, be sold in any part of the kingdom without the payment of any tax or duty whatever. It was also provided that no tax or custom should thereafter be imposed on any of the inhabitants, lands, goods, chattels, merchandise, etc., within the province. It does not appear that the rights derived from this patent were exercised during the reign of James or the first Charles, but that they were during the Rev- olution. It was said in the patent that the region had already been " amply and copiously peopled with five hundred persons ;" but this is doubtful. An as- sociation of " lords, baronets, knights, merchants, and planters, forty-four in number, was formed, and they engaged to send for settlement in the province three thousand able-trained men." Mulford says,' "In the year 1641 the earl made an attempt to carry out the projected plan, and for 1 History of New Jeraey, p, 69, et 8eq. its better success attended the enterprise in person. He conducted a company into the province, though it would seem that but a small part of the promised number of men were in actual attendance. Either from the smallness of his force or from some other cause the earl did not succeed in hia endeavors to establish a settlement, but he remained in the country, and engaged in exploring his province. The whole extent was divided into several manors, and these, being dignified with well-chosen names, served to give titles to each member of the earl palatine's family. Thus there were the son and heir appar- ent, and Governor, Francis, Lord Ployden, baron of Mount Royal, an extensive manor on Elk River, and Thomas, Lord Ployden, high admiral, baron of Roy- mount, a manor on the Delaware Bay in the vicinity of Lewistown, and the Lady Winifrid, baroness of Uvedale in Webb's Neck. "Almost at the same time with the arrival of the earl a company of persons entered the province with a view to effect a permanent settlement therein. This was the body sent out by the New Haven colony to take possession of the lands upon the Del- aware that had been purchased by Capt. Turner, as has heretofore been mentioned. They were instructed to act in close connection with the mother colony ; they were to plant the lands and engage in trade, and were also to establish churches in gospel order and purity. "The company, consisting of near fifty families, sailed in a vessel belonging to one Lamberton, a merchant of New Haven, and Robert Cogswell was commander. They touched at Fort Amsterdam on their voyage, and the authorities at that place be- came thus apprized of the nature of the object they had in view. Governor Kieft was too much alive to the movements of the Euglish to look with indiffer- ence upon the present attempt, and he at once pro- tested against it. The English commander replied that it was not their intention to settle under any government, if any other place could be found, but that should they settle within the limits of the States- General they would become subject to the govern- ment. The company then proceeded. They finally reached a place which they selected for a settlement not far from the Delaware on a small stream called Varcken'sKill.' " Whether these settlers were at all aware of the rights and claims of the Earl Palatine of Albion at the time they entered the province is unknown, but finding him in the country, as the holder of a grant from the English crown, they were ready to submit to his rule, and hence, upon being visited by persons commissioned by the Earl, they swore fealty to him as the Palatine of Albion. "But the company had not long been settled in their new situation before they found themselves in 2 otherwise called Hog Creek, now Salem Creek. 12 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. need of the aid and protection which their present ruler was in no condition to give. "Their settlement had been observed by Jan Jans- sen Van Ilpendam, the Dutch commandant, who re- sided on the Delaware at Fort Nassau, and informa- tion of what was passing was soon transmitted to the director at Fort Amsterdam. Kieft immediately ordered that two vessels should be prepared and dis- patched to the Delaware with orders to visit the Eng- lish and to reduce or disperse the colony. This order was speedily obeyed ; the Dutch made an entrance upon the settlement, took possession of the goods, burned the houses, and detained a number of the people as prisoners. " The Swedes who were established upon the Dela- ware gave aid and assistance to the Dutch in this attack upon the English colony. " After a period an attempt was made from another direction for the purpose of establishing a colony within the province of New Albion. " The storm of political agitation was now arising in England, and its violence had already become such as to shake the State and the throne. The minds of men were ill at ease, and such as were dis- posed to seek tranquillity and peace rather than to share in the danger, the glory, and the guilt of the coining strife, were anxious to find an asylum in some distant land. A number of ' knights and gentlemen' who were thus disposed associated together and chose one of their company to visit the English plantations in America and select a place for a settlement. The individual thus chosen was Beauchamp Plantagenet. He proceeded at once upon his errand, and after ex- tensive travel in the several colonies finally fixed on the province of New Albion. He made application to the Lord Governor, then in the country, and ob- tained, under the seal of the province, a grant of ten thousand acres of land. This tract was called the Manor of Belvill. Some time afterwards Plantagenet returned in order to attend the removal of his com- panions, and nearly at the same time the Earl Pala- tine also departed from the province, being obliged to return to England for aid and supplies. Upon their arrival in Europe the Earl Palatine and Plantagenet again met, and they then exerted themselves to revive the energies of the New Albion Company. For this purpose Plantagenet wrote and published ' A Descrip- tion of the Province of New Albion,' dedicating it to the officers and members of the company, the writer himself having become a member of the body." This was written in 1648, and the resources of the province were thus described by him : " 1. Here by bringing good Labourers, and Trades- men, the provident planters may doe well by giving shares or double wages, when each man may earn his five, nay sixe shillings a day in Tobacco, Flaxe, Rice. " 2. For here the ship-carpenters ten men a day will build a tun of shipping as in England, which with masts and yards there taken is here, and there worth** a tun, and yet here and there is built at \l. a tun wages, which is 6«. a day's work, having the Tim- ber without money. " 3. Here in 14 days they make a thousand of Pipe staves, worth here foure pound, and at the Canaries twenty pound a thousand, and so get six shillings a day's work. "4. Here in making iron they save 51. a tun in the price of wood, and 3/. more in digging the Iron mine, and saving land carriage of it, and of the charcoale for mine is taken on the Sea beach, and wood floated down the Rivers, and so each man earns 5«. lOd. a day, Iron valued at 121. per tun. " 5. Here the constant trade of 350 ships, and 7000 men a fishing beginue leave cold Newfoundland small •fish, and late taken, when this is before theirs two moneths at the market, 100 fish here yeelds four quintales, there scarce one, and here is fish all the year, there but only in the four warm months, and is for nine weeks' work each man above his diet, passage, and returne, gets twenty pound, and twelve pound a man, and herein dried Base, in Sturgeon, in dressed Mackrell, Herrings, and Pilchers, is got as well as in Cod-fish, sixe shil. and eight shil. a day, and this re- turns ready French and Spanish coin. " 6. Here the glorious ripeiling sunne as warm as Italy or Spain, will bring rare fruits, wines, and such store of Aniseseed and Licoras, as well as Bay-salt made without boyling, only in pans with the sun, that each labourer may mak 6 bushels a day, worth in these three 12s. a day, and this maiden soyl, so comforted with the suns glittering beams, and being digged, and set with the Indian Wheat, and their Beans and Pease, with 40«. charge in 41 days' work with seed, yields 10 quarters an acre, the same Wheat being ten times as big and weighty as ours, besides Potatoes, Wood, Madder, Roots, and many Plants, and Tobacco, will yield half a tun of flax, and a tun of Hemp, worth 111. an acre, and 6«. a day's work. " 7. Here as in Province in Prance, Walnut Milk or Oyle ground and pressed, will yield the gatherer ten gallons, and 10s. a day's work. "8. Here the Land lieth covered seven moneths with Beech, and Oke Mast, walnuts, chestnuts, and three moneths with groundnuts, Seg and other roots, and wild Pease, and fetches yearly, so as forty Hogs for one, and Ninety Turkeys, Partridges, Heathpoults, and some Poultry, eating their fill, for once ordinary increased. "9. Here the Sope and Potashes men paying in England lid. a bushel and id. carriage for ashes, and 20^. a tun for Pot-ashes, may make them at a quarter and lesse, and get 8s. a day's work, by cutting, reek- ing, and burning whole plains of fern. Brambles, and wilde Vines, being thrice as strong as Wood-ashes. " 10. Here a ship may goe, and return in five moneths laded, and comfortable, see their friends, making two voyages a year, in a healthy ayre, free from Enemies and Turks, and get two for one each GENERAL HISTORY. 13 voyage ; that is, four for one, of that stock, and pro- ceed in a year. " 11. Here the kinde Gentleman that in England doth not live without deep mortgages, suretyship, law-suits and troubles, may here settle, and avoid ill company, and tempting occasions, and live in plenty, and variety of all sorts, hunting Deere, hawking fowl, fishing, and many more sports, and sorts of game, as with dainty fruits; and lay up his spare rents. "12. Here the Soldier, and gentleman wanting em- ployment, and not hire to labor, without going to war to kil Christians for 5s. a week in the mouth of the roaring cannon, or in a siege threatened with famine, and pestilence: and often together against a few naked saviages, may like a devout Apostoliqued sol- dier with sword, and the world to civilize, and con- vert them to be his Majesties Lieges, and by trading with them for furs, get his ten shillings a day, and at home intermixing sport and pleasure, with profit, store his Parks with Elks and fallow Deer, are fit to ride, milke or drawe, the first as big as oxen, and bringing three a year, and with five hundred Turkeys in a flock got by nets, in stalling get his five shil. a day at least.'' " To excite the greater interest a sort of order of knighthood was instituted with a view to enlist per- sons to go to the province and engage in efforts for the conversion of the natives to the Christian faith. Those who should devote themselves to this service were to be associated under the name and title of ' The Albion Knights of the Conversion of the Twenty-three Kings.' This title had reference to the number of Indian kings supposed to be living and ruling within the province. But all these efforts fell short of their object. The ' three thousand able and trained men' were never enlisted, and no one of the Albion Knights of the Conversion ever arrived at the field of labor, nor did the Earl Palatine himself or his coadjutor, Plantagenet, find a fit opportunity again to visit the province. " What number of persons ever resided in New Albion under the Palatine's rule, or what was their condition, is but imperfectly known. A fort called Eriwoneck was erected upon the Delaware, near the mouth of the Pensaukin, and this post was held during the greater part of the earl's sojourn by a small body of men. The New Haven colony was said to consist of near fifty families, and there were also a few traders from Virginia residing at different places. These companies, together with the people on the Isle of Plowdeb, or Long Island, made up the population of the Palatine's province. One of the manors, called Watcessit, was selected as the princi- pal residence of the earl, and this, it may be supposed, was the seat of authority. A plan of government was also fully devised ; as described by Plantagenet it was different in some respects from that laid down in the patent. A particular notice of its provisions may not be necessary, as it was never brought into actual operation, but its general character is worthy of notice. It was mild and liberal in temper. " In religious matters the most entire freedom was given. Some fundamental doctrines, as well as cer- tain forms, were to be settled by acts of Parliament ; yet dissent was not to be punished. Indeed, all rail- ing against any one on account of religion was deemed an offence, for it was said, ' this argument or persuasion in religious ceremonies or church disci- pline should be acted in mildness, love, charity, and gentle language.' This noble sentiment, carried out as it was to have been into actual practice, gives one of the finest as well as earliest examples of religious toleration known to the world. In regard to this particular, full justice has not been done to the law- giver of New Albion. Williams and Calvert have been lauded, and justly lauded, as being the first to remove the shackles of religious intolerance, and give full liberty to the mind of man in the com- munion it holds with its Great Creator. Williams was doubtless the first to proclaim the principle ' that the civil magistrate has no right to restrain or direct the consciences of men.' Calvert followed closely in his track. To these men let honor be given. But they have been represented as standing entirely alone until the appearance of Penn. This is not just or true. Ployden may not have advanced to the same point; he retained the shadow of a state religion, but he offered the fullest freedom and the fullest pro- tection to all, and gave his voice in favor of mildness, charity, and love. Though his designs were not suc- cessful, though the work he projected fell short of completion, yet he deserves to be ranked with the benefactors of our race, and New Albion is entitled to a higher place in the history of human progress than is often allotted to greater and more fortunate States. " No collision, nor, indeed, any intercourse, is known to have occurred between the authorities of New Albion and New Netherland. The attack of the Dutch upon the settlement at Varcken's Kill led to no further hostilities. " After that occurrence, and the retirement of the forces that had been sent from Manhattan, Van Ilpen- dam, the commandant of Fort Nassau, continued at his post, and he was directed by Kieft to take care and preserve dominion, and to defend the honor of the high and mighty States, and of the Honorable West India Company. But however necessary this vigilance may have been to prevent the advancement of others, it was scarcely required toward the Earl Palatine, of Albion. If possessed of any ability, he was little disposed to a hostile movement in oppo- sition to the Dutch. In their late aggression the blow had been aimed at New Haven rather than New Albion, and in addition to this the Earl was less ap- prehensive as to the principal actors in the move- ment than as to their accessories. He is reported to 14 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. have said that ' he would have no misunderstanding with th'e Dutch, though he was much offended with, and bore a grudge against, the Swedes.' " In 1660 Charles II. recovered the throne of his ancestors. Early in his reign circumstances tended to disturb the friendly relations that had subsis- ted between England and Holland. In addition to the European rivalries and jealousies, which tended to weaken the friendship between the two nations, it is believed that Charles II. for once ex- tended his vision beyond the scene of his personal gratifications, and looked with a covetous eye on that portion of the American coast between the English possessions in New England and the south that had been settled and held by the Dutch. In March, 1664, he executed to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, a charter containing a grant of the region between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the eastern shore of the Delaware. In June of the same year, and before possession had been attempted, the Duke of York conveyed the ter- ritory of New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret by an instrument in the following form : " This Indenture, made the three-and-twentieth day of Jane, in the sixteenth year of the Raigne of oar Sovereign Lord Chales the Second, by the Grace of God of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Anno Bomine 1664. Between his Royal High- ness James, Dnke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster, Lord High Ad- miral of England and Ireland, Constable of Dover Castle, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Governor of Portsmouth, of the one part, John Lord Berkely, Baron of Stratton, and one of his majesty's most honor- able privy council, and Sir George Carteret, of Satturm, in the County of Devon, knight, and one of his majesty's most honorable privy coun- cil, of the other part, Witneseeth ; that the said James, Dake of York, for and in consideration of the sum of ten shillings of lawful money of England, to him in hand paid, by these presents doth bargain and sell unto the said John Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret all that tract of land adjacent to New England, and lying and being to the westward of Long Island. Bounded on the east part by the main sea and part of Hudson Biver, and hath upon the west Delaware Bay or Biver, and ex- teudelh southward to the main ocean, as far as Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, and to the northward as far as the northernmost branch of said bay or river of Delaware, which is in forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude, and worketh over thence in a straight line to Hudson's River, which said tract of land is hereafter to be called by the name or names of Nova Cesarea or New Jersey." In addition to the consideration of ten shillings an annual rent of "one pepper corn" was to be paid on the day of the nativity of St. John the Baptist, if legally demanded. It is said that the name New Jersey was given in compliment to Carteret, who had defended the island of Jersey against the Long Par- liament in the civil wars. In the latter part of 1664, without any formal decla- ration of war, a small English fleet and some land forces arrived before New Amsterdam, and demanded its surrender, which Governor Stuyvesant, in conse- quence of the defenseless state of the place, was com- pelled to yield. Sir Robert Carr was at once ordered to proceed to the Delaware and bring into subjection the settlers there. He was instructed to call on the Governor of Maryland and all other English in that vicinity, if necessary, for assistance ; but on his arrival Fort Cas- simir was quietly surrendered, and the province came under the control of the English by the following stipulations : "Articles of agreement between the Honourable Sir Robert Carr, knight, on behalf of his majesty of Great Britain, and the Burgomas- ters on behalf of themselves and all the Dutch and Swedes inhabiting on Delaware Bay and Delaware River. " 1. That all the burgesses and planters will submit themselves to his msyesty without any resistance. "2. That whoever, or what nation soever, doth submit to his majesty's authority shall be protected in their estates, real and personal, whatso- ever by his majesty's laws and justice. " 3. That the present magistrates shall be continued in their offices and jurisdictions to exercise their civil power as formerly. " 4. That if any Dutchman or other person shall desire to depart from this river it shall be lawful for him to do so, with his goods, within six months after the date of these articles. * " 6. That the magistrates and all the inhabitants who are included in these articles shall take the oath of allegiance to his majesty. "6. That all people shall eiyoy the liberty of their consciences in church discipline as formerly. " 7. That whosoever shall take an oath is from that time a free deni- zen, and shall enjoy all the privileges of trading into any of bis maj- esty's dominions as freely as any Englishman, and may require a certifi- cate for so doing. " 8. That the schont, the burgomaster, sheriff, and other inferior mag- istrates shall use and exercise their customary power in administration of justice within their precincts for six months, or until his majesty's pleasure is further known. Dated October 1st, 1664." CHAPTER VL ENGLISH EEGIME. Thus terminated the rule of the Dutch on the Delaware. As before stated, they had done nothing to promote agricultural improvement. All tlieir efforts had been directed towards the protection of the odious monopoly of the West India Company. These efforts had been ineflScient, and a door was thus left open for the clandestine trade of the smuggling adventurer. This trade had been so extensively car- ried on by the settlers, that while it constituted their chief source of revenue, the profits of legitimate commerce did not pay the expenses of its prosecution. When the weak government of the Dutch was suc- ceeded by the more efficient rule of the English, this illicit trade was more effectually prevented ; and tliui! was cut off the chief source of the little business that had animated the cheerless lives of the inhabitants. Acrelius says, "When the English government commenced all were summoned to New York to re- ceive deeds for the land which they' had either taken up or intended to take up. A part of the inhabitants took deeds, others gave themselves no trouble about the matter. The people lived in great quiet, but ex- treme indolence. No agriculture, no trade was pur- sued, more than was necessary to supply their absolute wants." On the west side of the Delaware the- territory was under the control of the Duke of York, of whom it GENERAL HISTORY. 15 has been said he " was perhaps the weakest of the weak and unhappy family of the Stuarts." The Gov- ernors of the New York colony were the rulers here, und it is not too much to say that the people had never before been subjected to a more tyrannical government. One of these, Governor Lovelace, said, " As for the poor deluded sort, I think the advice of their own countryman is not to be despised ; who, knowing their temper well, prescribed a method for keeping them in order, which is severity, and laying such taxes on them as might not give them liberty to en- tertain any other thoughts but how to discharge them.'' The charter granted by Charles the Second to the Duke of York granted all " The rents, revenues, and profits of the premises, and all our estate, right, title, and interest therein ; and we do further grant unto the said James, the Duke of York, his lieirB, deputies, agentSy commieeionere, and assigns, full and absolute power and authority to correct, punish, par- don, govern, and rule all such person or persons as shall, from time to time, adventure themselves into any of the parts or places aforesaid, and to establish such laws, orders, and ordinances as may be thought necessary, so that they be not contrary to, but as near as conveniently may be agreeable to the laws, statutes, and government of the realm of England.'* The grant from the Duke to Berkeley and Carteret conveyed to them all his rights and powers " in as full and ample a manner" as he had received them ; and thus, says Gordon, " even with the light which had been stricken forth by the extraordinary politi- cal concussions of the passing century, the allegiance and obedience of freemen were made transferable, and, as if they were serfs, attached to the soil." After the British revolution of 1688 the ministers of William the Third recognized a hereditary, but not a commercial transmission of governmental powers like these. In the case of New Jersey the evil worked its own remedy. The Proprietaries became greatly multiplied, and governmental functions came to be so inconvenient that they were gladly surrendered to th& crown. Although the first Proprietaries of New Jersey were invested with such ample powers they did not evince a desire or design to use them improperly,; they were liberal, or sagacious, or both. There had been a long period of agitation in England, during which people had been led to investigate the true principles of civil and religious liberty, and in Amer- ica popular opinion and feeling was still further ad- vanced. The object of some of the emigrants from the mother-country had been the fuller enjoyment of civil liberty and freedom of conscience, and although they had not in "fevery instance carried out the spirit of the original object, although those who termed themselves exiles for conscience' sake had sought to hold in bondage the consciences of others, and al- though the robe of the Puritan had become red with the blood of the Quaker, the general tendency was toward popular freedom. Discerning minds were able to foresee that permanence was only to be ex- pected in those governments which recognized this tendency, and provided for the enjoyment by the people of that freedom to which they had come to consider themselves entitled. Berkeley and Carteret probably perceived and understood this tendency, and in the fundamental law which they prescribed for their province they recognized the rights and privileges of the people to an extent that had not pre- viously been done. This fundamental law or consti- tution was entitled " The ConcessioB and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caes- area, or New Jersey, to and with all and every of the adventurers, and all such as shall settle or plant there." Space will not permit a detail of the provisions of this constitution. It provided for the election by the people of a General Assembly, and on this Assem- bly alone was conferred the power of imposing taxes. The Governor and Council were by a prohibitory article forbidden to impose, or suffer to be imposed, any tax, custom, subsidy, tollage, assessment, or any other duty whatsoever, upon any color or pretense. Justice was administered by popular tribunals, and an almost unlimited privilege of appeal was given. Entire freedom of conscience was guaranteed to every peaceable citizen. It has been said of this, it " was truly a constitu- tion, an unalterable, paramount law, prescribing and regulating the duties and powers of the agents of the government, whether legislative, executive, or judi- cial, whilst all the provisions of the instrument of 1776 save three are placed at the will of the Legisla- ture. What more was necessary, save the perpetuity of the laws, to assure the people all the blessings of political union? No laws were in force, save for one year, without the assent of the Lords Proprietors. But laws which did not infringe their interests would com- monly receive their assent, and, when it was refused, at the worst, the Assembly was compelled to re-enact such laws annually. It was, indeed, a singular com- petition which these Proprietary governments pro- duced, in which despotic sovereigns and speculative legislators were compelled by interest to vie with each other in the production of models of liberty, and in offering to their subjects the most effectual securities against arbitrary government. The compe- tition was the noble though compulsory sacrifice to the great and divine principle that man in the ag- gregate is competent to promote his own happiness." The executive power was reserved to the Proprie- taries. They sought to attract hither settlers by lib- eral offers of land, as well as by the establishment of a free and popular government. To all persons coming to the province, with a view of settling in it, allotments of land were offered, proportioned to the earliness of their immigration, and to the number of servants or slaves that they kept. They were to main- tain one able-bodied male servant for every hundred acres of land which they held, and to pay a quit-rent of a half-penny per acre after 1670. These quit-rents 16 HISTORY OF aLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. were regarded as the private estate of the Proprietors, and the public expenses were to be defrayed by gen- eral contribution. These quit-rents were subsequently a source of serious difficulty. Philip Carteret, a brother of Sir George, was ap- pointed by the Proprietaries first Governor of their province. Before his arrival circumstances arose which gave much embarrassment subsequently. Gov- ernor Nicolls, of the province of New York, was not aware of the grant to the Proprietaries, but supposed himself Governor of the entire territory. He took measures to promote the settlement of the colony, and some of the colonists located in New Jersey, and purchased land there from the natives, but Governor Carteret assumed the duties of his office on his ar- . rival, and Governor Nicolls reluctantly surrendered the position. The titles that had been thus acquired under the authority of Governor Nicolls, conflicted to some extent, with those granted by the Proprietaries. Privileges had been granted by Nicolls different from those of the Proprietaries' grantees, and the result of the disagreements was an insurrection, which, after a time, led to the retirement of Gov- ernor Carteret. In the controversy which thus arose, the Duke of York exhibited his characteristic weak and vacillating character. The first legislative assembly met in 1668, and completed the work of the session in four days. The reconquest by the Dutch of their old possessions here, and their repossession by the English, are mat- ters of history not especially important in the history of this part of the State. After the restoration of their possessions to the English some doubt arose as to whether the title of the Proprietaries was or was not destroyed by the reconquest, and to settle this doubt the Duke of York executed a new conveyance, in almost the same terms as the first, and this was af- terward confirmed by the king. Lord Berkeley had disposed of his interest in the province, and this grant was made to Sir George Carteret alone. During a few years there was much disturbance in the province, arising primarily from the question of jurisdiction, which the weakness and vacillation of the duke tended to perpetuate. The Governors of New Netherland sought to exercise authority, and at the same time the opposition to the payment of quit- rents was another .source of serious difficulty ; what was afterwards known as East Jersey was the principal theatre of these disturbances. Governor Carteret returned from England and re- sumed the exercise of his gubernatorial functions in 1675. Up to this time no settlement had been made in West Jersey under the Duke of York's grant. The sect of Quakers had arisen in England, and they had become the subjects of great persecution and oppression there. This is not the proper place to enter into a discussion concerning the conduct of these people, or of those who persecuted and op- pressed them. While the latter can never escape the just censure of the civilized world for their intoler- ance and bigotry, it is probably true of the former that a portion of them, in the early period of the ex- istence of the sect, did much by their extravagance and fanaticism to provoke the exercise of the odious spirit of intolerance which was then so prevalent. It was said of some of these people, and probably with equal truth and severity, that they rushed with frantic zeal to New England in quest of persecution at the hands of the Puritans, who had before fled from Eng- land in quest of a field for the free exercise of their intolerant spirit. The toleration of their principles was less the object of their desire than the victorious spread of them. " But there were others," says Gra- hame,' " of more moderate temper and more enlight- ened piety, who, willing fully to sustain the character of the primitive Christians, justly deemed this char- acter in no way inconsistent with that conduct which was expressly prescribed to the objects of their imi- tation in the divine direction that, when persecuted in one city they should flee to another. Disturbed in their religious assemblies, harassed and impover- ished by fines and imprisonments, and withal contin- ually exposed to a violent removal from their native land, as a consequence of a line of conduct which they held it their duty to pursue, they were led to meditate the advantage of a voluntary expatriation with their families and their substance, and naturally cast their eyes on that transatlantic realm which, notwithstanding the severities once inflicted on some of their brethren in some of its provinces, had always presented an asylum to the victims of persecution. Their regards were fiirther directed to this quarter by the number of their fellow sectaries who were now es- tablished in several of the North American States, and the freedom, comfort, and tranquillity which they were reported there to enjoy.'' At this time Lord Berkeley became alarmed at the spirit of insubordination which the planters of New Jersey manifested, and dissatisfied with the pecuni- ary prospects of his adventure. He therefore offered his interest in the province for sale. It was not long before he received from two Quakers, John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge, a satisfactory offer, and in 1674 he conveyed his interest to Fenwick in trust for him- self and Byllinge. A difficulty arose between these purchasers, the precise nature of which is not known, and, as a resort to the law was repugnant to the prin- ciples of the Quakers, the matter was submitted to the arbitrament of William Penn, who had then come to occupy a conspicuous position among the leaders in the society. He awarded one-tenth of the purchase to Fenwick and the remainder to Byllinge, and al- though Fenwick was at first dissatisfied with the de- cision he at length assented to it, and in 1675 he, with his family, sailed in the ship " Griffith" for his newly- purchased territory. Among those who came with 1 HiBtory of North America, vol. il. p. 278. GENEKAL HISTOKY. 17 him were Edward Champneys, his son-in-law, Edward Wade, Samuel Wade, John Smith and wife, Samuel Nicholson, Richard Guy, Richard Noble, Richard Hancock, John Pledger, Hipolite Lefever, John Mal- lock, and others masters of families. He also brought many servants, and with him came Samuel Hedge, who afterwards married his daughter Anne, and John Adams, who had married his daughter Elizabeth. The " Griffith" was the first English ship that came to West Jersey after its purchase by the Friends, and no other came during two years. Before his depar- ture he gave to John Eldridge and Edmund Warner a lease for a thousand years of his portion, with dis- cretionary power to sell, as security for the payment of money loaned him. The party settled at Salem, and Fenwick soon purchased from the Indians a large tract of country. He proceeded to make grants of land, and assumed authority as Chief Proprietor. Byllinge was a merchant, and in the prosecution of his business became involved in losses, so that it be- came necessary to make an assignment of his interest in the province for the benefit of his creditors. The province had been acquired with a view of afl!brding a place of settlement for the persecuted Quakers, and it was desirable that it should be so held that they might derive from it the contemplated benefit. It was therefore assigned to three members of the sect, — William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas. The assignment was executed by Fenwick and Byl- linge, and conveyed nine undivided tenth parts of the province for the benefit of the creditors of the latter. This had been done before the departure of Fenwick from England. After his arrival difficulty arose from an unexpected quarter. Although the first grant of the Duke of York had been confirmed, Edmund Andross, whom the duke had appointed Governor of New York, claimed jurisdiction here, and having been informed by Edmund Cantwell, his collector of customs at New Castle, of the doings of Fenwick on the east side of the Delaware, an order was sent for his arrest, and he was forcibly taken and carried to New York ; but after an exhibition of his authority he was released and allowed to return. Meantime measures for the more general settlement of the province were adopted. Many of the creditors of Byllinge accepted lands from the assignees in sat- isfaction of their claims, and other parties made pur- cliases. That the province might be settled and governed with greater facility, it was desirable that a division should be made with Carteret. In order that this might be the more readily effected, Eldridge and Warner, the lessees of Fenwick, conveyed the one- tenth to Penn, Lawrie, and Lucas, who were thus enabled to make the partition with Carteret A di- vision was agreed on, and the agreement was ratified bv an instrument known, from the number of persons engaged in the transaction, as the " Quintipartite 2 Deed." This deed, which was executed July 1, 1676, defined the line of division as extending across the province from Little Egg Harbor to a point on the Delaware at the forty-first degree of latitude, and the two parts were called respectively East and West Jersey. After the partition Byllinge and his trus- tees reconveyed to Eldridge and Warner, in fee, that which they had held by lease, and thus Fenwick was cut off from the shadow of a title which re- mained to him after he had leased his portion. Difficulty arose with Fenwick in consequence of this, and commissioners were appointed to settle it. Pending the settlement the Proprietary government in West Jersey was established. This scheme of government was originally devised by Penn and his immediate associates, but it was sub- mitted to other Proprietaries, as they acquired inter- ests, and received their sanction. It was promulgated March 3, 1676, and was termed "The Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders, and In- habitants of the Province of West Jersey in Amer- ica." The provisions of the instrument were re- garded as fundamental, and were declared unalterable. It was provided that they should be read at the open- ing and dissolution of each General Assembly, and " also to be read, in a solemn manner, four times a year, in every hall of justice within the province." The liberality of the concessions of the original proprietors, Berkeley and Carteret, have been spoken of, but, as Field says, — " The couceaBioDS of the proprietors of West Jersey were still more liberal. A more beautiful fabric of free government was never reared. It should be forever embalmed in the memory of Jerseymen. No man nor number of men upon earth, such is its language, have power or au- thority to rule over men's consciences in religious matters, therefore it is agreed and ordained that no person or persons whatsoever, within said province, shall at any time hereafter, in any way or upon any pre- tence whatsoever, be called in question, or in the least punished or hurt, either in person, privilege, or estate, for the sake of his opinion, judge- ment, faith, or worship in matters of religion. Never was there a more comprehensive act of religious toleration, and never was it violated, either in its letter or its spirit. That could be said of the Quakers of New Jersey which could not be said of the Puritans of New England, ' They had suffered persecution and learned mercy.' " Again, the instrument set forth, " It being intended and resolved, by the help of the Lord and these our concessions, that every person inhabiting the said province shall, as far as in us lies, be free from op- pression and slavery." Grahame says of these concessions that they entitle their authors to a large share in the honor of plant- ing civil liberty in America, and Penn and some of his colleagues said, in alluding to them, " There we lay a foundation for after ages to understand their liberty, as men and Christians, that they may not be brought in bondage but by their own consent, for we put the power in the people." This voluntary relinquishment of the power which they, as Proprietaries, possessed, and recognition of the right and the ability of the people to govern themselves, is the more remarkable, because it pre- 18 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. ceded by a century the assertion of that right in the declaration of American independence. It has been said that, in some respects, this scheme of government was so liberal as almost to jeopardize its safety. If its founders erred in that direction, it must be re- membered that their situation rendered them more keenly alive to the evils of oppression than to the dangers of anarchy. If it lacked vigor it gave full security to freedom. Some of its special provisions are worthy of notice, because of the strong contrast which they exhibit with the practice of other colonies, and, indeed, of this nation down to the present time. In the case of the purchase of lands from the natives no steps were to be taken till these had been visited and made fully acquainted with the wishes and de- signs of the whites, and compensation arranged and agreed on. It was also provided that, in case of in- jury to the natives, plenary satisfaction should be rendered, and in all matters of difference, wherein Indians were concerned, trial should be before six of the whites and the same number of the natives. The price of land was fixed at one penny per acre, except where it was to be laid out in towns, in which case it was to be one penny and a half. One hundred and fifty-one names were subscribed to these concessions, as follows : E. Bylynge. Bichard Smith. Edward Nethorp, John Penford. Daniel Wills. Thomas Olive. Thomas Budyard. William Biddle. Bohert Stacy. John Farriogton. William Boydou. Bichard Mew. Percjvall Towle. Mahlon Stacy. Thomas Budd. Samuel Jennins. John Lambert. William Hewliogs. George Deacon. John Thompson. Edward Bradway. Bichard Guy. James Navill. William Cantwell. FoBpe Ontstout. Machgyel Baron. Ceuip. Herman. Turrse Plese. Bobert Eemble. John Cornelise. Garret Van Jnmne. William Gill Johnson. Gawen Lawrie. William Penn. William Emley, Joshua Wright. I^icholaa Lucas. William Haig. William Peachee. Bichard Mathews. John Haracis. Francis Collins. William Kent. Benjamin Scott, Thomas Lambert. Thomas Hootoo. Henry Stacy. Aert. Jansen. John Surege. Thomas Smith. James Fearce. Edward Web. John Pledger. Bichard Wilkinson. Christopher Sanders. Ben ear e Vanhurst. William Johnson. Charles Bagley. Samuel Wade. Thomas Woodrofe. John Smith. Thomas Peirce. William Warner. Joseph Warue. Michael Lackeouse. Markas Algns. Evert Aldricks. Hendrick Everson. Jillis Tomesen. Olaas Jansen. Bichard Warean. Christopher White. Paul Doeqnel. John Maddocks. John Forrist. James Yicary. William Bumsey. Richard Bobison. Mark Beeve. Thomas Watson. Samuel Nicholson. Daniel Smith. Bichard Dauittl. William Penton. William Daniel. Bobert Zano. Walter Peitersen. Anthony Page. Andrew Bartleson. Wolley Woollison. Anthony Dickson. John Denna. • Thomas Bensun. John Paine. Bichard BufiBngton. Samuel Lovet. Barnard Devendish. Thomas Stokes. Thomas French. Isaac Marriott.* John Butcher. Isaac Smart. Andrew Thompson. Thomas Kent, Henry Jenings. Henry Stubliens. William Willis. George Haselwood. Bodger Pedrick. William Hughes. Abraham Vaohiglist. Hipolitas Lefever. William Wilkinson, Andrew Sbennock. Lanse Cornelious. Samuel Hedge. William Master. John Grubb. John Worlidge. E. Meyer. Thomas Borton. Bohert Powel. Thomas Harding. Matthew Allen. B. Bight. Godfrey Hancock. John Petty. Abraham Hewlings. John Newbold. John White. John Boberts. Johu Wood. John Gosling. Thomas Bevel. Eliazer Fenton. Samuel Oldale. William Black. Anthony Woodhouse. Geo. Hutchinson. Thomas Gardner. Thomas Eves. John Borton. John Paine, Bichard Fenimore, Thomas Schooley. Daniel Leeds. John Pancoast. Francis Beswick. William Laswall. John Snowden, Gruna Jacobson. It must be borne in mind that this government was projected while the Proprietors were still in England. Commissioners were appointed by them to superin- tend the settlement of the province and the introduc- tion of the government. These commissioners were Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Penford, Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacey, Benjamin Scott, Richard Guy, and Thomas Foulke. They (except Guy, who had come with Fenwick) came in the ship "Kent," and arrived at New Castle in August, 1676. With them came two hundred and thirty immigrants, mostly Quakers of wealth and character, who expatriated themselves be- cause of their dislike for the principles which their predecessors under Ployden had sought to transplant here. " Their minds had been enlarged by the free spirit of inquiry which preceded the great revolution, and could not again be compressed into the narrowness of acknowledging the divine right of kings, either in matters of church or state. While others, therefore, threw up at the restoration the same caps with which they had hailed the bleeding head of Charles the First, these Quakers sought an asylum in the western world, where they might nourish their deep-rooted hatred for the pageantry of monarchs and the hypocrisy of priests. It was no secret to Charles the Second that the followers of Fox entertained and avowed the most latitudinarian doctrines of government and church polity, yet, while the 'Kent' lay in the Thames, that sceptered harlequin, who was pleasuring in his barge, came alongside, asked if the passengers were Quakers, GENERAL HISTORY. 19 and where they were bound, and gave them his bless- ing. 'This last circumstance,' says Mulford, 'may seem somewhat extraordinary when we reflect that at the very time when it took p.lace thousands of the Quakers were suffering throughout Charles' domin- ions. But it was in character with the monarch, ever smooth and specious in his exterior, but in heart de- ceptive and corrupt : his character was a gilded cheat. Yet, perhaps, a blessing from him was better than a malediction, and if aught of advantage was conferred, let us not be ungrateful.' " The ' Kent' landed her passengers at the mouth of the Racoon Creek, where the Swedes had left a few scattering habitations. These not being suflBcient to accommodate them all, some took possession of cow- stalls, and apartments of that sort until other edifices could be built. From Watson's description of the Swedish houses in the olden time it seems there was little choice between them and the stalls. Each man- sion consisted of but one room, with a door so low as to require those entering to stoop, and no windows save loop-holes with sliding boards or isinglass dead- lights. Their chimneys in one corner were of gray sandstone, abjoining to which was an oven, and the cracks between the logs of which the house was built were filled with clay. These dwellings had been abandoned by the concentration of the Swedes at the now obliterated village of Repaapo, or at the ancient town of Racoon, now called Swedesborough, and it is probable, from the description, that they had been originally built by the servile Finns and Laps, who tilled the ground." The commissioners waited on Governor Andross, of New York, who claimed jurisdiction here under his commission, but who finally gave them a temporary warrant to proceed with their settlement. • Soon after the commissioners joined the settlers al- ready in the colony they purchased from the natives, in three parcels, the lands on the Delaware from the Assunpink on the north to Oldman's Creek on the south, the latter being the boundary of Fenwick's purchase. According to the record of the deed in the office of the Secretary of State in Trenton, the first purchase was made on the 10th of September, 1677, from "Katamas, Sekappio, Peanto, alias Enequeto, and Rennowighwan, Indian Sarkamarkoes," and embraced the land between Rancocas and Timber. Creeks, bounded on the east by a right line between the up- permost head of each stream. The consideration was " fforty Bix ffadome of duffels, thirty blankite, one hundred and fifty pounds of powder, thirty gunns, two hundred fiadome of wampum, thirty kettles, thirty axes, thirty small howes, thirty auls, thirty needles, thirty looking glasses, thirty paire of stockings, seaven anchors of brandy, thirty knives, thirty harres of lead, thirty six rings, thirty Jewes harps, thirty comhs, thirty bracelets, thirty bells, thirty tobacco tongs, thirty paire of eissors, twelre tobacco boxes, thirty filintes, tenne pewter spoonfuUs of paint, one hundred tash hooks, and one grosie of pipes." September 27th, of the same year, another deed was executed to the commissioners by the chiefs Mohock- sey, Tetamchro, and Apperinges for a tract " between the midstream of Oldman's creek to the southward, and the midstream of Timber creek to the northward, and bounded, to the east- ward, by a right lyne extending along the country from the uppermost head of Oldman's creek to the uppermost head of Timber creek, for the consideration of thirty match coats, twenty guns, thirty kettles, and one great one, thirty paire of hose, twenty ffado-ne of dufTels, thirty petti- coats, thirty Indian axes, thirty narrow howes, thirty harres of lead, fifteen small barrels of powder, seaventy knives, sixty paire of tobacco tongs, sixty sissors, sixty tinshaw looking glasses, seaventy combs, one hundred and twenty aul blades, one hundred and twenty fBsh hooks, two grasps of red paint, one hundred and twenty needles, sixty tobacco boxes, one hundred and twenty pipes, two hundred bells, one hundred Jews harps, and six anchors of rum." The Proprietors had sold to a company in York, and another in London, a tenth each of the West Jersey purchase, and one of these located first in the vicinity of Timber Creek, but subsequently went farther north to the vicinity of Burlington. The commissioners were empowered to make all necessary regulations for laying out and settling the colony, under the concessions, but were not to make new laws. In 1678, Fenwick was liberated at New York, and returned to Salem. He assumed authority as Proprietor, appointed officers, and demanded the submission of the people. Although the commis- sioners sent by the Proprietors forbore to interfere with him, as they had a right to do, the authorities at New York, under their assumed jurisdiction, gave orders that he should be arrested for a violation of the parole he had given on his liberation, not to at- tempt the exercise of authority here. He persisted, and was arrested and taken to New Castle. Further difficulties soon arose. Duties had been imposed by Governor Lovelace, of New York, on all goods passing up the Delaware, and the payment of these duties was rigidly enforced by Governor An- dross, who permitted no exemption " to the smallest vessel, boat, or person." The Proprietaries in Eng- land made frequent appeals to the Duke of York against the assumption of a power that reduced them to the condition of tributaries, and to escape from their importunities he appointed commissioners to examine and report in the case. By them, with the consent of the duke, the matter was referred to Sir William Jones, who, after hearing the able defense of their rights by the Quaker Proprietors, gave his decision " that having heard what hath been insisted on for his Eoyal Highness to make good the demand of five per cent, from the inhabitants of New Jersey I am not satisfied (by anything I have yet heard) that the duke can demand that or any other duty from the inhabitants of these lands; and that which makes the case stronger against his Royal Highness is that these inhabitants claim under a grant from his Royal Highness to the Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, in which grant there is no reservation of any profit or so much as jurisdiction." The Duke of York assented to this decision, and in 1680 executed another deed of confirmation, in which . he conveyed the province of West Jersey to Edward Byllinge, William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, John Eldridge, and Edmuhd Warner. This 20 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. conveyance was in such a form that, while it con- veyed the property to the above-named proprietors, it gave the powers, authorities, jurisdictions, govern- Tnents, etc., to Edward Byllinge alone, and his heirs or assigns. Byllinge failed to confirm the conces- sions of the Proprietors anew, and the government of West Jersey assumed a different form, though the spirit of the concessions was preserved. The conflict of authority, which had been still more fierce in East Jersey between Andross and the Proprietary government, was finally terminated in 1681. In his conduct during this conflict the duke was thought to exhibit a want both of honesty and capacity. The conveyance by the Duke of York to Byllinge of governmental authority had given him an appear- ance of right, which he did not resign, and which the Proprietors did not seem inclined to contest. All con- flict, however, was avoided by the election by the Pro- prietors of Byllinge as Governor of the province. He at once appointed Samuel Jennings his deputy, and he summoned an Assembly, which met Nov. 21, 1681. This Assembly declared : "ForaBmuch as it hath pleased God to bring us into this province of West New Jersey, and settle us here in safety, that we may be a people to the praise and honor of His name who hath dealt ao with ua, and for the good and welfare of our pesterity to come, we, the Governor and proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants of West New Jersey, by mutual consent and agreement, for the prevention of innovation and oppression either upon us or our posterity, and for the preservation of the peace and tranquillity of the same, and that all may be encouraged to go on cheerfully in their several places, do make and constitute these our agreements, to be as fundamentals to us and our posterity, to be held inviolable, and that no person or persons whatever shall or may make void or disannul the same upon any pretence whatever.^' The agreements or fundamentals thus adopted were fully as liberal as the former ones, and the rights of the people were even more strongly guarded, while the powers and prerogatives of the Governor and Council were more carefully limited. Says Grahame, " Of the laws that were enacted on this occasion the most remarkable feature is a provision that in all criminal cases, except treason, murder, and theft, the person aggrieved should have the power to pardon the offender, whether before or after condem- nation, a provision of a very questionable expedi- ency, but probably intended to prevent the Christian requirement of forgiveness of injuries from being evac- uated, as in most countries is practically done by the supposed municipal duty which engages a man to avenge, in his capacity of a citizen, the wrong which, as a Christian, he is commanded to forgive. . . . For the encouragement of poor but industrious laborers, who obtained the means of emigrating from Europe by indenting themselves as servants to more wealthy planters, every servant was authorized to claim from his master, at the expiration of his indenture, a set of implements of husbandry, certain articles of apparel, and ten bushels of corn. To prevent the resort of worthless and vicious characters to the province a law was soon after passed requiring every new settler. under pain of a pecuniary fine, to give satisfactory evidence to a justice of the peace that his change of residence was not the consequence of crime, or an act of fraud, but that he was reputed a person of blame- less character and a sober life. From this period till the dissolution of the Proprietary government the Assembly was annually convoked. It did not always confine itself to the exercise of the ample powers with which it was constitutionally endowed, for when Byllinge soon after proposed to deprive Jennings, the deputy Governor, of his oflBce, the Assembly inter- posed to prevent this measure, declaring that Jen- nings gave satisfaction to the people, and desiring him to retain his situation." In 1681-82 another " tenth," called, from the na- tioBality of a majority of the settlers, the Irish tenth, was taken up and settled. It was numerically termed the third tenth, and extended from Pensauken to Timber Creek. The province was, in 1682, divided into two judicial districts or counties, one of which had its seat at Burlington and the other At Salem. The people had acquiesced in the change by the last grant from the Duke of York, but they became unquiet, and began to insist on the restoration of the status under the old grants as a matter of right. By a resolution of the Assembly Governor Jennings and Thomas Budd were sent to England to negotiate for a full restoration of the government to the Proprie- tors as before. In this they were only partially suc- cessful. A new charter was given, but with no im- portant concessions. John Skene was appointed Deputy Governor, and entered on his duties in 1685; and the Assembly adjourned to " some fit and season- able time." It is positively stated by the historians Mickle and Mulford that the Assembly did not again convene till the latter part of 1692, but the following extracts seem clearly to contradict this statement. At the session of Nov. 3-12, 1692, an act was passed, the preamble to which set forth that — " Whereas, for several years past, there haih been held yearly and every year at Burlington a General Assembly at two several times in the year — viz., on the 12th day of May and on the 3d day of November, then after, and it being found by experience that the session held in Novem- ber is very inconvenient by reason," etc.i It was enacted that but one session be held an- nually. At the same session it was enacted that — " Where^, there has been several petitions exhibited to this house by the people inhabiting about Fensaukin Creek, intimating their dissatis- faction concerning the line intended for the division line between the counties of Burlington and Gloucester, and at our settiom in May Uut pint the house, having heard their petition and debated it, resolved to ap- point four of the members of the Assembly, viz., John Tatham, Thomas Gardiner, Jr., Andrew Robinson, and Daniel Leeds, to review the Place, and, according to their Discretion, to fix the line of Partition between the said counties the boundaries whereof the Persons abovesaid affixed as follows,'' 2 etc. It was therefore enacted that these boundaries should stand as fixed, " firm and inviolable from 1 Learning and Spicer, p 510. a Ibid., p. 513. GENERAL HISTORY. 21 henceforth and forever." This act was repealed at the next session of the Assembly. Another tenth, extending from Timber Creek to Oldman's Creek, had by this time been taken up, and in May, 1686, a convention was held at Gloucester, and another county, that of Gloucester, was erected and subdivided into townships, and courts were con- stituted. It included the territory from the Pen- saukin to Oldman's Creek. Mickle says, " In 1687, on account of frequent alienations and transfers, the Proprietors had become too numerous to conduct their business in their for- mer democratic manner, and accordingly a Proprie- tary Council was selected, on the fourteenth of Feb- ruary in that year, to manage all matters relating to unseated lands. This Council, the ghost of the once potent Proprietary government of West Jersey, has survived two revolutions, though there has long been but little real necessity for its continuance." In 1687, Byllinge died, and Dr. Daniel Coxe, al- ready a Proprietor, purchased from his heirs his entire interest. He assumed the title and powers of Gov- ernor, but in April, 1688, the government was surren- dered to the crown, on condition that the rights of property should be undisturbed, and the whole of New Jersey, with New York and New England, came under the authority of Edmund Andross. This change was followed by but little alteration in the administration of affairs. The same officers and laws were continued. On the 30th of March, the 30th of April, and the 16th of May, 1688, Coxe made purchases from the Indians of lands including the present counties of Cumberland and Cape May, and these purchases received the sanction of the Council of Proprietors. The Proprietary government, after a time, was resumed, as was the case in East New Jer- sey. After the revolution in England Coxe claimed full governmental authority, but the people had be- come accustomed to exercise the right of self-govern- ment to a large extent. Coxe either became disheart- ened or was tempted by an offer, and in 1691 sold his entire interest in the province to the " West Jersey Society," which was a company of forty-eight per- sons. This society assumed the government of the province, and caused the appointment of Andrew Hamilton as Governor, and in this arrangement the people acquiesced. In 1692 the Assembly convened, and at this session the acts of the people in the es- tablishment of counties was confirmed, with some alterations of limits, and the county of Cape May was erected. In 1694 further enactments were made relative to the boundaries of the counties, the election of repre- sentatives in the Assembly was directed to be by counties instead of tenths, as before, and the number in each county was prescribed. County officers, in- cluding justices, clerk and recorder, attorney, sheriff, and coroner, were appointed by the Legislature. Oaths for those having conscientious scruples were dispensed with on assuming the duties of office, and a declaration of fidelity and a profession of Christian faith was substituted. The administration of Governor Hamilton in West New Jersey was successful, but in 1697 it was brought to a close, and Jeremiah Basse was appointed by the concurrent action of the Proprietors in East and West New Jersey. Hamilton was in like manner reap- pointed in 1699. Confusion, conflict of interest, and threatened con- flict of authority in both the Jerseys made the Pro- prietors and the people quite willing to surrender the government of both provinces to the crown, and ne- gotiations for that purpose were entered into. Pend- ing these negotiations, and when they were near their consummation. King William died. The matter was resumed and perfected, however, soon after the ac- cession of Queen Anne, and on the 15th of April, 1702, the Proprietors of East and West Jersey sur- rendered, "and by these presents do surrender and yield up to our Sovereign Lady Anne, by the grace of God Queen of England, Scotland, and Ire- land, defender of the faith, all the power, authorities, and privileges of or concerning the provinces aforesaid," This surrender was, of course, made on such con- ditions as secured the civil interests and property of the Proprietors and people. A constitution for the united province was pre- scribe,d in the instructions to Lord Cornbury, the first Governor. Of the government thus established, Mul- ford says, "The former Proprietary bodies had lost a claim to authority which they had been scarcely able, if greatly desirous, to retain and enforce; but they were now to be secured, under royal assurance and direction, in the enjoyment of property. The people generally gained nothing whatever, but were losers in many particulars. The government was far less fa- vorable to popular interests and rights than those which had previously existed. The representative body, in regard to their meetings and sittings, were made wholly dependent upon the will of the Gov- ernor. The establishment of courts, and the deter- mination of their respective powers, with the salaries and fees of the officers, were to be regulated by the Governor and Council ; the people or their representa- tives were allowed scarcely any part or power in the institution and control of the judiciary department of government. The public revenues were to be raised and disposed of under strict accountability to the Governor and the authorities in England ; the independent action of the popular representatives in matters of revenue extended little further than to fix and determine the amount of grants. The complete religious freedom formerly enjoyed was reduced to an imperfect toleration. Papists were wholly ex- cepted from the grant of liberty of conscience, and the influence and patronage of government was to be given in favor of a particular church. "The institution of slavery, which, though for- 22 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTEK, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. merly existing, had not been fostered, was now urged upon the province by royal recommendation. As a still more decisive mark of the character and temper of the government a direction was given that, foras- much as great inconveniencies may arise by the liti- erty of printing in our said province, you are to pro- vide by all necessary orders that no person keep any press for printing, nor that any book, pamphlet, or other matters whatsoever be printed without your especial leave and license first obtained." Lord Cornbury was the Governor at the same time of the provinces of New York and New Jersey. It was soon found that in his administration the rights and welfare of the people were disregarded, and the rights and interests of the Proprietaries were adroitly attacked ; and in 1704 the Proprietaries of the western division addressed a memorial to the lords commis- sioners of trade, setting forth their grievances. The Council of Proprietors for the western division con- tinued to meet and transact their business, but in 1706 the Governor interfered to prohibit them from further grants of lands. In the Assembly of 1707 Samuel Jennings took an active part in opposing the action of the Governor, and was appointed to read to him the firm remon- strance of the Assembly against his oppressive acts. During the entire administration of this tyrannical and selfish Governor the antagonism between him and the people grew more intense, till, in 1709, his commission was superseded by the queen, and he was at once thrown into prison for debt. He was succeeded by John, Lord Lovelace, who entered on his duties in 1708, and Ingoldsby, the Lieutenant- Governor under Cornbury, was continued in oflSce. His conciliatory course aroused high hopes of pros- perity and quiet under his administration, which were suddenly terminated by his death. He was succeeded for a time by Ingoldsby, who was de- servedly unpopular, and he for a short period by William Pinhorne, a member of the Council, who was equally so. In June, 1710, Col. Robert Hunter became Governor of New York and New Jersey. The administration of Governor Hunter was popular, but the harmony of the province was disturbed by the corrupt Council. In Western New Jersey the Quakers were in the majority of the population, and an act was passed by the Assembly to enable them to serve on juries, with a declaration or affirmation in- stead of an oath. Another more general act embrac- ing this provision was passed, but both were defeated by the Council. Measures were initiated by the As- sembly which resulted in the removal of the obnox- ious members of the Council. On the death of Queen Anne, in 1741, Governor Hunter was recom- missioned by George I., and continued in the exer- cise of his functions till 1719. He was a popular oflicer, and his administration was successful. He was succeeded by William Burnet, Esq. His administration was characterized by strenuousness in upholding the authority of the king himself, and op- position to every measure for the extension of popular privileges. He left in 1727, and was succeeded in 1728 by John Montgomerie, Esq. He died in July, 1731, and Lewis Morris, president of the Council, was acting Governor till August, 1782, when William Cosby, Esq., became Governor. His administration continued till his death, in 1736, when the govern- ment devolved on John Anderson, president of the Council. He died soon afterwards, and John Hamil- ton, Esq., next in order of seniority, became acting Governor, and continued nearly two years. The historian, Grahame, says of New Jersey in 1733, "Nothing could be more tranquil and pros- perous than the condition which New Jersey had now fo? many years enjoyed ; but, if we would ascertain the fruits and particulars of this silent prosperity, we must look forward to the year 1738. At the close of the preceding century New Jersey possessed about 15,000 inhabitants ; in the year 1738 it contained 41,367, of whom 3981 were slaves. The manufac- tures established in the province remained nearly stationary, but its trade had considerably increased. With the view of still further improving their condi- tion, as well as from a sense of their increasing im- portance, the people were generally desirous of an alteration in the practice according to which the administration of their' executive government was included in the commission of the Governor of New York ; and in the year 1728 the Assembly petitioned the king that a separate Governor might be appointed for New Jersey. They complained of the hardship of being obliged to contribute a salary to a Governor who spent it in New York, and undertook to make a liberal provision for any Governor whom his majesty might appoint exclusively for themselves. Their petition met with little attention till 1736, when the lords of trade presented a report in its favor to the privy council, and two years after Lewis Morris was appointed." At the commencement of his administration ex- pectations were entertained by the people which were not realized. Like some of his predecessors, he seemed more disposed to maintain the arbitrary as- sumptions of the English crown than to defend the rights and interests of the colonists. He died in May, 1746, and was succeeded by John Hamilton, Esq., senior member of the Council. He died in 1747, and John Reading, Esq., next in order of seniority, be- came acting Governor ; but in a short time Jonathan Belcher, Esq., was commissioned Governor of the province. On the 19th of January, 1748, an act was passed erecting the county of Cumberland from the southern portion of Salem County. As usual in such cases, the choice of members of the Assembly from the new county was suspended till the pleasure of the king should be made known, the freeholders meantime continuing to vote with Salem. The new county was named by Governor Belcher in honor of GENEKAL HISTORY. 23 the Duke of Cumberland. Governor Belcher died in August, 1757, and the government again devolved on John Reading. He was superseded in June, 1758, by Francis Bernard, Esq., and he, in 1760, by Thomas Boone. Both these Governors were transferred to other positions. In September, 1762, William Frank- lin, Esq., the son of Benjamin Franklin, was com- missioned Governor. A history of the causes which led to the French war, or a detail of events in that contest is not neces- sary here. In the prosecution of this war New Jer- sey was called on, in 1746, for five hundred men. In response to this call six hundred and sixty offered themselves for enlistment. There are no available means for learning how many of these were citizens of Southern New Jersey. Again, in 1755, the Assem- bly resolved to raise and equip a battalion of five hundred men, and an excess presented themselves for enlistment. When the Indians overran and devastated the country west of the Delaware, and refugees flocked to New Jersey, troops were dispatched from all parts of the province to defend the western frontier, and the expenses were defrayed by the contributions of wealthy citizens. Not only were troops raised by au- thority of the provincial government, but recruiting parties from elsewhere enlisted men in New Jersey for defense against the savage foe. One thousand were sent from New Jersey after the surrender of Ca.stle William, on the southern shore of Lake George, and three thousand more were put in readi- ness to march, should occasion require. During the years 1758, 1759, and 1760, New Jersey kept her full complement of one thousand men in the field, and in 1761 and 1762, six hundred, besides a company of sixty-four for garrison duty during the latter year. The annual expense to the colony of maintaining these troops was forty thousand pounds. In furnish- ing these troops and defraying this expense the south- ern counties bore their full share, but this portion of the province was never as seriously threatened with invasion as that farther north. The precise share of the burden borne by this part of the colony cannot now be ascertained. CHAPTER VII. REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. Battle of Red Bank, — The difficulties which led to the Revolutionary war, and the conduct of that war, are matters of history. In this sketch it is pro- posed to notice only those events which transpired in, or in the immediate vicinity of Southern New Jer- sey, and especially in the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland. The following account of the first important operations in this vicinity is taken mainly from Lossing's " Field-Book of the Revolu- tion." " In the summer of 1777, Sir William Howe, the British commander-in-chief, sailed from New York with a large land force, and with a naval armament under his brother Richard, Earl Howe, and landing at the head of Chesapeake Bay commenced a victo- rious march towards Philadelphia. Washington, in- formed of the movement, went out from Philadelphia to meet him, and had proceeded beyond the Brandy- wine, in the neighborhood of Wilmington, when the van of the enemy appeared at Kennet Square. The battle of Brandywine occurred soon afterward, in which the Americans were defeated and driven back towards Philadelphia. The enemy pushed steadily forward, and entered the city in triumph. In antici- pation of the possibility df such an event the Amer- icans had applied themselves diligently to the erection of obstructions in the Delaware to prevent the ascent of the British fleet, and also in rearing batteries upon the shores to cover them. Upon isolated marshes or low islands of mud, made green by reeds, a little below the mouth of the Schuylkill, they erected a strong redoubt, with quite extensive outworks, and called it Fort Miiflin. These islands were called Great and Little Mud Islands. The former, on which the redoubt and main works were erected, has been called Fort Island ever since that time. On the opposite shore of New Jersey a strong redoubt, called Fort Mercer, was also erected and well supplied with artillery. In the deep channels of the river, between and under cover of these batteries, they sunk ranges of strong frames with iron-pointed wooden spikes, called chevaux-de-frise, which formed almost invul- nerable siochadoes. Three miles further down the river, at Billing's Point (now Billingsport), was a re- doubt with extensive outworks covering strong stocka- does, which were sunken there in the navigable chan- nel of the river between the main and Billing's Island. In addition to these works several armed galleys and floating batteries were stationed in the river, all form- ing strong barriers against the fleet of the enemy. This circumstance troubled the British general, for he foresaw the consequences of having his supplies by water cut oif, and the danger to which his army would be exposed in Philadelphia if unsupported by the fleet." To be secure in the possession of the city, and to be able to provide for the comfort of his army, he found it liecessary to acquire the free navigation of the river which was thus impeded. " Immediately after the battle at Brandywine Earl Howe sailed down the Chesapeake, and entered the lower Delaware with several light vessels, among which was the 'Roebuck,' commanded by Capt. Hammond. That officer represented to Gen. Howe that if a sufficient force could be sent to reduce the fortifications at Billingsport, he would take upon 24 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. himself the task of opening a passage for the vessels through the chevaux-de-frise, or stockadoes at that point. Howe readily consented to attempt the im- portant measure. Two regiments, under Col. Stir- ling, were dispatched from Chester, in Pennsylvania, for that purpose. They crossed the river a little be- low Billingsport, marched in the rear of the unfin- ished works, and made a furious assault upon the garrison. The Americans were dismayed at this un- expected attack, and, believing themselves incompe- tent to make a successful defense, they spiked their cannons, set fire to the barracks, and fled. The Eng- lish remained long enough to demolish the works on the river front, when Hammond, by the great exer- tions of his men, made a passage way seven feet wide in the chevaux-de-frise, and with six vessels sailed through and anchored near Hog Island. Stirling re- turned to Chester, and with another detachment pro- ceeded to camp as an escort of provisions, bearing to Gen. Howe the intelligence of his success. " Howe now determined to make a general sweep of all the American works on the Delaware, and pre- paratory thereto he called in his outposts, and con- centrated his whole army near to and within Phila- delphia. Two Khode Island regiments, belonging to Gen. Varnum's brigade, under Col. Christopher Greene, garrisoned the fort at Red Bank, and about the same number of the Maryland line, under Lieut.- Col. Samuel Smith, occupied Fort MiflBlin, on Mud Island. The American fleet in the river, consisting chiefly of galleys and floating batteries, was com- manded by Com. Hazelwood. It was quite as im- portant to the Americans to maintain these forts, and defend the river obstructions, as it was to the British to destroy them. It was, therefore, deter- mined to hold them to the last extremity, for it was evident that such continued possession would force Howe to evacuate Philadelphia. " Count Donop, with four battalions consisting of twelve hundred picked Hessians, was sent by Howe to attack Fort Mercer at Red Bank. They crossed the Delaware and landed at Cooper's Ferry on the 21st of October, 1777. The same evening they marched to Haddonsfield, in New Jersey, a little above Gloucester. As they approached Timber Creek, on their way down the river, the Americans took up the bridge, and the enemy were obliged to march four miles up the stream to a shallow ford. They arrived at the edge of a wood, within cannon shot of Fort Mercer, on the morning of the 22d. Their ap- pearance, full armed for battle, was the first intima- tion the garrison had of their approach. Although informed that the number of Hessians was twenty- five hundred, the little garrison of four hundred men, in a feeble fort, and with only fourteen pieces of can- non, were not intimidated. They made immediate preparations for defense. While thus engaged a Hessian officer, who was permitted to approach the fort with a flag and a drummer, rode up and inso- lently proclained, ' The King of England orders his rebellious subjects to lay down their arms, and they are warned that if they stand the battle no quarter;! whatever will be given.' 'We ask no quarters, nor will we give any,' was the prompt reply of CdI. Greene. The Hessian and the drummer rode hastily back to Donop, and the assailants began at once the erection of a battery within half cannon shot of the outworks of Fort Mercer. All was activity and eagerness for combat within the fort. The outworks were unfinished, but the redoubt was a citadel upon which the garrison placed much reliance. Skill and bravery were called to. combat fierceness, discipline, and overwhelming numbers. " It was four o'clock in the afternoon when a brisk cannonade was opened from the Hessian battery, and at a quarter before five a battalion advanced to the attack on the north part of the fort, near a morass that covered it. Finding the first advanced post and the outworks abandoned, but not destroyed, the enemy imagined that they had frightened the Americans away. Filled with this idea they raised the shout of victory, and, with the drummer just mentioned beat- ing a lively march, rushed toward the redoubt where not a man was to be seen. They were about to ascend the rampart to plant the flag of conquest upon a mer- lon, when from the embrasures in front, and from a half-masked battery upon their left flank, formed by an angle of an old embankment, a shower of grape- shot and musket balls poured upon them with terri- ble effect, driving them back to the remote intrench- ments. Another division of the enemy, under the immediate command of the brave Donop, attacked the fort on the south side at the same time, passed tlie abatis, traversed the fosse or ditch, and some ac- tually leaped the pickets and mounted the parapet of the redoubt, but the fire of the Americans was so heavy atid continuous that they were soon forced back and driven out with great loss. They retreated ])re- cipitately to Haddonfield, under Lieut.-Col. Lin- sing (Donop and Mingerode, his second in com- mand, being wounded), leaving between three and four hundred of their comrades behind. They were considerably galled, when first retreating, by the American galleys and floating batteries in the river. The conflict was short but severe. The precise loss of the enemy is not known. Marshall estimates it at four hundred in killed and wounded. Col. Donop, the commander of the expedition, fell mortally wounded at the first fire. After the engagement, while Manduit, the French engineer who directed the American artillery on the occasion, was out with a detachment fixing the palisades, he heard a voice among the slain, saying, ' Whoever you are, draw me hence.' It was the voice of Count Donop." Manduit had him conveyed into the fort. Here the soldiers, remembering the threats of a few hours before, exclaimed, " Is it determined to give no quarter?" " I am in your hands," said the count. GENERAL HISTORY. 25 " You may revenge yourselves." M. de Manduit im- posed silence, and cared for the wounded man. Do- nop perceived that Manduit spote bad English, and said, " You appear to me a foreigner, sir. Who are you?" "A French officer," replied Manduit. "Je mis content," said Donop, speaking in French. "Je meurs entre les mains de I'honneiir mime" [I am con- tent; I die in the hands of honor itself]. He was removed to Whitall's house, and three days later, when told that death was near, he said to Manduit, " It is finishing a noble career early" (he was thirty- seven), "but I die the victim of my ambition and of the avarice of my sovereign." "The loss of the Americans within the fort was eight men killed, twenty-nine wounded, and a cap- tain taken prisoner while reconnoitering. The number killed by the bursting of a cannon is not known. So close was the combat at one time that several Hessians were pierced by the gun-wads of the Americans. " The conduct of Lieut. -Col. Greene on this occa- sion was highly applauded, and Congress ordered the board of war to present him with an elegant sword. This tribute was given to his family at the close of the contest, when Col. Greene was no longer living to receive it. He had been basely murdered in his quarters near Croton River, in Westchester County, in New York, by a band of Tories consisting of about one hundred and fifty dragoons, under Col. Delancy, who surprised his post. Col. Greene fell after his single arm had slain several of his assailants. They attempted to carry him off, but he died upon the road. Maj. Flagg, a meritorious officer, was killed at the same time ; also two subalterns and twenty- seven men were killed or wounded. "In commemoration of the battle of Red Bank and the valor of Col. Greene, a monument of blue-veined marble, about fifteen feet high, was erected (in 1829) just within the northern line of the outworks of Fort Mercer and within a few feet of the margin of the Delaware. This tribute to the memory of valor and patriotism was made by some New Jersey and Penn- sylvania volunteers." The following is a copy of the inscription on this monument: E(m(h Side. "This monument was erected on the 22d Octo., 1829, to transmit to Posterity a grateful remembrance of the Patriotism and Gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Chbistopher Greene, who, with 400 men, con- quered the Hessian Army of 2000 troops (then in the British service), at Ked Bank, on the 22d Ooto., 1777. Among the slain was found their commander. Count Donop, whose body lies interred near the spot where he fell." Weil Side. " A number of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania volunteers, being desirous to perpetuate the memory of the distinguished oiScer and soldiers who fought and bled in the glorious struggle for Indepenuence, have erected this monument, on the 22d of October, a.d. 1829." " While it is a testimony of one of the noblest traits in human character, it bears another of the ex- istence of the most detestable. In the inscription were the words New Jersey and Pennsylvania in a single prominent line. Some Jersey scoundrel almost obliterated the word Pennsylvania, and afterwards some Pennsylvania vandal, in the fierce- ness of his retaliatory zeal for the credit of his State, disgraced it so far as insignificance could do it by ob- literating the words New Jersey. The whole line is destroyed, and that marble shaft perpetuates a remem- brance of barbarians as well as of honored patriots. " The firing of the first gun from the Hessian bat- tery upon Fort Mercer was the signal for the British vessels to approach and attack Fort Mifflin. They had already made their way through the lower barrier at Billingsport, and the ' Augusta,' a sixty-four-gun ship, and several smaller vessels were anchored just above it, waiting for flood tide. As soon as Fort Mercer was attacked the ' Augusta,' with the ' Roe- buck,' of forty-four guns, two frigates, the ' Merlin,' of eighteen guns, and a galley came up, but were kept at bay by the American galleys and floating batteries. These galleys did good execution, not only upon the British vessels but by flanking the assail- ants at Red Bank. The attack upon Fort Mifflin was deferred until next morning, when, the Hessians being driven from Fort Mercer, the whole power of the American flotilla was brought to bear upon the British fleet. A heavy cannonade was opened upon Fort Mifflin, and attempts were made to get floating bat- teries in the channel in the rear of Mud Island. Lieut.-Col. Smith, the commandant at Fort Mifflin, who was vigilant and brave, thwarted every attempt thus to outflank him (if the term may be used in refer- ence to a garrison in a fort), and by a gallant defense essentially aided the American flotilla in repulsing the enemy. The fire was so fierce and incessant that the British ships endeavored to fall down the river. A shot struck and set fire to the ' Augusta,' and at noon, while lying aground on a mud-bank near the Jersey shore, she blew up. The engagement con- tinued with the other vessels until three o'clock in the afternoon, when the ' Merlin' also took fire and blew up near the mouth of Mud Creek. The conflict now ceased ; the ' Roebuck' dropped down the river and passed below the ohevaux-de-friie at Billingsport, and the Americans remained masters of the Delaware forts for a short season. " It was indeed but a short season that quiet posses- sion of the river was vouchsafed the patriots. Al- though repulsed, his ships beaten back, his mercen- ary allies decimated, Howe was not discouraged, and he labored eagerly and hopefully to dislodge the Americans from their strong posts upon the only avenue through which his army could receive food and clothing and his magazine supplies for the winter. A timely reinforcement from New York enabled him to act with energy. He took possession of Province Island, lying between Fort Mifflin and the main, and at difierent points works were thrown up to strengthen his power and annoy the patriots. This~was on the 1st of November, and from that time never was a 26 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. garrison more harassed than that at Fort Mifflin, and never was patience and true courage more nobly ex- hibited than was then shown by Lieut.-Col. Smith and his compatriots. " Old Fort Mifflin was upon the lower end of Mud (now Fort) Island, having its principal fortification in front, for the purpose of repelling ships that might come up the river. On the side toward Province Is- land (a low mud bank, nearly covered at high water, and separated from Mud Island by a narrow channel) the fort had only a wet ditch without ravelin or abatis. This part was flanked by a block-house at each of its angles. These were not strong. When the Americans saw the enemy take possession of Province Island, and begin the planting of batteries to bruise their weakest points, they were sensible that Fort Mifflin would be untenable if the British completed their works. Such, too, was the painful conviction of Washington, and from his camp at Whitemarsh, he put forth all his energies to prevent the evil. But, weak in numbers and deficient in everything which constitutes the strength of an army, he was obliged to see the enemy, day after day rearing his battle works, without being able to interpose. He had sent anxious requests to Gen. Gates to forward reinforce- ments from the north, Burgoyne's invading army being captured, and no other formidable enemy re- quiring a large force in that quarter; but that officer, doubtless willing to see his rival unsuccessful, gave no heed to his orders until longer non-compliance would have been positive disobedience. To break up the encampment at Whitemarsh and move the army to the west side of the Schuylkill would be to leave depositories of stores and hospitals for the sick within the reach of the enemy. It would also leave the fords of the Schuylkill in the custody of the royal troops, and render a junction of the expected northern forces with the main army difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, it might bring on a general engagement, which, with his weakened forces, the commander-in-chief knew might be fatal. Thus sit- uated, Washington viewed the progress of the enemy in his designs upon Fort Mifflin with intense anxiety. " The British erected five batteries on Province Island, of eighteen-, twenty-four-, and thirty-two- pounders, within five hundred yards of Fort Mifflin. They also brought up by the ijew channel made be- tween Hog Island and the main by the changing of the current by the chevaux-de-frise, a large floating battery, mounting twenty-two twenty-four-pounders, within forty yards of an angle of the fort. They also brought to bear upon the fort four sixty-four-gun ships within nine hundred yards, and two forty-gun ships. Altogether the enemy had fourteen strong redoubts, and these were well manned and furnished with heavy artillery. On the 10th of November (1777), the enemy opened their batteries on land and water, and for six consecutive days poured a storm of bombs and round-shot upon the devoted fortification. With consummate skill and courage Lieut.-Col. Smith directed the responses from the ordnance of the fort. The artillery, drawn chiefly from Col. Lamb's regiment, were commanded by Lieut. Treat, who was killed on the first day of the siege by the bursting of a bomb. On that day the barracks alone suffered, but on the morning of the 11th the direction of the enemy's fire was changed, adozen of the strong palisades were demolished, and a cannon in an em- brasure was disabled. The firing did not cease until midnight, and many of the garrison were killed or wounded. Col. Smith, the commander, had a narrow escape. He had just gone into the barracks to write a letter to Gen. Varnum, when a ball passed through a chimney. He was struck by the scattered bricks, and for a time lay senseless. He was taken across to Red Bank, and the command devolved on Lieut.-Col. Russel, of the Connecticut line. That officer was disabled by fatigue and ill health, and Maj. Thayer, of the Rhode Island line, volunteered to take his place. Maj. Henry, who sent daily reports to Washington of the progress of the siege, was also wounded on the 11th, but he continued with the garrison. On the 12th a two-gun battery of the Americans was de- stroyed, the northwest block-house and laboratory were blown up, and the garrison were obliged to seek shelter within the fort. The enemy continued to throw shells at night, and fearful indeed was the scene. At sunrise on the 13th thirty armed boats made their appearance, and during that night the heavy floating battery was brought to bear on the fort. It opened with terrible effect on the morning of the 14th, yet that little garrison of only three hun- dred men managed to silence it before noon. Hith- erto the enemy did not know the real weakness of the garrison ; on that day a deserter in a boat carried information of the fact to the British, who were seri- ously thinking of abandoning the siege, for they had suffered much. Hope was revived, and preparations were made for a general and more vigorous assault. At daylight on the 15th the ' Iris' and ' Somerset,' men-of-war, passed up the east channel to attack the fort on Mud Island in front. Several frigates were brought to bear on Fort Mercer, and the ' Vigilant,' an East Indiaman of twenty twenty-four-pounders, and a hulk with three twenty-four-pounders made their way through a narrow channel on the western side, and gained a position to act in concert with the batteries on Province Island in enfilading the Amer- ican works. At ten o'clock, while all was silent, a signal bugle sent forth its summons to action, and in- stantly the land-batteries and the shipping poured forth a terrible storm of missiles upon Fort Mifflin. The little garrison sustained the shock with astonish- ing intrepidity, and far into the gloom of the evening an incessant cannonade was kept up. Within an hour the only two cannons in the fort that had not been dismounted shared the fate of the others. Every man who appeared upon the platform was killed by the GENERAL HISTORY. 27 musketeers in the tops 6f the ships, whose yards al- most hung over the American battery. Long before night not a palisade was left, the embrasures were ruined, the whole parapet leveled, the block-houses were already destroyed. Early in the evening Maj. Thayer sent all the remnant of the garrison to Red Bank, excepting forty men, with whom he remained. Among these was the brave Capt. (afterward Com- modore) Talbot, of the Rhode Island line, who was wounded in the hip, having fought for hours with his wrist shattered by a musket-ball. At midnight, every defense and every shelter being swept away, Thayer and his men set fire to the remains of the barracks, evacuated the fort, and escaped in safety to Red Bank. Altogether it was one of the most gallant and obsti- nate defenses made during the war. In the course of the last day more than a thousand discharges of can- non, from twelve- to thirty-two-pounders, were made against the works on Mud Island. Nearly two hun- dred and fifty men of the garrison were killed and wounded. The loss of the British was great, the number was not certainly known. " Fort Mercer was still in possession of the Conti- nental troops. Howe determined to dislodge them, for while they remained the obstructions in the river could not with safety be removed. While a portion of his force was beating down Fort MiflBin, he was busy in fortifying Philadelphia. He had extended intrenchments across from the Delaware to the Schuyl- kill. Having received more reinforcements from New York, he sent Cornwallis to fall upon Fort Mercer in the rear. That officer, with a detachment of about two thousand men, crossed the Delaware from Chester to Billingsport (Nov. 18, 1777), where he was joined by some troops just arrived from New York. Wash- ington had been apprised of this movement, and had detached Gen. Huntington's brigade to join that of Varnum in New Jersey. He also ordered Maj-Gen. Greene to proceed with his division to the relief of the garrison, and to oppose Cornwallis, That able officer, accompanied by Lafayette, who had not yet quite recovered from a wound received in the battle on the Brandywine, crossed the Delaware at Burlington, and marched with considerable force toward Red Bank. He expected to be reinforced by Glover's brigade, then on its march through New Jersey, but was disappointed. Ascertaining that the force of Cornwallis was greatly superior to his own in numbers Gen. Greene abandoned the idea of giving him battle, and filed off toward Haddonfield. Col. Greene, deprived of all hope of succor, evacuated Fort Mercer (November 20th), leaving the artillery, with a considerable quantity of cannon-balls and stores, in the hands of the enemy. Cornwallis dis- mantled the fort and demolished the works. His army was augmented by reinforcements, and with about five thousand men he took post at and fortified Gloucester Point, whence he might have a supervision of affairs in Lower Jersey. Morgan's rifle corps joined Gen. Greene, but the Americans were not strong enough to venture a regular attack on Cornwallis. A detach- ment of one hundred and fifty riflemen under Lieut.- Col. Butler, and an equal number of militia under Lafayette, attacked a picket of the enemy three hun- dred strong, killed between twenty and thirty of them, drove the remainder into the camp at Glouces- ter, and returned without losing a man. Gen. Greene soon afterward withdrew from New Jersey and joined Washington, and Cornwallis returned to Philadelphia. The American fleet, no longer supported by the forts, sought other places of safety. On a dark night (Nov. 21, 1777), the galleys, one brig, and two sloops crept cautiously along the Jersey shore, past Phila- delphia, and escaped to Burlington. Seventeen other vessels, unable to escape, were abandoned by their crews and burned, at Gloucester. The American de- fenses on the Delaware were now scattered to the winds ; the obstructions in the river were removed, the enemy had full possession of Philadelphia, Con- gress had fled to the interior, and the broken bat- talions of the patriot army sought winter quarters on the banks of the Schuylkill, at Valley Forge." More than a century has elapsed since the battle of Red Bank, but the embankments and trenches of Fort Mercer are still plainly discernible. A forest of young pines protects them from being leveled by the plow, and they are likely long to remain. The washing away of the bank by the river has, from time to time, exposed the remains of the soldiers who were buried there in boxes after the battle. Between the fort and the Whitall house was the grave of Count Donop, marked by a modest stone, but the crumbling of the bank exposed his remains, and in 1874 Mr. Murray, the occupant of the Whitall house, humanely removed them to another place of interment. The old Whitall house still stands, a short distance south from the fort, and close to the river-bank. It is a brick structure, and it is now one hundred and thirty-four years old, as appears from the date of its erection on the north end, where the characters " J. A. W." (James and Anna Whitall), "1748," may still be seen. Lossing, who wrote in 1851, said, " The Whitalls were Quakers, and of course, though Whigs, took no part in the war. This fact made some suspect the old man of Toryism. I was informed by the present owner that when the attack was made upon the fort, and his grandmother was urged to flee from the house, she refused, saying, ' God's arm is strong and will protect me. I may do good by staying.' She was left alone in the house, and while the battle was raging, and cannon-balls were driving like sleet against and around her dwelling, she calmly plied her ^spinning- wheel in a room in the second story. At length a twelve-pound ball from a British vessel in the river, grazing the American flag-staff (a walnut-tree) at the fort, passed through the heavy brick wall on the north 28 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTEK, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. gable, and, with a terrible crash, perforated a partition at the head of the stairs, crossed a recess, and lodged in another partition near where the old lady was sit- ting. Conceiving Divine protection a little more cer- tain elsewhere after this manifestation of the power of gunpowder, the industrious dame gathered up her implements, and, with a step quite as agile as in youth, she retreated to the cellar, where she contin- ued her spinning until called to attend the wounded and dying who were brought into her house at the close of the battle. She did, indeed, do good by re- maining, for, like an angel of mercy, she went among the maimed, unmindful whether they were friend or foe, and administered every relief to their sufferings in her power. She scolded the Hessians for coming to America to butcher the people. At the same time she bound up their wounds tenderly, and gave them food and water." On the green between the Whitall house and the river formerly lay the cannon which burst and killed several of the Americans during the action. This relic was removed by the government ten years since. A tract of one hundred acres of ground here was purchased by the government in 1872, and the march of improvement is not likely further to ob- literate the few remaining traces of the battle of Red Bank. CHAPTER VII L REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.— ( Continued.) Operations in Salem and Cumberland Counties. — While the Americans were encamped at Valley Forge, and the British held possession of Philadel- phia, the latter at various times sent out parties to raid the country, plunder the people, and break up the feeble American posts. Among the most active troops in these enterprises were the Queen's Rangers, a corps of American Loyalists, or Tories, that had been enlisted mostly in Connecticut and the vicinity of New York. They were, as their name implies, de- signed for active service, and at one time they num- bered about four hundred men. They had become reduced in numbers, but in the autumn of 1777 Maj. Simcoe, a young and efficient officer of the British army, was placed in command of them. By his zeal and military ability he soon made this corps a model of its kind. About the 20th of February, 1778, an expedition of this kind was sent out from Philadel- phia, under the command of Col. Abercrombie, of the Fifty-second Regiment. It consisted of about five hundred men, and included the Rangers. They went to Salem by water, and remained several days, recon- noitering to ascertain the position of Wayne, who was then in New Jersey collecting horses and pro- visions for the American army. They also helped themselves to whatever they wished without cere- mony. On the 17th of March, in the same year, a British force, composed mostly of Scotchmen from the Sev- enteenth and Forty-fourth Regiments in Philadel- phia, twelve or fifteen hundred strong, under the command of Col. Mawhood and Majs. Simcoe and Sims, marched to Salem. They sought to surprise Col. Anthony Wayne, but that vigilant officer made good his retreat without loss. They were joined by about three hundred Tories, who were placed under the command of British officers, and who wore a uni- form of green faced with white, and cocked hats with broad white bands to distinguish them from the British troops whose uniform was red. From these Tories Col. Mawhood learned that afcout three hundred mili- tia, under command of Col. Benjamin Holme, were posted on the south side of AUoway's Creek, at Quin- ton's bridge, three miles from Salem. He deter- mined, therefore, to dislodge them, and, as he openly declared, " chastise the insolent rebels who dared to resist his majesty's arms." He sent out parties to col- lect horses among the inhabitants, and on these he mounted some of his best men for the expedition. Meantime Col. Holme was on the alert. He threw out vedettes towards various points, to watch the movements of the enemy and prevent surprise by a passage of the stream elsewhere, while he prepared to dispute the passage of the bridge. On the morning of the 18th Col. Mawhood dis- patched Maj. Simcoe with his rangers, and before daylight they had secreted themselves within half a mile of the bridge, in a deep ravine and a tangled, bushy swamp. They also took possession of a two- story brick house, occupied at that time by Benjamin Wetherby, and drove the family into the cellar. The main road to Salem ran between this house and the barn, and the swamp with its thicket of bushes was near by. In this house, barn, and swamp the British were secreted. After daybreak a small portion of the enemy showed themselves, and manoeuvred for the purpose of draw- ing the Americans across the bridge into the ambush. In this they were finally successful, for the most ex- citable of the patriots became too anxious to be re- strained by the more prudent officers present. Capt. Smith, the senior officer present, determined to cross the bridge and attack the enemy. He led the way, and in a confused, unmilitary manner, they crossed without —as prudent, vigilant men should do — examining to learn whether or not there were concealed foes. The decoying party feigned a flight, and Capt. Smith call- ing out, " We will have them before they get to Mill Hollow !" pursued. After passing some yards beyond Wetherby's house the patriots found themselves in the midst of the enemy that opened on them from the house, barn, swamp, and fences a galling and de- structive fire. They retreated towards the bridge con- fusedly, fighting bravely in squads. The horsemen GENERAL HISTORY. 29 were not able to charge on them effectively, for the un- trained horses became frightened and unmanageable. Though thus surprised, and attacked in front, flank, and rear, they made their retreat across the bridge, with the loss of between thirty had forty, many of whom were drowned in the creek. During this skir- mish and retreat Capt. Smith had a part of his cue shot away, and was grazed by a bullet in his loins. His horse was twice shot, but took his rider over the bridge, then fell dead. Col. Hand, of the Cumberland militia, had been informed of the presence of the enemy, and hastened to join the force at Quinton's bridge. He arrived with two pieces of cannon just at the moment when the Americans commenced their retreat, and at once placed his men in the trenches that had just been vacated by the patriots, and opened on the pursuing enemy such a severe fire as to check their pursuit. When the retreating patriots had recrossed the creek the draw of the bridge was cut away. This was done by a man named Andrew Bacon, who seized an axe, and worked while volleys were fired at him. He finished his work, and rendered the bridge impassable, but on retiring to the trenches he received a wound which crippled him for life, though he lived to the age of more than eighty years. The failure of Maj. Simcoe, with his fine battalion, to drive the Americans from their trenches greatly chagrined Col. Mawhood, and he determined on an attack the next day with his full force. In anticipa- tion of this, the militia employed themselves during the remainder of the day, not only in burying their dead and caring for their wounded, but in strengthen- ing their position, so as to be able to repel the ex- pected attack. It is said that on that night they en- tered into a solemn compact that "no British soldier should eat bread or set his foot on that side of AUo- way's Creek while there was a man left to defend it." At about ten the next morning, as was anticipated, the whole British force appeared, and, with martial music sounding, advanced to the foot of the cause- way that led to the bridge, and formed their lines at the edge of the marsh. The creek there ran in a semi- circular direction, and Cols. Holme and Hand had placed their men in their intrenchments, both up and down the stream, within musket range, so that the front and both flanks of the enemy were exposed to the fire of the patriots. Thus were they situated when the militia opened on them with cannon and small-arms in front, and with musketry on their flanks, as they sought to reach the bridge by the causeway. They were thus thrown into confusion, and compelled to retreat to Salem. An expedition was sent the next day to the head of tidewater on the creek near Allowaystown, but it re- turned without crossing. Maj. (afterward lieutenant-colonel) Simcoe in his journal gave the following account of his operations at this time in the vicinity of Salem. This is proba- bly the most reliable source of information concern- ing the affair at Hancock's Bridge, which imme- diately succeeded the fight at Quinton's bridge. What has been handed down by tradition concerning it must be received with the allowance which should always be made for that uncertain source of informa- tion. " An expedition was formed under the command of the late Col. Mawhood, consisting of the Twenty- seventh and Forty-sixth Regiments, the Queen's Rangers, and New Jersey Voluntieers, they embarked the 12th of March, and fell down the Delaware. On the 17th the Queen's Rangers landed, at three o'clock in the morning, about six miles from Salem, the Huz- zars carrying their accoutrements and swords. Maj. Simcoe was directed to seize horses, to mount the cavalry and the staff, and to join Col. Mawhood at Salem. This was accordingly executed. Maj. Simcoe, making a circuit and passing over Lambstone's bridge, arrived at Salem, near which Co). Mawhood landed. The Huzzars were tolerably well mounted, and sufficient horses procured for the other exigencies of the service. Col. Mawhood had given the strictest charge against plundering; and Maj. Simcoe, in taking the horses, had assured the inhabitants that they .should be returned, or paid for, if they did not appear in arms, in a very few days ; and none but offi- cers entering the house, they received no other injury. The Queen's Rangers Infantry were about two hun- dred and seventy, rank and file, and thirty cavalry. Col. Mawhood gave directions for the forage to take place on the 18th. The tov^n of Salem lies upon a creek of that name which falls into the Delaware nearly opposite Reedy Island. The Aloes or Allewas (Alloways) Creek, runs almost parallel to the Salem Creek, and falls into the Delaware to the southward of it ; over this creek there were three bridges : Hancock's was the lower one, Quintin's that in the centre, and Thompson's the upper one. Between these creeks the foraging was to commence ; the neck or peninsula formed by them was at its greatest dis- tance seven, and at its least, four miles wide. The rebel militia was posted at Hancock's and Quintin's, the nearest bridges, which they had taken up and de- fended by breastworks. Col. Mawhood made detach- ments to mask these bridges and foraged in their rear. The officer who commanded the detachment, consisting of seventy of the Seventeenth Infantry, at Quintin's bridge, sent information that the enemy were assembled in great numbers at the bridge, and indicated as if they meant to pass over whenever he should quit it, in which case his party would be in great danger. Col. Mawhood marched with the Queen's Rangers to Ids assistance. He made a cir- cuitso as to fall in upon the road that led from Thomp- son's to Quintin's bridge, to deceive any patrol which he might meet on his march, and to make them be- lieve that he directed it to Thompson's, not Quintin's bridge. Approaching the bridge the Rangers halted 30 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. in the wood, and Col. Mawhood and Maj. Simcoe went to the party of the Seventeenth, but in such a manner as to give no suspicion that they were part of a reinforcement ; the ground was high till within two hundred yards of the bridge, where it became marshy ; immediately beyond the bridge the banks were steep, and on them the enemy had thrown up breastworks; there was a public-house very near the road, at the edge of its declivity into the marsh, on the Salem side. Col. Mawhood asked Maj. Simcoe whether he thought, if he left a party in the house, the enemy would pass by it or not? who replied that he thought they would be too cowardly to do it, but at any rate the attempt could do no harm, and if he pleased, he would try. Col. Mawhood directed Maj. Simcoe to do so, who accordingly profiting by the broken ground of the orchard which was behind it, and the clothing of his men, brought Capt. Stephenson and his com- pany into the house undiscovered ; the front windows were opened and the back ones were shut, so that no thorough light could be seen ; the women of the house were put in the cellar, and ordered to be silent ; the door was left open, and Lieut. McKay stood behind it with a bayonet, ready to seize the first per- son whose curiosity might prompt him to enter; the Queen's Rangers were brought into the wood near to that part where it ended in clear ground, and two companies, under Capt. Saunders, were advanced to the fences at the very edge of it, where they lay flat. Col. Mawhood then gave orders for the detach- ment of the Seventeenth, who were posted near the house, to call in their sentinels and retreat up the | road in full view of the enemy. This party had | scarcely moved when the enemy laid the bridge and passed it ; a detachment of them went immediately I across the marsh to the heights on the left, but the \ principal party, about two hundred, in two divisions, proceeded up the road. Capt. Stephenson, as they approached the house, could hear them say, ' Let us go into the house,' etc., but they were prevented both by words and by action by the officer who was at their head; he was on horseback, and spurring forward, quitted the road to go into the field on the riglit, through a vacancy made by the rails being taken for fires ; his party still proceeded up the road, and the first division passed the house ; the officer, his sight still fixed on the red clothes of the Seven- teenth, approached close up to the fence, where Capt. Saunders lay ; he did not immediately observe the Rangers, and, it is probable, might not, had he not heard one of the men stifling a laugh ; looking down he saw them, and galloped off"; he was fired at, wounded, and taken. The division that had passed the house attempted to return. Capt. Stephenson ral- lied, drove them across the fields; Capt. Saunders pursued them ; the Huzzars were let loose, and after- ward the battalion. Col. Mawhood leading them, Maj. Simcoe directed the Seventeenth back to the house, with the Grenadiers and Highlanders of the Rangers, ready to force the bridge, if ordered. The enemy for a moment quitted it. Col. Mawhood thought it useless to pass it. Some of the division who passed the house were taken prisoners, but the greater part were drowned in Aloes Creek. The offi- cer who was taken proved to be a Frenchman. The Rangers had one Huzzar mortally wounded, and, what was unfortunate, he was wounded by a man whom, in the eagerness of the pursuit, he had passed, given quarters to, and not disarmed ; the villain, or coward, was killed by another Huzzar. The corps returned to Salem. "The rebels still occupying the posts at Quintin's and Hancock's bridges, and probably accumulating. Col. Mawhood determined to attack them at the latter, where, from all reports, they were assembled to nearly four hundred men. He intrusted the enterprise to Maj. Simcoe, and went with him and a patrol oppo- site to the place. The major ascended a tree and made a rough sketch of the buildings, which, by conversing with the guides, he improved into a tolerable plan of the place, and formed his mode of attack accordingly. He embarked on the 20th, at night, on board the flat- boats. He was to be landed at an inlet seven miles below Aloes Creek, when the boats were to be imme- diately returned, and by a private road he was to reach Hancock's bridge, opposite to which Maj. Mitchell was detached with the Twenty- seventh Regiment, to co-operate with him. Maj. Simcoe foresaw the diffi- culties and dangers, but he kept them to himself; everything depended on surprise. The enemy were nearly double his numbers, and his retreat, by the absolute orders to send back the boats, was cut off, but he had just confidence in the silence, attention, and spirit of the corps. By some strange error in the naval department, when the boats arrived off Aloes Creek, the tide set so strong against them that, in the opinion of the officer of the navy, they could not reach the place of their destination till midday. Maj. Simcoe determined not to return, but to land on the marshes at the mouth of Aloes Creek. There were good guides with him. They found out a landing-place, and after a march of two miles through the marshes, up to their knees in mud and water, labors rendered more fatiguing by the carriage of the first wooden planks they met with to form bridges with them over the ditches, they at length arrived at a wood upon dry land. Here the corps was formed for the attack. There was no public road which led to Hancock's bridge but that- which the Rangers were now in possession of. A bank on which there was a footway led from Hancock's to Quintin's bridge. Hancock's house was a large brick house ; there were many storehouses round it, and some few cottages. Capt. Saunders was detached to ambuscade the dike that led to Quintin's bridge, about half a mile from the quarters, and to take up a small bridge which was upon it, as the enemy would probably fly that way, and if not pursued too closely. GENERAL HISTORY. 31 would be more easily defeated. Capt. Dunlop was detached to the rear of Hancock's house, in which it was presumed the officers were quartered, directed to force it, occupy and barricade it, as it commanded the passage of the bridge. Different detachments were allotted to the houses supposed to be the enemy's quarters, which, having mastered, they were ordered to assemble at Hancock's. A party was appointed to relay the bridge. On approaching the place two sen- tries were discovered ; two men of the light infantry followed them, and as they turned about bayoneted them. The companies rushed in, and each, with proper guides, forced the quarters allotted to it. No resistance being made, the light infantry, who were in reserve, reached Hancock's house by the road, and forced the front door, at the same time that Capt. Dunlop, by a more difficult way, entered the back door. As it was very dark, these companies had nearly attacked each other. The surprise was com- plete, and would have been so had the whole of the enemy's force been present, but, fortunately for them, they had quitted it the evening before, leaving a de- tachment of twenty or thirty men, all of whom were killed. Some very unfortunate circumstances hap- pened here. Among the killed was a friend of the government, then a prisoner among the rebels. Old Hancock, the owner of the house, and his brother, Maj. Simcoe had made particular inquiry, and was informed that he did not live at home since the rebels had occupied the bridge. The information was partly true ; he was not there in the daytime, but unfortu- nately returned home at night. Events like these are the real miseries of war. The roads which led to the country were immediately ambuscaded, and Lieut. Whitlock was detached to surprise a patrol of seven men who had been sent down the creek. This he effected completely. On their refusal to surrender, he iired on them. Only one escaped. This firing gave the first notice of the success of the enterprise to the Twenty-seventh Regiment, with so much silence it had hitherto been conducted. The bridge was now laid, and Maj. Simcoe communicated to Col. Mitchell that the enemy were at Quintin's bridge, that he had good guides to conduct him thither by a private road, and that the possession of Hancock's house secured a re- treat. Lieut.-Col. Mitchell said that his regiment was aiuch fatigued by the cold, and that he would return to Salem as soon as the troops joined. The ambus- caders were of course withdrawn, and the Queen's Rangers were forming to pass the bridge, when a' rebel patrol passed where an ambuscade had been, and discovering the corps, galloped back. Lieut.- Col. Mitchell, finding his men in high spirits, had returned, purposing to march to Quintin's bridge ; but being informed of the enemy's patrol, it was thought best to return. Col. Mawhood, in public order, 'returned his best thanks to Maj. Simcoe and his corps for their spirited and good conduct in the surprise of the rebel posts.' Two days after, the Queen's Rangers patrolled to Thompson's bridge. The enemy, who had been posted there, were alarmed at the approach of a cow the night before, fired at it, wounded it, and then fled. They also abandoned Quintin's bridge and retired to a creek sixteen miles from Aloes Creek. Maj. Simcoe, making a patrol with the Huzzars, took a circuit towards the rear of one of the parties sent out to protect the foragers ; a party of the enemy had been watching them the whole day, and unluckily, the forage being com- pleted, the detachment had just left its ground, and was moving ofi'; the enemy doing the like, met the patrol, were pursued, and escaped by the passage which the foragers had just left open. Only one was taken, being pursued into a bog, which the Hus- sars attempted in vain to cross, and were much mor- tified to see a dozen of the enemy who had passed round it in safety within a few yards. They con- sisted of all the field-officers and committee-men of the district. The prisoner was their adjutant. The enemy, who were assembled at Cohansey, might easily have been surprised, but Col. Mawhood judged that having completed his forage with success, his business was to return, which he effected. The troops em- barked without any accident, and sailed for Phila- delphia." The following, relating to the massacre at Han- cock's Bridge, is from Johnson's " History of Salem :" " That night, the murdering party being selected, went, as directed, in boats, down Salem Creek to the river, thence to Alloway's Creek, thence up the same to a suitable distance from Hancock's Bridge where they were to land, and being favored by the darkness of the night, were to attack the picket in the house in which they were stationed as their headquarters, and put every man to death they found there. In that house, the property of Judge Hancock, were Mr. Charles Fogg, a very aged man, Joseph Thompson, and Bacon, all Quakers. A few others besides the guard, composed of a full company of men, were those persons in that house on that ill-fated night, all wrapt in sleep, worn down witli watching, nature ex- hausted, and many of them doomed to sleep the long sleep of death. The hellish mandate was issued at headquarters, ' Go — spare no one — put all to death — give no quarters.' These refugees, only to be associ- ated with their brethren, the imps of the infernal regions, did their best, and glutted their worse than savage passions in the innocent blood of their un- offending neighbors. They killed and desperately mangled, with fiendish ferocity, such whom they saw writhing under the severity of their wounds, and thus destroyed more than two-thirds of all who were within that house. " It was currently reported, and that report believed to be true, that a negro man, who went by the name of Nicholson's Frank, and a man from Gloucester County, called Jonathan Ballanger, were the two persons who attended this murdering party as pilots. H-2 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. " Ballanger came to the house of John Steward (a farmer near Hancock's Bridge), armed, that very same night, some time before day. Steward said that he soon discovered from the looks and conver- sation of Ballanger that some evil was about to be done. With some persuasion he prevailed on him to go into the room and lie down. When he went in he turned the key in the door, nor did he open it un- til about daylight in the morning. When Ballanger came out of the room he stayed but a few minutes and went away, carrying with him his musket. A short time after he had left the house the report of a gun was heard in the direction in which Ballanger had walked, and by the side of the fence along which he had gone a few moments before was found Reuben Sayers, mortally wounded, being a distance of not more than one-fourth of a mile from Steward's house." Ballanger was not seen by any person after he left Steward's, until several years afterward. The suspi- cion of the murder of Sayers could be fixed upon no one but him. Immediately after the ma-ssacre of the picket and private citizens, the refugees returned to Salem over the bridge, the draw of which they laid. Ballanger and the negro, no doubt, returned by water with the boatmen. It could have been none of the refugees who were at Hancock's. The circumstan- tial evidence against Ballanger was most assuredly of the very strongest kind, amounting pretty near to pos- itive. Public opinion was decidedly against him, for he was known to be a rank Tory, from the very hot- bed of Toryism, of those who secretly traded with the British while they occupied Philadelphia. It was but a short mile from Hancock's Bridge to where Sayers was found weltering in his blood. He had escaped thus far towards the woods or marshes in his flight from the murdering refugees. Not a single individ- ual of the enemy was seen anywhere near to the field where Sayers was found. The murderer was always believed to be none other than Jonathan Ballanger.' " A few names of som« of the desperate villains, the refugees, which I here mention, ought never to be forgotten. One fellow, who usually bore the name of Proud Harry, a plasterer by trade, an insolent, swaggering scoundrel, a braggadocio. Another, by name Jo Daniels. Another, if possible, worse than Satan himself, — his name was John Hanks. This fellow was brought up from a boy in the family of Morris Beesley. The son of Morris, whose name was Walker, belonged to that company of militia. 1 Some years after this a son of Sayers. master of a small Te.ssel navi- gating the Delaware Biver, in bringing his vessel up to a wharf below Philadelphia, in a very dark evening, being a little intoxicated, acci- dent»11y fell overboard, hot was hnmanely rescued by a person who happened to be on the wliarf. As soon as he had sufliciently recovered be discovered in the face of his deliverer a son of Ballunger, the mnr- derer of his father. He swore he would not owe his life to such a d d rascal, immediately threw himself into the river, and it was with no little difficulty and risk that his life was a second time saved. Hanks, with another villian, rushed upon young Beesley to kill him. He begged of Hanks in the most pitiable manner to protect him and spare his life. He urged upon him their friendship and inti- macy, their having grown up from boys together. All his entreaties were in vain. The murderer heard his pleas, and then very sternly told him that for their former intimacy alone he was determined to kill him, and then stabbed him and left him. The poor youth lived long enough to tell his tale of woe to those people who came to take care of the dead and wounded. "Another instance I will mention of a militia man whose name was Darius Dailey, who, escaping from the house, was pursued by two of the refugees ; while •running he saw an English soldier; he made towards him as fast as he could, calling out to him at the same time to save him ; crying out, ' Oh, save me ! save me, soldier ! I am your countryman ! Save me, save me ! I am a Scotchman ! I am your country- man !' The very name of countryman, even coming from the mouth of an enemy, and in the midst of slaughter, struck the tender fibres of the stern sol- dier's heart. He immediately put himself in an at- titude of defence, and stopped the pursuing refugees, and told them that he should protect the man at all hazards; that he surrendered himself to him, and that he was his prisoner. When his flurry had in some measure subsided, Dailey gave his name to the soldier, the soldier his name to Dailey. They were both struck almost speechless with astonishment; they now found that they had been bosom friends and schoolmates together, when boys, in Scotland. Dai- ley was conducted a prisoner, with a few others, to Salem, whose lives had been spared by the English soldiers. "The names of the oflScers of that unfortunate company of militia who were so dreadfully cut to pieces on that dreadful night were Carleton Shep- pard, captain; Benjamin Curlis, first lieutenant; Andrew Lowder, second lieutenant ; William Bresby, ensign." After the affairs at-Quinton's Bridge and Hancock's Bridge,. Col. Mawhood sent foraging parties to plun- der the farmers of their hay, grain, horses, cattle, and everything that could be useful to the British. All the teams that could be obtained were pressed into his service to transport that which was thus taken to the vessels that had been sent to convey this plunder to Philadelphia. A larger fleet was in the creek f..r that purpose than has been seen there before or since. Foraging parties were sent to explore Elsinborough, Lower Mannington, and Salem, where it was certain no resistance could be made. A strong guard was sent with the foragers into the township of Lower Penn's Neck. Barber says, "Capt. Andrew Sinnickson lived at that time in Penn's Neck, and being notified of the party approaching, hastily collected together as many GENERAL HISTOKY, 33 of his men as could be mustered, came upon the guard and their foragers (in what was then called Long Lane), and after a severe contest the enemy was routed ; and in the melee the commanding officer lost his hat and cloak, and was obliged to flee to Salem without them. The next day Gapt. Sinnickson sent a flag into the town, with the hat and cloak belonging to the officer, with something like this laconic mes- sage, * That he had to regret the sudden departure of the officer y the owner of these articles, hni hoped if he in- tended another visit into that township he might have the pleasure of detaining him till they became better ac- quainted,^ " The following letters between the commanding officers of the British and American forces were ex- changed shortly after the affair at Quinton's Bridge : ** Colonel Mawhood, commanding a detachment of the British army at Salem, induced by motive of humanity, proposes to the militia at Quintin's Bridge and the neighborhood, as well officers as private men, to lay down their arms and depart, each man to his own home. On that condition be solemnly promises to re-embark his troops without delay, doing no farther damage to the country; and he will cause his commis- saries to pay for the cattle, hay, and corn that have been taken, in ster- ling money. *' If, on the contrary, the militia should be so far deluded and blind to ' their true iuterest and happiness, he will put the arms which he has brought with him into the hands of the inhabitants well affected, called Tories; and will attack all such of the militia as remain in arms, burn and destroy their houses and otber property, and reduce them, their unfortunate wives and children, to beggary and distress ; and to convince them that these are not vuiu threats he has subjoined a list of the names uf such as will be the first objects to feed the vengeance of the British nation. " Given under my hand, at headquarters, at Salem, the twenty-first day of March, 1778. " C. Mawiiood, Colonel. " Edmund Keasby, Thomas Sinnickson, Samuel Dick, Whiten CrippB, Ebeuezer Huwell, Edward Hall, John Bowen, Thomas Thompson, George Trenchard, Elisha Cattel, Andrew Sinnickson, Nicholas Kean, Jacob Hufty, Benjamin Holme, William Shute, Anthony Sharp, and Abner Penton." Reply of Col. Hand. " SiE : I have been favored with what you say humanity has induced you to propose. It would have given me much pleasure to have found that humanity had been the line of conduct to your troops since you came to Salem. Not denying quarters, but butchering our men who sur- rendered themselves prisoners in the skirmish at Quinton's Bridge last Thursday, and bayoneting, yesterday morning, at Hancock's Bridge, in the most cruel manner, in cold blood, men who were taken by surpiise in a situation in vvhich they neither could nor did attempt to make any resistance, and some of whom were not fighting men, are instances too shocking for me to relate, and, I hope, for you to hear. The brave are ever generous and humane. After expressing your sentiments of humanity, you proceed to make a request, which I think you would despise ns if complied with. Your proposal that we should lay down our arms we absolutely reject. We have taken them up to maintain rights which are dearer to us than our lives, and will not lay them down till either success has crowned our arms with victory, or, like many ancient worthies conteuding for liberty, we meet with an honor- able death. You mention that if we reject your proposal you will put arms in the hands of the Tories against us. We have no objection to the measure, for it would be a very good one to fill our arsenals with arras. Your threats to wantonly burn and destroy our houses and other propiM'ty, and reduce our wives and children to beggary and distress is a seotiment which my humanity almost forbids me to recite, and in- duces me to imagine that I am reading the cruel order of a barbarous At ti la, and not of a gentleman, brave, generous, and polished, with » genteel European education. To wantonly destroy will injure your cause more than ours ; it will increase your enemies and our army. To destine to destruction the property of our most distinguished men, as you have done in your proposals, is, in my opinion, unworthy a gener- ous foe, and more like a rancorous feud between two contending barons than a war carried on by one of the greatest powers on earth against a people nobly struggling for liberty. A line of honor would mark out that these men should share the fate of their country. If your arms should be crowned with victory (which God forbid I) they and their property will be entirely at the disposal of your sovereign. The loss of their property, while their persons are out of your power, will only ren- der them desperate, and, as I said before, increase your foes and our army, and retaliation upon Tories and their property is not entirely out of our power. Be assured that these are the sentiments and determined resolution, not of myself only, but of all the oflBcers and privates under me. "My prayer is, sir, that this may reach you in health and great hap- piness. "Given at headquarters at Quinton's Bridge, the 22d day of March, 1778. " Elijah Hand, Colonel.'''^ CHAPTER IX. REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.— ( Continued.) Minor Operations in Gloucester County. — In the histories of the different townships in Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland Counties accounts are given of minor affairs which occurred during the Revolu- tion. The region immediately surrounding these counties was, during that war, the scene of many raids and conflicts of more or less importance, brief sketches of which will not be destitute of interest. In his " Rem- iniscences of Old Gloucester," Isaac Mickle, Esq., has given accounts of many of these, some of which are reproduced here. Near Gloucester. — On the evening of Nov. 25, 1777, a lively affair occurred between Big and Little Timber Creeks, on the king's road. Lord Cornwallis, who was encamped at the point with about four thou- sand men and a large quantity of military stores, was about to move across the Delaware, and Gen. Greene, with a body of Americans, was at Had- donfield watching his movements. Lafayette, who was still suffering from a wound received some time previously, volunteered to reconnoiter the enemy, and attack them if he found it advisable. In making his reconnoissance he went very near to the enemy's lines on the sandy peninsula south from the outlet of Tim- ber Creek, where he was discovered, and a detachment of dragoons was sent to intercept him. Seeing this, his guide pointed out a back path, which took him beyond the reach of his pursuers before they arrived at the bridge. He passed within musket-shot of an outpost, and reached his detachment in safety. Lafayette reported, — " After having spent the most part of the day in making myself well acquainted with the certainty of the enemy's motions, I came pretty late into the Gloucester road between the two Creeks. I had ten light horse, almost one hundred and i^fty riflemen, and two pickets of millti.i. Col. Armaud, Col. Laumoy, and Chevaliers Duplessis and Gimat were the Frenchmen with me. A scout of my men under Duplessis went to ascertain how near to Gloucester were the enemy's first pickets, and they found, at the distance of two miles and a half from that pluce, a strong post of three hundred and fifty Hessians, with field pieces, and they engaged immediately. As my little reconnoitering party wete iu 34 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. fine spirita I supported them. "We puBhed the HesBians more than half a mile from the place where their main body had been, and we made them run very fast. British reinforcements came twice to them, but Tery far from recovering their ground they always retreated. The dark- ness of the night prevented us from ptirsuing our advantage. After standing on the ground we had gained, I ordered them to return, very slowly, to Haddonfield. I take great pleasure in letting you know that the conduct of our soldiers was above all praise. 1 never saw men so merry, so spirited, and so desirous to go on to the enemy, whatever force they might have, as that little party in this little fight.'* Of Morgan's riflemen he said, "I found them even above their reputation." In this affair the Americans had one killed and six wounded. The British had twenty killed, many more wounded, and twenty pris- oners. In February, 1778, while Mad Anthony, as Gen. Wayne was called, was at Haddonfield some of his men went to Gloucester to reconnoiter the British. They were pursued, and a running fight took place, lasting nearly to the American cordon, with the great- est loss to the British. Col. Ellis, of the Gloucester County militia, was prominent in this fight. Soon afterward the whole British force at Gloucester moved on Wayne at Haddonfield, by night, but found only his empty quarters. On this occasion Miles Sage was caught, as elsewhere related. While the British occiipied Gloucester many depre- dations were committed on the people in the town- ship. On one occasion some Englishmen came to the house of Col. Joseph Hugg, and engaged in the amuse- ment of throwing a hatchet at the poultry in the yard. Mrs. Hugg said to them, " Do you call yourselves officers, and come thus to rob undefended premises? I have sons who are in Washington's army. They are gentlemen, and not sijch puppies as you." The house was soon afterwards burned by Col. Aber- crombie. Egg Harbor was, during the Revolution, a part of old Gloucester County. Mickle says of it, "In the Revolution the refugees of South Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland were continually passing to and from New York and other Northern points by way of Egg Harbor. These troublesome strangers did infinite mischief to the property of the shoremen, who were generally good Whigs, but on some occasions the tables were turned, and the refugees got their full deserts. Early in September, 1782, Capt. Douglas, with some of the Gloucester militia, attacked 'a, boat containing eighteen refugees, of whom fourteen were killed. Several other equally severe retaliations are recorded. " Towards the close of the war some people at Egg Harbor, and others further up in the interior, got to carrying on a considerable trade with the British in New York. The refugees often came there in large bodies, and committed great depredations on the peo- ple; and the troops taken at the capture of Lord Cornwallis, who were cantoned in Virginia, frequently escaped in small parties, and by concealing themselves in the woods in the day, and traveling only at night, by the assistance of guides and friends whom they found on their way, got to Egg Harbor, and from thence to New York. To prevent all this Capt. John Davis was sent with a company of men to Egg Har- bor. On one occasion his lieutenant, Benjamin Bates, with Richard Powell, a private, called at a house where Davis had been informed over night that two refugee officers were lodging. Bates got to the house before any of the family had risen, except two girls who were making a fire in the kitchen. He inquired if there were any persons in the house beside the family, and was answered, ' None except two men from up in the country.' He bade the girls show him where they were, which they did. In passing through a room separating the kitchen from the bedroom he saw two pistols lying on a table. Knocking at the •^oor, he was at first refused admittance, but finding him determined to enter the two refugees finally let him in. They refused to tell their names, but were afterwards found to be William Giberson and Henry Lane, refugee lieutenants, the former a notorious rascal, who had committed many outrages and killed one or two Americans in cold blood. On their way to the quarters of Davis' company, Giberson called attention to something he pretended to see at a dis- tance, and while Bates was looking in that direction started in another, and being a very fast runner, al- though Bates fired his musket at .him, he made his escape. Davis, on being informed of what had hap- pened, told Bates to try again the next night. Ac- cordingly, the next night he went to the same house. While in the act of opening the door he heard the click of a musket-cock behind a large tree within a few feet of him, and turning around saw Giberson just taking aim at him. He dropped on his knees, and the ball cut the rim of his hat. Giberson started to run, but before he had got many rods Bates gave him a load of buckshot, which broke his leg. He was well guarded till he could be removed with Lane to Burlington jail, from whieh, however, he soon made his escape, and went to New York. " About the time of Giberson's capture, Davis was informed of a party of twenty-one British troops, who had escaped from the cantonment in Virginia, and arrived upon the Egg Harbor shore. Knowing where they would embark he secreted himself, with nineteen men, near where the boat lay that was to take them off to the vessel, and there waited their approach. When they came a very warm contest ensued, hand to hand and foot to foot. Davis and his men were completely victorious, having killed or taken prisoner every Englishman." Many Revolutionary incidents have passed to ob- livion, and on those that have been rescued from that fate by oral tradition, many times repeated and finally recorded, it is well to look with many grains of allow- ance, for at every repetition such traditions are liable to receive accessions. Waterford. — In Waterford the people were .stanch Whigs during the Revolution, and of course were ob- GENERAL HISTORY. 35 noxious to the British. During the occupation of Haddonfleld by the latter, in 1778, many of the houses north from Cooper's Creek were visited by foragers, who were not scrupulous concerning rights of prop- erty. On one of these occasions a British officer called at the residence of the Champions, and de- manded their best horse. A fine unbroken animal was brought out and saddled, and the officer mounted and rode away. On arriving at a pond a short distance away, the colt became restive and threw his rider into the muddy pool. In revenge the officer ordered his men to rob the house, and rode away on a plow horse. One worthy gentleman had a large amount of specie which he desired to prevent the Hessians, who also had their rendezvous at Haddonfleld, from plundering. He therefore took his treasure at midnight to a se- cluded place, and by the light of a lantern buried it. On passing the spot the next morning he discovered that his gold was gone. His lantern had betrayed him to spies who were lurking around, and they re- moved his treasure as soon as he left the place of con- cealment. In sharp dealing, however, the Yankees were usu- ally fully equal to the enemy. On one occasion a Waterford man learned that the enemy at Mount Holly were in want of flour. He took ten well-filled bags to the commissary there, who opened each sack, and, finding good flour, paid the man a liberal price; as the man started away the officer said to him, " Stop ! you're leaving your bags !" " You need not empty them," said he, " I'll throw the bags in for the sake of the cause !" On examination there was found a small quantity of flour at the top of each bag ; the rest was — sawdust. Haddonfleld. — Several interesting incidents oc- curred at Haddonfleld during the Revolution, one of which was the almost miraculous escape of Miles Sage, a brave dragoon, who belonged to Ellis' regi- ment. On one occasion, while his regiment was at Haddonfleld, he and a comrade, named Ben Haines, were ordered to reconnoiter the enemy near Glouces- ter Point. He lost his companion, and on reach- ing the point learned that the British had already moved for Haddonfleld, intending to surprise the Americans. He turned his fleet steed, and dashed through the darkness with the utmost speed for his camp. On arriving at the village he dismounted at Col. Ellis' quarters to give the alarm, but found that the house was filled with British officers. He re- mounted without being discovered, and galloped off in search of his retreating comrades. The enemy were drawn up near the eastern extremity of the town in three ranks. Through two of these he charged successfully, but his mare fell at the third, and be was at the mercy of his foes, who surrounded him, and inflicted on him thirteen bayonet wounds. A Scotch officer interposed in his behalf, and had him taken to the inn of the village and placed in the care of some women, one of whom was the mother of Gov- ernor Stratton. One of the women besought him to turn his thoughts heavenward, and he replied, " Mar- tha, I mean to give the enemy thirteen rounds yet." He lived to do so, and to relate this adventure to his grandchildren. Col. Stirling, and the Queen's Rangers under Maj. Simcoe, were at Haddonfleld in the latter part of February, 1778, for the purpose of annoying Gen. Wayne, who was collecting supplies of cattle, etc. Simcoe, in his journal, says, "A circumstance hap- pened here, which, though not unusual in America and in the rebel mode of warfare, it is presumed is singu- lar elsewhere.'' As Maj. Simcoe was near the out- posts, on horseback, in conversation with Lieut. Whit- lock, they heard the report of a rifle, and a bullet passed between them. They were on high ground, and were able to see the man who flred running away. He was pursued and captured by Lieut. Whitlock and the guard. On being questioned why he had fired thus, he answered that he had often flred at the Hessians, who were there some time before, and thought he would do so again. Maj. Simcoe continues, "As he lived within half a mile of the spot, had he not been taken and the patrols pushed, the next day they would have found him, it is probable, employed in his household matters, and strenuously denying that he either possessed or had fired a gun. He was sent prisoner to Philadelphia." Maj. Simcoe doubled his guards, and enjoined par- ticular watchfulness after this specimen of rebel effron- tery, for he never felt safe among the Gloucester boys after that. The Forty-second and the Rangers remained some days at Haddonfleld, during which time they made valiant assaults on some tar-barrels in Timber Creek, and some rum-casks on the Egg Harbor road. On learning that Mad Anthony was on his way from Mount Holly to attack the forces at Haddonfleld, Simcoe wished, as he represented, to secure the in- habitants of the village, by advancing to a favorable position two miles from the village, and lying in ambush. Stirling, however, saw flt to retire within the lines at Cooper's Ferry, and Simcoe led the re- treat thither, notwithstanding his professed eagerness to flght. He says, "The night was uncommonly severe, and a cold sleet fell the whole way ft-om Had- donfleld to the ferry, where the troops arrived late, and the ground being occupied by barns and forage they were necessitated to pass the coldest night they ever felt without fire." The next day fifty men, picked from the Forty- second and the Rangers, were sent three or four miles towards Haddonfleld for some remaining forage ; but were met by Wayne's cavalry, and driven back to the ferry. The Americans pursued them to (Im- < oi - don of the enemy, where they found the British forces drawn up, the Forty-second on the right, Col. Mark- ham in the centre, and the Queen's Rangers on the 3C HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES.. ]eft, and resting their left flank on Cooper's Creek. Some of the British troops were embarking for Phila- delphia, and, as it appeared to be only a reconnois- sance on the part of the Americans, Col. Markham's detachment, with the horses, also embarked. Just at that time a barn within the cordon was fired, and Simcoe supposed the Americans regarded this as an evidence that only a few stragglers were left of the British, they attacked and drove in the British pickets. Whereupon the Forty-second and the Rangers, with some sailors drawing some three- pounders, moved forward. In the vicinity of the academy and the Hicksite Friends' meeting-house the Forty-second maintained a heavy fire on the main body of the Americans in the woods on the Haddonfield road, while the Rangers were only op- posed to a few cavalry that were reconnoitering on the left. As Simcoe advanced " to gain an eminence in front, which he conceived to be a strong advan- tageous position," probably the ridge at Dogwood- town, half-way between Sixth Street, in Camden, and the creek, the cavalry fell back to the woods, except one officer, who faced the Rangers, and slowly waved hi§ sword for his attendants to retreat. When the English light infantry had come within fifty yards of him, one of them called out, " You are a brave fel- low, but you must go away !" He gave no heed to the warning, and a soldier fired at him, wounding the horse but doing no harm to the rider, who joined his comrades in the woods. This daring rider was Count Pulaski, the Pole, who had left his native land, and volunteered to fight for the advancement of the cause of universal liberty. From the eminence which Simcoe had occupied the English sailors kept up a cannonade on some Americans who were removing the planks from Cooper's bridge, but this proved to be a harmless amusement, for none of the Americans were wounded. The English outnumbered the Americans ten to one in this affray, but the loss fell on the side of the former. Several of the rangers were wounded, and one grenadier was killed. This affair occurred on the 1st of March, 1778. Cooper's Point was a British outpost during the occupation of Philadelphia. The enemy's lines ex- tended from the point down the Delaware to near Market Street, and thence around to Cooper's Creek. Outside of these lines the people were continually plundered by the Hessians, several regiments of which were stationed here. After the British occupation of Philadelphia bat- teries were placed along the river, and from these shot were sent after American militiamen who were seen loitering. One of these struck a rain-water cask from which a lady was taking water. On the arrival of the British fleet the men-of-war took posi- tion in the west channel, and the convoys and ten- ders, to the number of a hundred or more, anchored in the eastern channel, between Windmill Island and the New Jersey shore. The guns on the men-of-war were frequently exercised with full cartridges; and shot, which were doubtless thus thrown away, have been found at distances of one or two miles from the river, in Newton township. The Americans frequently annoyed the enemy while they lay at the point. Soon after the retreat of Simcoe from Haddonfield, in March, 1778, Pulaski, with a body of Continental cavalry, approached close to the British lines to reconnoiter. An ambuscade had been placed on both sides of the road from the bridge to the middle ferry, and as Pulaski came on in advance of his men a Whig, named William West, sprang on a log and signaled to him to retreat. He did so, and thus his men were saved from destruction. *At about the same time a severe fight occurred at Cooper's bridge, where a party of militiamen were surprised by the English, a portion were killed, and the rest captured and marched to Fort Washington, where they were taken on board of the Jersey prison- ship, from which few lived to return. The minute- men who annoyed the British here were very young men. They were brave, and the lives of those who fell were dearly sold. John Stokes and David Kinsey, or Taph Bennet, as he was commonly called, were rangers who distin- guished themselves by their daring exploits. They hung on the lines of the enemy, and many an Eng- lishman fell, pierced by their bullets, when they little dreamed of an enemy being near them. Their names were well known to those who were encamped at Camden, and the mention of Jack and Taph would arouse in the Hessians lively visions of the world to come. CHAPTER X. REVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.— ( Continued.) Troops fumislied by Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland Counties.' — The first Continental troops of the " Jersey Line" were raised under a resolution of Congress adopted Oct. 9, 1775. This resolution asked for two battalions of eight companies each, and each company to consist of one captain, one lieu- tenant, one ensign, four sergeants, four corporals, and sixty-four privates. The privates were to be 1 The historian has made free use of A4j.-Geu. Stryker*B "Official : Begieter of the oflBcers and men of New Jersey Jb the Kevolntionary war," I in this account of the troops furnished by the State of New Jersey. I In the preparation of this " Register," Gen. Strylter examined and com- ; pared the pension-lists of the government, the minutes of the Congress I of the United States, and of the Legislature and Council of Safety, j records of the War Department, as well as original manuscripts, rolls j of companies of Continental troops, diaries of officers, paymasters, memoranda, quartermasters' reports, treasurers' receipts, returns to the comniandor-iu-chief, etc. It is the only extensive and well-anthenti- ' cated " Record" of the kind that has been published. GENERAL HISTORY. 37 enlisted for one year, at five dollars per month, and were to be allowed, instead of bounty, "a felt hat, a pair of yarn-stockings, and a pair of shoes;" but were to furnish their own arms. These battalions were first designated the Eastern and Western, and subsequently the First and Second, Battalions. The First was commanded by William Alexander (Lord Stirling), and after his promotion to the rank of brigadier-general by Lieut.-Col. William Winds, who was promoted to the colonelcy; the Second by Col. William Maxwell. November 10th of the same year six companies of these battalions, all that were then full, were sent to do garrison duty in the fort on the Highlands of the Hudson ; and on the 27th of the same month the balance of the two battalions went into barracks at New York. The battalions were mustered in December, and on the 10th of Jan- uary, 1776, three companies of the First Battalion were ordered to Queens County, N. Y., to aid in arresting Tories. The rest of the battalion were stationed at Perth Amboy and Elizabethtown till May 3,» 1776, when they left to join an expedition to Canada. They participated in the operations before Quebec, then went into barracks at Ticonderoga, where they re- mained till Nov. 5, 1776, when they were sent to New Jersey for discharge. On the 8th of January, 1776, the Second Battalion was ordered to Albany to report to Gen. Schuyler. Authority for the formation of a third battalion, on the same terms, was given by Congress, Jan. 10, 1776. Of this Elias Dayton was made the colonel. Four companies of this battalion were first stationed at Staten Island, and the other four at Amboy. The data for the following brief history of the seventh company in this battalion are taken from the diary of Ebenezer Elmer, who was commissioned an ensign on the 8th of February, 1775, and promoted to a lieutenancy in this company in the following April. Recruiting for this company was commenced on the 19th of February, 1775, and on the 1st of March fol- lowing the company was full. It remained in Cum- berland County, preparing for its future campaign, till the 27th of that month, when it marched for its place of rendezvous. Under this date the diary says, "Marched up to where Daniel Stretch abused us (Whig Lane, Salem County), for which we gave him a new coat of tar and feathers, made him give three hearty cheers and beg our pardon, then proceeded on to the death of the fox that night, very tired." They went into barracks at Elizabethtown on the 3d of April, and on the 16th of the same month pro- ceeded to Amboy, where they went into barracks with three other companies of the same battalion. On the 28th of April they all left, and, with the four other companies that had been on Staten Island, proceeded, by way of Elizabethtown, to New York, where they arrived the next day. On the 2d of May they were mustered by the muster- master-general, and were pronounced by Gen. Washington "the flower of all the North American forces." The following is the muster-roll of the company, as appears from the diary and from a manuscript copy made at the time, and now in the possession of C. E. Sheppard, Esq., of Bridgeton : Gommisaioned Officers, Captain, .Tosepb Bloomfield; First Lieutenant, William Gifford; Second Lieutenant, Ebeoezer Elmer; Eneign, William Norcroes. Cadet. Edmund T>. Tbomas. David Dare. Preston Hannah. Jonathan Lummis. Thomas Parker. Joseph Riley, drummer. John Barret. Ephraim Bennet. Peter Birney. Davis Bivens. Charles Bowen. Henry Bragg. Ezekiel Braymau. Henry Buck. James Buvch, Richard Burch. James Buren. Juhn Burroughs. John Casperson. Azariab Ca&to. Charles Cosgrove. / Jonathan Davis. -^ Abraham Dorchester. Samuel Dowdney. Glover Fithian. Abraham Garrison. Bennet Garrison. Joel Garrison. Joseph Garrison. Matthias Garrison. Thomas Gibson. Philip Goggin. Robert Griggs. John Hayes. William Haynes. Abraham Hazleton. Isaac Hazleton. John Henry. Daniel Ireland. Samuel Jackson. Tuley Jenkins. Erick Johnson. Othniel Johnson. Alexander Jones. Becompence Lake. Street Mask ell. CorporaU. Muaiciana. John Beeves. Caroll Whittaker. Lewis James, fifer. Pi-ivates. John Jones. David Ketcham. Davis Langley. Elnathan Langley, Daniel Lawrence,. James Logan. ; John Major./ David Martin. Benjamin Massey. Uriah Maul. Charles McDEide, William McGee. William McGrah. Daniel Moore. Elijah Moore. John Mutten, Benjamin Ogden. Samuel Potter. James Ray. Clement Remington. Daniel Rice. James Kiley. John Royal. Edward Russel. Ananias Sayer. Oliver Shaw. Peter Sheppard. Philip Sheppard. Reed Sheppard. Benjamin Simpkins. Seeley Simpkins. William Smith. Lewis Thompson. Moses TuIHh. William Tullis. Elijah Wheaton. Ebenezer Woodruff, Edward Christian. John McGIaskey. Absent. Sick, John Shaw. Deserters. Daniel 0. Ryan. On the 3d of May the Third and First Battalions embarked on sloops for Albany, where they arrived on the morning of the 8th. The following is a de- scription of the city given in Mr. Elmer's diary : 38 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. " The town consists of a large number of bouses, mostly old Dutch buildings; it stands in the valley on the west side of North Biver; the hill on the back of the town is as high as the tallest houses. It is the value of half a mile long upon the river, and about forty perches from the water up. There are no streets that lead straight up from the water, and those which run parallel with the river, which are only two, have several windings in their course. The land is very clayey and slippery in wet weather. In the hilly part of the town is very fine meadow ground. Some distance from the town, on the S. "W. side, upon the brink of the hill, stands Gen. Schuyler's house, which is a very stately building, with line meadows before his door. The land in general, es- pecially on the east side of the river, is pine woods and very hilly. There is, however, some very good land on the west side, in the vales. The city has a mayor and aldermen in It, tho' the mayor is a rank Tory, and BO are many of the inhabitants, though » great many are staunch Whigs." Such was the capital of the State of New York in 1776. It was intended that these battalions of New Jersey troops should form a part of an expedition to Canada, but intelligence from Quebec induced a change of plan, and on the 1st of June the Third Battalion marched for Johnstown, in the Mohawk Valley, ' where it arrived on the 4th. On the 6th Capt. Bloomfield's company, with others, was sent to German Flats, where an attack from the enemy was feared. On the 18th the rest of the battalion marched for the same place. They ar- rived at Fort Herkimer on the 20th, and received or- ders to fortify there. On the 12th of July the bat- talion, except two companies, one of which was Capt. Bloomfield's, marched for Fort Stanwix. On the 14th news was received of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress, and on the 15th '• an assembly was beat for the men to parade in order to receive a treat and to drink the States' health, wlien, having made a barrel of grog, the Declaration was read, and the following toast given by Pai-son Caldwell : ' Harmony, Virtue, Honor, and all propriety to the free and independent United States of America. Wise Legislatures, brave and victorious armies, both by sea and land, to the American States;' when three hearty cheers were given, and the grog flew round amain. The parole for the day was ' The Free and Independent States of America.^ " Thus did these patriots celebrate their first " inde- pendence" on the banks of the Mohawk, and wake with their cheers the echoes from the forest-covered hillsides. On the 21st of August the fort on which the com- mand had labored at German Flats was completed, and christened Fort Dayton. The occasion was cele- brated, says the diary, after firing a volley from the port-holes, by "drinking, scouting round the fort, hurraing, swinging of hats, and hawbucking about for an bonr, when they were drawn up in a square and the captain gave them a smart preachment, putting off his hat and- beginning with ^friende, countrymen^ and /eltow-cittzene^ little did I think that I should address you to-day, bnt after making merry our hearts upon this occasion I feel an impulse of mine to speak to you which I am not able to withstand. Many of you, my Cumberland lads, have traveled with me from your native homes, 500 miles, into this wilder- ness in this glorious cause of liberty,' etc., etc." In September the company joined their comrades at Fort Schuyler. On the 12th of October Lieut. Elmer was ordered ! to go with twenty men to look after a scouting-party that had been sent to Oswego, but pending prepara- i tions for their departure the party returned. On the i 17th Col. Elmer arrived at Fort Schuyler with several companies of his regiment. On the 19th an express arrived from Gen. Schuyler announcing a battle on the lake, between Gen. Arnold and the king's troops, and requesting the regiment to come forward with all expedition, and on the 20th it took up its march. The journal gives the marches for each day, and the camping at each night till the 25th of October, when Schenectady was reached. Thence the march was continued, as the journal states, through a swampy, uninhabited country, for a portion of the distance, till, on the 1st of November, they arrived at Ticon- j^eroga. Here they were at first apprehensive of an attack from the enemy, whose morning and evening guns they could distinctly hear till the 7th, when they ceased to be heard, and it was believed that the forces had evacuated Crown Point, and that the fleet in the lake had retired. The regiment remained, engaged in ordinary garrison duty, till December 20th, when it crossed to Mount Independence. Here it remained during the intensely cold winter of 1776-77, discharg- ing garrison duty, and frequently parading and drill- ing on the ice. During the summer which they passed in the Mo- hawk Valley, at Johnstown, German Flats, Fort Day- ton, and Fort Schuyler, they were engaged in erecting fortifications, protecting the inhabitants, and prevent- ing the incursions of hostile Indians. At Ticonder- oga and Mount Independence their duties were not less arduous, and by reason of the severity of the winter their sufferings were great. It was not their fortune, during their period of service, to be engaged on the battle-field, but in the discharge of the duties which devolved on them they acquitted themselves with honor, and contributed their share toward the accomplishment of the final grand result of the war. On the 2d of March, 1777, the battalion started on its march homeward. It arrived at Morristown on the 18th, and was there discharged on the 23d. The diary states, — "On Sunday, the 23d, we set out for home, and I arrived at Bridgoton the Friday following, being the 28th of March, having been from there a year and a day." Sept. 16, 1776, a second establishment of troops was made by the Congress of the United Colonies. Under this eighty-eight battalions were to be enlisted, to serve during the war, and of these the " Jersey Line" consisted of four. The sum of twenty dollars was offered as a bounty to each non-commissioned officer and soldier, and bounty lands, at the close of the war, to each officer and soldier, or to his representatives in case of his death in the service, as follows : Five hun- dred acres to each colonel, four hundred and fifty acres to each lieutenant- colonel, four hundred to each major, three hundred to each captain, two hundred to each lieutenant, one hundred and fifty to each en- GENERAL HISTORY. 39 sign, and to each non-commissioned officer and soldier one hundred. It was also " Resolved^ That for the further encouragement of the non-commia- sioned officer and soldier who shall engage in the service during the war a suit of clothes be annually' given each of the said officers and soldiers, to consist, for the present year, of two linen hunting-shirts, two pair of overalls, a leathern or woolen waistcoat, with sleeves, one pair of breeches, a hat or leathern cap, two shirts, two pair of hose, and two pair of shoes, amounting in the whole to the value of twenty dollars, or that sum to be paid to eacli soldier who shall procure those articles for himself and produce a certificate thereof from the captain of the com- pany to which he belongs to the paymaster of the regiment." Arrangements were made by the General Assem- bly of New Jersey to carry into effect this arrange- ment, and to provide for the re-enlistment of those already in the service. The organization of the First Battalion, Col. Silas Newcomb, was completed in December, 1776 ; the Second, Col. Israel Shreve, in February, 1777; the Fourth, Col. Ephraim Martin, during the same month ; and the Third, Col. Elias Dayton, in April of that year. Col. Maxwell was made a brigadier-general in October, 1776, and was assigned to the command of these battalions, which were called " Maxwell's brigade." In May, 1777, this brigade was placed in Gen. Stephens' division, and was encamped at Elizabeth- town, Bound Brook, and Spanktown (Eahway). This division, during the summer of 1777, marched through Pennsylvania and Delaware, and a portion of the " New Jersey Line" opened the battle of Brandy wine, on the morning of September 11th. They continued actively engaged through the fight, and afterwards skirmished with the enemy, arriving at Germantown, where they encamped. In the battle at this place, October 4th, Maxwell's brigade formed the corps de reserve and left wing of the American array, under the command of Maj.-Gen. Lord Stirling. The bri- gade distinguished itself in this battle, especially the First Battalion, which lost heavily in men and officers. The winter of 1777-78 was passed by this brigade, with the rest of the army, at Valley Forge. On the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, in June, 1778, this brigade was detached from the main army, and, with other troops, was placed under the command of Gen. Lafayette, to harass and impede Gen. Clin- ton's force. June 28, 1778, the Jersey Line, as well as the militia under the command of Maj.-Gen. Phile- mon Dickinson, took part in the battle of Monmouth. Most of the winter of 1778-79 was passed by the brigade at Elizabethtown, though a detachment of the Second Battalion was at Newark, and a portion of the Fourth at Spanktown (Rah way). In May, 1779, Maxwell's brigade was ordered with the army of Gen. Sullivan to march up the Susquehanna River and lay waste the settlements of the Seneca Indians, and in October of the same year it returned to New Jersey. May 27, 1778, Congress made a new arrangement, or third establishment, of the troops, under which the constitution of the different battalions was changed ; and by an act, March 9, 1779, the number of bat- talions in the Jersey Line was changed to three. A bounty of two hundred dollars was offered, and pro- vision was made for enlisting three hundred and sixty-five volunteers. On tlie 9th of February, 1780, New Jersey was called on for sixteen hundred and twenty men, to fill the " Jersey Line." Volunteers were called for, and a bounty of one thousand dollars was offered for each recruit. " Muster-masters" were appointed in the different counties, the one for Gloucester being Col. Joseph Ellis; Salem, Maj. Edward Hall; and Cumberland, Lieut.-Col. Abijah Holmes. In June, 1781, more troops were called for, and the quota under this call was for Gloucester, fifty-one; Salem, fifty-one ; and Cumberland, thirty. The recruiting oflBcers were, — for Gloucester, Capt. John Davis; Salem, Capt. John Kelly ; and Cumberland, Capt. Amos Woodruff. The bounty paid under this reqCli- sition was twelve pounds, in gold or silver, for each recruit. The regiments of the Jersey Line, thus re- organized, were commanded by Cols. Matthias Ogden, Isaac Shreve, and Elias Dayton. Each regiment had six companies, commanded as follows : Firet JRegimeitl. — Captains, Jonathan Formau, John Flahaven, Giles Mead, Alexander Mitchell, Peter V. Voorhees, and John Holmes. Second Begirw.nl. — Captains, John Hollinshead, John N. Gumming' Samuel Beading, Nathan Bowman, Jonathan Phillips, and William Helms, Third Regiment. — Captains, John Ross, William Gifford, Kichard Cox, Jeremiah Ballard, Joseph T. AnderBon, and Bateman Lloyd, Gen. Maxwell continued in command of the Jersey Brigade till his resignation, in July, 1780, when he was succeeded by the senior officer, Col. Elias Day- ton, who continued in command till the close of the war. In September, 1781, the three regiments went to James River, Va., where they were employed in all the labor of the siege, and were present at the sur- render of Yorktown, October 19th, of that year. Early in the war many men from New Jersey en- listed in regiments of other States, or in those raised by direct authority of the Continental Congress. The news of the cessation of hostilities was an- nounced in the camp of the brigade, April 19, 1783, and the Jersey Line was discharged November 3d, of that year. State Troops. — At various times during the war New Jersey, by reason of its position on the coast and between cities in possession of the enemy, was exposed to the incursions of the British and the ravages of refugees and Indians. It was therefore found neces- sary to embody, as occasion required, a certain quota of volunteers from the militia of the different coun- ties. These men were held liable for duty in this and in adjoining States when necessary, and the organiza- tions were known as " New Jersey Levies," " Five Months' Levies,'' or, more generally, as "State Troops." 40 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. The first of these troops organized was under the authority of the Provincial Congress, Feb. 13, 1776, and consisted of two artillery companies, one to be stationed in the eastern and one in the western divi- sion of the State. These batteries took part in the battles of Trenton, Assunpink, Princeton, and Mon- mouth. Frederick Frelinghuysen was appointed captain of the eastern company. The oflBcers of the western company were Samuel Hugg, captaiD ; Thomas Newark, captain ; John Wescott, firat lieutenant ; Joseph Dayton, second lieutenant. Captain-Lieutenant, Thomas Newark, resigned. First Lieutenant, John Wescott, promoted captain-lieutenant, after- wards captain. Second Lieutenant, Joseph Dayton, resigned. Seth Bowen, appointed first lieutenant, afterwards captain-lieuien- ant; resigned. Benjamin Whitall, appointed second lieutenant, first lieutenant, and afterwards captain-lieutenant. £U Elmer, appointed second lieutenant. Nov. 27, 1776, the Provincial Congress passed the first act for the organization of the infantry branch of the State troops. This act provided for the organ- ization, by voluntary enlistment, of four battalions of eight companies each. Of these battalions, one was raised in the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cum- berland, consisting of three companies from Glouces- ter, three from Salem, and two from Cumberland. Of this battalion, David Potter was appointed colonel, Whitton Cripps lieutenant-colonel, and William Ellis major. Oct. 9, 1779, fotir thousand volunteers were called for, to serve till Dec. 20, 1779. Of these the quota of Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May Coun- ties was one regiment of eight companies, each com- pany numbering one hundred and two men. Of this regiment, Nicholas Stilwell was appointed colonel, Robert Brown lieutenant-colonel, and Anthony Sharp major. Dec. 29, 1781, a call was made for four hundred and twenty-two men, to serve till Dec. 15, 1782. Under this call the company from Gloucester County was commanded by Capt. Simon Lucas, that from Salem by Capt. Nicholas Keen, and that from Cumberland by Capt. Charles Allen. These companies were or- dered to do " duty on land or water." Calls were also made June 7 and 14, 1780, for four hundred and twenty men, each to serve till Jan. 1, 1782. Militia.— On the 3d of June, 1775, the Provincial Congress of New Jersey passed an act providing a " plan for regulating the militia of the colony." This act set forth that "The Congress, taking into consideration the cruel and arbitrary measures adopted and pursued by the British Parliament and present ministry for the purpose of subjugating the American colonies to the most abject servitude, and being apprehensive that all pacific measures for the redress of our grievances will prove inefi'ectual, do think it hif^hly necessary that the inhabitants of this province be forthwith properly armed and disciplined for defending the cause of American freedom." The plan was still further considered and amended Aug. 16, 1775. After that date all officers were ordered to be commissioned by the Provincial Congress or the Committee of Safety. In the assignment then made Gloucester had three battalions, 8alem one regiment, and Cumberland two battalions. "Minute-men" having been raised in some other counties, in compliance with the recommendation of the Continental Congress, the Provincial Congress, by this ordinance, ordered the several counties to furnish them, ranging from one to eight companies each. The assignment for Gloucester was four companies, Salem three, and Cumberland three. These companies of minute-men were " held in readiness on the shortest notice to march to any place where assistance might i>e required for the defense of this or any neighboring colony." They were to continue in service four months. Their uniform was a hunting-frock, similar to that of the riflemen in the Continental service. On the 3d of June, 1776, the Continental Congress called for thirteen thousand eight hundred militia to reinforce the army at New York. The quota for New Jersey under this call was three thousand three hundred, of which Gloucester, Salem, and Cumber- land Counties furnished each two companies. The field and staff officers of this command were : Colonel, Silas Newcomb ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Bowes Beed; Major, William Ellis ; Quartermaster, Abijah Holmes ; Surgeon, Thomas Ewing; Surgeon's Mate, Robert Patterson ; and Chaplain, Philip Tickers Fithian, The last died of a fever at Fort Washington, on the Hudson, Oct. 8, 1776. July 16, 1776, the Continental Congress requested the Convention of New Jersey to supply with militia the places of two thousand men of Gen. Washington's army that had been ordered into New Jersey to form the flying camp. Of the thirty companies of sixty- four men each sent under this call, Gloucester fur nished three companies, and Cumberland one, which, with three companies from Burlington, were under Col. Charles Read, Lieut.-Col. Josiah Hillman, Maj. William Ellis, and Surgeon Bodo Otto, Jr. Salem supplied two companies, which, with three each from Middlesex and Monmouth, formed a battalion tliat was officered by Col. Samuel Forman, Lieut.-Col. Whitton Cripps, and Maj. John Dunn. Aug. 11, 1776, one-half of the militia was ordered to be detached for immediate service, to be relieved by the other half every month. On this basis of monthly classes, in active service alternate months, the militia were held during the war. April 14, 1778, the militia of the State was formed into two brigades, and Jan. 8, 1781, into three. During the war companies of artillery and troops of horse were organized in different localities. Stryker says,— " The good service performed by the militia of this State is fully re- corded in history. At the fights at Quinton's Bridge, Hancock's Bridge, Three Rivers, Connecticut Farms, and Van Nestea' Mills, they bore an active part ; while at the battles of Long Island, Trenton, Assunpink, GENEKAL HISTORY. 41 Princeton, Germantown, Springfield, and Monmouth they performed efficient service in supporting the Continental Line." The field and staff oflacers of the militia regiments in the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland were as follows : GLOUCESTER COUNTY. First Battalion.— Colonel^ Israel Shreve ; Colonel, Robert Taylor, pro. from capt. and maj. ; Colonel, Bodo Otto; Lieutenant-Colonel, Sam- uel Tonkins; Lieutenant-Colonel, Samuel Shreve. pro. from capt. ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Robert Brown, pro. from capt. ; Major, Samuel Flanningham. Second Battalion — Colonel, Joseph Ellis; Lieutenant-Colonel, Elijah Clark ; Major, William Ellia. Third BaUoZion.— Colonel, Richard Somera ; First Major, Richard Weat- cott ; First Major, George Payne, pro. from capt. ; Second Major, Jeremiah Smith, pro. from capt. ; Adjutant, William Smith ; Pay- master, John Little; Surgeon, Thomas Hendry. SALEM COUNTY. First Battalion (WeBtem Battalion).— Goionel, Samuel Dick; Colonel, Wbitton Cripps,pro. from lieiit-col. ; First Major, William Mecum ; Second Major, Edward Hull ; Quartermaster, Thomas Carpenter. Second Battalion {Eastern Battalion). — Colonel, John Holme ; Colonel, Benjamin Holme, pro. from lieut.-col. ; Colonel, William Shute, pro. from lieut.-col. ; Fii-st Major, Thomas Mecum ; First Miyor, Anthony Sharp ; Second Msgor, John Kelly, pro. from capt. ; Second Major, Henry Sparks, Jr. ; Adjutant, John Smith; Quartermaster, Andrew Yorke; Chaplain, William Worth, CUMBERLAND COUNTY. First Battalion. — Colonel, Silaa Newcomb ; Colonel, Isaac Preston ; Col- onel, Elijah Ham), pro. from lieut.-co1. ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Enos Seeley ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Samuel Ogden, pro. from capt. and Ist maj. ; First Major, Timothy Elmer ; First Major, Derrick Peterson ; Second Major, Ezekiel Foster, pro. from capt.; Second Megor, Ephraim Lummes, pro. from capt. ; Adjutant, Fithian Stratton ; Quartermaster, Josiah Seeley. Second Battalion. — Colonel, David Potter ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Abijah Holmes ; First Major, Thomas Ewing ; Second Major, Daniel Mas- ken, pro. from capt.; Quartermaster. John Dowdney. The following is a list of those from Gloucester County who served either in the Continental army, State troops, or militia during the Revolutionary war :^ Brigadier- General. Joseph Ellis, col. 2d Batt., Gloucester; brig. -gen. militia, Feb. 15, 1777; declined Feb. 21, 1777. Colonels. Bodo otto, col. 1st Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 16, 1777 ; died Jan. 20, 1782. Israel Shreve, col. lat Batt., Gloucester ; also col. Continental army. Richard Somers, col. 3d Batt., Gloucester ; col. batt. State troops. Limitenant- Colonels. Robert Brown, capt. 1st Batt., Gloucester ; lieut.-col. let Batt., Glouces- ter, June 10, 1779; lieut.-col. Col. Stilweirs regt. State troops, Oct. 9, 1779. Elijah Clark, lieut.-col. 2d Batt., Gloucester; res. Nov. 6, 1777, to become member of Assembly. Samuel Shreve, Cfipt. 1st Batt, Gloucester ; lieut.-col. 1st Batt., Glouces- ter, Feb. 5, 1777 ; res. Oct. 2, 1778. Samuel Tonkin, lieut.-col. 1st Batt., Gloucester ; res. Feb. 5, 1777. Minora. William Ellis,capt. Col. Newconib's batt., Heard's brig., June 14, 1776 ; maj. Col. Newcomb's batt., Heard's brig.; maj. Col. Eeairs batt., De- tached Militia, July 18, 1776 ; maj. Col. Potter's batt., State troops, Not. 27, 1776; maj. 2d Batt., Gloucester; taken prisoner April 5, 1778 ; exchanged Dec. 26, 17801 Samuel Flanningham (or Flanagan), maj. let Batt., Gloucester, June 10, 1779 ; also capt. Continental army. 1 Compiled from Stryker's Official Register. George Payne, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777 ; 1st maj. 3d Batt., Gloucester, March 31, 1778. Jeremiah Smith, capt. 3d Batt,, Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777; 2d maj* ditto, Dec. 12, 1778. Richard Westcott, Ist maj. 3d Batt., Gloucester ; res. March 31, 1778. Paymaatern. Thomas Carpenter, paymaster, Salem and Gloucester, March 19, 1777 (see also quartermastersj. John Little, paymaster, 3d Batt., Gloucester. Surgeons. Thomas Hendry, surgeon brigade militia, superintendent hospital, April 3, 1777 ; surgeon 3d Batt., Gloucester. Captains. John Baker, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester; capt. State troops. Andrew Barnes, capt. Gloucester; prisoner of war in September, 1780. Jacob Browning, capt, 2d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 22, 1777. Richard Cheeseman, capt. Ist Batt., Gloucester. Joseph Covenovor, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 12, 1777. John Cozens, cape. Ist Batt., Gloucester; prisoner of war; exchanged Dec. 8, 1780 ; capt. State troops. 4John Davis, capt. 1st Butt., Gloucester. Douglas, capt., Gloucester. Joseph Elwell, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester. Sawtel Elwell, lieut. 2d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 3, 1776 ; capt. 1st Batt., ditto. Joseph EstelLcapt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. Felix FisM^l^^t., Gloucester. John Hampton, lieut. 3d Batt., Gloucester; capt. ditto. William Harrison, capt. 2d Batt., Gloucester. Richard Higbee, 2d lieut. Capt. Payne's company, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777 ; 1st lieut. ditto, James Holmes, capt., Gloucester ; capt. batt. " Heard's brigade," June 16, 1776; also capt. Continental army. John Inskip, lieut. 2d Batt., Gloucester; capt. ditto. Simon Lucas, capt., Gloucester; capt. Maj. Hayes^ Batt., State troops. Archibald Maffit, capt, 1st Batt., Gloucester; resigned. William Maffit, 1st lieut. Capt. Pierce's company, 1st Batt., Gloucester, June 2, 1777 ; capt. ditto. John Patten, capt. 2d Batt., Gloucester. David Paul, lieut. 3d Batt., Gloucester ; capt. ditto ; capt. Col. New- comb's Batt., "Heard's brigade," June 14, 1776; capt. 2d Batt., Gloucester. George Pierce, capt. 1st Batt., Gloucester, June 2,1777. William Price, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. George Purvis, capt. 2d Batt., Gloucester. Christopher Rape, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. Henry Shute, capt. 1st Batt., Gloucester. William Smith, adjt. 3d Batt., Gloucoster; capt. ditto. Robert Snell, Ist lieut. Capt. Samuel Snell's company, 3d Batt., Glouces- ter; capt. ditto. (See naval service.) Samuel Snell, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777 (see naval service). James Somers, 1st lieut. Capt. Price's company, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777 ; capt. 2d Batt. ditto. John Somers, capt., Gloucebter. Zephania Steelman, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. John Stokes, capt. 2d Batt., Gloucester. Richard Stonebanks, capt, 1st Batt., Gloucester, Oct. 5, 1778. James Tallman, capt. Troop Light Horse, Gloucester, May 3, 1777. Joseph Thome, capt. 2d Batt, Gloucester, Aug. 10, 1776. William Watson, 1st lieut. 1st Batt, Gloucester; capt. ditto. David Weatherby, capt. 3d Batt., Gloucester. John Wood, capt Col. Holmes' regt,. State troops ; capt Ist Batt,, Gloucester. John Wood, capt., Gloucester. Lieutenants. David Baker, private, Gloucester ; lieut. ditto. John Carter, lieut., Gloucester. John Chatham, lieut Ist Batt, Gloucester. Enoch Leeds, lieut, Gloucester. Joseph McCullough, lieut. 3d Batt., Gloucester. John Parsons, lieut, Gloucester; prisoner of war in September, 1780. Ward Pierce, lieut. Capt Stonebank's company, Ist Batt., Gloucester, Oct. 5, 1778. 42 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Beojamin W^therby, lieat. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Lient-Col. Somers' Batt, State troups. J^r$t Lieutenants. Joseph Tngersoll, let lieot. Capt. Jeremiah Smith's company, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Nov. 14, XITl. Edward Ireland, let lient. 3d Batt., Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777. Jeremiah Leeds, Ist lieut.Cupt. Covenovers company, 3d Batt., Glouces- ter, Sept. 18, 1777. Samael Matlack, 1st lient. Capt. Thome*g compaoy, '2d Batt., Gloucester, Aug. 10,1776. Alexander Mitchell, Ist lieut., Gloncester ; 1 st lient. ** Heard's brigade," June 14, 1776; aUo capL Continental army. Nehemiah Morse, 1st lieut. Capt. Payne's company, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777. Samuel Springer, Ist lieut. Capt. Rape's company, 3d Batt,, Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. Arthur Westcott, ist lieut. Capt. Eateire cumpany, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. Second lAeutenanU. Aaron Chew, 2d lieut. 2d Batt., Gloncester; prisoner of war in Septem- ber, 1780 ; exchanged. Peter Covenhoven, 2d lieut., Gloucester, Nov. 14, 1777. Jacob Endicutt, 2d lieot. Capt. Sneli's company, 3d Batt., Gloncester, Sept. IS, 1777. William Finch, 2d lient. Capt. Kape's compauy, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. John Lucas, 2d lient. Qipt. Estell's company, 3d Batt, Gloucester, Sept. 18, 1777. Samuel McFarlaad, 2d lieut. let Batt., Gloucester. Abraham Parsons (or Passant), 2d lient. Capt. Browning's company, 2d Batt., Gloncester; taken prisoner ; exchanged. Jeremiah Bisley, 2d lieut. Capt. Uovenover's company, 3d Batt., Glonces- ter, Sept. 18, 1777. Henry Bowe, 2d lieut. Capt. Pierce's company, 1st Batt., Gloucester, June 2, 1777. John Scull, 2d lieut. Capt. Price's company, 3d Batt., Gloucester, Sept 18, 1777. ijah Townaend, 2d lieut Capt. Jeremiah : State troops. Nathanii'l Leake, 3d Batt. William Leake, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troopa. Godfrey Leaman, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. David Lee. Joseph Lee, Capt. Pierce's company, Ist Batt ; also Continental army. Walter Lee, 3d Batt.; also Col. Sumers* Batt, State troops. Daniel Leeds. Nehemiah Leeds. Felix Leeds. Thomas Leeds. James Leeds. William Leeds, militia; also Continental army, Azariah Leonard, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops; also Continental army. Francis Lewis, 3d Batt. Jeremiah Lewis, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. John Linwood, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Daniel Lippencott, 3d Batt John Lippencott, Capt. Rape's company, 3d Batt. ; also State troopa; also Continental army. John Little, 3d Butt. ; also Col. Somers^ Batt, State troopa. John Little, Sr. John Lock. John Little, Jr. Jonathan Lock. Cornelius Locy, 3d Batt.; alao Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Lodge, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somera' Batt, State troopa. Ansey Long, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somera' Batt, State troops. Moses Long, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somera' Batt., State troops. Silas Long. Abram Loper. Asa Lord, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troopa. John Lord, 3d Batt. ; alao Col. Somera' Batt., State troops. Jonathan Lord, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troopa. Bichard Lown, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troopa. Israel Luck, militia; also Continental army. Abram Manary. George Marical. David Mancy. j^oseph Marshall. Benjamin Manley. ^>SVilliam Marshall. Edmund Mapes. Andrew Mart Andrew Mason, 3d Batt ; alao Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. David Mason. Benjamin Massey, 3d Batt ; alao Col. Somers' Batt., State troopa. Joseph Masters, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. David Mattacka. John McClaisner. Jesse Mattacks. Michael McCleary, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somera* Batt, State troopa. John McCollum. Adam McConnell. Abraham McCulIock, militia; alao Continental army. James McFadden, Capt Snell'a company, 3d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. John McFadden, 3d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. GENERAL HISTORY. 45 Samuel McFarland, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Daniel McGee, militia ; also Continental army. George McGonigal, militia; also Continental army. Charles McHenry, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. William McKay, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somera' Batt, State troops. William McKimmy. Hector McNeil, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops ; also quartermaster-sergeant, Continental army. George Meare, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Soniei-s' Batt., State troops. diaries Meyers. Benjamin Miller, 3d Batt. ; also Cul. Somers' Batt , State troops. Samuel Miller, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Stephen Miller, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Samuel Mintear, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. George Mires, 3d Batt. Juhn Mitchell, militia; also Continental army. Andrew Moore, Daniel Moore, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Thomas Morris, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt.,.State troops, .lonaa Morse. Joshua Morse. Nicholas Morse. George Moses, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Sharon Moslander, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Butt., State troops. Ezekiel Mulford. Ftirman Mulford, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Sumers' Batt., State troops. Jonathan Mulford, 3d Batt. ; also Cul. Somers' Batt., State troops, Samuel Malford, 3d Batt. John Mullaky. Dave Muney (or Murrey), 3d Batt. John Munnion, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somei-s' Batt., State troops. William Murphy. John Mushrook, militia; also Cuntiuental army. Thomas Neavus, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Davis Nelson, 3d Batt. Gabriel Nelson, 3d Batt.: also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. James Nelson. Joseph Nelson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Nt'heniiah Nelson, 3d Butt.; also Col. Somers* Butt., State troops. Ilichard Newgen, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. John Newman, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Bfitt., State troops. Rpuben Newman, 3d Batt.; also Cul. Somers* Batt., State troops. Silas Newton, militia; also sergt., Continental army. Cornelius Nichols. Jacob Nichols. Thomas Nichols, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Wilson Nickle8,3d Batt.; also Col. Somera' Batt, State troops. John Nickleson, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops, David Nielsun, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Butt., State troops. Davis Nielson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Gabriel Nielson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Benjamin Nile. Benjamin NorcroS8,3d Batt.; also Cul. Somers' Batt,, State troops. James Norcross, 3d Batt. Jo-seph Norcross, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Butt, State troops. Caleb Norton. James Norton. Jonathan Norton, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Thomas Nukler, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Wilson Nuckless Juhn Orr (or Ord), 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Daniel Osbom, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. David Padgett, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Butt, State troops. Thomas Padgett, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Joseph Parker, Sr. Joseph Parker, Jr. Samuel Parker, Sr. Samuel Parker Jr. Daniel Parkes. Joseph Parkes, Capt Pierce's company, 1st Batt.; also Continental army. Noah Parkes. John Parry, 3d Batt. Paul Parkes. Israel Parshall. John Paiterson (1), 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops; also Coutinental army. John Patterson (2d), 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Joseph Paul, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Robert Pawpe, David Peirson, 3d Batt. Samuel Peckin, 3d Butt Stephen Peirson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. James Penton, militia; also corp. Continental army. Joseph Penyard, 3d Batt.; also Ool. Somers' Batt., State troops. Samuel Penyard, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Samuel Perkins, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batl., State troops. Daniel Perry, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt,, State troops. John Perry, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Joseph Perry. Moses Perry, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Philip Peters, 2d Butt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Abrani Peterson. Duvid Peterson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Jacob Peterson, Capt. Smith's company, 3d Batt. ; olao State troops ; also Continental army. Samuel Peterson, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Thomas Peterson. Joseph Pett, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. George Pierce. Ward Pierce. Joseph Plutt, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Samuel Piatt, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Thomas Poarch, 3d Butt. ; also Ool. Somers' Butt., State troops. Lawrence Poulesou, militia ; also Continental army. Juhn Powell, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Richard Powell. Richard Price. Jacob Price. Thomas Price. Levi Price. Thompson Price, Capt. Somers' company. William Pridmore, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. William Prigmore, 3d Butt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. William Quicksel, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Butt , State troops. John Bain, Capt Fisler's company ; also Continental army. Jonathan Eeed. Obediah Reed. William Eeed, 2d Batt.; also Continental army. John Reeves, Joshua Reeves, 3d Batt. ; also Col, Somers' Batt., State troops. Thomas Reeves, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somera' Batt., State troops. Thomas Rennard. Samuel Reynolds, 3d Regt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Michael Bice, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. Joseph Rich, 3d Batt. ; also Ool, Somers* Batt,, State troops, Richard Richerson, 3d Batt, Richard Richman, 3d Batt, ; also Col, Somers' Batt., State troops. Daniel Richmond. Jacob Riley, 3d Batt, ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Patrick Riley. Morris Risley. Aun Risley. Nathaniel Risley. David Risley. Samuel Risley. Joseph Risley. Thomas Risley. John Robbins, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. James Roberts. Joseph Roberts, 3d Regt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. George Robertson. I^^aac Robertson. Caleb Robeson, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Jeremiah Robeson, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Joseph Robeson, 3d Batt,; also Cul. Somers' Batt, State troops. Thomas Robeson, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Butt, State troops. Jeremiah Robinson. William Bockhill, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops; also sergt Continental army. Andrew Ross, 1st Batt ; wounded Oct 29, 1777; ditto May 19, 1778. Stephen Ross, John Rossell. Enoch Budnown, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. Enoch Rudrow, 3d Batt. John Salmon, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Butt., State troops. John Salsbury. Joseph Sawings. David Sayera. Thomas Scott, Capt Paul's company, 3d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Abel Scull. David Scull, 3d Batt.; also Col, Somers* Batt., State troops. Joseph Scull. Peter Scull. David Sealey, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Jacob Seddens. Benjamin Seeds, militia; also Continental army. .lohn Seeley, militia; also Continental army. David Seers, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops, William Seller, 3d Batt ; also Ool. Somers' Batt,, State troops. John Selvy, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. William Senker, 3d Batt John Sliune. Henry Shiirp, 3d Butt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. 46 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Beaben Sbaw, Sd Batt.; also Col, Somers' Batt., State troops. Bichard Shaw, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. David SheefT, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Lawrence Shepherd, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops, Nathaniel Shepherd, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somera' Batt., State troops. Owen Shepherd, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Frederick Shinfelt. Edward Shroppear, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Shuley, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somei's' Batt, State troops. Samuel Shute, Capt. Fisher's company ; also Continental army. Henry Sight, militia; also Continental army. John Sill, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, Statn troops. John Silvey, 3d Batt. George Simpkius. James Sirapkins. Jesse Siner, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. William Sinker, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops David Skeoff, 3d Batt John Slawter. Philip Slide, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. James Small wood. John Smallwood, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army, Elias Smith. Henry Smith. Elijah Smith, Jr. Isaac Smith. Felix Smith. James Smith. Jesse Smith, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. John Smith, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Joseph Smith, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt,, State troops. Joshua Smith. Micha Smith. Nathan Smith, Capt Smith's company, 3d Batt also Continental army. Noah Smith. Thomas Smith, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. William Smith (1), 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. William Smith (2), 3d Batt.; also Col. Somen' Batt, State troops. Zenos Smith, 2ij Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. Daniel Stiailbaker, Ad Batt; also C-ol. Somers' Batt-, State troops Philip Snailbaker, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. George Soelbacker, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. David Snell, 3d Batt Robert Snelly, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Joseph Soey. ^^^avid Sommers. Nicholas Soey. Enoch Sommers. Samuel Soey. Isaac Sommers. John Somers, Capt. Pierce's company, 1st Batt. ; also Continental army Thomas Springer. Jeremiah Sprong. John Sprong. John Starkey. Frederick Steelman. George Steelman. James Steelman, Sr. James Steelman. Jonathan Steelman, Jr. Bicbard Sommers. Thomas Sommers. Joseph Sparks. Bobert Sparks. John Spire. Bichard Stedman, 3d Batt Andrew Steelman. Daniel Steelman. David Steelman. Ebenezer Steelman. John Steelman ; also State troops. Jonas Steelman. Jonathan Steelman, Sr. Bichard Steelman, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. David Stephens. Ezekiel Steward, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Joseph Steward, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Alexander Stewart Joel Steward. John Stewart, Sr., Capt. Fisler's company ; also State troops. John Stewart, Jr., Capt. Fisler's company; also State troops ; also Con- tinental army. Stephen Stewart. David Stilwell. Ebenezer Stebbins. Samuel Stoddard. Thomas Stonebank, Capt. Stonebank's company, Ist Batt, ; also State troops; also Continental army. Joel Stord. Thomas Stothem, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops; also Capt. Allen's company, State troops. Samuel Strickland. John Strumble, militia; also Continental army. Gideon Stull, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Jamos Summers (or Somers), 2d Batt; also Continental army. John Stutman. Abraham Swnim, 3d Begt. Judeth Swain, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Jesse Swan, 3d Batt. Isaac Swandler. Valentine Sweeny, 3d Batt Timothy Swiney. Valentine Swing, 3d Batt; also Col. Somere' Batt., State troops. Isaac Taylor. Bobert Taylor, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. William Tennent, militia; also Continental army. Isaac Terrepin, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. TTriah Terrepin, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Jonathan Terry. James Thomas. 4? John Thackry. John Thomas, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Bichard Thomas. William Thomson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Oliver Thorpe, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. John Tice. Daniel Tilton. Peter Till, 3d Batt Joseph Tilton, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. Jacob Timberman. Elijah Tomlin, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Jacoli Tomlin, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Jonathan Tomlin, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt, St:ite troops. William Tomlin, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Lewis Tunson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. Bedack Tourain (or Tournier), 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. John Towne. ^^fomes Townsend. ^.«4)aniel Townsend. J^nhn Townsend. Beddick Townsend, Capt. Smith's company; also Continental army. Daniel Trumey, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. John Vanamon, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. David Vernon, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. George Waggoner, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. John Walker, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. George Wall, Capt. Fisler's company ; also Continental army. John Wallace, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Wallis, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Benjamin Weatherhy, 3d Batt. ; also Col, Somera' Batt., State troops. David Weatherby, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. George Weatherby, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Weeks. Zephaniah Weeks. Seth Welden, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. Thomas Weldron. Jacob Wence. Peter Wells. Israel West, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Uriah West, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Porter Wheaton. Bobert Wheaton, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. Silas Wheaton. Samuel Whitacre. Uriah Wheaton. Jennings White, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John White, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. John Whitlock, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Wild, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. Daniel Wiles, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. James Wiley. David Williams, 3d Batt. Edward Williams, Capt. Fisler's company ; also Continental army. George Williams, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. John Williams. William Williams. David Williamson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers' Batt, State troops. John Wilsey. Eiyah Wilson. William Wilson, 3d Batt. ; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Samuel Woodruff, 3d Batt.; also Col. Somers' Batt., State troops. John Woolson, 3d Batt; also Col. Somers* Batt., State troops. Samuel Worrick. John Wright, militia; also Continental army. Hance Young, 3d Batt ; also Col. Somers* Batt, State troops. Uriah Young, 3d Batt ; also Col, Somers' Batt., State troops. Jacol) Zimiiifrnian. SALEM COUNTY. Colonels. Whitton Crippg, lieut.-col. 1st Batt, Salem, June 20, 1776; lieut-col. Col. Samuel Forman's Batt., "Detached Militia," July 18, 1776; lieut.-col. Col. Potter's Batt., State troops, Nov. 27, 1776; col. Isj Bait, Salem. GENERAL HISTORY. 4Y Samuel Dick, col. Ist Batt., Salem, June 20, 1776 ; resigned to become a member of the General Assembly. Benjamin Holme, lieut.-col. 2d Batt., Salem ; col. ditto, May 27, 1777 ; resigned Nov. 6, 1778. John Holme, coJ, 2d Batt, Salem; resigned May 27, 1777, disability. William Shute, lieut.-col. 2d Batt., Salem, May 27, 1777 ; col. ditto ; also assist.-com.-gen. Jliqjor8. Edward Hall, 2d maj. let Batt., Salem, June 20, 1776. John Kelly, capt. 2d Batt., Salem ; 2d maj. ditto. Thomas Mecnm, Ist maj. 2d Batt, Salem. 'William Mecum, let maj. 1st Batt., Salem, June 20, 1776. Anthony Sharp, 1st maj. 2d Batt., Salem, May 27, 1777 ; m^. Col. Stil- well's Begt., State troops, Oct 9, 1779 ; also capt. Continental army. Henry Sparks, Jr., 2d maj. 2d Batt., Salem, May 27, 1777. Adjutant. John Smith, adjt 2d Batt., Salem, May 27, 1777. QuartermasterB. Thomas Carpenter, q.m. 1st Batt, Salem. (See also paymasters.) Jacob Hollinahead, q.m., Salem. James Steel, q.m. Ist Batt., Salem. Andrew Yorke, q.m. 2d Batt, Salem, Aug. 6, 1777. Paymasters. Andrew Sinickson, paymaster, Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem. (See also captains.) William Smith, pAymaster, Salem. Captains. El^'ah Cattell, capt. Ist Batt, Salem. Allen Congleton, capt, Salem ; capt. Ool. Newcomb's Batt., Heard's brigade, June 14, 1776; capt. State troops. Benjamin Corlies, Ist lient. Capt. Sheppard's company, 2d Batt, Salem; lieut. State troops ; capt. ditto. Joshua Coupland, capt., Salem. Abraham Dubois, capt. 2d Batt, Salem, Kov. 1, 1779. Jacob Dubois, capt 2d Batt., Sulem ; resigned. Peter Dubois, 1st lieut. Capt. Jacob Dubois' company, 2d Satt., Salem ; capt. ditto. Joseph Heward, capt 2d Batt., Salem. John Houseman, 2d Batt., Salem. William Johnson, capt, Salem. Nicholas Keen, lieut. lat Batt, Salem; capt. ditto, capt. Maj. Hayes* Batt, State troops. (See naval service.) Jonathan Kinsey, lieut., Salem ; capt., ditto ; capt Batt. Heard's brigade June 16, 1776; also capt. Continental army. Bateman Lloyd, capt., Salem ; foragemaster ; also capt Continental army. James Menley, sergt. 2d Batt, Salem ; capt. ditto. William Miller, capt 2d Hatt., Salem; capt 1st Batt, ditU). Cornelius Newkirk.capt. 2d Butt., Salem ; also capt. Ist Batt., Gloucester. Abner Penton, capl. 2d Batt, Salem, Aug, 19, 1776. William Kice, capt., Salem; capt. 1st Batt, Gloucester. (See naval service.) John Kowan, capt., Salem. Charlton Sheppard, Ist lieut. Capt Henry Sparks' company, 2d Batt, Salem ; capt ditto; wounded at Hancock's Bridge, N. J., March 21, 1778. Andrew SinickBon, capt. 1st Batt., Salem. (See paymasters.) Thomas Sinickson, capt 2d Batt., Salem; elected naval officer, Western District, New Jersey, Dec. 12, 1778. Thomas Smith, ensign Capt Penton's company, 2d Batt., Salem; lieut. ditto; capt. ditto, William Smith, capt. 2d Batt., Salem. Henry Sparks, capt. 2d Batt, Salem. Kohert Sparks, capt. 2d Batt., Salem. Newcomb Thompson, 2d lieut. Capt. Jacob Dubois' company, 2d Batt, Salem ; capt ditto, Jan. 3, 1782, Thomas Thompson, capt. 2il Batt., Salem. John Till, capt, 1st Batt., Salem, Georpe Trencbard, capt. 1st Batt,, Salem. Vincent, oi'.'t ; - i :ui. Daniel Wtnt/.el, i'"i,) ^/ T>,..u., Salem; capt ditto. Lieutenants. Jonathan Bilderack, lieut. Capt. Thomas Sinickson's company, 2d Batt., Salem ; prisoner of war. David Sithens, lieut Capt Newkirk's company, 2d Batt., Salem. Henry Young, lieut., Salem. First Lieutenants. Eton Haywood, Ist lieut. Capt. Penton's company, 2d Batt, Salem, Aug. 19, 1776. James Wright, Ist lieut Capt. Miller's company, 2d Batt, Salem. Robert Walker, 1st lieut, Capt. Robert Sparks' company, 2d Batt. , Salem . , Second Lieutenants. I Joseph Dickinson, 2d lieut. Capt. Robert Sparks' company, 2d Batt., I Salem. i Benjamin Holme, Jr., 2d lieut. Capt. Henry Sparks' company, 2d Batt., I Salem. I Jacob Houseman, 2d lieut. Capt. Penton's company, 2d Batt, Salem, Aug. 19, 1776. Anthony Lowden, ensign Capt Sheppard's company, 2d Batt., Salem ; 2d lieut ditto ; wounded at Hancock's Bridge, March 21, 1778. I John Sinickson, 2d lieut. Capt. Miller's company, 2d Batt, Salem. I Ensigns. I John Blair, ensign, Salem ; ensign Heard's brigade, June 14, 1776 ; also lieut. Continental army. William Bresby, ensign Capt. Charlton Sheppard's company, 2d Batt, Salem. John Congleton, ensign Capt, Thomas Sinickson's company, 2d Batt,, Salem. William Conklin, ensign Capt. Jacob Dubois* company, 2d Batt., Salem. George McFarland, ensign, Salem ; ensign Col. Newcomb's Batt., Heard's brigade, June 14,1776; ensign Capt. Congleton's company, State troops ; also ensign Continental army, Joseph Stonehank, ensign Capt Robert Sparks' company, 2d Batt,, Salem. Aaron Stretch, ensign Capt. Henry Sparks' company, 2d Batt,, Salem. Sergeants. Aaron Brown, sergt Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt, Salem. Dennis Daley, sergt. Capt Sheppard's company, 2d Batt., Salem ; wounded at Hancock's Bridge March 21, 1778. Thomas Graham, sergt 1st Batt, Salem. Joseph Haynes, sergt. Ist Batt., Salem. Peter Jaquet, sergt. Ist Batt, Salem ; sergt. Capt Been's company, State troops. Robert Patterson, sergt Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt., Salem. Edward Siddon, sergt, Salem ; taken prisoner Oct. 17, 1776. Corporals. Henry Congleton, corp. 1st Batt, Salem ; corp, Capt. Keen's company, State troops. Joseph Fanver, corp, Capt Newkirk's company, 2d Batt., Salem. Privates. William Aaron, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Joshua Allen. Thomas Allen, prisoner at Staten Island Oct. 17, 1776. Phineas Ayers, 2d Batt. Andrew Bacon, severely wounded at Quinton's Bridge, March 18, 1778. David Barnes, militia; also State troops ; also Continental army. Thomas Barrell, militia; also Continental army. Barret. Manoab Bateman. Thomas Bee. Walker Beesley, Capt. Sheppard's company, 2d Batt. David Bevens, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. James Boiles, militia; also Continental army. Samuel Bowen, militia ; also Continental army. Job Brown, Capt, Sheppard's company, 2d Batt. ; also State troops, Joseph Brown, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Jacob Bryand. Robert Campbell, Ist Batt, ; also State troops; also Continental army. Lawrence Carney, 2d Batt ; also State troops; also Continental army. John Cams. Powell Carpenter, dangerously wounded at Hancock's Bridge March 17, 1778. William Carpenter, 2d Batt. William Carty, 1st Batt ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Obadiah Caruthers, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Joseph Chartres, Capt Trenchard's company, 1st Batt ; also State troops ; also corp. Continental army. 48 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Francis Clark, let Batt. ; also Lieut. Smith's company, Col. Newcomb*8 Batt., State troops ; died Nov. 30. 1776. Ezekiel Colbert. William Collins, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; alao Continental army. Timothy Conner, militia; also Continental army. Patrick Connor, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Alexander Cooper, Ist Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Henry Corigan, militia; also Continental army. John Couch, Capt. Smith's company, 2d Batt. ; killed at Qninton's Bridge, March 18, 1778. Alexander Cowper, militia ; also State troops. EnoB Craig, Capt. Newkirk^s company, 2d Batt. Adam Cronce, Capt. Fenton's company, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. "William Cully, militia ; also Continental army. John Cunningham, Ist Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Samuel Curry, 2d Batt. ; also State troops. Thomas Daniels. James Davis, militia; also Continental army. Ashbrook Dickinson, Capt. Catell's company, 1st Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Samuel Dickinson, militia; also Continental army. Jacob DirguB, militia; also State troops; also Continental army. Benjamin Dubois, Capt. Kewkirk's company, 2d Batt. Cornelius Dubois, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. David Dubois, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Jerediah Dubois, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. "William Duff, Capt. Haywood's company ; also State troops ; also Conti- nental army. Alexander Dunbar, militia; also Continental army. Nenian Dunlap. Thomas Eastburn, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Francis Eastlack, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Amariah Elwell, Ist Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. David Elwell, militia; also Continental army. John Elwell, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Samuel Elwell, militia ; also sergt. Continental army. George Farney, militia; also Continental arm.y James Finley, Capt. Sheppard^ company, 2d Batt. ; wounded at Han- cock's Bridge, March 21, 1778. William Finley, Captain Sheppard's company, 2d Batt; wounded at Hancock's Bridge, March 21, 1778. John Fitzgerald, militia ; also Continental army. George Flint, militia ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Judah Foster, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Jacob Fox, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. Jacob Fox, 1st Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. John Francisco, militia ; wounded. Calvin Gamble, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. David Garton. William Givons, militia; also Capt. Been's company, State troops. Daniel Gualder, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. John Green, let Batt. ; also 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. William Griffiths, militia; also Continental army. John Grimes, 1st Begt. ; also State truops ; also Continental army. Richard Grimes, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Jacob Groves. Hugh Gunion, Ist Begt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Jeremiah Hackett, Ist Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Isaac Harris. Jacob Harris. Walter Harris, 1st Batt. ; also 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Conti- nental army. James Hill, militia; also Continental army. Philip Hogate. Daniel Holt, 1st Batt.; also 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continen- tal army. Jacob Huffy. John Button, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Henry Johnson, 2d Batt, James Johnson. Joseph Johnson, militia; also State troops; also Continental army. Thomas Jones. John Jorden. John Kelly, 1st Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Michael Kelly, 1st Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. William Kelly, 1st Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. Thomas Kennedy, militia; also State troops; also Continental army. John Ketcliam, 1st Begt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. John King, militia; also State troops; also Continental army. James Kineey, militia; also Continental army. Dennis Lafferty, militia; also State troops; also Continental array. John Lawson, 1st Batt; also 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Conti- nental army. Paul Leppo. Edward Lewis. William Lewis, militia; also Continental army. Walter Linedy, militia; also State troops ; also Continental army. Paul Lipps. Jonathan Mains. David Mayhew, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. John Mayhew, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt, John McCaghan, Ist Batt ; also Stale troops; also Continental army. John McClain, 2d Batt ; also Continental army. William McCollester, militia; also Continental army. William McDade, militia; also Continental army. •John McDonald, militia; also Continental army. John McElhaney. Abrani McGee. Robert McGee, militia; also Continental army. James McQuillum, militia; also Continental army. Benjamin Miller, Ist Batt.; also State troops. Benjamin Miiler, 2d Batt. ; also Continental army. Joseph Miller, militia; also Continental army. Patrick Moore, Capt Sheppard's company, 2d Batt ; wounded at Han- cock's Bridge, March 21, 1778. William Moore, militia; also Continental army. John Murdock, militia; also Continental army. Daniel Murphy, 1st Batt. ; also 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Conti- nental army. John Neally, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. William Neally, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Davis NeL-ion, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Gabriel Nelson, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. Joseph Nelson. John Nestler, Ist Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. John Newkirk, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt. George Nixon, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Robert Nixon, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Thomas Noble, Capt. William Smith's company, 2d Batt. ; killed. Lawrence Olewine, militia ; also Continental army. Neal O'Neal, militia ; also Continental army. Stephen Owens, militia; also Continental army. William Parker. Joseph Pentou. John Plummer, Ist Batt. ; also State troops. John Prummer, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. William Pounder, 1st Batt.; also 2d Batt; also State troops; also Con- tinental army. John Reardon, 1st Batt ; also State troops; also Continental army. James Robertson, 2d Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. James Itobeson, 1st Batt ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Thomas Rose, Capt. Newkirk's company, 2d Batt Daniel Russel, Capt Newkirk's company, 2d Batt Abbot Sayera, Capt. Sheppard's company, 2d Batt; woanded at Han- cock's Bridge, March 21, 1778. James Sayers, Capt. Sheppard's company, 2d Batt.; woanded at Han- cock's Bridge, Maich 21, 1778. Daniel Shepherd. ^ William Smick. James Shepherd. John Smith, 2d Batt.; also Continental army. Nathan Solley, 2d Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. Henry Stai-ts, Capt Benton's company, 2d Batt ; also Continental army. Charles Stephens, militia; also Continental army. George Stools, 1st Batt. ; also 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continen- tal army. George Strope, 2d Batt ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Jacob Stump. James Taylor, militia ; also Continental army. Samuel Teal. Joshua Terry, Capt. Keen's company, 1st Batt, Salem. Joshua Thompson, militia; also Continental army. William Tindall, let Batt; also State troops ; also Continental army. GENERAL HISTORY. 49 Samuel Tomlinson. John Tyre, lat Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. Abrahani Vaneman, Capt. Trenchard'a company, let Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Joseph Van Meter, Ciipt. Newkirk*8 company, 2d Batt. John Walker, Capt. Sinickaon's company, Ist Batt.; also State troops; also sergt Continental army. Jacob Walter, militia; also State troops; also Continental army. John Walter, 1st Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Bowman Watts, militia; also Continental army. Anthony Weaver, Ist Batt. ; also 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Conti- neDtal army. James Welch, 2d Batt.; also 1st Batt.; also State troops; also Conti- nental army. John Wellice. Benjamin Wetherington, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. David Wetherington. Jacob White, Ist Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. John Wliite, militia; also State troops. Nathan Williams, militia: also State troops; also Continental army. Giles Yourson, 1st Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Bobert Wible, Capt. Newkirk^s company, 2d Batt.; also Continental army. Cumberland County. Brigadier-QeneraU, Silas Kewcomb, col. lat Batt., Cnmberland; col. batt., "Heard's bri- gade," June 14,1776; brig.-gen. militia, March 15,1777; res. Dec. 4, 1777; also col., Continental army. David Potter, col. 2d Batt., Cumberlauil ; col. batt. State troops, Nov. 27, 1776 ; brig.-gen. militia, Feb. 21, 1777 ; declined March 15, 1777. Colonels. Elijah Hand, lieut.-col. State troops; lieut.-col. 1st Batt., Cumberland, Feb. 4, 1777 ; col. ditto, June 6, 1777. Isaac Preston, cul. 1st Biitt., Cumberland, Feb. 4, 1777 ; res. ; died at his quarters in catnp at the Forks of the Raritan, March 5 or 6, 1777. Enos Seeley, lieut.-col. Ist Batt., Cumberland ; res, Feb, 4, 1777, disabil- ity; col. batt. State troops. LietUenant-Golonels . John N. Cumming, 1st lieut. Capt. HowelVs company, 2d Batt., First Es- tablishment, Nov. 29, 1776; 1st Itcut. Capt. Lawrie's company, 2d Batt., Second EHtablithment, Nov. 29, 1776; capt. 2d Batt., ditto, Nov. 30, 1776 ; capt. 2d Eegt. ; maj. Ist Regt., April 16, 17»0 ; lieut.- col. 2d R(*gt., Dec. 29, 1781; lieut.-col. commandant 3d Begt., Feb. 11, 1783 ; disch. at the close of the war. Abijah Holmes, lieut. -col. 2d Batt., Cumberland. Samuel Ogdi-n, capt, 1st Batt., Cumberland ; capt. "Heard's brigade," June 14, 1776; capt, Cul. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777; 1st msg. Ist Batt., Cumberland, Feb. 4, 1777; lieut-col. ditto, June 6, 1777. Majors. Joseph Broomfield.maj. ; also judge advocate, Northeru army. Timothy Elmer, capt. Ist Batt., Cumberland, Oct. 5, 1776; maj. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Feb. 1, 1777 ; 1st maj. let Batt., Cumberland. Thomas Ewing, 1st maj. 2d Batt., Cumberland, Nov. 28, 1777. Ezekiel Foster, capt. 1st Batt,, Cumberland; 2d maj. ditto Feb. 4, 1777 ; res. June 10, 1779. Richard Howall, capt. 2d Batt., First Establishment, Nov. 29, 1775 ; brigade maj., Sept. 4, 1775 ; maj. 2d Batt., Second Establishment, Nov. 28, 1776 ; maj, 2d Regt. ; res, April 7, 1779. Jermon Reulien, Ist maj. Col, Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. Ephraim Summes, 1st lieut. Capt. Ogden's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troop-H; adjt. ditto; capt. 1st Batt., Cumberland; 2d mstj.ditto. Oct. 5, 1779. Daniel Maskell, capt. " Minute-men" ; capt, 2d Batt, Cumberland ; 2d maj. ditto, Nov. 26, 1777. Derick Peterson, Ist maj, Ist Batt,, Cnmberland, June 6, 1777. Robert Patterson, brig.-maj., staiT Brig.-Gen. Nowcomb. John Smith, brig.-mij., staff Brig.-Gen. Newcomb, Ladis Walling, capt. 2d Batt., Cnmberland ; 2d maj, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. Adjutants. Richard Camthers, adjt. 2d Batt, Cumberland ; adjt. Col. Potter's Regt, State troops. 4 Fithian Stratton, adjt. 1st Batt., Cumberland; adjt Col, Enos Seeley's Batt, State troops. Qitartermastera. John Dowdney, q.m. 2d Batt., Cumberland; q.m. Col, Potter's Batt., State troops. Thomas Ewing, q.m. Col. Isaac Preston's regt. of militia. Josiah Seeley, q.m. let Batt., Cumberland, July 10, 1777 ; also 1st lieut. Continental army. Paymastei'S. Eli Elmer, 2d lieut "Western company art.," State troops; paymaster Cumberland and Cape May, James Ewing, paymaster militia; also capt. Deerfield's mititia. William Kelsey, paymaster, Cumberland. (See also Captains.) tivrgeons. Thomas Ewing, surgeon's mate Col. Newcomb's Batt,, Heard's brigade ; surgeon ditto, June 19, 1776. Ebenezer Elmer, ensign Capt. Bloomfield*s company, 3d Batt., First Es. tabiiahment, Feb. 9, 1776: 2d lieut. ditto, April 9, 1776 ; surgeon's mate 3d Batt, Second Establishment, Nov. 28, 1776; trans, to 2d Batt., ditto ; sui'geon 2d Batt., Second Establishment, July 5, 1778 ; surgeon 2d Regt Sept. 26, 1780 ; disch. at the close of the vrar. John Hampton, surgeon Col. Enos Seeley's Batt. Isaac Harris, surgeon Oen. Newcomb's brigade. Lewis Howell, surgeon, 2d Batt., Second Establishment, Nov. 28, 1776 ; res. July 5, 1778. Surgeons^ Mates. Mose9 G. Elmer, surgeon's mate 2d Batt, Second Establishment, Aug. 28, 1778 ; surgeon's mate 2d Regt,, September, 1780 ; disch, at the close of the war. Robert Patterson, surgeon's mate Col, Newcomb's Batt., '* Heard's bri- ^de," July 8, 1776. Oha^lain. Andrew Hunter, chtipbiin 3d Batt., Second Establishment, June 1, 1777 ; chaplain to Gen. Maxwell's brigade June 15, 1777 ; chaplain 3d Regt, and Brigade Sept. 26, 1780 ; taken prisoner ; disch, at the close of the war; also chaplain militia. Captaim. Charles Allen, capt., Cumberland; capt Maj. Hayes' Batt, State troops. (See Naval Service.) John Barker, cnpt. 2d Batt., Cumberland. Jonathan Beesley,l8t lieut, Capt. Whildin's company. State troops, Dec, 25, 1776 ; capt. 1st Batt , Cumberland ; wounded and taken prisoner near Haddonfield, N. J, ; died in the bands of the enemy June, 1778. Jeremiah Bennet, capt., Cumberland; capt. Col, Enos Seeley's Batt.* State troops. John Bowers, lieut Capt David Pearson's company, Ist Batt, Cumber- land ; capt. ditto. John Daniels, capt. 1st Batt, Cumberland, Sept 15, 1777. ^ ^Elijah Davis, ensign Capt Ogden's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops; capt. 1st Batt., Cumberland. Joseph Dayton, capt company of artillery militia, Joshua Ewing, lieut 2d Batt, Cumberland j capt, ditto. Joel Fithian, capt., Cumberland; capt. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. William Garrison, 2d lieut Capt. Ogden's company. Col, Enos Seeley's Batt, State troops; capt, Ist Batt, Cumberland. William Gifford, 2d lieut. Capt. Bloomfield's company, 3d Batt., First Establishment, Feb. 7, 1776 ; 1st lieut ditto ; capt 3d Batt., Second Establishment Nov, 29, 1776 ; capt. 3d Regt. ; prisoner of war Jan. 30,1780; resigned. Job Glas-sby, ensign Capt Peterson's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt. Stnte troops, Jan, 31, 1777 ; capt. 1st Batt., Cumberland. James Uollingdhead, capt. Ist Batt., Cumberland, Feb, 4, 1777. William Kelsey, capt, Cumberland. (See also Paymaster.) Jubn Kerr, Ist lieut., Cumberland ; capt. ditto ; capt State troops. William Lowe, Ist lieut Capt Page's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., Stiite troops; capt. 1st Batt, Cumberland. James McGee, capt., Cumberland. George McGlanghlin, lieut. Ist Batt., Cumberland ; capt ditto ; died. Jeremiah Mills, lieut 2d Batt, Cumberland; capt. ditto. Azariah Moore, Ist lient. Capt. Piatt's company, 2d Batt., Cumberland, Nov, 3, 1777; capt ditto. Andrew Newcomb, capt , Cumberland. 50 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. DaytOQ Newcomb, 2d lieut. Capt. Page's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops; licut. 1st Batt., Cumberland; capt. ditto. James Ogden, capt. Int Batt., Cumberland, Feb. 26, 1781. David Page, capt., Cumberland; capt. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. Aziel Fierson, capt. 2d Batt., Cumberland. David PieiBOD, Ist lieut. Capt. Elmer's company, 1st Batt, Cumberland, Oct. 5, 1776 ; Ist lieut. Capt. Elwell's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777 ; capt. ditto; capt. 1st Batt., Cum- berland, July 1, 1780. John Peterson, capt. let Batt., Cumberland; capt. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. John Peterson, capt. 2d Batt., Cumberland. David Piatt, capt. 2d Batt., Cumberland. Levi Preston, capt. lat Batt., May 3, 1779. Jeremiah Sayre, capt., Cumberland; capt. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. Jonidab Shepherd, Ist lieut. Capt. Page's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777 ; capt. 1st Batt., Cumberland. Joiiathau Smith, capt. Ist Batt., Cumberland. Thomas Smith, lieut. 2d Batt., Cumberland; capt. Ist Batt, ditto. Eobert Taylor, capt. Ist Batt., Cumberland, Feb. 1, 1777. Benijah Thompson, capt. let Batt,, Salem; Capt. Enos Seeley's Batt. State troops. Lawrence Van Hook, Ist lieut. Capt. HollingBbead's company Ist Batt. Cumberland, Feb. 4, 1777; capt. ditto; capt. State troops. John Westcott, Ist lieut. Capt. Samuel Hugg's Western company Art., State troops, March 1, 1776; capt.-lieut. ditto; capt. ditto. Samuel Westcott, capt. lat Batt, Cumberland ; res. May 3, 1779.] J. Wheaton, capt. 2d Batt., Cumberland. Seth Whilden, capt. Ist Batt., Cumberland; capt. Col. Somers' Batt. State troops, Dec. 25, 1776. Amos Woodruff, capt., Cumberland. Captaifn-JJieateTumtB. Seth Bowen, 2d lieut Capt. Howell's company, 2d Batt., 1st Establish- ment, Nov. 29, 1775 ; 1st lieut Capt. Yard's company, 2d Batt, 2d Establishment, Nov. 29, 1776; 1st lieut. Capt. Lawrie's company ditto, Feb. 5, 1777 ; declined; also eapt-Iieut militia. Selh Bowen, 1st lieut. Capt. Samuel Hugg's Western company Art., State troops; capt.-lieut. ditto; res.; Ist lieut. army; also q.m. in Q.M.-Gen. Dept Lieutenants. Joseph Buck, sergt. 2d Batt,, 2d Establishment; ensign 2d Begt., Feb. 1, 1779; lieut ditto, Jan. 1, 1781 ; disch. at the close of the war; capt. by brevet. Jame.s Ewing, lieut. 2d Batt, Cumberland. Ephraim Foster, ensign Capt Ogden'a company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt. State troops, Jan. 31, 1777 ; lieut 1st Batt,, Cumberland. James Giles, adjt. art. Continental army ; lieut. ditto. Benjamin Keen, lieut. Capt. Piatt's company, 2d Batt, Cumberland, June 4, 1783. Norton Ludlam, lieut., Cumberland, June 9, 1781. David Moure, lient. Western company of Art David Mulford, lieut. 2d Batt,, Cumberland; killed Nov. 25, 1777. Isaac Mulford, lieut, Cumberland; lieut Capt. Fithian's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt, State troops. Alexander Orr, lieut, Cumberland. William Peterson, lieut. Capt McGlaughlin's company, let Batt., Cum- berland, Jan. 17, 1780. Nathan Sheppard, lieut. 1st Batt, Cumberland. Samuel Shnte, ensign Capt. Dillon's company, 2d Batt., Ist Establish- ment, Aug. 26, 1776; ensign Capt Shute's company, 2d Batt, 2d Establishment, Nov, 29, 1776; ensign Capt. Cummings* company, ditto, Feb, 6, 1777; 2d lieut ditto, Jan. 1, 1778 ; ensign 2d Eegt; lieut, ditto, April 8, 1780; disch. at the close of the war; capt. by brevet. Samuel Seeley, 2d lieut let Batt, 2d Establishment, Oct. 4, 1777 ; Ist lieut ditto, March 11, 1780; ensign Ist Begt.; lieut ditto, March 11, 1780; disch. at the close of the war; capt. by brevet, Elias Smith, lieut, 1st Batt, Cumberland. Edmund D, Thomas, private Capt. Bloomfleld^s company, 3d Batt, Ist Establishment; cadet ditto; ensign Capt. Dickerson's company, ditto, July 19, 1776; ensign Capt. Dickerson's company 3d Batt, 2d Establishment, Not. 29, 1776; 1st lieut ditto, Nov. 11,1777; lieut 3d Begt. ; capt. by brevet ; disch. at the close of the war. Thomas Wliitecar, lieut let Batt, Cumberland, Oct 12, 1782. First lAeiUenantB. John Bishop, 1st lieut. Capt Piatt's company, 2d Batt, Cumberland. Thomas Brown, 1st lieut Capt Azel Peirson's company, 2d Batt, Cum- berland. Gideon Eaton, 1st lieut Capt, Peterson's company, 1st Batt, Cumber- land, Jan. 31, 1777. James Howell, Ist lieut., Cumberland ; 1st lieut. Capt Bayer's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, William Norcross, ensign Capt Bloomfield's company. 3d Batt., 1st Es- tablishment; q.m. ditto, Feb. 10, 1776; 2d lieut. Capt. Mott's com- pany, 3d Batt., 2d Establishment, Nov. 29, 1776; 1st lieut ditto; re- tired Sept. 26, 1780. Daniel Reed, Ist lieut Capt. David Pierson's company, Col. Enos See- ley's Batt, State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. Josiah Seeley, Ist lieut. Capt. Blonmfield's company, 3d Batt, Ist Estab- lishment Feb. 9, 1776 ; res. Feb. 24, 1776. James Tomlinson, 1st lieut., Cumberland ; 1st lieut Capt. Bennet's com- pany, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. Second lAeutenants. 'William Biggs, 2d lieut. Capt. Piatt's company, 2d Batt, Cumberland. John Burgin, 2d lieut Capt Piatt's company, 2d Batt, Cumberland, Nov. 3. 1777. Job Davis, 2d lieut Capt. Whilden's company. Col. Somers' Batt., State troops, Dec. 25, 1776. Eli Elmer, 2d lieut. Western company of Art. Amariah Harris, 2d lieut., Cumberland ; 2d lieut Capt. Sayer'e company. Col, Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. Thomas Heaton, 2d lieut. Capt. John Peterson's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. Elkanah Powell, 2d lieut Capt Elmer's company, 1st Batt, Cumberlandi Oct 5, 1776 ; 2d lieut. State troops. Daniel Bead, 2d lieut Capt. Peterson's company, 1st Batt., Cumberland, Jan. 31, 1777. Elias Smyth, 2d lient. Capt. Elwell's company. Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. Adam Terril, 2d lieut. Capt Samuel Ogden'e company, Ool. Enos Seeley'ti Batt., Jan. 31,1777. Isaac Wheaton, 2d lieut Capt. Azel Peirson's company, 2d Batt, Cum- berland. Ensigns. Almerin Brooks, sergt. 2d Batt., 2d Establishment, June 9, 1777 ; ensign ditto, June 17, 1780; ensign 2d Begt.; disch. at the close of the war. David Dare, sergt Capt Bloomfield's company, 3d Batt., 1st Establish- ment, Feb. 7, 1776; ensign Capt. Gordon's company, 3d Batt, 2d Establishment, Nov. 29, 1776 ; retired Sept. 26, 1780. Maskell Ewing, Jr., ensign, Cumberland ; ensign Capt Bennet's com" pany, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt, State troops. Glover Fithian, ensign Capt Longstreet's company, Ist Batt, 2d Estab- lishment, Nov. 29, 1776; retired Sept 26, 1780. Jonathan Fithian, ensign, Cumberland, June 9, 1781. Jonathan Hand, ensign, Cumberland. James Harris, ensign Cupt Elmer's company, Ist Batt, Cumberland, Oct 5, 1776 ; ensign t-'tate troops. Charles Howell, ensign Cumberland ; ensign Capt Sayer's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt , StHte troops. James Johnson, sergt. Capt. Howell's company, 2d Batt., 1st Estab- lishment; ensign Capt. Dillon's company, 2d Batt, 2d Establish- ment, Feb, 5, 1777 ; res. November, 1777. Israel Miller, onsign Capt. Azel Peirson's company, 2d Batt, Cumber- land, June, 1780. William Miller, ensign Capt. Piatt's company, 2d Batt, Cumberland. Samuel Neglee, ensign Continental army. Jedediah Ogden, ensign Capt, Elwell's company. Col Enos Seeley's Batt, State troops, Jan. 31, 1777. Stephen Pierson, ensign Capt. Whilden's company, Col, Somers' Batt, State trftops, Dec. 25, 1776. Reuben Powell, ensign Capt David Pierson's company, 1st Batt, Cum- berland, April 7, 1783. John Reeves, corp. Capt. Bloomfield's company, 3d Batt., 1st Establish- ment; sergt ditto ; ensign ('apt Shaw's company, 2d Batt, 2d Estab- lishment, Kov. 29, 1776; retired Feb^ 5, 1777. Furman Shepherd, private, Cumberland ; eubign ditto. Peter Van Horn, Jr., ensign, Cumberland ; ensign Capt. Page's company, Col. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. John Worthington, ensign, Cumberland; ensign Capt Joel Fithian's company, Ool. Enos Seeley's Batt., State troops. GENERAL HISTORY. 51 Enoa Woodruff, Jr., ensign 2d Batt,, Cnmberland, April 7, 1783. John WorthingtoQ, ensign Capt. Azel Peirson'a company, 2d Batt., Cum- berland; commission canceled by removal from county. Qtua-termciater-8ergea7U. George Ewing, sergt., Cumberland ; q.m.-sergt. Capt. Allen's company, State troops. (See Boatmen.) Matthew Parvin, sergt. 2d Regt. Artillery ; also commissary sergt. James Burch, sergt. Capt. Anderson's company, 3d Regt ; also sergt. let Regt., Continental army. Samuel Dowdney, Corp. Capt. Mitchell's company, Ist Regt. ; sergt. 3d Regt., Continental army. ThomnB Gibson, sergt. Capt. Phillips' company, 2d Regt, Continental army. John Miller, sergt, Capt. Anderson's company, 3d Regt., Continental army. James Riley, sergt. Capt. Anderson's company, 3d Regt. ; sergt. Ist Regt,, Continental army. Nathan Shephard, sergt. Capt Allen's company. State troops. George Taylor, sergt. militia. Oorporais. Joel Garrison, corp, Capt Bloomfield's company. Continental army. John Jones, corp. Capt Bloomfield's company, Continental army. Reuben Mickle, corp. Capt. D'Hart's company, Ist Regt., Continental army. Thomas Parker, corp. Capt Bloomfield's company, Continental army. Silas Sheppard, corp. Capt. Allen's company, State troops. Carrol Whitekar, corp. Capt Bloomfield's company, Continental army. Bombardiers. Joseph Bennett, bombardier, 2d Regt. Artillery, Continental army. Joshua Beeves, bombardier, Capt. Peter Mills' company of Artificers, Continental army. Wagoners. John Bower, wagoner, Capt. Daniels' company, 1st Batt Aniariah Harris, wagoner, Capt. Preston's company, Ist Batt. Privates. Zachariah Allen. Noah Ayers, militia; also Capt Allen's company, State troops. William Baker, militia; also Continental army. George Barnet, militia; also Capt. Allen's company. State troops. Daniel Bateman, Continental army. Morris Bateman. Moses Bateman, Capt. Pearson's company ; also State troops ; also Con- tinental army. William Bateman, Capt. Preston's company; also Continental army. Benjamin Bates. Thomas Bereman, militia; also Capt. Allen's company, State troops ; also Continental army. Sealey Brew, Capt. Garrison's company; also State troops; also Conti- nental array. Daniel Bowen, Capt. Allen's company. State troops. Joseph Bowen, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. John Boyd, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. John Brooks, 2d Batt, ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Timothy Brooks, militia; also Capt. Allen's company, State troops. Jeremiah Buck, militia; also Capt. Keen's company, State troops ; also boatman. John Bullock, militia; also Capt. Keen's company. State troops. Peter Burney, Continental army. John Burrows, Continental army. Joseph Campbell. David Carle. David Carll, Capt. Allen's company, State troops. London Carll, Capt Allen's company, State troops. Azarlab Casto (or Castro), Capt, Garrison's company, 1st Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. David Casto, Capt Garrison's company, 1st Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Ambrose Clark. Henry Congleton, Benjamin Connor. Benjamin Cozier. Philip Darby. Abisha Davis, Capt James Ewing's company of Deorfield militia. Amon Davis, Capt. James Ewing's company of Deerfield militia. David Davis, Capt. Davis' company, Ist Batt; also State troops; also Continental army. Elijah Davis, Capt, Davis' company, Ist Batt; also Continental army. James Dillap (Indian), 2d Batt ; also State troops ; also Continental army, Thomas Errickson. George Ewing, militia; also Capt Allen's company, State troops. Frederick Fauver, militia ; also Continental army. Henry Feast er. Aaron Flthian, Col. Newcomb's Batt, State troops; died Nov. 16, 1776. George Fithian, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. Thomas Flowers, Sr,, Continental army, David Gandy, militia; also State troops, John Garrison, Capt Peterson's company, 2d Batt. Joseph Garrison, drummer, Continental army. John Gibbon, Continental army. Joseph Goff. Luke Hackett. William Haines, Continental army. Daniel Harris. John Harris, 1st Batt. Thomas Hwrris, 2d Batt. ; wounded near Timber Creek, Nov. 25, 1777. Henry Hensminger, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. William Holmes (Indian), 2d Batt.; also State troops ; also Continental army. James B. Hunt, Continental army, Ephraim Hueted, Capt Keen's company. State troops; also boatman. Rosea Husted, Continental army. Reuben Husted, militia; also Continental army. Isaac Johnson, militia; also Continental army, Abiel Jones, militia; alpo Capt. Allen's company. State troops. Daniel Jones, Capt Samuel Ogden's company, Ist Batt, Nicholas Kerr. Joseph Jones, Continental army. Peter Kempton. Samuel Lard. Robert Levick, Continental army. Zenns Lndor, militia ; also Continental army. Joseph Lummis, Capt Allen's company, State troops ; also boatman. John Lupton, 2d Batt. ; also State troops; also Continental army. Thomas Magee, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army, William Martin, Samuel Massey, Capt Preston's company, Ist Batt. ; also Continental army, Abraham McCarty, Continental array. Archibald McClain, militia; also Capt Keen's company, State troops. William Miller. .Tohn Mills, militia; also Continental army, James Monks, militia; also Capt Keen's company, State troops. Thomas Moran, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Azariah Moore, Continental army. John Muore, militia ; also Continental army. Jonathan Mulford, Continental army. John Nevil, militia; also Capt. Keen's company, State troops, Reuben Newcomb, 2d Batt; wounded Dec, 28, 1776 ; also Continental army. John Ogden, Continental array, Ambrose Page, militia; also Capt. Allen's company. State troops. .John Parsons, 2d Batt ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Benjamin Parvin, militia; also Continental army. Jeffry Parvin, Capt, Allen's company. State troops; also boatman. Benjamin Peachy, Capt Davis' company, Ist Batt.; also Continental army. Abijah Preston, Capt Allen's company. State troops; also boatman. Isaac Preston, militia; also Capt, Allen's company. State troops; also boatman, Adam Fronse. Joslah Ray, militia; also Capt. Keen's company, State troops. Joseph Reeves, Continental army. Thomas Reeves, Capt. Haskell's company, 2d Batt. James Riggins, Continental army, Daniel Riley, Capt. Allen's company, State troops. Jsseph Riley, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. Abraham Sayre, Capt James Ewing's company, Deerfield militia. Abner Shephard, Continental army. Peter Shephard, Continental army. Philip Shimp, Continental army. Enoch Shute, militia; also Capt. Keen's company, State troops. Heni-y Spence, Capt. Davis' company, Ist Batt.; also Continental army. Daniel Stacks, 2d Batt. ; also State troops ; also Continental army. 52 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Richard Sweden, 2d Batt.; also State troops ; also Continental army. Jonah Terry, Capt. Garrison's company, lat Batt. Josiah Terry, militia; also Capt. Keen's company, State troops; killed April, 1782. Jeremiah Towser. Jonas Van Aman, Continental army. I William Vaneman. John Welch. Stephen Wey, militia ; also Capt. Allen's company, State troops. Blnathan Whitaker, 2d Batt.; also State troops; also Continental army. John Wood, Continental anny. Bayid Woodruff, militia; also Capt. Allen's company. State troops. Jesse Woodruff. Jonathan Woodruff, Continental army. Express Bider. Benoni Dare. Naval Berviee. Charles Allen, capt. 'armed boat "Gibraltar;" also capt. commanding boatmen on frontiers of Cumberland and Cape May; also capt. militia. Kichols Keen, capt. armed boat " Friendship;" also capt. commanding boatman on frontiers of Cumberland and Cape May; also capt. militia. Boatmen on (he Frtmtieraof Oumberland and Cape May; al$o Militiamen. Jeremiah Buck. Jeffrey Parvin. Israel DaTid. Abraham Fhilpot. George Ewing. Abijah Preston. Ephraim Husted. Isaac Preston. Joseph Lummis. James Simpson. David Parvin. CHAPTER XL WAR OF 1812 AND MEXICAN WAR. In the second war with Great Britain, commonly known as the war of 1812, Southern New Jersey was not the theatre of active military operations, though the State bore her full share with other portions of the Union in furnishing men and means for the com- mon defense. As in the war of the Revolution, her coast on the Delaware River was vulnerable, but the enemy did not, as in that case, undertake any im- portant operations there. Elmer says : ' "During the war with Great Britain, in 1814, a brigade of the militia of South Jersey was drafted, and encamped at Billingsport, for the defense of Philadelphia, under the command of Gen. Ebenezer Elmer, then the brigadier-general of the Cumberland brigade. During the summer of that year the ' Poi- tiers,' an English ship of the line, under the com- mand of Sir John Beresford, lying in Delaware Bay, succeeded in breaking up the navigation as high up as the Cohansey. No serious engagement, however, took place between the hostile forces. " The inhabitants of Bridgeton suffered a terrible fright, which, alarming enough at first, in the end partook more of the ludicrous than the serious. To prevent boats from the enemy's ship coming up the river in the night and plundering the town, a nightly 1 Early Settlement and Progress of Cumberland County, p. 70. guard was detailed and posted at a point on the river two or three miles from the town, but more than twice that distance by water. All the vessels and boats passing the guard-house during the night were hailed and required to give an account of themselves. If an enemy appeared a messenger was to be sent to a pru- dent oflScer at the town, who was intrusted with the duty, if needful, of giving the alarm by firing a can- non and ringing the court-house bell, that being then the only bell in the place. About two o'clock of a midsummer night the gun was fired and the bell rang with great animation. The scene that ensued may be imagined but cannot be described, and great was the consternation. No one doubted that an enemy was close at hand. One or two persons threw their silver down the well. The militia, except some who, as usual, were among the missing, were assembled, and an attempt made to organize them for action. Happily, however, their prowess was not tested. The alarm, although not sounded till all doubt of its ne- cessity seemed to be removed, turned out to be a false one, originating in the fright of a family near the guard-house, the head of which was absent, and in the foolhardiness of the skipper of a small sloop, who took it into his head to pass the guard without an- swering their challenge, and who succeeded in bring- ing on himself and his crew a volley of musketry, and running the risk of being killed by a ball which passed directly over his head." An expedition fitted out from Billingsport, during the encampment of the troops there, against a British tender, which had frequently been seen in the bay, was the subject of much merriment among these sol- diers. A schooner was manned with forty or fifty raw landsmen, and a sea-captain in the dragoons was se- lected as commander, with instructions to drive away the saucy tender. When the schooner reached the bay the rough weather drove all the men, except the captain and two or three other initiated sailors, beneath the hatches, where they soon became too sick to return. \Vith the crew in this condition the captain sighted the tender, and with genuine Yankee au- dacity gave chase. The tender crowded canvas and put to sea, though she could easily have taken the schooner. At the annual meetings of the board of freeholders in the county of Salem, in May, 1813 and 1814, it was resolved : " Whebeas. there is at this time some apprehension of an invasion from the Biitish, tlierefore it is ordered, by this board, that the clerk of tlie county of Snleni to arrange the papers in bis office in such a man- ner that the speedy removal of them can be effected, in case of serious apprehensions of an invasion from the enemy. And it is recommended to the surrogate of tlie county to tH\te like measures with the papers under his charge, and that the clerls of this board serve a copy of this minute on the said county cleric and surrogate." Mexican War. — In the oflBce of the adjutant- general in Trenton are found the following names of volunteers in the Mexican war, all from Salem County : GENERAL HISTORY. 53 Company B, 10th Keqiment, U. S. Infantry. Jesse C. Moore, enl. July 23, 1847 ; disoh. Aug. 22, 1848. Edward Byon, enl. Aug. 26, 1847 j disch Aug, 22, 1848. Company H, 10th Eesimf.nt, U. S. Infantry. Willium Bacon, onl. May 11, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. James Deal, enl. May 10, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. Charles Emory, enl. May 12, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. James W. Mayhew, enl. July 16, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. Samuel F. Treadway, enl. May 11, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. Lemuel Yaueman, enl. May IT, 1847 ; disch. Aug. 24, 1848. Joseph Smith, enl. June 29, 1847 ; disch. July 8, 1848. CHAPTER XII. GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. Regimental Histories and Rosters.' — The part taken by the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland in the war of 1861-65, for the suppres- sion of the Rebellion and the preservation of the Union, was, like that of the other counties in the State, highly creditable to the patriotism of the in- habitants. On the receipt of the intelligence of the attack on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, there were in these counties the same outbursts of patriotism, the same demonstrations of loyalty to the Union, the same patriotic meetings, the same eagerness of young men to volunteer, and the same readiness of others to encourage and aid them in doing so, as were found everywhere in the other counties of the patriotic State of New Jersey. And when the Union armies melted away in the heat of battle, and call after call was made for men to take the place of those who had fallen, there was shown here the same determination to stand by the government at whatever cost; and the people and the local authorities, with the same alacrity, voted the sums of money which were called for to accomplish the desired end. From the time when the first call for men was made till the time when the death of the great Rebellion made further calls unnecessary, the people of these counties responded to each appeal with a patriotic devotion not excelled in any part of the State or of the Union. The names of these soldiers are found on the rolls of a large number of regiments of this and other States, and such regiments as were most 1 State of New Jersey, Office of Adjutant-General, Tre.nton, Nov. 22, 1882. 1 desire to state, for the information of all iutererited in the subject, that the roster of men credited to the counties of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumterland, N. J., in the civil war (1861-65) has been taken from the records of this office by Dr. Thomas Gushing, and 1 believe from the amount of care and patient labor which he has bestowed upon it that it will be found to be correct. I only refrain from certifying to its entire correctness by the simple fact that the work was not done by my own assistants, and so I am not called upon to make it oiliciHl. Wlli.lAM S. Stryker, Adjutant-General of New Jersey. noticeable for the number of Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland County men who served in their ranks are especially mentioned in the following pages, in historical sketches of their organization and services in the great war for the Union. Although those who took their lives in their hands, and went forth to encounter the stern realities of grim- visaged war in defense of the institutions under which they had been prosperous and happy, to breathe the pestilential miasms of Southern swamps, to languish in sickness in distant hospitals, " with no hand of kindred to smooth their lone pillows," to pour out their blood and yield up their lives on battle-fields, and to fill lonely graves, far from their homes, or to return, battle-scarred and shattered in health, are worthy of all the gratitude and honor that their countrymen have lavished on them, it must not be for- gotten that great sacrifices were made by others. The heroic fortitude with which parents, sisters, wives, and children bade adieu to their loved ones who thus went forth, and the patriotic zeal with which all labored for the comfort of those in the field should ever be remembered, and in these respects the people of Southern New Jersey were not excelled by those of any other region. Three Months' Troops.— On the 17th of April, 1862, Governor Olden issued a proclamation calling for the quota of New Jersey under the first call for seventy-five thousand troops to serve three months. This quota was four regiments, aggregating three thousand one hundred and twenty-three men. Such was the alacrity with which the people responded to this call that the quota was filled and the regiments stood ready to march on the 30th of the same month. These regiments, which included a just proportion of representatives from Gloucester, Salem, and Cum- berland Counties, were formed into a brigade, under the command of Brig.-Gen. Runyon, with Maj. Alex- ander V. Bonnel as brigade-inspector, and Capt. James B. Mulligan as aide-de-camp. Such was the embarrassment of the government at that time that the State was obliged to arm and equip these troops, and furnish the first supply of ammunition. They were sent to Washington via Annapolis, and the brigade was reported to Gen. Scott on the 6th of May. It went into camp at Meridian Hill, where it remained till the 22d, when it was ordered to Alexandria. Here the troops remained for a time, engaged in fatigue duty. Just previous to the battle of Bull Run they were ordered forward, and they formed a portion of the reserve, which did not be- come engaged in that battle. During the stampede of the Union troops the regiments of the brigade did good service in arresting the flight of fugitives, and endeavoring to bring something like order out of the chaos that prevailed. Soon after this battle the term of service of these regiments expired, and on the 24th and 25th of July they were ordered to Washington, where they were 54 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. formally discharged, and departed by rail for the State from which they went forth in the hour of the nation's sudden peril. First Brigade, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Regiments. — On the 17th of April, 1861, Governor Olden issued a proclamation calling for troops to serve three months. Nearly ten thousand men re- sponded to this call, of which number only four regi- ments could be accepted. Of the large number that remained, many, being anxious to enter the service, proceeded to New York, Philadelphia, and other points outside the limits of New Jersey, and enlisted in regiments of other States. Of the large number who enlisted in this manner — estimated by the ad- jutant-general at five thousand from the State — no record can be given. It was not long before it became apparent to the authorities at Washington that it would be necessary to call into the field a larger number of regiments, to be made up of men enlisted for a longer term of ser- vice, and the President issued a call for thirty-nine additional regiments of infantry, and one of cavalry, to be enlisted for three years or during the continu- ance of the war. Under this call the quota of New Jersey was fixed at three full regiments, and a requi- sition for these was received by Governor Olden on the 17th of May. No difficulty was experienced in furnishing them, for a sufficient number of com- panies had been already raised and organized, and were anxiously waiting to be mustered into the ser- vice. From these companies there were at once organized the First, Second, and Third Regiments, which were mustered into the service of the United States for three years, being uniformed and furnished with camp and garrison equipage by the State of New Jersey, but armed by the general government. Such was the alacrity of the response to this call that Gov- ernor Olden was enabled to announce, on the day fol- lowing the receipt of the requisition, that the regi- ments were ready to be rnustered into the service, and that twice as many more could be furnished, if neces- sary. The three regiments. left Trenton on the 28th of June, and were reported to Gen. Scott, at Wash- ington, on the following day. The Second Regiment was mustered under the fol- lowing field and staff officers : Colonel, George W. McLean; Lientenant-Colonol, Isaac M. Tncker; Major, Samnel L. Buck ; Adjutant, Joseph W. Flume ; Quarter- master, William E. Stnrges ; Surgeon, Gabriel Grant ; Assistant Sur- geon, Lewis W. Oakley ; Chaplain, Robert B. Proudfit. The Third Regiment was officered as follows : Colonel, George W.Taylor; Lieutenant-Colonel, Henry W. Brown; Ma- jor, Mark W. Gollitt ; Adjutant, Robert T. Dunham ; Quartermas- ter, Francis Sayre ; Surgeon, Lorenzo Lewis Cox ; Assistant Sur- geon, Edward L. Welling ; Chaplain, George E. Darrow. The field and stafi" officers of the Fourth Regiment were : Colonel, James H. Simpson; Lieutenant-Colonel, J. L. Eirby Smith; Major, William B. Hatch ; Adjutant, Joseph S. Studdirord ; Quar- termaster, Samuel 0. Harbert; Surgeon, Alexander N. Dougherty; Assistant Surgeon, Joseph D, Osborne; Chaplain, Norman W.Camp, D.D. The Fourth Regiment reached Washington on the 21st of August, and, with the First, Second, and Third, constituted the First Brigade of New Jersey Volunteers. Soon after their arrival in Washington, the First, Second, and Third Regiments were ordered across the Potomac, and assigned to duty in the New Jer- sey brigade, under command of Gen. Runyon. A few days before the commencement of the first advance toward Manassas, but after the movement had been determined on, the Third was ordered forward to per- form the duty of guarding and repairing the railroad to Fairfax Station, at which point the regiment was stationed as a part of the reserve force during the progress of the battle of Bull Run, therefore taking no part in that engagement, but doing good service, nevertheless, in rallying fugitives from the field, and helping to restore something like order among a part, at least, of the flying and panic-stricken troops that were pressing on in disorder and rout towards Wash- ington in the evening of that disastrous day, the 21st of July. Immediately after the battle the Third was moved to the neighborhood of Alexandria, and there encamped, with the other regiments of the New Jer- sey brigade, which, early in August, received as its commander Brig.-Gen. Philip Kearney, one of the bravest and best soldiers that ever drew a sabre, and one whom the veterans of New Jersey will ever re- member with love and admiration. The Third Regiment was first under hostile fire on the 29th of August, when, in making a reconnois- sance in the vicinity of Cloud's Mills, it fell into an ambuscade of the enemy, and in the skirmish which followed lost two men killed and four wounded. On the same day a skirmish took place between a body of the enemy and a company of the Second Regiment, resulting- in a loss to the rebels of twelve men. A month later (September 29th) a reconnoissance in force was made by Gen. Kearney, with his entire brigade, one company of Kentucky cavalry, and a light battery under the command of Capt. Hexamer, the object of the expedition being to ascertain the strength and position of the enemy at Mason's Hill, — a point which he was reported to be fortify- ing, in front of the Union lines. The object was accomplished without loss. After a summer and autumn spent in camp and picket duty, varied by the events above mentioned, and some other minor affairs of similar nature, the brigade went into winter quarters near Alexandria. On the 7th of March, 1862, the brigade left camp, and moved forward to Burke's Station, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, as a guard to a working- party, and on the 8th made an extended reconnois- sance of the country, which developed the fact that the Confederate forces were preparing to evacuate GENERAL HISTORY. oa their strong position at Manassas. Upon this, Gen. Kearney, without further orders from the division commander, pressed on with vigor, driving the scat- tered pickets of the enemy before him, and on the 9th reached Sangster's Station, where the Second and Third Regiments surprised a detachment of rebel cavalry, killing several, and taking twelve pris- oners. On the 10th the brigade occupied the aban- doned position at Manassas, eight companies of the Third Regiment being the first force to enter and hoist the Union flag on the works. On the opening of the spring campaign in 1862 the brigade, which then formed part of the First Division of the First Army Corps, moved forward to Catlett's Station, two miles from Warrenton, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad ; the object of the move- ment being to divert the attention of the Confederate commander while Gen. McClellan was moving the Army of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe and New- port News for the commencement of the movement towards Richmond by way of the Virginia peninsula. It does not appear that Gen. Lee was greatly deceived by this movement to Catlett's, and on the 11th of April (six days after the army had arrived in front of Yorktown), the division moved back to Alexandria, where, on the 17th, the brigade was embarked on steamers bound for the peninsula, to join the array. It lauded at York Point on the York River, whence, on the 5th of May (the day of the battle of Williams- burg), it was moved by steamer up the river to West Point. It was then under the command of Col. Tay- lor, Gen. Kearney having been advanced to the com- mand of the division. At West Point, during the night and day following the disembarkation of the troops, a brisk skirmish, amounting almost to a battle, was fought with the Fifth Alabama and other Confederate regiments, but the New Jersey brigade, being held in reserve, sus- tained no loss. On the 15th the First Division joined the main body of the Army of the Potomac at White House, and marched thence, with the grand column, to the Chickahominy River. In the fighting which subsequently occurred along the shores of that ill-omened stream, the brigade took no active part until, in the afternoon of the 27th of June, it moved from the camp on the south side of the Chickahominy across that river to its north bank, and there plunged into the fire and carnage of the battle of Gaines' Mill. Foster, in his " New Jersey and the Rebellion," says, "The brigade was at once formed into two lines, the Third and Fourth Regiments in front, and the First and Second in the second line, and in this order advanced to the brow of a hill in front, where the Third Regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Brown, was or- dered into the woods to relieve Newton's brigade, which was sorely pressed by the enemy. At this point the woods, some four hundred yards in front of our line of battle, swarmed with rebels, who fought with the greatest desperation and ferocity, handling their artillery especially in the most effective manner, and doing fearful execution in our ranks. The gallant Third, however, bravely stood its ground, opening a galling fire on the enemy, and remaining in the woods until the close of the action." The Second and Fourth Regiments were sent into a belt of woods on the right of the Third, and thus the three were in the action in dangerous parts of the field. The loss in four companies of the Second was fifteen killed, forty-eight wounded, and forty-one missing. The Third had thirty-four killed, one hun- dred and thirty-six wounded, and forty-five missing. The Fourth lost, besides prisoners, thirty-eight killed, and one hundred and eleven wounded. The loss of the Third Regiment in the battle of Gaines' Mill was one hundred and seventy killed and wounded, and forty-five missing. At eleven o'clock in the night succeeding the battle the New Jersey regiments recrossed to the south side of the Chickahominy, and remained quietly there, in the woods, until midnight of the 28th, when they moved silently out, taking the road to Savage Station, and thence to White Oak Swamp, on the retreat to the James River. A brisk engagement took place near the crossing of White Oak Creek, but the brigade did not take part in it, though it occupied a position of peril between the batteries of the contending forces, where the shells of both passed over the men as they lay on the ground for comparative security. From this point the brigade moved on by way of Malvern Hill (passing that position on the 1st of July, but taking no part in the bloody battle of that day) to Harrison's Landing, which it reached on the morning of the 2d, in the midst of a drenching rain, and en- camped in a wheat-field of several hundred acres in extent. The regiment remained in the vicinity of the land- ing for about six weeks, at the end of which time it marched with the army down the Peninsula, and was transported thence by steamer up the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River to Alexandria, where it arrived on the 24th, and was moved from that place to Cloud's Mills, on its way to reinforce the army of Gen. Pope, who was in the neighborhood of Manassas, and sorely pressed by the Confederates under "Stone- wall" Jackson. On the 27th it moved forward by rail from Cloud's Mills to Bull Run bridge, and from there moved to the old battle-field, where it became engaged with the enemy's infantry and fought bravely for more than an hour, sustaining severe loss from the musketry and artillery fire. It was at last com- pelled to give way before the overwhelming force of the Confederates, but retreated in good order to Fair- fax Station and thence to Cloud's Mills, which latter point was reached at noon on the 28th. In the en- gagement at Bull Run Gen. Taylor was severely wounded in the leg, and died at Alexaudri.i, on the 1st of September, from the effects of amputation. 56 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. After defeating Pope's army in Virginia, the Con- federate forces moved rapidly to the Potomac at Ed- wards' Ferry and other points, and crossed into Mary- land. The Union army pursued and overtook them ,at South Mountain, where a severe battle was fought on the 14th of September. In that battle the First New Jersey Brigade (then under command of Col. Tor- bert) was engaged at the point known as Crampton's Gap, and fought with its usual gallantry. In the great battle of Antietam, which occurred three days later, the brigade stood in position for forty-two hours, and during six hours of the time was under a very severe artillery fire, but was not ordered into action. After the battle it remained in Maryland more than two weeks, and finally, on the 2d of Octo- ber, crossed the Potomac at Berlin, and after a num- ber of tedious movements in Virginia reached Staf- ford Court-House on the 18th, and remained there in camp until Gen. Burnside ordered the forward move- ment against Fredericksburg. In that movement the brigade marched from its camp to the Bappahannock, which it reached on the 11th of December, and crossed to the south shore at daylight of the following morning. It remained at rest until two o'clock in the afternoon, when it ad- vanced rapidly across a plateau, under a heavy fire of artillery, until it reached the shelter of a ravine, through which flow the waters of Deep Run, and in this ravine it remained until the morning of the 13th. It was not till three in the afternoon that the brigade was ordered forward into the fight. The loss of the brigade was one hundred and seventy-two killed, wounded, and missing. After the battle the army recrossed to the north side of the river, and the First New Jersey Brigade went into winter quarters near White Oak Church. In the movement across the Rappahannock, in the spring of 1863, known as the campaign of Chaocel- lorsville, the First Brigade, then commanded by Col. Brown in place of Col. Torbert, who was sick, crossed the river, with the Sixth Corps, at Franklin's Cross- ing, below Fredericksburg, on the 29th of April, but remained occupying the old rifle-pits until morning of the 3d of May, when it was put in motion, and, moving up the river through Fredericksburg, about three miles on the road to Chancellorsville, came to Salem Church, where the enemy was found in strong force, and advantageously posted in thick woods, with earthworks on both sides of the road. The brigade advanced and attacked this position, and the battle raged with great fury till night, the enemy being driven a short distance, with severe loss, until he occupied another line of rifle-pits. The loss of the New Jersey brigade was heavy, but its reputa- tion for bravery was fully sustained. It remained on the field during the following day, but was not again engaged, except as a support to the batteries. In the early morning of the 5th of May it marched back to its old camp-ground- at White Oak Church. Moving northward with the Army of the Potomac in pursuit of Lee, who was then marching towards Pennsylvania, the First Brigade (then in Wright's division of the Sixth Corps) crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry on the 27th of June, and reached Gettysburg on the 2d of July, its last day's march being thirty-six miles. It immediately went into position, and remained without change until the fol- lowing morning, when it was advanced to the front line, but it did not become engaged, except slightly on the picket-line, where it lost eleven men wounded. In the pursuit of Lee's army it was again slightly en- gaged at Fairfield, Pa., and at Hagerstown, Md. It crossed the Potomac on the 19th at Berlin, and on the 25th of July reached Warrenton, where it re- mained till the 15th of September. During the re- mainder of the fall it participated in a number of minor movements, and early in December encamped near Brandy Station, where it remained in winter quarters till the latter part of April, 1864. The First Brigade commenced its last campaign on the 4th of May, when it crossed the Rapidan at Ger- mania Ford, and moved southward into the labyrinths of the Virginia wilderness. In the month which suc- ceeded, its movements, battles, and skirmishes were too numerous to be recorded in detail. On the day following the crossing it became heavily engaged with the enemy, fighting stubbornly till its ammunition was exhausted, and losing severely. On the 6th it was again fighting, and suffered heavy loss. On the 8th, at the Po River, it took part in an assault on strong earthworks, but was compelled to retire from the overpowering numbers and impregnable position of the enemy. It was briskly engaged in skirmishing on the 9th, and at Spottsylvania, on the 10th, it agaiii formed pare of an assaulting party, which carried one of the Confederate works and took a number of pris- oners. Still again, at Spottsylvania, on the 12th of May, it took part in the battle, and charged the enemy's position with great bravery. In the advance beyond Spottsylvania, the brigade was engaged in heavy skirmishing along the North Anna River and at Tolopotomy, until it finally stood on its last battle-field, at Cold Harbor, where, through two days of blood and terror, it fought as bravely as ever. But the term of service had expired, and on the 3d of June the First and Third New Jersey Regi- ments (both together numbering only two hundred men) left the front, and proceeded by way of Wash- ington to Trenton, where they arrived on the 7th, and were soon afterward disbanded. Some of the men had re-enlisted, and their terms had not expired. These were transferred to the Fourth and Fifteenth Regiments, but afterward, with those of the same class from the Second Regiment, were consolidated into the First, Second, and Third Battalions. The Fourth was mustered out on the 9th and the Second on the 11th of July, 1865, at Hall's Hill, Va. GENEKAL HISTOKY. 57 FIRST EIGIMENT. Gloucester County. Bwnd, George D. Duffleld, enl. July 8, 1861; must, out Aug. 9, 1862. Andrew Scheivley, enl. July 8, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 9, 1862. Company E. Joseph Dilks, enl. Miiy 23, 1861 ; killed in action Sept. 14, 1862, at Crampton's Pass. Franklin M. Brown. Company if. Thomas Johnson, enl. June 3, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 5, 1863, Joseph Tatem, enl. June 3, 1861 ; disoh. Jan. 19, 1863, wounds received in action at Manassaa. John Lecroy, Sai.em County. Company B. Charles F. Campbell, enl. April 25, 1861 ; re-eul. Dec. 28, 1863 ■, must, out June 29, 1865. Company G, Samuel English, Jr., enl. May 23, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Alfred A. English, enl. May 23, 1861; disch, disability Sept. 13, 1861. John Peacock, enl. May 23, 1861 ; must, out Nov. 2, 1864. Company H. Samuel McWilliams, enl. June 3, 1861. CUMBERLA.ND CODNTY. Company C. Thomas S. Downie, enl. May 22, 1861 ; disoh. disability March 1, 1863. Company E, Jacob Dillshaver, enl. Sept. 19, 1862; disch. disability Jan. 10, 1863. Company G. William H. Felmy, enl. May 23, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. SECOND REGIMENT. Gloucester County. Company B. James Brown, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. George Foster, enl. April 10, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Abraham Jaggers, enl. April 10, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. William Mick, enl. April 10, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Hiram Sherry, enl. April 10, 1865 ; corp. July 6, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Cornelius A. Shaw, enl. March 28, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Melvern T. Wickham, enl. April 10, 1805; must, out July 11, 1866. Cumberland County. Company B, Captain, Henry 0. Ryerson ; First Lieutenant, John A. Wildrick ; Second Lieutenant, Jacob H. Hoffman, Calvin McMahon, sergt., enl. March 24, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. David P. Cawman, sergt, enl. March 23, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Joel A. Herr, sergt,, enl. March 21, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Joseph H. Mason, sergt., enl. March 23, 1865 ; disch. June 20, 1865. Isaac L. R Mansfield, sergt., enl. March 24, 1865 ; pro. com.-sergt. July 1, 1866. William Gifford, coi-p., enl. April 3, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. John W. Curtis, Corp., enl. March 23, 1864 ; pro. sergt. July 1, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865, Luciau Stevens, Corp., enl. March 8, 1866; pro. sergt. July 6, 1866 ; must. out July 11, 1865. Robert Eay, Corp., enl. March 28, 1865; must, out July 11, 1866. William J. Ware, Corp., enl. March 24, 1865; must, out July 11, 1865. Frank B. Baker, Corp., enl. March 23, 1866; must, out July 11, 1866. Thomas C. Gifford, Corp., enl. March 24, 1866; must, out July 11, 1865. Winslow J. Fries, Corp., enl. March 30, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Privatea. Jesse R. Ashby, enl. March 24, 1864; must, out July 11, 1865. William J. Brown, enl. March 24, 1866 ; must, out July 13, 1866. Joseph Branin, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Sebastian Burkett, enl. March 23, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. William Clark, enl. March 28, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Richard Champion, enl. March 25, 1866 ; nuist. out July 11, 1865, David Cunningham, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866, Thomas W. Collins, enl. March 24, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Benjamin Cossabooii, enl. March 28, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865, Andrew Cary, enl. April 4, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Jacob Dare, enl. April 10, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. David A. JSberhart, enl. March 25, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Ancil E. Faunce, enl. March 23, 1866; disch. May 3, 1865. Andrew J. Grossman, enl. April 1, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Chester S. Goodwin, enl. April 3, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. James Gaskill, enl May 23, 1866; must, out July 11, 1865. John Grelner, enl. March 25, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865, Jacob B. Hubbard, enl, March 23, 1866; must, out July 11, 1866, Chai'Ies H. Hathaway, enl. March 23, 1865; must, out July 11, 1865. John C. Hughes, enl. April 1, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. William Iliff, enl. March 23, 1866 ; must, out Jnly 11, 1865, Jacob Kipplo, enl. March 23, 1866; must, out July 11, 1865. Joseph C. Key, eul, March 24, 1865; must, out July 11, 1865. Joseph Loder, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Peter H. Mossbrook, enl. March 23, 1866 ; m;ist. out July 11, 1866. John McClure, enl. April 3, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. David Murray, enl. March 28, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Ebenezer Murray, enl. April 6, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866, Hiram Murray, eul. March 28, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Henry Murray, enl, March 28, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866, John G. Morris, enl. April 4, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865, John C. Miller, eul. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 1 1, 1865. Lorenzo D. Morton, enl. April 4, 1865 ; died July 5, 1865, diarrhoea. William Morgan, enl. April 10, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Frederic Noble, enl. March 27, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Daniel Osborn, enl. March 28, 1866 ; mnst. out July 11, 1865. David H. Osborn, enl. March 28, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Charles D. Palmer, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Charles Payne, enl. April 10, 1865; must, out July 11, 1865. John Bobbins, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Dexter A. Robbins, enl. March 24, 1866; must, out July 11, 1866. William E, Roberts, enl. March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. William Richmond, enl. April 1, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1866. William Sypher, enl March 23, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Ea'4tman T. Strickland, enl. March 23, 1865; disch. June 20, 1866; Corp. Charles G. Scott, eul. March 24, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865, Isaac S, Sheldon, enl. April 10, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Charles Terry, eul, April 3, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Matthias Veal, enl. March 28, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1866. Michael Woolston, enl. March 23, 1866; must, out July 11, 1865. George Williams, enl. March 21, 1866 ; must, out July 11, 1865, John E. Williams, enl. April 1!, 1865 ; must, out July 11, 1865. Daniel Westcott, enl. April 10, 1865; must, out July 11, 1866. THIRD REGIMENT, Gloucester County. Band. Charles T. Stratton, enl. June 7, 1861 ; must, out Ang. 10, 1862, Francis B. Ridgway, enl, June 7, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 10, 1862. Company A. Captain, David Vickers, Jr.; First Lieutenant, John Roberts; Second Lieutenant, Charles Wilson. William H. Snowden, sergt., enl. April 19, 1861; pro. capt. Co. D, 10th Regt., April 16, 1862, Joseph L, Franklin, enl. April 19,1861; pro. 2d lieut, Co, I Sept. 13, 1862. Josiah P. Franklin, corp,, enl. April 19, 1861 ; pro. 2d lieut. Co. K Oct. 8, 1862, William L. Butler, corp., enl. April 19, 1861 ; died July 6, 1861. Frank Peabody, corp,, enl, April 19, 1862, Henry Haggerty, corp,, enl. April 19, 1861 ; pro. 2d lieut. Co, K Oct. 8, 1862. David S. Gibson, corp., enl. April 19, 1861 ; died June 4, 1862. Charles Elkinton, Corp., enl. April 19,1861; pro. sergt. Sept. 1, 1862; 1st sergt. April 1, 1864 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Williams. Clair, Corp., enl. April 19,1861; disch. disability Oct. 17, 1863. Thomas French, wagoner, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Privatet. Nathan Allen, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disoh. Nov. 26, 1862, wounds received in action. 58 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Joseph T. Allen, enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at SpottsylTHnia Court-House. William F. Allen, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, ont June 23, 1864. Enoch W. Ash ton, eol. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June .4, 1864. Charles V. Abbot, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 17, 1863. Charles Beaty, enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action Hay 3, 1863, at Fred- ericksburg. Henry W. Bock, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Kobert Boyle, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability May 1, 1862. John Boyce,enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action June 22, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. Henry Burt, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability June 12, 1862. James T. Caffrey, enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action Sept. It, 1862, at Crampton's Pass. Samuel C. Chester, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability Feb. 9, 1863. Henry F. Clark, enl. April 19, 1861; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. Henry S. Clark, enl. April 19, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 15, 1864; disch. June 23, 1864. William D. Clark, enl. April 19, 1861 ; died, June 25, 1864, of wounds received in action at Wilderness, Ya. Isaac Clark, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Edward D. Clayton, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Feb. 1, 1862 ; disch. June 23, 1864. Andrew J. Cunningham, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 24, 1864. Andrew J. Craig, enl. April 19, 1861 ; Corp. Jan. 1, 1863 ; sergt. Aug. 1, 1863 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Edward C. Cattell, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. Dec. 9, 1861, wounds. Joseph C. Cunard, enl. Aug. 27, 1862 ; serred in Co. K, 15th Begt., and Co. C, 3d Batt.; disch. May 17, 1865. James B. Caldwell, enl. Ang. 19, 1862 ; disch. April 20, 1863. Alexander W. Davis, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1863 ; disch. June 23, 1864. Michael Donnell, enl. April 19, 1861; killed in action Sept. 14, 1862, at Crampton's Pass. John Downs, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1862. Benjamin F. Duffield, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 14, 1863. Samuel Dilkes, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability Feb. 20, 1863. John Edwards, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. John W. Eacritt, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 2S, 1864. Reuben Foster, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Joshua Fox, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Jesse B. Frampus, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Sept. 20, 1862 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Samuel Graham, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability June 12, 1861. Charles Gordon, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability Dec. 9, 1862. John Grubbins, enl. April 19, 1861; must, out June 23, 1864. John Green, enl. AprU 19, 1861 ; must, out June 2:<, 1864. Lewis M. Gibson, enl. Aug. 27, 1862 ; disch. disability Feb. 25, 1863. William Hewitt, enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action. May 8, 1864, near Spottsylvania, Ya. Thomas H. Hill, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, ont June 23, 1864. Wallace Hemphill, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, ont Feb. 3, 1865. Thomas Jones, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 9, 1862. Charles R. Jackson, enl. April 19, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A, 15th Begt. ; corp. Nov. 1, 1862; sergt. Jan. 1, 1864; re-enl. Jan. 5, 1864. Isaac Jaggard, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 19, 1861. Robert W. Jaggard, enl. April 19, 1861 ; trans, to Signal Corps ; disch. therefrom as serg. Jan. 19, 1865. Enoch L. Johnston, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability J.an. 23, 1863. William Lockwood, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. Dec. 4, 1863, for wounds received in action. John W. Low, eul. -April 19, 1861. Samuel C. Matt, enl. April 19, 1861; corp. Aug. 1, 1862; sergt. Jan. 1, 1863; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Fredericksburg. William T. Mears, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 9, 1863. Robert Morris, enl. April 19, 1861 ; died Nov. 24, 18D1. John McClure, enl. April 19, 1861 ; died Nov. 13, 1861. Benjamin F. Maull, musician, enl April 19, 1861 ; re-enl. March 31, 1864; pro. principal musician April 1, 1864. Anthony Nemes, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability May 15, 1862. Frederick Nehls, enl. April 19, 1861; disch disability March 31, 1862. George Ostertae, enl. April 19, 1861 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. Joseph W. Ore, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 25, 1862. Charles Parker, enl. April 19, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1864. John R. Pedrick, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Sept. 20, 1862; sergt. Jan. 1, 1863; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Fredericksburg, Ya. Joseph Picken, onl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Andrew Ridgway, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Sept. 30, 1862; sergt. April 1, 1864 ; must, ont June 23, 1864. George W. Sharp, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. John W. Scott, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability Nov. 14, 1862. John B. Scott, enl. April 19, 1861; Corp. June 7, 1862; sergt. Nov. 1, 1862; must, out June 2:i, 1864. Joseph D. Scott, enl. April 19, 1861 ; coi-p. Jan. 1, 1863 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Fredericksburg. Frank A. Shute, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 15, 1862. Daniel W. Sullivan, enl. April 19, 1861; must, out June 23, 1864. James H. Stanger, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. John Tonkins, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability Nov. 28, 1862. Richard Taylor, enl. April 19, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Albert F. Turner, enl. April 19, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 5, 1864; disch. June 28, 186.°^ ; served Co. A, 15th Begt., and Co. A, 3d Batt. : must, ont July 10, 1866. Henry J. Wanisley, enl. April 19, 1861 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1864; re-enl. Jan. 5, 1864; killed in action May 14, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court-Honse Ya. John Wilson, enl. April 19, 1801; disch. disability July 19, 1862. Frederick Wilson, eul. April 19, 1861 ; mnst. ont June 23, 1864. William J. Williams, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. disability May 19, 1863. Thomas F. Zane, enl. April 19, 1861 ; trans, to Yet, Res. Corps March 15, 1864; disch. July 1,1864. Charles 6. Zane, enl. April 19, 1861 ; died Aug. 20, 1862, of wonndd re- ceived in action at Gaines' Farm. William F. Zane, enl. April 19, 1861 ; died May 22, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Wilderness, Ya. Company C. Thomas Anderson, enl. Sept. 3, 1862 ; mnst. ont June 22, 1865. Company G. George G. Cummings, enl. June 24, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 14, 1864 ; served in Co. A, 3d Batt. ; mnst. out June 29, 1865. Company H. Thomas M. Fennypacker, musician, enl. Aug. 23, 1862 ; served in Co. G, 15th Regt., and Co. A, 3d Batt. ; must, out June 22, 1865. Nicholas Johnson, enl. Sept 2, 1861; trans, to Co. G, 15th Regt., June 4, 1864. Company J. Francis Gavanta, enl. Sept. 11, 1801 ; re-enl. Feb. 15, 1864; served in Go. E, 15th Begt., and Co. A, 3d Batt. ; must, out June 29, 1865. Additional, — John L. D. Wentz, capt. ; Frank H. Coles, 1st lieut. ; Aden W. Catell, let Went. ; Richard Hewett, 2d lieut.; Andrew T. Craig, sergt. ; Charles Alexander, corp. : John Moore, corp. ; Joseph Downs, Corp. ; James Kershaw, musician ; John A. Tyler, musician ; Ed- ward Barber, James Estlow, Patrick Fiynn, John Henthorn, Rich- ard Lippincott, Ezekiel Madara, Frederick Schraum, John A. Sharp, William A. Sharp, privates. Salem Codntt. Company B. Thomas D. Faris, enl. May 25, 1861 ; disch. disability March 19, If 6:5. Company F. David W. Fry, sergt., enl. May 28, 1801 ; must, ont June 23, 1864. John Mowers, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. "William F. Nichols, eul. Jan. 21, 1862 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm, Ya. George Robinson, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability July 19, 1862. Ommpanjf J. Lewis Birch, enl. May 10, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 25, 1862, wounds received in action. Cu3IBERLANn COCNTY. Band. William S. Lambert, enl. June 7, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 10, 1862. Daniel Fredrick, enl. Juno 7, 1801 ; must, out Aug. 10, 1862. Ezbon C. Lambert, enl. June 7 , 1861 ; mnst. ont Aug. 10, 1862. Francis Albin, enl. Jnne 7, 1861 ; mnst. out Aug. 10, 1802. GENERAL HISTORY. 59 Samuel Albin, oiil. June 7, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 10, 1862. Benjamin T. Dare, enl. June 7, 1861 ; diach. Jan. 16, 1862. Edwin J. West, enl. June 7, 1861 ; disch. Jan. 16, 1862. Company A, Richard Howett, Corp., enl. Teb. 22, 1862 ; pro. 2d Ileut. ; res. Oct. 19, 1862. James Kerehnw, musioian, enl. April 19, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1864. John A. Tyler, musician, enl. April 10,1801; disch. disability Oct. 17, 1863. Bzekiel Madara, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 23, 1863. Joseph A. Sharp, enl. April 19, 1861 ; disch, disability Deo. 3, 1862. William Sharp, enl. April 19, 1861; disch. Dec. 29, 1862; paroled prisoner. Company B. ' Jonathan Demaris, musician, enl. May 26, 1861 ; disch. disability March 30, 1862. Edward T. Drament, enl. May 25, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1802; died Dec. 9, 1862. Company D. Edward A. Martin, musician, enl. Aug. 27, 1862 ; must, out Juno 22, 1865. Samuel S. Shull, enl. Aug. 27, 1862 ; corp. Nov. 7, 1864 ; must, out June 22, 1865. Company F. Capt, James W. H. SticUney ; Ist Lieut., Samuel T. Dubois ; 2d lieut., George Woodruff. Bowman H. Buck, sergt., enl. May 28,1861 ; re-enl.Feh. 16,1864; served in Co. H, 15tb Regt., and Co. A, 3d Batt. ; must, out June 29, 1865. Daniel J. Dillon, sergt, enl. May 28, 1861 j disch. disability, June 14, 1862. Samuel Harris, corp., enl. May 28, 1861 ; pro. capt. Co. F, 21th Eegt., Sept. 16, 1862. John C. Garrison, Corp., enl. May 28, 1861; must, out June 23, 1864. Clarence G. Mulford, corp., enl. May 28, 1801 ; Ist, Feb. 1, 1863; must. out June 23, 1864. James W. Mnrphy, Corp., enl. May 28, 1861 ; sergt., Aug. 14, 1862 ; must. out June 23, 1864. Daniel B. Ginenback, corj)., enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability, Feb. 23, 1863. Joseph S. Layton, Corp., enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps Nov. 15, 1863 ; disch. May 28, 1804. Barnett Burdsall, Corp., enl May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Sept. 13. 1862. Horace E. Loper, musician, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. William Fainter, musician, enl. May 28, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 30, 1863; served in Co. H, 15th Begt., and Co. A, 3d Batt. ; must, out June 29, 1865. James Bright, wagoner, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Western gunboat service February, 1802 ; disch. Feb. 2, 1804. Prwaiei. Aaron M. Allen, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Got. 17, 1802. David S. Briod, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1862. Robert Burdsell, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. disability Sept. 1,1802. Reuben Brooks, enl. May 28, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1 864. Charles H. Bacon, enl. May 28, 1861 ; killed in action Sept. 14, 1862, at Crampton's Pass, Md. Elias W. BlHckson, enl. May 28, 1801 ; died July 3, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Gaines' Farm, Va. Reuben F. Barret, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. for disability Nov. 25, 1862. Adolph Bergen, enl. Jan. 21, 1862 ; served in Co. H, 15th Begt., and Co. A, 3d Batt.; must, out Jan. 20, 1805. Edmund K. Crosier, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 9, 1863. Baymond D. Crandol, enl. May 28, 1861 ; died Jan. 20, 1863. smallpox. David P. Clark, enl. May 28, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Henry Clark, enl. May 28, 1861 ; missing in action at Salem Heights, May 3, 1863 ; supposed dead. Charles L. Davis, enl. May 28, 1801 ; corp. Feb. 1, 1863 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Thomas B. Davis, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. Oct. 20, 1802, to Join regular army. James Dailey, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 27, 1862. Daniel Doyle, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps Jan. 16, 1864; disch. May 28, 1804. Smith Dalrymple, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 28, 1861. Jonathan Fadeley, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 1, 1863; re-enl. April 15, 1863 ; disch. Nov. 10, 1865. Smith J. Fogg, enl. May 28, 1861 ; died June 1, 1862. Jonathan H. Facemire, enl. May 28,1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. George Fauver, enl. May 28, 1861. Edward H. Grosscup, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 23, 1803. Robert Gallasple, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1804. Levi J. Barker, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1804. William 6. Howell, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out Juno 23, 1864. Josiah Huster, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1862. Ethan P. Harris, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. disability May 8, 1863. John R. Hill, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability July 19, 1862. David B. Husted, enl. May 28, 1861 ; re-onl. Feb. 14, 1864; corp. Oct. 1, 1864; served In Co. H, 15th Begt., and Co. A, 3d Batt.; must, out June 29, 1805. Charles H. Henderson, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 20, 1802, to join regular army. Robert Jackson, enl. May 28, 1801 ; died Sept. 18, 1802. Charies T. Jordan, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Gideon W. Johnson, enl. May 28, 1801 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines* Farm. Thomas B. Keen, enl. May 28, 1861; killed in action Sept. 14, 1862, at Crampton Pass. Davis B. Loder, enl. May 28,1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Richard 0. Levick, enl. May 28, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 14, 1864 ; trans, to Co. H, 16th Regt. Joab C. Lore, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 15, 1804; disch. May 30,1864. William Moncrief, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 16, 1864 ; disch. July 30, 1864. William Mulford, enl. May 28, 1861; disch. disability, Nov. 25, 1862. Henry W. Marts, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Charies McAllister, enl. May 28, 1861; must, out June 23, 1864. William Naglee, enl. May 28, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 30, 1803 ; must, out Aug. 9, 1866. Joshua R. Nichols, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability. May 15, 1862. John Ogden, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps July 1, 1863. Samuel Patcbell, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Vot. Bos. Corps Aug. 1, 1863 ; disch. June 2, 1864. Daniel B. Parvin, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Robert Potts, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 20, 1862. Enoch B. Pew, enl. May 28, 1861 ; corp. Feb. 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Feb. 14, 1864 ; died May 8, 1864, of wounds received in action near Spottsyl- vania, Va. John Royal, enl. May 28, 1861 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1863 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Philip Eitner, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. disability July 19, 1862. Edward D. Stanley, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 28, 1802. Henry B. Stockton, enl. May 28, 1861; re-enl. Deo. 30,1803; killed in action May 8, 1864, at Spottsylvania, Va. Alexander Sayre, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. George Slert, enl. May 28, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Henry L. Seymour, enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Co. H, 15th Regt. ; re- enl. Feb. 14, 1804. Josiah B. Sheppard, enl. May 28, 1801 ; died July 20, 1801. John F. Thornard, enl. May 28, 1861; died Juue 14, 1802. John Thompson, enl. May 28, 1801 ; disch. disability March 31, 1862. Joseph B. Thompson, enl. May 28, 1801; died June 28, 1862, of wounds received in action at Gaines* Farm, Va. John M. Tyler, enl. May 28, 1861 ; died June 28, 1862, of wounds received in action at Gaines' Farm, Va. Benjamin F. Tyler, enl. May 28, 1801; disch. disability Deo. 17, 1862. William A. Thomas, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. disability June 6, 1862. Matthias Taylor, enl. May 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 4, 1803. Robert M. Vansant, enl. May 28, 1801 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 1, 1803; disch. June 4, 1804. Thomas M. Woodruff, enl. May 28, 1801 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1863; must, out June 23, 1804. Joseph R. Woodruff, enl. May 28, 1801 ; corp. Aug. 14, 1862; must, out June 23, 1864. James B. Woodruff, enl. May 28, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. George Wolf, enl. May 28, 1861 ; died July 30, 1862, of dysentery. Alexander H. Webb, enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. March 2, 1864. Samuel W. Wells, enl. May 28, 1861 ; diach. disability Oct. 30, 1802. Walker 8. Williams, enl. May 28, 1801 ; must, out June 23, 1804. William H. Williams, enl. May 28, 1801; must, out June 23, 1864. James G. Westcott, enl. May 28, 1861; disch. disability Jan. 10, 1863. 60 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. David Yearicks, enl. May 28, 1861 ; corp. Feb. 1, 1863 ; wounded May 8, 1864, ID action near Spotteylvania, Ya. ; arm amputated; muBt. oat June 23, 1864. Company S. Mioliael Woolston, enl. May 27, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. FOURTH REGIMENT. Gloucester County. Company C. John Keefe, enl. Dec. 3, 1864; must, out July 9, 1865. Company D. Daniel Parker, enl. Sept. 17, 1861; discli. disability Not. 18, 1862. Company E. Louis Mattour, enl. Aug. 20, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Matthias Bichmond, enl. Aug. 20, 1861. Theodore Shute, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; re-enl. March 20, 1864; must, out July 18, 1865. John Brown. Company F. John Camp, wagoner, enl. Feb. 12, 1864; must, out July 9, I860. Franklin Eaotlack, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 13, 1864. John Elberson, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; Corp. Jan. 1, 1664 ; must, out July 22, 1865. Horatio S. Howell, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; corp. March 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; pro. q.m.-sergt. Sept. 6, 1863 ; capt. Co. B Oct. 6, 1864. Washington Shultz, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 17, 1864. George W Scott, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 13, 1863. Company G. Lewis Watson, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-eul. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Samuel B. Fisher, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; corp. Jan. 1, 1864 ; sergt. March 1, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Japhet Mosbrooks, enl. Feb. 13, 1864; disch. disability March 28, 1864. Lewis Bender. Company H. Joseph K. Wells, corp., enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; sergt. Not. 1, 1862 ; 1st sergt. March 1, 1863 ; 6ergt.-m8j. June 10, 1863 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; pro. capt. Co. E Feb. 13, 1865. George Dilks, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 7, 1864. Thomas CleTanger, enl. Feb. 6, 1864 ; died June 1, 1864, of wounds re- ceiTed in action at Wilderness, Va. DaTid Doughty, enl. Aug. 17, 1801 ; died Aug. 4, 1862, of wounds re- ceiTed in action at Gaines' Farm. Jesse G. Eastlack, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; died March 27, 1863, of wounds receiTed in action at Crampton's Pass. William J. Gibbs, enl. Aug. 24, 1861. George Garrison, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; disch. disability Sept. 22, 1862. Thomas Gibbs, enl. Feb. 9, 1864 ; disch. June 27, 1865, of wounds re- ceiTed in action at Winchester, Va. Lewis Perney, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; disch. disability June 13,1865; re- enl Dec. 26, 1863 ; corp. March 6, 1865. Charles W. Potter, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. William Sclienck, enl. Aug. 17, 1801. John C. Schence, enl. Aug. 23, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 17, 1863. Andrew R. Snyder, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Doc. 24, 1862. John W. Schaffer, enl. Jan. 4, 1864; must, out July 9, 1866. Christopher Stierle, enl. Feb. 4, 1864 ; died May 12, 1864, of wounds re- ceiTed in action at Wilderness, Va. Joseph Thomas, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. EH Tliompson, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Sheppard Thompson, enl. Aug. 17,1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; must, out June 22, 1865. Thomas Thompson, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1866. Felix Thomas, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; missing in ac- tion at Wilderness, Va. ; supposed dead. John W. Walters, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; re-anl. Dec. 26, 1863. Thomas Brown. Compat^ I. Company K. John G. Arnett, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; Corp. April 13, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1866. Robert Burke. John I. Early. James Cassidy, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9. 1865. John J. Early, wagoner, enl. Aug. 19, 1801 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must. out July 9, 1865. John Gleason, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out Jnly 9. 1866. John Hewett, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 25, 1863. Richard Hall, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863. Jacob B. Hankins, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; discb. disability Dec. 9, 1862. Charles Orr, enl. Aug. 24, 1861; must, out Aug. 24, 1864. Andrew Seeds, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 26, 1863. John W. Urison, enl. Aug. 24, 1861. Saleh Countt. Company A. Charles Heitman, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; disch. disability March 3, 1862. Jacob Hucke, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 6, 1864. George Hetchner, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; missing in action at Wilderness May 6, 1864; supposed dead. Wendle Euntz, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; disch. disability Sept. 26, 1862. Christian Erouse, enl. Ang. 9, 1861; disch. March 21, 1863; paroled prisoner. Company B. Alfred Poulson, enl. Jan. 21, 1864; trans, to Co. I. Company D. John W. Richmond, enl. Feb. 22, 1866 ; trans, to Co. H. Company F. William H. Briggs, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 26, 1864. John E. Holeton, enl. Ang. 15, 1861 ; died July 1, 1862. Company H, Captain, J. W. Lnmley; First Lieutenant, William Stillings; Second Lieutenant, Charles W. Johnson. William Dolson, enl. Feb. 22, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Company K. John M. Mills, sergt, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; mnst. out July 9, 1865. John Foster, sergt, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; mnst. out July 9, 1865. Daniel Nelson, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; must, ont Jan. 24, 1865. William W. Palmer, sergt, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; killed in action Sept 14, 1862, at Crampton's Pass. Cbarles D. Zane, sergt., enL Aug. 1§, 1861; died March 17, 1862. Edward B. Smith, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861. Sheppard H. Flanigan, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. James Chester, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1862. Gideon S. Keen, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; trans, to Vet Bee. Corps Jan. 15, 1864 ; re-enl. April 29, 1864. Thomas Marrion, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; discb. disability June 6, 1862. Thomas Perry, Corp., enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability March 6, 1863. George D. Newman, Corp., enl. Ang. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 4, 1863. William Armstrong, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct 23, 1862. William Arnett, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Julyl, 1863 ; disch. Aug. 19, 1864. William S. Ackley, enl. Aug. 19, 1S61 ; corp. May 1,1863; sergt.Septl, 1863; re-ent Dec. 26,1863; pro. 1st lleut Jan. 31, 1865 ; broTet capt April 2, 1866. George M. Brandeff, eul. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must out July 9, 180.1. George W. Brown, enl. Sept 4, 1861 ; disch. Sept 3, 1864. Isaac S. Bright, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; died Jan. 4, 1862. John Campbell, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; corp. Hay 1, 1865 ; mnst. ont July 9, 1865. Enoch Cordery, enl. Aug. 19, 1801 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; seigt Feb. 18, 1865; must out July 18, 1866. James Chamberlain, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. GENERAL HISTORY. 61 John Conway, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; dlod March 13, 1865. Martin V. Curden, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; leenl. Deo. 26, 1863 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1864; must, out July 9, 1865. Robert C. Corliss, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disoh. disability March 21, 1863. George W. Chamberlain, enl. Jan. 2!!, 1804 ; must, out July 9, 1866. John Draraond,enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Isaac I. Dubois, enl. Sept. 4, 1861 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsyivania Court-House, Va. Charles Dolbow, enl. Feb. 11, 1864 ; Corp. April 10, 1866 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Samuel E. Elwell, enl. Sept. 4, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Jan. 15, 1865; disch. March 28, 1865. Joseph S. Forney, enl. Aug. 19, 1801 ; disch. dlsabiiity Oct. 10, 1862. Charles H. Freas, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; must, out March 23, 1865 ; paroled prisoner. John Gallagher, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; Corp. March 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; sergt. Sept. 14, 1864 ; must, out July 9, 1865. David B. Herley, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 24, 1864. Edward Hancock, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; died Oct. 26, 1861. John C. Headly, enl. Feb. 24, 1864; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsyivania Court-House, Va. Amos Jones, enl. Aug. 19, 1861. George W. Kates, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; trans to Vet. Bes. Corps May 6, 1863 ; returned to company March 11, 1864 ; must, out Aug. 26, 1864. Peter C. Keen, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; disch. disability March 6, 1303. Bicbman Kiger, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; must, out March 18, 1865; paroled prisoner. William Kirkpatrick, enl. Jan. 13, 1862 ; disch. disability June 4, 1862. Enoch G. Loper, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1803 ; missing in action May 6, 1864, at Wilderness, Va. Daniel Masslander, enl, Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; disch. disa- bility May 18. 1865. Benjamin Miller, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Sept. 6, 1863. Samuel Orr, enl. Sept. 4, 1861 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsyi- vania Goui-t-Honse, Va. William H. Farmer, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; trans, to Vet. Kes. Corps Jan. 10, 1865 ; died April 24, 1865. Edward Poison, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; died Nov. 1, 1864 ; prisoner of war. John P. Price, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; corp. Jan. 10, 1862 ; disch disability March 4, 1863. Alonzo Peterson, enl. Sept. 4, 1861 ; killed in action May 6, 1864, at Wil- derness, Va. Alfred Poison, enl. Jan. 21, 1864; trans, from Co. B; disch. disability Feb. II, 1805. James P. Sparks, enl. Aug 19, 1861 ; died June 7, 1862. William W. Stanly, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; must, out July 9, 1866. John D. Sargent, enl. Ang. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; corp. March 4, 1864; sergt. April 13, 1865; must, out July 9, 1865. John S. Sharp, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability April 25, 1862. Isaac Sbute, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsyivania Court-House, Va. Thomas Sbute, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 28, 1863. John Shute, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; missing in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsyivania Court-House, Va, Richard T. Simpkins, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; disch. disability Oct. 1, 1862. George K. Smith, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; corp. Jan. 11, 1864 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Uichard Thomas, enl. Jan. 18, 1864; missing in action at Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864. John Vickers, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863. Henry E. Vansant, enl. Sept. 4, 1861 ; disch. disability May 28, 1862. Jeremiah Wright, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 19, 1863. James A. Wright, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; corp. May 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; died Feb. 15, 1865, prisoner of war. COMBEBLAND COUNTY. Company D. Charles J. Wilson, enl. Feb. 14, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Company E. Francis Loper, musician, enl. Ang. 20, 1861; trans, to Co. F. Abram 0. Blue, enl. Aug. 16, 1861 ; disch. disability Sept. 29, 1862 ; re- enl. for one year ; must, out July 9, 1865, Robert R. Forver, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; must, out July 9, 1865. David E. Fithian, enl. Aug. 16, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Albert Fisher, enl. Aug. 20, 1861; re-enl. Deo. 26, 1863; Corp. April 1, 1865 ; must, out Jnly 9, 1866. Samuel Hooten, enl. Feb. 9, 1864 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Henry Woodland, enl. Aug. 23, 1861 ; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. Company F. William G. Eldridge, enl. Aug. 15, 1861 ; died July 4, 1862. David Harris, enl. Dec. 16, 1864; must, out July 9, 1865. Company H. Benjamin F. Mitchell, Corp., enl. Aug. 17, 1861; died July 20, 1861, in the hands of the enemy. William C. Doughty, enl. Oct. 18, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; corp. Jan- 23, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Thomas Fleet, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. James Higgins, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; disoh. July 9, 1865. William 0. Johnson, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Signal Corps ; disch. Aug. 17, 1864. William Leak, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 16, 1864; disch. Aug. 18, 1864. George W. Messick, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; disoh. disability May 15, 1862. George W. Mossbrooks, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; disoh. disability Deo. 8, 1862. Zeohariah Martz, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out Jnly 9, 1866. John McClure, enl. Aug. 23, 1861 ; disch. June 4, 1862, for wounds. John B. Pancoast, enl. Aug. 23, 1861 ; disoh. disability Dec. 22, 1862. Elwood Robart, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; disoh. disability Aug. 20, 1862. Archibald Scott, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; corp. March 1, 1863; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; sergt. March 20, 1864 ; must, out July 9, 1865. James Smith, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out Aug. 4, 1805. David Surran, enl. Aug. 24, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; must, out July 9, 1865. Isaiah Shaw, serg., enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; pro, 2d lieut. Co. B, Dec. 23,1861. Abraham M, Tice, enl, Aug. 17, 1861; corp. March 1, 1863; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; sergt. March 20, 1864; must out July 9, 1865. Lenoard Tioe, enl. Ang. 17, 1861 ; killed in action Dec. 13, 1862, at Fred- ericksburg, Va. Archibald Tice, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 : must, out July 9, 1865. Benjamin F. Upham, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 31, 1864; disch. Sept. 23,1864. John Vanhorn, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; corp. March 16, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1866. Joseph Vanhook, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; died Oct. 30, 1862. Benjamin Vernan, enl, Oct, 28, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863; died June 29, 1864. James B. Wells, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; corp. March 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Deo. 26, 1863 ; sergt. March 20, 1864 : disoh. disability Jan, 5, 1865, William Wesicott, enl. Aug. 17, 1861; killed in action Dec. 13, 1862, at Fredericksburg, Va. Compamy K. Robert Abbott, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Henry Coleman, enl. Aug. 19, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 24, 1864. Anthony Craupp, enl. Sept. 4, 1861; killed in action June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Farm. CHAPTER XIII. CIVIL WAR.— (CoiKmuerf.) Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Regiments.— Com- pany F of the Fifth Regiment was almost wholly composed of men from Salem County, Companies I and K of the Sixth Regiment had in their ranks 62 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. many from Gloucester and Cumberland Counties, and Company H of the Seventh was largely made up of men from Gloucester. These regiments served in the same brigade, and as the histories of their cam- paigns are very nearly identical, they are here given in one narrative. These regiments, as well as the Eighth, were raised under a requisition made by President Lincoln on the 24th of July, 1861, three days after the great disaster at Bull Run. The regimental officers of the Fifth were : Colonel, Samuel H.Starr; Lieutenant-Colonel, Gershom Mott; Major, "William S. Truex ; Adjutant, Caldwell K. Hall ; Quartermaster, JameB F. Busllng; Surgeon, James C. Fisher ; Assistant Surgeon, Addison W. Woodhull. The Sixth wa.s officered as follows : Colonel, James T. Hatfield ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Simpson R. Stroud ; Major, John P. Van Leer ; Adjutant, Leonard J. Gordon ; Quarter- master, Joseph Woodward ; Surgeon, John Wiley ; Assistant Sur- geon, Bedford Sharpe. The officers of the Seventh were: Colonel, Joseph W. Bevere; Lieutenant-Colonel, Ezra A. Carman; Mfgor, J. Dallas Mcintosh; A(^utant, Francis Price, Jr.; Quartermaster, Thomas P. Johnson ; Surgeon, D. W. C. Hough ; Assistant Surgeon, Alvin Satterthwaite ; Chaplain, Julius A. Rose. The Fifth reported for duty in Washington on the 30th of August, the Sixth on the 11th of September, and the Seventh on the 20th of September, 1861. Along with the Eighth they constituted the Second Brigade of New Jersey troops, under the command, at first of Col. Starr, and the brigade made its first camp at Meridian Hill, near Washington. About the 1st of December the brigade moved to Budd's Ferry, Md., some forty-five miles below Washington, and became the Third Brigade of Gen. Hooker's division. This division was at that time encamped along the Potomac, from Mattawoman Creek to Liverpool Point. On the south side of the river, opposite the position of Hooker's division, the rebels had erected formidable batteries at Shipping Point, Cockpit Point, and Evansport, for the purpose of closing the navigation of the river. The evacua- tion of Manassas by the rebels, however, rendered the holding of these batteries inexpedient, and about the 8th of March, 1862, they were abandoned. When this fact became known Gen. Hooker ordered a de- tachment of five hundred men of the Fifth, under Lieut.-Col. Mott, to cross the river and seize and oc- cupy the abandoned position. This was the first im- portant duty performed by the men of this brigade. The detachment found four pieces of artillery and a large quantity of stores which the enemy, in his hasty retreat, had abandoned, and the position was occu- pied for a time. The brigade remained quietly encamped till the first week in the following April, when, with its di- vision, it was transferred to York River, Va., placed under the command of Gen. J. E. Patterson, and in- corporated with the Army of the Potomac to partici- pate in the Peninsular campaign. Its first position was in front of the strong works of the enemy at Yorktown. On the morning of Sunday, May 4th, it was learned that the Confederate line, stretching southward from Yorktown to the mouth of Warwick River, had been abandoned, and the Union army started in pursuit of the retreating enemy. The Second New Jersey Bri- gade passed through Yorktown, and bivouacked for the night in a swamp on the Williamsburg road, about seven miles beyond Yorktown. At two o'clock in the morning of the 6th it started from this bivouac, and struggled through darkness, mud, and drenching rain towards its first battle-field, — that of Williamg- burg. At that place the enemy were in heavy force 'and strongly posted, their main work, Fort Magru- der, commanding the road, and a broad "slashing" on each side of it, with a line of about twenty strong redoubts, stretching from the fort, in both directions, across the Peninsula, from river to river. On the ar- rival of the force in front of this apparently impreg- nable position, at about half-past seven in the morn- ing, the undaunted Hooker at once moved to the attack. Two batteries were advanced on the right of the road, with the Fifth to support them. The Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth were formed in line on the left of the road, and ordered forward. Foster says of the action which ensued, " Steadily advancing through the underbrush, the gallant regiments soon came upon the enemy's forces, and at once opened a vigor- ous fire. Here, for three hours, the conflict raged with desperate fury. Commanding the ground at every point, the fire of the enemy was pitilessly de- structive, and did not slacken a moment. But the brave men into whose faces it was poured stood firmly and unflinchingly, sometimes, indeed, pushed back a little space, but as surely hurling the rebels, bleeding and shattered, back to their works. From the nature of the ground there was no opportunity for the bayonet, but the rapid volleys of our heroic troops were scarcely less effective. And thus the bat- tle raged, the enemy, reinforced again and again, directing against these three regiments all the fury of their attack, but still the little column stood immova- ble. At last, however, the enemy, driven now to des- peration, rushed forward in overwhelming numbers, pouring a terrific fire into our whole line. Then at last that line wavered. Their ammunition exhausted, their muskets rusted by the drenching rain, their ranks terribly thinned, exhausted by want of food and a difficult march, these heroes of the day before this last overwhelming onset fell slowly back. But they were not defeated. They had held the enemy in check, had frustrated every attempt to flank .our position, and so had saved the division which, but for this stubborn resistance, would have been swept in disaster from the field." The Fifth had maintained its position in support of the batteries, under a tremendous fire of musketry GENERAL HISTORY. 63 and artillery, during six hours, and at last, when the rebel infantry charged and captured some of the pieces, the regiment made a counter-charge, carried an advanced position, and held it through the remain- der of the day, maintaining a continuous and most destructive fire on the enemy for fully four hours. Finally the gallant Kearney threw his division into the fire, assaulting the Confederate line with desperate impetuosity, and the battle became more furious than at any time before. An important portion of the enemy's works was carried, and night closed with the Union arms victorious along the entire line. The enemy retreated during the night, taking the road to Richmond, and leaving their dead and wounded on the field. In this sanguinary conflict the losses of Hooker's division aggregated nearly sixteen hundred men, of which the New Jersey brigade sustained more than its proportionate share. Three days after the battle the brigade moved with its division toward Richmond. On the evening of the 31st of May, at the battle of Fair Oaks, the Third Corps, including the Fifth and Sixth (the Seventh and Eighth were detailed on other duty), moved for- ward, reached the front line at dark, went into posi- tion, and so remained through the night. The battle was renewed on the following day {Sun- day, June 1st), and the Fifth and Sixth New Jersey led the advance, with Gen. Hooker in person at their head. The enemy was soon found, and during nearly three hours raged the battle, in which the New Jer- sey regiments fully sustained the reputation they had gained at Williamsburg. By reason of the illness of Gen. Patterson, Col. Starr, of the Fifth, was in com- mand. In his report of the battle he said, — " The road and -the fields on both sides of the road were thronged with flyiug regiments from the battle-ground two or three miles in front, through whose routed and disorderly masses I was compelled to force my way with bayonet and sabre. At seven a.u., on the Ist instant, the Fifth and Sixth New Jersey marched forward (Gen. Patterson still being very ill), and were actively engaged from about a quarter past seven A.K. until a quarter to ten a.m., two and a half hours, with the enemy, the Fifth regiment losing four privates killed, three ofiScers and iifty.- one men wounded, and two privates missing; total, sixty. . . . The loss of the Sixth Regiment has uot yet been reported to me, but is consider- ably leal. . . . Credit being but reluctantly accorded to this brigade for their services, its members look inwards and upwards for their reward. The Fifth and Sixth Kegiments have been for four days and nights under arms in battle reconnoissauce, and in holding the most advanced position on this flank of the army. They are still under arms, and see no prospect of an hour's rest for days to come. They have been exposed night and day to deluges of rain, and have suffered every species of pri- vation incident to an army in an enemy's country." The loss of the Sixth Regiment in the battle of Fair Oaks was twenty-one killed and wounded. The two regiments bivouacked in their position on the night of the 1st, and on the 2d of June advanced and occupied the ground recovered from the enemy. On the 25th of June they took part in a battle fought a short distance in front of the old battle-ground of Fair Oaks, and here again they fought most bravely. In the retreat to the James River, which com- menced on the 28th of June, the brigade was ordered to the rear, which is the post of honor and of danger in a retreat, and was frequently under fire. It sus- tained slight losses at Glendale (June 30th), and at Malvern Hill (July 1st), but was not otherwise en- gaged. It reached Harrison's Landing on the 3d, and there went into camp. A few weeks later it took part in the second battle of Malvern Hill, which was only an inconsiderable affair. This was the last fight- ing done by this brigade in the Peninsula. Its losses in the Peninsular campaign amounted to six hundred and thirty-four in killed and wounded alone. On the 21st of August, 1862, the brigade moved down the Peninsula, and at Yorktown embarked on transports for Alexandria, to reinforce the overmatched army of Gen. Pope. From Alexandria it proceeded on the 25th toWarrenton Junction, whence it marched rapidly to Bristoe Station, where it participated in a severe battle on the 27th. It was again in action at Bull Run on the 29th, and at Ohantilly on the 30th. In all these battles the brigade fully sustained its pre- vious good reputation. From this campaign the brigade returned to Alex- andria, where it remained (taking no part in the An- tietam campaign) till the 1st of November. From that time till the 20th it was engaged in a series of unimportant movements, but at the last-named date it set out for Falmouth, where it arrived on the night of the 28th. This was a severe march for the men, who were without rations, and many of them nearly barefooted. During this march the brigade com- mander, Gen. Patterson, died suddenly in his tent, and the command devolved on Col. Joseph W. Revere, of the Seventh Regiment. At the battle of Fredericksburg, on the 13th of De- cember, 1862, the New Jersey brigade was not actu- ally engaged, though it moved across the river, and remained in position during the conflict. It was for a time under a heavy fire, but sustained no loss, ex- cept that of one man killed in the Seventh Regiment. During the night following the battle it returned to the north side of the river, and made its winter quar- ters in its former camps. At the battle of Chancellorsville in May, 1863, the brigade (to which had been added a New York and a Pennsylvania regiment) was under the command of Col. Mott, of the Fifth Regiment. It crossed the river on the 1st of May, but was engaged in guarding the fords till about 6 p.m. of the 2d, when it was or- •dered to the front to aid in retrieving the disaster caused by the disgraceful panic and flight of the Eleventh Corps. By reason of the wild disorder on the field it did not reach the position assigned to it till about 2 a.m. on the 3d. At half-past four it was advanced a short distance towards the front, where it occupied a breastwork, which it stubbornly held during two hours against several fierce assaults of the enemy ; but it was at last compelled to withdraw. It was reformed in the rear of the Chancellor House, and soon charged and captured the assaulted work, 64 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. planting the Union colors on it. The position could not, however, be held except at the probable sacrifice of nearly the entire command, and the brigade with- drew to take position in the new line that had been formed in the rear of the Chancellor House. In this battle the fighting was terrific, and the New Jersey regiments lost heavily. The brigade remained on the field till the 6th of May, when it recrossed the Rappa- hannock and occupied its former camps. In the battle of Gettysburg the brigade was engaged in the thickest of the fight on the 2d of July, and sustained repeated assaults of the enemy's infantry with unflinching bravery. It was also engaged on the 3d, but less heavily. The total loss of the brigade in this battle was five hundred and thirteen. After this battle it crossed the Potomac with the army, and encamped at Bealeton, Va. On the 15th of October it was engaged in a fight with the enemy's cavalry and infantry at McLean's Ford, losing about thirty men. During the remainder of the year it participated in the movements of the army, but it was not engaged in battle. It went into winter quar- ters near Brandy Station. May 4, 1864, the brigade, which had become a part of the Second Army Corps, crossed the Rapidan at Ely's Ford, and marched, with other bodies of troops, into the Virginia wilderness. It was engaged on the 5th and the 6th, and again, at Spottsylvania Court- House, on the 10th. The 11th was a day of compar- ative quiet, but on the 12th it was engaged in the ter- rific battle of that day at Spottsylvania. The conduct of these regiments in that fight was such as to elicit the highest commendations, and to add lustre to their already brilliant record. The result of the struggle was not decisive, but the fighting had been so tremen- dous that both belligerents were exhausted, and, as if by mutual consent, hostilities were suspended during the succeeding two days. The brigade fought again on the 15th, with slight loss. It was subsequently engaged, on the 23d and 24th, at Chesterfield Bridge, a few days later at Tolopotomy, and on June 3d in the bloody battle at Cold Harbor, where it sufiered severely. On the 7th it was at Baker's Mill, on the Chickahominy, and remained there until the 12th. It then moved to the James River, crossed that stream on the 14th, and arrived in front of Petersburg on the following day. On the 16th and 18th it took part in fierce and bloody assaults on the enemy's lines, and during three days afterward the fighting was almost- continuous. Another heavy assault was made on the 28d, but after that there was a lull in the fighting till the end of the month. Up to that time the bfigade had lost heavily in that campaign. The movements of the forces investing Petersburg from this time until its capture were too numerous and complicated to be mentioned in detail. It is suf- ficient to say that in all these operations during the summer and fall of 1864 and the spring of 1865, down to the closing scene at Appomattox, the regiments of the Second New Jersey Brigade bravely and nobly performed all the duties that devolved on them, and fully sustained the good name which they had ac- quired. The war was virtually ended with the sur- render of Gen. Lee, and on the 2d of May, 1865, the brigade left Burkeville Station for the march home- ward. It passed through Richmond on the 6th, ar- rived at Arlington on the 15th, and took part in the grand review at Washington on the 23d of May. A few days later the men were transported to Trenton, where they were disbanded, and returned to their homes. FIFTH SEGIMENT. Sale» County. Band. ii James E. Pugh, Thomas Bogerson, Alfred Sparks, William Emery, De- laney Pugh, Jarvis R. Mulford, William H. Bilderback, Diament Whitaker, — all mnsl»red in Oct. 4, 1861, and mustered out Aug. 9 and 10, 1862. Company F. Captain, Roswell F, Reynolds; First Lieutenant, Edward A. Acton; Sec- ond Lieutenant, Thomas G. Godfrey. Theodore F. Null, sergt, enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; pro. 2d lient., Oo. 1, 12th Regt., July 9, 1862. John Ennis, sergt, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; died of typhoid fever at Fairfax, Va., April 4, 1864. Charles P. Frazer, sergt., enl. Aug. 22, 1861; disch. disability July 31, 1862. John L. King, sergt., enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; disch. Sept 7, 1864. Thomas J. Lacy, Corp., enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Nor. 30, 1861. William Graham, Corp., enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability March 26, 1863. Richard McPberson, Corp., enl. Aug. 22, 1861; disch. disability March IS, 1862. Charles Banks, Corp., drum-mqj., and sergt., enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; killed at Cbancellursville, Va., May 3, 1863. John H. Williams, Corp., enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept 7, 1864. Joseph S. Plummer, Corp., enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 19, 1863. William Megill, corp , enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must out Sept 7, 1864. Nathan Birch, Corp., enl. Not. 30, 1861 ; died June 23, 1862, of wounds received in action at Fair Oaks, Va. William Hutchinson, carp., enl. Aug. 22, 1861; trans, to Co. F, 7th Regt ; sergt. Not. 24, 1863 ; re^enl. Dec. 26, 1863. Richard F. Robinson, musician, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct 26,1862, to join regular army. John Logan, musician, enl. Aug. 22,1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Regt. ; re- enl. Dec. 26, 1863. Steward Spears, wagoner, enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability March 15, 186;!. Privates. John Andersou, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Mmor Applegate, enl. Aug. 22, 1861; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. William Applegate, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Regt William A. Baker, Jr., enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet Res. Corps July 1, 1863 ; disch. Aug. 23, 1864. Joseph Banks, enl. Aug. 22, 1861; disch. Feb. 5, 1863, wounds receired in action. Williiim Birch, enl. Ang. 22, 1861; died May 18,1862, of wounds re- cetTed in action at Williamsburg. John J. Colgan, enl. Oct 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet Res. Corps Not. 16_ 1863 ; diech. Nov. 22, 1865. John Connolly, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; died at Belle Isle, Va., Feb. 9, 1864, prisoner of war. Lawrence Carrol, enl. Aug. 20,1863 ; killed in action at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. George Drumond, onl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps April 10, 1864 ; disch. Aug. 22, 1864. Richard B. Fisher, enl. Aug. 22, 1861; committed suicide (insane) Sept 6, 1862. William Frazer, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; died Sept. 1 1, 1862, of wounds received at Bull Run. GENERAL HISTORY. 65 Jacob M. Frazer, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 j trans, to Vet. Kes. Corps March 15, 1864 ; disoh. Aug. 23, 1864. Isaac N. Frazer, enl. Oct. T, 1861; disoh. Feb. 6, 1863, for wounds re- ceived in action. Frederic Green, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army, Albanas H. Grosscup, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. George W. Gi-een, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Lewis Girlach, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Ckirps Sept. 30, 1863; disch. Aug. 22, 1865. Charles W. Hall, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch, disability March 4, 1863. Enos Headley, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Sept. 24, 1862. Benjamin Harris, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability July 30, 1862. Horace Headley, enl. Aug. 22. 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 6, 1863. Henry Hendrickson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; died May IQ, 1862, of diarrhoea. Alfred P. Halter, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Kes. Corps April 10, 1864; disch. Sept. 5, 1864. Da>id A. Halter, enl. Aug. 22,1861; must, out Sept. 7,1864. Bichard Hutchinson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. William Lloyd, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Kegt. ; re-eul. Feb. 25, 1864. Elam Maybew, enL Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. William Merrion, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 30, 1861. Isaac Nichols, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 28, 1863. Davis Nelson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; missing in action at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863. James T. Odem, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; Corp. Aug. 1, 1862 ; sergt. March 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863 ; pro. 2d lieut. Co. A Oct, 13, 1864. John P. Plummer, enl. Aug. 22, 1861; diecl Dec. 23, 1861, of diarrhoea. Alexander Bobinson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Emmor A. Robinson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Elisha W. Heed, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Kegt. ; re-enl. Feb. 25, 1864. James J. Beeves, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7. 1864. Charles H. Keeves, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Samuel Kay, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; Corp. Nov. 1, 1862 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. * James Bay, enl. Aug. 29, 1861 ; corp. Aug. 1, 1862; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. William J. Busling, enl. Dec. 24, 1861 ; sergt-maj. Sept. 1, 1862. James Scanlin, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Begt. Blias P. Seely, enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1864. William M. Siegers, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Christian Sour, enl. Aug. 22, 1864; must, ont Sept. 7,1864. Peter H. Simpkins, enl. Ang. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Begt. ; re- enl. Feb. 26, 1864. John H. Smith, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; died Sept. 16, 1862. Daniel Sheets, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Samuel H. Sherron, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. — , 7th Begt. ; re- enl. Dec. 31, 1862. William C. Silver, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 4, 1864. Walter Sheets, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Calvin C. Turpin, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Begt. ; re-enl. Dec. 26, 1863. Charles Van Meter, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disoh. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regu- lar army. Thomas J. Willis, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; killed in action at Chancellorsville May 3, 1863 ; Corp. Nov. 1, 1862. Smith Wentzell, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 18, 1862, disability. Smith Willis, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; killed in action before Petersburg June 18, 1864. Cxllins D. Williams, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. \ Jonathan Wentzell, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Kegt. ; re- enl. Feb. 25, 1864. James Whalen, enl. Aug. 20, 1863. Company D. John M. Kiger, enl. Oct. 7, 1861 ; disch. Feb. 2, 1863, disability. Joseph Kiger, enl. Oct. 7, 1861; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army, William H. Kiger, enl. Oct. 7, 1861; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Company E. Jacob Amtman, sergt., enl. Oct. 16, 1861; trans, to Co. E, 7th Kogt. ; Corp. May 24, 1862 ; sergt. Feb. 1, 1863 ; re-cni. Jan. 4, 1864. 6 Matthias Heddenbach, enl. Oct. 17, 1861; died Nov. 4, 1862, of wounds received in action. Jacob Meyers, enl. Nov. 11, 1861 ; died Dec. 30, 1863, of wounds received in action at Gettysburg. Thomas B. Koberts, enl. Oct. 10, 1861 ; disoh. disability June 4, 1863. William Smith, enl. Nov. 12, 1861 ; trans, to Co. E, 7th Kegt. Thomas W. Stanley, enl. Dec. 6, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 16, 1864. John Smalley, enl. Oct. 11, 1861 ; disch. disability March 16, 1862. William H. Vining, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; corp. July 11, 1862 ; sergt. Sept. 1, 1862 ; disch. Jan 29, 1863. Comptmy G, Thomas M. Barker, enl. Nov. 19, 1861. Samuel S. Bradway, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join reg- ular army. Charles Booth, enl. Jan. 21, 1863 ; wounded and missing in action, sup- posed dead, Jacob Baier, enl. Oct. 17, 1861 ; disch. May 17, 1864. James S. Flanagan, enl. Dec. 2, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 24, 1862, for wounds re- ceived in action at Bull Knn. John L. Friant, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; died Dec. 11, 1862, of rheumatism. Andrew Grant, enl. Oct. 18, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. Davids. Prinzing, enl. Oct. 18,1861; disch. disability Nov. 5, 1862. Charles S. Staunton, enl. Nov. 6, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regu- lar army. Company I. William Graves, enl. Dec. 14, 1861 ; died Sept. 2, 1862. Kichard Smith, enl. Oct. 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G,7th Kegt.; re-enl. Feb. 26, 1864. Cumberland County. Company F. Privates. Bichard P. Ogden, corp. and sergt., enl. Aug. 22, 1861; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Enos A. Beckett, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 30, 1862. Nathan Cambern, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. John Davis, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch, disability Oct. 20, 1862. Jonathan Husted, enl. Feb. 18, 1862 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Kegt. Charles Piereon, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 26, 1862, to join regular army. James M. Welsh, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 7th Kegt,; re-enl. Feb. 26, 1864. SIXTH BEGIMBNT. Gloucester County. Company F, George W. Matlack, enl. Aug. 7, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 7^1863. • Company O, James Budd, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; killed in action May 5, 1862, at Wil- liamsburg. James B. Cox, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. James S. Porch, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; corp. Sept. 10, 1862 ; must, out Sept. 10, 1864. Maxwell T. Toy, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; disch. disability iMay 31, 1862. Company I, Oliver K. Collins, corp., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Joseph Brown, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability April 18, 1863. William Brown, enl. Aug 9, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 27, 1863 ; killed in action at Wilderness May 6, 1864. William S.Bradford, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; trans, to Co. F, 8th Kegt.; re- .enl. Dec, 27, 1863. Aden Chew, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died Feb. 20, 1862, of typhoid fever. Edward Ewen, Jr., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; killed in action Aug. 29, 1862, at Bull Bun. Lewis M. Gibson, enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disch. disability May .31, 1864. Bernard Ginlay, enl. Nov. 22, 1861. Edward B. Hood, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability March 25, 1863. Michael Hartzell, onl. Feb. 20, 1862 ; disch. disability Sept. 20, 1862. James W. Insco, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 5, 1863. Samuel Kendrick, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. May 22, 1862, paroled pris- oner. Howard F. Matlack, enl. Sept. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. George W. Mooney, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died Aug. 15, 1864, at Andorson- ville, of diarrhcea. 66 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. John Sands, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; discta. disability Feb. 23, 1863. Charles P. Shute, enl. Aug. «, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 28, 1863. John C. Torney, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died May 12, 1862, of wounds re- ceived at Williamsburg. Isaac Tracy, eul, Aug. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 13, 1861. Jesse H. Berry, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died June 1, 1863, of wounds received at Chancellorsville. Joseph Cheeseman, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability April 27, 1863. Benjamin T. Christy, enl. Aug. 9, 1861. Salem CouNTy. Cofmpany I. Edward Ostner, enl. Nov. 8, 1861 ; killed in action May 5, 1862, at Wil- liamsburg. Ciympany K, William H. Lawrence, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G, 8th Begt. ; re- enl. Feb. 22, 1864. Thomas M. Long, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability July 21, 1863. William Proud, Jr., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; killed in action June 1, 1862, at Fair Oaks. William V. Kobinson, enl. Sept. 17, 1861; trans, to Co. G, 8th Kegt.; re- enl. Feb. 22, 1864. Manlief W. Keynolds, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 9, 1861. Wheaton H. Watson, enl, Aug. 17, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps May 1, 1864. John H. Wilkins, enl. May 16, 1864 ; trans, to Co. G, 8th Kegt. Cumberland County. Company E. Lewis E. L. Blizzard, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability June 9, 1862. Francis A. Gaskill, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; disch. disability May 3, 1864. Isaac T. Garton, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; trans, to Co. G, 8th Regt. ; corp. 1862 ; re-enl. Jan. 4, 1864 ; sergt. June 1, 1864. John Gagger, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; killed in action Aug. 29, 1862, at Bull Bun, William H. H. Hilyard, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; disch. disability Feb. 7, 1863. James E. Husted, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. Jan. 16, 1863, wounds re- ceived in action. George W. Hall, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, to Co. F, 8th Begt.; corp. Oct. 3, 1862 ; sergt. Jan. 16, 1863; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1864. Joseph W. Henderson, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G, 8th Kegt, ; re- enl. Feb. 22, 1864, Henry Harley, enl. Oct. 3, 1861. William F. Joslyn, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch, disability Oct. 17, 1862. Blias P. Jones, enl. Aug, 9, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1864 ; killed In action June 18, 1864, before Petersburg, Ya. Joseph 0. Love, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died May 21, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Williamsburg. James McKormick, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; killed in action May 5, 1862, at Williamsburg. William H. Baudolph, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, to Co. G, 8th Begt. ; re- enl. Feb. 22, 1864. Benjamin F. Beeves, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; corp, Jan. 16, 1863 ; killed in action July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. John S. Sibbetl, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability July 24, 1862. Henry H. Stiles, enl, Sept. 17, 1861. John Scott, enl. May 26, 1864. George J. Stewart, drafted May 21, 1864; trans, to Co, G, 8th Begt. Antonio Schneider, enl. May 23, 1864 ; trans, to Co, G, 8th Begt, Edgar S. Wilkinson, enl, Aug. 9, 1861 ; killed in action May 5, 1862, at Williamsburg, John Wiley, enl. Aug. 9, 1861; killed in action Aug. 29, 1862, at Bull Bun. SEVENTH EEGIMENT. Glouobsteb County. Company G. Luther F, Halsey, M,D., surgeon. John B, Calhoun, Aug, 23, 1861 ; died Aug, 7, 1864, James Magouigle, enl, Aug, 23, 1861 ; killed In action May 6, 1862 at Williamsburg. Charles Bobb, enl, Aug, 23, 1861 ; disch. disability June 8, 1862. Andrew F, ShufF, enl. Aug. 23, 1881 ; died June 1, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Williamsburg, Vh. Joseph N. ShufC, enl, Aug. 23, 1861; corp, Aug. 23, 1861; sergt. June 9 186J ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. James Bowman. Company C. Aaron Smith, drafted June 21, 1864 ; died Jan. 11, 1865. James H. Barnes. Company D. Convpamy S. Captain, John M. Clark; First Lieutenant, Francis M.Duboise; Second Lieutenant, Albert Barnes. Albert Barnes, enl, July 29, 1862 ; 1st sergt, Sept. 17, 1861 ; pro. 2d lieut. ; res, Nov. 1, 1862. Charles Dyne, sergt., enl. Sept. 16, 1861 ; disch. disability June 28, 1862. Thomas Clark, sergt., enl. Nov. 12, 1862 ; com. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1864 ; not mustered. James B, Stiles, sergt., enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; died June 4, 1862. Jesse C. Morgan, sergt., enl. Jan. 10, 1865 ; pro, 2d lieut,, Co. 0, Jan, 10, 1866 ; must, out July 17, 1866. George W. Swan, Corp., enl. Sept. 17, 1861; killed in action May 5,1862, at Williamsburg, k James H. Weatherby, corp. Sept, 17, 1861 ; sergt, July 1, 1862 ; trans. May 15, 1864., Isaac S. Fry, Corp., enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. Thomas C. Hannold, corp., enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; sergt. Jan. 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 4, 1864. Eobert H, Hiffington, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. Stephen M, Cowgill, sergt,, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A; re-enl. Jan, 4, 1864. George Scheetz, corp,, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 9, 1861. John Armstrong, enl. Sept.l7, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A ; re-enl, Jan, 4, 1864. James Atkinson, enl. Sept, 16, 1861 ; disch. disability June 9, 1862. Abraham K, Allen, eul, Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Yet. Bes. Corps March 16, 1864 ; disch. Oct. 3, 1864. Morgan H. Abbott, enl, Nov, 7, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan. 4, 1864; corp. March 1, 1864, James H, Butler, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. George H. Bakely, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 24, 1865. Samuel T. Beckett, enl. Sept, 17,1861; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. William F. Brown, enl. Oct, 10, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A ; re-enl. Jan, 4, 1864. Charles H, Cunard, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A ; re-enl. Jan, 4, 1864. Frederick Caser, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Yet. Ees. Corps, Sept. 30, 1863; re-enl. March 24, 1864; disch, July 8, 1865. Stephen H, Chew, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. William T. Davis, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; missing in action at Williamsburg May 5, 1862, William B. Davis, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A ; corp. Jan. 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan, 4,1864. Henry F. Harold, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co, A ; re-enl. Jan, 4, 1864, Thomas Harding, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec. 28, 1862. Joseph B, Heiss, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; disch, disability May 20, 1862, James Jones, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ;■ trans, to Yet. Kes. Corps; re-enl. May 3, 1864. Joseph James, enl. Sept. 17, 1861; disch. disability July 22, 1862, Albert Johnson, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. Charles P. Johnson, enl. Nov, 7, 1861 ; disch. disability Dec, 23, 1862, Joseph Kircher, enl, Sept. 17, 1861. John T. Kenny, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct 7, 1864. John Kaufman, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; died May 28, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Williamsburg. William E, Lewis, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; died Feb. 10, 1862. Eobert B. Lee, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; died March 17, 1862. Henry Long, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; corp. July 1, 1862; sergt. Sept. 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 23, 1864 ; missing in action before Petersburg June 22, 1864. Alexis Moutel, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov, 19, 1862. Samuel H. Nelson, enl, Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Yet. Ees. Corps Sept. 17, 1863 ; disch. Sept, 23, 1864. Charles W, Parker, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co, A Oct. 7, 1804 ; re- enl. Jan, 4, 1864, Daniel J, Patterson, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co, A ; re-enl, Jan, 4, 1864, Elijah S. Porch, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 6, 1862. Job P. Skill, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct, 7, 1864. Daniel W, Simmerman, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co, A, Charles A, Smith, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; disch, disability Nov. 30, 1861. Maxwell Spencj, enl. Sept, 17, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps Sept, 1, 1863; disch, Sept. 17, 1864. James Tussey. GENERAL HISTORY. «T Thomas W. Wyne, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A ; re-enl. Fob. 14, 1864. Joseph Wolf, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A Oct. 7, 1864 ; re-enl. Jan. 4, 1864. Salem County. Company E. Jacob Amtman, sergt., enl. Oct. 16, 1861 ; trans, to Co. E, 6th Begt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. Compant/ P. John Logan, musician, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 5tb Begt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. William Applegate, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 5th Begt. Peter H. Simpkins, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 5th Begt. ; must, out July 17, 186.'S. Samuel H. Sherron, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 5th Begt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. !> Jonathan Wentzell, eol. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 6th Regt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. Oompany G, Bichard Smith, enl. Oct, 10, 1861 ; trans, from Co. I, 5th Begt. ; must, out July 26, 1865. CompAny I. Elisha W. Beed, enl. Aug. 22, 1861 ; trans, as Corp. from Co. F; sergt. June 20, 1865 ; must, out July 17, 1865. GUHBERLAKD COUNTY. Company A. Samuel H. Bonn, enl. June 22, 1864; died Jan. 13, 1865. Abraham Sheppard, drafted June 20, 1864 ; must, out July 17, 1865. Company B. Lorenzo Green, drafted June 24, 1864; must, out July 17, 1865. Heister Silvers, drafted June 22, 1864; must, out July 17,1865. Company D. Andrew Geisinger, enl. Aug, 16, 1861; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. William Sheppard, drafted June 20, 1864; trans, to Co. B. Company E. El^ah Loper, enl. Dec. 13, 1861 ; trans, from Co. E, 6th Begt.; must, out July 17, 1866. Dietrich Stauffacker, enl. March 16, 1864 ; trans, from Co. E, 6th Begt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. Company F. Jonathan Husted, enl. Feb. 18, 1862 ; trans, from Co. F, 5th Begt. ; must. out Feb. 18, 1865. Owen O'Beilly, enl. Deo. 17, 1861 ; trans, from Co. G, 6th Begt.; must. out Dec. 17, 1864. James U. Welsh, enl, Aug, 22, 1861 ; trans, from Co. F, 5th Begt. ; must. out July 17, 1866. Company H. Joseph Burt, enl. Sept. 17, 1861; sergt. Sept. 1, 1862; died Feb. 10, 1863. Joseph Broomall, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; discb. Oct. 31, 1862, to join regular army. John Beaty, enl Nov. 25, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Dec. 15, 1863 ; disch. Deo. 10, 1864. Albert B. Bateman, enl. Oct. 10, 1861'; trans, to Co. A; corp. July 1, 1862 ; sergt. Feb. 15, 1863. Joseph H. Diver, enl, Sept. 22, 1861 ; corp. Dec. 1, 1862 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. Elmer Diament, enl. Oct. 10, 1861 ; disch. disability Feb. 11, 1863. James Hoy, enl. Oct. 29, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps May 16, 1864; disch. Oct. 28, 1864. Benjamin F. Ogden, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864, Elmer B. Ogden, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; killed in action May 6, 1862, at Williamsburg, Va. Lorenzo Paynter, enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; corp. Dec. 1, 1862 ; must, out Oct, 7, 1864. CHAPTER XIV. CIVIL Y( A.K.— {Continued.) NINTH AND TENTH BEGIMENTS. Ninth Regiment. — The Ninth Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers was recruited as a rifle regiment, under a requisition from the War Department, in the fall of 1861. It was composed of volunteers from different parts of the State, and among them were about sixty-five from Gloucester, ninety from Salem, and thirty from Cumberland County. It was mus- tered at Camp Olden, Trenton, and on the 4th of De- cember it proceeded to Washington, having on its rolls an aggregate of one thousand one hundred and fifty-nine men. Joseph W. Allen was colonel of the regiment ; C. A. Heckman, lieutenant-colonel ; Fran- cis Weller, surgeon ; Louis Braun, assistant surgeon ; Abram Zabriskie, adjutant ; Samuel Keyes, quarter- master ; and Thomas Drumm, chaplain. On its ar- rival at Washington the regiment went into camp on the Bladensburg turnpike, where it remained until Jan. 4, 1862, when it proceeded by rail to Annapolis, where a large portion of the troops composing Burn- side's expedition to North Carolina had already as- sembled. Here the regiment was assigned to the brigade of Gen. Jesse Reno ; and on the 10th it em- barked for Fortress Monroe, whence, on the 12th, it sailed for Hatteras Inlet, where it arrived on the 15th. Here a disaster occurred which cast a gloom not only over the regiment and army in that quarter, but over many anxious friends at home. Having cast anchor ofi" the Inlet, the field and staff ofiicers went on shore to report to Gen. Burnside; returning, the boat was capsized, and swamped in a heavy surf, and all on board were left to struggle with the merciless waves. Col. Allen and Surgeon Weller were drowned. Lieut.- Col. Heckman, Adjt. Zabriskie, and Q.M. Keyes narrowly escaped. The second mate, sent from the ship in charge of the boat, was also drowned. Lieut.- Col. Heckman and Adjt. Zabriskie, being expert swimmers, made several heroic attempts to rescue the colonel and Surgeon Weller, but were unsuccessful. These two brave men, after battling with the waves till their strength was nearly exhausted, succeeded in making a signal with a sailor's shirt lifted upon an oar, which was seen, and the steamer " Patuxent" at once hastened to their relief. So overcome were the survivors by their exertions that on reaching the deck of the steamer some of them sank into insensibility. Lieut.-Col. Heckman remained in a state of prostra- tion during several days. On the death of Col. Allen, Lieut.-Col. Heckman took command of the regiment and remained in com- mand till Jan. 16, 1864, when he was appointed to the command of the district of Suffolk, Va. Adjt. Zabriskie then became colonel, and held the com- mand until he fell mortally wounded at Drury's Bluff, May 16, 1864. Lieut.-Col. James Stewart, Jr., 68 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. then commanded the regiment till the close of the war. The operations of the regiment were confined to the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The number of companies were, on the 18th of November, 1862, reduced from twelve to ten. In January, 1864, a majority of the regiment re- enlisted in the field, and received a veteran furlough. The regiment maintained its organization till the close of the war, being strengthened from time to time, during 1863-64 and 1865, by recruits from the draft-rendezvous at Trenton. It participated in the following engagements : Eoanoke Island, N. C, Feb. 8, 1862 ; Newberne, N. C, March 14, 1862; Tort Macon, N. C, April 25, 1862; Young's Cross Koads, N. C, July 27, 1862; Rowell's Mills, N. 0., Nov. 2, 1862; Deep Creek, N. C, Dec. 12, 1862; Southwest Creek, N. C, Dec. 13, 1862; before Kinston, N. C, Dec. 13, 1862 ; Kinston, N. 0., Dec. U, 1862 ; Whitehall, N. C, Bee. 16, 1862 ; Goldsborongh, N. C, Dec. 17, 1862 ; Comfort Bridge, N. C, July 6, 1863 ; near Winton, N. C, July 26, 1863 ; Deep Creek, Va., March 1, 1864 ; Cherry Grove, Va., April 14, 1804; Port Whitehall, Va., May 6 and 7, 1864; Procter's, Va., May 8, 1864; Swift Creek, Va., May 9 and 10, 1,864 ; Drury'8 Bluff, Va., May 12 to 16, 1864 ; Cold Harbor, Va., June 3 to 12, 1864 ; Free Bridge, Va., June 16, 1864 ; before Petersburg, Va., June 20 to Aug. 24, 1864 ; Gardner's Bridge, N. C, Dec. 9, 1864 ; Foster's Bridge, N. C, Dec. 10, 1864 ; Butler's Bridge, N. C. , Dec. 11, 1864 ; South- west Creek, N. C, March 7, 1865 ; Wise's Fork, N. C, March 8, 9, and 10, 1865; Goldsborough, N. C, March 21, 1865. In their first battle, that of Roanoke Island, the regiment operated successfully in a swamp ; and their gallantry, it was believed, secured the success of the day by enabling the army to operate effectively on the enemy's flank. On the 10th of February, Gen. Burnside promulgated an order that the Ninth Regi- ment should have the words " Roanoke Island, Feb. 8, 1862," emblazoned on their banners, as a compli- ment for their gallantry on that day. The only ord- nance that could be brought to bear on the enemy, because of the deep morass and the almost impene- trable thickets which the troops traversed, was a small rifled cannon, manned wholly by soldiers detailed from the Ninth, and the gunboat which did the greatest execution on the fort had her guns worked by a detail from the same regiment. " On the 10th," says the Newark Daily Advertiser, " this detail asked to be sent back to their regiment, but the commodore re- plied that the ' Jersey Blues' had shown themselves too good managers of the big guns to allow him to part with them ; that they were true blues, and no mistake." The following testimonials to the gallantry of this regiment are selected from many that might be given. In speaking of the battle of Newberne the New York Tribune said, — "In the capture of Newberne the Ninth New Jer- sey Regiment sustained the honor of their State with characteristic gallantry. Though their position in that brilliant engagement was one of great exposure, they bore themselves through the conflict like vet- erans, suffering more severely than any other regi- ment on the field. Out of a total loss of three hun- dred and sixty-four killed and wounded, they lost sixty-two, or one-sixth of the whole, although twelve regiments were in the battle." On the 24th of December, 1862, a beautiful stand of colors, costing seven hundred dollars, was presented to the regiment by the Legislature of New Jersey, accompanied by the following resolution : " Bemlved, That the Ninth Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers, by their patient endurance under privation and fatigue, and by their cour- age at the ever-to-be-remembered battles of Eoantike and Newberne (a courage evinced by the havoc made Ju their own unwavering columns better than by tbe reports of partial journals), have sustained the high reputation which, since the days of the Revolution, has belonged to the soldiers of New Jersey, and as evidence of our appreciation of that acme of every manly virtue, patriotic devotion to country, the Governor of the State is requested to have prepared and forwarded to said regiment a standard, on which shall be inscribed these words, ' Presented by New Jersey to her Ninth Regiment, in remembrance of Roanoke and New- berne.' " NINTH REGIMENT. Gloucestek Cotintt. Company A. Adam Frederick, enl. Feb. 23, 1866; trans, to Co. G. Lewis H. Ganse, enl. Feb. 23, 1866; trans, to Co. G. Company B. Chaunoey W. Barker, enl. April 13, 1865 ; trans, to Co. B. James Casey, enl. March 16, 1865 ; trans, to Co. H. John L. Jordan, enl. April 13, 1866 ; trans, to Co. E. Company C. Isaac L. S. Clark, Corp., enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; re-enl . Jan. 18, 1864 ; absent, sick in hospital, since June 19, 1865. Edward H. Eastlack, enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; Corp. Jan. 16,1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; sergt. Dec. 3, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Benjamin Gleisner, enl. May IX, 1864 ; trans, to Co. G. William 0. Zane, enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 23, 1862. Company D. William H. Craft, enl. March 23, 1865 ; trans, to Co. F. David S. Carter, enl. March 23, 1865 ; trans, to Co. F. William P. Carr, enl. March 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. F. Edward D. Mattson, sergt., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps April 26, 1864 ; disch. as 1st sergt. Oct. 7, 1864. John M. Clark, onl. Jan. 17, 1865 ; trans, to Co. C. Benjamin Gill, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 18, 1862, wounds received in action. Charles Keen, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; corp. Julyl, 1864 ; sergt. Feb. 6, 1866 ; must, ont July 12, 1865. James P. Mattson, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 8, 1864. John B. Mitchell, enl. Feb. 26, 1864; corp. April 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Eli B. Pierce, enl. Feb. 16,1864; must, out July 12, 1865. John Schweible, enl. Sept. 30, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; trans, to Tet. Res. Coi-ps March 31, 1866 ; disch. Aug. 2, 1865. Isaac Zanes, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died May 3, 1862. Compavy K, Captain, Elias Drake; First Lieutenant, W. B. S. Boudinot; Second Lieutenant, Jonathan Townley, Jr. Joseph Wright, sergt., enl. Oct. 13, 1861 ; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863 ; 2d lieut. ; pro. let lieut. Co. F, Nov. 27, 1864. John Lorence, corp., enl. Oct. 15,1861 ; disch. Sept. 30,1862, wounds at Roanoke Island, both legs amputated. Samuel J. Dilkes, Corp., enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863. Charles P. Anglo, enl. Feb. 23, 1865 ; trans, to Co . 0. Charles M. Billings, enl. Oct. 16, 1861; disch. disability May 12, 1862. James H. Brown, enl. Oct. IS, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Henry L. Brown, enl. Feb. 24, 1866 ; trans, to Co. C. PanI Bowers, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. D. John P. Crist, enl. Feb. 22, 1865 ; trans, to Co. I. GENERAL HISTORY. 69 Allen Clark, enl. Oct. 16, 1861; re-enl. Dec. 20, 181)3; corp. Jan. 1, 1865; must, out July 12, 1865. John L.;Cleff, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; traus. to Co. I. William Chew, eul. Feb. 23, 1865 ; trans, to Co. A. Beiyamln F. Doughty, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Oo. A. John B. Dawson, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Oo. A. Joseph F. Ewing, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; corp. July 1, 1864; sergt. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Henry B. English, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. A. Samuel W. English, enl. Feb 23, 1861 ; trans, to Co. A. Isaac Fisher, enl. Oct. 16, 1861 ; died Oct. 7, 1862, of wounds received near Blackwater, N. C. Thomas Freemau, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 11, 1862, of wounds re- ceived at Newberne, N. C. Elvy Foster, enl. Feb. 23, 1866 ; died March 9, 1865. Henry Fredericks, enl. Feb. 23, 1865; trans, to Co. A. David Fredericks, enl. Feb. 24, 1865; trans, to Co. A. John J. Hoffman, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. C. John M. Holstao, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. G. William N. Johnson, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. C. Kathan Keel, eul. Feb. 24, 1866 ; trans, to Co. I. Joel E. Lutz, enl. Feb. 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. A. Samuel Ledden, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. C. Sathan W. Ledden, enl. Feb. 24, 1866 ; trans, to Co. C. William Mclltvaine, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. D. William McLaughlin, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. I. William H. Newborn, enl. Feb. 23, 1865; trans, to Co. A. John Parker, enl. Feb. 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. A. Richard Parker, enl. Feb. 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. A. Vincent Robert, Oct. 15, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 23, 1862. David Reed, enl. Feb 24, 1865 ; trans to Co. G. George Soudei«, eul. Feb. 23, 1865 ; trans, to Co. A. William Stalford, Ail. Feb. 23, 1865; trans, to Co. G. Abraham Simmerman, enl. Feb. 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. A. George Shields, eul. Feb. 23, 1866 ; trans, to Co. A. David R. Smith, enl. Fob. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. C. George W. Tonkin, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 15, 1864. Daniel Westcott, enl. Feb. 24, 1865 ; trans, to Co. D. Addttional, — George A. Smith, Oo. A; Isaac L. S. Clark, corp. Co. C; Paul Bowers, Co. D ; Patrick Kerrigan, Charles F. Weatherby, Co, E ; Josiah Du Bois, William Davis, Robert Greene, Co. I, Salem County. Company O. William M. Morrison, eul. Sept. 10, 1861 ; re-enl. April 6, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Cmnpany B, Henry Couneellor, enl. March 21, 1866 ; trans, to Co. K. Company F. James Baner, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan, 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Henry H. Robertson, enl. March 21, 1866 ; trans, to Co. K. Company G. John M. Freen, enl. March 21, 1865 ; must, out Aug. 4, 1865, Company I. Captain, Henry F. Chew ; First Lieoteuant, Samuel Huffy, Jr, ; Second Lieutenant, E. M. Finkard. Robert D, Swain, sergt., enl. Oct, 8, 1861; 2d lieut, Aug. 16, 1862; 1st lieut. ; pro. to capt. Co.K Feb. 10, 1866, Charles H, Miller, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; died Aug. 23, 1864. George W, Cawman, Corp., enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan, 18, 1864; killed in action May 16, 1864, at Drury's Bluff. James W, Task, corp,, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, disability March 24, 1863, David Kille, corp,, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; 2d lieut, July 3, 1864 ; June 22, 1866 ; re-enl, Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865, Daniel Whitney, Corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut, June 22, 1866, Charles P. Goodwin, corp., enl, Oct, 8, 1861; re-enl, Jau. 18, 1864; 2d lieut. June 22, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1866. William P, Birch, corp,, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, March 17, 1863, wounds received in action, Jonathan Shull, corp,, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865, Robert P, Craig, musician, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 19, 1862, to joip regular army. Smith Bilderback, enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; com, sergt, Oct, 8, 1861, John Bennet, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1864, Charles Brown, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; died Aug, 16, 1862, Huffh Bramble, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 19, 1862, to join regular army, John Brady, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1866, Joshua Ballinger, enl. Sept, 2, 1864; must, out June 14, 1866. James V, Clark, enl, Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl, Dec, 20, 1863; must, out Jnly 12,1866, Enoch Cordrey, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; must, out Dec, 7, 1864. Albert C, Cawman, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; must, out Dec, 7, 1864, Mark L, Carney, enl, Oct, 8, 1861; corp, Aug, 25, 1863; re-enl, Jan. 18, 1864 ; sergt, Jan, 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. William P, Corliss, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, disability March 24, 1863, James W. Daniels, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; corp, June 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1866, Edward H, Davis, enl, Oct, 8, 1861, Josiah Dabois, enl, Oct, 8, 1861; re-enl, Nov. 25, 1863; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps March 31, 1865 ; disch. Aug. 2, 1866. Abram M, Dickinson, enl. Feb. 29, 1864 ; corp, June 1, 1866 ; must, out July 12, 1866. John M. Davis, enl. Sept. 6, 1866; must, out June 14,1866. James M. Elkinton, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863; must, out July 12, 1864. Frederick Felney, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, Nov. 19, 1862, to join regular army, William Floyd, enl, Sept. 2, 1864; must, out July 12, 1866, Edward H, Green, enl, Oct, 8, 1861; Ist sergt, March 9, 1862; re-enl. Jan, 18, 1864 ; pro. 2d lieut, Co, D Jan. 14, 1866. Robert Green, enl. Dec. 29, 1863; must, out July 12, 1865, John H, Harvey, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, Nov, 19, 1862, to join regular army. Henry C. Hartranft, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; trans, to Co, D, Joshua D. Haines, enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Magnus Hepburn, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; died Oct, 16, 1864, . Samuel B, Harbison, enl. Oct, 8, 1861; corp, March 10,1862; re-enl,; sergt, Jan, 18, 1864; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps March 31, 1865 ; disch, Aug, 1, 1866, William G, Hartline, enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; died Feb. 3, 1863. Asa R, Harbert, musician, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 19, 1865, Johns, Hampton, enl, Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; corp. Aug. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 19, 1865. John W. Harbison, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disiibility March 24, 1863. Charles Hoffman, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; corp. May 1, 1863 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864 ; died June 5, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, William H, Hughes, enl, March 1, 1864 ; died March 12, 1864. William H, Harris, enl. Aug. 30, 1864 ; must, out June 14, 1866. James J. Harris, enl. April 6, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865, Henry Eifert, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 20, 1863 ; must, out July 19, 1865. Richmond Ireland, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; disch, Nov, 19, 1862, to join regular army, John E, Johnson, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; died Doc, 15, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Kingston, N, 0, John N, Johnson, eul, Oct, 8, 1861 ; drum maj, Oct, 8, 1861 ; must, out July 8, 1865, Thomas H, Kiger, eul. Oct, 8, 1861 ; must, out Doc, 7, 1864, William B. Loper, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 19, 1862, to join regular army. Samuel Lester, enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability March 18, 1863, Samuel M, Layman, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out June 22, 1865. Albert C, Mifflin, enl, Oct. 8, 1861 ; ro-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1866. Edmund L. Matlock, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch, disability Nov, 25, 1862. Lewis S, Mickle, enl. Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl. Jan, 18, 1866; corp, Juno 1, 1866 ; must, out July 19, 1865. Stephen M. Mosure, enl. Oct, 8, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 18, 1864; killed in action June 3, 1866, at Cold Harbor, Ya, Charles D. Mulford, enl, Oct, 8, 1861 ; must, out Deo, 7, 1861. HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Lewis Murphy, ml. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Dec. 20, 1863 ; Corp. Feb. 6, 1865 ; sergt. April 1, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Daniel Myers, eul. Sept. 2, 1864; must, out June 14, 1865. John Newkirk, onl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-anl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Beuben R. Pittman, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. John Powell, enl. Oct. 8, 1861. John A. Patten, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 8, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Thomas Parsons, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; trans to regular army Nov. 18, 1862 ; returned to company and re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Stephen C. Park, enl. Sept. 6, 1864 ; must, out June 14, 1864. Augustus Remming, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; killed in action May 16, 1864, at Drury's Hluff, Va. Isaac Reeves, enl. Oct 8, 1861 ; disch. disability March 24, 1863. Jacob Ross, enl. Oct, 8, 1861; disch. Nov. 20, 1862, to join regular army. William B. Stretch, enl. Sept. 2, 1864 ; must, out June 14, 1865. Reuben Seagraves, enl. Oct. S, 1861 ; died Oct. 2, 1862. John Sparks, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863 ; died Nov. 15, 1864, prisoner of war. ■William C. Sparks, enl. Oct. 8,1861; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; must, out Jnly 12, 1865. Arthur F. Shoemaker, enl. Feb. 26, 1864; must, out June 24, 1865. Charles Taylor, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability July '23, 1862. John B. Taylor, enl. Oct. 8, 1864 ; re-enl. Dec. 20, 1863 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Samuel B. Taylor, enl. Oct. 8,1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; must, out July 12, 1865. George W. Tovrnsend, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863 ; must, out July 12, 1866. George L. TurnbuU, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Jan, 22, 1864 ; disch. Oct. 8, 1864. Smith H. Vining, eul. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. March 31, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Josiah Wensell, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; killed in action May 16, 1864, at Drury's Bluff. David Wensell, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability April T, 1863. William WilliaMs, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability May 17, 1862. George G. White, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 18, 1862. Cumberland County. Compani/ B. Benjamin F. Palmer, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Owen Riley, enl. Jan. 19, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Erick C. Shaw, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Company D. Benjamin F. Ladow, drafted April 11, 1865; must, out July 12, 1865. Walker Simpkins, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Thomas Spencer, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. David Terry, drafted April 11, 1865; must, out July 12, 1865. Company E, Fayette Jenkins, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Comgany F. Sheppard D. Lewis, sergt., enl. Oct. 24, 1861; Ist sergt. May 16, 1862 ; 2d lieut. Jan. 8, 1863 ; Ist lieut. Co. B April 13, 1864 ; capt. Co. F Feb. 10, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Charles M. Preston, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; Corp. Oct. 24, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. IS, 1862 ; sergt. April 23, 1862 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Augustine Aubrick, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; disch. disability May 28, 1863. Samuel Alkire, enl. Feb. 18, 1864 ; must, out June 7, 1865. Michael Boyle, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; died March 15, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Newberne, N. C. Edwin Chance, enl. Sept. 30, 1861 ; disch. May 10, 1862, of wounds re- ceived in action at Newberne, N. C. John E. French, enl. Sept. 23, 1861; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863; disch. May 4, 1865. Reuben H. Learning, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; corp. May 16, 1864 ; must, out July 19, 1865. Samuel B. Mills, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out June 8, 1866. Jonathan Richman, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; died March 23, 1862. Robert 6. Sheppard, 1st sergt., enl. Oct. 24, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 i pro. 2d lieut. July 20, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Company G. Joseph C. Moore, drafted April 11, 1865 ; must, out Jnly 12, 186?; Company H. Charles Van Aman, enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; trans, to Co. I. Company I. Robert Alcorn, bngler, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability Aug. 25, 1862. Joshua Anderson, enl. Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl. Nov. 25, 1863; must, out July 12, 1865. John W. Hilyard, eul. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18,1864; mnst. out July 12, 1865. Henry Loper, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out Jnly 12, 1865. George H. Lott, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Charles B. Messick, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 19, 1862, to join regu- lar army. Ezekiel Madara, enl. March 10, 1864; must, out July 12, 1865. Joseph Madara, enl. March 29, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. John C. Smith, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; Corp. May 1 , 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; sergt. June 1, 1865; must, out July 12, 1866. John Warfle, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 17, 1862. Tenth. Regiment. — " This regiment was raised by- individuals not authorized by the State, and accepted by the War Department as an independent organiza- tion some time in the fall of 1861, and was not known by the State authorities until it was 'placed under their care, Jan. 29, 1862." Such is the statement indorsed on the original ros- ter. The organization was at first known as the " Olden Legion." It was recruited at Beverly, where it had its headquarters, by William Bryan, who be- came its colonel, and proceeded to Washington in December, 1861. When the regiment was accepted by the State, it was in a measure reorganized, and placed under the command of Col. William R. Murphy. It was de- tailed for provost duty at Washington in February, 1862, and so remained until the spring of 1863, much to the dissatisfaction of Col. Murphy, who resigned because the regiment was not ordered into active ser- vice. His place was filled by Col. Henry Ogden Ey- erson, who fell in the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. From the time the Tenth Regiment engaged in the more active and perilous duties of the war it made for itself a most brilliant record. " It shared in all the battles of the Wilderness, and fought with its corps all the way to Petersburg, on every field dis- playing conspicuous gallantry," and when transferred, with the First Brigade, to the Shenandoah Valley, it made, in the several campaigns of that region, an equally honorable record till the close of the war. The Tenth was engaged in the following actions : Carrsville, Va., May 9, 1863 ; Wilderness, Va., May 5 to 7, 1864; Spott- eylvania, Va., May 8 to 11, 1864 ; Spottsylvania Court-House, Va., May 12 to 16, 1864 ; North and South Anna River, Va., May 24, 1864 ; Hano- ver Court-House, Va., May 29, 1864; Tolopotomy Creek, Va., May 30 and 31, 1864; Cold Harbor, Va., June 1 tn 3,1864; before Petersburg, Va. (WeldonRailroad), June 23, 1864; Snicker's Gap, Va., July 18, 1864; Strasburg, Va., Aug. 15, 1864 ; Winchester, Va., Aug. 17, 1864 ; Charles- town, Va., Aug. 21, 1864; Opequan, Va., Sept. 19, 1864; Fisher's Hill, GENKKAL HISTORY. 71 Ya., Sept. 21 and 22, 1864; New Market, Va., Sept. 24, 1864; Mount Jackson, Va., Sept. 26, 1864; Cedar Greek and Middletown, Va.,Oct. 19, 1864; Hatcher's Rnn, Va., Feb. 6, 1866 ; Fort Steedman, Va., March 26, 1865; capture of Petersburg, Va., April 2, 1865; Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1865 ; Farmville, Va., April 7, 1866 ; Lee's surrender (Appomat- tox), April 9, 1866. TENTH REGIMENT. Gloucester County. Company A. David H. Holcomb, musician, enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 10, 1864. John McGinnis, enl. Sept. 16, 1861. Charles Swaim, enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 4, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Company B. George W. Webb, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 24, 1864. Company E. Edward Brown, enl. Jan. 4, 1864; trans, to Co.D. Charles Conover, enl. Dec. 23, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 10, 1862. Andrew J. Peck, enl. Dec. 19, 1861 ; died Nov. 28, 1863. Company F. John Douglass. Company G. Benjamin Allen, enl. April 6, 1864; died Dec. 2, 1864. Andrew Albertas, enl. March 29, 1865 ; trans, to Co. B. Marcellus Falger, enl. March 29, 1866 ; trans, to Co. B. John C. Sbnte, enl. Feb. 16, 1863; must, out Julyl, 1865. Ccmpany H. John A. Mather, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; Corp. Oct. 21, 1861; sergt. Oct. 20, 1864 ; must', out Oct. 2, 1864. Andrew H. Atkinson, enl. Nov. 14, 1861 ; must, out Nov. 13, 1864, Augustus W. Brown, enl. Oct. 22, 1861 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Nathan Campbell, enl. Nov. 11, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; corp. March 30, 1864; must, out July 1, 1866. Albert Davis, enl. Nov. 4, 1861 ; Corp. Oct. 20, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Kes. Corps Jan. 16, 1864; disch. Sept. 6, 1864. George Hiemer, enl. Fob. 10, 1864; must, out July 1, 1865. George W. Hughes, enl. Oct. 1, 1881 ; corp. Oct. 20, 1862; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Co. E, Dec. 18, 1864 ; 1st lieut. ; com. capt. June 13, 1866 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Henry McGiunis, enl. Nov. 5, 1861. Albert J. Nichols, enl. Nov. 5, 1861 ; disch. disability July 8, 1862. Edward N. Sapp, enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 27, 1864. Isaac Shnte, enl. Nov. 14, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 2, 1862. John G. Stiles, enl. Nov. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; corp. March 20, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1866. John T. Wilson, enl. Feb. 24, 1864; must, out July 6, 1866. Company I. Miles G. Sparks, Corp., enl. Sept. 30,1861; sergt. 22,1862; re-enl. 1st sergt. Feb. 26, 1864; disch. Feb. 6, 1866, wounds received in action. Lewis Beebe, enl. Nov. 21, 1861 ; died Aug. 1, 1863. Stille C. Hendrickeon, enl. Oct. 11, 1861 ; disch. June 18, 1864. William W. Kandles, cnl. Sept. 27, 1861. Hedger C. Pierce, Cont^any K. Jonathan Eastlack. Salem County. Company B. John Carty, enl. Oct. 5, 1861 ; died Dec. 24, 1861. Company D. Clement H. Ireland enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 4, 1862. Helms V. Linch, enl. Nov. 12, 1861 ; corp. April 30, 1862; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out June 6, 1866. Alexander Linch, enl. Nov. 12, 1861 ; corp. June 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out June 6, 1865. James Timmons, enl. Jan. 26, 1866 ; re-enl. Jan. 20, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. James H. Turner, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; disch. disability July 10, 1862. Company S. Lewis C. Hiers, enl. Oct. 31, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; must, out July 12, 1866. James Sayers, enl. Octi 31, 1861 ; disch. disability April 22, 1862. Henry B.Simpson, enl. Feb. 24, 1865; corp. June 19,1865; must, out July 1, 1866. Cumberland County. Compamj A . Samuel B. Cambron, enl. Nov. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 4, 1864); corp. March 1, 1866 ; must, out July 1, 1865. James W. Fithian, enl. Oct. 22, 1861 ; corp. July 26, 1863 ; must, out Oct. 22, 1864. Thomas Hess, enl. Sept. 21, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 4,1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. David S. Johnson, enl. Sept. 1, 1862; final record unknown. John A. Koray, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; died July 3, 1864. Thomas Veach, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; disch. disability May 2, 1865. George Wiser, enl. Sept. 10, 1861 ; must, out April 24, 1866. Company B. Captain, Charles B. Claypole; First Lieutenant, John Stonehill; Second Lieutenant, George T. Doughty. Thomas Harvey, sergt., enl. Sept. 16, 1861 ; died Oct. 2, 1864. Henry Reynolds, sergt., enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; must, out May 1, 1865. John Stonehill, sergt., enl. Sept. 16, 1861; 1st lieut. April 17, 1862 ; res. March 16, 1864, ill health. Charles F. Nixon, Corp., enl. Oct. 4, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 5, 1864. Jeremiah P. Barber, Corp., enl. Sept. 23,1861 ; must, out Sept. 23, 1864. Lewis Getzinger, Corp., enl. Sept, 21, 1861 ; disch. disability Aug. 6,1862. Ephraim H. Dare, musician, enl. Oct. 10, 1861 ; drum-maj. Jan. 10, 1862. David T. Moore, musician, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 30, 1863 ; disch. April 23,1864. Jones McLaughlin, musician, enl. Sept. 21, 1861; disch. disability July 8, 1862. Joseph Murphy, wagoner, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; disch. disability March 15, 1862. John Abbot, enl. Oct. 5, 1861. Francis S. Brown, enl. Sept. 16, 1861. Jonathan Barber, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; disch. disability March 5, 1862. Daniel A, Barber, enl. Sept. 26, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1865. John Brandiff, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 20, 1864 ; Corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Evan Brown, enl. Oct. 26, 1861 ; must, out Dec. 7, 1804. Christian Crawley, enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 20, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Aaron Camborn, enl. Oct. 25, 1861 ; disch. disability July 7, 1862. Thomas Dare, enl, Sept. 23, 1861 ; disch. disability May 9, 1862. William H. Donnelly, enl. Oct. 4, 1861 ; corp. Sept 8, 1862 ; sergt. Jan. 19, 1864 ; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Nathaniel Ernest, enl. Oct. 7, 1861 ; disch. disability July 8, 1862. Elmer B. Errickson, enl. Oct. 20, 1861 ; corp. June 8, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 24, 1864 ; died June 9, 1864, wounds received in fiction at Cold Harbor, Va. David Garrison, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864; died Feb. 26, 1864. Daniel F. Garrison, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; Corp. June 8, 1863; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; Ist sergt. Nov. 19, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865., Francis Garrison, enl. Oct. 13, 1861. James H. Hopman, enl. Oct. 5, 1861 ; disch. disability Aug. 11, 1862. Azel C. Henderson, enl. Oct. 24, 1861; died Dec. 25, 1862. David G. Johnson, enl. Sept. 27, 1861 ; must. out. Joseph P. Layton, enl. Sept. 23, 1861; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor. Robert Mclntire, enl. Sept. 21, 1861 ; died Sept. 11, 1862. Charles Michael, enl. Sept. 25, 1861 ; disch. disability Aug. 11, 1862. William T. Morrison, enl. Sept. 25, 1861 ; disch. disability Oct. 1, 1862. George Y. Mason, enl. Oct. 2, 1861 ; disch. disability May 1, 1862. Henry B. Moore, enl. Sept. 20, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Robert Mclntire, Jr., enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; disch. disability Deo. 13, 1861. Samuel McMullen, enl. Oct. 4, 1861 ; disch. disability July 28, 1862. Jonathan Nixon, enl. Sept. 28, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 2, 1862. 72 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Thomas Price, enl. Oct. 24, 1861 ; Jisch. disability Aug. 11, 1862. Isaac Penn, enl. Oct. 6, 1861; reenl. Jan. 20, 1864; corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1865. James Sobinson, enl. Sept. 21,1861; sergt. Dec. 1, 1862 ; must, out Oct. 20, 1864. Charles T. Stratton, musician, enl. Sept. 20, 1861; must, out Sept. 20, 1864. Kichard B. Simpkins, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; ro-enl Jan. 20, 1864; must, out July 1, 1865. William H. Stadler, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 6, 1864. George Stadler, enl. Oct. 6, 1861; must, out Oct. 6, 1864. Daniel Silvers, enl. Oct. 24, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 23, 1864. Levi Simons, enl. Aug. 16, 1862; died Nov. 15, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cedar Creek, Va. Francis L. Vannaman, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; corp. Sept. 18, 1862 ; died Oct. 28, 1863. Turman Welch, enl. Sept. 23, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 20, 1864; must, out July 1,1866. Victor G. Williams, enl. Oct. 12, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 20, 1864; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps Sept. 30, 1864; disch. July 19, 1865. Company C. Captain, William H. Snowden ; First Lieutenant, Isaac T. Thackray ; Second Lieutenant, George W. Hummel. Ephraim S. Whittaker, enl. Oct. 19, 1861; sergt. Jan, 1, 1862; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Company D. Frederick B. Kauffman, sergt., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability June 16, 1862. Charles D. Sbeppard, 1st sergt., enl. Oct. 8, 1861; must, out Oct. 8, 1864. Jonathan B. Evans, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; trans to Vet. Bee. Corps ; disch. Dec. 28, 1863. William D. Sutton, sergt, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Feb. 11, 186.') ; 1st lieut. Co. B July 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1 , 1865. John B. Ayres, sergt., enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; sergt-maj. May 16, 1863. Adoniram J. Sheppard, Corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl Jan. 3, 1864; 2d lieut. Co. C March 24, 1864 ; must, out June 22, 1865. Theophilus F. Ayres, Corp., enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 21, 1864. Samuel P. Garten, corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; sergt. June 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; died June 22, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Joseph Skellinger, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; must, out July 14, 1866. John C. Ferry, Corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861; 1st sergt.; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; died June 4, 1865. James C. Sutton, Corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died March T, 1862. John D. Ayera, corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Alfred T. Kaudolph, Corp., enl. Oct. 9, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Co. B March 24, 1864; disch. disability April 6, 1866. James M. West, musician, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 15, 1864. Thomas E. Allen, wagoner, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability May 22, 1862. Ephraim E. Buck, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability June 2, 1862. Thomas J. Bivins, enl. Oct. 9, 1861 ; corp. April 30, 1862 ; died July 1, 1863. Benjamin H. Bitters, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; died June 1, 1862. William H. Burr, enl. Oct. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; died Feb. 12, 1865, at Andersonville. Benjamin F. Bivins, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; died Sept. 8, 1862. Thomas Bennet, enl. Oct. 21, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; trans, to Vet. Bes, Corps March 15, 1865; disch. July 13, 1865. John G. Bowen, enl. Oct. 16, 1861; corp. June 1, 1863; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; must, out Aug. 12, 1865. Jacob Caspar, Jr., enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; corp. April 30, 1862 ; died Aug. 12, 1862. Lewis H. Danzenbaker, enl. Oct. 9, 1861 ; died June 12, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Charles Danielly, enl. Oct. 15, 1861; killed in action May 14, 1864, at Gait House, Va. Isaac M. Dare, enl. Jan. 4, 1864 ; must, out July 1, 1865. Joseph Fisher, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 15, 1864. William Frank, enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; disch. disability March 5, 1862. John J. Hamilton, Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 1, 1862, to join regular army. John B. Hoffman, onl. Jan. 4, 1864 ; sergt. Dec. 1, 1864; 2d lieut. Co. H Feb. II, 1865. Francis Huested, enl. Feb. 24, 1864 ; died March 7, 1865. Samuel D. Keen, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out Aug. 23, 1866. Isaac Kain, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; corp. July 18, 1863 ; must, out Oct. 8, I8l)4. George W. Lond, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; disch. disability May 24, 1865. Samuel H. Marryatt, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 8, 1864. Franklin S. Moncreif, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 9, 186 1. Henry C. Martin, wagoner, enl. Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 20, 18114; must, out July 1, 1865. Lewis Mixner, enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; disch. disability June 2, 1862. Isaac H. Nugent, enl. Oct. 21, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out July 14, 1865. Robert E. Noble, enl. Feb. 20, 1864 ; must, out July 10, 1866. Jacob H. Ott, enl. Oct. 15, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; sergt. March 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1865. William F. Bockerman, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; corp. Aug. 1, 1862 ; died Nov. 5, 1863. Charles Robinson, enl. Oct. 21, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; corp. Jan. 5, 1864 J must, out July 1, 1865. bemuel A. Randolph, enl Feb. 27, 1864 ; died Juno 17, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Jacob H. Sirringer, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864. Cornelius Skellinger, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. April 28, 1865. Peter Shark, enl. Oct. 9, 1861 ; disch. disability May 15, 1862. William K. Soley, enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; died Dec. 2, 1864. Company E. Joseph Hays, enl. Oct. 22, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864. Philip Shaw, eul. Oct. 14, 1861. Joseph W. Small wood, enl. Feb. 26, 1854 ; killed by accident May 12, 1861. Company H. Christopher Myers, enl. Nov. 19, 1861 ; died April 6, 1864. James P. Newkirk, Ist sergt., enl. Oct. 28, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 : 2d lieut. Co. C May 21, 1865. Ephraim Palmer, enl. Oct. 31, 1861 ; died March 21, 1863. Thomas Stiles, enl. March 5, 1864 ; traus. to Vet. Bes. Corps April 14, 1865 ; disch. July 21, 1865. Richard Shimp, enl. Nov. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; corp. Jan. 12, 1865 ; must, out July 12, 1865. William Saulsbury, enl. Sept. 14, 1864 ; re-enl. Jan. 8, 1864 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvaoia Court-House, Va. Jacob Gibson, enl. Nov. 19, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out July 6, 1865. Company K. Captain, Henry A. Perriue ; First Lieutenant, Silas M. Wanipolc ; Sec- ond Lieutenant, Thomas Stockton. William Todd, sergt., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; 2d lieut. April 27, 1862 ; pro. 1st lieut. Co. F Nov. 21, 1863. Mark Leeds, sergt., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. IT, 1864. Barron D. K. Harris, Corp., enl. Oct 8, 1861 ; died Aug. 4, 1864. Charles H. Seeley, Corp., enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 16, 1864. James M. Clark, musician, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability July 21 , 1863. Isaac Alkire, enl. Oct. 8, 1861; must, out Oct. 18, 1864. John F. Brooks, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died March 25, 1862. Henry H. Brooks, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 : re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; sergt. Feb. 10, 1866 ; must, out July 1, 1865. John C. Biggs, enl. Oct. 14, 1861; died March 25, 1862. Smith Bacon, enl. Oct. 14, 1861; corp. April 30, 1862; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out July 1, 1865. Horace P. Bickley, eul. Oct. 14, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; aergt. Feb. 1, 1866 ; must, out July 1, 1865. William H. Baine, enl. Dec. 31, 1863 ; must, out July 1, 1865. David D. Demares, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died April 5, 1862. Aaron B. Fithian, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; died Feb. .">, 1866. John Fausbury, enl. Oct. 18, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3,.1864; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. Robert Hann, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must out Oct. 7, 1864. George W. Moore, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died Oct. 12, 1863. Richard D. Mitchell, enl. Oct. 6, 1861 ; pro. 2d lieut. Co. I April 17, 1862. William M. Mitchell, enl. Oct. 14, 1861 ; must, out May 25, 1865. John G. Mitchell, enl. Oct. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, ont July 1, 1865. Samuel Mayhew, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; must, out Oct. 7, 1864. GENERAL HISTORY. 73 Joseph Korey, enl. Oct. 8, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 j died, June 8, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Joseph B. Simpkins, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; killed in ac- tion June 1, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. William Spencer, enl. Oct. S, 1861 ; must, out Juno B, 1864. Edmund T. Smith, enl. Oct. 14, 1861 ; roenl. Jan. 3, 1864 j missing In ac- tion at Winchester Aug. 17, 1864. Jesse Smith, enl. Oct. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out July 1, 1865. John H. Smith, enl. Oct. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; died Sept. 29, 1864, of wounds received in action at Opequan, Va. John Wright, enl. Dec. 31, 1863 ; disoh. disability Oct. 17, 1864. CHAPTER XV. CIVIL WAU.— {Continued.) Twelfth. Regiment. — The following historical sketch of the Twelfth Regiment is taken from the first address before the Society of the Twelfth Regi- ment New Jersey Volunteers, delivered at its reunion in Woodbury, Feb. 22, 1875 : '■ The Twelfth Regiment was organized under the provision of an act of Congress approved July 22, 18&1, and under a call issued by the President of the United States July 7, 1862, for three hundred thou- sand additional volunteers to serve for three years, or during the War. This regiment was one of the five required from this State under the call named. The organization of the regiment was begun in July, and was fiilly completed, and the regiment was officered and equipped, by the 4th day of September, 1862, at which time it was mustered into the service of the United States for three years by Capt. William B. Royall, Fifth Cavalry, U.S.A. The several compa- nies of the regiment were raised in the following- named counties respectively : Company A in the county of Salem, Company B in the counties of Camden and Burlington, Company C in the county of Camden, Company D at large, but chiefly, I think, in the county of Camden, Company F in the county of Gloucester, Company G in the counties of Cam- den and Cumberland, Company H in the county of Salem, Company I in the county of Salem, and Company K in the county of Cumberland. " The regiment left Woodbury (where it had been encamped) and the State Sept. 7, 1862, under orders for Washington, but on its arrival at Baltimore was diverted from its route by Gen. Wool, and ordered to Ellicott's Mills, on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, then threatened by the advance of the rebel army into Maryland. The strength of the regiment when it left the State was: officers, 39; non-commissioned officers and privates, 953 ; total, 992. As a proof of the severity of its service, it may be here mentioned that its strength present for duty at Cold Harbor, Va., June 4, 1864, less than two years afterward, was : officers, 3 ; non-commissioned officers and privates, 90 ; total, 93. The regiment joined the Army of the Potomac, and was put in position on the Rappahannock, about three miles above the towns of Falmouth and Fredericksburg, on the 19th of De- cember, 1862, and from that time until the close of the war, wherever and whenever hard service was done by that army, the regiment had its full share. " I might well pause to tell how it held its ground at Chancellorsville until its right was turned by Jack- son's corps, and its colonel and one hundred and seventy-eight of its officers and men were stricken down ; how sternly at Gettysburg it stood upon the right of the left centre of the army, the key of the position, and with the rolling fire of its smooth-bore muskets smote, as with the blast of death, Pettigrew's brigade of North Carolina troops, which formed the left of Longstreet's charging columns ; of its suffer- ing in the severe winter campaign of Mine Run ; of how it plunged through the icy waters of the Rapi- dan at Morton's Ford ; of the wonderful campaign of the Wilderness, where, in a short space of thirty days, our devoted regiment lost more than three hun- dred killed and wounded out of a total of four hun- dred and twenty-five muskets ; of its service, its losses, its sufferings by night and day during the summer of 1864, and until the rebel army surren- dered, and the war was ended ; but to you it is a familiar story, and I forbear.'' During the period of its service the regiment was present and under fire in more than thirty general engagements, besides a large number of combats and skirmishes, viz. : Chancellorsville, Va., May 3 and 4, 1863 ; Gettysburg, Pa., July 2 and 3, 1863 ; Falling Waters, Md., July 13, 1863 ; Auburn Mills, Va., Oct. 14, 1863 ; Blackburn's Ford, Va., Oct. 16,1863 ; Robinson's Tavern, Va., Not. 27, 1863; Mine Bun.Va., Nov. 28, 29, and 30, 1863 ; Morton's Ford, Va., Feb. 6, 1864 ; Wilderness, Va., May 6 and 6, 1864 ; Spottsylvania, Va., May 8 to 11, 1864 ; Spottsylvania Court-House, Va., May 12 to 18, 1864 ; North and South Anna Eivers, Va., May 24 to 26, 1864 ; Tolopotomy, Va., May 30and 31,1864; Cold Harbor, Va., June 2 to 12,1864; before Petersburg, Va., June 16 to 23, 1864; Deep Bottom, Va., July 25 to 29,1864; Mine Explosion, Va , July 30, 1864 ; North Bank of James Biver, Va., Aug. 14, 18, 1864; Ream's Station, Va., Aug. 25, 1864 ; Fort Sedgwick, Va., Sept. 10, 1864 Hatcher's Run, Va., Oct. 27, 1864 ; Boydton Plank Road, Va., Oct. 27, 1814; Hatcher's Run, Va., Feb. 6 to 8, 1865; Dabney's Mills, Va., Feb. 28, 1865 ; Hatcher's Bun, Va., March 25, 1865 ; Boydton Plank Road, Va., April 1, 1865; Capture of Petersburg, Va., April 2, 1865; Sailor's Creek, Va., April 6, 1862; High Bridge, Va., April 7, 1865; Farraville, Va., April 7, 1865 ; Lee's surrender, Appomattox, Va., April 9, 1865. The total strength of the regiment during its terra of service was 1899 : at muster in, 992 ; gain from all sources, 907. In order to ascertain, however, its total strength during its term of active service, there should be deducted from the aggregate stated 300, being the number of recruits who joined it at Burkesville, after the surrender of Lee, which will show its total strength before the close of the war to have been 1599. There died in the service, — of its officers, 9 ; of its non-com- missioned officers and privates, 252 ; making its total loss by deaths, 261 ; being a loss by death of a little more than one-fourth of the original number of its rank and file, and of its officers, exclusive of the med- ical staff' and quartermaster. Its other losses were, — of officers discharged, 12; resigned, 14; total, 26 : of 74 HISTORY OP aLOUCESTBR, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. enlisted men discharged, 169; total resigned and dis- charged, 185 : add losses by death, 261 ; total losses from all causes, 446 ; being almost one-half of its original number. It is proper to state that the resignations and dis- charges were chiefly on account of disability caused by wounds or disease contracted in the service. Con- sidering the deaths in the service by the respective companies, there died of Company A 1 officer and 24 men ; Company B, 26 men ; Company C, 1 officer and 22 men ; Company D, 1 officer and 21 men ; Company E, 1 officer and 31 men ; Company F, 1 officer and 36 men ; Company G, 1 officer and 26 men ; Company H, 1 officer and 18 men; Company I, 29 men; Com- pany K, 1 officer and 23 men ; unattached substi- tutes, 1 : total, 252. Of the field and stafl^, Lieut.-Col. Thomas H. Davis was killed. Of the total number of officers originally commissioned in the regiment, exclusive of the medi- cal staflf and quartermaster, and of those who were killed or died of their wounds, twelve were wounded in action, with greater or less severity, seventeen were mustered out before the expiration of their term of service, and but three who served the full term escaped unhurt; and of the enlisted men a very large number who were mustered out with the regi- ment bear the scars of honorable wounds. The official register in the adjutant-gen,eral's office shows that no regiment in the State, up to and including the Fourteenth, suflfered as heavy a loss in deaths as the Twelfth, except the Eighth and Tenth, and one \ of these had a total aggregate of twenty-six hundred, and the other of twenty-eight hundred officers and men, their loss exceeding our own but very little. The Fifteenth suffered a total loss by death of nine officers and three hundred and fifty-two men, in a total aggregate of eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and I believe this to be the heaviest loss suflered by any of our regiments. The regiment was first attached to the Second Bri- gade, Third Division ; then to the Third Brigade, Second Division, Second Army Corps; and at the close of the war was attached to a provisional corps, all in the Army of the Potomac. A part of the regi- ment was mustered out near Munson's Hill, Va., June 4, 1865 ; the remainder near Washington, July 15, 1865. The names of the officers who were killed or died of wounds received in action are : Lieut.-Col. Thomas H. Davis, killed in action at Spottsylvania Court- House, Va., May 12, 1864 ; Capt. CharleB K. Horsfall, Company E, killed in action at Gettysburg, Pa , July 2, 1863 ; Capt. James McComb, Com- pany D, died July 2, 1864, of wonnds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. ; 1st Lieut. John M. Fogg, Company H, killed in action at the Wilder- ness, Va., May 5, 1864 ; 1st Lieut. John R. Rich, Company E, died Sept. 2, 1864, of wounds received in action at Ream^s Station, Va.; Ist Lieut. James T. Lowe, Company G, died Oct. 20, 1863, of wounds received at Bristue Station, Va.; Ist Lieut, James S. Sti-atton, Company F, killed in action at Ream's Station, Va., Aug. 26, 1864; Ist Lieut. Joseph Pier- son, Oomjiany F, killed in action at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; 2d Lieut. Richard H. Townsend, Company 0, killed in action at Gettys- burg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Such is, in brief, the history of the regiment, and though there may be others that can show as good a record, considering the numbers and term of service, none, I think, can show a better one. The Twelfth had the advantage of being a peculiarly homogeneous regiment. Composed largely of freeholders and sons of freeholders, raised in adjoining counties, and closely allied both by friendship and blood, its companies stood shoulder to shoulder in more than a score of stricken fields, with a gallantry which the armies of Marlborough or Napoleon never surpassed, and under fiercer musketry fire than the soldiers of those great leaders ever met. The Twelfth went forth when the country was rocking as with the throes of an earthquake, and the government and its flag were rising and falling, with the varying fortunes of the day, like a feather tossed upon an angry ocean. Its course was marked from the Rappahannock to Gettysburg, and from Gettys- burg to Richmond and Appomattox Court-House, by the graves of its slain and the blood of its wounded, and its survivors came back under the sunlight of a peace so profound that no martial sound broke the stillness save the tramp of returning feet, bearing its flag, torn by the winds of heaven, blackened by the dust of the march and the smoke of battle, and dyed through and through with the blood of its defenders, but with no stain of weakness or dishonor on its streaming folds. TWELFTH REGIMENT. Gloucester County, Company A. Captain, S. S. Cha^e ; First Lieutenant, Josiah Franklin ; Second Lieu- tenant, Ellis F. Phipps. William S, Garwood, sergt,, enl, Aug, 2, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Aug. 10, 1864; disch, July 10, 1866. William R. Chew, enl. July 31, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Nicholas P. Barber, enl. July 31, 1862; must, out June 4, 1866, George R. Cousins, enl, Feb, 29, 1864 ; must, out July 15, 1865. Jacob Dehart, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; corp. Aug. 3, 1863 ; sergt. March 1, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Mizeal C.English, enl, Aug, 23, 1864; coi-p. June 1, 1865; must, oijt .lune 4, 1866. William Fletcher, enl. Aug. 4, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Jan. 1, 1866 ; died June 7, 1866. Joseph S. Fletcher, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; coii). Oct, 6, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1866, Edward Fitch, enl, Aug, 12, 1862 ; disch, disability Aug, 12, 1864, William P, Hallowell, enl, July 25, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville. Thomas S. Hampton, enl. Aug. 1 3, 1862 ; must out June 4, 1865. Isaac D. Jones, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps Nov. 16,1863 ; disch, Sept. 4, 1866. George H. Martin, enl. Aug. 2, 1862 ; killed in action July S, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. William MoMonigle, enl. Ang. 2, 1862 ; corp, Feb. 6, 1864 ; sergt. Oct, 6, 1864; must, out June 4, 1865. Thomas C. Moore, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Ees, Corps Dec. 1, 1863; disch. July 7, 1865, Jesse A. Oshorn, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; died Feb. 8, 1864, of wounds re- ceived at Morton's Ford, Va. Amos Parker, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died March 15, 1863, Frank Skinner, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Signal Corps March 1, 1864 ; com. 2d lieut. Co. F June 24, 1866 ; disch. June 24, 1865. Isaac Stetzer, enl. Aug, 9, 1862 : must, out June 4, 1866. Joseph 0. Watson, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; must, out Juno 3, 1865. GENERAL HISTORY. 75 Jacob H. Yerrioks, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; must, out June i, 1806. Thomas J. Young, enl. Feb. 29, 1864; must, out July IS, 1866. Company B. Lewis C. Sparks, musician, enl. Aug, 22, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Oliver Hawkey, enl. Oct. 3, 1864 ; trans, to Co. K. Martin V. B. Sparks, enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Bes. Corps April 1, 1865 ; disch. June 28, 186B. Joshua Treadway, eul. Aug. 14, 1862 ; disch. disability May 6, 1866. Company C. James Dilkes, sergt., enl. July 29, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James Atkinson, Corp., enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John W. Jordan, Corp., enl. Aug. 15, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Jacob E. Madara, Corp., enl. July 28, 1862 ; sergt. Oct. 14, 1864 ; must. out June 4, 1866. George Anthony, enl. Jnly 29, 1862 ; killed in action May 6, 1864, at Wilderness, Ya. Robert Blackburn, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Patrick Cannair, enl. Aug. 16, 1864 ; disch. disability Sept. 12, 1863. Benjamin W. Hewitt, enl. Aug. 19, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Jan. 16, 1865 ; disch. July 15, 1865. Charles Jordan, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 28, 1866. Hugh Mclntyre, enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; disch. June 6,1865, wounds received in action. Anthony Memes, eul. Aug. 15,1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chaucellorsville. Ellas H. Osborn, enl. Aug. 18, 1862 ; Corp. Oct. 1, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Feb. 4, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John Pierce, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; re-enl. Sept. 6, 1864 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps ; disch. Nov. 21, 1865. Charles Scott, enl. July 29, 1862 ; died April 30, 1866. William Smith, enl. Aug. 14, 1862 ; died May 18, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Spottsylvania, Ya. James Wilson, enl. Aug. 1, 1862. Joseph Watson, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 14, 1865. James Watson, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps; died March 24, 1864. Company D. Captain, William Henry Moore ; First Lieutenant, John W. Paris ; Second Lieutenant, James Mcllhenney. Samuel F. Cassidy, corp., enl. Aug. 18, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Coi-ps Nov. 16, 1863 ; disch. June 26, 1864. John E. Campbell, Corp., enl. Aug. 18, 1862 ; died March 27, 1863. Daniel Bichmond, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. William H. Swift, enl. Aug. 19, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. William Brown, enl. Aug. 18, 1862; died Nov. 18, 1863. Daniel Connelly, enl. Aug. 18, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. George Connelly, enl, Aug. 9, 1862. Charles Camp, enl. Aug. 23, 1862 ; died April 10, 1863. Edward Mills, enl. Aug. 20, 1862; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Ya. Samuel Park, enl. Aug. 21, 1862 ; corp. Nov. 8, 1862 ; must, out May 30, 1865. Joseph Bile, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; missing in action at Spottsylvania Court- House, Va., May 12, 1864. Elve Thompson, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Christian Vechan, enl. Aug. 21, 1862; disch. July 18, 1865, wounds re- ceived in action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Uriah S. Watkins, enl. Aug. 23, 1862; corp. Deo. 27, 1863; sergt. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Charles A. Weidman, enl. Aug. 21, 1862; hosp. steward Sept. 12, 1864. John McKeon, enl. Aug. 19, 1862; killed in action May 3,1863,at Chan- cellorsville, Ya, Dennis Eyan, enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chau- cellorsville, Va. William Tozer, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Company F. Captain, E. L. Stratton ; First Lieutenants, J. J. Trimble, James S. Strat- ton ; Second Lieutenant, Joseph Pierson. William P. Pierson, sergt., enl. July 29,.1862; Ist sergt. Dec. 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps April 1, 1866; discb. June 26, 1866. Charles D. Lippincott, sergt., enl. July 29, 1862; sergt.-maj.; 1st lieut. Oct. 31, 1863 ; capt. Co. B Sept. 13, 1864. Azariah Stratton, corp,, enl. Jnly 29, 1 862 ; sergt, Dec. II , 1862 ; let sergt. 1, 1864 ; 1st lieut. Sept. 13, 1864 ; capt. June 24, 1865. James White, Corp., enl. July 29, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Sept. 22, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Jan. 17, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George H. Duell, Corp., enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; sergt. Jan. 3, 1863 ; disch. Sept. 20, 1864, wounds received in action. Henry M, Avis, corp,, enl. July 29, 1862 ; sergt. Sept. 22, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Abel K, Shute, corp,, enl. July 29, 1862; died July 31, 1863, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa. James L. Plummer, corp., enl. July 29, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Ohancellorsville, Ya. William B. Gleason, corp., enl. Aug. 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps April 10, 1864; disch. June 28, 1865. John F. Meley, corp,, enl, Aug, 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1866. Joseph J. Ashbrook, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. disability Feb, 10, 1863, William Avis, enl, July 29, 1862; disch. disability March 31, 1863. George W. Allen, enl. Aug. 1, 1862; died Dec. 9, 1862. John Albright, enl. Aug, 9, 1862 ; killed in action July 3, 1863, at Gettys- burg, Pa. David Boody, enl. Aug. 11,1862; died Nov. 13, 1862. Thomas Beren, enl. Jnly 29, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 8, 1862. Allen Baker, Corp., enl. Aug. 4, 1862; killed in action March 25, 1865, at Hatcher's Bun, Va. Bichnrd Borton, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Ya. David Borton, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; sergt. March 20, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Edward Barney, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Jacob Bender, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must. out. June 4, 1865. James Corneal, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; corp. Dec. 14, 1863 ; disch. disability Jan. 18, 1864. George H.Coles, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; trans, to Yet. Ees. Corps; disch. June 11, 1865, wounds received in action. Edward Casperson, enl. Dec. 28, 1863; disch. disability Oct. 21,1865. Joseph M. Carter, enl. Dec. 28, 1863 ; must, out June 16, 1865. George W. Dunlap, enl. July 30, 1862 ; must, out June 12, 1865. William Dermitt, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; killed in action May 6,1864,atWil- dernesB, Ya. Alfred Eastburn, enl. Aug. 1, 1862 ; trans, to Vet, Bes. Corps Jan, 1, 1864 ; re-enl, Aug. 25, 1864 ; disch. Nov. 21, 1865. James Eacritt, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Jan. 16, 1864 ; disch. Feb. 8, 1864. George J. Eldridge, enl, Aug. 9, 1862; died March 5, 1863. Aaron B. Eacritt, enl. Aug. 25, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George W. French, enl. July 29, 1862; corp. Dec. 11, 1862; disch. dis- ability Oct. 14, 1864. Ellwood Griscom, enl. July 29, 1862 ; Corp. Sept. 20, 1863 ; sergt. Oct. 6, 1863; 2d lieut. Co. A Jan. 17, 1865. Joshua C. Grice, enl. Aug. 4, 1862; corp. March 1, 1864; must, out June 4. 1865. Samuel S. Greenwood, enl. Aug. 9, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Xn. Joseph T. Garwood, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. disability Dec. 24, 1863. William P. Haines, enl. July 29, 1862; corp. Sept, 1,1864; must, out June 4, 1865. Theodore F. Hudson, eul. Aug. 5, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866, Samuel G, Headley, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; died May 30, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Spottsylvania, Ya, Isaac K, Horner, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; corp. Sept. 22, 1864 ; must, out June 4. 1866. Joseph S. Harker, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Enos Hann, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Samuel Iredell, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; corp. March 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George W. Jennings, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; corp. March 26, 1865; must, out June 4, 1866. William H. Johnson, enl. July 31, 1862; killed in action July 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. Joseph Jones, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; died June 13, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Ya. John C. Jackson, enl. Aug. U, 1862 ; died Fob. 1, 1864. Alfred Jones, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; corp. June 11, 1863 ; disch. disability Jan. 26, 1804. Isaac P. Knisell, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. disability March 9, 1863. David W, Keen, wagoner, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1866. Louis Kellogg, enl. Aug. 5, 1862; trans, to Yet. Bes. Corps Sept. 30, 1864 ; disch. June 29, 1865. 76 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. William Lakes, enl. July 29, 1802 ; died Feb. 13, 1863. John May, enl. July 29, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Benjamin F. Mattson, enl. July 29, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Dec. 16, 1863 ; disch. July 29, 1865. Chaises Miller, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; killed in action at Bristoe Stution Oct. 14, 1863. William Moncreif, enl. Aug. 5, 1862; corp. Feb. 6,1865; must. out June 4, 1866. Charles Mcllvaine, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Joseph W. Moore, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; must, oat June 4, 1865. Adam Marshall, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; died June 10, 1863, of wounds re- ceived in action at Chancellorsville, Ta. George Meley, Jr., enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps April 1, 1865 ; disch. June 27, 1866. James Mosey, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Lewis Mnta, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 31, 1864; discli. June 24, 1865. William S. Moore, enl. Aug 22, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Gbancellorsrille, Va. Charles T. Korris, musician, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Frederick Noll, enl. March 5, 1864. William H. Park, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 : disch. Dec. 4, 1864, to accept com. U. S. C. T. William Press, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; disch. disability July 30, 1863. James K. Bussell, enl. July .31, 1862 ; must, out July 4, 1865. William L. Stevenson, enl. Jan. 4, 1864 ; must, out July 15, 1865. William H. H. Stratton, enl. July 29, 1862 ; Corp. Dec. 11, 1862 ; killed in action July 3, 1863, at Gettysburg. Charles C. Stratton, enl. July 20, 1862 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court-Houee, Va. Emanuel Stratton, Jr., eul. Ang. 11, 1862 ; disch. March 14, 1864, wonnds received in action. Leonard L. Stiles, enl. July 30, 1862 ; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Coort-House, Va. William H. Stone, enl. Ang. 9, 1862; must, out Jnne 4, 1866. Isaac H. Saul, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out Jnne 4, 1866. Jacob K. Shoemaker, enl. Aug. II, 1862 ; corp. Dec. 13, 1863 ; must, out May 24, 1865. Warren H. Sommers, eul. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. disability July 26, 1863. Edward F. Sweeten, enl. Ang. II, 1862 ; died March 8, 1863. Joseph A. Test, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. disability June 10, 1866. Joseph Tompkins, enl. Aug. 2, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Dec. 15, 1863 ; di:,ch. Jnne 29, 1865. John Tonkin, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; corp. Dec. 13, 1862; sergt. Feb. 6, 1866 ; must, out 4, 1 865 . Miles S. Tamer, enl. Ang. 5, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Dec. 15, 1865 ; disch. June 29, 1866. Albert J. Weatherby, enl. Aug. 4, 18G2 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. John B. Wamsley, enl. Aug. 4, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Charles M. Wilson, enl. Ang. 6, 1862 ; died of wounds received in action at Wilderness, Va. Joseph L. White, enl. Ang. U, 1862; corp. March 1, 1864; sergt Feb. 18, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Charles K. Wood, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; died May 10, 1863, of wonnds re- ceived in action at Chancellorsville, Va. Oompimi/ G. Bobert B. Burk, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Jeremiah Casto, enl. Aug. 15, 1862 ; corp, Jan. 1, 1863 ; 1st sergt. April 24, 1865 ; must, cut June 4, 1865. John B. Carey, enl. Aug. 12, 1802 ; must, out June 4, 1866. William E. Carter, enL Aug. 12, 1862 ; disch. di^ability Dec. 11, 1863. Henry C. Derrickson, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; tians. to Vet. Bes. Corps March 15, 1364 ; murdered Jnne 20, 1864. David E. Eldridge, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; corp. March 1, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Amos Frampes, enL Aug. 9, 1862 ; corp. Oct. 30, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Benjamin Hood, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; must, ont June 4, 1865. Joseph T. Higginson, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; disch. disability Oct. 19, 1863. Charles E. Madara, enl. Aug. II, 1862 ; must, ont June 4, 1866. Henry H. Bichmoud, enl. Ang. 26, 1862 ; died Jan. 13, 1863. William B. Skill, enl. Ang. 12, 1862 ; missing in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Joseph J. Thompson, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 18, 1864 ; disch. July 18, 1866. James M. WilkiuB, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps May 1, 1864; disch! June 29, 1865. Company H. Captain, H. A. Matlison : First Lieutenant, Joshua Lippincott ; Second Lieutenant, .Tohn M. Fogg. Jacob K. Lewallen, Corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; sergt. May 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Thomas J. French, Corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; disch. disability Dec. 19, 1863. Joseph K.. Butcher, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; died Aug. 6, 1864, of wonnds received in action before Petersburg, Va. James P. Beckett, enl. Ang. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps April 10, 1864 : disch. July 3, 1866. Charles French, enl. Ang. 13, 1862 ; died Dee. 23, 1863. Amos C, Homan, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Dec. 15, 1863 ; disch. June 28, 1865. Peter D. Hewlings, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Jan. 1, 1865; disch. June 28, 1866. John Hewlings, enl. Ang. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Nov. 23, 1863 ; died Dec. 22, 1803. Daniel Kiernan, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; killed in action July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. Charles H. Kates, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; coip. Sept. 3, 1864; sergt. Feb. 2, 1866 ; killed in action Feb. 28, 1865, at Dabney's Mills, Va. Stacey D. Layton, enl. Ang. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George H. Lockwood, enl. Aug. 1.3, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James Magee, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 15, 1864: disch. Oct. 20, 18C4. Azeal Nichols, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Aug. 16, 1864 ; disch. June 13, 1866. Albert J. Nichols, enl. Feb. 28, 1864 ; must, ont July 15, 1865. James Stretch, enl. Ang. 13, 1862; corp. Oct 21,1864; sergt. Feb. 22, 1865 ; must ont Jnne 4, 1865. Thomas H. Steward, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; died May 30, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, Va. Samnel L. Seran, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; disch. Nov. 28, 1863, for wounds re- ceived in action at Gettysburg, Fa. William L. Seran, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; disch. Ang. 10, 1864, to accept com. in U. S. C. T. James Stetzer, enl. Ang, 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 15, 1864 ; disch. July 27, 1865. Charles D. Stanton, enl. April 13, 1862; corp. Feb. 22, 1865; must out June 4, 1866. Thomas H. Zane, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. Jan. I, 1864 ; must out May 18, 1865. Cmnpany J. J. Morgan Barnes, 1st sergt.,. enl, July 29, 1862 ; qjn.-sergt. Jan. 1, 1865. Bobert C. White, corp., enl. Ang. 20, 1862 ; sergt. May 1, 1864; sergt- maj. Oct 6, 1864. Thomas S. Champion, enl. Aug. 14, 1862 ; corp. Oct 1, 1862; sergt. April 1, 1864; disch. June 16, 1865, for wonnds received in action at Wil- derness, Va. William J. Clark, enl. Ang. 20, 1862 ; died March 24, 1863. George Sailor, enl. Ang. 22, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Additional. — Barclay Gannt, Benjamin F. Gant, Isaac Jones, Thomas Milsed, William C. Mankin, Samnel D. Mills, Charles P. Mills, An- drew J. Pierce, William H. Pierce, William Starr (sergeant), Sedg- wick E. Sithens, Isaac Setzer, Co. A ; Henry C Uance, William Huff, John HufT, Co. C ; John Coffe, Gilbert Davis, Joseph A. Gaut (sergeant), Co. D ; Samnel Fleet, James B. Pierson, William H. Stock- ton, Co. E ; .Tohn Albright, William Dolon, Charles W. Elkins, Wil- liam M. Frazer, John Grice, Asa G. Foldcrafc, Henry Jenkins, Joshua Livzey, Charles C. Sharp, Isaac Sickler, Alfred T. Somers, Warren H. Somers, Co. F ; Samnel E. Barker, Edward L. Brick (corporal), Hiram Cramer, Theodore Hughes, John Hall (sergeant), John Jaggatd, Francis Mills, Howard Turner, Eli Watson, George Woodrow, Co. G ; John Dowling, Presmil Hughes, Enos Hann, Stacy D. Layton, Peter Nichols, Joseph Paul, George C. Sithens (sergeant), Co. H ; Eli K. Ale (first lieutenant), Henry T. Chew (cap- tain), Benjamin Sailor, Clement White, Co. I, George Hnghee (ser- geant), Co. K ; Samuel T. Miller (assistant surgeon). Saleh County. Company A, William H. Pierce, sergt., euL Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, ont Jnne 4, 1865. GENERAL HISTORY. 77 Joseph Burroughs, sergt., enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. Feb. 13,1866, wound received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Charlea.r. Sickler, corp., enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; eergt. Nov. 1, 1863 ; 2d lieut Co. I Sept. 19, 1864. John W. Edwards, Corp., enl. Aug. 11, 1862; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Santuel Williams, Corp., eul. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out May 19, 1865. Charles P. Mills, corp., enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Andrew S. Chaso, corp,, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. KeB. Corps; re-enl. Sept, 3, 1864. Eli K. Ale, eul, Aug, 1, 1862; 2d lieut. Co, I Jan. 30, 1865. Daniel S. Ayres, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James S. Butler, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 23, 1864; disch. July 7, 1865. John J. Boon, eol. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out May 19, 1365. Daniel S. Clark, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. disability March 19, 1864. Albert Coombs, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; died April 27, 1863. Jacob Denelsbeck, enl. April 15, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 11, 1863. David B. Elwell, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; corp. Jan, 1, 1865; must, out June 4, 1865, Benjamin F, Edwards, enl, Aug, 10, 1862; disch. disability March 4, 1863. Barclay Gaunt, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch, Oct, 30, 1864, wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va, Benjamin E, Gaunt, enl, Aug, 11, 1863 ; trans, to Vet, Bes, Corps Sept, 30, 1864 ; corp. June 28, 1865 ; disch. June 28, 1865. Charles S. Garrison, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died July 23, 1863. Damon T. Gillman, enl. Dec. 30, 1863 ; must, out June 20, 1865. Robert Harris, enl. Aug. 11, 1862', Corp. Sept. 1,1863; must, out May 20,1866. Abraham S. Harris, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; corp. Aug. 3, 1863; died May 6, 1864, killed at Wilderness. William H. Harris, enl. Aug, 11, 1862 ; died May 14, 1863, of wounds received in action at Chancellorsville, Va. Francis B, Harris, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out May 29, 1866. Jacob V. Harvey, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps April 10, 1864; disch. July 3, 1866. Isaac Kates, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Albert T. Lawrence, enl, Aug, 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Feb. 15, 1864 ; discb. June 27, 1866. James E. Ludwick, enl. Aug, 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865, William C, Mankin, enl. Aug, 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Feb. 16, 18B4 ; discW. July 6, 1865. David E. Mitchell, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Joseph S. Mutta, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 23, 1864 ; disch. June 29, 1865. John A. Meyers, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out June 12, 1865. John McQuillon, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James Murphy, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Joseph Morgan, Jr., enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. Sept. 26, 1863, wounds received in action at Gettysburg. William A. Mackiu, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; died March 19, 1863. Furman R. Parvin, enl. Aug. 11, 1863; corp. Sept. 12, 1863 ; 1st sergt. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865, Andrew J, Pierce, enl. Aug, 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865, Charles H. Peterson, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. George T. Poulson, enl. Aug. 11, 1862. Joseph R. Powell, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; killed in action June 3, 1862, at Cold Hai bor, Va. Sedgwick B. Sitbens, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 6, 1865. Daniel Smalley, enl. Aug. 11, 18C2; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 15, 1864 ; disch. June 28, 1866. William H. Sayers, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Sept. 29, 1864 ; disch. June 26, 1865. Martin Scbnet^ler, enl. Aug, 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866, Henry Schnetzler, enl, Aug, 11, 1862 ; died May 6, 1863. John T. Sayres, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; killed in action May 6, 1864, at Wil- derness, Va, Joseph R. Stewart, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; corp. June 20, 1863; sergt. Jan, 1, 1865 ; must, out Juno 4, 1866. Adum Storms, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps Dec. 1, 1863 ; re-enl. Sept. 4, 1864 ; discb. Nov. 21, 1865. Aniey B. W. Sheppard, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va, Charles H. Ferry, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. June 23, 1865; wound re- ceived in action at Hatcher's Run, "Va. Company B. John Morrow, enl. Sept. 5, 1864 ; trans, to Co. C. Company D. Abden Abbott, enl. Aug. 21, 1862 ; disch. disability Deo. 11, 1863. Joel Abbot, enl. Aug. 21, 1862 ; disch. disability Deo. 11, 1863. John W. Broadwater, enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; Corp. Dec. 27, 1863 ; sergt. May 4, 1864; must, out June 4, 1865. William Barton, enl. Aug. 23, 1862; disch. (insane) Dec. 26, 1864. Joseph Biissott, Jr., enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; must, out May 30, 1865. John Wilson Carson, enl, Aug. 15, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866, Charles W, Gamble, enl, Aug, 22, 1862; corp, April 11, 1863; died Jan, 13, 1864. James Garrison, enl, Aug. 22, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va, Enos Garrison, enl. Aug. 18, 1862; must, out June 4, 1864. Daniel Gaskill, enl. Aug. 23, 1862; corp. Nov. 1, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 11, 1863. Samuel Green, enl. Aug. 23, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Andrew Hastings, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; died March 15, 1863. John H. Johnson, enl. Aug. IS, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. John Kite, enl. Aug. 15, 1862; corp. Dec. 26, 1864; mn«t. out Aug. 3, 1865. Joseph Kite, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Thomas L, Lutts, enl. Aug. 23, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 15, 1863. Isaac D. Mayhew, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. lies. Corps Jan, 15, 1864; disch. May 28, 1864, David V, M. Smith, enl. Aug. 20, 1862; died Oct. 14, 1863. Henry H. Sheppard, enl. Aug. 21, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Nov. 3, 1863; disch. Jan. 26; 1864. Henry Woodward, enl. Aug. 22, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Nov. 1, 1863; discb. Sept. 12, 1865. Company E, Israel J. Conkliu, musician, enl. Aug. 22, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Jan. IS, 1864 ; re-enl. Sept. 13, 1864. Thomas J. Gordon, enl, Aug, 12, 1862; disch, disability July 28, 1865, Charles Hannahs, enl, April 5, 1866; must, out July 15, 1865, Ira B, Bidgway, enl, April 6, 1865; must, out July 16, 1865, Company F. Samuel Williams, Ist sergt,, Aug, 21, 1802 ; 2<1 lieut. Co. H Dec. 11, 1862. John Grice, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; corp. Oct. 1, 1864; must, out June 4, 1864. William Graham, enl. April 4, 1864; must, out July 16, 1864. Joseph B. Hilliard, enl. July 19, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Alfred J. Somers, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died March 13, 1863. Elisha Stewart, enl. Aug. 16, 1S62 ; corp. July 20, 1863 ; 1st sergt. Feb. 6, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Gompani/ G, Isaiah GrofT, enl. July 25, 1862 ; Corp. Oct. 30, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Richard Groff, enl. July 25, 1862 ; died March 29, 1863. Company H. John H. Groff, Ist sergt., enl. Aug. 13,1862; trans, to A^et. Res. Corps Sept. 30, 1864; disch. Aug. 17, 1866. George W. Swing, sergt., enl. Aug, 13, 1862; 1st lieut. May 5,1864; capt, June 24, 1866; must, out July 15, 1866, John D, Somers, sergt., eul, Aug, 13, 1862 ; sergt,-maj. April 25, 1864, Joseph Matlack, sergt,, enl, Aug, 13,1862; disch. disability Oct. 22,1863. Alfred H. Buck, sergt., enl. Aug. 13, 1862; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps Feb. 16, 1864; disch. June 27, 1866. George A. Cobb, Corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862; sergt, Feb, 1,1864; Bergt,-maj. Feb, 22, 1866; 2d lieut, Co, E, April 20, 1865 ; 1st lieut. June 24, 1866 ; must, out July 15, 1865, Thomas 0, Slater, corp,, Aug. 13, 1862 ; sergt. Jan. 1, 1864; 1st serg. Feb. 1, 1864; 1st lieut. Co. B April 11, 1864. Clarkson Jennings, corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; serKt. Oct.. 23, 1862 ; disch, disability June 28, 1864. Francis C. Cook, Corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862; sergt. Sept. 1, 1864; 2d lieut. Jan. 17, 1866; must, out June 4, 1866. Christopher C. Mead, corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1862; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. William N. Johnson, musician, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; must, out June 4 1866. 78 HISTORY" OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. William W. Yernest, wagoner, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; diach. disability Mavch 29, 1863. David H. Atkinson, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out May 22, 1865. Charles H. Atkinson, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; Corp. Feb. 2, 186S; must, out June 4, 1865. Jonatlian Allen, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; disch. disability 26, 1863. David Ballinger, enl. Aug. 3, 1862; sergt. Feb. 2, 1865; sergt.-maj. May 1, 1865. Ara R. Burt, enl. Ang. 13, 1862, killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chan- cellorsville, Va. Bicbard Barnes, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. May 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Blwood S. Costill, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; disch. disability April 25, 1864. John Carter, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 6, 1866. William S. Crispin, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. May 1, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John W. Clark, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; disch. disability May 30, 1863. Joseph D. M. Dunlap, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Elwood S. Dubois, enl. Aug, 13, 1862; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps; disch, July 13, 1866, Isaac A. Dubois, enl, Aug. 13, 1862; corp. Feb, 2, 1866 ; must, out June' 4,1865. John T. Dubois, eul. Aug. 13, 1862; corp. June 4, 1864; sergt. May 22, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Theodore F. Dare, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. John Dowling, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; killed in action May 3, 1862, at Chan- cellorsvile, Ya, Albert S, Emmell, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Edward L. Fisher, enl. Aug, 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Feb. 15, 1864; disch. July 6, 1865. Samuel Grice, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. William S. Harker, enl. Aug, 13, 1862 ; killed in action July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. William Hendricks, enl. Ang, 13, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res, Corps Aug, 3, 1863; died Aug, 30, 1863. Enos Hann, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Andrew Hann, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; disch, disability July 20, 1863. Samuel Headley, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; disch, disability April 10,1863. Uriah B, Joslin, enl, Aug, 13,1862; disch. Jan, 11, 1864, wounds received in action at Chancellorsville, Ya, Richard S, Kirby, enl, Ang, 13, 1862 ; died May 17, 1863, of wounds re- ceived in action at Cbancellorsville, Ya. John L. Keen, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; disch. disability Jan. 1, 1863. Robert R. Kates, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1864; sergt. Sept. 1, 1864; 1st sergt. Feb, 2, 1866; 2d lieut, Co, G, April 20, 1866, John Killy, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. Feb. 22, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Joseph A. Kille, enl. Aug, 13, 1862 ; killed in action May 6, 1864, at Wil- derness, Ya, John W, Kidd, enl, Ang, 13, 1862; trans, to Yet, Res, Corps March 16, 1864; disch, July 5, 1866, William M. Louderback, enl. Aug, 13, 1862 ; must, out June 12, 1866. Elwood H. Loper, enl, Ang, 13, 1862 ; disch, April 30, 1864, wounds re- ceived in action at Cbancellorsville, Ya, James Lippincott, enl, Aug. 13, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. John R. Morton, drafted April 4, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John Martin, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; disch. disability Aug, 7, 1863, Peter D. Nichols, enl. Aug, 13, 1802; must, out June 4, 1S65. John Neusteal, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Yet, Res, Corps Jan, 16, 1864; disch. July 7, 1866. Charles P, Pinjard, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp, Feb, 2, 1865; sergt. May 1, 1866 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Joseph Paul, enl. Aug, 13, 1862; disch, disability Sept. 9, 1863. Amnion Relghn, eul, Aug, 13, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Ya, Elmer D, Sayers, enl, Aug, 13, 1862; trans, to Yet, Res, Corps July 16, 1864 ; disch, June 29, 1866, Charles String, enl, Aug, 13, 1864; trans, to Yet, Res, Corps March 31, 1864; disch, July 3, 1865, George 0, Sithens, enl, Aug, 13, 1862; corp, April 25, 1864; sergt, Oct, 31, 1864; 1st sergt. May 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865, Harrison Snellbacker, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; trans, to Yet, Res, Corps April 26, 1866 ; disch, June 28, 1865, Edward Snellbacker, enl. Aug, 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866, John Shull, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 6, 1865, John J. Shultz, enl, Aug, 13, 1862; must, out June 4, 1866, John Schwitzer, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 30, 1863; disch. June 23, 1865. Edmund C, Tier, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; 1st sergt, July 1, 1864 ; 1 st lieut, Co. B, Oct, 8, 1864. Charles Uhlinger, eul, Aug, 13, 1862 ; corp. May 1, 1866 ; must, out Jun* 4, 1866, Theophilus H, Vannaman, enl, Aug, 13, 1862; disch, disability Feb, 26, 1863, John A, Van Meter, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet, Res, Corps Nov. 15, 1863; disch. Sept, 4, 1865, Benjamin F. Van Meter, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Oct. 1, 1864; 2d lieut. Co, Jan, 17, 1865, William W, Walton, enl, Aug, 13, 1862; must, out June 4, I860. Anthony Wiley, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Isaac Wiley, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 186S, Lewis Watson, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865, Compeumj J. Captain, Henry F. Chew ; First Lieutenant, Frank M, Acton ; Second Lieutenant, Theodore F, Null, David Dickerson, enl, Ang, 5, 1862 ; killed in action May 6, 1864, at Wilderness, Va, George P, Ogden, sergt,, enl, Aug, 11, 1862; trans, to Vet, Res. Corps April 10, 1864 ; disch, July 3, 1865, George A. Bowen, let sergt,, enl, Aug, 11, 1862 ; 1st lieut, Co, C, April 11, 1864, Isaac N, Morton, 1st sergt,, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; trans, to Vet, Res. Corps March 23, 1866 ; disch, July 6, 1865, Asa W, Tash, corp,, enl, July 31, 1862 ; sergt. Dec. 16, 1863 ; missing in action at Wilderness, Va,, May 6, 1864, Ale S, Kidd, corp,, July 29, 1862 ; died May 15,1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, Ya. Firman Lloyd, Jr., corp,, enl, July 31, 1862 ; must, out June 30, 1866. John S, Sharp, corp,, enl, July 31, 1862 ; died April 20, 1863. Benjamin S, Wood, Corp., enl. July 31, 1862 ; sergt, Jan, 1, 1864 ; must. out June 4, 1865, William R. Williams, corp,, enl, July 31, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George R. Burroughs, corp., enl. Ang, 13, 1862 ; sergt, Aug. 20, 1863 ; died June 23, 1864, of wounds received in action before Petersburg, Edward Bradway, musician, enl. July 31, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Jacob Adams, enl. Aug. 31, 1862 ; died May 24, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, Ya , William H, Allen, enl, Aug. 7, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps March 31, 1864; disch. June 28, 1865. Joseph A. Ayers, enl. Aug, 11, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 31, 1864; disch, July 3, 1865, John H. Barklow, enl, Aug, 12, 1862; corp, April 1, 1864; died July 16, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania, Va, Alexander Brown, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; corp, Aug. 27,1864; must, out Jnne 4, 1865. Melchoir Breitel, enl, Aug, 6,1862; disch. disability March 28,1864, Jacob Biddle, enl, Aug. 7, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps Aug. 4, 1863; died Sept. 2, 1863. Gilbert Bishop, enl. July 13, 1862 ; died Feb. 3, 1864. John P. Bennet,enl.Aug.l3,1862; trans, to U.S.N. Aug, 4, 1864; disch. June 16, 1865, Matthew Coombs, enl. July 31, 1862 ; corp, Feb, 13, 1863 ; 1st sergt. Jan. 1,1865; Juue4,1865, Clement Oolgan, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; disch, disability Dec, 31, 1862, Christopher Cooker, enl, Aug, 11, 1862 ; disch. disability March 9, 1865, John Champion, enl, Ang. 12, 1862 ; disch, disability March 16, 186:5. John C, Champion, enl, Aug. 12, 1862; died Oct, 11, 1863, James M. Cook, enl, Jan, 26, 1865 ; trans, to Co, F, William Daniels, enl. July 31,1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Ya, Samuel Dickesoii, enl, Aug, 12, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865, John W, Bubois, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; died Sept. 22, 1862. Joseph Dilkes, enl, Aug, 13, 1862 ; corp, June 1, 1863 ; sergt, Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out Jnne 4, 1866. Joseph E. Edwards, enl, Aug, 18, 1862 ; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Ya, Edward R. Emmel, enl. Ang, 22, 1862 ; disch, disability Dec, 10, 1863, Joseph S, Fithian, enl, Ang, 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865, Richard Y, Fitliian, enl, Ang. 20, 1862 ; trans, to Yet, Res. Corps Jan. I, 1865 ; disch, Aug. 26, 1865, Isaac Fox, enl, Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp, Aug, 20, 1863 ; killed in action June 17,1864, near Petersburg, Ya, GENERAL HISTORY. 79 Charles C. Fithiao, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disoh. disability Dec. 16, 1863. Frank E. Gandy, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; died March 19, 1863. John Gerstle, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; died March 13, 1863. George W. Goodwin, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John J. Hoffman, enl. July 3,1, 1862 ; must, out July 15, 1865. Theophilns B. Halter, enl. July 31, 1862; corp. July 31, 1864; must, out June 4, 1865. Philip Hickman, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 1, 1863 ; disch. July 7, 1865. Josiah Holton, enl. Aug 7, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George W. Homan, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 15, 1864; disch. July 5, 1865. Daniel A. Hancock, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; corp. Dec. 16, 1863 ; died May 22, 1864, of wounds at Spottsylvania Court-House, Ya. John Haverstick, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; must, out June 5, 1865. James Hemphill, eul. Aug. 12, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James Horner, eul. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George W. Jester, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Jan. 15, 1864; disch. June 24, 1865. James M. Jones, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; disch. disability April 10, 1863. Joseph S. Jacobs, enl. Ang. 21, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps March 15, 1864 ; disch. July 5, 1865. Thomas D. Kane, enl. July 31, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Lewis S. Kemfer, wagoner, enl. Aug. 15, 1862 ; must, out Sept. 4, 1862. Enmiet King, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Lemuel D. Leper, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; missing in action at Chancellors- Tille May 3, 1863. Michael G. Morton, eul. July 31, 1862 ; killed in action June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. Samuel Mattson, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; killed in action June 4, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Ya. Thomas J. Mattson, enl. Aug. 16, 1862. William Muonion, enl. Aug. 16, 1862. John Miller (8d), enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died June 22, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Wilderness, Va. John P.Miller, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. April 28, 1865, wounds re- ceived in action at Wilderness, Va. Charles Miller, eol. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Preston P. Merrion, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; corp. Aug. 20, 1863 ; sergt. May 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James MoAnliff, enl. July 31, 1863 ; disch. disability Dec. 16, 1863. Joseph Murphy, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; mu»t. out June 4, 1866. Lewis McPbersoD, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1866. John W. Kiblick. enl. July 31, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Dec. 1, 1863; disch. March 7, 1864. John P. Newkirk, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died April 10, 1864. James Privet, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; re-enl. Sept. 3, 1864; trans. to'Vet. Bes. Corps Jan. 1, 1865. James Pierce, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Aug. 1, 1863 ; disch. June 28, 1866. William Parsons, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. Aug. 6, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Samuel Keall, eul. July 31, 1862; corp. Aug. 27, 1864; must, out June 4, 1866. James Sullivan, enl. July 31, 1862 ; must, out May 16, 1865. Lewis F. Simms, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; corp. Oct. 1, 1862 ; killed in action. May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsvllle, Va. William Sloan, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. James P. Stanton, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; corp. July 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4. 1865. Peter Sharp, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Dec. 1, 1863; disch. Feb. 26, 1864. David Simpkins, enl. Aug. 12, Aug. 12, 1862 ; disch. disability Dec. 24, 1863. Elijah B. Thomas, eul. Aug. 7, 1662; must, out June 4, 1865. James Turner, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; disch. disability July 13, 1863. Jonathan Timmerman, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; died April 4, 1863. John Urban, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; disch. disability March 26, 1865. Adam Urban, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; must, out July 4, 1865. Benjamin R. Vincent, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps May 1, 1864j disch. Aug. 14, 1866. Albert S. Wood, July 31, 1862 ; died Deo. 1, 1864. Joel Wood, enl. July 31, 1862; killed in action, May 3,1863, at Chanoel- lorsville, Ya. Joseph Work, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps ; disch. July 6. 1866. Clement C. White, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; must, out June 4, 1866. Company K. Ambrose P. Garrison, enl. Sept. 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1866. John H. Mullica, enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; died June 30, 1865. CUMBKRLAND COUNTY. Company A. Joshua Dawson, enl. Jan. 3, 1864; must, out June 30, 1S66. Company 0. Isaac P. Busby, Corp., enl. July 25, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Company E. Enoch A. Duffield, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 30, 1862. Company G. Joshua D. Fithian, sergt., enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; disch. disability Dec. 11, 1863. Thomas H. Conover, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; must, out June 12, 1866. James P. Demaris, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; disch. disability March 26, 1863. Lewis S. Elmer, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; killed in action, May 3, 1863, at Cbancellorsville, Ya. William H. Henderson, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; disch. disability June 6, 1863. Adam Jordan, enl. Aug. 20, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Lorenzo S. Land, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; killed in action, June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Ya. Charles Mayhew, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; corp. April 19, 1863 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 31, 1864 ; disch. July 6, 1865. Robert G. Sheppard, enl. Aug. 0, 1862 ; died April 13, 1863. Company H. Gilbert S. Eberheart, enl. Ang. 13, 1862; killed in action May 3, 1863, at Cbancellorsville, Ya. William P. Speagles, ejil. Aug. 13, 1862 ; died June 10, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Henry J. Todd, enl. Aug. 13, 1862; killed in action May 12, 1864, at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Company I. Amos Tompkins, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; disch. May 29, 1866, wounds received in action at Chancellorsville, Ya. James B. Wood, enl. July 31, 1862 ; died Deo. 20, 1864. Company K. Captain, R. S. Thompson ; First Lieutenant, Daniel Dare ; Second Lieu- tenant, William E. Potter. Henry Crooks, Ist sergt., enl. July 31, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Oct. 30, 1863; disch. Nov. 6, 1864. Edward M. Dubois, sergt. June 24, 1862 ; sergt.-maj. Feb. 15, 1863. John P. Sbuman, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Bes. Corps June 15, 1864 ; disch. March 6, 1866, wounds received in action. Frank M. Riley, enl. Aug. 22, 1862; sergt.-mnj. March 12, 1864. Moses B. Holmes, sergt., enl. Aug. 9, 1862; died June 4, 1864, wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. William P. Moore, Corp., enl. Aug, G, 1862 ; disch. May 30, 1866, wounds received in action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Aaron Terry, Corp., enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Oct. 1, 1863 ; died March 24, 1864. William B. Hines, corp. enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Feb. 22, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. William Sayres, corp., enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; sergt. Sept. 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Benjamin F. Howell, Corp., enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; sergt. Oct. 6, 1863 ; trans. to Yet. Res. Corps Aug. 10, 1864; disch. July 10, 1866. Charles M. Riley, Corp., enl. Aug. 20, 1862 ; hosp. steward May 28tli ; disch. May 28, 1866. Charles S. Padgett, Corp., enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; disch. July 13, 1864, wounds I received in action. Joseph B. Husted, Corp., enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; disch. disability Oct. 24, 1863. William H. Berry, musician, enl. Aug. 16, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bes. Corps March 20, 1865 ; disch. Sept. 24, 1865. John Evans, musician, enl. Aug. 20, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Henry 0. Lore, wagoner, enl. Aug. 8, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Timothy Bateman, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; corp. Oct. 1, 1863 ; sergt. Sept. 23, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. William H. Bennet, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; corp. July 1, 1864; must, out June 4, 1865. John B. Bonham, enl. Aug. 11 , 1862 ; disch. disability May 16, 1863. 80 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. JunathaD Bovdeu, enl, Aug, 7, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Heory If. Bradford, enl. Aug. 13, 1S62 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Amos S. Burt, enl. Aug 9, 1862 ; Corp. Sept. 1, 1864; must, out June 4, 1865. Samuel Bramble, enl. Dec. 12, 1863 ; corp. June 5, 1865 ; must, out July 16, 1865. Henry Campbell, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Samuel Carey, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; died May 5, 1864, of wounds received in action at Wilderness, Ya. Albert F. Carll, enl. July 26, 1862 ; must, out June 12, 1866. Daniel H, Carman, enl. Aug. 7, 1862; died July 3, 1863, of wounds re- ceived in action. Jacob W. Carter, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; killed in action, May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. Robert G. Clark, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Reeves Cutler, enl. Aug. 7, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Simon W. Creamer, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; killed in action, July 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa. "Willittm Craig, enl. Sept. 3, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Anderson Davis, enl. July 31, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. William H. Dickerson, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Henry D. Siiflield, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Hes. Corps April 24, 1866; disch. July 14, 1865. Abraham Facemire, enl. Aug, 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Robert P. FisliT, enl. Aug. 12, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Edgar M. Fitliian, enl. Aug. 14, 1862; discb. June U, 1865. Thomas C. Galloway, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; died Aug. 28, 1864. Josiah Garrison, enl. Aug. 14, 1862; disch. disability Dec. 11, 1863. John Garrison, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Horace B. Garten, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; died June 3, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Joseph H. Gaunt, enl. Aug. 9, 1862; died April 20, 1865. Henry W.Gaskell, enl. Aug. 8, 1862; corp. Feb! 14,1863; let sergt. Sept. 1, 1864 ; 1st lieut. Sept. IS, 1864 ; must, out July 15, 1866. Thomas S. Green, enl. July 25, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. William H. Greenly, enl. Aug. 8, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Bea. Corps Jan. 21, 1865 ; disch. June 26, 1865. Edward C. Hall, enl. Aug 9, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Daniel B. Harris, enl. Aug. 19, 1862 ; trans, to Signal Corps March 1, 1864; disch. June 24, 1865. George A. Harris, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; disch. May 31, 1864, wounds re- ceived iu action. William D. Hendrickson, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; died July 23, 1863. George H. Horner, enl. Aug. 11, 1863 ; must, out July 31, 1865. Nathaniel H. Horner, enl, Aug. 11, 1862; died June 4, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Henry Howell, enl. Aug. 9,1862 ; died March 23, 1863. Francis Husted, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; died Dec. 19, 1862. Jeremiah Husted, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Maritz Isell, enl. July 26, 1862 ; disch. disability Aug. 10, 1864. Isaac F. Jerrell, enl. Aug. 2, 1862 ; diach, disability Dec, 11, 1863, Absalom Jordan, enl, Aug, 11, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Jacob Keyport, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; diach. disability Oct. 17, 1863. Thomas K. Kemp, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; diach. disability May 30, 1863. George Lawa, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; corp. July 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Charles Livingstone, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; died May 14, 1864, of wounds received iu action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va. Justus H. Livingstone, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; corp. Sept, 1, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. John Maxwell, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. George McHenry, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; corp. Feb. 22, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Lorenzo V. Messec, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; diach. diaability March 12, 1863. John 0. Miller, enl. Dec. 19,1863 ; must, out July 15, 1866. Butler Kewcomb, enl. Aug. 9, 1862; corp, Sept. 23,1864; must, out June 4, 1865. Edwin M. Pladgett, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; Corp. April 1, 1864; aergt. Feb. 2>, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Samuel K. Payne, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; disch. disability Oct. 3, 1863. Thomas H. Pancoaat, enl. Aug. 9, 1862; must, out June 4, 1865. Charles 0. Powell, enl. Aug. 5, 1862 ; killed in action. May 5, 1864, at Wil- derness, Va. Hiram Pew, enl. Aug. 2, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. James Rinear, enl. Aug. 11, 1862; muat. out June 4, 1865. Aaa A. F. Randolph, enl. Aug. 13, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 15, 1864; disch. Aug. 5, 1864. Richard F. Randolph, enl. Aug. 6, 1862 ; trans, to Yet. Res. Corps Jan. 10, 1865; disch. June 28,1865. Charles 0. P. Riley, enl. July 24, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Jeremiah Boray, enl, Aug, 9, 1862; trans, to Yet. Res, Corps April 14, 1865; diach. July 7, 1865, Ethan E, Swinney, enl. Feb. 6, 1865,; muat. out July 15, 1866, William M. Seeley, enl, July 28, 1862 ; muat, out June 4, 1865, Daniel Simpkina, enl. Aug. 4, 1862 ; diach, disability Sept. 23, 1863. Charles H, Simpkina, enl, July 31, 1862; killed in action May5,1864,At Wilderneaa, Va. Josiah F, Smith, enl. Aug. 9, 1862; disch. disability 14, 1863, Charles L, Sockwell, enl. Aug. 14, 1862 ; must, out June 28, 1865, Henry S. Sockwell, enl. Aug. 14, 1862 ; killed in action July 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Pa, Bloomfleld Spencer, enl, Aug. 7, 1862 ; disch, disability Doc, 18, 1863. Edward M. Steward, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; muat. out June 4, 1865. Samuel S. Sutton, enl. Aug. 2, 1862; died June 8, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action at Cold Harbor, Va. Charles E. Smith, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; corp. Sept. 1, 1863 ; killed in action ^ May 26, 1864, at North Anna Eiver, Va. Theophilua Sutton, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; died Oct. 28, 1864, a priaoner of war. John G. Swinney, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; must, out May 22, 1865. Samuel Tomlinaon, enl. Aug. 11, 1862 ; muat. out June 4, 1865. George S. Tindall, enl. Aug. 12, 1862 ; trana. to Vet. Bea. Corps Nov. 15, 1863 ; disch. June 28, 1866. William H. Vaughn, enl. Aug. 9, 1862 ; disch. diaability Dec. 31, 1862, Henry Walker, enl. Aug. 7, 1862 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps July 1, 1863 ; disch. Nov, 24, 1865, William H, B, Ward, enl, Aug, 11, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Elmer M. West, enl, Aug, 16, 1862 ; disch, disability April 8, 1863. Jamea P. Williams, enl, Aug, 19, 1862; corp. Sept. 1, 1863; lat sergt, Sept. 23, 1864; 1st lieut, Co, G Jan. 3, 1865. CHAPTER XVI. CIVIL WAR.— ( Continued.) SIXTEENTH, TWENTY-FOURTH, AND TWENTY-FIFTH REGI- MENTS. First Cavalry, Sixteenth Regiment.— The First Cavalry contained about forty men from Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland Counties, of which number three-fourths were from Salem County, and most of these in Company E. The regiment was raised in August, 1861, mainly by Hon. William Halsted, who was its first colonel. He was then near seventy years of age, and his mili- tary career, which continued about six months, was not successful. He was succeeded in February, 1862, by Col. Sir Percy Wyndham, under whose command the regi- ment soon assumed a condition of efficiency ; and in April it entered upon active service, which it con- tinued till the close of its term. In June, 1863, many of the men re-enlisted for three years or during the war, and its organization and active service were continued to the end. The service of this regiment was, like that of all cavalry regiments, different from that of infantry. In addition to participating in pitched battles, patrol- ing, scouting, raiding, harassing the flanks and rear of a retreating enemy, or impeding the march of an advancing column, and all service in which celerity GENERAL HISTORY. 81 of movement is essential, must necessarily be per- formed by mounted soldiers ; and they are, therefore, oftener in action than those of any other branch of the service. During the winter season, while bodies of infantry and batteries of artillery are established in their winter quarters, squadrons and detachments of cavalry are required to be constantly on the alert, to scour the country, and prevent surprises, or to harass the enemy by frequent raids and sudden at- tacks on exposed positions. In such operations the First New Jersey Cavalry was engaged, and the record, in the adjutant-general's oflSce, of ninety- seven engagements in which it participated, is evi- dence of the fact that its members were never in danger of "spoiling for a fight.'' The tattered flag that was carried in ninety-two of the ninety-seven engagements of this regiment is now in the adjutant- general's oflBce at Trenton. SIXTEENTH KBGIMENT. Glotjcestee County. Company A. Isaac B. Zanes, enl. Aug. 5, 1S61. Company D. Thomas 6. Ireland, Corp., enl. Aug. 16, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1864. Charles F. Thompson, enl. Aug. 22, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864; regt'l q.m.-sergt. Oct. 18, 1864. Company E. Thomas H. Locke, enl. Aug. 27, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1861. Salkm County. Company B. WiUiam Brevier, enl. Dec. 30, 186.1. Jacob Moore, enl. Oct. 16, 1861 ; disch. disability Nov. 12, 1862. CoTnpmiy H. Thonms Gordon, enl. Aug. 14, 1861. Company E. Captain, John W. Kester; First Lieutenant, Fatten F. Yorke; Second Lieutenant, Francis B. Allibone. Han-y Jones, enl. Jan. 12, 1862 ; 1st sergt. Aug. 9, 1861 ; 2d lieut. Co. B Oct. 27, 1861 ; 1st lieut. Co. E ; trans, to Co. M. Edward E. Jameson, enl. Aug. 13, 1861; 1st sergt. Jan. 12, 1862; 2d lieut. Co. D Oct. 8, 1862. . Edward L. Williams, sergt., enl. Aug. 13, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1864. Timothy L. Middleton, sergt., enl. Aug. 28, 1861; disch. disability Nov. 29, 1862. David S. Bair, Corp., enl. Aug. 13, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 30, 1864. Isaac Dilks, wagoner, enl. Aug. 11, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1864. William H. Barnhart, bugler, enl. Sept. 2, 1861 ; chief bugler 3d Batt. Feb. 19, 1862. Josiah F. Eastlack, enl. Aug. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; corp. July 6, 1865 ; must, out July 24, 1866. Ephraim B. Fithian, enl. Aug. 11, 1861 ; disch, disability Oct. 30, 1862; re-enl. Sept. 5, 1864 ; must, out June 12, 1866. Amariah Foster, enl. Aug. 18, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864; trans, to Vet. Ees. Corps April 14, 1865 ; disch. Aug. 1, 1866. Bernard Goodbrcad, enl. Aug. 13, 1861; died Feb. 1, 1863. John S. Griffith, enl. Aug. 23, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864; corp. Jan. 16, 1864; must, out July 24, 1864. Bernard Gafloey, enl. Dec. 28, 1863 ; must, out July 24, 1866. Andrew Hill, enl. Aug. 11, 1861 ; disch. disability Jan. 30, 1864. Charles D. Lamblack, enl. Aug. 19, 1861; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1866. John Marshall, enl. Aug. 31, 1861 ; corp. April 16, 1862 ; disch. Sept. 5, 1862, wounds received in action. William Nnneviler, enl. Aug. 16, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864; must, out July 24, 1866. H George T. Poulson, enl. Aug. 3, 1861; killed in action June 9, 1863, at Brandy Station, Va. Smith Robinson, enl. March 14, 1862; disch. disability March 12, 1863. Henry Bash, enl, Aug. 16, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1865. John Shields, enl. Aug, 24, 1861 ; corp. Nov. 1, 1862; sergt. May 1, 1863; re-enl. Feb. 1, 1864 ; 2d lieut. July 18, 1865 ; must, out .Inly 24, 1866. Joseph B. Sharp, enl. Aug. 14, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1866. George W. Steward, enl. Aug. 11, 1861; sergt, Nov, 1, 1862; re-enl, Feb. 1, 1864; let sergt. Dec. 11, 1864; received medal of honor from Sec- retary of War for gallantry ; must, out July 24, 1865. Enoch F. Sheppard, enl. Aug. 11, 1861 ; must. out. Sept. 16, 1864. Augustus W. Tallksdorf, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; disch. Nov, 1, 1862, to join regular army, Frederick Trullender, enl, Aug, 11, 1861 ; re-enl, Jan, 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1866, Charles H, Wendel, bugler, Aug. 26, 1861; chief bugler Aug. 27, 1861. Cumberland County. Company A. Henry Laugley, enl. Feb. 27, 1864; died Jan. 6, 1866. Company C, Carpenter Coombs, enl. Dec. 31, 1863. Company D, Daniel E. Hogbin, enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1866. Albert Jaggers, enl. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out July 24, 1865. Company E. Michael Clement, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; re-enl. Feb. 4, 1864; farrier July 5, 1865 ; must, out July 24, 1865. Theodore L. Clement, enl. Aug. 17,1861; corp. Sept, 23,1863; re-enl. Feb. 21, 1864 ; sergt. June 1, 1866 ; must, out July 24, 1866, Maskell C. Beeves, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 16, 1864. Twenty-fourth Regiment.— The following sketch of this regiment is taken mainly from Foster's "New Jersey and the Rebellion." " The Twenty-fourth Regiment was mustered into the United States service at Camp Cadwallader, Bev- erly, on the 16th of September, 1862. Four compa- nies of the regiment, B, F, G, and H, were from the county of Cumberland ; three. A, C, and K, from Salem ; and one, E, and part of D and I, from Gloucester, and the remaining men of the two latter companies from Camden. Of the members of Com- pany B, about an equal number were enlisted from the city and township of Millville and the township of Maurice River. Of Company F, the city of Bridge- ton furnished about thirty, the township of Green- wich fifteen, while the remainder, with the exception of one from Deerfield, were equally divided between Hopewell and Downe. Of Company G not less than twenty were from Bridgeton, thirty from Deerfield, ten from Stow Creek, while the rest hailed from Downe. Company H, officered exclusively by Bridge- ton men, comprised about seventy-five from the city of Bridgeton, while the remainder were from Hope- well, Deerfield, and Stow Creek. In Companies A and C there were a large number of men from the city of Salem ; the surrounding townships, however, were nearly all represented in them, and also in Com- pany K. Company E comprised men principally from Woodbury, Paulsboro and the upper townships of Gloucester ; Company D had men from Camden, Gloucester City, and Glassboro; and Company I, niSTOUY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. mainly from Clayton township, in Gloucester County, and several of the townships of Camden County." The regiment was originally ofBcered as follows: Field and Sio^.— Colonel, William B. Bobertaon ; LieutenantColouel, Franklin L. Knight ; Major, Joel A. Fithian ; Adjutant, Thomas T. a. Cooper ; Qnartormaoter, Samuel E. Fithian ; Surgeon, William S. Newell ; Assistant Surgeons, Alban Williams, Thomas G. Rowand ; Chaplain, William C. Stockton, iine.— Company A,— Captain, How- ard Basset ; First Lieutenant, Milton Wright ; Second Lieutenant, William N. Hancock. Company B,— Captain, George B. Dunlap; First Lieutenant, James Smith ; Second Lieutenant, B. Keed Brown. Company C, — Captain, John T. Garwood ; First Lieutenant, Thomas Simpkins ; Second Lieutenant, Jonathan E. Moore. Company D,— Captain, Aaron Ward ; First Lieutenant, David W. Bartine; Second Lieutenant, George D. Brittain. Company E,— Captain, Augustus Sailer; First Lieutenant, Edward C. Cattell; Second Lieutenant, Charles W. Wilkins. Company F,— Captain, Samuel Harris ; First Lieutenant, Elijah Husted ; Second Lieutenant, William B. Pepper. Company G, — Captain, Jas. It. Hoagland ; First Lieutenant, Charles M. Pease ; Second Lieutenant, Robert B. Potter. Company H, — Cap- tain, Henry Neff; First Lieutenant, Alexander L. Robeson ; Second Lieutenant, James J. Reeves. Company I, — Captain, William 0. Shinn; First Lieutenant, John 0. CrowoU; Second Lieutenant, James S. Woodward. Company K, — Captain, John S.Locke; First Lieutenant, Daniel Brown ; Second Lieutenant, James P. Butler. The regiment was armed with Belgian rifles, and on the 30th of September left for Washington via Philadelphia and Baltimore, at both of which places the men were entertained in the Union refreshment- rooms. The regiment reached Washington on the morning of October 2d, and encamped on East Capitol Hill. It was here temporarily brigaded with the Twenty-second, Twenty-ninth, and Thirty-first New Jersey Regiments, under Gen. Abercrombie ; but about two weeks later it moved into Virginia, and was brigaded with the Twenty-eighth New Jer- sey and the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Penn- sylvania Regiments. Aside from drill and light fatigue and picket duty, the regiment remained com- paratively idle till December 1st, when it broke camp and marched for Falmouth. Acquia Creek was crossed in a storm of snow and sleet, on a steamer and canal- boats. After a day or two of uncomfortable camping in the mud it went on to Falmouth, where it was per- manently brigaded, with five other regiments, under Brig.-Gen. Kimball, in Gen. French's division. Second Army Corps. The regiment participated in the bat- tle of Fredericksburg, but was not actively engaged till the 13th of December, when, with its division, it made a gallant and valiant, though unsuccessful, charge on the enemy's works. In this charge the loss of the Twenty-fourth was as follows : Company A, killed 2, wounded 13; Company B, killed 3, wounded 15; Company 0, wounded 16, missing 5; Company D, killed 3, wounded 12, missing 3; Com- pany E, killed 2, wounded 4, missing 7 ; Company F, killed 1, wounded 6, missing 5; Company G, killed 2, wounded 20, missing 3; Company H, killed 1, wounded 5, missing 2; Company I, killed 2, wounded 16, missing 1; Company K, wounded 8, missing 3; total, 160. Many of those reported as wounded subsequently died, and of those reported missing many were never again heard from. Space will not permit a detailed mention of the many instances of special gallantry in this engage- ment. It is but simple justice, however, to say that the conduct of the men was such as to reflect credit on the character of the New Jersey citizen soldiery. The conduct of the non-combatant ofiicers — the chap- lain and surgeons— in their assiduous care of the wounded, during and after the battle, was highly commended. On the 15th the regiment returned to its camp, having lost most of its blankets and shelter-tents in the action. The fatigue and exposure to which the men were subjected occasioned much sickness, and ou the 30th of December only thirteen oflScers and two hun- dred and seventy men were reported for duty. During the month of January, 1863, the regiment was only engaged in the ordinary routine of camp duties, without participation in Gen. Burnside's " mud march." On the 20th of February it removed to a more comfortable camp, which, in honor of its colonel, was named Camp Robertson, and during some weeks it did picket duty along the Rappahan- nock, opposite Fredericksburg. The headquarters of the picket-line of all the regiments were in a fine old mansion called the Lacy House, the owner of which was a colonel in the rebel army. The head- quarters of the Sanitary Commission were also in this house, and the ladies of this and the Christian Commission held daily evening prayer-meetings in one of the rooms. At this camp a limited number of visitors was allowed, and a reasonable number of ten-days' furloughs was.granted. Packages of neces- saries and luxuries from individuals and from ladies' aid societies at home were almost daily received, and thus to some extent home comforts as well as the so- ciety of home friends were enjoyed by the men. The following note in the diary of an oflicer relates to a memorable incident that occurred in the regi- ment: " Thursday, April Sid, was^an eventful day in camp. Copies of the infamous ' Peace ResolutionB\ passed by the New Jersey Legislature, having been received and pretty generally read, tlie soldiers of the Twenty-fourth assembled in convention, and unanimously passed a series of resolutions severely condemning the action of the Legislature. Speeches were made by CoL W. B. Robertson, Chaplain Stockton, Sur- geon W. L. Newell, Capt. R. S. Thompson, and Lieut. W. E. Potter, of the Twelfth New Jersey, and Lieuts. C. W. Wilkins, D. W. Bartine, and J. J. Reeves. This was one of the finest meetings ever held in the Army of the Potomac." With the return of spring came the resumption of active service. On the 28th of April the regiment, with the rest of the brigade, broke camp, cro.ssed the Rappahannock, and, after waiting two or three days, marched to a point near Chancel lorsville. While the preliminary fighting and skirmishing of this battle were going on the Twenty-fourth, with its brigade, was held in reserve. On the 3d of May, however, it became engaged, and for hours was exposed to an incessant storm of shells. A charge was finally made on the front and flank of the brigade, com- (Jli^ ^ /Ttrifu^ GENERAL HISTOKY. 83 pelling it to retire to where heavy guns protected it from further assault. The loss of the regiment in this action in killed, wounded, and missing did not exceed forty. After this battle the regiment returned to its old camp, where picket duty was resumed, and continued till it was ordered to Washington. " Proceeding thence to Beverly, in due time the regiment was mustered out of the service, and the men were paid off and returned to their homes. At Bridgeton, Salem, Millville, and elsewhere, public receptions were tendered to the home-coming com- panies, and so, amid the salutations and rejoicings of friends and kindred, the soldiers of the Twenty- fourth, having faithfully discharged their duty on every field to which they were called, dropped con- tentedly into the old paths, and occupied once more the places they had filled before their feet turned battleward. Alexandeb Lewden Robeson. — The great grand- father of the subject of this biographical sketch was William Robeson, who emigrated from Ireland to America before the war of the Revolution, in which he participated, and held the rank of major. His son, Alexander, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Lewden, a gentleman of Welsh descent, and had among his children a son, John Lewden, the father of Alexander Lewden. He was married to Mary Janvier, daughter of Thomas and Mercy Janvier, of New Castle, Del. Their second son, Alexander Lew- den, was born Feb. 6, 1834, in the village of New- port, Del., and at a very early age removed to Wil- mington, in the same State, where he received a lib- eral education at private schools. During the year 1851 he removed to Bridgeton, N. J., and entered the counting-room of the Cumberland Nail and Iron Works as clerk. Later he engaged in the lumber and hardware business, having formed a copartnership with D. B. Whitaker and the late Isaac A. Sheppard, under the firm-name of Whitaker, Robeson & Co. Though a successful business was established, he soon embraced a more favorable opportunity for advance- ment, and severing his relation with this firm he formed a business connection with James L. Whita- ker, of the same place, under the firm-name of Robe- son & Whitaker, who together established a large wholesale and retail drug- and stationery-store on East Commerce Street. While on the threshold of commercial prosperity, the patriotic ardor of Mr. Robeson was thoroughly aroused by the appeal of the country for additional troops during the late civil war, and, severing both business and social ties, he resolved to tender his services for the conflict. Early in 1861, having announced his intention of forming a company of volunteers, he associated with him James J. Reeves, Esq., his brother-in-law, whose office was opened for recruiting purposes. The rapid enrollment of this company, which was formed in thirty-six hours, and many of the members of which were from the iron-works and other manufacturing establishments of the city, was largely due to the great personal popularity of Lieut. Robeson. The military career of this gallant officer was of short duration. The Twenty-fourth New Jersey Regiment, to which his company belonged, was early called into the conflict, and being brigaded with several other regiments under the charge of Brig.-Gen. Kimball, French's division. Second Corps, was the first to make the attack upon the batteries and rifle-pits of the enemy in the rear of Fredericksburg on the eventful 13th of December, 1862. The firing of the enemy ceased at nightfall, and not until then could assistance be afibrded or any attempt made to ascertain the num- ber of the dead. And even then, though the night was spent in diligent search for friends supposed to be among the wounded or slain, many remained from whom no tidings could be obtained, and of them it could only be said that they were " missing." Among those thus recorded was Lieut. Robeson. Having the charge of his company in the captain's absence, he bravely led them forward never to return. Though a faithful and oft-repeated search was made for him no tidings were received, nor has any positive intelli- gence since been transmitted concerning him. The members' of his company loved him as a brother, and his men were equally dear to him. He looked faith- fully after their wants and sympathized with them unfailingly in all their suflerings. He was especially endeared to his fellow-officers, who esteemed him for his intelligence and excellent judgment, and loved him for his virtues and exemplary Christian character. Mr. Robeson possessed, in a rare degree, the elements of popularity, and among the young business men of South Jersey few, if any, surpassed him in general intelligence and business sagacity. He was prompt, efficient, systematic, courteous, generous, faithful, and true. As an evidence of the esteem in which he was held by his comrades in the army the members of the order known as the Grand Army of the Republic, having their organization in Bridgeton, named their post in honor of him, — the '' A. L. Robeson Post, No. 42, G. A. R." Lieut. Robeson was married, Sept. 26, 1854, to Miss Martha, daughter of Johnson Reeves, of Bridgeton, N. J. Three children were born to them, two of whom (a son Francis and a daughter Mary Elizabeth) died in the spring of 1871. One son, John Lewden Robeson, still lives, and is a member of the firm of Fithian & Robeson, florists and seedsmen, of Bridge- ton, N. J. TWENTT-rODRTH EIGIMENT. Glodcbbter County. Staff, William 0. Stockton. Company B, John G. Stout. Company D. Captain, Aaron Ward; First Lieutenant, David W. Bartine; Second Lieutenants, George D. Brittuu, Samuel II. Deal ; Sergeants, Frank- 84 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. lin T. Homau, Cooper Wiltsey, John H. Smith (died), George H. Lawson ; Curporals, BeDJamin Dilks, William Carney, Cornelius "W. Strangt Thomas N. Zimmernlan, Samuel £. Clark, Alphonso T. Chew ; Musicians, Richard S. Lutz, Matthias M. Chew. PrivcUee. John C. Atkinson. Theodore Allen. Joseph D. Bates. Hiram D. Beckett. Andrew W. Berry. William H. Chew. Abraham Camp. Charles F. Dilks. Dana L. Dunbar (died). Charles H. Davis (died), Frederick Densbeck. Henry B. Dickinson. Martin T. Hains. William Hains. Benjamin Hoffman. John M. Holston. Samuel Haywood. Hiram Hufsey. Nathan Hammond. Jonathan K. Henry (died). Jonas T. Jackson (died). Leonard Knorr. Samuel Leddon. Samuel Longstreth. George McClernan (died). Alexander Murray. William Mason. Sheppard Rossell. George Beckelcomb. John Beckelcomb. Abraham L. Sharp. Sylvester Sharp. Samuel Taylor (died). Bobert W. Turner (died). Benjamin F. Turner. James Turner. Isaac M. Turner. Theodore F. Worth (died). Uriah Wilson. John F. Wolf. William J. Wolf. John K. Walters. Company E. Captain, Augustus Sailer ; First Lieutenant, Edward C. Cattell ; Second Lieutenant, Charles W. Wilkins; Sergeants, Samuel H. Deal, Wil- liam N. Hewitt, George W. Bailey, Henry C. England, Nathan Paul, Isaac J. Cowgill ; Corporals, W. Thackara Cozens, Isaac L. Fowler, Robert W. Hughes, Clark B. Tomlin, Charles W. Clement, Benjamin F. Stetser, John L. Huff, John B. Simmons, Luke Beeves (died), John Sinclair, John W. Gaskill, Charles Farr, George W. Hannold. Privates. Harrison T. Adnms. William £. Atkinson. John H, Boody. Enos W. Bates. Joseph T. Bates (died). Charles H. Bacon. Joseph B. Bailey. Edward H. Cooper. Hanson S. Cooper. Coleman Ciirren. George W. Cattell. Charles Cowgill. Thomas G. Casperson. William H. Dilks. Bichard D. Davis. George Y. Davis. Arthur P. Ellis (died). Andrew Eisile. Chester Green. Daniel S. Groff. John Gallagher. William Gold. Charles G. Garrison. Johu W, Hanijold. Williiim C. Huflf. Edward P. Hall. James H. Hughes. Charles Hood. Amuriah Hollis. John H. Ireland. Jobn L. Jordan. Bichard Jones (died). Barclay D. Kelly. John Keller. Samuel L. G. Murphy. Joseph W. Miller. John Mnpes. Benjamin F. Murray. Isaiah W. Magee. Lawrence B. Nuss. Frederick P. Neil. George Onens. J. Alexander Packer (died). William Pettit. Fithlan Parker. William Bandless. John W. Randless. Henry Bamsey. Edward Bussell. John Beed. William S. Bichardson. William Rambo. William C. Sparks. William D. Sheets. David H. Sparks. Charles W. Stevens. Joseph T. String. Jeremiah J. Snethen. William B. Fussey. William T. Thomson. Martin H. Tanner. Joseph W. Tomlin. John W. Tonkin. John E. Touser. Edward Tallman. William T. Tarpia. Bufus C. Thomson. James H. Vanneman. Charles S. Warner. George W. Warner. Joseph C. D. Williams. Jehu T. Wood. Aaron Wilkins. William W. WoUard. Charles Weiley. John Wood. William Yerricks. Company I. Captain, William C. Shinn; First Lieutenants, John 0. Crowell, James S.Woodward; Second Lieutenant, Henry S. Spaulding; Corporals, Bobert C. Farvin, James McClernand, Jacob N. Nelson; Sergeant. Thomas Law. Privatea. Nathaniel 0. Ganely (corp.). Elijah Porch, John W. Adams. Levi H. Atkinson. James Biggs. Joseph H. Button. Henderson S. Biggs. John S. Beckett. Lawrence E. Cake (died). Nathan Comer. Adrian Clunn. Joseph E. Comer. George Conly. Ambrose P. Clark. William Chew, Jr. Eli Craig. Lamer M. Daniels (died). John W. Downs. Abraham C. Dilks. Thomas Gibbs. William E. Uagerman, Jr. Henry H. Hughes. William Jagers. James C. Jones. Isaac P. Johnson. Conrad Krantz, John Maskall. Paul en Nelson. Daniel Oshorn (musician). Oliver Ogden. William B. Parks. George Parks. John Bidgway. Ephraim C. Bichmond. David Bile. Israel Stiles. George J. Stuart. Christian L. Sharp, John W. Saul. Charles Scott. Ely Simpkins (died). George C. Saul. Philip G. Simpkins. Charles Trapper. Levi B. Tice. Isaac T. Vanneman. John F. Walker. Eli Wilson. Jacob Weiss. GoTivpany K. Lemuel T.Hendrickson (corp.). Thomas R. Dyer (corp.), William Catling. James Farrell. William Guest. Jacob Hughes. Clarkson Ogden. Garrison Shute. John C. Shibler. Nathan C, Taylor. Salem Countt. Company A. Captain, Howard Bassett; First Lieutenant, Milton Wright; Second Lieutenants, William N. Hancock, William B. Thompson ; Ser- geants, Robert B. Sellers, John G. Holme, George W. Sheppard, George B. Grier, Samuel D. Smith ; Corporals, Charles M. Bisbing, James L. Summerville, Samuel Mills, Levi Kelly (died), Jonathan Fithian Smith, Jonathan H. Dunn, Edwin C. Batisett, John Chap- man, James H. Glass, William L. Layton, Robert J. Summerville. PHvales. James Ale, Henry B. Ayers. Enos Ayers. Charles E. Baker. Clement Bellinger. Moses R. Banks. Charles Banks. Benjamin Bell. Isaiah Bell. Morris Bennet. John H. Boone. John Bray ton. Gideon P. Butler. Richard Carl. Henry Donaldson. Harrison W. Davis, Bichard Emerson. Williaui Fisher. James G. Fisher. John H. Fogg. Joseph Fox. Matthias B. Friant. EphrHim EI. Friant. Bernard Gaffney. Bobert F. Groscup. William T. Groscup. Daniel F. Hancock. Lorenzo Hoffman. Thomas Jones. James J. Jaquett (died). Powell Jaquett (died). Francis Jaquett. Michael Kates. Edward H. Keen. Thomas P. Lewis. George Loper. Josiah Magill. Fenwick Merron. Stacy F. Moore. Jacob Nixon. David S. Nixon. Bobert B. Noble. Abner Patrick. Joseph S. Peachey. John W. Peachey (died). Daniel C. Peterson. Isaac Bidgway. William F. Bipley. John K. Seagraves. Thomas J. Seeley. Elmer Simpkius. Dayton P. Simpkins Jonathan J. Simpkins. Jonathan Sharp. GENEKAL HISTORY. 85 William M. Sheppard. laaac Sheets. Stephen Smith. David r. Starts. Jonathan K. Stiles. Edward Stretch. James Stanton. Benjamin P. Smith. Daniel Taylor. Samuel J. Thomas, Joseph Thompson. Joshua P. Thompson. Ephraim TonkinB. Calvin G. Turner. George P. Walker. Samuel Watson. Benjamin T. Willis. David Williamson. Joseph L. Wright. James Zanes. Gompany C. Captains, John T. Garwood, Thomas T. Simpkins; First Lieutenant, William N. Hancock; Second Lieutenants, Jonathan E. Mdore, William B. Willis; Sergeants, Samuel P. Thompson, William A. Miller, Henry N. Mulford, Charles Johnson, Charles Watson, Thomas Mapes; Corporals, Elijah Wheaton, Abraham Proud, William L. Williams, Richard W. Vaneman, William L. Lippincott, John Bil- derback, Joseph S. Bradway, David S.Walker, Albert P. Moore; Pemberton Peirce, musician. William B. Bacon. George W, Boltinghouse. Aaron Brandiff. Thomas Bates (died). Thomas Bowen (died). John F. Baker. James Buck, Jr. ' Charles Bradway. John S. Burch. Thomas L. Brown. George W. Beckett. Robert W. Conover, George H. Casperson, Charles P. Cole. Alfred J. Cheeseman. Benjamin T. Collins (died). Robert F. Campbell. Joseph Champion. John H. Collins. John N. Davis. Edward S. Davis. Peter Davis. Richard Duody. William J. Dilks (died). George Eldridge. William Emmet. Thomas Evans, Jr. David Fisher. Benjamin Hewitt, Jr. (died). Charles Hannah. Abner D. Hymers. William F. Harris. James H. James. Jesse S. Keeper. Gottlieb Lindenberger. Jose[)h Lummis. Thomas Lippincott. John R. Loveland. John Miller. Richard Marshall. Richard McPherson. Richard Miller. William McNichols. John Miller, Jr. John Nickerson, Jr. Aaron Nickerson. William S. Palmer. Stephen H. Park. William Peacock (died), Simon Paydon. Joel Pedrick. Samuel K. Reed. Edgar Reeves. Charles B. Roork. Maskell E, Robinson. Steward Spears. Samuel R. Stratton (died). Samuel Stiner. William Souder. Jonathan E. Smith. John Sanderlin, Jr. John Smith. David Simpkins. George Simpkins. John W. Simpkins. Smith Simpkins. Noah Sheppard (died). Edward J. Simms. Samuel P. Shimp. Aniey Sutton. Richard Sutton. Robert Ferry. James C. Turpin. Jonathan Vincent. "^ William H. H. Wheaton. Hugh White (died). Adam Wentzell. William Yapp. Compcmy D. James C. Abbott, William Abbott. Company K. Captain, Job u S. Locke ; First Lieutenant, Daniel Brown ; Second Lieu- tenant, James P. Butler; Sergeants, Samuel M. Denny, Hiram H. De Grofft, Charles Vanderslice, Edward Darlington, James G. Mur- phy, Joseph F. PoulBon; Corporals, James B. Given, William S. Hutchinson,, Toseph Pancoaat, Holmes Walling, Eli P. Bliss, John C. Shibler, William H. Stephens (died), Lemuel D. Harvey; Musicians, David Simpkins, George Pile, Jr. William F. Cullin (died). Joseph Cheeseman. Edward G. Dougherty. James F. Dalbow. Samuel E. Dalbow. Wesley Elliott. John Giblin. John Gray. Mark H. Guest. Benjamin Headley. Andrew T. Hughes, Jesse Holton. Samuel A. Holton. James W. Harker, William Holton. Allen Hunter. James Hutchinson. David Jess. Jacob G. Johnson. William Jordan. Adam Jess. Clark Kates. Patrick Kenney. James Kady (died). John S. Lloyd. James F. Layton. George H. McCuUough. Charles Munion. CUMBERLAND John Moore. Daniel Myers, James Moore. Joseph P. Myers. Henry M. Munion. John Metz. Daniel S. Owen (died). Ezra H. Peterson. Burrows Poulson. George Patten, Jr. George W. Pile. Shadrack Sparks. Benjamin Stiles (died). Isaac P. Simpkins. Davids, Shimp. Francis H. Shults. William A, Sack, Ezekiel Simpkins. Joseph K. Shultz, John Stiles, James D. Torton. Baker D. Tomlin. Nicholas Van Sunt. John P. Wiley. Charles Walling. John E. Wilson. John Walling. County. Privatee. George S. Barnett. John Biddle. William F. Borden. Aaron H. Biddle. Isaac P. Beach. George Cook. C(yim.pany A . Allen J. Ware, Corp. ; Charles E. Headley. Company B. Captains, George Dunlap, James Smith ; First Lieutenant, B. Reed Brown; Second Lieutenant, John Springer; Sert!;eants, George B. Langley, Henry S. Spaulding, John Rounds (died), Francis Hankins, Gilbert R. Heritage, Hiram B. Shaw, William H. Wills, Thomas S. Simmons; Corporals, Richard W. Vansant, John W. Simmons, Al- len S. Garrison, George Madden, Jacob B, Kates, Joseph Girard, William D. Jackson, Franklin Appleby, Enoch Laird, ■: Scholes, Joshua Corson, Loren Russ (died) ; Musicians, Isaiah E. Johnson, Henry H. Mayhew. Henry Adler (died). Alexander Anderson. Frederick Blint. John H, Boody. Samuel F. Baird. Francis L. Batchelder. Isaac H, Beakley, Joseph Camp. Edward 0. Champion. William J, Carlisle. Jesse Cassaboom. David Crawford. Benjamin Cassaboom. Jacob F. Cake. John W. Carman. George Donnelly. Isaac W. Downs. Randolph Edwards. Oscar B, Eastlack. Jesse Ford, Thomas H. Gifford. John Gi inland. John Garrison, Jr. Nicholas Gunder. James Gibson (died). John Hess, William F. Hogbin. Job Hess. John M, Henderson. Samuel Hess. James Hind ley. George F. Headley. Samuel H. Jones (died). Joseph E. James. Privates. Samuel Kears, John Matticks. John McGill. Calvin J. McMahan. George W. Messeck. Samuel Maines. John S. Orr. William W. Robinson. Henry Reeves (died). Ezekiel Simmons (died). John Stout. Lewis S, Sockwell. Edward Spence, Isaac S. Sheldon. William C. Shaw. A. L. Singers. Harvey T. Shaw. Jeremiah B. Shull, David D. Stites., Samuel Stokely. John R. Sapp. Job Sheppard. Andrew H, Thomlin. Benajfth H, Thompson (died). Dare Thompson. Asen Thompson, William Tinker (died), Benjamin F. Vannaman (died). Tan Hook Zingles. William Weiser. Levi Wilson. Lemuel G. Welch. John Webb. William Young. 86 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Company F. Captains, Samuel Harris, Elijah Huested ; Second Lieutenant, ■William B. Pepper ; Sergeants, Benjamin Hancock, Joseph S. Glaspey, Isaac L. Moore, David Garrison, James Stewart, Joseph P. Fithian; Cor- porals, William F. Demaris, Theodore F. Buck, Alphonso Dunham, Charles Haley, Joseph Shimp, Benjamin F. Ayres, Charles N. Wood- ruff, David D. Sheppard, George W. Pierson, William F. DuflSeld, Jesse B. McBride, James E. Logue, Charles Brown ; Musician, Samuel Humphries. Privates. Charles M. Alkire. Joseph H. C. Applegate. Jesse S. Adams. William S. Ackley. Charles F. Ackley. David Bowen. David M. Bowen. David G. Brooks. Daniel Brooks. Isaiah Boody. Edgar S. Brown. Jndson Bateman. Jonathan W. Bonham. Roger S- Crozier. James Craig. John D. Craig. Louis G. Clark. Charles R. Colter. Thomas Campbell. Albert Davis. Theodore A. Felmy. John Finley. Samuel Golder, Jr. Enos Graspell. Simon J. Garrison. Gharlefi F. Garrison (died). Peter German (died). Christopher Getsinger, Jeremiah Hann. Francis Husted. Edward R. Husted, James Harding. Henry F. Hutchinson. William M. Husted. Allen N. Harris. Samuel H. Jones. Joseph JefTiies. Isaac Lanning, Jr. David A, Long (died). Edwin J. Lee. Peter Ladow. Benjamin F. Ladow. Aaron Learning. Jesse McKee. John S. Miller. Daniel McHenry. John Murphy. William Moore. Isaac McPherson. Thomas McKuen. John N. Middleton. Andrew Maynes. Clarence D. Mayhew. Clement C. Moore. John McNichols. Major McDaniels. Charles H, Newcomb. John H. Orr. William J Orr (died), Oswald Patchell. Elihu R. Peterson. Edgar J. Riley. George G. Richmon. William P. Richards (died). William Reddon. Edgar Shute^ William B. Trout. Samuel P. Trout. Henry Vogle. William R. Vanmeter (died). John F. Wheaton. Isaiah P. Warren. Timothy Woodiuff. Thomas C. Weldon. Henry W. Warful, John L. Wilfong. Company G. Captain, James R. Hoagland; First Lieutenant, Charles M. Pease; Second Lieutenant, Robert B. Potter ; Sergeants, Francis M. Dubois, Henry R. Pierson, Jesse C. Davis, George M. Chester, William F, Brown, Thomas A. Harris, Thomas M. Barracliff ; Corporals, John Dubois, Japhet Hann, Israel L. Fish, Charles McDaniels, Dallas D. Haley, John W. Cobb, Robert Robinson, William Garrow, Jacob P. Cobb. Privates. Joseph Jagger. Albert B. Joties (died). Samuel Joslin. James Kain. Joseph L. Kincaid. Conrad Keefer. Levi F. Loper. "Valentine Maxner (died). John McConnell. Jeremiah P. Mills. Isaac Newcomb. Daniel K. Pearson. Nathan Pennington, Jr. David F.Randolph. Benjamin R. Rassinger. William H. Rowley. George E. William Seaman. Levi Sharp. Stacy Sloan. Smith StitcB. Albert Smith. Andrew B. Shimp. Jacob 0. Shinn (died). George Steelman. Daniel Turner. Job T. Tront. Hiram Trueland. William H. H. West. William H. White. Wallace Wriggins. Sheppard Westcott. John Wines, WillB. Comfpa/ny M. ^Japtain, Henry Neff ; First Lieutenant, Alexander L. Robeson (killed in action at Fredericksburg, Va.) ; Second Lieutenant, James J* Reeves; Sergeants, John H. Shreiner, Samuel M. Carll, James Mc- Cowan, William B. Smith, David S. Pedrick ; Corporals, Benjamin T. Bright, Daniel H. Neiplin, James Ewing, Charles H. Atmore, Alexander McGraw, Jesse D. Claypole, Jacob Ernest, James R. Sel- lers, William B. Elmer (died), Joseph M. Elwell (died), William G. Harris, George Fox (died) ; Musician, Ephraim R. Ayars. William Ackley. Charles P. Bacon. Lot Bacon (died). Lorenzo Bailey (died). John W. Blizzard. James Boyle. Aaron R. Broadway. William S. Brown. David M Carman. Ephraim Carman. Joshua Clark. Caleb Cobb. Alfred S. Cobb (died). Joseph D. Cobb. James Cornell. William S. Corson (died). John Danelbeck (died). Charles H. Dare. William C. Dare. Jeremiah A. Davis. Matthias Fox. Francis W. Gallager. Samuel Gallager. James H. Gandy. Jonathan C. Garrison. Nathan P. Gerls (died). Nelson Haley. Franklin £. Hand. Henry Harris. Frederick Heintz. Alfred Harris. John F. Heintz. Isaac Hunter. Charles R. Hopkins. William C. Hnsted (died). Henry Huster. Lorenzo D. Hutton. Daniel Jagger. PrivaX^. Samuel Ayars. Richard R. Ayars. Edward Ayars. Harris Brooks. Richard H. Brooks. William Bowers. William Howard Blew. George W. Burch (died). John D. Boone. Joseph C. Brooks. William E. Brooks. Isaac H. Bowen. William Bodine. Darius Bowen. Ephraim E. Buck. William M. Barnes. Thomas Bodine. Frederick Bowen. Samuel A. Carter. William S. Conklin. John Cake. James R. Cheeseman. George Cawman. William Campbell. Charles Dayton (died). Albert Dolton. Henry C. Deemer. Henry C. Dare. Jacob Elwell. John S. Ernest. Martin Edwards. David Edwards. Ambrose Fox. Benjamin Ford. James Gillen. William B. Gilman. Edward R. Gilman (died). Henry Griner. Benjamin N. Gibson. Jacob Garton. Francis M. Harris. Robert Huntsinger. Daniel Ireland. William Ireland. John G, Keyser. Christopher Laich. Martin Lodor. Joseph L. Mulford. Edward Mixner. David McGear (died). Robert Moucreif. Allen Mulford. Reuben Marryott. James Norton. Jacob Naglee. John B. Nieukirk. Solomon Overdorff. William A. Parvin. Charles Quicksall. Alexander Riggan (died). John Lenhart Rice. William Riley. Richard H. Rittig (died). Elmer Sheppard. James L, Stiles. Edward B. Simpkins. William E. Schuyler. John Sheppard. Thomas W. Sheppard. Stephen Shimp. Francis Seaman. Charles S. Sellei-s. William Smith. Enos D. Simpkins. Jehu Turney. George H. Whipple. Charles S. Wallen. William Harrison Woodruff. Abram Woodruff. George M. D. Woodruff. Twenty-fifth Regiment. — In this, which was a nine months' regiment, Cumberland County was rep- resented by one man in Company E, eleven men in Company F, nine in Company G, and nearly all the members of Company D. In its personnel the regi- GENEHAL HISTORY. 87 ment would compare favorably with any in the ser- vice. It arrived in Washington on the 11th of October, 1862, and was first made a part of Gen. Casey's divi- sion. Early in November it went to Fairfax Semi- nary, and on the 30th of that month marched for Falmouth, where it arrived on the 9th of December, and became a part of the Ninth Army Corps. In the battle of Fredericksburg it was closely engaged, and made an honorable record. After thia battle it remained in camp near Falmouth till March, 1863, when it proceeded to Su£folk, and encamped near the Dismal Swamp, where it remained about a month, when it engaged for a time in building roads and bridges. In the action near Suffulk, Va., May 3j 1862, the Twenty-fifth was again engaged, and to its gallantry was largely due the success of the day. A month later it was ordered home, and on the 20th of June it was mustered out of the service, at Beverly. In a special order, issued when the regi- ment left the field, Gen. Getty said, — " Since the regiment joined this dirisioD, last November, they have im- proved as soldiers with great rapidity ; from the most inexperienced they have become worthy to be ranked as veterans. Everything required of them has been performed cheerfully and well, and they return home with the proud consciousness of having done their duty." TWENTY-FIFTH REGIMENT. Cumberland County. Company B. Joseph Sallanger. -Com^x, enl. Aug. 28, 186:i ; must, out July 6, 1863. David Mack, enl. Aug. 31, 1863. Martin Pirman, enl. Aug. 21, 1863; disch. disability Sept. 24, 1864. William Wheeler, enl. Aug. 31, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Charles Willard, enl. Sept. 1, 1863. Israel Brown, sergt,, enl. Sept. 14, 1863 ; disch. disability July 18, 1866. William Abbott, enl. Sept. 14, 1863; died July 14, 1864. Joseph Arent, enl. Sept. 12, 1863 ; died July 15, 1864, at AndersonviUe, Ga. George W, Boody, enl. Sept. 14, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. James Blackburn, eul. Sept. 17, 1863; must, out Nov. 4, 1865. Edward D. Bertsler, enl. Sept. 6, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866, Peter Brandt, enl, Sept. 5, 1863. Hugo Brandt, enl. Sept. 14, 1863. John Cake, enl. Sept. 9, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Peter T. Campbell, enl. Sept. 19, 1863; disch. disability Feb. 6, 1864. Levi Caler, enl. Sept. 16, 1863. Michael Dambroucb, enl. Sept. 7, 1863. ^eorge W. Green, enl. Sept. 16, 1863; died July 1, 1864, of wounds re- ceived in action near Guntown, Miss. Charles Headley, Corp.. enl. Sept. 14, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Lewis Keller, blacksmith, enl. Sept, 8, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. William H. Muulon, enl. Sept. 9, 1864 ; must, out May 27, 1866. Charles T. F. Mayhew, enl. Sept. 14, 1863 ; died Aug. 15, 1864, Samuel S. Miller, enl. Sept. 14, 1863 ; died Aug. 4, 1864, at Anderson- viUe, Ga. Henry Nenstiel, enl. Sept. 14, 1863; died Nov. 20, 1864. Daniel Pierce, eul. Sept, 4, 1863 ; died April 22, 1864, William T. Phillips, enl. Sept. 3, 1863; Corp. Jan. 8, 1864; 1st sergt. March 16, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Co. D Sept. 20, 1864. Delaney Pugh, enl. Sept, 14, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Nathan Pawing, enl. Sept. 12, 1863 ; died July 25, 1865. George M. Pierce, enl. Sept. 11, 1863 ; must, out June 17, 1866. Jacob R. H. Seeds, enl. Sept. 10, 1863 ; killed accidentally Aug. 5, 1865. Theodore F. Walker, enl. Sept. 13, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Company K. Captain, Morris R. Stratton ; First Lieutenant, Frederick von Klitzing; Second Lieutenant, Lambert L. Mulford. Richard G. Hadley, sergt., enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; died Aug. 20, 1865. Frank A. Hill, sergt., enl, Aug. 21, 1863 ; wounded and missing at Oko- lona. Miss., Feb. 22, 1864, Charles Hawkesworth, Ist sergt , enl, Aug. 27, 1863 ; 2d lieut. Co. I Dec. 28, 1864 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Benjamin Smith, sergt., July 22, 1863 ; must, out June 23, 1865. Stacy F. Moore, sergt, enl. Aug. 23, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. James H. Glass, sergt., Aug. 22, 1863 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps March 6, 1864; disch. Oct. 19, 1865. Frederick Hadley, sergt., enl. Aug. 26, 1863; died Oct. 25, 1865. William Pease, Corp., enl. Aug. 21, 1863 ; died Dec. 23, 1864. William H. Peterson, Corp., enl. Aug. 17, 1863 ; sergt. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must. out Nov. 1, 1864. Chambless Applegate, Corp., enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; killed Dec. 28, 1864, at Egypt Station, Va. Isaac S. Cannon, corp,, enl. Aug. 19, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 14, 1866. Zenas P. Loughland, corp., enl. Aug. 24, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Maskell E. Robinson, Corp., enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; died Oct. 4, 1864. Joseph Bullinger, bugler, enl. July 21, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. William McNichols, enl. Aug. 15, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Burns Applegate, enl. Aug. 24, 1863 ; must, out June 28, 1865. William B. Bacon, enl. Aug. 24, 1863 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps July 1, 1864 ; disch. Nov. 1, 1865. James C. Blackwood, enl. Aug. 24, 1863 ; sergt. Sept. 1, 1864; must, out Nov. 1,1865. John Banks, enl. Aug. 21, 1863. Joseph F. Blight, enl. July 27, 1863 ; died June 4, 1864. William H. Bowltinghouse, enl. Aug. 17, 1863 ; disch. disability Nov. 30, 1864. Ephraim Chamberlain, enl. July 27, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. William Clark, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1865 ; must, out Nor. 1, 1865. Clinton P. Cheeseman, enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; sergt, June 1, 1866 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Thomas B. Campbell, enl. Aug. 24,'l863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Isaac Clommens, enl. July 21, 1863 ; must, ont July 29, 1865. GENEKAL HISTORY. 91 Francis S. Duca«se, enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; must, out July 19, 1865. Samuel E. Dolbow, enl. Aug. 15, 1863 ; died Teb. 18, 1866. Joseph S. Dennis, enl. Aug. 21, 1863; died Deo. 1, 1863. Samuel Dickinson, enl. Aug. 24, 1863; Corp. June 1, 1866; must, out Nov. 1,1866. John E. Dubois, enl. Aug. 3, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Edward Evans, enl. Aug. 25, 1863. Eugene Ellsworth, enl. Aug. 6, 1863. James P. Finlaw, enl. Aug. 17, 1863; must, out June 30, 1866. John S. Fries, enl. Aug. 18, 1803 ; corp. June 1, 1864 ; eergt. Nov. 1, 1864 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Jacob FripB, enl. Sept. 15, 1863; disch. disability May 26, 1864. John W. Gibson, enl. Aug. 19, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. George C. Garrison, enl. Aug. 19, 1863; must, out Aug. 4, 1865. John Gallaghin, enl. Aug. 23, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. George Grey, enl. Aug. 25, 1863. John Gallagher, enl. Aug. 19, 1863 ; died April 16, 1864. Joseph S. Garrison, enl. Aug. 18, 1863; corp. Nov. 1, 1864; must, out Nov. 1,1865. Benjamin Harris, enl. Aug. 24, 1863 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1864 ; must, out Nov. 1,1865. Joseph M. Hunter, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; must, out July 14, 1865. Henry Harding, enl. Aug. 26, 1863. John Hopkins, enl. Aug. 22, 1863; corp. Jan, 1, 1864; sergt. Nov. 1, 1864 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Richard Hewitt, enl. Aug. 23, 1863. Gottlieb Lindenherger, enl. Aug. 13, 1863 ; must, out June 28, 1865. James W. Lawney, enl. Aug, 25, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Thomas Lippincott (1), enl. Aug. 22, 1863. Thiimas P. Lewis, enl. Aug. 21,1863; must, out Nov. 18, 1865. Thomas Lippincott (2), enl. Sept. 16, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Charles T. Loper, enl, Sept. 13,1864; trans, to Co. H. Joseph C. Marlin, enl , July 22, 1863 ; killed while foraging April 29, 1866. George M. Morrison, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Lewis Moose, enl, Aug, 23, 1863 ; died Oct. 17, 1865. Joseph Millington, enl. Aug. 26, 1863. John Mowers, enl. Aug. 20, 1863; Corp. Aug. 20, 1863; sergt. Nov. 1, 1864; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Michael Mart, enl. Aug. 8, 1863 ; must, out June 10, 1865. David Newman, enl. July 29, 1863; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Horatio S. Packard, enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; must, out June 10, 1865. William Patterson, enl. Aug. 25, 1863; trans, to Vet, Res. Corps July 1, 1864; disch. Nov. 1, 1866. Philip S. Reeves, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1865. Willfam Reall, enl. Aug. 26, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Charles Richman, enl. Sept. 6, 1864 ; trans, to Co. D. John Sciitt, enl. Aug 25, 1863. John Simpkins, enl, July 31, 1863; must, out Nov. 1,1865. Joseph G. Simpkins, enl. Aug. 1, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 14, 1865. Benjamin Stanger, enl. Aug. 21, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. John Stowe, enl. Aug, 25, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. James B. Shidener, enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; died Jan. 19, 1864. Jonathan R. Seeds, enl. Aug. 25, 1863 ; must, out Nov, 1, 1866. Matthew Tomlin, enl. Aug. 16, 1863; died Jan. 26, 1864. Heni-y Thomas, enl. Aug. 25, 1863. William Townsend, enl. Aug. 25, 1863; died March 7, 1864, Albert Trump, enl. Aug. 25, 1863. Theodore Toppen, enl. Aug. 26, 1863. Alfred Vesso, enl. Aug. 26, 186.3. Joseph B. Vjinneman, bugler, enl. Aug. 26, 1863; must, out Nov. 1,1865. Andrew J. Vanneman, enl. July 26, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Henry Waller, enl. Aug. 26, 1863. Townsend Walmsley, enl. Aug. 24, 1863; corp. Jan. 1, 1866; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Charles Wilhelm, enl. Aug. 24, 1863. Campamy L. John Mount, enl. Sept. 2, 1864 ; disch. June 29, 1866. CHAPTER XVIII. CIVIL \N AB..— (Continued.) THIRTY-FOURTH ANI) THIRTY-SIXTH REGIMENTS. Thirty-fourth Reg^iment. — This, which was a three-years regiment, was recruited during the sum- mer and autumn of 1863, chiefly in Mercer, Burling- ton, Camden, and Salem Counties ; though many came from other parts of the State, and many others, who were attracted by the large bounties then offered) came from New York and Philadelphia. The regiment was mustered into the service in the latter part of October, and was ordered to Eastport, Miss., to report to Gen, W. T. Sherman. On the 16th of November it left Trenton eight hundred strong, and proceeded, by way of Philadelphia, over the Pennsylvania Railroad to Pittsburgh, and thence to Jeffersonville, Ind., where it embarked on transports, and passed down the Ohio River to Paducah, Ky. About seventy of the bounty-jumpers, who had en- listed, deserted during this trip. From Paducah the regiment went on the same transports three hundred miles up the Tennessee River to its destination at Eastport. Thence it went down the river, and reached Columbus, Ky., on the 20th of December, and at once went to Union City, Tenn. Thence it went on a march through the interior of the State, and on the 21st of January, 1864, returned to Co- lumbus, where it remained till the following spring. During the summer and autumn of 1864 it was in active service in the interior of Kentucky and Ten- nessee. In the winter of 1864-65 it went to Nash- ville, thence to Paducah, and again to Eastport, and from there to New Orleans, where it arrived on the 22d of February. It left that city on the 17th of March for Dauphin Island, and took part in the ope- rations in April against Mobile. After the capture of that place the regiment was, during several months, engaged in provost duty at Montgomery, Ala., and in supporting the freedman's bureau, and in the fall and winter of 1865 detached companies were stationed at various points in that region. It was mustered out on the 10th of April, 1866, and arrived at Trenton on the 30th of the same month. Foster says, "The regiment was unfortunate in not having been sooner ordered into the field with the larger armies, but when it did encounter the enemy it never failed to do its entire duty. It had the honor of striking one of the last blows at the Rebellion, and of being the last volunteer regiment from New Jersey to quit the service of the Union upon the conclusion of the war." The regiment participated in the following actions : Columbus, Ky,, April 13, 1864 ; Hickman, Ky., June 10, 1864 ; Clinton, Ky., July 10, 1864 ; Mayfleld, Ky., Sept. 1,*1864 ; Paris Landing, Ky,, Oct. 31,1864; Nashville, Tenn,, Dec. 27, 1864; Fort Hugar, Mobile, Ala., April 2, 1865 ; Spanish Fort, Mobile, Ala,, April 3 and 4, 1865 ; Fort Blakely, Mobile, Ala., April 5 to 9, 1865. 92 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Jesse H. Darlington. William Emmell. GlOUOESTEE CotTNTY. Compaity A. William H. Clark. Daniel Green. Company B. James Parker. John Gibson. Company G. William C. Zane. John Simon. Company D, Patrick Donnelly. Edward A. Fithian (died). Company F. James Catfrey. William H. Clark. Samuel Porch. , Company G. John A. Heil (sergt.). Hiram J. Noyes. Company H, James Green. Company 1. Moses S. Dalliy. Samuel Porch. SaJjEU CaPNTY. Company A. Joseph H. Compton (sergt.). Compamy C. John P. Dulin. Stephen L. Lawrence (died). Samuel H. Marryatt. Thomas Simpkina. Company E. Joseph F. Davis. William Emmell. Jacob Wick. Company F. Clement C. Ballinger (corp.). Hiram Freeland (died). Thomas Simpkins. Jacob Wick. George H. Skarritt (died). Company G. Ebenezer D. Garrison (corp.). David B. Litel. Richard W, Yansant (com.-sergt.). Company K. James Darling. John Dulin. Cumberland County. C. B. Murphy was commissioned first lieuten- ant and adjutant of the battalion. In August, 1870, another company was organized at Atlantic City and added to the battalion, thus cre- ating a necessity for a regimental organization, and accordingly the Sixth Regiment was organized, and Col. James M. Scovel, Lieut.-Col. William H. Hem- sing, and Maj. Richard H. Lee were elected field ofllcers. The commandants of the regiment since have been, Col. William J. Sewell, elected 1873, and Col. E. Burd Grubb, 1877. The present field officers, elected in 1882, are, Colonel, William H. Cooper ; Lieutenant- Colonel, J. C. Lee; and Major, G. W. Smith. The regiment was called out in August, 1877, to suppress the labor riots at Phillipsburg, N. J., and 7 continued on duty during seventeen days. Company K, of Vineland, became a part of this regiment March 14, 1876, and Company E, of Woodbury, March 22, 1880. CHAPTER XXI. RAILROADS IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. The system of railroads that ramify through Southern New Jersey was not commenced till some years after railroads were in operation in many other parts of the country. This part of the State is not situated where the needs of travel or commerce re- quire the establishment of a great thoroughfare, and until experience had demonstrated the practicability of these roads for local business they were not likely to come into existence in a region like this. Of their effect in the development of the resources of this part of the State it is hardly necessary to speak. About the year 1840 a railroad was built between Camden and Woodbury. The route was the same as that of the present railroad from Camden to North Woodbury crossing, thence in a direct line to the present brick grist-mill near the bridge in Woodbury, which mill was erected for the depot of that road. The road was at first operated by steam, but after a time it became embarrassed financially, and came into the possession of Amos Campbell, who operated it by horse-power, till finally it ceased to be used. It was constructed in the primitive style of building railroads, with flat iron on stringers for rails. The West Jersey Railroad Company was incor- porated by an act of the Legislature approved Feb. 3, 1853. This act authorized the construction of a rail- road from Camden, through the counties of Glouces- ter, Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May, to a point at or near the city of Cape Island, in the latter county. In 1857 this road was put in operation be- tween Camden and Woodbury. It had then been built two or three years, but not operated. It was built mainly by the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. The Millville and Glassboro Railroad Company was incorporated by an act approved March 9, 1857. The route prescribed was " from the village of Mill- ville, in Cumberland County, to such a point at or near to the village of Glassboro, in the county of Gloucester, as may be deemed convenient." This road was at once constructed and put in operation between its termini, a distance of twenty-two miles. From Glassboro to Woodbury passengers were taken in coaches. To obviate this inconvenience the West Jersey road was extended to Glassboro. The principal stockholder in the Millville and Glassboro road was Richard D. Wood, and it was said that connection was established between the two roads sooner than would otherwise have been 98 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. because of the well-grounded apprehension that he would extend his road to Red Bank, and thus estab- lish communication with Philadelphia by that route. The extension of the West Jersey road was at the same time continued to Bridgeton. The Salem Railroad was constructed from Elmer to Salem, a distance of sixteen miles, soon after the extension of the West Jersey road to Bridgeton. The route prescribed in the charter, which was passed in 1856, was " from a point in the town of Salem, or within one mile thereof, to any point on the West Jersey Railroad, at Woodbury or south thereof, which the directors may deem most eligible." The limit of time for the completion of the road was seven years from the 4th of July, 1856 ; but by a supple- ment, approved Feb. 17, 1865, this time was extended to June 4, 1870. The Cape May and Millville Railroad Com- pany was incorporated by an act approved March 9, 1863. This act superseded the supplement to the charter of the Millville and Glassboro Railroad Com- pany, which authorized that company to extend their road to any point on or near Cape Island. The sep- arate charter was requested by the Millville and Glassboro Company. The termini named were Mill- ville and Cape Island, and all the lands, rights of way, and privileges acquired by the Millville and Glassboro Company were conveyed and assigned to the new corporation. In all these charters the power was re- served to the State of having an appraisement made of the property belonging to the companies, after periods varying from thirty to fifty years from the date of the charter, and becoming the owner of such roads and property by the payment to the companies of the amount of the appraisement in each case. An act was passed in 1868, the preamble of which set forth that " Whereas, the West Jersey Bailroad connects directly with the IVlill- rille and Glassboro BAilroad, and, by means of the latter, with the Cape May and Millville Railroad, and also connects directly with the Salem Bailroad, forming altogether one entire system of railroads, which can be operated with greater economy under one management, and whereas the West Jersey Railroad Company and the Millville and Glassboro Railroad Company have entered into an agreement, bearing date the twelfth day of October, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, providing, among other things, for a consolidation of the two compa- nies, so tbat all their corporate powers and franchises shall be merged into, and all their corporate property shall be owned by, the West Jersey Railroad Company." It was enacted that the agreement should be vali- dated and confirmed, and the company was author- ized to lease and operate the Cape May and Millville Railroad, and the Salem Railroad, or either of them. The " Act to authorize the formation of railroad corporations and regulate the same" was approved April 12, 1873, and railroads in Southern New Jersey have since been built under the provisions of that act. The Swedesboro Railroad, between Woodbury and Swedesboro, was built (1869) at a cost of two hun- dred and seventy thousand dollars, and was at once leased by the West Jersey Railroad Company. An extension of this road to Woodstown and Salem was completed in 1883. The Delaware River Railroad, between Wood- bury and Penn's Grove, went into operation about 1874. It was first called the Delaware Shore Railroad. It became embarrassed financially, and passed ii^to the hands of a receiver, and was finally purchased by Thomas L. Ogden. After his death, in 1880, it be- came the property of the Dupont Powder Company, by which it is operated. The New Jersey Southern Railroad was chartered in 1867, and completed to Vineland in 1872. It ex- tends from Bay Side, on the Delaware River, across Cumberland County, through Bridgeton and Vine- land, and northward to New York City. It has re- cently passed under the control of the Reading Rail- road Company. The Cumberland and SEanrice River Railroad was first the Bridgeton and Port Norris Railroad, and was chartered by an act of the Legislature, in 1866. Its termini were indicated in its original title. It was completed about 1876, and was afterward sold under foreclosure of a mortgage, and was reorganized under its present name. The transportation of oysters over this road constitutes the largest item in its business. From eight to fifteen car-loads are carried over it daily. The West Jersey and Atlantic City Railroad, from Newfield, on the Millville and Glassboro Road, to Atlantic City, was put in operation in 1881. AU these, except the Delaware River, the Southern New Jersey, and the Cumberland and Maurice River Rail- roads, have come to be controlled and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and under the ex- cellent management of this, as well as of the Reading company, the wants of the public are consulted and supplied. CHAPTER XXII. , GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSBY.i ] In the study of the geology of Southern New Jer- ] sey it is thought best to lay down some of the prin- I ciples of the science that the general reader may , understand the statements made, and also to satisfy ; him that the assertions are made from what is believed I to be the latest scientific explanation of the formation of our planet. The weight of evidence is in favor of the theory that there was a time in the early history of our globe when its constituents were in a gaseous state in space, and were kept so by being at a high temperature, — supposed to be 2000° Cent. That at this time the cooling process began. " Professor Helmholtz has cal- culated, from the rate of cooling of lavas, that the 1 By J. Down Heritage, M.D. GENERAL HISTORY. 9'J earth, in passing from 2000° (760° Fahr.) to 200° Cent. (76°), must have taken three hundred and fifty mil- lions of years." (Dana's Manual of Geology, p. 147.) " But the temperature when the Archaean, or first period of the world's history, ended was probably not over 38° Cent. (100° F.), to reach which many scores of millions of years must have been passed." This cooling process was carried on until the various elements of the globe, through chemical agency, crys- tallized into a crust on the surface and the various rocks were formed, while the internal molten condition of the globe was kept up, and through the agency of the internal heat from gaseous expansion the various elevations of the earth's surface were brought about, and volcanoes were formed as outlets or vents for the pent-up fires in the centre of the earth. In the cretaceous period the region of a large part of the Eocky Mountains, and of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific borders of the continent, were beneath the sea, but mostly near its surface; the marine life of the sea contributed to the forming of cretaceous beds. Now, the marine beds, filled with cretaceous fossils, are at a height of ten to eleven thousand feet in the Rocky Mountain region, at a maximum height on the Pacific border of only five thousand feet, in Alabama of seven to eight hundred feet, and in New Jersey not over four hundred feet. (Dana's Manual of Geology, p. 783.) Through a succession of ages, the length of which it is impossible to conjecture, the surface of the globe was cooled, until, from the inclination of the axis of the globe to the sun or other causes, there became what is denominated a glacial period, or one of intense cold. These successive ages are the periods of geological time. They are given by Dana as follows : I. Aech^an Time : 1. The Azoic age. 2. Eozoic, — a long period without life, except in the last of the period there appears algse, or sea-weed. II. Paleozoic Time : 1. Age of invertebrates. 2. Age of fishes. 3. Age of coal plants. III. Mesozoic Time : Age of reptiles. IV. Cenozoic Time : 1. Age of mammals, tertiary. 2. Age of man, quaternary. The geological formation of Southern New Jersey is of the cretaceous and tertiary formation of the Cenozoic age, or most recent in the world's history. We will now return to the glacial period, at which time, in the history of Southern New Jersey, the mouth of the Delaware River was at Trenton ; at that time the weight of evidence goes to prove that the upper portion of the State, or Northern New Jersey, also New York, and the New England States, were in a condition of eternal frost, and glaciers oc- cupied much of the territory. It is conjectured by scientists to have been elevated since that age. The coast-line of New Jersey was then from Raritan Bay, near New York City, across the State to Trenton, and thence down the east shore of the Delaware River to Penn's Grove on the Jersey shore. The line of coast from Trenton across the State to Raritan Bay is marked by a line of hills composed of what is known as " drift," being the gravel, boulders, and other indestructible debris of the glaciers at that time occupying the northern part of the State. The evidences of glacial action are found to a limited extent in our State, but are very marked in the more indestructible rocks in the New England States and New York, where are found smooth grooves cut and polished in the granite walls of the mountains ; all these scratches having one general direction, being southward to southeastward in New England ; southwestward in Western New York (see Dana's Manual of Geology, page 531), as follows : " TABLE OF diluvial SCRATCHES ON THE TBAP-KOOKS. Localities, Direction. Palisade Mt., near summit, east of Inglewood S. 4U° E. " " 8. E. of Eijglewood, OD I'alisade Avenue 8. 35° E. " " S. E. of English Neigliborhood S. 20° E. " " road between Fort Lee and Fort Lee Station S. 30° E. " " near GuttuDburg Brewery S. 20° B. " " tipofbluB' nortli of FortLee S. 20° K. " " Rnk over Bergen Tunnel S. 20° E. Bergen Neck, shore of Newark Bay.. S. W. '• " S. E. Southwest of Paterson, south bank of Morris Canal S. 70° W. First Mountain, west slope, south of Paterson S. 75° E. " " " near the Notch S. 75° E. " " nearLIeweUen Park S. 50° W.? West of Paterson, on the ruad to Little Falls, south bank of Passaic S.60°W. Second Mt , west slope, near the line between Passaic and Essex Counties S. 40°E. Second Mt., west slope, north of Mt. Pleasant turnpike S. W, " " Mt. Pleasant turnpike S. W. Half-mile east of Puuipton Furnace, north of the Paterson road S.1.5°W. Near the site of old fnrnaee, Pompton Furnace S. 10° W. Hook Mountain, road crossing to JBeavertown S. 25° W. " " near Beavertown S 40° W. '* " south of the peat-works S. 60°W. " " west slope S 65°W. *' " " " near south end of the mountain.... S.55°W"." — (Cook's Geology of New Jersey, page 228.) Other evidence is that of immense boulders along this coast-line, weighing hundreds of tons of rock, which has no representation in our State. In some instances it is possible to conjecture fairly, accurately, the mountain from which this boulder was torn farther to the north, and masses of native copper occur in the drift of Connecticut and New Jersey that were taken from veins nearly north of the places where they occur. (Dana's Manual, page 529.) The whole of Southern New Jersey was at that time undoubtedly under water, and from this coast- line — from Trenton to Raritan Bay — the descent into the Atlantic was probably much more abrupt than at present, as " oflF the coast of New Jersey for a distance of eighty miles there is a depth of only six hundred feet at the present time, and from this line the ocean basin dips oifat a steep angle" (Dana's Manual, page 11) ; whereas the dip — inclination or descent — of the various strata of clay, marls, etc., underlying the 100 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. southern part of the State, is ahout thirty feet to the mile, southeasterly direction. (Professor Cook's Geol- ogy of New Jersey, page 245.) From this statement the ocean-floor at the time of the commencement of the deposit of clay upon it at Egg Harbor Bay (which lies at nearly right angles to Trenton to the drift across the State) would be one thousand six hundred and eighty feet. Therefore the dip or descent was nearly three times as great then as in the present de-, scent of the ocean-floor oflf the Jersey coast for eighty miles. Upon this ocean-floor was spread through the ages a deposit or stratum (like a huge blanket) of plastic clay varying in thickness or depth at different places, but estimated by Professor Cook to be two hundred and ten feet in thickness (Geology of New Jersey, page 246), and is believed to have been formed from disintegration of gneiss rock. The outcrop of this clay-bed, two hundred and ten feet thick, is found on the shore of Raritan Bay, a little south of Cheesequakes Creek (of Congressional fame), crossing the State and outcropping at various places until it nearly reaches the Delaware River at Bordentown. It follows about a mile east of the river, and reaches its bank at Gloucester City, coming to the surface at various places, — Woodbury Creek, a mile from its mouth, Mantua Creek, near Pauls- boro, Raccoon Creek, a mile above Bridgeport, thence in the same direction to the Delaware, near Penn's Grove. (Cook.) These clays are known as fire-clay, potter's-clay, and lignite, and are a source of much commercial value for purposes of manufacture where such crude materials are to be used for any purpose. This stratum of clay undoubtedly underlies the whole of Southern New Jersey, though it is probable its greatest thick- ness was along the original cuast-line. The organic remains found in this clay are those of the fresh-water mussel and some other fresh-water shells, trunks and branches of trees, in one place twenty-five feet in thickness, and a stratum of " four feet of clayey sand containing leaf impressions ; and from the leaves found, from the bark, and from the rings of annual growth, the evidence is conclusive that the age of broad-leaved plants was then begun." (Cook.) We have now laid the foundation, or shown how nature has done it, of the southern part of the State, and before proceeding to explain the deposit of the remaining strata will state that undoubtedly through the ages, at uncertain periods of time, there has been a gradual elevation of the surface of the globe in this particular locality, and during the Champlain period there was unquestionably an elevation from some cause — probably those mentioned as usually causing such phenomena, — the internal heat of the globe and gaseous expansion resulting therefrom — of Southern New Jersey. This hypothesis being correct, then commenced the deposit of clay, neatly two hundred and seventy-seven feet in thickness. Our theory of upheaval of the earth's surface being correct (and we have shown from the highest authority that there are evidences of marine life in mountains fifteen thousand feet high), it is safe to conjecture that at this period of the world's his- tory a more rapid process of elevation began in Southern New Jersey; besides, other climatic anddis- ! integrating changes took place, — changes of direction [ of the Gulf Stream, — which deposited on the ocean- floor this deposit of clay marl two hundred and sev- j enty-seven feet in thickness, the outcrop of which is shown between Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays on the northeast, following the southeast line of the outcrop of the plastic clays to Bordentown, on the Delaware, and thence in a nearly direct line down the east shore of the Delaware River to a point near and below Penn's Grove. When these clay marls are exposed they show crusts of a reddish material ; below the surface it is dark-colored clay mixed with grains of green sand. This formation is dug for fertilizing purposes at various points, but is not of sufiiciently rich material to make it a valuable acquisition to the farmer except it is of very convenient access. Shells are found in this formation, but not in such quantities as are seen in the marl-beds. , The gradual upheaval of the State continuing, there was another deposit, known as the hwer marl-bed, thirty feet in thickness ; red sand, one hundred feet ; middle marl-bed, forty -five feet: yellow sand, forty- three; upper marl-bed, thirty-seven feet. The total thickness of the foregoing deposit since the glacial period being seven hundred and forty-two feet. (Cook.) The plan followed by Professor Cook, the State geologist, has been to give a chapter (v.) on "Marl- Beds," which we will quote : " The series of strata comprised under this name include those beds of green sand which have obtained so high a reputation, under the name of marl. The district in which they have their outcrop is widely known as the marl region, and occupies a strip of country from six to fifteen miles wide, and stretches from the ocean below Sandy Hook to Salem, on the Delaware. The soil over this district is more or less sandy, remarkably free from stones and boulders" (though there are scattered through the district quar- ries of a conglomerate stone, which is evidently of recent formation, and is used for building purposes), " and in most parts in a high state of cultivation and very productive. When exposed in natural or artifi- cial sections several well-marked beds and layers can be characterized. " These several beds having a strike of south 55° west and a dip to the southeast of twenty to thirty- three per mile, having their outcroppings in the order of their occurrence ; that which is lowest appearing farther to the northwest, and that which is higher in the series farther to the southeast. A line marked ' Register line,' known as the ' strike,' is drawn across GENERAL HISTORY. 101 the State, which shows all parts of the lower marl- hed, which outcrop at the level of tide-water. This line touches the lower marl-bed at tide-water on Sandy Hook Bay, opposite Red Bank, near the mouth of Hop Creek, at Mount Holly, Clement's Bridge, Mantua, and above Sculltown, at Marshall ville, Salem County, and St. George's, Delaware. The distance from St. George's to Sandy Hook Bay is one hundred and six miles, and finding the marl at intermediate points on the same level, and in the same line, proves that there is no important change of direction in the strike for the whole distance. The true bearing of this line is south 55° west. It is evident from an in- spection of the map that the belt of country in which this formation lies narrows towards the southwest, and the strike of the white clay as taken at tide-water between Bordentown and Cheesequakes is south 52° west, and that of the middle marl-bed, between Par- ker's Creek, near Eatontown, and Salem, is south 55° west. Many verifications of these bearings have been made upon shorter lines, and they have been uniformly found to agree. Those parts of the various outcrop- pings which are thirty feet above tide appear a mile northwest of this ' Register line.' Those which are sixty feet above, two miles northwest, and so on.'' In an article of this length it is impossible to go minutely into the chemical composition of these various strata, which through the ages have at each upheaval of South Jersey been spread upon the ocean- floor, but I think the following table, as compiled by Professor Cook, will be suflBcient for the purpose of the general reader : " Divisions. SubdiTieions. / Fire-clays. Plastic clay J patter's clay. V Lignite. Clay mails /Clayey green sand. y. Laminated sands. ^Sand marl. Lower marl-bed J bi^j jhen „,,], vMarl and clay. {Dark micaceous clay. Red sand. Indurated green earth, I Chocolate marl. Qreen marl. Shell layers. iTellow limestone and limesand. Yellow sand Yellow sand. /■Green marl. Upper marl-bed J ^sh marl. ^Blue marl. " The above is a table of the divisions of the creta- ceous formation in the order of their occurrence, be- ginning with the lowest." We have now gone over the geological formation of Southern New Jersey in a very brief manner in conse- quence of being limited in amount of space. It only remains to say that wherever these outcroppings of clay occur it may be used in the manufacture of brick, pottery, etc., and therefore has a commercial value. In the outcrop of the marl it is very extensively used as a fertilizer, and along the line through the State extensive operations are carried on in digging and furnishing it for local use and sending it to distant States. There are many localities which owe their prosperity and fertility almost entirely to marl. The surface formation of this part of the State is such as would naturally occur as the water of the ocean was draining away, there being a water-shed which drains towards the Atlantic Ocean and another in which the streams run into the Delaware River, and there being no rocky formation, the beds of streams in both instances having undoubtedly been formed where least resistance was found to the pas- sage of water. The southern banks of streams usually presenting bluffs of larger or smaller magnitude, while the northern banks usually slope much more gently down to the water's edge. CHAPTER XXIII. METEOROLOGY OP SOUTHERN NEW JERSBY.l This is a subject which, directly or indirectly, in- terests all classes. Commerce, agriculture, and sani- tary science especially are largely benefited by every advance in the science of meteorology. In considering the elements of New Jersey weather it is not atmospheric phenomena alone that require attention, but the ocean and bay, on the east and south, furnish important data. While prosecuting the coast survey investigations, Lieut. Bache discovered that the great Gulf Stream, in performing its sinuous journey northward and east- ward, often makes a deflection of thirty to one hun- dred miles to the westward, and thus our Jersey shores, with our extensive hummocks and vast inland plateaus, receive the warmth which the southern breezes carry from this immense reservoir of the sun's treasured-up forces. By reason of the proximity of South Jersey to the bay and ocean, with its favoring winds, the warmth of the ocean current, the wonderful sanitary condi- tions of its climate, this whole region is much more favorably situated for agriculture and fruit growing than any similar amount of territory in the interior of the country in same latitude. The water, by virtue of its inherent properties, modifies both extremes of temperature, making the summer less fervid and the winter less rigorous than continental regions in the same latitude, as may be seen from the follbwing illustration which physical science affords ; Different substances, subjected to the same degree of heat, do not attain the same tem- perature. Their differing capacities for becoming heated are called their specifla heat. 1 By J, Ingram, M.D,, Vineland. 102 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. Comparing eqilal weights of water and air together, the specific heat of water is four times as great as air, and hence an ounce of water losing one degree of heat would raise four ounces of air one degree; but as water is about 814 times heavier than air, an ounce of water losing one degree of heat would raise 814 X 4 = 3256 ounces of air one degree. Consider, then, the influence that the constantly recurring thousands and millions of tons of water must exert on the atmosphere of our climate, as it wends its way north and east or west, laden with the untold millions of degrees of heat that the sun is and has for cen- turies unnumbered been pouring into the tropical ocean. This shows the immense advantage that this locality possesses over interior districts remote from the genial and equalizing influences of ocean and bay. J. S. Lippincott, of Haddonfield, N. J., has pointed out in a masterly manner the great benefits to fruit culture arising from proximity to lakes and other bodies of water, as Kelly's Island in Lake Erie in the growth and perfection of the grape, the advantages of Seneca, Cayuga, Champlain, and other lakes on grapes and crops in general, by their storing up great quantities of the sun's heat in summer, and slowly parting with the same in winter, thus modifying the rigors of winter, and preserving vegetation that would otherwise yield to chilling blasts and frosts. The conditions thus specified tend largely to com- pensate for any protracted drought to which the region may be subjected, and' also to explain why the soil responds so promptly and satisfactorily to the hoe and cultivator of the farmer. The loose, calcareous soil absorbs with wonderful avidity the moisture which the atmosphere brings from the ocean, and thus ac- quires what other regions only obtain from frequent and heavy rains. The experienced farmer well knows that the untilled field is very unproductive, because I the surface soil becomes baked by the sun, and is thus 1 made incapable of absorbing the moisture that is so , bountifully supplied from the adjacent ocean and bay. ' The elements of the climatic conditions will next demand attention. Under this head we will consider the subjects of wind, rain, frost, snow, etc. And while we cannot minutely specify the exact details of each section of the area under consideration, yet we can give the outlines of such commanding points as will satisfy all inquiring minds of the general drift of the weather phenomena of South Jersey. A line from Philadelphia to Cape May is the eastern boundary, while the Delaware Bay and River consti- tute the limits of the territory on the south, west, and north. Geographically the northern and southern points are one degree of latitude apart, while the ex- treme width is about half a degree of longitude, or from Cedar Lake Station, on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, to Penn's Neck, on the Delaware River. Philadelphia being a well-known point, and its weather observations recognized everywhere, and be- cause of its close proximity to the territory under consideration, it is deemed advisable to use its records. Care has been taken to take averages of long series of years where possible. The first topic we shall consider is that of wind. The observations were recorded three times daily, and are unquestionably reliable. N. N. E. E. S. E. S. S. W. W. N. W. Philadelphia 46 100 50 52 61 247 271 268 Vinelaad 21 Ihe 22 186 49 323 63 270 Cape May 116 86 89 147 239 72 HI 236 These records show the variability of the air cur- rents in the territory named. Philadelphia is marked by southwest, west, and northwest winds, and hence the drying nature of the air as well as the general health fulness of the city and vicinity. Vineland presents the remarkable feature of a large percentage of northeast, southeast, and south winds, or what may be termed sea breezes, as they all come from quarters partaking of that element, and hence they bring a hygrometric atmosphere that largely compensates for any lack of rain in the growing season. One marked feature of the Cape May winds is that the aggregate of northeast, east, southeast, and south winds blowing oflf the ocean constitute more than all the other winds, and thus carry inland the warm vapors of the Gulf Stream, which modify the climatic conditions of all South Jersey, Delaware, and the adjacent territory. That it is a fact that easterly and southerly winds do add largely to the hygrometric conditions of this region, is shown from the circumstance of the large proportion of rain coming from those directions. The citation of one year may be taken as a type of all others on this point. During 1870, at Vineland, the amount of rain was 49.343 inches, and of this amount the northeast brought 14.271 inches, east 2.862 inches, southeast 16.81 inches, south 1.975 inches, southwest 11.025 inches, northwest 2.4 inches. This shows that northeast, east, southeast, and south winds brought eleven-sixteenths of the whole, leav- ing only five-sixteenths for all other points. This shows which are the moist and which are the dry winds, and the reasons for this distinction are so ob- vious as not to require stating. The next topic requiring attention is that of the temperature of South Jersey. A general view of this matter may be obtained from the following table, which takes in the northern, middle, and southern regions of the area named : Spring Slimmer Autumn Winter Tear Max. Min. Philadelphia.... Newfleld 49.76 48.49 48.7.S 61.10 60.16 74.10 74.57 74.92 73.70 72.90 64.20 54.41 63.81 65.60 59.23 32 67 33.09 '32.44 33.30 32.76 52.68 52.64 62.42 63.80 63.76 97 3 Vineland 100 ■■■■90 10 1 Greenwich Cape May By the above tables it appears that during the spring and autumn months at Greenwich, on the GENEBAL HISTORY. 103 Delaware, and Cape May, on the ocean, the temp^a- ture is higher than it is at either Philadelphia, New- field, or Vineland, and the reason for this is to be found by the relative location of the several places, the two former being on or nearer the water than the latter. Also, that the temperature during the summer months at Philadelphia, Newfield, and Vineland is higher than at Greenwich or Gape May, and the rea- son for this is to be sought for in the relative position of the several places as to nearness or remoteness from water as before stated. The water takes in and holds the heat in summer and gives off the same slowly but continuously in winter, hence water is the great climatic equalizer. I have no data for late and early frosts outside of Vineland, but give the following for it, and this may approximate the interior of the area named in a like way as showing the cycle of vegetation for South Jersey : Tear. *i Frost. .1 1 ■s O d CO i 1 c p. 5 1866 April 10 " 20 " 24 March 24 April 20 " 24 " 17 " 27 " 30 " 18 " 19 3 March 26 April 3 " 9 6 October 24 1 " 18 « 21 " 19 21 12 " 29 15 13 12 29 29 26 " 19 6 178 164 177 210 182 180 178 185 169 178 176 208 218 217 181 183 92 91 113 101 76 78 113 92 92 101 91 79 75 92 100 97 i« 13K 15 36% 49U 16k 17 60 25V f 30 4 15 13 7 7 11 11 5 3 9 5 5 3 4 67 118 117 111 99 113 107 105 90 104 103 100 100 94 101 40 52 1867 1868 1869 52 70 1870 49 43 1871 1872 1873 . 54 94 1874 1875 45 90 1876 51 87 1877 1878 47 99 1879 45 72 1880 52.02 1881 187 93 26 8 95 46.06 This table enables any farmer to form a judgment as to when he may sow or plant certain crops with safety in this whole region so as to escape frost. It likewise shows the cycle of vegetable life from frost to frost. Also the number of frosty and rainy days, the amount of snow and rain in the year, or an ap- proximation thereto. The average indications by the psychrometer is 77 per cent, of moisture. The barometer is an instru- ment of importance in this region as showing the fluctuations preceding, accompanying, and following storms, but to tabulate its indications to any great extent would occupy too much space with figures that most readers would regard as more dry than edifying. A few special maxima and minima may be given to show the range to which it sometimes reaches in this region. In February, 1876, it reached an elevation of 30.932, and in December, 1874, it was 30.784. A few of the lowest points reached by it are as follows : 28.656 and 28.820 ; thus showing a range of over two inches, as follows : 30.932 — 28.656 = 2.276. The average of this instrument for seventeen years is 29.940, at an elevation of one hundred and five feet above tide level. The barometer is an element of un- told value to the weather observer, and without its indications the Signal Service would be like the mari- ner without the chronometer in finding his longitude. To make it of practical value, however, it must be observed and studied for years, and that not alone, but in connection with winds, with seasons of the year, with the hour of the day, etc., and all its fluctuations must be carefully noted, and the broadest generaliza- tions known to science will reward the conscientious and painstaking student. Much has been said about the protracted dry weather to which this region of country is liable, but the observations made heretofore on the atmos- pheric supply of moisture here show that drouths can be as well borne here as in any equal area in the United States without serious injury to crops. The following table will give an idea of the fre- quency and duration of these dry periods during the time from 1866 to 1881. These are only the longest periods happening within these months, and no notice is taken of shorter ones, as this would require too much space. This fractional form of expression is for econ- omy of space, and may be relied upon as strictly ac- curate. Only the growing months are used. Apkil. Tear 1871 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Namber of dry days 11 21 13 10 13 11 12 May. Tear 1886 1868 1872 1877 1879 1880 Number of dry days 15 11 16 11 14 24 June. Tear 1868 1870 1873 1874 1878 1879 1880 1882 Number of dry days... 13 13 14 14 16 13 13 11 July. Tear 1866 1868 1869 1873 1874 1877 1878 1879 1881 No. of dry days. 12 11 10 10 12 11 15 13 11 AUGtlST. Tear '. 1869 1870 1871 1874 1876 1§77 1880 1881 Number of dry days.... 13 15 12 13 14 11 12 18 From this table we see that May, 1880, had twenty- four consecutive dry days (this embraced two days of April), this being the longest period without rain during the growing season in seventeen years; and of course the grass, clover, and strawberry crops sufiered to a considerable extent that year, and this was aggra- vated by a preponderance of northwest winds that month. A longer dry period than the above has been met with in other than the growing months, as in Novem- ber, 1874, a period of thirty days passed without rain or snow ; twenty-four dry days also in December, 1877. As respects the matter of clouds in this region, a single year may be taken as a type of all the rest. In 1879, thirty-one days were entirely clear ; in ten hundred and ninety-five observations three hundred 104 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER, SALEM, AND CUMBERLAND COUNTIES. and forty-nine were clear, seven hundred and forty- six were cloudy, and on a scale of ten the degree of cloudiness for the year was six hundred and twenty- four. A few general considerations on the climatology of South Jersey, and we will close. If the wind comes from the south, southwest, south- east, east, or northeast, the hygrometer indicates a large degree of moisture, if not complete saturation ; but if the wind changes suddenly to west, northwest, or north, the hygrometer shows at once the dry state of the atmosphere. These varying states of the air are quite as obvious in rainy weather as any other, so that the number of rainy days in a given time, or the vertical depth of water, would not be a safe criterion of the hygrometric state of the locality. The course of the wind and the hygrometer itself tell more clearly than aught else the state of the atmosphere as to moisture. A southeast, east, south, or northeast wind bring to us the same climatic conditions that a west, southwest, or northwest wind carries to Spain or England, viz., a breeze charged with the contents of the Gulf Stream. The annual quantity of rain falling in England is 32 inches ; at San Antonio, 32.7 inches ; in France, 25 inches ; in Vicksburg, 48.4 ; Hamburg, 17 ; Mo- bile, 61 ; and yet Mobile has a dryer atmosphere than Hamburg, — no contradiction here. A northwest wind bearing down on San Antonio and Mobile passes over a wide scope of dry inland country, which must ren- der the atmosphere dry; but the same wind sweeping over France or Hamburg will be charged with abun- dance of watery vapor. The prevailing winds in both continents are westerly, but the results must be diverse on animal and vegetable life, — vide the giant pines of California, oaks in Michigan, and as compared with the same genera and species in England, Spain, and Germany. ' Our climate invites the invalid from all parts of the country, as here is to be found the golden mean between the enervating miasms of the South and the fierce cold and snow of a five- or six-months' winter. Here we have no tornadoes, but the healthful breezes that cheer and invigorate both mind and body, and a climate that invites to our midst every nationality under the sun. HISTOl^Y OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIV. ORGANIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTY. The Province of West New Jersey had, in 1682, become quite populous, and for convenience in tlie administration of justice, it was in May of that year, divided into two jurisdictions or counties, with a Court of Quarter Sessions, a sheriff, and a clerk in each. They were named from the two towns which they included, Burlington and Salem. It was still found inconvenient for the people of the third and fourth tenths, or precincts, to transact their business at distant places, and they availed themselves of the first opportunity which disturbances in the provincial government afforded to remedy this inconvenience for themselves. Nov. 25, 1685, the Assembly met, but on the same day adjourned, ostensibly on account of the sharp- ness of the weather, " to some fit and seasonable time." No record appears of the proceedings of this Assembly at any session afterwards till the latter part of 1692, though there is reason to believe that regular sessions were held. Perhaps no better account can be given of the or- ganization of this county, and the early action of the courts and authorities therein than that of Mickle,' which is here substantially copied. Organization of the County.— On the 26th day of May, 1686, the proprietors, freeholders, and inhabi- tants generally of the third and fourth tenths, or the territory between the Pensaukin and Oldman's Creeks, met at Arwames, and organized a jurisdiction or county by the adoption of what may be termed a county constitution. This curious instrument, which had ten brief paragraphs, erected the two precincts into a county, ordained a regular court, provided officers, and prescribed the minutise of legal practice, and also provided regulations for the marking of hogs and other cattle. The following is a literal copy of this constitution : "CONSTITDTION OF GLOUOESTBB COUNTY. " Glodcebter ye 28th May 1686. " By the Propryetorfl, Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Third and Fourth Tenths (alias county of Gloucester,) then agreed as followeth : " Imprimis— That a Court be held for the Jurisdiction and Limits of the aforesaid Tenths or County, one tyme at Axwamus alias Gloucester and another tyme at Red Banli. 1 Eeminiscenoes of Old Gloucester, 1844. " Item — That there be fower courtes for the Jurisdiction aforesaid held in one year at ye dayes and tymes hereinafter mentioned viz : uppon the first day of the first Month, upon ye first day of ye fourth month, on the flret day of the seventh month and upon ye first day of the tenth month. " Item— That the first Court shall be held at Gloucester aforesaid upon the first day of September next. " Item — That all warrants and summons shall be drawne by the clarke of the Coorte and signed by a Justice and soe delivered to the sherriff or his Deputy to Execute. " Item — That, the bodye of each warrant etc. shall contayne or In- timate the nature of the action. " Item— That a coppy of the Declaration be given along with ye war- rant by the Gierke of the Court, that soe the Defendant may have the longer tyme to Considder the same and prepare his answer. " Item— That all summons, warrants, etc. shall he served and Declara- tions given at least ten days before the Court. "Item— That the Sherriffe shall give the Jury summons six dayes before the court be held on which they are to appear. " Item — That all persons within ye Jurisdiction aforesaid bring into the next courte ye mark of their Hoggs and other Cattell, in order to be approved and recorded." This was the origin of Old Gloucestek, the only county in New Jersey that derived its existence from the direct action of its own people. Early Administration of Affairs.— "It would seem," says Gordon, " that the inhabitants of the county deemed themselves a body politic, a democratic commonwealth with full powers of legislation." It will appear by the extracts from the county records, to be hereafter given, that such was their opinion. The courts and grand juries which sat at Red Bank and Arwames would have been formidable tribunals but for the stern integrity with which they exercised extraordinary authority. It must be ad- mitted, however, that the justices chosen by the peo- ple under the concessions appear to have been too complaisant to the juries under their direction. Whether it was a verdict changing a freeman to a slave, or a presentment laying the most inconsiderable tax, the entry by the clerk was the same. " To all which ye Bench assents." " By the joyntt consent of the proprietors," who, during the interregnum in the provincial government, fixed everything, the county-seat was fixed at Ar- wames. Recognition of the County. — One statute erect- ing the county of Cape May in 1692, by reciting that the province had "been formally divided into three counties," gave an indirect sanction to the irregular proceedings of the inhabitants of Glouces- ter County in forming themselves into a county with- out the action of the provincial Legislature. An act passed the same year partially defined the boundaries 10.5 106 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. of the county, by making the Pensaukin the division line between it and Burlington, but this was repealed at the next session of the Legislature because of " a great inconveniency seen in that act." In 1694 two laws relating to Gloucester were passed. The first enacted " that the two distiDctions or divisions, heretofore called the Third and Fourth Tenths, he and is herehy laid into one connty named, and from henceforth to be called, Thk County of Gloucester, the limits wliereof, hounded with the aforesaid river, called Crapwell (formerly called Peni- sawkiu), on the north, and the river Berkley (formerly called Oldman's Greek) on the south." It was probably intended that the eastern boundary of the county should be a right line drawn from the head-waters of the Pensaukin to the head-waters of Oldman's Creek. It is certain that Gloucester did not originally reach to the ocean, for the second law, enacted the same year, set forth : EGG HAEBOR ANNEXED TO GLODCESTER. " Foi'asmuch as there are some families settled upon Egg Harbour, and of right ought to be under some jurisdiction, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid that the inhabitants of the said Egg Harbour shall be and belong to the jurisdiction of Gloucester, to all intents and pur- poses, till such time as they shall be capable, by a competent number of inhabitants, to be erected into a county, any former act to the contrary notwithstanding." In this dependent condition the Egg Harbor region continued till 1710, when, by a legislative act, it was incorporated with and made a part of Gloucester. Atlantic County erected. — A hundred and twenty years later the people on the seaboard had acquired, as they thought, " a competent number of inhabit- ants" to be made a separate county, and accordingly Atlantic County was erected in 1837. A board of commissioners, consisting of three from each of the new counties, was appointed to appraise the public property of the old county and apportion the net value thereof to the new counties according to the population of each. The commissioners for Glouces- ter County were John Clement, Elijah Bowers, and James Saunders. They found the net value of the public property of the old county of Gloucester (after deducting liabilities) to be $24,195.45, of which §17,247.69J was the amount apportioned to the new county of Gloucester, and $6947.75* to the new county of Atlantic. Attempted Removal of County-Seat. — From time to time during the early part of the present century the question of removing the county-seat to Camden was agitated, and on the 25th of November, 1824, an act was passed by the Legislature of the State author- izing an election in the county of Gloucester to de- termine whether or not the county-seat should be re- moved to or within one mile of Camden. The election was held on the 8th day of February, 1825, and the contest was a spirited one. The result was 2516 votes for Woodbury and 1640 for Camden, a majority of 876 in favor of continuing the public buildings at the former place. Erection of Camden County. — As time went on the convenience of the rapidly-increasing population in the northern part of Gloucester seemed to call for the erection there of a new county, and the measure was favored by some in order to secure to West New Jersey its just share of influence in the State govern- ment. Accordingly, on the 13th of March, 1844, an act was passed by the Legislature erecting the townships of Camden, Waterford, Newton, Union, Delaware, Gloucester, and Washingtbn, then constituting a part of the county of Gloucester, into a separate county by the name of Camden. So violent, however, was the opposition to the measure that the act passed the Assembly by a majority of only one. By the terms of this act the court-house, jail, and other public property at Woodbury continued to he the property of Gloucester County, but the alms- house and the farm, and the personal property per- taining to them, as well as the other real estate which constituted the almshouse property, was to be owned and occupied jointly by the two counties. By a supplement to the act erecting the county of Camden, which supplement was approved April 1, . 1846, Joseph Saunders, J. B. Harrison, J. K. Cow- perthwaite, Edward Turner, and J. J. Spencer were appointed commissioners to divide the public prop- erty which belonged to the county of Gloucester at the time of the passage of the act erecting Camden County, between the counties of Gloucester and Cam- den, excepting real estate and the movable property, which the act reserved for the county of Gloucester. These commissioners met and made an appraisement of all the personal property, moneys, and eflfects, ex- cept as excepted, and after deducting therefrom the amount of the debts against the county at the time of the passage of the act dividing the county of Gloucester, apportioned the balance to the two coun- ties in the ratio of the county tax paid by the several townships which composed the counties in 1843. The surplus revenue of the United States which had been deposited with the county, and the interest thereon, was apportioned in the ratio of the State tax paid by the same townships in the year 1836, the year previous to that in which this deposit was accepted. By this apportionment the county of Gloucester received of personal property, moneys, and effects a balance of $872.10. Of the bonds and mortgages for surplus revenue loaned, and interest thereon, there was apportioned to the county of Gloucester the sum of $23,367.30. The personal property connected with the alms- house was not taken into account in making this division, as it was not believed to come within the intent and meaning of the act by which the commis- sioners were appointed. Washington and Uonroe restored to Glouces- ter. — The township of Washington, which was in- cluded in the county of Camden when that county was erected, was subsequently divided into the townships GENERAL HISTORY. 107 of Washington and Monroe. By a law approved Feb. 28, 1871. it was enacted,— " That all that part of the countyiof Camden com prising the townships of Washington and Monroe (except that part of the township of Wash- ington included within the boundaries of the Camden almshouse farm, which is to remain a part of said county of Camden, and be annexed to and made a part of, the township of Qloticester in said oonnty) shall be, and the same is, hereby annexed to and made a part of the county of Gloucester." Geography and Topography. — The county as now constituted is bounded on the northeast by Camden County, from which it is separated by Tim- ber Creelc, Four-Mile Creelc, and Great Egg Harbor River ; on the southeast by Atlantic County ; on the southwest by Cumberland and Salem Counties, Old- man's Creek from its source to its mouth separating it from Salem ; and on the northwest by Delaware River. It has the same general form that it had previous to the separation from it of Atlantic and Camden Counties, — that of a parallelogram extending from northwest to southeast. The water-shed which sepa- rates the streams running toward the east and west — a portion of what is sometimes called the " Backbone of New Jersey" — extends in a northeast and south- west direction across the county, near the line between Washington and Monroe, and through Clayton. It is drained towards the east by Great Egg Har- bor River and several smaller streams, and towards the west by Timber, Woodbury, Mantua, Raccoon, and Oldman's Creeks and their aflSuents, all of which are navigable for some distance inward. Its greatest length between northwest and southeast is about thirty-nine miles, and its greatest width between northeast and soiithwest about nineteen. It has an area of about four hundred and thirty square miles. The surface is generally level and the soil is sandy. Divisions of Townships. — As the population of the county has increased the few original townships that were included within the limits of the present county have been divided and subdivided till now there are twelve, viz. : Clayton, Deptford, Frank- lin, Glassboro, Greenwich, Harrison, Logan, Mantua, Monroe, Washington, West Deptford, and Wool- wich. Population. — The population of the county was in 1790, 3368; 1800,16,115; 1810,19,744; 1820,23,071; 1830, 28,431 ; 1840, 26,438 ; 1850, 14,655 ; 1860, 18,444; 1870, 21,662; 1880,25,886. Land Titles. — The acquisition of the title to the land here by the original proprietors, the extinguish- ment of the Indian title, and the changes which oc- curred in the early proprietorship have been spoken of elsewhere. It is now exceedingly diflScult, and in many cases quite impossible, for individuals to fol- low the chain of title to their lands back to these early proprietors ; for the reason that titles were not recorded here prior to 1785. In a few cases deeds re- cite this chain of title back, but in most of these few the recital stops short of the original proprietors. CHAPTER XXV. EARLY DOINGS OF THE COUNTY AUTHORITIES. Extracts from Court Records. — The following extracts not only show that the inhabitants of old Gloucester considered themselves, for a time after the constitution was adopted at Arwames, an independent goverrtment, with power to prescribe penalties, levy taxes, determine boundaries, and exercise other gov- ernmental functions, but they illustrate to some ex- tent the moral and social condition of the early Eng- lish settlers. At the court at Red Bank, on the 10th of Decem- ber, 1686, " Andrew Wilkie was brought to ye Bar, and the indictment against him for ffelony being read, he pleaded guilty in manner and form." A jury, however, " was empannelled and attested upon his Triall and true deliverance to make between our Lord the King and the prisoner at the bar, etc. Verdict — The jury brought in Andrew Wilke, the prisoner, Guilty in the manner and form ; and that ye said prisoner ought to make pay to the prosecutor the sum of sixteen pounds. Sentence — The Bench appoints that ye said Wilkie shall pay ye aforesaid sixteen pounds by way of servitude viz : if he will be bound by Indenture to ye prosecutor, then to serve him ye terrae of four years ; but if he con- discended not thereto, then ye court awarded that he should be a ser- vant, and soe abide the terme of five years, and to he accommodated in the tyme of his servitude by his master with meat, drink, cloaths, and washiug according to ye euetome of ye count// and fltt for such a ser- vant." The felony for which this double conviction was had was the theft of goods from Denis Sins, and the sentence was in accordance with the provincial law of 1681, which required thieves to make fourfold res- titution, "or be made to work for so long a time as the nature of the offence shall require." Neither law nor custom, however, furnished authority for the fol- lowing proceedings, which were had at a court held in Gloucester on the 1st of December, 1693 : "The grand jury present William Lovejoy for that, contrary to the order and advice of the Bench, he doth frequent the house of Ann Pen- stone, and lodge there, none being in ye house but he and ye said Ann with the bastard child. William Lovejoy solemnly promises to appear at the next court, to be held at Gloucester, and to be of very good behaviour during the same time." First Court. — The first court held under the county organization was in September, 1686. The justices present on the bench were Francis Collins, Thomas Thackera, and John Wood. The jury-list returned by the sheriff included the names of William Hunt, William Bate, William Alvertson, William Lovejoy, Ilenry Wood, Jonathan Wood, John Hugge, James Atkinson, Thomas Sharp, Thomas Obannders, George Goldsmith, John Ladde, Daniel Read- ing, John Ithel, John Bethel), Thomas Matthews, William Dalboe, An- thony Neilson, John Matson, Thomas Bull, John Taylor, William Salis- bury, Mattliow Medcalfe, and William Cooper. At this term, "Upon ye complaynt of Kebecca Hammond against her late master, Robert Zane, for want of necessary apparell as alsoe his failure in some covenants that he was obliged by his indenture to perform — it was ordered yt ye said Rob. Zane, before ye first day of ninth month next, should finds and give to ye said Rebecka Hammond apparell to the vallue of three pounds seven shillings and sixpence, and alsoe fifty acres of land to Iter and her hevrs forever; and in case ye sd Rob. shall dislike this order then to stand to omd abide by ye Act of Assembly in the like case provided; whereupon ye sd Bob. Zane did at last declare that he would comply with ye aforesaid order and answer ye same." 108 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The clause of the county constitution relating to the marks on " hoggs" was not obeyed by all the in- habitants, and at this court the clerk was ordered " to warne in those who had made default, to his own house, and there take account and register their markes." The records of these marks are not the least curious parts of the archives of the county. To kill a marked hog, even though its owner was unknown, was a misdemeanor, punishable by fine, and at the December term, 1686, three of the most respectable citizens in the county were fined re- spectively twelve, ten, and seven shillings for so offending. On the 1st of March, 1691, John Richards was convicted of perjury, and was sentenced hy the jury % "to pay twenty pounds fine, or stand in ye pillory one hour. To which ye bench assents, and ye prisoner chusing to stand in ye pillory they award and order the same to be in Gloucester on ye twelfth day of April next between ye hours of ten in ye momiDg and four in ye afternoon, and condescend to take his owne bond for his appearance at that tyme, under ye penalty and/orii^ofion of fifty pounds." Two burglars were convicted at the September term, 1690, and were sentenced to be " burnt to the bone" in the hand with the letter T, or be sold for five years in the West Indies. They chose the latter. ftuestion of Jurisdiction.— The independence claimed by the county during the disturbances in the provincial government is illustrated by the subjoined extract from the minutes of the court. Gloucester and Burlington seem to have regarded the question of county boundaries as a proper subject for county legislation : " At a court held at Gloucester on ye first day of 4th mo., 1689, the grand jury having information that the persons formerly appoynted by ye propryetors for fixing ye line of division between ye counties of Burlington and Gloucester have agreed npou a course that shall deter- mine ye same. Doe, in pursuance thereof, order that upon ye seven- teenth of this instant ye said lines shall be run, and that Thomas Sharp Shalt be surveyor for ye doing thereof. That John Walker and John Heritage shall mark ye trees, and that Francis C!ollins, Bichard Herit- age, John Key, and John Wills be appointed to see yt the same be duly performed and done. And also that it*s judged that ye people in Bur- lington County may have advice hereof, that they may appear to see the thing completed, if they please. To all which ye Bench assents, and order the procedure thereof in manner above said." Two years previous to the above proceedings the Burlington people had given offense to Gloucester by holding pleas of crimes belonging to the jurisdiction of Arwames. The Burlington officers who had thus offended the dignity of Gloucester were promptly brought to account. At a court held at Gloucester on the 1st of December, 1687, *' The grand jury present John Wood and Will Warner for convej'ing forth of this county two prisoners thereof, namely Henry Treadway and Mary Driner, for their tryall at Burlington Court, contrary to the right and privileges of this county, and to the perverting of justice &c. The Bench orders this presentment to be referred to the next court, at which tyme ye sd. John Wood Is ordered to appear." At the next court " The presentment of the grand jury of the last court against John Wood, for the conveying of Henry Treadway and Mary Driner, two notorious de- lioquents, forth of this county Ac. to the destroying of ye county's privileges Ac. being read, the said John Wood speaketh as followeth : Since I understand that this county hath taken offence at and with my proceedings concerning Henry Treadway and Mary Driner I am heartily sorry that I evpr gave them that cause of ofTence. fforasmuch as I de- signed nop prejudice against the county, nor any therein, but that it was my ignorance that occasioned the same, I doe desire the sd county would be pleased to remit and pass by ye same." First Tax.— The first tax act passed by the Legis- lature of the county (the grand jury) was as follows: " Gloucester, first of second mo,, 1687 : The Conrte dissolved, but the Grande Jury, having something under consideration that required a longer tyme to deliberate thereof, they now adjourned till the fourteenth day of the same month, at which time appearing they agreed and or* dered as followeth : — "That for the public use and concerne of the County of Gloucester there should be a tax levyed and raised upon the inhabitants thereof, in the manner following: '*That every owner or possessor of lande shall pay, for every hun- dred of lande that shall be possessed, taken up, or snrveyed, the sum of one shilling. And that every person keeping cattell within the sd County of Gloucester, whether oxen, horses, or cowes, being two years of age, shall pay for every head of such cattel the sum of two pence. And al»oe that all free men, having neither lande nor cattell, shall pay the sum of two pence. And alsoe that all men, having neither lande or cattell, being sixteen years of age, shall pay for their owne beads one shilling a piece. " The assessors appointed for the taxing of every man's estate as afore- said are Richard Heritage, John Key, Thomas Sharpe, Andrew Robeson Jun., and Anthony Neilson ; whoe are to meet together, on or before the twentieth day of the third month next, in order to assess and levy the said tax. " The treasurers appointed are Henry Wood and Anthony Neilson, to whom every person concerned shall briuge in their several taxations by or before the twenty-ninth day of September next, either in silver money, or in come at the prices following viz: 8. d. 8. d. Wheat, at 4 0; Gates, at 2 0;. Rye, 3 0; Indian Peas, 5 0; Barley, 3 0; Buckwheat, 2 6; Indian Corn, 2 6. " And in case any person shall refuse or neglect to bring in their tax, as aforesaid, it shall be lawfull to distreine upon them for double the value, with all such charges as shall accrue for or by reason of distrras soe made; and any one that findes himself wronged shall repair to the next justice, who hath power to redress their aggrievances. And the Treasurers are hereby ordered to have for their recelveing and disposall of the pay two shillings in the pound ; " And that this tax, when received, shall not be disposed on but by the consent, knowledge, and appointment or approbation of the Grand Joiy for the tyme being. " This was seen and approved on the fourteenth day of April by the Justices aforesaid, and the Jury was discharged." Taxes continued to be levied by the grand jury, of its own accord, till 1694, when the power was vested by the Assembly in a quorum of the county justices, " with the advice, concurrence and assistance of the Grand Jury." In 1713 the prerogative was by statute vested in the justices and chosen freeholders, where it remained until the organization of the board of freeholders, as at present constituted, on the ISth of February, 1798. On the minutes of the county legislative board under the date of Dec. 11, 1733, ap- pears the subjoined act for repairing Timber Creek bridge : "The justices and freeholders have appointed George Ward, and Con- stantine Wood to be managers to repair Timber Crick Bridge ; and also that fifty pounds shall be raised to defray the charge of the said repair, and for and towards other county charges, in the manner following, viz: Single men, one ehiUing and six pence each; servants, four pence each; Merchants as followeth, viz: John Brown of Gloucester, ten shil- lings; Sarah Norris, five; Timothy Matlack, ten; Michael Fisher, five; C. Taylor, ten. MUls as followeth, viz; Bonnet's Mill,'four shillingB; GENERAL HISTORY. 109 Cole's Mill, four; Child's Mill, four; Key's Mill, four; Andrew Ware's Mill, two ; Richard CheeBemao's Mill, three ; George Ward's Mill, five ; Griffith's Mill, one and six pence; I. Couaeu's Mill, two; Israel Ward's Blill.two; S. Shiver's Mill, four; Somers' Mill, throe; Stileman's Mill, one and six pence; Fisher's Mill, four; Sreache's Mill, two. Taverns as foUoweth, viz: T. Perrywehb's, ten shillings; Medcalf's, ten; Wheel- tlen's, ten ; Griffith's, one ; Sarah Bull's, two ; E. Ellison's, five ; Tatem'a Ferry, seven and six pence; Gerrard's, seven ; Taylor's, ten; Medcalf's Ferry, twelve."' From a similar act passed in 1750 it appears that there were then in the county fourteen stores and ehops, twenty-seven mills, five ferries, and more than twenty-five taverns, and that single men were taxed *' Eight Shillings Each, Male Sarvents & Negroes above Six- teen Yeares of Age two Shillings Each, flats & wood Boats two Shillings per Cord, Shalops and Sloops two Shillings per Tunn, Marchents Tun- nage. The Remainder to be levied on Ye Pound Value." Early Ferries.— In 1688 the first ferry between Gloucester and Philadelphia was licensed by the court. Under the date of January 1st in that year Clerk Sharp recorded : "It is proposed to ye hench yt a ferry is very needful! and much wanted from Jarsey to Philadelphia, yt William Roydou's house is looked upon as a place convenient for, and the said William Roydon a person suitable for that employment, and therefore an order desired from ye Bench that a ferry may be fixed &c. To which ye Bench assents, and refers to ye Grand Jury to methodize ye same, and fix ye rates thereof." A ferry over Timber Creek was proposed in 1693, but that and the one established in 1688 across the Delaware probably became extinct before 1693, for under the date June 1st in that year appears the following :' " The Grand Jury consenteth to and presenteth the proposals of Daniel Cooper fur keeping a ferry over the river to Philadelphia, at the prices following ; that is to say : for a man and hoi-se, one shilling and six pence ; fur a single horse or cow, one shilling and three pence; for a single man, ten pence, and when ten or more, six pence per head, and six pence per head for sheep, calfa, or hoggs. To which ye bench assents. "The Grand Jury consenteth to and presenteth the proposals of John Beading for keeping a ferry over Glocester River, and from Glocester to Wickaco, at ye prices following. That is to say for a single man and horse, two shillings and six pence ; and four shillings per head for more than one horse or cow, &c., and one shilling and six pence for a single mau,and one shilling per head when more than one, from Glocester tu Wickacoe. And five pence per head for horses, cows &c, and two pence per head for man without horses or cattell over Glocester River. Tc> all which ye Bench consents." The first regular ferry over Cooper's Creek was es- tablished Dec. 1, 1702. The record of that date says,— "John Champion makes great complaint of his great charge in set- ting people over Coopers Creek at his house; whereupon ye Grand Jury propose that in case ye sd John Champion will find sufficient conveni- ences to putt people over at all seasons the said Champion may take for ferriage as follows viz: for two persons together, two pence per head ; for one single person, three pence ; and for a man and a horse five pence. To which ye Bench assents." No mention is made in any of these schedules of carriages. These were not in general use, even in Philadelphia, previous to the Revolution. In West New Jersey journeys were usually made on horse- back, and the daughters of the wealthiest men -usually received for a marriage portion a cow and a side- saddle. Wheeled carriages would have been but little useful in a region where the roads were full of trees, and where the streams were seldom bridged. More than a century later, or in 1821 . the following rates of ferriage across the Delaware from the town- ship of Newton and Gloucester Town were estab- lished by the board of freeholders : "For each passenger without h«ggage or marketing, from the 1st of May tolslof September $0.61^ *' Single passenger in a wherry 12^ " From 1st September to 20th December Q% "From 20th December to 5th March 25 "From 5th March to Ist May 6}4 *' Market people to have the privilege of carrying with thRm as many as six bushel-baskets, or what is equivalent thereto of any kind of marketing not hereinafter fRted 12i^ " A barrel to be rated equal to 2 baskets. Tubs, chei^ts, and scow- baskets to he rated according to the number of bushels they hold, and for every hush el-basket, or what is equivalent to one, over six, to pay one cant each. All articles having contained marketing to return free, if empty, otherwise to pay tlie usual rates. "For a two-hnrse load, with or without the carriage, not other- wise rated 373^ " Barrel of salt, flour, plaster, sugar, liquor, meat, etc 12^ "Empty " " " 2 "Half " " " empty 1 " Hogsheads of liquor, molasses, sugar, lime, etc 37V^ "Empty " " " 12k "Stove of cast iron, 6 or more plates IS^^ " " " less than 6 plates &yg "Salt, plaster, grain, clover, and other grass-seeds, per bushel 2 "Flour, beef, pork, iron, etc., per cwt 3 " Coffee, per bag, large trunk, etc 6J^ "Soap, candles, chocolate, glass, etc., per box 3 " Windsor chairs, perdozen 9]4. "Bureau, bedstead, clock-case 12)^ " Lumber, per 100 feet 10 " Live calves, fat hogs, per head 63^ " Sheep, and store hogs, per head 3 "Fat cattle, per head 37J^ " Cow and calf .'. 25 "Store cattle, horses, mules, etc 18^ "Sideboard 25 "Desk, secretary, etc 18^ "Large table 10 " Smsill table, stand, feather bed, matrass, large chest for tea 6|^ " Crate or tierce of earthenware, hamper of bottles 18^ " Fresh shad, per 100, or herring, per 1000 25 " Carriages of pleasure, and drivers : Every 4-wheel carriage drawn by 4 horses 1.00 " 4 " " " " 2 " 62U " 2 " " " " '^ " 56i| " 4 " " " " 1 " 44 " 2 " « « " 1 " 371^ Stage wagon " " 4 " 75 « " " 2 " 371^ " Market carriages with their drivers, including fish wagons, going - to or returning from market: With 4 wheels drawn by 2 horses 373^ " " 1 " 25 "Market wagons taking in merohaniiise on their return, to be charged as carriages of burden 50 " All passengers in carriages, except the driver, to pay the same as other passengers. " Carriages of burden to include charcoal, tin wagons, pedlars, etc , with their drivers : 2 horses, loaded 50 " unloaded 25 1 horse, loaded .- 31J^ " unloaded 25 "For carrying hay, straw, hemp, flax, and otlier bulky articles: 2-hor8e load G2H Unloaded 37J>^ 1 horse loaded 44 1 " unloaded 25 "Each additional horse, ox, or mnle 18% "Every load of lumber exceeding 16 feet in length to pay 3 cents per foot for such excess. Bricks on carriages $1.25 per thou- sand, empty carriages to return free. Not more than 500 brick on two wheels. A load for each horse not to exceed half a ton. Carriages carrying cordwood or manure to cross free, when empty, by returning at the same ferry. "The above rates to be taken Spring, Summer, and Fall." Another schedule prescribed the rates on certain articles between December 20th and March 6th of each year. Weights and Measures Regulated. — At the ses- sion of the court held Sept. 2, 1695, the following de- cree was recorded : " Whebeab, There hath bin of late very great abuses and Irregulari- ties Committed by ye vse and vndue practice of Selling by small and unlawful measures, for ye preventing ol wch mischiefs for ye future The Bench Orders that a person be appointed to be ye Sealer and Becti- fier of weights and Measures for ye County of Gloucester, who shall take Care that all weights and measure, within ye County aforesaid be made according to ye standard of England," etc. The decree prescribed 110 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. the fees of the officer, and provided that personB aellingby short weights or DieaBures should '* be severely fined for their so doing/' March 1, 1700,-^ " The Grand Jury present Thomas Kendall and Daniel Cooper for sell- ing Liquors by small measun-a without Lycence, and ye bench Order that they do forthwith Cease selling, or take to do ye same under penalty of being prosecuted according to Law." Foreigners, Vagrants, Servants, etc.— June % 1701,— "The Grand Jury present Amos Nicholson as being a man of ill fame, and under all circumstances as Reputed guilty of Boberys, fielonyB &c. Is lately rome to Inhabltt in ye township of Greenwich, wch is like to be of a Dangerous Consequence to ye Inhabitants, and a troublesome neigh- bour. Tbat he shall give satisfaction that he bath satisfyed ye Law Concerning those things that have been laid to his charge from ye places of his last residence, and allso to give security that he will not become Burthensome to ye County, as being no fiTreeholder. "The Bench assents hereto, and order that a Justice of peace do send his warrant to apprehend ye ad. Amos, and that he shall give sufficient security to Indemnify ye township, or else to be sent back to ye place of his last Residence." Sept. 1, 1 701 " The Grand Jury present that Thomas Gardiner may be paid ye sume of ffive pounds one shilling and nine pence half penny ffor wolves and Panthers heads." Sept. 1,1701. "The Sher. brings into Court a vagrant Negroo, taken up at Michael BufQns house at little Egg harbour, not giving an account of his masters name or place." The sherifT's charges amounted to nine pounds eight shillings and two pence. "The Bench orders that to any person who shall Disburse ye sd Kx- pence and Charge The Negro shall serve ye terra and time of two years, to Commence from ye time that such person so disbursing ye Charge shall take him into their Custody, and to be made to work for his men- teynence, and if in ye mean time his master shall Come and claim, making proof his Right to him, he shall then be Delivered to his said master, he Defraying of ye said Charge." March 2,1701. "Griffith Morgan makes Complainst agst. a servant woman of his Deserting of her service ye 1st of Instant. The servant appearing and alledging That her passage was paid in Scotland she came fTrom, and that she was not any servant, upon which ye paid Grif- fifth pioduces an order of Cheriter Court, in pensilvania, for her serving of five years to one %. Evan &c, and his assignment to ye said Griffith ; whereupon ye Bench order that ye sd Servant perform her time of servi- tude according to ye said assignment." First Capital Crime in Gloucester County.— The first murder in Gloucester County occurred in 1701. It was a case of infanticide, but the record does not show what penalty, if any, was inflicted on the guilty mother. The case was tried by Governor Lord Corn- bury in person/ and on the 19th of December the following record was made : " We the Grand Jury of the County of Gloucester doe order eighteen pence to by twelve bushels of charcoal for the prisoner, and two pounds two shillings to by three m'itch coats, for the prisoner's use so long as she hath occasion for it, and then to be reserved for the county's use. We allow seveu shillings and six pence to the clerk for five warrants to the collector to gather the above tax. We further allow Matthew Med- calfe twelve shillings and six pence for defraying the Lord Oornbury's retinue's expenses when he was lately at Gloucester, and six shillings to John Siddon for a coffin for the murthered child, and six shillings more we allow him by discount of his old tax in 1694 for bringing the Justices and Coroner to Gloster, We also allow eight pounds twelve shillings and four pence for defraying the Lord Cornbury's and his at- tendance's expenses when he was lately at Gloucester." Records of Marriages and Births.— One of the 1 Governor Hunloke held the Gloucester court in March and Decern- her terms, 1692, and September, 1694. Governor Jeremiah Basse pre- sided at September term, 1698, and Governor Andrew Hamilton in March, 1700. duties of the clerk was to keep a registry of the mar- riages and births. The following are copies of some of these records : " The thirteerUhof yejirst month Anno 1687. Samuel Taylor and Eliz- abith Ward now then married together, according to the good and laud- able rules and laws of the province of West Jarsey in that case made, before Francis Collins, one of ye King's magistrates for ye county of Gloucester, and in the presence of John Richards, Phillis Richards, James Ward, Thomas Thackara, John Hugge, George Goldsmith, Jona- than Wood &c. "John Reading Seeorder" " Province of West Jersey . " John Burroughs, the son of John Burroughs and Jane his wife of Glocester River, in ye County of Glocester, was born ye fourteenth day of March, Anno 1687. Entr, pr. me "John Reading, Be. " Testis ^'■John AshbrdoJe'^ " The sixteenth of November, Anno 1697. This may certify whom it may concern, that I, George Ward, of ye town of XJpton and county of Gloucester, and Hannah Waynwright, of Woodbury Creek, have been published according to Law, and nothing appearing contrary in any wise to hinder them they have proceeded at a public place appointed for tbat purpose as followeth: ye sd George standing up and taking ye sd Han- nab by ye hand saJtli as followeth: I George Ward, in ye presence of God and this assembly, take Hannah Waynwright to be my wife ; prom- ising to be a loueing Husband untill Death sepperate ; and She, ye sd Hannah, in like manner saith, I Hannah Waynwright, in ye presence of God and this Assembly, take George Ward to be my husband, promiB- ing to be a loueing fTaithfuU wife till Death sepperate. his "Geoeqe X Ward, mark her "Hannah X Waysweight." mark " Persons present were "John Brown, Israel Ward, William Ward, John Tatnm, Thomas Gib- son, Isaac Wood, Charles Crossthwait, John Ashbrook, Thomas Ball, James Whitall, Samuell Taylor, John Euno, Elizabeth Tatum, and Su- rannah Waynwright. " December yejirst^ Anno 1697, the within certificate was ordered to be recorded " By Tho. Gardiner, *' Ju&lice" " December 8£ft, 1697 Entr. Exam, and Recorded pr. me "John Reading fiec. " Testis John Beading" Miscellaneous Extracts from Court Records — The subjoined miscellaneous extracts will be read with interest : "At a Court held at Red Bank on the tenth of ye Tentb month, 16S6, the Grand Jury present the neglect of magistrates for theire not making a full Bench on ye first day of this instant, for which cause ye Court was yn adjourned till this present tenth day. "At ye court held at Gloucester (for ye jurisdiction thereof), on ya first day of ye fourth month, AnQOl686, Divers Complaints being madeto ye Grand Jury of ye great loss and damage which the County suffers by reason of wolves, they, with ye concurrence of ye Bench, to encourage ^ ye destroying of them doe order ye severall Treasurers within tbis county to pay ten shillings for every wolfe'shead, to them brought fortb, of ye effects of ye county tax ; and ye clerk is ordered to write papers to publish ye same." December, 1701, the grand jury at the, court in Gloucester presented ''Thomas Wills, of Gloucester, for selling beer by wine measure, an On the 2d of September, 1095, the following minute is made by the clerk of the County Court : " The Grand Jury return and find a bill against Matthew Medcalfe and Dorothy, his wife, for a breach of the King's peace, and contemptnonsly assaulting of a drummer under ye command of John Beading, and breaking of ye drum. The said Matthew confesseth ye matter of ffact, both as to himself and in behalf of his wife, and leaves ye same to ye consideration and mercy of ye Bench. The Bench, after consideration, award the raid Matthew to pay aa a fine ye sum of twenty shillings, with co»ls of suite." But it was not only in qu&stions of conscience that the ancient men of our shire carried a stiff neck. They were imbued with a county pride which brooked no insult and forgave no wrong. In 1742 one John Jones, a deputy of Joseph Warrell, Esq., the attorney- general, prosecuted some criminal to conviction in the Gloucester court, whereupon he demanded his fees of the board of justices and freeholders, who referred him to his employer, telling him the county had not asked for his services. Jones threatened to take out a mandamus to compel them to pay, at which the worthy freeholders took fire, and immedi- ately charged the deputy, before the Assembly, with trying to extort money from them against law. They Dressed their plaint with such vigor that Jones was forthwith arrested by the Speaker's warrant, and brought before the House. Here he humbly prom- ised not to do the like again, and was dismissed, but as he had criminated the king's attorney as the insti- gator of his offense, Mr. Warrell was also arrested. His story was that what he had done was by the im- portunity of Jones, but "since he was informed that it was the opinion of the House that such demands were not allowable," he asked pardon of the county and colony, and was dismissed from custody. This case, which was really Gloucester versus the Crown of England, for the attorney-general was a crown officer, also caused a pamphlet war, which was con- ducted with considerable ability on both sides. The Assembly was assailed for its action in the premises in a pamphlet entitled " Extracts from the Minutes, etc., to which are added some Notes and Observa- I tions." A reply whereto speedily followed, under the caption of " The Note-Maker Noted, and the Ob- server Observed Upon, by a true lover of English liberty, 1743." The first was probably written by Jones himself, and the other by some of Old Glouces- ter's indignant freeholders. In this little affair we see a strong tinge of the spirit which, thirty years afterwards, led to the Revolution, and we hazard but little in saying that the same jealousy of the rnyal power, in all its modifications, always distinguished the people of Gloucester County. The first Legislature of independent New Jersey, during its session at Haddonfield, in the month of September, 1777, found itself surrounded by true friends of liberty, who gave all its acts a prompt and hearty support. It was here, during the darkest hour of the Revolution, that the two Houses, by unani- mously expunging the word "colony" and substi- tuting " state" in public writs and commissions, wiped out the last vestige of our servitude. It was here, too, that that Committee of Safety was established which afterwards proved of such signal service. The mem- ber of Council for Gloucester during this season was John Cooper, who attended regularly at Haddonfield, but did not follow to Princeton, whither the Legisla- ture adjourned on the 24th of September. His Ex- cellency William Livingston, and Messrs. Sinnickson, GENERAL HISTORY. 121 Cox, Condict, Symmes, Hand, Scudder, and Pateraon were regular in their attendance. The joint meetings were held, while the two Houses continued at Had- donfield, at Thomas Smith's, and joint committees generally met at Hugh Creighton's or Samuel Kin- nard's. The most prominent military characters of the county of Gloucester at the commencement of the war of the Revolution were Cols. Joseph Ellis, Josiah Hillman, Joseph Hugg, and Robert Brown, Maj. William Ellis, Capts. Samuel Hugg, John Stokes, and John Davis. Col. Ellis had commanded a com- pany in Canada, in the French war, but on the open^,.S«mers, an officer of the Revolution. He was born ing of the issue between the mother-country and her colonies he resigned the commission he held of the king, and was made a colonel in the Gloucester mili- tia. He was in the battle of Monmouth and several other engagements, in all of which he fought bravely. Col. Hillman was esteemed a good officer, and saw much hard service. Col. Hugg was appointed com- missary of purchase for West Jersey at an early stage of the war, and in that capacity did much for the cause. He was in the battles of Germantown, Shorthills, and Monmouth, and when the British crossed from Philadelphia to New York he was de- tailed to drive away the stock along their line of march, in performing which duty he had many nar- row escapes from the enemy's light horse. Col. Brown lived at Swedesboro, and his regiment was chiefly employed in preventing the enemy from landing from their ships and restraining the excur- sions of the refugees from Billingsport. Maj. Ellis was taken prisoner early in the war, and kept for a long time upon Long Island. Capts. Samuel Hugg and Frederick Frelingbuysen were appointed by an act of the Legislature to command the two first com- panies of artillery raised in New Jersey, Hugg in the western and Frelingbuysen in the eastern division. The former soon raised his company, and in it were a number of young men of fortunes and the first fam- ilies in the State, the Westcoats, Elmers, Seeleys, and others, men who afterwards occupied distinguished posts in the local and national governments. This company was at the battles of Trenton and Prince- ton. When the "Roebuck" was engaged in pro- tecting the operations against the chevaux-de-frise at Billingsport, Hugg's artillerists threw up a small breastwork upon the Jersey shore, and fought her during a whole day ; but, unfortunately, their first sergeant, William Ellis, was killed by a cannon-ball, which took off both his legs above his knees. This Ellis was an Englishman, and had been for several years a recruiting officer for the British service in Philadelphia. He joined the American cause early. Like his namesake, he was a very brave man, and died much regretted by his companions in arms. Capt. Stokes commanded a company of mere boys, made up from some of the best families in Glouces- ter County. These fellows were at the battle of Monmouth, but Col. Hillman sent them to the rear to guard the baggage. Stokes was often heard to say afterwards that he " never saw so mad a set of young- sters" as these were on being assigned to so safe a post. They cried with rage at being stationed there, after having marched so far to see what fighting was. In our war with Tripoli, and in the late war with England, some of the best and bravest sailors in our navy were sons of Gloucester County. Who, that is not culpably ignorant of the history of his country, has not heard of the name of Capt. Richard Somers ? This chivalric sailor was the son of Col. Richard— at Somers' Point, about the year 1778, was educated at Burlington, but took to the sea when very young. He joined the American navy in its infancy, where he soon became distinguished by his courage and his seamanship. In 1804 he was in the Mediterranean, captain of the " Nautilus," under Commodore Preble. The operations of the fleet before Tripoli having been prolonged a great while to little purpose, a master- stroke was devised to cripple the enemy's galleys and hasten the bashaw's will to capitulate. With this view the ketch "Intrepid" was prepared as an in- fernal, to be sent into the harbor among the Tripoli- tan vessels and there exploded. To navigate a ma- chine, to the crew of which an accidental spark or a shot from the enemy was certain destruction, required no ordinary degree of courage. But though others shrank back Somers volunteered for the adventure, and with a picked crew, on a proper night, embarked in the infernal for the harbor. For a few minutes the breathless Americans peered with intense unsat- isfied curiosity into the deep darkness which had swallowed the adventurous vessel. Then shells and shot started from the alarmed battery of the town, and swept in every direction. A fierce light rested for a moment on the wave, and with the tenfold dark- ness that returned came a terrific concussion that made the ships in the offing quake from their trucks to their keels. It was evident that the ketch had prematurely exploded, and that Somers and his crew had been blown into a thousand atoms. It was understood, upon the departure of the infernal from the fleet, that in no event was her cargo of powder to fall into the hands of the Tripolitans. Somers was known to be a man capable of any sacrifice for the glory of the ser- vice and the welfare of his country, and it was, there- fore, believed by Preble (and it is still believed Upon every foretop and quarter-deck of our navy) that, being discovered and in danger of being taken, he ordered the match to be applied to the magazine, and died with his comrades, to keep from the enemy the means of prolonging the war. Were we to dwell upon the biographies of all the distinguished sons of Old Gloucester, where would we And — what we fear the reader already anticipates with pleasure— the end of our book 1 One has risen from a poor Egg Harbor fisher-boy to be the second only 122 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. among tlie millionaires of America. Another, left at an early age an orphan and friendless, became cele- brated as the most eloquent man at the most powerful bar of the Union. A third receives, for the first time directly at the hands of the people, the office of Gov- ernor of New Jersey, and many in distant States, by the manner in which they discharge high and respon- sible posts, reflect honor upon the shire that gave 1777. Jolin Wilkins. 1782. John Wilkins. 1794 Joel Westcott. 1807. William Brick. 1809. Ephraim Miller. 1814. John S. Whitall. 1822. Samuel Webster. 1838. Ephraim Miller. 1863. James V. Caldwell, 1841. Charles F. Clark. 1849. James W. Caldwell. 1854. John M. Saunders, 1861. John L. C. Tatem. 1866. Henry C. Clark. 1871. Joseph Paul. TKU.STEES or THE POCK. them birth. _j.„— .-**w ^ V. b"" " 1803. Charles French. 1828. Christopher Sickler. T ;_J. Marmaduke Burr. Samuel B. Lippincott. Civil ±iisi. Samuel W. Harrison. James Jessup. SHERirFS. John Hider. 1829. Benjamin B. Cooper. 1686. Daniel Reading. 1801. Edward Vaughn. Amos Cooper. El^ah Bower. 1691. .lohn Hugg, Jr. (deputy). 18U3. Jacob Glover. John Haines. Samuel B. Lippincott. 1692. Thomas Sharp. 1806. Joseph V. Clark. Thomas Clark. Joseph Porter. 1694. John Wood. 1809. Isaac Pine. Sohobey Stewart. David B. Morgan. 1695. Jos. Tomliuson 1812. Joseph V.Clark. ^ Nehemiah Blackmer, 1830. Benjamin B. Cooper. 1G96. Joshua Lord. 1815. John Baxter. Elias Smith. Samuel B. Lippincott. 1697. William Warner. 1818. Benjamin Wilkins. 1804. Samuel W. Harrison. Elijah Bower. 1698. .Benjamin Bramen. 1821. John Baxter. John Hider. Charles French. 1699. William Warner. 1824. Enoch Doughty. Amos Cooper. Christopher Sickler. 1700. Matthew Medcalfe. 1826. Isaac Hinchman. John Hains, 1831. Joseph Kay. 1711. Joaiah Kay. 1829, Jesse Smith. Charles French. Elijah Bower. 1713. Samuel Coles. 1832, James W. Caldwell. 1805. Samuel W. Harrison. Samuel B. Lippincott. Samuel Harrison. 1835, Joshua P. Brewing. John Hider. Thomas Redman. 1715. William Harrison. 1838. Josiah S. Franklin. Amos Cooper. Charles French. 1719. Josiah Kay. 1841. Mark Ware. Charles French. 1832. Samuel B. Lippincott. 1724. Samuel Coles. 1844. Joseph 0. Gill. Isaac Pine. Elijah Bower. 1726. Joseph Hugg. 1847. Joseph JeSBup. 1806. Amos Cooper. Charles French, Jr. 1728. Samuel Harrison. 1850. John Eyles. Samuel W. Harrison. Robert W. Ogden. 1733. Jacob Medcalf. 1853. Joseph T. Paulin. Isaac Fine. Arthur Brown. 1742. Samuel Harrison. 1856. John L. C. Tatem. Charles French. 1833. Elijah Bower. 1769. Thomas Hugg.» 1859. Joseph Carter. Jacob Stokes. Arthur Brown. 1781. Thomas Denny. 1862. David B.Gill. 1807. Samuel W. Harrison. Joshua P. Browning, 1784. Joseph Blackwood. 1865. Charles S, Knisell. Edmund Brewer. Joseph Kay. 1787. John Blackwood, 1868. Thomas P. Mathers. Samuel Clement. Samuel Sailer. 1790. Benjamin Whitall. 1871. Henry C. Garrison. John Tatum, Jr. 1834. Elijah Bower. 1793. Samuel Flanigan. 1874. Edmund Jones. Charles French. Joseph Porter. 1795. Edward Vaughn. 1868. Amos Gaunt. 1808. Samuel W. Harrison, Arthur Brown. 1798. Joseph Hugg. 1881. John W. Downs. Edmund Brewer. Thomas Redman. Samuel Clement, William Haines. COUNTY CLERKS. John Tatum, Jr. 1836. Charles C. Stratton. 1688. John Reading. 1781. Elijah Clark. Charles French. . William Haines. 1704. Richard Bull. 1785. Elisha Clark. 1814. Michael C. Fisher. Joseph Porter. 1705. Edward Kemps. 1805. Charles Ogden. Joseph Kaighn. Thomas Redman. 1706. John Spey. 1816, Thomas Hendry. John Sickler, Arthur Brown. 1714. Thomas Sharp. 1820. Jeremiah J. Foster. Job Brown. 1837. Joseph Porter. 1723. Gervas Hall. 1825. John C. Smallwood. Job Eldrldge. Elijah Bowers. 1727. John Ladd.2 1835. Joseph Sailer. 1818. Joseph Kaighn. John M. Kaighn. 1762. John Ladd. 1837. Henry Bradshaw. John Sickler. William Porch. 1770. Samuel Mickle. 1847. William D. Scott. Biddle Reeves. Gerrard Wood. 1771. James Bowman. 1867. Josiah S. Franklin. Isaac Kay. 1839. Joseph Porter. 1774. Josiah F. Davenilbrt. 1872. S. Paul Laudenslager. Joseph C. Swett. ^' John M. Kaighn. 1776. Joseph Hugg. 1883. Henry C. Laudenslager. 1819. Joseph Kaighn. Gerrard Wood. John Sickler. William Porch. SUBRO GATES. Biddle Reeves. Stacy Hazleton. 1823. Jacob GloTer. 1853. Alexander Wentz. Isaac Kay. 1840. Joseph Porter. 1834. Jesse Snjilh. 1864. Samuel A. Groff. Joseph C. Swett. John M. Kaighn. 1S39. John C. Smallwood. 1874. J. Harrison Livermore. 1820. Biddle Reeves. Gerrard Wood. 1844. Bowman Sailer. John Sickler. William Porch. PROSECUTORS OF THE JURY. Joseph Kaighn. Stacy Hazleton. Charles French. 1841. Joseph Porter. 1824. Thomas Chapman. 1849. Joshua S. Thompson. John Roberts. John D. Glover, 1829. Robert L. Armstrong. 1859. John B, Harrison. 1826. Benjamin B. Cooper. William Brown. 1838. Thomas P. Carpenter. 1866, Joshuas. Thompson. Elijah Bower. Isaac Wilkins. 1843. Wiliam N. Jeffers. 1880. Belmont P,erry. Christopher Sickler. Stacy Hazleton. Isaac Reeves. 1844. Charles French. COUNTY C( )LLECT0BS. Samuel B. Lippincott. Samuel Sailer. 1715. Jacob Clements. 1724. Joseph Cooper. 1827. Benjamin B. Cooper. John B. Jessup. Peter Long. 1750. Ebeiiezer Hopkins. Elijah Bower. 1846. Samuel Sailer. 1717. John Kay. 1767, David Cooper. Christopher Sickler. Joseph Jessup. 1721. Thomas Sharp. 1764. Samuel Clements, Jr. Samuel B. Lippincott. Isaac Reeves. 1828. Benjamin B. Cooper. Lawrence Cake. 1846. Samuel Sailer. Joseph Jessup. 1 From 1769 to 1781 the record is internipted. 2 A break in the recorc from 1727 to 1762. Elijah Bower. Lawrence Cake. GENEEAL HISTORY. 123 1847. Chnrles Elkinton. B. C. Tatem. Samuel Sailer. 1848. B. C. Tatem. Gbarles Elkint'ii. William Haines. 1849. B. C. Tatem. Willituii Haines. William W. Dunn. 1860. B. C. Tutem. William Haines. William W. Dunn. 1861. Williiim Haines. Mattbias H. Crane. William R. Tatum. 1852. W. R. Tatum. Matthias R. Crane. Martin W. Rulon. 1853. Woodward Warrick. David B. Gill. Peter F. Locke. 1854. Woodward Warrick. David B. Gill. Peter F. Locke. 1855. Joseph Tatum. James M. Roe. Matthias R. Crane. 1856. Joseph Tatum. Matthias R. Crane. John H. Brad way. 1857. Joseph Tatum. John Pierson. Woodward Warrick. 1858. Woodward Warrick. John Pierson, William C. Sparks, 1859. Woodward Warrick. John Pierson. Amos J. Peasle. 1860. Woodward Warrick. John Pierson. Amos J. Peasle. 1861. Amos J. PeHsIe. John R. Sickler. James Chat ten. John Buck. Samuel Hopkins. Joshua Richman. Samuel J. Fisher. 1862. John K. Sickler. Samuel Hopkins. Joseph L. Reeves. James Chattin. Joshua Richman. 1863. Joshua L. Reeves. Samuel Hopkins. Joshua Bichman. , Isaac H. Lippiocott. John K. Clark. 1864. Joseph L. Reeves. Samuel Hopkins. Isaac I[. Lippincott. Isaac C. Dilkes. John K. Clark, 1865. Isaac C. Dilkes. Joseph R. Paul. Isaac H. Lippincott. Jacob J. Hendrickson. Ezekiel C. Mount. 1866. Isaac C. Dilkes. Isaac H. Lippincott. Jacob J. Hendrickson. Ezekiel C. Mount, Joseph Warrington. 1867. David S. Adams. Lewis V. Atkinson. Isaac H. Lippincott. ! 1867. Jacob J. Uendrickson. I E/.okiel C. Mount. ; 1868. Ezekiel C. Mount, Lewis V. Atkiiisoii. Isaac H. Lippincott. David S. Adams. Isaac N. Hughes. 1869. Leonard F. Harding. •* I William Knight. Isaac N. Hughes. I John R. Sickler. j Asa Coles. I 1870. William Knight. ! John R. Sickler. Isaac K. Hughes. Asa Coles. George F. Ford. i 1£71, William Knight. I John R. Sickler. ; Caleb C. Pancoast. Asa Coles. I Edmund JoneP. I 1872. William Knight. Caleb C. Pancoast. Edmund Jones. j George C. Allen, i George H. Gaunt. 1873. Caleb C. Pancoast. Edmund Jones. George C. Allen. George H. Gaunt. Charles B. Leonard. 1874. Caleb C. Pancoast. Edmund Jones. George 0. Allen. Charles B. Leonard. J. Alfred Bodine. 1875. Alfred B. Richman, Samuel T. Miller. Henry M. Leap. Joseph T. Paulin. J. Alfred Bodine. 1876. Henry M. Leap. Joseph T. Paulin. i David C. Wood. John Piereon. j Jonathan H. Smith. I 1877. Henry M. Leap. I Joseph T- Paulin. David C. Wood. ! John Pierson. : Jonathan H. Smith. I 1878. John Pierson. ; Joseph T. Paulin. ' Paul S. Richman. j George Craft, Benjamin Shoemaker. 1879. John Pierson. Paul L. Richmond. George Craft. Samuel Hopkins. Peter F. Locke. 1880, John Pierson. Peter F. Locke. William S. Matteon. Joseph Hfggins. Elwood J. Davis, 1881. John Pierson. Peter F. Locke. Elwood J. Davis. Joseph Higgins. William S. Mattson. 1882, Peter F, Locke. John Pierson. Elwood J. Davis. Joseph Higgins. William S. Mattson, j The Presiding Officers of the Board of Justices • and Freeholders, and afterwards of the board of I freeholders, were first called moderators, or chairmen, i and afterwards directors. They have been as follows since 1791, when the first is recorded : 1701 Elijah Clark. 1823 Jacob Glover. 1794 Joliii Griffith. 1831 Samuel B. Lippincott 1796 John Sparks. 1832 Jacob Glover. 1798 John Wilkins. 1838 James Matlack. 1800 Samuel Harrison. 1840 Michael C. Fisher. 1803 John Wilkins. 1846 Joseph Saunders. 1804 Samuel W. Harrison. 1861 Joseph Franklin. 1806 AnioB Cooper. 1863 William R. Tatum. 1807 Saranel W. Harrison. 1866 Joseph Tatum. 1809 William Zano. 1868 Woodward Warrick. 1811 Joseph Rogers. 1861 Amos J. Peasle. 1812. James Saunderfi. 1862 John M. Moore. 1813. Michael Fisher. 1866 Woodward Warrick. 1816. James Matlack. 1870. John L. C. Tatem. 1821. Michael C. Fisher. 1871. John M. Saunders. 1822 Ephraim Miller. 1881. Charles S. Koizell. CLERKS OP THE BOARD OP FREEHOLDERS. 1716. Thomas Sharp, 1787 William White. 1723. William Harrison. 1791. John Gruffyth. 1726. John Kay. 1792. John Blackwood. 1728. John Ladd, Jr. 1794. John Wilkins. 1740. Samuel Spic'er. 1796. Thomas Wilkins. 1748. Joseph Kaighn. 1797 James Stratton. 1749. William Wood. 1798. Samuel W. Harrison. 1751. David Cooper. Benjamin Rulon. 1764. William Wood. 1807. 'Thomas Wilkins. 1766. Joseph Harrison. 1808. Richard Snowden. 1763. James Whitall. 1809. Benjamin Rulon. 1764. Samuel Clement, Jr. 1810. Joh Brown. 1765. Joseph Hugg. 1812. Samuel Webster, Jr. 1766. Isaac Mickle. 1818. Jacob Glover. 1767. James Hinchman. 1820. Joseph Saunders. 1768. Samuel Harrison. 1836. John B. Harrison. 1773. Samuel Spicer. 1844. George M. Paul. 1776. Joseph Hugg. 1864. Joseph Z. Pierson. 1781. John Griffith. 1857. Josiah S. Franklin. 1782. Jacob Jennings. 1873. James Moore. 1783. Samuel Harrison. 1880. John S. Jessup. 1784. Elijah Cozens. UNITED STATES SENATOR. 1798-99. Franklin Davenport. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 1776. John Cooper. 1799-1801. Franklin Davenport. 1803-9. James Sloan. 1821-25. Jamee Matlack. 1829-33. Richard M. Cooper. 1837-39, 1841-43. C. C. Stratton. 1839-41. William R. Cooper. 1851-66. Nathan T. Stratton. 1871-73. John W. Hazelton. 1883. Thomas M. Ferrell. MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 1776. John Cooper. 1777. John Cooper. 1778. John Cooper. 1779. John Cooper. 1780. John Cooper. 1781. Joseph Hugg. 1782. Elijah Clark. 1783. Elijah Clark. 1784. John Cooper. 1786. Elyah Clark. 1786. Elijah Clark. 1787. Joseph Ellis. 1788. Joseph Ellis. 1789. Joseph Ellis. 1790. Joseph Ellis. 1791. Joseph Ellis. 1792. Joseph Ellis. 1793. Joseph Ellis. 1794. 1796. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1806. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. Joseph Ellis. Joseph Cooper. Joseph Cooper. Joseph Cooper. Thomas Clark. Thomas Clark. Thomas Ciark. Thomas Clark. Thomas Clark. Issac Mickle. Isaac Mickle. Isaac Mickle. Isaac Mickle. Richard M. Cooper. Richard M. Cooper. Richard M. Cooper. Richard M. Cooper. Isaac Mickle. 124 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1812. James Hopkins. 1828, Jeremiah J. Foster. 1746, Joseph Cooper. 1764, John Ladd, 1813. James Hopkins. 1829. Joseph Kaighn, Ebenezer Hopkins. Samuel Clement. 1814. Samuel W. Harrison. 1830, J..hu W. Mickle. 1746. Joseph Cooper. 1761. Samuel Clement. 1815. Samuel W. Harrison. 1831. Joseph Kaighn, Ebenezer Hopkins. David Cooper. 1816. Samuel W. Harrison. 1832. Joseph Kaighn. 1749, Joseph Cooper. 1769, Robert Friend Price. 1817. James Matlack. 1833, John W, Mickle. James Hincbman, John Hincbman, 1818. James Matlack. 1834, John W. Mickle, 1761, William Mickle, 1772, John Hinchman. 1819. John Baxter. 1835, John W, Mickle. Joseph Ellis. Robert F. Price, 1820. John Baxter. 1836, John C. Smallwood. Since 1779 1821. Michael C. Fisher. 1837, John C. Smallwood, 1822. Michael C. F.sher. 1828. John 0. Smallwood. 1776. Richard Somers. 1798, Samuel W. Harrison. 1823. Joseph Kaighn. 1839. Joseph Porter, Kobei t F. Price. James Wilkins, 1824. Isaac Wilkins. 1840. Joseph Porter. Isaac Mickle. 1799. Joshua L. Howell. 1826. Isaac Wilkins. 1841, William R. Cooper. 1777. Elijah Clark. Samuel Harrison. 1826. John Moore White. 1842, Joseph Saunders. John Wilkius, Jr. Thomas Wilkins. 1827. Christopher Sickler. 1843. Joshua P. Browning. Isaac Tomlinson. 1800. Samuel Harrison. 1778. Elijah Clark, Abel Clement, Under ConeliaUior of 1844.— Senate. Joseph Ellis. Samuel French, 1845. John 0. Smallwood (Pres.). 1864, Joseph L. Beeves, Joseph Cooper. 1801, Samuel W, Harrison, 1846. John C. Smallwood (Pres.). 1865. Joseph L, Reeves, * 1779, John Sparks, Samuel French. 1847. John C. Smallwood (Pres.). 1866, Joseph L. Reeves. Joseph Low. Isaac Mickle, 1848. John C. Smallwood (Pres.). 1867, Woodward Warrick. Thomas Rennard. 1802. Samuel W. Harrison. 1849. Charles Keeves. 1868. Woodward Warrick. 1780. John Sparks. Samuel French, 1860. Charles Keeves. 1869, Woodward Warrick. Thomas Rennard. Abel Clement, 1851. Charles Reeves. 1870. Samuel Hopkins. Isaac Kay. 1803. Joseph Cooper, 1852. John Burk. 1871. Samuel Hopkins. 1781, Samuel Hugg, Robert Newell. 1863. John Burk. 1872, Samuel Hopkins. Joseph Ellis. Richard Risley. 18S4. John Burk. 1873, Samuel Hopkins. Joseph Cooper. 1304. Joseph Cooper. 1855. Joseph Franklin. 1874, Samuel Hopkins. 1782. Samuel Hugg. Richard Risley, 1856. Joseph Franklin. 1876. Samuel Hopkins, Joseph mils. Robert Newell, 1867. Joseph Franklin. 1876. Thomas B. Mathers, Joseph Cooper. 1805, Robert Newell. 1868. Jeptha Abbott. 1877. Thomas P. Mathers. 1783. Samuel Hugg. Reuben Clark. 1859. Jeptha Abbott. 1878. Thomas P. Mathers. Joseph Ellis. Samuel C. Champion, 1860. JepthaAbbott. 1879. John F. Bodine, Joseph Cooper. 1806, Robert Newell. 1861. John Pierson. 1880. John F, Bodine. 1784. Joseph Ellis. Reuben Clark. 1862, John Pierson. 1881. John F. Bodine, Joseph Cooper. Samuel C. Champion. 1863. John Pierson. 1882. Thomas M. Ferrell. Thomas Clark. 1807. Jacob Glover. 1786. Joseph Ellis, Benjamin Rulon. Joseph Cooper. Michael C. Fisher. MEMBERS OF 1 CHE ASSEMBLY Thomas Clark. 1808, Jacob Glover. From the Surrender in 1702 to 17 72. Prom the Western Diviaim. 1786. Thomas Clark, Benjamin Rulon, Franklin Davenport. Thomas Doughty. 1703. Peter Fretwell. 1704. Joshua Wright, John Kilie, 1809, Joseph B. Clark. Thomas Gardner. 1707. Peter Canson. 1787. Thomas Clark. John Brick. Thomas Lambert, William Hall (of Salem), Franklin Davenport. Thomas Doughty. William Biddle. Richard Johnson, Joseph Cooper. 1810, Benjamin Biilon. William Stevenson. John Thomson. 1788. Thomas Clark. Michael C, Fisher. Restore Lippincott. Bartholomew Wyat, Franklin Davenport. Matthew Gill, Jr. John Eay. John Wills. Joseph Cooper. 1811. Jacob Glover. Joseph Cooper. Thomas Bryan. 1789. Franklin Davenport. Joseph B. Clark. William Hall, Samuel Jennings. Joseph Cooper, Matthew Gill, Jr. John Mason, Thomas Gardner. Abel Clement. 1812, Isaac Pine, John Smith, John Kay, 1790, Joseph Cooper, Joseph C. Swett. John Hugg, Jr. Philip Pawle. Thomas Clark, Daniel Carroll. 1704, Restore Lippincott, 1708-9, Thomas Gardner. Samuel Hugg, 1813, Isaac Pine, John Hugg, Thomas Rapier. 1791, Joseph Cooper, Daniel Carroll, John Kay. Hugh Sharp. Thomas Clark, Charles French, John Smith, Nathaniel Cripps. John Blackwood, 1814. Charles French, William Hall. John Kay, 1792, Joseph Cooper. Isaiic Pine, John Mason, John Kaighn, John Blackwood. Nicholas Rape, Thomas Bryan. Richard Johnson. Richard Somers. 1815. Isaac Pine. Robert Wheeler. Nathaniel Breading, 1793. Joseph Cooper, Edward Sharp, Peter Fretwell. Hugh Middleton. John Blackwood. Richard S, Risley. Thomas Lambert. John Lewis. Abel Clement. 1816, Isaac Pine, Thomas Gardner, Eldridge, 1794. John Blackwood. Richard S. Risley. Benjamin Whitall. Edward Sharp, From Ghmc -eter County, Thomas Wilkins. 1817, Isaac Pine. 1709, John Kay. 1730. William Harrison, 1796. Abel Clement. Edward Sharp. John Kaighn, Joseph Cooper. Samuel French. John Bstell. 1710. John Kay. 1738, Joseph Cooper, Thomas Somers. 1818, Daniel Lake. John Kaighn, John Mickle. 1796, Abel Clement, Samuel Kille. 1716, Daniel Cox, 1740, Joseph Cooper, Samuel French, Samnel L, Howell. Richard Bull, John Mickle. Thomas Somers. 1819. Samuel Kill4. 1721, Samuel Cole, 1743, Joseph Cooper. 1797, Abel Clement. Jeremiah J. Foster. John Mickle. John Mickle. Samuel French. Thomas Garwood, 1727. John Mickle. 1744, Joseph Cooper, Daniel Leeds, 1820. John Wil-on. William Haniaon. John Mickle, 1798. Joshua L. Howell. William Tateni. GENERAL HISTORY. 125 1820. John Moore White. 1833. William R. Cooper. 1821. Johu H. Scull. Johu R. Scull. Charles C. Stratton. 1834. Joseph Rogers. Joseph Kaighn. Samuel B. Lippincott. 1822. John R. Scull. John B. Scull. 1835. Joseph Rogers. Joseph Kaighn. Samuel B. Lippincott. 1823. John Moore White. William R. Cooper. Charles 0. Stratton. Joseph Endioott. John Estell. 1836. Joseph W. Cooper. 1824. Benjamin B. Cooper. James W. Caldwell. Thomas Chapman. David C. Ogden. Daniel Lake. John Richards. 1826. Senjamin Cooper. 1837. James W. Caldwell. John K. Scull. David C. Ogden. Charles French. Joseph Porter. 1826 Charles French, Jr. Joseph W. Cooper. Daniel Lake. 1838. Joseph Porter. Thomas Bee. Joseph W. Cooper. 1827 Thomas Bee. Charles Reeves. Joseph Porter. Elijah Bower. John W. Mickle. 1839 Elijah Bower. 1828 Joseph Porter. Charles Reeves. John Estell. Joseph Franklin. Charles Stratton. Richard W. Snowden. 1829 John W. Mickle. 1840 Richard W. Snowden. Isaac Hindi man. Joseph Franklin. Japhet Ireland. Charles Reeves. 1830 Japhet Ireland. Elijah Bower. Jacob Howey. 1841 Joseph L. Pierson. Charles Reeves. Thomas H. Whitney. Robert L. Armstrong . John B. Miller. 1831 Jacob Ilowey. Charles Knight. Charles Rpeves. 1842 Thomas H. Whitney. Charles F. Wilkins. Samuel C. Allen. Samuel B. Westcott. Thomas H. French, 1832 John Gill, Jr. Richard W. Snowden. Charles F. Wilkins. 1843 Samuel B. Cooper. Elijah Bower. Benjamin Harding. Samuel B. Westcott. Nathan T. Stratton. 1833 Joseph Rogers. Jesse Smith. Thomas B. Wood. ConstUtUio n of 1844. 1845 Samuel Cooper. 1861 John Starr. Benjamin Harding. Joseph Duffleld. 1846 Benjamin Harding. 1862. Allen Moore. Samuel W. Cooper. Thomas G. Batten. 1847 John B. Miller. 1863. Allen Moore. John B. Hilyard. E. C. Heritage. 1848 John B. Miller. 1864. Nathan S. Abbott. John B. Hilyard. Elisha C. Heritage. 1849 John Duell, 1865 Nathan S. Abbott. John Burk. William D. Wilson. 1850 Thomas Gaskell. 1866. William Clark. John Duell. William D. Wilson. 1851 Benjamin C. Tatem. 1867. William W. Clark. Edmund Wetherby. Jacob J. Hendrickson. 1852 Samuel Mayhew. 1868 Charles T. Moloney. David Campbell. William B. Rosenbaum 1853 Jeptha Abbott. 1869. Nimrod Woolery. John V. Porch. Leonard F. Harding. 1864. Joseph Franklin. 1870. Nimrod Woolery. Benjamin Beckett. Leonard F. Harding. 1866. Jacob G. Tomlin. 1871. Nimrod Woolery. James B. Albertaon, John S. Rulon. 1856. James B. AlbertsoQ. 1872 John B. Middleton. Jacob G. Tomlin, John S. Rulon. 1857. John H. Bradway. 1873. Obadiah Eldridge. Benjamin Smith. DeWitt C. Hemingway. 1868. John F. Thomas. 1874. Obadiah Eldridge. George C. Hewitt. DeWitt C. Hemingway. 1869. John F. Thomas. 1876. Thomas B. Lodge. George C. Hewitt. Simeon Warrington. 1860. John Starr. 1876. Thomas B. Lodge. Joseph Harker (died). Samuel Moore. Joseph Duffield. 1877 Caleb C. Pancoast. 1877. Samuel Moore. 1878. Caleb C. Pancoast. Lawrence Locke. 1879. Caleb C. Pancoast. { Lawrence Locke. j 1880. George Craft. 1880. Thomaa M. Ferrell. 1881. George Craft. Thomas M, Ferrell. 1882. Abijah S. Hewitt. 1883. Job S. Haines. CHAPTER XXIX. BENCH AND BAR OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY.i The separation of the present county of Camden from old Gloucester County took away from the latter county its largest and most thriving city, and with Camden a majority Of the members of the bar of the old county, leaving it with a small population and no large towns ; consequently, in the present county of Gloucester the business of the courts has been limited and the lawyers few in number. The Woodbury bar has always been considered a fairly good one, and has had in its ranks many men of marked ability. Judges Moore and Carpenter, of the Supreme Court, went from this bar, and others of its members in the past have achieved a most enviable reputation in the courts of the State and nation. In 1872 Judge Carter, of Woodbury, a local historian of note, remarked in a public lecture that "within this (Woodbury) court-house, during the last eighly- flve years, not a small number of master-minds have combated with each other. Here have practiced some of the most able lawyers, such as the Hon. Richard Stockton, grandfather of the commodore, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, Hon. Samuel L. Southard, Hon. Garret D. Wall, Hon. Charles Ewing, Hon. John Moore White, Hon. Peter A. Brown, Hon. Peter D. Vroom, Hon. David Paul Brown, and others of their time, as well as our own day, eminent for learning and venerable in years, of our town and State, whose noted ability has made their names as familiar to us as household words. It may be safely said, without any attempt at flattery, and as the opinion of those more competent to judge, that, generally speaking, the present younger practi- tioners of the Gloucester County bar (those who are in the habit of practicing here) stand second to none in point of general legal ability, promptness, integ- rity, and courtesy, ambitious to make still more honorable a most honorable profession." For a long period after the Revolution it was cus- tomary for the lawyers of the State to " go on cir- cuits;" that is, to go from county to county with the Supreme Court judge and argue cases in which they were already engaged, or pick up any business they could during the continuance of the term, and Gloucester County was visited in this way by many attorneys who became famous; besides those named in Judge Carter's lecture, such eminent legal lights 1 By Belmont Perry. 126 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. as James Kinaey, Lucius Stockton, Joseph W. Scott, L. Q. C. Elmer, William Griffith, Gen. James Giles, Joseph C. Hornblower, Abraham Browning, and Jere Sloan came frequently to practice here ; but the home bar, with its T. P. Carpenter, Franklin Davenport, John Moore White, Robert L. Armstrong, and others, was generally able to hold its own with the best of them. Judges. — The courts of the county have been pre- sided over by some of the most learned of the State's judiciary. Chief Justice Andrew Kirkpatrick, of New Brunswick, presided here one or two terms prior to 1820. He was born in 1756, in Somerset County, and, like many other distinguished New Jer- sey jurists, was from Scotch-Irish stock. He was « Princeton graduate, and was designed by his parents for the ministry, but after a year's study of divinity he gave it up for the law, and after teaching school for a time studied law under ex-Governor William Pat- terson, at New Brunswick, receiving his license as an attorney in 1785. He was elected to the Supreme Court in 1797, and in 1803 was made chief justice, holding this position for twenty-one years. He was noted for his profound knowledge of the laws relating to real estate, and his opinions are regarded as models of deep learning and sound judgment. He died in 1831. Another eminent jurist who frequently presided over the Gloucester courts was Chief Justice Joseph C. Hornblower, of Newark, who held his high office from 1832 to 1846. His decisions during this period were marked by learning of a high order, and are frequently quoted in courts of law. He was a native of New Jersey, having been born at Newark in 1777. His father was a member of the Continental Congress. Judge Hornblower once gave a decision to the effect that Congress had no right to pass a fugitive-slave law. He was chairman of the New Jersey delega- tion to the convention that nominated Fremont for President, and was president of the New Jersey Elec- toral College in 1860. He died at Newark, June 11, 1864, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. Chief Justice Charles Ewing was in all probability New Jersey's ablest jurist. We find that he presided over our county courts on numerous occasions, and we also find his name appearing among the lawyers who came to Woodbury, and also as assisting the prosecutor on two occasions. He was of Scotch- Irish descent, and the son of James Ewing, who at the time Charles was born was living at Bridgeton, N. J. He graduated from Princeton College in 1798, and from the law office of Samuel Leake, of Bridgeton, three years later. The Legislature made him chief justice, in 1824, to succeed Judge Kirk- patrick, and seven years later he was re-elected by a Legislature opposed to him politically ; but he only lived a few months after his second election, dying in 1832 one of the first victims of the Asiatic cholera that visited New Jersey that year. Judge Ewing was noted for the great clearness of his decisions, and for the pointedness of his charges to the jury, never hesitating to inform them just exactly what he thought of the case under consideration. Stacy Gardiner Potta presided over the Gloucester courts for seven years, commencing with 1853. He was a most excellent jurist and a very popular judge. Harrisburg, Pa., was his native city. He was born in November, 1799. His great-great-grandfather, Thomas Potts, came over from England in the famous ship " Shield," in 1678, landing at Burling- ton, N. J., this being the first vessel to ascend the Delaware above Philadelphia. His grandfather, Stacy Potts, was a tanner at Trenton, and in his family young Stacy was brought up. He attended the Quaker schools, and early in life entered a print- ing-office as an apprentice. When twenty-one years of age he became editor of the Trenton Emporium, and in 1823 entered the law office of L. H. Stockton as a student, still editing his paper. Afterwards he became a law pupil to Governor G. D. Wall, and was admitted to the bar in 1827. In 1828 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1829, and two years later was made clerk of the Chancery Court, holding this position for ten years. In 1845 he as- sisted ex-Governor Vroom, Chancellor Green, and William L. Dayton to revise the laws of New Jersey, and in 1852 Governor Fort placed him on the Supreme Bench, his circuit comprising Camden, Gloucester, Ocean, and Burlington Counties. He was a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church, and connected, as teacher and superintendent, with one Sunday-school for thirty-six years. He died at Trenton, April 9, 1865, a kindly. Christian man, loved and honored for his virtues and his ability. From 1841 to 1846, Daniel Elmer, of Bridgeton, was the Supreme Court judge assigned to the Glou- cester Circuit. He was born in Cumberland County in 1784, and was admitted to the bar in 1805, and made a sergeant-at-law in 1828. He remained in practice at Bridgeton until 1841, when he was, by the joint meeting of the Legislature, elected a member of the Supreme Court. It was during his term that the Mercer case was tried. He resigned in 1846, on ac- count of ill health, and died in 1848. Then followed Judge Carpenter, whose sketch ap- pears among the lawyers of the county. In 1852, Lucius Q. C. Elmer was appointed a Su- preme Court judge, and presided in the Gloucester circuit for about fifteen years thereafter. An extended sketch of him will be found in the history of Cumber- land County embraced in this work. He ranked as a very able and learned jurist. Chief Justice Edward W. Whelpley presided here for one term, and his strict rulings and dignified manner, as well as his ability, made the same impres- sion here as elsewhere where he presided, — that he was, in fact, one of the ablest jurists in the United States, having a wonderfully retentive memory, to- GENERAL HISTORY. 127 gether with a sound and discriminating mind, and his whole bearing being that of a model judge. Hon. George Spoiford Woodhull presided over the Gloucester courts for about fourteen years, commenc- ing with 1867. He was born near Freehold, N. J., and graduated from Princeton College in 1833. He studied law under Judge Richard S. Field, of Prince- ton, and was admitted as an attorney in 1 839, and began practice at Freehold, where he remained until 1850, when he removed to May's Landing, Atlantic Co. He was prosecutor of the pleas for this county for fifteen years, and for two terms held the same posi- tion in Cape May County. His first appointment to the Supreme bench came from Governor Marcus L. Ward, in 1866, and in 1873 he was reappointed by Democratic Governor Parker, although himself a Republican. He retired from the bench in 1880, and died in 1881. He was a careful and accurate judge, and although slow in his manner, he generally rendered decisions that were acceptable and sound. Hon. Joel Parker is the Supreme Court judge who at present presides over the Gloucester County courts, and it may safely be said that the circuit never had a more careful, accurate, or painstaking presiding officer, or one whose rulings have given more general satisfaction. Judge Parker was born Nov. 24, 1816, in Monmouth County, N. J., very near the old " Mon- mouth battle-ground," and is a son of Charles Parker, a leading citizen in his day. His grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier, serving throughout the war. His father was sheriff, member of the Legislature, and State treasurer. Joel Parker attended the schools of Trenton during his younger days, and afterwards managed his father's Monmouth farm for three years. He graduated from Princeton College in 1839. His law studies were prosecuted under the tutorship of Chancellor Henry W. Green, and he was admitted to the bar in 1842, and commenced practice at Freehold, where he has resided ever since. In 1844 he entered political life as a public speaker on behalf of the Democratic party, and in 1847 was elected to the Legislature. While in the Legislature he offered a bill to equalize taxation by taxing personal as well as real property. In 1851 he was made prosecutor of the pleas for Monmouth County, and served five years. In 1860 he was chosen a United States elector, casting his ballot for Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. For several years prior to the late war he was brigadier-general of the Monmouth militia, and took great interest in military matters. In 1861, Governor Olden made him major-general of the five counties of Monmouth, Middlesex, Ocean, Mercer, and Union, with a view to promote volunteering, and in this position he was highly successful. In 1862 he was nominated for Governor, and was elected over Hon. Marcus L. Ward by fourteen thousand six hun- dred majority, and his efficiency in this position during the trying war times is well known,— he is New Jersey's honored "war Governor." He has frequently been mentioned for the Presidency, and his name always well received. In 1871 he was again elected Governor, and served another term of three years. In 1880 he was made a member of the New Jersey Supreme Court, and assigned to preside over the counties of Camden, Burlington, and Glouces- ter, and his administration of this position has earned for him the reputation of a careful, wise, and prudent judge. He was married in 1843 to Maria M. Gum- men, of Burlington, N. J. The Common Pleas courts of the county have been presided over most of the time by laymen, and a greater part of the County Court business has been conducted by them. The prominence and length of service of some of these deserve more than a passing notice. Thomas Thackara, Francis Collins, John Wood, and Andrew Robinson were the first of these judges of whom we have any record. They were on the bench in 1686, when the courts were held at Gloucester and Red Bank, and it appears from the records of that year that Andrew Wilke was the first person indicted by the Gloucester courts. He had stolen overalls from Thomas Sins, of Philadelphia. But one term of the court was held at Red Bank, and it is supposed that this was held in a tavern that once stood near the mouth of Woodbury Creek. Among other early judges we find such names as Watkins, Hugg, Rambo, Cooper, Howell, Kaign, Whitall, Paul, Sharp, Mickle, Clement, Tatum, Sparks, Stratton, Hopkins, Pancoast, Gill, French, and others familiar throughout the county. Judges were plenty in early days, and we find that from 1686 to 1883 Gloucester County has had about four hun- dred Common Pleas judges. In one year (1812) sev- enteen were appointed, and in 1813 sixteen mo re were appointed. Thomas Thackara, Gloucester County's first judge, was evidently a distinguished man in his day, for we find him a member of the first Legislature that sat in Burlington to frame laws for the province of West New Jersey. It was a respon- sible position, for these new-comers found themselves the inhabitants of a land without a law, except so far as generally promulgated through the original con- cessions, which did not enter into detail or the prac- tical application of the principles therein embodied. Thomas Thackara was a native of Yorkshire, Eng- land, where the family suffered much religious perse- cution by reason of their adherence to the opinions and practices of George Fox, the Quaker. In 1656, Thomas Thackara was taken from a religious meet- ing at Leeds, and confined for several weeks in York Castle. He is probably the same Thomas Thackara who arrived at Salem, N. J., in the pinke " Ye Own- er's Adventure," Nov. 18, 1681, and about the 1st of January, 1682, purchased a tract of land in the present Newton township, extending from Newton to Cooper's Creek. Together with Mark Newbie and William Cooper, he was appointed one of the judges of the court for the third tenth in the year 1682, and 128 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. continued in office until 1685. The authority, in all probability, only extended to that of Orphans' Court, Quarter Sessions, and Common Pleas, and was held for the judicial division, as named in the law, until the year 1686, when the third and fourth tenth were made one bailiwick by the inhabitants, and thereafter so recognized by the Legislature of the province. No records seem to have been kept until 1686, when they began to be preserved in the Gloucester County clerk's office. He was also one of the land commis- sioners, a responsible duty in those days, having to examine titles, direct the deputy-surveyors in locat- ing land, etc. He gave the land for the first Friends' meeting-house built at Newton, and William Cooper and he were selected by the Friends to sign the ad- dress of the Newton Meeting to the Yearly Meeting of London, protesting against the conduct of George Keith in his differences with the Society of Friends. His first wife probably died after his settlement here, as in 1689 he married Hepsibah Eastlack, a resident of these parts. His death occurred in 1702. Richard Matlack Cooper, of Camden, presided over the Common Pleas courts for many years, and ranked very high in that position. He was born in this county in 1768, and was a direct descendant of William Cooper, one of the first English occupants of South Jersey, it being at his house at Pyne Point (now Cooper's Point) where some famous Indian treaties were made, and in his house that the first Friends' meetings were held. K. M. Cooper was a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1829 was sent to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1831. His judgeship covered very many years, and his official duties were carried out in a straightforward, plain manner, that won for him the respect and confidence of all. He died March 10, 1844. Another distinguished presiding judge of Common Pleas courts of the county was Benjamin F. Carter, who was a judge of this court for twenty years, and most of this time acting as its presiding officer. He was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 2, 1823, and is a son of the late Joseph Carter, a native of Gloucester County, but for many years a hardware merchant in Philadelphia, where his son Benjamin was at school up to his eleventh year, after which he attended the private schools of Woodbury. Judge Carter has held many positions of honor and trust, and always with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of all with whom his duties brought him in contact. He was Woodbury's postmaster during the terms of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan, and one year under President Lincoln. He was a member of the first Borough Council of Woodbury, and one of its first mayors. He was elected mayor by the Council after the place became a city, but declined. In 1863 he was ap- pointed by Governor Parker post quartermaster, with the rank of captain, and stationed at Beverly as a disbursing officer for the State troops engaged in putting down the Rebellion, and on his retirement was highly recommended by the State officers for his efficient management. In 1873, Governor Parker ap- pointed him a member of the State Constitutional Commission, and he served therein on the committees on the judiciary, the executive, and the appointing power. In 1876 he ran for State senator, but was defeated by a small majority. Twice he had the honor of serving as a member of the Electoral Col- lege of New Jersey, once in 1876, when he voted for Samuel J. Tilden, and again in 1880 (to fill a va- cancy), when he cast his ballot for Gen. Hancock for President. His career as a judge began in 1858, when he was appointed by the joint meeting of the Legislature, and he was reappointed in the same way in 1863, and again in 1868. In 1877, Governor Bedle appointed him judge for a term of five years. He ranked as one of the ablest Common Pleas judges in the State, and had he desired it he could, in 1881, have received the appointment as a member of the Court of Errors and Appeals for the State. He is at present a member of the board of managers of the State Lunatic Asylum. Judge Carter has always been very active in church work, and was one of the original trustees of Christ Episcopal Church of Woodbury, superintendent of its Sunday-school for a quarter of a century, and at the present time its senior warden and treasurer, and frequently has rep- resented this church in diocesan conventions. He is also president of the Gloucester County Bible So- ciety, and is the author of the " Historical Lectures on Woodbury," published in 1873 by the citizens of the town. A leading citizen and an afiable neighbor, Judge Carter stands among Gloucester County's most respected citizens. John M. Watson was appointed Common Pleas judge in M43, again in 1851, and again in 1856. He was born in Salem County, in March, 1796, and died at Woodbury on the 3d day of July, 1878. He was at one time Woodbury's postmaster, and for many years a director in the Woodbury Bank. John R. Sickler, M.D., of Mantua, was first ap- pointed a judge in 1844, and reappointed in 1852- 1857, and 1862, serving altogether about twenty-three years. He was born at Chew's Landing, Camden Co. ; was for many years a member of the board of freeholders, and a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1840. He is still living at Mantua. Simeon Warrington was on the bench for ten years from 1864, and in 1874 represented the county in the Legislature. He was born in Burlington County in 1808. The present Common Pleas judges are Samuel T. Miller, M.D., of Paulsb(Mrv ; John M. Moore, of Clay- ton ; and ex-Sheriff Emnund Jones, of Franklin- ville, all of whom have proved themselves efficient and capable to discharge the duties of the office. The office of prosecutor of the pleas of the county has been held but by a few men, the list comprising Elias D. Woodruff (during his term the office was GENERAL FITSTORY. 129 called deputy attorney-general), Thomas Chapman, Samuel L. Southard (as attorney -general of the State), Morris Croxall (one terra, in 1830, by appointment of the court); Jeremiah H. Sloan (one term, in 1832, by appointment of the court), John Moore White, Rob- ert L. Armstrong, Thomas P. Carpenter, John B. Harrison, Joshua S. Thompson, and Belmont Perry. During their incumbency there were very few murder cases tried ; indeed, we think that the Gooby case, the Mercer trial, the Stewart case, and the trial of Michael Lighe comprise the list. The first case was the trial of John Gooby, a col- ored man, aged about fifty years, who lived at old Dilk's Mill, near the present town of Wenonah. He shot another colored man, named George Tiller, during a quarrel. This occurred near Gooby's house in the spring of 1820, and at the June term of that year he was indicted. Chief Justice Andrew Kirkpatrick pre- sided at the trial, and the case was prosecuted by Deputy Attorney-General Elias D. Woodruff, of the Woodbury bar. Gooby was convicted and sentenced to be hung in June, 1821, but after the gallows had been built by Amos Campbell and erected on the lot in the rear of where Daniel Packer's wheelwright-shop now stands, Gooby was reprieved until the following December, when the gallows was re-erected on the Salem turn- pike, just below the forks of the road, in the south end of Woodbury, and on the lot now occupied by the house of Edward Haur, and Gooby duly hung by Sheriff John Baxter. Gooby was buried alongside of the wall of the old jail. The Mercer case was prosecuted by Attorney- Gen- eral MoUeson and Prosecutor Thomas P. Carpenter, and Mercer was defended by the famous criminal lawyer, Peter A. Brown, of Philadelphia, assisted by Abraham Browning, Esq. Judge Daniel Elmer pre- sided. Singleton Mercer shot Hutchinson Heberton, the alleged betrayer of his sister, while they were on a ferry-boat crossing the Delaware from Philadelphia to Camden, the latter city being at that time in old Gloucester County. Both of the parties were mem- bers of prominent families, and the case created widespread interest, the old court-house being con- stantly crowded almost to suffocation during the trial, which took place in April, 1843. Although a clear case of murder was made out, Mercer was ac- quitted through the eloquence of his counsel and the strong popular feeling in his favor. The next murder case was that of Joseph Stewart, a colored boy, who killed a colored companion named Prague, by holding his head under the water while the two were together in Woodbury Creek. This was in 1861. Chief Justice vv'helpley presided at the trial, and Attorney-General F. T. Frelinghuysen and Prosecutor Thompson conducted the case for the State. Stewart was ably defended by Abraham Browning and Samuel H. Grey, of Camden, but the jury brought him in guilty, and he was sentenced to be 9 hung. This sentence, however, was afterwards changed by the court of last resort, and Stewart was sent to the State's prison, where he still is, undergoing a life-sentence. The Tighe murder case was tried in May, 1879. Michal Tighe and John Burke were both Irishmen and both near neighbors, living at Centre Square, in the lower end of the county. On the day of the murder they were engaged with others in filling up a gulley in the highway near their homes. Burke had a cart which he had just driven on a piece of land owned by Tighe, and which he was about to load with rubbish therefrom. He had a fork in his hand, and Tighe stood by with a shovel. After Burke had thrown a few forkfuls into his cart, Tighe objected to his taking any more, and sharp words followed, when Tighe started up Burke's horse. Burke stopped the horse, and started for the rear of the cart again, when Tighe raised his shovel and brought it down upon Burke's head, breaking the skull, and from this wound Burke died a few days thereafter. Judge WoodhuU presided at the trial, and the prosecution was conducted by Prosecutor Belmont Perry, as- sisted by his brother, Samuel E. Perry, Esq. The defense was ably handled by James Moore, Esq., and John S. Jessup, Esq. Their plea on behalf of Tighe was self-defense. The trial was a long one, and ex- cited great interest throughout the county, people coming from miles away, and bringing their lunch along so as not to lose their seats at the noon recess. The verdict was " Guilty of murder in the second degree," and Tighe was sent to State's prison for twenty years. Below will be found sketches of all the lawyers who were actually resident in Gloucester County. The list is not very long, but embraces the names of many who were eminent for their learning and probity. Feanklin Davenport. — ^It is believed that the subject of this sketch was Woodbury's first lawyer. He was one of the most distinguished men in the State, and the most noted citizen of old Gloucester County in its early days. During the Revolutionary war he served as an officer of the New Jersey troops, and particularly distinguished himself at Fort Mifflin, under Gen. Samuel Smith, and after the war was known as General Davenport. When the office of county surrogate was created Gen. Davenport was appointed to the position by Governor William Livingston, and was sworn in Feb. 15, 1785, before Judge John Wilkins. He practiced law at the same time he was surrogate, and from the frequent mention of his name in the early county records it is evident that he had an extensive practice. Dur- ing 1798 and 1799 he was a United States senator from New Jersey, and for two years thereafter a member of Congress. He was a member of the famous "Fox Hunting Club," established in tliis county prior to the Revolution, and we find liis imnie 130 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. among the original trustees of Woodbury Academy, erected in 1791, also among the original mem- bers of the Woodbury Library Company, instituted in 1794. He was one of the first members of the Gloucester County Bible Society, founded in 1816. During the " Whiskey Insurrection" in Pennsylvania, in 1794, Gen. Davenport was a colonel command- ing New Jersey troops. Among the records in the surrogate's office, Woodbury, occurs the following: '' Becetnlier term, 179-t. No bnsineSB, the surrogate (tlie firat ap- pointed) Ki-auUliti Davenport, having marched from Trenton, N. J., through Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh, as colonel commandunt of a detachment of Kew Jersey militia, consisting of seven hundred and twenty -four, rank and file, with a double proportion of field and staff oificers, by order of the President of the United States, George Wasli- iugton, to assist in quelling an insurrection raised by the patriots of ^e day." His house and office were in a frame building that stood on the site just south of Paul's Hotel, now occupied as the residence of George Brick. Elias D. Woodeuff. — Among the very first, if not the first, lawyers to locate in Woodbury were, we believe, Franklin Davenport and Elias D. Wood- ruff. The latter was a son of Elias Woodruff, of Elizabethtown, N. J., where Elias D. was born about the year 1765. He was a brother of Aaron Dickinson Woodruff, attorney-general of New Jersey from 1793 to 1817, and also a brother to George W. Woodruff, United States district attor- ney. Elias D. Woodruff was a man of medium size and rather small features ; his manner was quick and impulsive, and he was accounted a rather brilliant man. He held the office of deputy attorney-general for many years, and as such performed the duties of State's attorney for the county up to 1821. It was the custom at this period for the attorney-general to deputize a prosecuting officer for the counties where he did not attend court. He had charge of the pros- ecution when John Gooby was tried for murder, in June, 1820. His law office was the one now occupied by Belmont Perry, and lately the office of Hon. John C. Smallwood. He died in Woodbury about 1825. Hon. John Moore White. — He was born in Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., N. J., in 1770, and was the youngest son of an English merchant who had originally settled in Philadelphia, and his mother was the daughter of Alexander Moore, who had set- tled in Bridgeton about 1730. His mother died while her youngest son was but an infant, leaving also two other sons. His father returned to Eng- land, leaving his children under the guardianship of their grandfather, Alexander Moore, who educated them. When the Revolutionary war broke out he returned to America, obtained a commission in the American army, was an aide to Gen. Sullivan, and was killed in the battle of Germantown, Pa. Judge \?hite studied law with Joseph Bloomfield, received his license as attorney in 1791, as counselor in 1799, and as sergeant-at-law in 1812. He practiced law in Bridgeton, where he resided until 1808, when he re- moved to Woodbury, and lived there until the close of his life. He was very successful as an advocate, and was well versed in the common law as applied to matters where real estate was concerned, and was generally charged with cases where boundary-lines were involved. During his professional life he was prosecutor of the pleas for several years in the coun- ties of Salem and Cumberland. During the early part of his residence in Woodbury he was elected a member of Assembly from Gloucester County, and was several times re-elected. He was appointed attorney -general of the State in 1833, and in 1838 he was elected a judge of the Supreme Court of the State. He served his term of seven years on the bench, and at its close retired to private life. He had married, about the time of his admission to the bar, Miss Luntzinger, and his family consisted only of one child, a daughter, who died when about six- teen years of age. Judge White's years were pro- tracted beyond fourscore years and ten. He died in 1862, in the ninety-second year of his age. His widow by a second marriage still survives him, and resides in Woodbury. EOBEKT L. Aemstrostg, Sr., was the only son of Rev. Jas. F. Armstrong and Susannah Livingston, who were married by the famous Dr. Witherspoon, at Princeton, in August, 1782. Rev. J. F. Armstrong was a native of Maryland, a chaplain in the army during the whole Revolution, and settled in Trenton, as pastor of the Presbyterian Church, in 1786, and con- tinued as such till his death in 1816. Robert L. was born at Princeton about 1785. One of his sisters was the wife of Chief Justice Ewing, another the wife of Chancellor Green, and another the wife of Judge Caleb S. Green. Soon after attaining his majority he was admitted to the bar and settled in Woodbury. He was made prosecutor of the pleas for this county in January, 1838, and held the office until his death, which occurred the following year (1839). He was a very distinguished lawyer, and as a pleader ranked among the first in the State. In all matters affecting the welfare of his native county he was ever active, and always as a leader. During the war of 1812 he commanded a militia company known as " The Blues of Gloucester County," but just what service they performed is not known. Among the records of the Woodbury Presbyterian Church he appears as a trustee in 1834. The last whipping-post was erected in Woodbury about 1821 ; it remained standing three days when it was burned down by some boys, and Mr. Armstrong always got the credit for having it done. Thomas Chapman was among the first lawyers to settle in Woodbury* He came to this county, about the year 1818, from Rahway, N. J., of which place he was a native, being a son of Rev. Robert Hett Chapman, a famous Presbyterian clergyman, and at one time president of the University of North Carolina. Mr. Chapman was a gentleman of the old GENERAL HISTORY. 131 school, and wore the old style of dress so common during the Revolutionary period. As a lawyer he was somewhat slow in manner, and ranked higher as an office lawyer than as an advocate. From 1822 up to 1829 he was prosecutor of the pleas of old Gloucester County, and filled the position with much credit ; but his duties as prosecutor were evidently not laborious, as we find by the records that the number of indict- ments found in those days was very small. He lived in the brick house on Broad Street, Woodbury, lately the residence of Dr. Benjamin Howell, and the office now occupied by Squire William Watkins was built by him and stood in his day on the lot just north of his residence. Soon after he left the office of prose- cutor he removed to Camden, where he remained until his death. John Lawrence. — John Lawrence was a brother of the famous Capt. James Lawrence, who was mor- tally wounded at sea during the conflict between the American frigate " Chesapeake" and the British frigate "Shannon,'' off Boston, in June, 1813, and whose memorable command, as he was being carried below decks in a dying condition, " Don't give up the ship," made him a true hero. His father, John Brown Lawrence, was a mem- ber of the Council, a distinguished lawyer, and a loy- alist. He resided at Burlington, N. J., where the subject of this sketch was born. He resided in the house now occupied by John S. Jessup, Esq. Among the early court records his name appears very frequently in civil cases, and he evidently had a large practice. With Gen. Daven- port, he was a member of the ante-Revolution " Fox Hunting Club." He died and was buried in Wood- bury, but the exact date could not be obtained. John B. Harbison. — He was born in Gloucester County, educated in the same county, and, save three years of his law studies in Philadelphia, pursued his profession in the county. He was known as a scholar, a ripe lawyer, and a high-toned gentleman. He died Dec. 21, 1863, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. At the time of his death he was the eldest member of the bar. The criminal docket was heavy at that time, and his prosecutorship about expiring. His duty required work, and his unremitted labor overtaxed his energies. After the adjournment of the court but a day or two, he was attacked by typhoid fever, and in a brief week's illness departed this life. He was a member of the bar for forty-five years, and was never married. " He was a man remarkable for honesty and directness of purpose. It was the great feature of his character." R. K. Matlock, Esq., said of him, "Quite half a century we were comrades; as boys we met in the school-room and on the play- ground ; in after-years we were in daily intercourse, personal or professional. In youth, manhood, and old age he was characterized by the same elements of character. No one ever challenged his truth or his sincerity, his generosity or his courage." To the common school, the Sabbath-school, and church of every Christian denomination he con- tributed largely of time and substance. He was not a politician, but he was a political scholar, and no books in his library were so attractive to him as books on government. Robert K. Matlock.— The son of Hon. James Matlock, at one time a member of Congress from Woodbury, N. J., whose American ancestor, William Matlock, was among the Quakers who settled at Bur- lington, N. J., about the year 1670. His mother's name was Elizabeth Matlock, n&e Kennedy. He was born in Woodbury, Jan. 22, 1804, and died April 27, 1877, at hia home in Woodbury. His law preceptor was Charles Chauncey, Esq., of Philadelphia. He was admitted as attorney Nov. 15, 1827, and as coun- selor Sept. 6, 1833, and always resided in Woodbury, and ranked high in profession. As a citizen he was highly respected, and his services, were always valua- ble to any cause he championed. Leaming Matlock, son of the above Robert K. Matlock, was born in Woodbury, March 26, 1854 ; was educated in Woodbury and Philadelphia. His law preceptor was his father, R. K. Matlock. He was admitted as attorney June term, 1876, and coun- selor June term, 1879, and is now in full practice in his native town. Thomas Preston Carpenter, lawyer and ex- judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, late of Camden, was born on April 19, 1804, at Glassboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., where his father, Edward Car- penter, was then living and operating the glass-works now owned by the Whitneys, his mother being a daughter of Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro, well known through that portion of the State as a physician and a churchman. He was a descendant of Samuel Carpenter, Thomas Lloyd, and Samuel Preston, well-known men in the early days of Penn- sylvania. His father dying when he was quite young, Mr. Carpenter spent his early life with his grand- father, at Carpenter's Landing (now Mantua). After receiving a liberal education, he studied law with Judge White, of Woodbury, and was admitted as an attorney in September, 1830. On October 26, 1838, he was appointed prosecutor of the pleas of Glouces- ter County, and took a prominent part in several very important trials, and among the first the one known as the " Mercer trial" (March, 1843). On Feb. 6, 1845, he was appointed by Governor Stratton one of the associate judges of the Supreme Court of the State, his circuit comprising Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester Counties. On his retirement (after seven years) from the judgeship he devoted himself to the practice of his profession, principally as a counselor, and was eminently successful. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he joined the Union League of Philadelphia, and gave his entire sympa- thies to the Union cause. In 1865 he was active in promoting the success of the Sanitary Fair, occupy- 132 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. ing as he did the position of president of the New Jersey auxiliary. He married Eebecca, daughter of Dr. Samuel Clemens Hopkins, formerly of Wood- bury. He was an earnest Christian, and in the church (Protestant Episcopal) he always held an honored position, being for many years vestryman, warden, and deputy to the diocesan and general con- ventions. He was not only an able lawyer, but amid the cares of an active practice he was thoroughly versed in classical and general literature. He was greatly respected throughout the State of New Jersey, of which he was at the time of his death one of the best-known citizens. As a judge of the Supreme Court he was held in high esteem by his associates, and by the bar of the State for his ability, learning, and for the uniform good judgment which he brought to the consideration of cases. In the counties where he presided at circuits, and which he visited during his term of office at regular periods, his genial man- ners and kindly intercourse with the people made him very popular. Judge Carpenter was interested and active at home in all enterprises which affected the prosperity and welfare of his town. In church, at the bar, and in society he was, during his life, one of the most prominent men of his native State. Overwork and a' death in the happy home-circle, where, after all, his loveliest traits were shown, broke his health. In 1872 he had a slight threaten- ing of paralysis, and he never fully recovered from the shock. He died at his home in Camden on the 20th of March, 1876. Among all the notices that appeared none summed up his life and character more truthfully than that by Bishop Scarborough in the Convention address : " Judge Thomas P. Carpenter, of Camden, after a life of singular purity and gentleness, was taken, not many weeks ago, from his labor to his reward. He held many important trusts in the diocese, and always won the respect and confidence of those who came in contact with him. While he was an impartial judge, an able lawyer, and a man of generous culture in other branches of learning, he was a very Nathaniel in guilelessness. The family, the parish, the diocese, and the whole church militant are, humanly speak- ing, the poorer for the death of such a man, but the store of Paradise is enlarged, which is far better." Hon. Joshua S. Thompson, A.M., lawyer of Swedesboro, was born in Somerset County, Me., Oct. 11, 1815. His parents, James and Susan (Patterson) Thompson, were both natives of that State, where his father followed agricultural pursuits, but his grand- father, John Thompson, belonged to Londonderry, N. H., coming from a long line of ancestors in that section. After a thorough preparatory course in the public schools and academies in his native State, the subject of this sketch entered Waterville College, in the town of Waterville, Me., an institution of high standing in New England, now known as Colby University. From this college be was graduated in 1839, after a four years' course, zealously pursued, with a degree of A.B. In 1844 he received the de- gree of A.M., in regular course. Electing to join the legal profession, he began the study of law in the office of Hon. Wyman B. S. Moore, at Waterville. Here he enjoyed exceptional advantages in legal training, his preceptor being among the eminent lawyers of the State. Subsequently Mr. Moore be- came, in 1848, attorney-general of the State, and, later on, was appointed by the Governor to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, caused by the death of Hon. John Fairfield. Some years after- wards he was nominated and confirmed as United States consul-general for the British North Ameri- can provinces. Under the guidance of this distin- guished lawyer Mr. Thompson completed his legal studies, and was admitted to the bar in his native county, in the State of Maine, in June, 1841. There- upon he entered into a law partnership with Stephen Stark, Esq., a prominent lawyer of Waterville. This connection lasted, however, for about a year only, the delicate condition of his health, caused by ex- cessive mental labor, constant sedentary habits, and the severity of the winters in that latitude compel- ling him to seek a more genial climate for a residence. After due consideration he concluded to settle in Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., whither he re- moved in August, 1842. He could not, however, at once resume the practice of his profession, the rules of the Supreme Court of New Jersey requiring a longer course of study and residence in the State as a condition precedent to admission to its bar. In the mean time, therefore, having had the advantages of a thorough classical education, and appreciating the dignity and value of an educator, he, at the earnest solicitation of the leading men of the town, engaged in teaching in the academy at that place, and con- tinued so occupied for two years, or until his admis- sion to the bar, in September, 1844. This experience naturally aroused a lasting interest in educational matters in the community, and the manifestation of this interest has led to the reposing in him of various educational trusts by the community. Thus, about 1848, he was appointed by the board of chosen free- holders of the county as examiner of public-school teachers, and this position, which he was so admira- bly fitted to fill, he occupied with great acceptability for about eight years. He was also for several years connected with the board of education of the county. He headed the first teachers' institute ever held in the county of Gloucester, at the ancient town of Swedesboro. During this period an agitation was commenced having for its object the passage by the Legislature of a new school law, and the movement was entirely successful. A board of commissioners was appointed to report a new school law with other revisions. Among other changes introduced by the new meas- ure was the extension of the school-going age. Under GENERAL HISTORY. 133 the provisions of the old statute the limit was from five to sixteen years. Mr. Thompson entertained the opinion that instruction should be continued to children until they were eighteen years old, and that the school-going age should be extended to that time, Jjelieving that during the additional two years the scholars would be so much more alive to the ad- vantages of education, and so much more capable of comprehending their studies, their minds being more expanded and matured, as to make far greater progress than during their earlier life. He would prefer and recommend, in the case of males especially, an extension to the age of twenty-one rather than to make eighteen the limit. He pressed his convictions on this subject so strongly upon the commissioners appointed by the Legislature to revise the school laws, that his recommendation was adopted and the limit extended to eighteen years. He was married, on Dec. 24, 1844, to Frances Strat- ton Garrison, daughter of Dr. Charles Garrison, late of Swedesboro. They had five children. The eldest daughter, Hannah, was married, Oct. 20, 1869, to George B. Boggs, civil engineer, and resident super- intendent of the Delaware and Bound Brook Rail- road. Mr. Thompson acquired an excellent position in his profession, which from the date of his admis- sion, 1844, he had earnestly prosecuted ; so high a rank he had secured by 1847, and so favorably was he regarded by the community generally, that his name was prominently mentioned by the press for a position on the Supreme bench of the State; but re- garding himself as too young in the profession for so exalted a station, he declined judicial honors and re- fused to take any steps to accomplish the fulfillment of the wishes of his friends. In September, 1848, he was liceused as counselor-at-law, and on February 22d of the following year he was appointed prose- cutor of the pleas for Gloucester County by Governor Daniel Haines. Five years later, on the expiration of his term, he was reappointed by Governor E. M. Price ; again, on March 1, 1864, by Governor Joel Parker ; again, on March 1, 1869, by Governor Ran- dolph ; again, on March 2, 1874, by Governor Joel Parker. At the expiration of that term he had filled this important position for twenty-five years, the ser- vice being continuous except for one interval, oc- curring between 1859 and 1864. This is, in all prob- ability, the longest service ever rendered by any one in the State as prosecutor of the pleas; and that the ofiice should have been so continuously held under successive administrations is sufBcient testimony to the zeal, ability, and fidelity with which Mr. Thomp- son discharged his functions. The Governor makes the nomination to the Senate, and they have the power to confirm or reject, as they may please. So popular and favorably known had he become that at his last nomination they confirmed it by acclamation, without even referring his name to a committee, as was usual. On July 6, 1848, at the time of his admission as counselor, he was made master in chancery, and on Nov. 17, 1874, he was appointed a commissioner of the Supreme Court. He ever identified himself with the interests of Swedesboro and his adopted State, and in all movements tending to their advancement, material and moral, he took an active part, in many being the prime mover and leader. In 1854, at the instance of the agents of the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company, he drew up a charter for a railroad from Woodbury to Swedesboro, called the Woodbury and Swedesboro Railroad Company, and procured its passage through the Legislature ; but the railroad under the charter was never constructed by them, its necessity being removed. In 1866 he suc- ceeded in obtaining from the Legislature a charter for a railroad from Swedesboro to Woodbury, called the Swedesboro Railroad, a distance of eleven miles, thus opening railroad communication, the first-men- tioned place previously being quite isolated from the rest of the world. This project had been broached by him several years previously, as appears above, but this time he was bound to succeed. He encoun- tered not only opposition and discouragement from all quarters, but in some cases ridicule from those who would neither help build it nor let others do it. He, however, was well satisfied of its necessity, and of the great advantage to the country through which it would run, and undauntedly pushed the matter, step by step and year by year, until complete success in its accomplishment crowned his public-spirited ef- forts. Upon the organization of the commissioners and of the board of directors he was very fittingly chosen president of both, and he filled that position till his death. The road was opened for travel in September, 1869. The friends of Mr. Thompson, and those who recognized the benefits conferred by the railroad on the country through which it runs, cheer- fully acknowledged that, owing its existence to his untiring efibrts and unbounded energy, it constitutes the chef-d'(Buvre of his life. Mr. Thompson was suc- cessively elected a vestryman in Trinity Church, Swedesboro, for thirty years, holding that position for a longer period than any member of the board. To the rising generation especially his life and char- acter present a notable example of energy of purpose and perseverance in doing good to his fellow-men, against any and all obstacles. He was attacked with paralysis October 21, and died Nov. 1, 1881, leaving a wife and five children. RiCHAED MooEB Wake, who is now in full practice at Mullica Hill, in this county, was born at Roads- town, Cumberland Co., N. J., on the 27th day of December, A.d. 1816. He is a son of the late Maskell Ware, who was also a native of Cumberland County, N. J., where the subject of this sketch received his early education at the public schools. His legal studies were carried on in the oflSces of James B. Dayton and ex-Governor Vroom, at Trenton, N. J., 134 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. his name being actually entered as a student in the ofSce of Mr. Dayton, but his actual preceptor was Governor Vroom, from whom he received pri- vate examinations. His license as an attorney-at- law bears date Nov. 3, 1864, and he was admitted as a counselor-at-law on Nov. l3, a.d. 1867, and he was also admitted to practice before the United States Court at Trenton on April 4, 1871, and he is also a Supreme Court commissioner. Mr. Ware is a Re- publican in politics, but has never held any elective office, though often urged to accept nominations from his party. His practice has been quite extensive, and he is a careful counselor and good advocate. His fine residence in the northern part of MuUica Hill adjoins the Episcopal Church, where he is a regular worshiper and one of the managing vestrymen. As a private citizen he is highly esteemed and respected for his kindness of heart and sterling qualities. William Carroll Fisher. — Among the young attorneys of this county none ranked higher in his day than William C. Fisher, whose early demise, after receiving his commission as an attorney, was greatly regretted. He was a native of Woodbury, N. J., having been born there on Dec. 31, a.d. 1824, his father, Michael C. Fisher, being of Scotch-Irish de- scent, and his mother, Mary Reeves Fisher, being from English and Welsh stock. William attended the public schools of Woodbury and finished his edu- cation at the Westtown Boarding School, and after- wards was enrolled as a student in the oiEce of Robert K. Matlock, Esq., where he remained for four years, being admitted to the bar in 1845. He was a fine talker and gave every promise of becoming an orna- ment to the bar and a leading and influential citizen, but in a year or two after his admission to the bar he was threatened with consumption, which disease finally (March 31, 1849) carried him off at the early age of twenty-five years. He was buried in the Reeves family burying-ground near Woodbury. He was unmarried. James Moore. — One of the leading members of the Gloucester County bar for many years was James Moore ; indeed, at the time of his death he stood at its head. He was an excellent cross-examiner and had a ready flow of language, which he was able to use to the best advantage, as was particularly dis- played in liis defense of Michael Tighe, who was tried for murder in this county in 1879. Mr. Moore was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on the 16th day of December, 1832, and died Sept. 17, 1880, in the forty-seventh year of his age. His father, Wil- liam Moore, was a Baptist clergyman. James Moore moved to Woodbury in 1859, and for a time conducted a grocery, then entered the clerk's office as scribe, and afterwards read law with the late Robert K. Matlock, Esq., and was admitted to the bar as an attorney-at- law at the June term, a.d. 1869, and as a counselor at the June term, a.d. 1871. He was engrossing clerk of the New Jersey State Senate during the years 1869, 1871, and 1872, but held no other office except that of clerk of the board of freeholders, counsel for the same, and city attorney of Woodbury. Politically he was a Republican, but never held an elective office. His widow and three children (Fannie Moore, William Moore, and Helen Moore) are still living in Wood- bury. He was very active in the Presbyterian Church, of which he was a member, and held many responsible positions. In literary circles he was a good debater and elocutionist, and as a citizen he ranked very high, being an upright, conscientious gentleman, and the friend of every enterprise that looked to the welfare of the place. ■ William Moore. — He is the only son of the late James Moore, Esq., and was born in Woodbury, Oct. 4, 1861. He read law with his father until the latter's decease, after which he entered the office of John S. Jessup, Esq., where he finished his studies, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney-at-law June term, 1883. He is now practicing at Woodbury, and has already established some business. He bids fair to become an attorney of ability. John Starr. — Mr. Starr was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on Nov. 23, A.D. 1832. Both his father, Joseph Starr, and his mother, Rachel L. (Thomas) Starr, were natives of Philadelphia, but the family subsequently removed to Gloucester County, N. J., where most of the children still reside. The subject of this sketch received most of his edu- cation at Burlington, N. J., and subsequently entered the law-office of John B. Harrison, Esq., of Wood- bury, N. J., and was admitted as an attorney-at-law on June 8, 1854, by the New Jersey Supreme Court, at Trenton, N. J. Five years afterwards he was elected, as a Republican, to the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, where he served from 1859 until 1862. He died at Woodbury, N. J., on the 29th day of December, a.d. 1869, of typhoid fever, and was buried in the Woodbury Cemetery. Mr. Starr was a man of good education, a close reasoner, and of good judgment, and had he been spared to a longer life of usefulness would undoubtedly have taken a high rank. He was unmarried. Joseph T. Sickler.— The subject of this sketch is a son of Dr. John R. Sickler, of Mantua (late Car- penter's Landing), N. J., who was for about twenty years a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Gloucester County, and a member of the New .Tersey State Constitutional Convention of 1840. Joseph T. was born at Mantua, in this county, and is now about thirty years of age. He received his education at the public schools of his native town, and afterwards en- tered the law-office of R. M. Ware, Esq., of Mullica Hill, to learn the practice of law, and in 1874 was ad- mitted to the bar as an attorney-at-law and solicitor in chancery, and four years later was admitted as a counselor-at-law. His office has always been located at Mantua, his native town, and he has also engaged GENEKAL HISTORY. 135 in business outside of his profession and met with much success therein. In politics he is quite active, being a leader among the Democrats in his native township of Mantua, and an active and leading mem- ber of society. He is unmarried. Edward S. Stratton was born in Gloucester County about the year 1838, and educated at the i)ub- lic schools therein. Somewhat late in life he enrolled himself as a student-at-law in the ofiSce of Bichard M. Ware, Esq., of Mullica Hill, N. J., and after re- maining there for a period of four years, was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Mullica Hill. He was a fluent talker, and might have made a strong advocate. He died in 1878, after practicing only a few years, and was buried at Mullica Hill. Charles Bodine CarmaIj. — He was born June 19, 1840, at Bordentown, Burlington Co., N. J. His parents' names were Alexander D. and Martha W. Carman. His ancestors were natives of England, and came to this country in 1631, on the ship " Lion." Mr. Carman was educated in Bordentown, and his law preceptor was Garrit S. Cannon, of the same place. He was admitted to the bar June 5, 1862, and made counselor June 8, 1865, and practiced in Wood- bury. He was an able lawyer, and ranked high in his profession, and until his health failed had about the best practice in the county. In the few short years of his practice he had attained an enviable place, and had his life continued, he would have been an ornament to the bar in its higher branches. He was married Jan. 29, 1867, to Miss Maria E. Franklin, an estimable lady, then residing in Woodbury, and had two daughters, Mary Franklin and Louise Ham- ilton, all of whom survive him, and now reside in Philadelphia. Although never a politician, he was always deeply interested in politics, and was a stanch Bepublican, stumping the northern portion of the State for Lincoln in 1864. He died Feb. 25, 1873, of rheumatic neuralgia, and was buried at Bordentown. As a man he was respected and loved, as a Chris- tian he was a bright example, living up to those great truths and privileges which fit men for life. A Methodist in religion, he was active in working for his church, and as superintendent of the Sunday- school, he drew around him those who cherish his memory and value the purity and sincerity of his aims. John Samuel Jessup was born on a farm near the village of Stringtown, in the township of Harri- son, Gloucester Co. His parents, Joseph and Mary Jessup, his grandfather, James Jessup, and great- grandfather, John Jessup, all lived in Gloucester County, N. J. The subject of this sketch received his first general education at the public schools near his native place and Mullica Hill, near to which town his father afterwards moved. In September, 1857, he attended the West Jersey Academy, at Burlington, N. J., where he prepared for college, and entered the sophomore class in Princeton College, New Jersey, September, 1862, graduating with the degree of A.B. June, 1865. The same month he entered the law-offlce of the Hon. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, present Secretary of State, at New- ark, N. J., and pursued his studies there for one year, and after attending law lectures at Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, Mass., for a year, he returned to the oflSceof Mr. Frelinghuysen, and completed his studies, and was admitted to practice as an attorney June 4, 1868 ; as counselor June 8, 1871. On Nov. 2, 1871, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary M. Howell, daughter of the late Benjamin P. Howell, M.D., and has four children. Mr. Jessup held the office of city solicitor of Wood- bury, where he has always practiced, from March, 1876, to March, 1879, and has been a member of the City Council from March, 1879, to the present time. He has also been clerk of the board of freeholders from Sept. 23, 1880, to the present time. He is a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church in Woodbuty, and has acted as trustee and ruling elder for some time, and is counsel for the West Jersey Presbytery. He is the oldest member of the bar in Woodbury, and stands at its head as an office-coun- selor, and is an able lawyer and an upright Christian gentleman. Politically he is a Republican, and is always true to the interest of his party, working zeal- ously for it, but not actively enough to be termed a politician. George Henry Hewitt.— This gentleman is now in full practice at Clayton, and also has a branch office at Williamstown in this county. He was born at Glassboro, about three miles from his present resi- dence, on the 28th day of October, a.d. 1853. His parents, Hon. George C. and Abigail A. Hewitt, were both born in this county, and his father for a time represented a portion of the county in the lower branch of the State Legislature, where he distin- guished himself as a painstaking, careful, industrious, and conscientious legislator. George Henry was ed- ucated at the public schools in Clayton, where the family has resided for over twenty-five years, and at Pennington Seminary, a Methodist institution, in the upper part of the State, after which he entered the law-office of Hon. Samuel H. Grey, of Camden, where he remained for four years, being admitted to the bar in 1876. In politics Mr. Hewitt is a Republican, and in 1882 was a candidate for the Republican nomina- tion for county clerk. In the township where he lives he has been township clerk, and is at the present time township collector. He takes an active part in the affairs of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Clayton, and is the leader of the church choir, and is an upright, affable gentleman, having the respect of his fellow- citizens generally. Belmont Perry.— The present prosecutor of the pleas of this county is the second son of the late Hon. Edmund Perry (a descendant of Commodore Perry. 136 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. of Lake Erie fame), who for a number of years was a judge on the bench of Hunterdon County, at one time a State senator from the same, and in 1861 president of the New Jersey State Senate. His mother, Eliza- beth A. White Perry, was a native of Hartford, Conn. Mr. Perry was born on the 14th day of March, 1854, at Flemington, N. J., where his father was at that time BELMONT PERRY. practicing law and editing the Hunterdon County Democrat. The public schools of his native town aflforded the subject of this sljetch his early educa- tion, and he was for a time a student of Col. Hyatt's Military Academy at Chester, Pa., finishing his edu- cation at St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. His law studies were commenced in the office of his father in the spring of 1871, and in 1873 he entered the office of Hon. R. S. Kuhl, where he remained until admitted to the bar at June term of the Su- preme Court in 1875. For a year thereafter he was a teacher in the classical department of the pre- paratory school at Burlington College, New Jersey. In September, 1877, he was married to Lida, eldest daughter of Rev. Daniel Thacljara, of the city of Woodbury, N. J., and in the November following he located in that city for the practice of his profession. At the June term of the Supreme Court, 1878, Mr. Perry was made a counselor-at-law, and subsequently received from the same court the appointment of Su- preme Court commissioner, and in 1878, from Chan- cellor Theodore Runyon, an appointment as a special master in the Court of Chancery. In 1877, Governor Bedle made him a notary public, and in 1879 he re- ceived from Governor George B. McClellan the ap- pointment of prosecutor of the pleas of the county, succeeding in that "bffice Hon. Joshua S. Thompson, of Swedesboro, who had creditably and faithfully filled the position for the previous twenty-five years. In politics Mr. Perry is a Democrat, and takes an in- terest in political matters, but never held any politi- cal office other than prosecutor, and for a year the oflice of city solicitor of Woodbury. He is a mem- ber of the Episcopal Church in his adopted city, and also a member of the vestry, a member of the execu- tive committee of the Gloucester County Bible So- ciety, and at one time was secretary of the Glouces- ter County Sunday-School Association. Outside of his profession he has been somewhat active, and a few years ago established and edited the Olouoester County Democrat, a flourishing newspaper, devoted to the interests of the Democratic party. He is also in- terested as director in the Woodbury Glass- Works, a business enterprise that has met with much success, and materially added to the city's prosperity. ROBEKT ScHENCK Clymer. — He was born in the city of Philadelphia, Pa., on the 23d day of August, 1855, and is now twenty-eight years of age. His father, David M. Clymer, is a native of Philadel- phia, and hi:; mother, whose maiden name was Abi- gail A. Ashcraft, is a native of Carpenter's Landing, now called Mantua, Gloucester Co., N. J. He at- tended the public schools in .Philadelphia, and went from the George W. Nebinger Grammar School to the Boys' Central High School, where he completed a two-and-a-half-years' course. After leaving school he was a book-keeper until commencing study of the law with Belmont Perry, Esq., prosecutor of the pleas of Gloucester County, having resided in Wood- bury since May, 1872. He was admitted to the bar at the June term, 1882, of the Supreme Court, and has since practiced in Woodbury. In politics he is a Republican, and held for some time the position of city clerk, and is now the city solicitor. He is also a prominent member of the Methodist Church, and for a while was superintendent of the Sunday-school. He is a young man of ability, and deserves credit for the perseverance and energy with which he has risen to his present position. Already he has consider- able practice, and with his popularity among the people gives promise of a successful future. Edmund B. Leaming, of the firm of Leaming & Black, was born at Seaville, Cape May Co., N. J., May 24, 1857. He is a member of the family of Learnings that are so closely identified with the his- tory of Cape May County, his father being Dr. J. F. Leaming, of Cape May Court-House, and is a lineal descendant of Aaron Leaming, of Cape May, one of the compilers of Learning & Spicer's " Grants and Concessions." He was educated at his home under a private tutor. In 1877 he commenced the study of law under Judge Buchanan, of Trenton, and in Feb- ruary, 1881, was admitted to the bar of New Jersey. In the fall of the same year he formed a partnership with Alford L. Black, and at once commenced the practice of his profession in Camden, N. J., estab- lishing a branch office at Woodbury. In the practice of law he has met with the rare success which his well-known ability and integrity merit. GENERAL HISTORY. 137 Edgar Shivers. — Swedesboro, in'this county, has but one lawyer, the subject of this sketch, who was born in that town on the 27th day of June, a.d. 1859, being therefore just twenty-three years of age. His parents, Charles P. and Mary M. Shivers, are still living in Swedesboro, where his father is a leading business man and for many years a justice of the peace. Edgar Shivers attended the Swedesboro public schools, and was afterwards prepared by a private tutor to enter college, but his father, through the advice of George N. Conrow, Esq., of Camden, con- cluded to put him at once at the study of law instead, and in June, 1877, he entered the law-office of Mr. Conrow to carry out this resolve, but in about eight months thereafter Mr. Conrow died, when Mr. Shivers entered the office of Judge R. T. Miller as a student, and here remained until June, a.d. 1881, when he was admitted to the bar as an attorney-at-law and so- licitor in chancery. He occupies the office formerly used by Hon. Joshua L. Thompson, and is a rising young attorney. Politically he is a Republican. Robert L. Armstrong, Jr., was a practicing at- torney in Woodbury for a few years. He was a son of the late R. L. Armstrong, who was one of the earliest practitioners at this bar. His grandmother was one of the young girls who received Washington on his triumphal march from New York to Philadel- phia to assume the Presidency, and helped to strew flowers in his path. Nathaniel W. Voorhees, at the present time cashier of the First National Bank of Clinton, Hun- terdon Co., N. J., practiced law in Woodbury for a few months about 1845. His office was the one for- merly occupied by Squire Sparks, which stood on the site now occupied by Joseph Clement's house, Broad Street. He was a very diffident man and made little progress at the law, soon giving it up to accept a position in the Clinton Bank. John H. Fort, at present practicing law in Cam- den, was located at Woodbury for a few months about 1876, and built the office now occupied by a plumber and standing directly in the rear of C. P. Abbott's store. Joseph Pierson was. we believe, a resident of Woodbury, and a practicing attorney here many years ago, but it was impossible to obtain any data con- cerning him. The following names of judges and justices prior to 1776 appear on the court records of Gloucester County. They are given under the dates of their first appear- ance on these records : 1686. Francis Collins. Thomiis Thackara. John Wood. Andrew Bobeson. 1687. John Sougbnrst. Christ. Watkins. Samnel Spicer. 1692. Andrew Bobeson, Jr. 1693. James Atkinson. Thomas Gardner, John Hugg, Jr. 1694. John Kay. 1695. John Bambo. John Somers. 1696. William Cooper. 1698. Joseph Braman. 1698. Mordecai Howell. 1729. John Jones. Charles Grosthwaite. 1732. Jacob Metcalf. Jos. Tomlinson. John Hinchman. 1699 John Kaighn. Joseph Cooper. James Whitall. 1733. Alexander Morgan. Philip Paul. Robert Zane. 1700 Thomas Sharp. Constantlne Wood. 1701 William Warner. 1734. Abraham Chattin. 1702 Peter Long. Stephen Morris. George Lawrence. 1739. Thomas Wilkins. 1706 Timothy Atkinson. William Harrison. John Tathum. Simon Ellis. 1709 Richard Bull. 1741. James Somers. William Dalbo. Joseph Kaighn. Samuel Coles. 1742. Thomas Coles. Daniel Cooper. 1766. Michael Fisher. 1710 Abraham Porter. Samuel Clement. 1711 Wooley Dalbo. Joseph Applyn. 1712 Samuel Ward. 1756. Edward Doughty. Amos Ashkad. 1767. Thomas Denuy. John Mickle. Joseph Harrison. 1716 Jonathan Wood. 1760. John Ladd. 1718 John Ffriend. 1762. Robert Friend Price. 1719 Thomas Risley. Daniel Leeds. 1722 Thomas Spicer. 1763. Elijah Clark. 1723 Japhet Leeds. Thomas Clark. 1724 David Vaneman. 1764. Henry Wood. Isaac Jennings. 1770. Isaac Kay. 1725 John Inskip. 1771. Samnel Spicer. 1726. Peter Ramho. 1772. Richard Somers. 1727. Abraham Siddon. 1774. Samuel Blackwood. 1728. Alexander Randall. George Vanleer. James Hirschman. 1775. Israel Shreve. John English. JUDGES SINCE 1775.1 1776. Alexander Randall. 1797. James Sloan. Michael Fisher. John Blackwood. Thomas Denny. James Stratton. Isaac Kay. Joseph Blackwood, 1779. Robert Friend Price. Daniel Benezet, John Wilkins, Jr. 1798, John Brick. John Cooper. William Tatem. 1781. Bodo otto. Frederick Steelman. Joseph Hugg. 1799. Thomas Hesten. 1784. John Wilkins. James Hopkins. John Cooper. 1800. Thomas Clark. 1785. John Wilkins. 1801. Joseph Champion. John Grifflth. Jeremiah Wood. Joseph Ellis. Charles Lock. Thomas Denny. Levi Rogers, 1786. John Somers. Isaac Piue. Robert Brown. Joseph Risley, John Sparks. 1803, Joseph Rogers, 1788 Joseph Hugg. Richard Cooper, 1789. Richard Somers. William Tatem. 1790. John Wilkins. Richard Titterraary. Joseph Ellis. 1805. Richard Higbee. John Griffiths. John Clement. 1791 Robert Brown. 1806. Daniel Steelman. John Sparks. William Zane. 1792. Joseph Blackwood. Abraham Inskeep. James Stratton. Joseph Champion. Thomas Carpenter. James Hopkins. Daniel Benezet. James B. Caldwell. 1793. Joseph Hugg. James Matlack. 1796. Thomas Clark. Joseph Risley. John Wilkins. 1807. Thomas Hendry. Joseph Ellis. ^^^ohn Marshall. John Grifflth. """"^Matthew Collins. Samuel Kennard. James Pancoast. 1796. John Sparks. 1808. Richard M. Cooper. Abraham Inskeep. Anios Cooper. 1797 Isaac Mickle. Eiohard Tittermary. Mioajah Smith. Joseph Sharp. 1 From records at Trenton. 138 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1808. Joseph EogelB. -— • 1822. John Marshall. 1835. Jesse Price. | 1843. William Porch. 1811. Kobeit Newell. Benjamin Weatherby. Jesse H. Bowen. John M. Watson. Joseph Risley, 1823. Christopher Sickler. , William Porch. Joseph C. Collins, John Clement. Richard M. Cooper. Joseph Garwood. Jesse Smith, 1812. Benjamin Burrough. Joseph Rogers. 1836. Charles French. 1844, John Marshall,-^ James Matlaok. Thomas Thackara. Joseph Rogers. Samuel Richards, Jehu Wilson. Bphraira Miller. Lewis M. Walker. William Brown, Nehemlah Blackman. John Steelman. Joseph Endicott. John B. Miller. Abraham Inskeep. Samuel Cooper. i John Clement. Joseph C. Stafford. John Ruderow. Isaac Pine. 1837. Thomas Redman. Joel Wood, Josiah Foster. 1824. Job Brown. Jacob Howey. John Hanna, Samuel W. Harrison. James Pancoast. *.»-Jnhii Marshall. William E, Cooper, John Brick. Sainuel C. Champion, Richard Stafford, John R, Sickler, Samuel Clement. Isaac Wilkins. Samuel C. Champion. Jesse C, Chew, James Hopkins. .Tohn Clement. Josiah Harrison. John R. Rosenhaum, James B. Caldwell. John P. Vaneman. Michael C. Fisher. Johnson Beckett, Matthew Gill. Joseph Lodge. 1838. David B, Morgan, John H. Cooper. Matthew Gill, Jr. John Fiirth. James W, Sloan, Amos Campbell. William Watson. Jacob Glover. * ThomM S. Dyer. Benjamin Harding. Thomas Summers. Benjamin Weatherby. Ephraim Miller. Samuel Porch. Richard S. Risley. 1825. William Porch. Isaac Fine. Benjamin M. Richardso 1813. John Y. Clark. Joseph Endicott. 1839, Charles H, French, Ephraim Miller. Joshua Haines. Jehu Wilson. Thomas B, Darragh, 1845. Joseph Saunders, James Pancoast. 1826. John Clement. Joseph Franklin. 1846, Jacob Howey, Charles French. Joseph Risley. ' James L, Gibbs. 1847, Charles Reeves. ^^^y5o\in Marshall. 1827. Joseph V. Clark. John Clement. ^ il848. Benjamin Harding. Daniel England. .„r^John Marshall. 1840. Levi L, Campbell, 1849. Joseph C. Gill. Richard M. Cooper. Benjamin Weatherby. Philip J, Gray, Benjamin P. Lippincott Richard Tittermary. 1828. Daniel Baker. Joseph Franklin, 1850. Joseph Saunders. Joseph Sharp. John B. Sickler. 1841, Joseph G. Gill, 1851. John M. Watson, Thomas Hendry. Joseph Rogers, Joseph Franklin, 1852, John R, Sickler, Jacob Glover. Thomas Thackara. 1842, Thomas Redman, 1853, William R. Cooper, Joseph Rogers. Ephraim Miller, Jacob Howey, 1854, John G, Rosenbaum, Joseph Lodge. Isaac Pine. Richard Stafford, 1866, John M, Watson, Nathan Folwell. John Piei-son. Samuel C, Champion, 1857, John E, Sickler. Moses Crane. Thomas Redman. Josiah Harrison, 1868. Benjamin F. Carter. Christopher Sickler. Franklin Davenport. Michael C, Fisher, JSSS. Benjamin Harding. 1814. John Steelman, George West. Charles Reeves, 1862. John E. Sickler. Thomas Thackara. Christopher Sickler. Joseph Iszard, 1863, Benjamin F. Carter, Scoby Stewart. 1829. Job Brown. . John Clement. ^ ^^843, Benjamin Harding, 1864. Simeon Warrington. 1815. William Zane. James W. Sloan, 1867. William D. Scott. William Ackley. Samuel C. Champion. Joseph Woolohon, 1868. Benjamin F. Carter. John rflrth. James Pancoast. Benjamin P, Lippincott, 1869. Simeon Warrington. Isaac Wilkins. John H. Cowperthwaite. Charles H, French, 1872. William D. Scott, 1816. Robert Newell. Joseph Lodge. David C, Ogden. 1873, John F, Bndine, John Clement. James Chester. John K. Cowperthwaite. 1874, David B. Gill. Joseph Risley. James Hinchman. Simon Sparks. 1877. Benjamin F. Carter. 1817. James Matlack. David B. Morgan. Isaac Hinchman. 1878, Samuel T, Miller, John Wilson. Isaac Wilkins. Samuel K. Moore. 1879, John M. Moore. James Hopkins. Joseph B. Harker. Isaac Wilkins. 1882. Edmund Jones. 1818. Samuel W. Harrison. Benjamin Weatherby. Thomas Bee. Matthew Gill, Jr. Samuel Miller. Charles Ogden. 1830. William Porch. JUSTICES PI JIOE TO 1776. -. — "^hn Marshall. Joseph Endicott. 1686. Francis Collins. 1696. William Cooper. William Harrison. 1831. John Clement, Thomas Thackara. Jonathan Adams, Christopher Sickler. Isaac Hinchman, John Wood, 1697. Samuel Spicer, Richard M. Cooper. John Dunham. Andrew Robeson, Thomas Gardner, Joseph Lodge, 1832. Michael C, Fisher. 1687, John Longhurst. John Kay, Joseph Rogers. ..*• John Marshall. Christ, Matthews, Andrew Robeson, Jacob Glover. Benjamin Weatherby. 1688, Samuel Spicer. .lohn Hugg, Jr. 1819. John Steelman. 1833, Daniel Baker, 1692, Andrew Robeson, Jr, John Eambo. Samuel Cooper. James W, Sloan. 1693, James Atkinson, Jonathan Adams. Thomas Thackara. Jacob W. Glover. Thomas Gardner, 1699. Thomas Gardner. 1820. William Zane. Thomas Thackara. John Hugg, Jr, John Hugg, Jr. Isaac Wilkins. Ephraim Miller. 1694, John Kay, Andrew Eobeson. John Mrth. Christopher Sickler. 1695, Samuel Spicer, Philip Paul. George West. Isaac Pine. Thomas Gardner, John Cahaeu. Jehu. Wilson. 1834. Thomas Bee. John Kay. James Whiteall. Joshua Haines. Joseph Rogers. Andrew Robeson. Jonathan Adams, John Rudrow. Simeon Sparkes. John Hugg, .Tr. Nathan Westland, 1821. .John Clement. John Clement. John Rambo. Joseph Braman, Samuel Clement. John K. Cowperthwaite. John Somers. Mordecai Howell, Joseph Eisley. Isaac Wilkins. 1696. Samuel Spicer. Charles Crossthwaite, 1822. James Hopkins. Joseph B. Harker. Thomas Gardner. Joseph Tomlinson, Joseph V. Clark. Sainuel Miller. John Bngg, Jr, John Kaighn, William Harrison. , Joseph Lodge. Andrew Robeson, 1700, Thomas Gardner, (Iharles Ogden. John Godfrey. .Tohn Rambo. John Kay, GENERAL HISTORY. 139 1700. Andrew Robeaon. 1731. Alexander Morgan. 1781. John Somers, 1795, Richard Higbee. John Hugg, Jr. Christopher Taylor. Isaac Tomilson. Micajah Smith. John Kaighn. Jacob Medcalf. Bodo Otto. 1796. Thomas Wilkins. Thomas Sharp. John Ladd, Jr. John Wilkins. Jeffery Clark. Philip Paul. 1733. Abraham Chatten. Samuel Sayres. Gibson Ashcroft. William Warner. Amos Ireland, Elijah Clark. John Sparks. John Somers. Stephen Morris, Robert Brown. 1797. Isaao Mickle. 1701. Thomas Gardner. Robert Zane. Robert Morse. Micajah Smith. Andrew Robeson. John Brown. John Griffith. Richard Cooper. John Kay. Joseph Cooper. John Little. James Sloan. John Kaighn. John Hinchman. John Hedger. John Blackwood, Philip Paul. 1737. John English. 1782. Joseph Hugg, John Brick. John Hugg, Jr. 1739. William Harrison. Joshua Smith, Isaac Pine. William Warner. Tliomas Coles. Thomas Champion, William Tatem. John Somers. Thomas Wilkins. Joseph Blackwood. James Stratton. 1702. Peter Long. 1740. John Kaighn. Daniel Southerland. Joseph Blackwood. George Lawrence. Thomas Wilkins. Sawtel Elwell. Thomas Hester. 1704. Peter Long. Simeon Ellis. 1783. Joseph Hugg, 1798. Thomas Clark. Joseph Tumlinson. 1742. John Kaighn. Thomas Rennard, Jeremiah Wood. John Ranibo. 1747. Michael Eisher. 1784, Thomas Carpenter, Isaac Morgan. Mordecai Howell. 1748, Samuel Clement. William Cozens. Joseph Rogers. :)^motby Atkinson. 1766. Joseph Applyn. John Cooper. Joseph Risley. John Tatham. 1767. Thomas Denny. Samnel Kennard. Jeremiah Smith. James Steelman. Joseph Harrison. Elijah Clark. Frederick Steelman, 170». Richard Bull. Silas Doughty. 1785. Joseph Ellis. James Steelman. Abraham Porter. 1760. John Ladd. Thomas Denny. 1799. Thomas Somers. Daniel Cooper. 1762. Robert Friend Price, Benjamin Morgan. James Hopkins. George Lawrence. Daniel Leeds. 1786. John Somers. John Clement. Samuel Ck>le. Elijah Clark. . Samuel Risley. Jonathan Harper. Wooley Dalbo. 1763. Edward Doughty. Benjamin Morgan. John Cowman. James Steelman. Henry Wood. Micajah Smith. 1800. Thomas Clark. 1710. John Rambo. Thomas Clark. Eiias Smith. Abraham Inskeep. 1713. John Jessup. 1769. Alexander Randall. Jeffery Clark. Thomas Wilkins. John Inskeep. Michael Eisher. Robert Brown, Micajah Smith. 1714. John Somers. Samuel Harrison. John Sparks. Richard Higbee, George L.awrence. Robert F. Price. John Wilkins. Joseph P. Hilman. Samuel Coles. John Hinchman. John GriiBths. James C. Wood. 1715. John Kay. Thomas Clark. 1787. Joshua Smith. 1801. Thomas Wilkins. John Hugge. Edward Doughty. Joseph Blackwood. Gibson Ashcroft. John Micklo. Henry Wood. William Tatem. Joseph Champion. Constantine Wood. Thomas Denny. 1788. Joseph Hugg. Jeremiah Wood. Amos Ashead. James Somers, 1789. Richard Somers. Charles Lock. Samnel Ward. James Hinchman, Daniel Benezet. Levi Rogers. 1717. John Scull. George Yanlear, 1790. Jeffery Clark. Joseph Rogers. 1718. John Ffnend. Samuel Spicer, Isaac Mickle, Jr. John Marshall. 1719. Thomas Risley. Isaac Mickle. Matthew Gill, Jr. 1803. Richard Cooper. 1721. Thomas Spicer. Samuel Resley. Samuel Kennard. William Tatem. 1723. Joseph Leeds. Isaac Kay, Joseph Ellis. Richard Tittermary. 1724. Isaac Jennings. 1771, Richard Somers, John GriiBths. Benjamin Burrough. David Yaneman. Amos Ireland, Thomas Carpenter. Charles Ogden. Abraham Lydden. James Bowman. Micajah Smith. John Jennings. 1727. John Mitchel. 1772. Samuel Blaekwood. Thomas Renyard. William Zane. Jacob Yaneman. Thomas Clark. Samuel Risley. Asa Gibbs. Isaao Jennings. 1774. Robert Morris. Benjamin Morgan. Samuel Wood. John Jones, George Yanlear, 1791. Robert Brown. James Matlock. James Hinchman. 1775. Thomas Cox, John Sparks. John Ffirth. John English. Israel Shreve. John Wilkins. Joseph Lodge. Alexpder Randal. Samuel Risley, 1792. James Stratton. Nicholas Justice. 1731. John Hinchman. William Tatem. James Fancoast. Joseph Blackwood. John Wilson. JUSTICES f SINCE 1776, Thomas Heston. Benjamin Preen. 1776. Alexander Randall. 1776, Lemuel Sayre, 1793. Joseph Hugg. Joseph Risley. Michael Fisher. Thomas Thorne. Frederick Steelman. James Steelman. Thomas Denny. Robert Brown. 1794. Daniel Benezet. Nehemiah Blackman. Isaac Kay. Isaac Ellis. James Williams. Matthew Collins. James Somers, 1777. Samuel Risley. 1796. Constant Somers. Joseph Sharp. Thomas Clark. Joseph Hugg. Joseph Champion. 1804. Amos Cooper. George Yanlear, 1778. Matthew Gill. Abraham Inskeep. John Clement. Richard Somers. Charles Eisher. Thomas Clark. 1806. Richard Higbee. Amos Ireland. Thomas Bennard. Edmund Ireland. John Cawman, Robert Morse. Joseph Collins. Joseph Ellis. 1806. Daniel Steelman. John Sparks. John Somers, 1779. Robert Friend Price, John Griffith. Japhet Ireland. Thomas Taber, , Samuel Kennard. Abraham Inskeep. Isaac Tomlinson, John Cooper, Thomas Carpenter. Joseph Champion. Joseph Cooper. Bodo Otto. Samuel Kinnard. John GrifBth. Isaac Mickle. Samuel Risley. James Hopkins. James B. Caldwell. John Wilkins, Jr. 1781, John Sparks, William Lane. James Jaggard. 140 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1806. Brazier Westcott. 1813. Richard Steelman. 1818. Thomas Thackara. 1824. Isaac Wilkins. John Marshall. — " Richard M. Cooper. Thomas Bee. John Clement. 1807. Thomas Hendry. Richard Tittermary. William Harrison. John P. Vaneman. John Marshall. -^ Joseph Sharp. Jehu Wilson. Joseph Lodge. Matthew Collins. Thomas Hendry. Josiah Atkinson. John Fflrth. Joseph Rogers. Jacob Glover. Jesse Sparks. John Coles. John Steelman. Joseph Rogers. William Ackley. Thomas P. Clement. Thomas Thackara. Joseph Lodge. 1819. John Steelman. James Stoy. 1808. Richard M. Cooker. Nathan Folwell. Samuel Cooper, Samuel B. Hunt. Amos Cooper, Benjamin Burrough. Joseph Risley. Samuel B. Harrison. Kichard Tottermary. William Zane. Stephen Kirby. James Chester. Joseph Sharp. Samuel Wood. Joseph B. Smallwood, Thomas B. Wood. Benjamin Burrough. James Matlack. Nathaniel Chew. Elijah Bower. William Zane. James Pancoast. John Sickler. Joseph B. Harker. Samuel Wood. James Blackman. Thomas Garwood, Benjamin Say. James Matlack. Elias Smith. Robert Tittermary. George Cake. Nathaniel Chew. William Ackley. Michael C. Fisher. Stephen Kirby. John Wilson. Benjamin T. Cheesman. Benjamin Weatherhy. ybomas Marshall. James Pancoast. Charles Fish. James English. Samuel B. Westcott. William Harrison. Job Cole. * Enoch Doughty. John C. Kille, Joseph Bisley. Thomas Thackara. John Clement. 1825. John Pierson. James Blackuian. John Seckler. Thomas B. Wood. Nathaniel Chew. Elias Smith. Andrew Ware. John P. Vaneman. William Porch. 1809. John Clement. Thomas Bee. Samuel C. Pierce. John Ziern. Joseph Sloan. William Allen, 1820, Isaac Wilkins. John C. Thackara. Robert Newell. William Miller. John Fflrth. TMlliam Coffin. Samnel Kille. Andrew Crawford. George West. Nathaniel Chew. Nathan Folwell, Enoch Gabb. John Baxter. William Watson. 1811. William Porch. William Harrison. John R. Cowperthwaite. John R. Sickler. Thomas Garwood. Jehu Wilson. Joshua Haines. Charles F. Clark. 1812. Nehemiah Blackman. John Thorn. John Rudrow. Andrew B. Blackman. Christopher Sickler. Benjamin Wilkina. William Coffin. 1826. Ephraim Miller. William latum, Jr. 1814. John Steelman. John Piersou. Charles H. Ellis. Job Brown. Benjamin Wetberby. John C. Thackai-a. John Salsbury. Moses Crane. Japhet Hickman. William Porch. Josiah Atkinson. Samuel Sowry. Andrew B. lllackman. Nathaniel Chew, Jr. Daniel Focer. Scoby Stewart. Joseph Winner. 1821. Charles H. Ellis. Charles Reeves. Samuel Shute. Joseph Risley. Ephraim Miller. 1827. Joseph V. Clark. Abraham Inskeep. Stephen Kirby. Cornelius Tice. Lewis M. Walker. John Ruderow. Abraham Brown. Isaac Hinchman. James Hinchman. Josiah Foster. Joseph B. Smallwood. 1822. James Hopkins. Christopher Sickler. Samuel W. Harrison. Josiah Beckett, Jr. Joseph V. Clark. Joseph Endicott. John Brick. David S. Bassett. Lewis M. Walker. Joseph Garwood. Samuel Clement. John Clement. Isaac Thorne, 1828. Jacob B. Stokes. James Hopkins. Joseph Sloan. Samuel Clement. Parker Cordery.- James B. Caldwell. Robert Newell. Charles Ogden. Robert B. Risley, Mattbew Gill. 1815. John Fflrth. James Hinchman. Federal Champion. Matthew GUI, Jr. Isaac Wilkins. Josiah Moore. Joshua P. Browning. William Watson. John Baxter. Christopher Sickler. Joseph Scull. Thomas Summers. 1816. William Porch. Joseph Endicott. James L. Gibbs. Richard S. Risley. Thomas Garwood. Joseph Garwood. John Marshall. ^ Joseph T. Elfreth. Joel Gibbs. 1823. Christopher Sickler. Thomas Bee. Benjamin West. 1817. Cornelius Tice. Richard M. Cooper. Joseph Rogers. Isaac S. Collins. Moses Crane. John Marshall, ir* Thomas Thackara. Job SIdridge. Seaby Stewart. Thomas Bee. William Ackley. Edmund Brewer. Robert Leeds. Joseph Rogers. Iaaac,Plne. James Jaggart. James Hopkins. Thomas Thackara. Thomas Redman. Edward Carpenter. 1818. Samuel W. Harrison. John Wilson. Joseph Chatham. John D. Clark. Matthew Gill, Jr. William Harrison. John Steelman, Joshua Haines. Charles Ogden. William Ackley. John Sickler, Daniel Carral. William Watson. Samuel Cooper. Benjamin Weatherby. 1813. Charles French. Josiah Moore. Isaac Pine. James English. John Marshall. ^ Isaac Thorn. Joseph B. Smallwood, Philip Emmell. Daniel England. Thomas Somers. Thomas Redman. Daniel Baker. Josiah Moore. Benjamin Allen, Jr. Joseph Chatham. William Harrison. Lemuel Hisler. Christopher Sickler. Enoch Doughty, Franklin Davenport. Samuel P. Paul. Samnel Clement. John Steelman. George West. Ebenezer Whitney. Joseph Endicott. Joseph Risley. 1829, Miers Wilson. John lice. Richard M. Cooper. John Stickler, George Cawman. Morton Stillee. Joseph Lodge. Benjamin Weatherby. John Godfrey. Joseph Dilkes. Joseph Rodgers. James English. William Lee. Richard MotTett. Jacob Glover. Philip Emmell. Charles Beck. Marmaduke Wood. John Marshall. 1824. Job Brown. Jeremiah Fish. John Edwards. William Zane. James Pancoast. Job Brown. Hugh H. HoUinshead. Samnel Wood. Samnel C. Champion. Samuel 0. Champion. William Coffin. James Matlack. Samuel Wood. John Clement. Thomas Adams. Job Cole. John K. Cowperthwaite, James Pancoast. GENERAL HISTORY. 141 1829. John H. Ciowperthwaite. Joshua P. BrownlDg. Mullin Cktllins. Marmaduke Beckley. Samuel 6. Hunt. Isaac Wilkins. James Story. Joseph 6. Barker. Benjamin Weatherby. BeDJamin Say. Stephen Kirby. Daniel Edwards. Samuel Miller. Thomas P. Clementa. Joseph Lodge. James Chester. David B. Morgan. Samuel B. Westcott. Samuel Porch. 1830. Nathan Thompson. Bichard B. Champion. James W. Moore. David D. Keemer Jesse Price. Joseph C. Gill. John PiersoQ. William Porch. John C. Thackara. William Coffin. John B. Sickler. Cbarles F. Clark. 1831. Joseph Starn. John Dunham. William Brooks. Samuel Sailer. Joseph C. Stafford. John Cove. William E, Cooper. Thomas Wilson. Simon Sparks. Isaac Hinchman. Ephraim Miller. Charles Ellis. Josiah Atkinson. Nathan Thompson. James B. Lane. John Salsbury. 1832. Michael C. Fisher. Lewis Woodward. Septimus Weatherby. John Harding. ^ Christopher Sickler. Joseph Eodicott. Joseph Garwood. 1833. Parker Cordery. • Gideon S. Risley. Federal Champion. Joshua P. Browning. Joseph Scull. Edmond Taylor. Richard Stafford. Charles H. French. Benjamin Harding. ^ Daniel Forcer. Jacob Glover, Zebulon Wolf. Charles Wiggins. Bichard W. Snowden. Thomas Parsons. Josejih Lodge, Jr. Joseph Rogers. x-J^hn Marshall. Ephraim Miller. Christopher Sickler. Thomas Bee. Thomas Thackara. William Ackley. 1833. Joseph Chatham. John Sickler. Benjamin Weatherby. Philip Emmell. Daniel Baker. William Harrison. Jacob Wick. James H. Chester. Samuel G. Ogden. John B. Miller. 1834. John Godfrey. Samuel M. Thorn. Charles Beek. Jesse C. Chew. George Cowman. Joseph Rogers. James D. Dottener. John A.. Alexander. Benjamin Burrough, Jr. Samuel Laning. Robert B. Risley. Joel G. Clark. John D. Norton. John Clement. John K. Cowpertbwaite. Joshua P. Browning. Marmaduke Buckley. Samuel B. Hunt. Isaac Wilkins. James Stoy. Joseph B. Barker. Samuel Miller. Samuel Porch. Benjamin Avise. 1835. John H. Richardson. William Peacock. Marmaduke Beckley. Solomon 8. Chester. Nathan Thompson. Jesse H. Bowen. Joseph Starr. Benjamin Allen. William Porch. Jesse Price. John C. Thackara. Daniel C. Cozens. James Leeds. Poster Sears. John Westcott. James Hinchman. 1836. Joseph C. Collins. John Dunham. Simon Sparks. Joseph Stafford. Samuel Sailer. Joseph C. Starn. Charles French. Charles Kaigbn. John Redfield. Lewis M. Walker. Joel Wood. David B. Ackley. Daniel Stoy. Joseph Atkinson. 1837. Thomas Redman. Israel M. Scattergood. James M. Glover. John Pierson. Michael C. Fisher. James W. Sloan. Josiah Harrison. William M. Graff. Amasa Garwood. Samuel C. Champion. 1838. Richard Stafford. Charles H. French. Daniel Forcer. 1838. Arthur Brown. John I. Cooper. Paul Sears. Eli Wilson. Richard Clark. Jacob Park. David B. Morgan. Richard W. Snowden. Jacob Troth. Joseph J. Hatch. Thomas S. Dyer. Thomas B. Darrach. Nathan Thompson. Ephraim Miller. Alexander H. Hay. Joseph Chatham. James H. Chester. John D. Glover. Joseph C. Gill. 1839. Charles Beck. James M. Wolf. Isaac Hinchman. John Coles. Samuel Pimm. Abel Curtis. James L, Gibhs. Joseph Woolohon. David Sloau. James W. Lamb. Joseph H. Moore. Joseph Franklin. James H. Brick. John Clement Gilbert Kellum. 1840. Levi L. Campbell. Philip J. Gray. William J. Hatch. John Rudran, Jr. John Redfield. Charles Davis. Robert Chew. Henry Jackson. Joseph A. Chatham. James Gibson. John P. Sheets. Joseph G. Shinn. 1841. Jacob Swope, Jr. Jacob L. Rowland. Joseph Z. Pierson. Joshua Duble. Edward Brewer. Joseph Inskip. John P, Curtis. Joel Bodiiie. Benjamin Harding. •- John B. Miller. George T. Risdon. Ira Bradshaw. Benjamin H. Fisler. Simon Sparks. Isaac Lodge. David B. Leslie. Jacob S. Bender. Josiah Atkinson. John B. Hilyard. 1842. Michael C. Fisher. James W. Sloan. Josiah Harrison. William Keyser. John R. Graham. James L. Gibhs. 1843. Richard Stafford. Arthur Brown. Richard Clark. George Cawman, Sr. Samuel B. Woolman. Charles H. French. 1843. Paul Sears. Jacob AndresB. Andrew Diiks, Sr. Thomas P. Clements. Richard W. Snowden. Jacob Troth. Joseph Woolohon. John K. Cowpertbwaite. Joseph Stafford. Isaac Wilkins. James, H. Chester. Isaac Hinchman. Joel G. Clark. Lemuel B. Hunt. James D. Dutterer. Nathan Thompson. John 0. Sheebs. Marmaduke Beckley. Joel Wood, Samuel Porch. John M. Watson. Alexander R. Long. William Peacock. John Hanna. Joseph 0. Collins. Jesse Smith. 1844. John Marshall.-** William Brown. Ralph V. M. Cooper. Hugh Woodrow. Samuel Richards. John B.Miller. Samuel M. Thom. Samuel Pimm. Nathan T. Stratton. John Daniels. Benjamin C. Downs. Joseph Reed. Ephraim Miller. Alex. Wentz, Deptfurd twp. M. C. Fisher, " " J. P. Sheets, Woolwich " 1849. N. Thompson, " " Jos. Iszard, Franklin " ^^,-— «enj. Harding, " " Samuel Porch, " " I. S. Peacock, " " 1850. Saml. Pimm, Hai'rison " J. Lippincott, " " J. B. Miller, Greenwich " J. M. Wolf, " " J. C. Eastlake, " " C. BalliDger, " " Ira Allen, Woolwich " Wm. Kayser, " " 1853. Alex. Wentz, Deptford ' " M. C. Fisher, '* " R. Burwell, " " J. P. Shepts, Woolwich ** Caleb Roof, " " 1854. Gasp. Wirsham, " '* Benj. Salisbury, " " B. C. Downs, Franklin " *--^enj. Harding, " " Samuel Porch, " " M. Madden, " " 1855. Samuel Pimm, Harrison " James Lippincott, " " Simon Sparks, Deptford " Jas. M. Wolf, Greenwich " John Stetsir, " " 0. Wirsham, Woolwich " C. P. Shivers, " " J. S. Bendler, Mantua " J. M. Kitchen, " " 1 856. James Gibson, Harrison '* J. L. Stratton, " 142 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1857- M. 0. Horner, Harrison twp. 1858. Samuel Tatem, Deptford " Alex. Wentz, " " Joshua Matlack, " " J. P. Sheets, Woolwich " 1859. N. F. Iredell, Harrison " CLas. Holton, Woolwich " Jos. Lashley, Franklin '* Jacob Porch, " " 1860. Samuel Pimm, Harrison " N. F. Iredell, Simon Sparks, Deptford ** E. C. Mount, " " N.C.Jordan, Greenwich " J. M. Wolf, 0. P. Shivers, Woolwich " Eph. Waters, *' " L. L. Campbell, Clayton " Bfi"j Harding, " " 1861. I. 0. Ervan, Harrison " J. W. Eastlack , Deptford " Wm. D. Scott, " " David B.Gill,Greenwich " Isaac Hinchman, " " J. S. Bendler, Mantua " John Daniels, " " Saml. L. Iszard, Clayton " Benj.F. Duboist, " " 1862. Levi B. Davis, Harrison " Benj.C. Downs, Clayton " 1863. W.R Maiikin, Deptford " Benj. D. Sparks, " " Alex. Wentz, " " John Ford, Greenwich " J. P. Sheetz, Woolwich " G. J. Abbott, Clayton " 1864. Jas.H.Pierson, Deptford " 1. J. Cowgill, Greenwich " Johns. Mullen, *' " Chas. Holton, Woolwich " W. P. Crane, Franklin '* Jos. P. Lashley, " " Charles B. Wolf, Clayton " 1865. N. F. Iredell, Harrison " Samuel Pimm, " ' " Jeptha Abbott, Deptford *' J. V. Cheeseman, " '* C. P. Shivers, Woolwich ' ' E. Waters, Jr., " " -'"''^enj. Harding, Clayton " 1866. Jesse C. Chew, Deptford " I. J. Cowgill, Greenwich *' David B. Gill, Joseph Wolf, " " John T, Ogden, Mantua " H, M. Mcllvaine, " " 1867. J.B Simmons, Greenwich" S, P. Hnines, Harrison " Chas, P. Souder, " " Jotn Ford, Woolwich " Joel Locke, " " 1868. C. M. Campbell, Clayton " Alex. Wentz, Deptford, " JohnP.Sheets, Woolwich " 1869. Chas. B. Wolf, Clayton " Saml. L. Iszard, " " Wm. P. Crane, Franklin " Jos. Lashley, " " 1870. John B.Morton, Clayton " Jas, Pennington, *' " Jeptha Abbott, Deptford " N. F. Iredell, Harrison " J.Lippincott, " " John F.Truitt, Woolwich " Eph. S. Waters, " " 1871. Benj. Harding, Clayton " H.F. Kennedy, Deptford " 1871. T. W. Harris, Franklin twp. Joseph Wolf, Greenwich " I. J. Cowgill, " " John T. Ogden, Mautua " John Daniels, " " D. S. Aldricb, Washington " 1872. S. Peacock, Deptford " Wm, Miller, Greenwich " Geo. Walters, Harrison " Jno. S. Rulon, " " John Ford, Woolwich " D. B. Leslie, W. Deptford " 1873. Jno. H. Coffin, Franklin " Francis B. Ridgeway, Harri- son twp. Matt. M. Chew, Monroe twp- C. W. Hueted, " " J. P. Sheets, Woolwich " S. H. Ladd, Woodbury City. John P. Sheets, Logan twp. 1874. C. Buckman, Deptford " R. A. Rosenbaum, Franklin twp. W. P. Crane, Franklin twp. J. Keen, Washington " 1875. B. M. Turner, Clayton " Ohae. B. Wolf, Jno. J. Combs, *' " Chas. B. Wolf, Glassboro " G. C. Sithens, Harrison " N. F. Iredell, C. W. Husted, Monroe " Eph. Waters, Woolwich " C. P. Shivers, " " J. Abbott, Woodbury City. T. Pilling, Washington twp, 1876. Benj. Harding, Clayton " S.B.FuUerton, Deptford " Chas. Young, Franklin " Joseph Wolf, Greenwich " I. J. Cowgill, " " John T. Ogden, Mantua. " John Daniels, " " W. H. Livermore, Woodbury City. William C. Fletcher, Wood- bury City. J. Keen, Washington twp. S. Chew, West Deptford " 1877. S. Peacock, Deptford " John S. Rulon, Harrison " John Ford, Woolwich " I.J. Hill, Woodbury City. John F. Truitt, Logan twp. 1878. A. Eastlack,, Deptford " T. U. Atkins, Franklin " J, P. Reece, Harrison " Wm. Bodine, Monroe *' S. H. Ladd, Woodbury City. Daniel L. Lamb, Washing- ton twp. John P. Sheets, Logan twp. 1879. J. A. Riggins, Franklin " Wm. P, Crane, " " Philip Schl4g, Logan " 1880. E. M. Turner, Clayton " R. Edmonds, " " Wm. A, Warrinor, Franklin twp. E. D. Riley, Franklin twp. Chas. B. Wolf, Glassboro '* G. C. Sithens, Harrison " N. F. Iredell, " " C. W. Husted, Monroe twp. C. P. Shivera, Woolwich " Wm. C. Nicholson, Washing- ton twp. 1880. J. Abbott, Woodbury City. 1881. Joseph Wolf, Deptford twp. A. C. Dalton, Franklin " I. J. Cowgill, Greenwich " John Daniels, Mantna " Joseph Shuster, " " W. H. Livermore, Woodbury City. Stille Chew, West Deptford twp. 1882. Frank De Merchant, Dept- ford twp. 6. Jennings, Deptford twp. J. P. Watson, Glassboro " N. J. Justice, Harrison " John Ford, Woolwich " W. Watkins, Woodbury City. Jacob S. Bendler, Washing- ton twp. Philip Schlag, Logan twp. CHAPTER XXX. MEDICAL PROFESSION OF GLOUCESTER COUNTT.i In the early half of the present century there were very few regularly licensed or graduated physicians. All sorts of quacks — herh, Indian, Thomsonian, and, finally, eclectic and homoeopathic — settled in and practiced through the county. Here, as elsewhere, are always found those who are ready to impose on the ignorance and credulity of people who know nothing of professional matters, hut the proportion of such in Gloucester County cannot be considered excessive. Medical Societies. — No medical society is known to have been formed here prior to 1818. In that year one was 'organized by authority of the State society. The physicians signing the application for authority to form this society were Drs. Dayton Lummis, Thomas Hendry, Joseph Fithian, Lorenzo Fisler, Isaac Davis, Benjamin Erwin, Francis Hoover, Wil- liam Hunt, Samuel Harris, Bowman Hendry, J. J. Foster, Ezra Baker, and John C. Warner. The society continued to hold its regular annual- and semi-annual meetings up to December, 1821, and then from some cause they were discontinued. It was reorganized in March, 1830, at which time Dr. Charles Garrison was elected a member. After this meeting no records appear till May, 1846, when a charter was granted by the State society to Drs. Jo- seph Fithian, C. F. Clark, Joseph C. Weatherby, Thomas J. Saunders, John R. Sickler, and Benjamin P. Howell. Under this charter the society was organ- ized, with Drs. Joseph Fithian, president; Charles Garrison, vice-president; Thomas J. Saunders, secre- tary ; and Joseph C. Weatherby, treasurer. Sections 9 and 10 of the constitution adopted by the society were as follows : " Sec. 0. Duties of Members. — At each annual and semi-annual meet- ing there shall be an essay read on some medical subject by the mem- ber designated at the previous meeting by the president. Shall not be excused, and a failure beiug one dollar tine. " Sec. 10. The president shall appoint a member who shall report all epidemics of the county during the year, — thjs at annual meeting, — their nature, mortality, and treatment." The first address was delivered by the president, Dr. Joseph Fithian, on the subject of hygiene. At 1 By Luther F. Halsey, M.D. GBNEKAL HISTORY. 143 the next meeting an essay on the subject of scarla- tina was read by Dr. C. Garrison. At the meeting in October, 1847, Dr. Sickler gave an essay on " The Philosophy of the Human Mind," and Dr. Howell one on the " Asiatic Cholera." At the meeting in 1849, Dr. Saunders read an essay on " Lunatic Asy- lums, and the Duty of Physicians Respecting Them." At the annual meeting in 1850, Dr. J. F. Garrison read an essay on " Periodic or Recurring Colica." At this meeting the delegates to the State Medical Society were instructed to bring before that body the importance of a high standard of preliminary educa- tion among those entering the profession. At the semi-annual meeting in the same year. Dr. Fithian gave an essay on the " Philosophy of Man," and at the annual meeting in 1851, Dr. C. Garrison was the essayist; subject, "Thrombus of the Labium and Ossification of the Placenta." The essay by Dr. Clark, at tlie annual meeting in 1852, was on "Dys- entery." At that meeting the following fee-bill and resolution were adopted : " Counsel fees, .50 to $5.00 ; visit in town, .60 to Sl.OO ; visit at night in country, 82.00; in town at niglit, Sl.OO; visit out of town to four miles, Sl.OO, and .2.i for each additional mile : consultation fees, $3.00 to $5.00 for first visit, $2.00 for second, and $1.00 for third ; both physi- cians receiving like fees. All other rates same as adopted by the State Medical Society. — Revised Laws of 1851. " EeeoUed, Thiit any violation of the above adopted rates of charges be considered hs dishonorable and a violation of professional honesty." The essayi.sts in 1853 were Drs. Sickler and Howell. Dr. Sickler's subject was " Erysipelas," and Dr. How- ell treated of the then recent epidemic of yellow fever in Philadelphia, in which he had volunteered his services. In 1857, Dr. S. T. Miller read an essay on "Medicine as a Science;" in 1858, Dr. H. C. Clark was the essayist, subject, " Amputation ;" and in 1859, Dr. Halsey read an essay on " Scrofula." No meeting of the society was held after 1861 till 1866, on account of the absence in the war of the Re- bellion of many of the members. In 1867 the constitution of the society was revised, though but few alterations were made. One change provided that meetings should be held quarterly, the code of charges was revised, a minimum was estab- lished, and the rates ordered by the State society were cut down. During the past fifteen years the society has met regularly, often being entertained in a most princely manner by different members of the society at their residences. Representatives of the press and honor- able gentlemen from various parts often convening with the members at these meetings, all highly en- joyable and instructive. Personal Reminiscences. — De. James Stbat- TON. — The Stratton family emigrated from Stratton Hill, in England, to New England in the seven- \ teenth century. In the title to East Hampton, Long i Island, acquired by Eaton and Hopkins, in 1648, of the sachems of the four eastern Indian tribes of the island, and transferred by them to the settlers of the town. we find the name of Richard Stratton. In 1660, and after the death of Sachem Wyandanch, his widow, called Squaw Sachem, and her son united in a deed of confirmation to the original purchase of Montauk. Among the names in the original conveyance are those of Richard and John Stratton. One of them was the father of Benjamin, who removed from East Hampton about 1700 to Fairfield, Cumberland Co., N. J., and became the first of the family of this name in New Jersey. (Thompson's "Long Island.") The subject of our record was a son of Benjamin and Sarah, born August, 1755. Of his early life and education we are not informed. He studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin Harris, of Pittsgrove, Salem Co., N. J. Almost his only book was Cullen's " First Lines." He married a daughter of his pre- ceptor before he 'was of age, and first settled in Clarksboro, Gloucester Co., six miles from Swedes- boro, where he began his practice. Upon the breaking out of the war in 1776 he gave his services to his country's cause. After the war, though he had a wife and three children, he went to Philadelphia, and attended medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania for one winter. He then removed to Swedesboro, and entered upon the service of his life in the practice of medicine. He soon became the leading physician in that portion of the State. His practice, extending over a country of thirteen or four- teen miles, taking Swedesboro as a centre, extended in each direction. He was very popular and eminently successful. He was also a man of great influence in civil and political affairs, was judge of the court, and administrator and executor of many large estates. His practice often called him from Woodbury to Salem, and from the Delaware River to twenty miles in the interior. His habit was to rise early, do his writing and preparations for the day, breakfast by candle-light, and then start in his two-wheel sulky, without a top, and return if he. could before night ; with a change of horses, start again, seldom getting home till late at night. His students, of which he had a number, were employed on his return in com- pounding his medical preparations for the next day's necessities. His obstetrical practice was not correspondingly large, as at that time and in the sparse population it was necessarily in the hands of women midwives, though his services were always sought in all diflScult and preternatural cases. He used Smillie's forceps, but was probably not an adept in the employment of the instrument, as few at that time were. Upon the death of his wife he married (2) Miss Mary Creighton, of Haddonfield. By his first mar- riage he had one son, who died early, and two daughters. By his second marriage he had seven children, one dying in infancy. He was the father of the Rev. Siiniuel V. Stratton, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and the Hon. Charles C. Stratton, who was elected Governor of the State of New Jer- 144 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. sey. Dr. Stratton was remarkable for his strict moral and religious habits. He early joined the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was an efficient member. Being very fond of music, he usually led the songs of the congregation. He venerated the Lord's Day, and so timed his professional engagements as to secure for himself the privileges of the sanctuary. He retained his predilections for the Puritan faith, and assembled his family on Sunday afternoon to in- struct them in the Westminster Catechism. He was possessed of a fine, commanding figure, of genial manners, and Christian tenderness, and full of sym- pathy. He was one whom everybody loved and re- spected. As a politician he was a Federalist, and his influence with the people was such that, with th* exception of six persons, he controlled the entire vote of the township. He left a large landed estate, but the fall of prices after the war of 1812 very much reduced its value. He was grandfather of Dr. Benjamin Harris Stratton, of Mount Holly, recently deceased, one of the Fel- lows of the Medical Society of New Jersey, of which his grandfather was a member in 1786, and president in 1788. The following obituary notice was published at the time of his decease : "Co Sunday, the 29th ult., departed this life at his residence near SwedesboFO, Gloucester Co., in this State, after a short illQess, Dr. James Stratton, aged fifty-seven years. Thus, in the midst of life and usefulness, in possession of the love and esteem of all who knew him, is this amiable and respectable man snatched from his family and so- ciety by the hand of death. May his bereaved family and friends find consolation in the well-grounded hope that he has exchanged a world of unsatisfying enjoyments for scenes of bliss and glory. " Dr. Stratton was of that description of men who are justly styled the pillars of society, active, intelligent, sensible, dignified, a Christian and a patriot. The chasm created by his death will long be marked in mournful recollections by his surviving relations and neighbors and fellow-citizens." His tomb in the old churchyard of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eaccoon (asSwedes- boro was then called), now Trinity Protestant Epis- copal Church, bears this inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Dr. James Stratton, who departed this life March 29th, 1812, in the 57th year of his life. "With a mind strong and well cultivated, he was uncommonly useful as a citizen and as a Chris- tian. His piety and virtue will long be held in remembrance." James Stratton Genealogy . — Married (1) daughter of his preceptor, Benjamin R. Harris, and had Anna, who married Dr. John L. Stratton ; Sarah, who mar- ried Edward Carpenter, father of Hon. T. P. Carpen- ter, of Camden. Married (2) daughter of Hugh Creighton, and had Samuel, a clergyman in the Episcopal Church, who died about fifteen years since. Charles C, first Governor of New Jersey under the new constitution. Maria, who married (1) Dr. Ercuries Fithian, and (2) Daniel P. Stratton. Isabella, who married Burgl jiowey. Harriet, who married Dr. Joseph Fithian. Frances, now still living in Philadelphia. Dr. Ercubies B. Fithian succeeded Dr. James Stratton in the practice of medicine in Swedesboro ; was a son of Joel Fithian, who was sheriff and also in the Legislature.. He studied medicine with Dr. James Stratton, and married his daughter Maria. In 1816 he associated with him in practice Dr. Joseph Fithian. He died suddenly in the same year. He was a very popular physician, and was much esteemed as a gentleman. Dr. Dayton Lummis, one of the founders of the Gloucester County Medical Society in 1818, was a na- tive of Salem, N. J. He married a Miss Cooper, who died before him without issue. He practiced medi- cine in Swedesboro for a short time, and afterwards in Woodbury, Gloucester Co. He is described as a dashing, energetic young man, very popular and effi- cient as a practitioner. He was stricken down by disease in early manhood, which terminated his life in 1821. The Gloucester Herald and Farmer, in the number for Aug. 8, 1821, has the following notice : "Died, on Sunday morning last, at his late residence in Woodbury, Dayton Lummis, M.D., in the forty-first year of his age, of consump- tion, after an indisposition of eight years, which he bore with almost unexampled patience and resignation. He was a good neighbor, a sin- cere friend and husband, and he died as he had lived, beloved and esteemed by all who knew him," His remains were buried in Christ Church burying- place, Philadelphia, where was erected a stone bearing a brief inscription of his age and date of his death. Dr. William Lummis was an elder brother of Dayton. He also practiced in Woodbury, and was a physician of great experience and intelligence. Dr. Bush, professor in University of Pennsylvania, in his writings upon yellow fever, frequently alludes to Dr. Lummis. In 1798 he wrote a letter upon yellow fever as occurring in Woodbury, to which allusion is made in Part I., section " Pestilence." In the early part of this century he left New Jersey, and settled in Ontario, in the State of New York, when it was al- most a wilderness. Dr. Benjamin Erwin was a practitioner of medi- cine in Swedesboro early in this century and prob- ably in the latter part of the last. His outfit was a poor, raw-boned, sluggish horse of the Rozinante make, his carriage a rickety, one-horse vehicle called a sulky on two wheels, with no top. He was gross in person, with a face rough and red, ornamented by a nose of the tomato pattern, full of brag, and a great talker. He had the confidence of the people and a very large practice, though it was a common saying in regard of him, " What a pity it is that he will drink !" He died about 1823. (From the Recollec- tions of Dr. Joseph Fithian.) Dr. Isaac Davis, Jr., was one of the original fou,nd- ers of the Gloucester County District Medical Society, which he joined Dec. 8, 1818. He settled in Swedes- ^n^i''tyA.H Ritch^^^ c^r_?d€A./2y c^^/^/^^■>^/ GENERAL HISTORY. 145 boro, and practiced there for a number of years ; was quite popular up to the time of Eev. Mr. Norman I Nash, whose cause and course he very warmly sup- ported, and which resulted in much trouble in the Episcopal Church at that time. He owned a large farm — very valuable — in Pittsgrove, Salem Co., and also the place known as the Jennings farm, near Swedesboro. He afterward lost much of his-.grop- erty, and, I understand, removed to the western coun- try. His wife was Miss Sarah Ivans, a very lovely and estimable lady, and greatly beloved by all who knew her. Dr. Daniel Vanneman succeeded him in prac- tice, but became discouraged by losing his first pa- tient, soon left, and settled in Salem County, N. J. Joseph Fithian, M.D. — Dr. Fithian was born June 25, 1795, in Fairton, Cumberland Co., N. J., and spent the early years of his life in Fairfield. Here he engaged in study followed by a period as teacher, after which he prepared for the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, where he graduated. Swedesboro was chosen as his earliest field of labor. Here he remained one year, and at the expiration of that time established himself at Woodbury, N. J., having entered into partnership with Dr. Eli Ayres, who soon relinquished his share of the practice, which was continued uninterruptedly by Dr. Fithian for a period of half a century. He was married, Nov. 12, 1817, to Miss Harriet, daughter of Dr. Stratton, of Swedesboro, and sister of ex-Governor Stratton, who died May 9, 1850. He was a second time married, Oct. 28, 1852, to Miss Hettie G. Cattell, daughter of Thomas W. Cattell, and sister of ex-United States Senator Cattell, of Salem, N. J. To this marriage were born children, — Josephine, wife of Rev. E. W. Hitchcock, D.D., and Sallie C, who died at the age of twenty years. Dr. Fithian's death occurred, after an extended life, memorable for its usefulness, on the 9th of January, 1881, in his eighty-sixth year. The following memorial prepared by an attached friend embodies a just estimate of his character and abilities : "In the death of Dr. J. Fithian, the community in which he has lived so long has sustained the loss of a venerable citizen, distin^ished for his high personal character and a long career of usefulness both in his profession and in his private life. For full half a century he was ac- tively engaged in his profession, and won for himself an enviable repu- tation for his skill as a physician, and his untiring devotion to a large and widely extended practice. " A man of studious habits, his acute logical mind grasped the princi- ples upon which the science of medicine is based, and doubtless in some wider field than that in which he located he would have risen to dis- tinction among medical celebrities of his age. " In the earlier years of his professional life he wrote frequently for the medical journals, and also prepared numerous papers of value, which were read at the meetings of the New Jersey Medical Society, and were published in their annual reports. Among his brethren in New Jersey he was an authority in the profession, and was held in high esteem as a most successful practitioner by many of the eminent medical men of Philadelphia, both of the past and present generation. The late Dr. George B. Wood, in his work on the 'Practice of Medicine,' quotes him as high authority on some questions of practice, and that eminent scholar and author. Professor Gross, who knew him personally, spoke of him since his death to one of his nephews in the most complimentary terms as a man of note in the profession. After a career of fifty years 10 in active practice, having acquired a competency, he retired therefrom and gave himself up almost entirely to what was the greatest pleasure of his life, reading and study, and for the last fifteen years few men spent more hours with books than Dr. Fithian. His extensive read- ing and his retentive memory furnished his discriminating mind with a rich store of knowledge, whicli made him one of the most interesting conversationalists I have ever met. To this was added a most imposing presence, and a genial and courteous manner, which won the respect and regard of all who came in contact with him. He was, moreover, a Christian philosopher. He brought to the examination of the great questions which affect our relations to things beyond the grave his well-balanced reasoning powers, and while recognizing in its fullest meaning tlie force of the declaration of the great apostle, that 'with- out controversy great is the mystery of godliness,' he accepted the Bible as the revealed word of God, and Christ Jesus as the saviour of mankind. In this faith he lived and died, exercising for more than fifty years the oiiice of elder in the Presbyterian Church, Profoundly convinced that the Bible was the ordained means for the conversion of the world, he organized nearly fifty years ago the Gloucester County Bible Society ; was its first president, and remained at its head until his death. He had passed the extreme limitassigned by the Psalmist as the duration of human life, and in the full possession of all his faculties, mental and physical, in a beautiful green old age he died, full of years and full of honors, at his own home, in the bosom of his family, sur- rounded by those he most loved, and has gone to reap the reward of a well-spent life." De. Charles Garrison Vas born at Deerfield, Cumberland Co., N. J., March 17, 1800 ; studied med- icine with Dr. Buck, of Bridgeton ; married Hannah L. Fithian, sister of Dr. Joseph Fithian, before he was of age, and before he graduated from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. He entered upon the prac- tice of medicine in Fairton, Cumberland Co., where he remained only about one year, and where his sun, Rev. Joseph Fithian Garrison, M.D., was born. He removed to Clarksboro, Gloucester Co., in 1823, and from there to Swedesboro in 1824,' where he con- tinued in active practice till stricken down by pa- ralysis in November, 1871, and died April 12, 1875, of abscess and softening of the brain, as a sequelse of his attack in 1871. A warmer-hearted and kindly, generous man than he never lived, — a true friend and brother to all in need of help and sympathy. His practice was very extensive and extended over a large space of country, keeping him on the road nearly all the time, his noble and estimable wife and students, of which he had many, being employed in compounding and pre- paring his medicines in his absence for his next day's necessities. For a long time he kept five horses, all fast drivers, and they had as much as they could do to carry him his rounds among his many patients. As a diagnostician and prognostician he was remark- able, seeming to see almost intuitively just-what was the matter, and the probable results. Was an earnest though humble Christian, feeling himself or his doings to be nothing, but resting unwavering in his faith in Jesus Christ. He was a very successful practitioner, a great reader, a close, logical thinker, most of his reading being accomplished while riding over the country visiting his patients. He always kept himself well booked up in his profession as well as in general lit- erature and the current topics of the day. Was an 146 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. earnest, thorough Republican, and took the deepest interest in everything pertaining to the late civil war. Was at one time in 1862 very anxious to volunteer as a surgeon, and drew lots with Dr. Halsey as to which of them should go, the lot falling on Dr. Halsey. Few leave this world with more warm-hearted friends to mourn his loss. He associated his son. Dr. Joseph Fithian Gaeeison, with him in practice in 1845, and they together controlled the practice in all this part of the county. The latter was born in Fairton, Cumberland Co., Jan. 20, 1823 ; was especially noted as a hard student, a perfect book-worm, always preferring the compan- ionship of his father or his books to anything else. His health not being good, his father bought him a boat, hoping he would by this be induced to take ex- ercise in the open air. With this he would row him- self to some secluded part of the mill-pond which skirted the town, and there spend the greater part of the day poring over his books, his most congenial, chosen companions. His health becoming more en- feebled he gave up practice, which he found too laborious and exposing for him, and commenced the study of divinity, and was admitted to orders early in 1855, and was immediately called to the rectorship of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, of Cam- den, N. J., where he has been, and still is, rector for the past twenty-six years. He graduated from Princeton College with high honors, the president remarking that he was fitted to take the highest posi- tion in any profession he might choose. He is also a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Medical Department. He is a Mason of high standing, and has written the most elaborate treatise on symbols and history of Masonry ever produced, which article he has delivered before many large bodies of that fraternity. De. Luther F. Halsey succeeded Dr. Joseph F. Garrison in the practice of medicine in Swedes- boro, in January, 1855 ; was born in Bucks County, Pa. ; prepared for college at Woodbridge Hall, at Perth Amboy, and entered Rutgers College, at New Brunswick ; afterwards studied medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. C. 8. Baker, — than whom there does not exist a clearer-headed or more erudite physi- cian, — and graduated from Jefferson Medical College. After which he spent some time in Europe perfect- ing his knowledge, and upon returning home was urged to settle in Swedesboro, where he has lived ever since, except the three years he spent as surgeon in the army, where he occupied important positions, generally as one of the chief operators in his corps. It has been often said of him, "he is a natural-born surgeon," in which department especially he has been most successful. De. Francis Hoover, father of Joseph Hoover, the celebrated ink man, who was one of the founders of the Gloucester County Medical Society in Decem- ber, 1818, practiced in Swedesboro, and afterwards re- moved to Philadelphia. At one time, while living in Swedesboro, some one sent for him in a great hurry to come and set a broken leg. He immediately attended the call, and found it was a turkey whose leg was broken. He expressed no indignation, but proceeded to set and splint the leg, and gave explicit directions how to care for the patient, and left very soon there- after, sending in a bill for his professional services, — which was contested, but which he recovered by pros- ecution. Dr. Jeremiah J. Foster settled in Woodbury, and practiced there extensively and very successfully, and was very popular with his patrons and the whole community ; was one of the founders of the Gloucester County Medical Society. Dr. Charles F. Claek practiced in Woodbury for about fifty years ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania; joined the County Medical Society May 4, 1836 ; was quite a noted surgeon, and a very able, successful, and popular practitioner. He was greatly beloved by all who knew him, and was es- pecially noted as a friend and helper to all young practitioners ; hence did probably the largest consul- tation practice in this part of the State. He had many students, some of whom became the most able and eminent men of the country. Drs. Ezra Baker, Bowman, Hendry, Samuel Har- ris, Lorenzo Fisler, Thomas Hendry, William Hunt, John C. Warner, Charles D. Hendry, I. P. Thorn- ton, and I. S. Mulford all lived in or practiced in the county, and were members of the County Med- ical Society, and were active and efficient practi- tioners of medicine. De. Thomas J. Saundees graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and settled in Wood- bury, and was a very successful and acceptable practi- tioner. Joined the County Medical Society June 16, 1846, and was a very earnest, active member. He removed to the western country about 1856 or 1857, and was much missed by his many friends, and especially his professional brethren. De. John R. Sicklee graduated March 18, 1829, from Jefferson Medical College. Settled in Mantua, formerly called Carpenter's Landing. Joined the County Medical Society, June 16, 1846. Was ap- pointed judge of the court for several terms, and his judgments were very seldom disputed or reversed by higher courts. He always leaned to mercy's side, feeling and knowing the imperfections of humanity. He always kept open house, and very often enter- tained his professional brethren at his truly hospitable house and table. Was elected president of the State Medical Society in 1859, which body, as well as the county society, he very often represented as delegate to national and other State societies. He was quite an active politician, and was elected State senator. De. Benjamin P. Howell.— Truly "a gentle- man of the old school," always dignified, courteous, and scrupulously polite in all his intercourse, and GENERAL HISTOKY. 147 any one passing him on the street would instinctively turn around after passing and take a prolonged look at him. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, and became a member of the county society, June 16, 1846. De. Benjamin F. Chatham practiced a short time at MuUica Hill, then removed to Delaware. Joined the County Medical Society in June, 1846. Understand he has since died. Dr. Elijah Wiley graduated from Jefferson Medical College, settled in Swedesboro, and was a very excellent and successful practitioner, and would have ranked very high in the profession had he not been claimed .so young as a victim of consumption. Joined the County Medical Society, June, 1846. Died in February, 1847, and was succeeded by his brother George. He continued active practice up till within two days of his death, and even tried to dress and ride the day before he died, but was wholly unable. A man of great character and indomitable persever- ance. De. George Wiley graduated from Jefferson Medical College; settled in Swedesboro after his brother Elijah's death, but in about three years there- after removed to Bridesburg, Pa. ; again back to Swedesboro in 1862, and again back to Bridesburg in 1865. Dr. Pttedee settled in Swedesboro in 1840, but only remained here some four months. De. John Gillman also practiced in Swedesboro for a short time, and boarded with Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Talman, as did also Drs. Elijah and George Wiley, Purdee, and Reeves. Samuel T. Miller, M.D. — The ancestors of Dr. Miller were of Irish birth. His grandfather was John Miller, who married Betsey Borough, and had chil- dren, — Borough, John B., James, Sarah (Mrs. Elias Kaign, of Camden), Abigail (Mrs. William Beck, of Philadelphia), and Ann (Mrs. William Henderson). John B. was born on May 12, 1797, in Gloucester County, and during his active life engaged largely in farming and the shipping of produce, principally in Greenwich township. He was early a Democrat, but later espoused the principles of the Republican party, and was honored by both parties with official position, having been thrice representative in the State Legislature and judge of the County Court, as also an early justice of the peace. He married Miss Elizabeth A., daughter of Samuel Tyler and Grace Ambler, of Salem, and had children,— Abigail W. (Mrs. A. W. H. Hall), Samuel T., Lydia A. (Mrs^ I James M. Roe), Emily (Mrs. George H. Gaunt), Anna (Mrs. Z. Sickler), Edward G., Lizzie (Mrs. Daniel V. Summerell), Charles F., and John Mason (deceased). Mr. Miller died April 6, 1858, in his sixty-first year. His widow still survives, in her eighty-fourth year. Their son, Samuel T., the sub- ject of this brief biography, was born, Nov. 21, 1826, in Greenwich township, Gloucester Co. He enjoyed in youth liberal advantages of education at Penning- ton, N. J., where his studies were continued until his twenty-first year. He then decided upon a pro- fessional career, and choosing that of medicine, en- tered the oflSce of Dr. Joseph C. Weatherby, of Clarks- boro, where his studies were continued for three years, meanwhile attending lectures at the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1850. The village of Harrisonville, in Gloucester County, first offered an inviting field, where he remained one year, and then became estab- lished as a practitioner in Paulsboro, his present residence. His quick intuition, discretion in prac- tice, and thorough knowledge of the science of medi- cine readily obtained for him an extended and profit- able practice. He has recently relinquished the arduous labors of his profession, and devoted his time to the management of his three productive farms, and to the interests of the Delaware River Railroad, of which he is secretary and treasurer. The doctor, in 1862, entered the army as assistant surgeon of the Twelfth New Jersey Volunteers, and served for three years, during which time he was delegated to hospital duty, and participated in many engagements, his services having ended with the close of the conflict. He is an active member of both State and County Medical Societies. Dr. Miller is in poli- tics a Democrat. He has been identified with his township as freeholder for successive terms, and was appointed by Governor McClellan judge of the Court of Common Pleas, as also a second term by Governor Ludlow. He has for years been actively interested in the cause of education, and officiated as superin- tendent of schools for his township. The doctor was married, March 4, 1856, to Miss Fannie M., daughter of Jacob and Mary D. Price, of Paulsboro. Their children are John B. and Mary E. Mrs. Miller having died Oct. 26, 1879, he married, Jan. 11, 1882, Miss Jennie L., daughter of John F. Forepaugh, of Philadelphia, and his wife, Jane Learning, of Cape May County, N. J. De. R. S. Geaham was son of Rev. Graham, Presbyterian minister of Woodbury, where he settled in practice after graduating, but soon removed to Chester, where he became a very popular and highly respected practitioner. De. Robert S. Smallwood graduated from Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and practiced for a short time in Woodbury, but was soon carried off by that fell destroyer, consumption. „.^De. Samuel F. Fislee graduated from Jefferson Medical College in spring of 1844; settled in Clay- ton, formerly called Fislerville or town; has ever proved a very popular and successful physician, clear, close thinker, and close observer ; joined the county society in 1851. De. Heney C. Claek graduated from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and joined the county so- ciety in 1854; settled in Woodbury in practice with 148 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. his father, Dr. C. F. Clark. In 1856 he wrote an elabo- rate essay on "Amputations,'' which is among the papers of the county society, being so requested by said society. In 1861 he went out as volunteer sur- geon in the late war of the Rebellion, in which ser- vice he filled many prominent positions, and both there and at home he has been ever held in the highest esteem and confidence. Dk. James B. Waee graduated from the University of Pennsylvania; settled in Mullica Hill; after a few years removed to Davenport, Iowa. Returned after some years and settled in Pedricktown, Salem Co., where he became quite popular, and gathered quite a fortune. After the death of his most estimable wife he removed to Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., but' act succeeding very well he returned to Pedricktown, much to the satisfaction of many of his patrons. Dr. John H. Ashceaft graduated from Jeiferson Medical College in 1855 ; joined the county society the same year; first settled in Auburn, formerly Sculltown, Salem Co., but soon removed to Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co., where he has resided ever since, and is a very sensible, judicious, popular, self-reliant, and no better man living to meet in consultation. Db. Jacob T. Fislee graduated in 1855 from Jef- ferson Medical College, and settled in Harrisonville, Gloucester Co., where he became very popular and successful as a practitioner; was a great horseman, and always drove a magnificent team. De. Andeew J. McKelway graduated from Jef- ferson Medical College; became a member of the Gloucester County Medical Society, April, 1859. He first practiced in Trenton, N. J., afterwards at Black- woodtown, and then went out as volunteer surgeon of the Eighth Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers. On his return from the war he settled in Williams- town, where he still resides, though now much broken in health. One of the most companionable, genial, and thoroughly-posted gentlemen I ever met. Has probably one of the most extensive libraries of any member of the profession in the State. De. John Shoemakee, a bright, active, energetic physician, a native of Pennsylvania, settled in Bridge- port and practiced two or three years, and the war breaking out, he entered the army as a surgeon, and served with much distinction. A. A. Smith, M.D. — John Smith, the progenitor of the Smith family to which belongs Dr. A. A. Smith, came to America in 1772, and settled in Atlantic County, N. J. ; he had sixty thousand acres of land, which were granted to him by the English crown, in the counties of Gloucester, Cumberland, Salem, and Atlantic. The title-deeds to this land are now in the possession of his descendants, held by them' as heir- looms. As shown by the grant made to him, he was in the mother-country a man of prominence. He was also very wealthy, which gave him a prominent posi- tion in the colonies. He established on Staten Island and in Philadelphia silk-lace-weaving establishments, all of which were destroyed during the Revolutionary war. He espoused the cause of the colonies, and in connection with his family fitted out two vessels as privateers, which did good service on the Jersey coast. As soon as the English government learned of his disloyalty his estates in England were confis- cated and he was disinherited by his father, which, with the de.struction of his property in Philadelphia and on Staten Island, reduced the family from wealth and afiluence to abject poverty. He married Mary Ireland, also of English descent, who bore him chil- dren as follows, — Edward, Christiana, Margaret, Mary, John, Micajah, Fannie, Asa, Leah, Sarah, Ruth, and Daniel. Of the children, Asa was born in Atlantic County, where he grew to manhood, and in 1794 married Abi- gail Dennis. Their children were Absalom, Mary, Sarah, Martha, John, Charles, William, and Thomas. He became a Methodist preacher, and was one of the pioneer itinerant preachers of Jersey. He moved to Wilmington, Del., where he served as presiding elder of the Wilmington Conference. His son Charles was born in Wilmington, Del., Nov. 10, 1810. He (Charles) learned the trade of wheelwright in Phila- delphia, and became superintendent of a large manu- facturing establishment in that city, which position he held three years. He was then induced by Sur- geon John B. McClellan to study medicine and sur- gery under his instruction at the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, after which he practiced medicine in that city and Wilmington until 1836, when he removed to Malaga, in Gloucester County, N. J., where he practiced until his death, which oc- curred June 6, 1872. He married Miss Sarah Clark, of an old English family, in 1837. Their children were Asa, Malissa, Isaac P., Matilda, Sarah T., Thomas J., Martha Jane, Charles F., and Mary A. Asa, the subject of this sketch, was born in Malaga, March 20, 1838, where he grew to manhood. The foundation of his education was laid at the district school of his native town and from private teachers. His father intended he should enter the navy, hut the opposition of his mother frustrated the plan. He studied engineering and architecture, but it being decided that he should adopt his father's profession, he, in October, 1861, entered the University of Penn- sylvania as a medical student, and in less than two weeks thereafter was ofiered a commission as acting assistant surgeon United States army, which he de- clined. In November he was appointed acting "med- ical cadet," United States army, at Satterlee, United States general hospital. West Philadelphia, where he remained until the close of the war. After graduating, March, 1864, he was then appointed acting assistant surgeon United States army. As a token of their good will and appreciation of his skill and care the members of his ward presented him with a beautiful sword, which the doctor keeps as a memento of by- gone days, in 1866 he came home to Malaga and 1^^ r £ri4:^'i^ j^^^**X/% ^ GENERAL HISTORY. 149 commenced the practice of medicine with his father. After his father's death the entire practice fell to him, and he has kept it ever since. He still remains in Malaga, where he has a beautiful home and an ex- tensive and successful practice. On the 23d day of August, 1870, he married Miss Mary P., daughter of Daniel H. and Elizabeth (Hathaway) Howland. She was born in South Dartmouth, Mass., June 10, 1840. They have had one child, Sarah H., born June 6, 1872, died April 19, 1879. Dr. Augustus V. Hermann, a Pennsylvania German, impulsive and of a very quick temper, nerv- ously constituted, while out gunning one day first discovered he was blind in one eye. He soon lost the sight, of the other, which so depressed him that he is supposed to have committed suicide by poison. He practiced at Bridgeport, and joined the County Medical Society, October, 1866, and was allowed to resign in 1872. Dr. Edward L. Reeves settled in Paulsboro in 1866, joined the society in October the same year, and was dropped from the rolls in 1874. Dr. Andrew P. Glanden settled at Mantua in 1867, and joined the county society the same year. Afterwards studied divinity, and acted as a lay reader for two or three years. Afterwards removed to Cum- berland County, N. J., and resumed the practice of medicine. Dr. William H. Turner, a native of Mantua, Gloucester Co., when but a small boy determined to get a good education, and spent all his leisure time from farm work in study, borrowing works of the best authors. Graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1867, and was admitted to membership in the county society same year. He did his own thinking, and was one of the brightest and most highly-esteemed physicians of the county; wrote and read several very interesting and instructive essays, which were read before the county and State so- cieties, and copies requested for publication. He was a prominent member of several secret societies. Not being well, he took by mistake about five grains of sulphate of morphia instead of sulphate of quinia, as he supposed, and died from its efiects, in August, 1876. Dr. Walter M. Way settled for a few months in Mullica Hill, joined the society, but, soon left the county. John Down Heritage was born at Hurffville, Gloucester Co., N. J., Sept. 14, 1837. He received a common-school education, and afterwards spent two years at Pennington Seminary. He was then employed for some time as teacher of the school at the place of his nativity. Upon deciding to study medicine, he entered the ofiice of Charles C. Clark, M.D., of Woodbury, one of the most distinguished surgeons and skillful practitioners of medicine in Gloucester County, and after pursuing his studies for three years graduated at the University of Penn.syl- vania in March, 1862, having been employed during the last year of his studies as medical cadet at Satter- lee General Hospital. After practicing medicine a short time at his home he was commissioned assistant surgeon Eleventh New Jersey Volunteers, joining the regiment at Falmouth, Va., and remaining with it until it was mustered out of service at the close of the war. He was taken prisoner at Ream's Station, and sent to Hill's Corps Hospital, where he was put in charge of three hundred Federal wounded who had been taken prisoners at the above battle, and gave them attention until they were sent to Rich- mond for exchange, after which he reported to Libby prison, and was soon after exchanged. He served with his regiment at Gettysburg, Manassas Gap, Wil- derness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and battles and skirmishes before Petersburg. At the close of the war he began the practice of medicine at Glassboro, N. J., where he still resides. He has performed suc- cessfully several amputations, one at the shoulder- joint, and many of the minor operations of surgery. He is a society man, and was elected Grand Chan- cellor of the State Knights of Pythias, and served two terms as representative of the State to the Su- preme Lodge; is a member of the Grand Lodge of Masons, Grand Lodge of Red Men, a member of the I. O. of O. F., American Mechanics, Heptasophs, State Medical Society, Gloucester County Medical Society, and Salem County Medical Society. He married. May 26, 1869, Elizabeth Fisler Shivers, of Swedesboro township, and has three children. Dr. Paul S. Heritage, brother of the above, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in March, 1872. Settled first in HufTville, but upon the death of Dr. Turner removed to Mantua, where he estab- lished himself in a good practice, and was deservedly popular and successful. He died in the autumn of 1883. Dr. L. a. D. Allen, graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. Studied pharmacy first, and settled in Woodstown, Salem Co., though his practice ex- tended into Gloucester County, whose society he joined in October, 1869. Wholly and enthusiastically devoted to his profession. Very popular as a physi- cian, and as a citizen and gentleman. Has written several articles on professional subjects read before the society, which were thankfully and acceptably received. Drs. Hugh Davis, Edward Hance, Andrew J. Mc- pherson, I. P. Bennett, J. E. Clawson, E. Hance, Jr., T. B. Castle, John M. Summerill, J. E. Garrison, William B. Christine all practiced in difierent parts of the county, but only for a short time, and were pleasant gentlemen. Dr. Charles Hitchner practiced at Elmer, Salem Co. Joined county society in 1870, but soon gave it up and went into the drug business. Dr. Albert Porch practiced at Hardingville, and since removed to Clayton. Graduate of Jefferson 150 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Medical College, and admitted member of society in October, 1871. De. George 0. Laws, a native of Pennsylvania, first studied the homoeopathic system, but seeing its unreliability in critical cases, gave it up and gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania, March, 1871, and was admitted into the society, January, 1872. He settled in Paulsboro, and worked himself into a large and lucrative practice. A thoroughly conscien- tious Christian gentleman, strong Episcopalian, and was the main mover in establishing the church of that town. His especial forte is chemistry. A great reader and a thorough student, a warm-hearted and true friend, loving always to do some one good. Dr. William H. Iszaed graduated from Jeffersofi Medical College in March, 1370, started practice in Elmer, Salem Co., his practice extending into Glouces- ter County. Admitted to membership in county so- ciety January, 1872. Was elected State senator from Salem County, where he did much good work. Several years since he removed to Camden, where he now resides, and is doing a good work auJ profitable busi- ness. Dr. Ch. Grant Garrison, son of Dr. jDseph F. Garrison, born in Swedesboro. Was educated at Lawrenceville and University of Pennsylvania, and graduated from medical department of the latter in- stitution, and commenced practice in Swedesboro. Continued there about six years, and then studied law and removed to Camden, where he is a rising and popular lawyer. As a practitioner he was very pop- ular and very successful. Was recently appointed counselor for the Episcopal diocese of New Jersey. Dr. John B. Keasby graduated from University of Pennsylvania in 1854, was professor of obstetrics in medical college in Georgetown, D. C. Afterwards settled in Woodbury, where he still resides, much re- spected and deservedly popular with the people. Dr. Albert Trbnchard graduated from Jefferson Medical College in February, 1875, settled in Wil- liam.stown, and was there very popular. Afterwards removed to Mantua, where he now resides. Dr. Eugene E. De Drofft, a native of Salem County, N. J., studied medicine with Dr. Mayhew Johnson, was also in his drug-store for several years. Graduated from Jefferson Medical College in March, 1875, and joined the society in April of the same year. Settled in Mullica Hill, and is much beloved and es- teemed by a large circle of friends and patrons. Re- signed from the society because he keeping a drug- store felt he had to keep and sell proprietary medi- cines. Dr. Henry Buckingham graduated from Co- lumbia College, 1874, and joined the county society in April, 1875. Settled in Clayton, and is deservedly esteemed and popular, and a most excellent physician. Dr. Moses J. Paulding, graduate of University of Pennsylvania, 1866, and joined the county society in April, 1876 ; settled in Daretown, Salem Co., near the county line. A noble man, and an excellent phy- sician and surgeon. Dr. Eugene T. Oliphant, a native of Burlington County, graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, and first settled along the seashore, at Manahaw- kin, when, finding the rides too long and the pay too small, he removed to Bridgeport, where he has become a very successful and popular practitioner. Dr. Thomas B. Turner, a native of Gloucester County, graduated from Princeton and the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania [ first settled in Mount Holly, removing from thence to Har- risonville, where he practiced a few years, and then retired to a farm, preferring the latter to the practice of medicine. Dr. Isaiah D. Clawson graduated from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania ; settled in Woodstown, where he amassed considerable property ; was a noble, big- hearted man, and an excellent physician ; was di- rector of the bank of that borough up to the time of his death. He died from apoplexy. A great loss. Dr. Uriah Gilman, a native of Salem County, graduated from Jefferson Medical College, and was admitted to membership in county society, October, 1876. He entered the army in the Twelfth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers as surgeon, and upon his re- turn from the war in 1865 he settled in Woodstown, where he still resides. Dr. Samuel F. Stanger, a native of Gloucester County, and student of Dr. John Down Heritage, graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1875, and joined the society in October, 1876. He first settled in Williamstown, but after a year or two removed to Harrisonville, where he resides, and is popular and successful. " He loves politics better than eating,'' though he does not allow himself to be carried away by it from his professional duties. Dr. Benjamin F. Buzby, a native of Burlington County ; studied medicine with Dr. J. P. Thornton, of Mount Holly ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, afterwards spending some time in Vi- enna perfecting his professional knowledge; settled in Swedesboro; joined the county society in January, 1879; a good, safe practitioner. Dr. Luther M. Halsey, a native of Gloucester County, son of Dr. L. F. Halsey, was educated at Lehigh University, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College; settled in practice in Williams- . town, where he is deservedly very popular, and has a very large practice ; was offered a responsible posi- tion of trust in the capacity of surgeon, but preferred the retirement and independence of private practice. Dr. Miles Synott was born at Fislerville, now Clayton ; studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Fisler, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College. He married Miss Harriet Whitney, a sister of Messrs. Thomas and Samuel Whitney, the great glass men of Glassboro. He began practice at Chew's Laud- ing, Camden Co., but soon removed to Glassboro, GENERAL HISTORY. 151 where he did a very large business, and had an envi- able reputation as an obstetrician. He was peculiar and eccentric, and fond of a fine double-team, which he always drove. He died in 1866, and was succeeded by Dr. J. Down Heritage. Dr. Martin Synott, a brother of Dr. Miles. He also studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Fisler, and graduated from JeiTerson Medical College ; settled in Blackwoodtown, where he did a large business, and was esteemed as a superior physician, and was suc- ceeded by Dr. Brannin. Dr. Jacob Fisler was among the oldest practi- tioners of whom we have any knowledge in the county. He settled in his native place, Fislerville, now Clayton, and did a very large and widely-ex- tended business, extending over a diameter of more than twenty miles ; was a very active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a local preacher in said church. He did a very large obstetrical practice, in which he had a very wide reputation. Dr. James C. Weatherby was born in Clarks- boro, Gloucester Co., N. J. He received a very liberal education, graduating from Kenyon College, Ohio, and received his degree of A.M. in 1846. He was considered a very fine Latin scholar. He studied medicine with Dr. Charles F. Clark, of Woodbury, and attended a full curriculum of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, from which institution he graduated in March, 1837. In June, 1846, upon the reorganization of the county society after a tempo- rary suspension he was elected to membership and appointed on the board of censors by the State Med- ical Society, which position he held with honor to himself and to the societies as well as the profession for over thirty years. In April, 1837, he settled in his native town, where he still practices and is highly esteemed by a large circle of friends and patrons. He has filled the position of president of the county so- ciety many times, and treasurer and secretary of the same for many years, and frequently entertained the members of the county society at his house. He is the oldest active practitioner in the county, and is also senior warden of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church of Clarksboro. Dr. Thomas Reeves was born in Gloucester County, near Clarksboro ; was a brother of the Hon. Joseph L. Reeves, of Clarksboro, who served our county in the State Senate with great credit to him- self and satisfaction to the people. He studied medicine with Joseph C. Weatherby, A.M., M.D., and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, April 4, 1845, his thesis being upon epilepsy, which received high commendation from the faculty. He first settled in Pennsgrove, Salem Co., where he was a very successful practitioner, and was very popular. In 1854 he removed to Swedesboro, where he practiced about two years, still retaining many of his old families in Salem County. In February, 1857, he was attacked with malignant internal erysipelas, and being of a delicate constitu- tion he soon fell a victim to the terrible epidemic which prevailed that year so fatally. Joseph B. Roe, M.D. — The great-grandparents of Dr. Roe were Abram and Christiana Roe, whose son Henry, his grandfather, was born May 20, 1754, in Camden (now Gloucester County), where he culti- vated the farm at present owned by the doctor. He married Ann, daughter of James and Ann Jaggard, whose birth occurred Oct. 4, 1760. Their children were Christiana, born in 1780 ; Ann, in 1782 ; Robert, in 1784; Christiana (2d), in 1785; William, in 1787; Henry, in 1789; James, in 1792; Charles, in 1794; Abraham, in 1796; Rebecca, in 1798 ; David, in 1800; Susanna, in 1803. David, of this number, was born Feb. 4, 1800, and resided at Haddonfield, Camden Co., N. J., where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, though also a successful farmer. He married Rebecca S., daughter of Joseph and Susan Bispham, born Nov. 6, 1797, in Philadelphia, whose children were Henry, born in 1825; Susan (Mrs. James Murphy), in 1827; Rebecca (Mrs. Charles O. Morris), in 1830; David (deceased) ; Anna (Mrs. D. W. C. Morris), in 1832; David (2d), in 1834; Joseph B.; Elizabeth (deceased), in 1838. Joseph B., the subject of this biography, was born Feb. 26, 1836, at Haddonfield, where his childhood was passed. His advantages of education were liberal, the earliest instruction being imparted at a select school, after which he repaired to Mount Holly and Princeton, and entered Princeton College in 1855, from which he graduated in 1858. He soon after became a student of the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received his diploma in 1861. The doctor made Philadelphia his first field of labor, and in 1862 en- tered the army as assistant surgeon in connection with hospital work, remaining in the service until 1866, when his practice in Philadelphia was resumed. In 1869, having determined to retire from professional labor, he purchased the homestead of his grandfather, which has been a family seat for one hundred and twenty-five years, and has found both rest and change in the pleasurable avocation of the farm, especially in the department of market gardening. He was mar- ried, Nov. 22, 1864, to Mary K., daughter of Thomas and Rachel J. Caldwell, of Philadelphia. Their chil- dren are Joseph B., Jr., born in 1867 ; Augusta C, in 1870; Susan, in 1872; James M., in 1875 ; Mary K., in 1881, who died in 1882 ; and Howard, in 1883. Dr. Roe votes the Republican ticket in politics, and while earnest in his zeal for the success of the party, cares little for the honors within its gift. He is an elder in the Presbyterian Church of Woodbury, as were his father and grandfather before him. Homoeopaths.— Dr. William A. Gardner settled in Woodbury, where he did a large and profitable business ; was professor of anatomy, and was a very bright man and a very fine operator. He was a stu- 152 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. dent of Professor T. D. Mutter and a graduate from Jefferson Medical College. He served very credita- bly in the army as surgeon in a Pennsylvania regi- ment. Dk. Daniel R. Gardner, a native of Pennsyl- vania, settled in Woodbury, N. J. ; graduated from the Pennsylvania Medical College. He did a very exten- sive practice, made. considerable money, and was very popular. John Freedley Musgrave, M.D., the subject of this sketch, was born in Berks County, Pa., in city of Reading, on the 29th day of March, 1832. His father, Isaac Musgrave, was a civil engineer, and came from Baltimore; was of Irish descent. His mother, Emily Prince, was of the old Freedley family of Montgomery County, Pa., old original German settlers in that county, and were prominent land- holders. Hon. John Freedley, a great-uncle, was the representative in Congress for two terms from that district. He was named after him, and was educated by him. Having received a full course at the Norristown Academy, was placed under private instruction in several branches, became a student of medicine under Samuel Freedley, and graduated from the Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania in the year 1853, and attended the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated in 1854. Was two years Central Dis- pensary physician, and one year resident physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital. In the year 1862 entered the army, and served during the war as an assistant surgeon of United States Volunteers. In July, 1865, was appointed physician to the steamship " Circas- sian," the first American line of steamers to Ger- many, which was beached during the heavy storms of December on Island Madam. During this dis- aster he received some internal injuries, and was ad- vised on his return to Philadelphia to go to the country to practice for benefit of his health, and in 1866 he located in Swedesboro, in which place he met with an unusual success, and has done one of the largest county practices, and been universally es- teemed as a successful practitioner in the homoeo- pathic school. Dr. Jacob Isgabd, a native of Gloucester County, N. J., was employed as a very popular and successful teacher for a number of years. In 1867 studied medi- cine, and graduated from Hahnemann Medical College in 1870, and settled in Glassboro, where he still re- sides and is very much respected. Dr. Isaac Cooper, a native of New Jersey, settled iti Mullica Hill, where he became heavily involved financially, and from there removed to Trenton, where he still resides. Dr. Albert T. Beckett, a native of Gloucester County, N. J., graduated from the Hahnemann Med- ical College in 1873, and settled in Mullica Hill, where he remained about two years, and then removed to Salem, N. J., where he now resides. Dr. H. L. Stambach, a native of Philadelphia, Pa., graduated in 1879 from the Hahnemann Medical College, settled in Mullica Hill, thence to Woodbury, where he entered in partnership with Dr. McGeorge. Dr. Wallace McGeorge, a native of New Eng- land, graduated in 1868. He practiced a while in the Mohawk Valley, and settled afterward in Woodbury, where he threw his whole energies into practice and improving the city, and took a very active part in Sunday-schools and in temperance, and has been president of the Temperance Alliance for a number of years. Dr. Clarence G. Abbott, a native of Gloucester County, graduated 1879; settled in Salem, N. J., where he practiced about two years, and afterward removed to his native place, Woodbury, where he'now resides and practices. Eclectic Practitioners. — Dr. J. Pomroy settled from New York in Coxe's Hill, now Jefferson, where he did quite a large business and was very popular. After residing here for several years he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he died. Dr. Frederick Cutter came from New England, and settled first in Bridgeport, and afterward removed to Mullica Hill. He was a very plaiisible and popu- lar man, and did a large business, and though of a fine physique, went down in rapid consumption, and died at about forty-four years of age. Dr. Chapman settled in Harrisonville, where he remained but a short time, and removed to the West. Dr. LiPPiNCOTT settled in Harrisonville, but soon left. He afterward graduated in some Western school, and settled in the oil region of Pennsylvania. Dr. Winslow Jackson came from New England as a school- and music-teacher,' took up medicine, and practiced in Bridgeport, where he still resides. CHAPTER XXXI. REBELLION HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. As early as April 23, 1861, the board of freeholders, inspired by the patriotism which the assault on the American flag in Charleston harbor aroused through- out the nation, adopted the following resolution : " Sesolved, That a sum not exceeding three thousand dollars be ap- propriated by the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Glouces- ter for the support and maintenance of the families of such persons as shall volunteer for the defense of the country, and that the freeholders of each township shall draw on the county collector for such sums as they may deem necessary for such maintenance." On the 10th of August in the same year one dollar per week was ordered from the county fund to the wives and widowed mothers of all who were then, or who might thereafter become, volunteers, and twenty- five cents per week to each of their children under the age of twelve years. On the 14th of May, 1862, GENERAL HISTORY. 153 this* last allowance was increased to fifty cents per week. On the 9th of August it was " JJesotoed, That a bounty of fifty dollars be paid by the county col- lector to each accepted man Tolunteering (not a commissioned officer), being a resident of the county of Gloucester, iu the Twelfth Begiment, provided he receives no bounty from another county." Under the same date a loan of twelve thousand dollars was authorized, and on the 8th of November authority was given for the issue of county bonds to the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars. On the 14th of March, 1863, the allowance of fifty cents per week to the children of volunteers was changed to two dollars per month, and subsequently the word " soldiers" from this county was substituted for that of volunteers, and this allowance was con- tinued by resolutions adopted from time to time during the continuance of the war. Soldiers* Moniiment, — At a reception of returned volunteers held at Mullica Hill, Sept. 4, 1865, a reso- lution was adopted to erect a monument to the mem- ory of the volunteers from Gloucester County who fell in the war for the Union. A committee was ap- pointed to carry into effect this resolution, and this committee decided to pursue a plan which would give every citizen an opportunity to share, according to his ability, in this tribute of gratitude to the honored dead of the county. To accomplish this the com- mittee brought the matter before the people at the annual town-meetings, and with great unanimity they instructed their members of the board of freeholders to vote for an appropriation for that purpose. Ac- cordingly the following action was taken by the board March 8, 1866 : " It being represented to the board that at a soldiers' reception held at Hullica Hill iu September last, a committee was appointed for the pur- pose of erecting a monument to the memory of the heroic dead of trloucester County who lost their lives i n defense of their country during the late Bebellion, and the said committee iiaving appeared before the board and asked ttat a sufficient sum of money be appropriated for the erection of such monument, it was resolved that a sum not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars be appropriated for that purpose, and that Messrs. Isaac Dukes, Daniel J. Packer, and Isaac H. Lippincott be a committee to act in connection with the said committee appointed at Mullica Hill." On the 31st of March, 1867, the insufficiency of this sum for the completion of the monument and the full compensation of the contractor was repre- sented. *' Whereupon it was resolved that the sum of one thousand dollars be added to the former grant, and that the committee may draw on the county col- lector for that sum." A resolution complimenting the contractor and his assistant for the manner in which they had executed the work was also adopted. Many designs and proposals were received by the committee, and that of Michael Eeilly was adopted. The monument was erected as it stands, and was ded- icated with appropriate ceremonies May 30, 1867. It is a marble obelisk, surmounted by the American eagle, and on the front of its base are carved the arms of the State of New Jersey. On the four panels of the pedestal are the names of those in whose honor the monument was erected. The following is a copy of the inscription and names : To the citizens who died in defense of the Union during the late Bebellion Gloucester County dedicates This Monument. Brigadier- Get^-als. George Dashrill Bayard. Joshua B. Howell. Charles G. Barker, Captam. Edward Carlyle Norris. Ideatenants. Mark H. Roberts. Joseph H. Johnson. James S. Stratton. Joseph Pierson. NoTfCommissioned QiflcerB and Privates. Enoch Allen. Joeeph T. Allen. Samuel 0. Allen, Jr. Benjamin Allen. George W^ Allen. John Albright. George C. Anthony. John Armstrong. William S. Bradford. Henry Bradshaw, Jr. Allen Black. Allen Baker. Joseph Bates. Edward Barney. Lewis Beebe. John B. Beetle. Edward G. Bendler. Charles K. Beatty. Thomas Beran. Jesse H. Berry. Isaac Bright. William Brown. David B. Brown. Edward Brown. David Boody. George Bowers. John Boyce, Bichard Borton. Benjamin Budd. William L. Buller. James Budd. Theodore Burrough. John M. Clark. William J. Clark. Henry F. Clark. William D. Clark. John Clark. Charles Camp. Lawrence E. Cake. Amos 0, Carter. James T. Cafferey. Justine M. Crane. John B. Campbell. John Calhoun. Thomas Clevinger. Joseph S. Clement. Elwood Chew. , Lewis W. Cox. Lewis C. Cox. James Corneal. Lamer M. Daniels. John B. Darnell, Charles H. Davis. William B. Davis. William S.Dawson. William Dermott, Henry B. Dickinson. Michael Donnell. Bichard Doughten. David Doughty. Joseph Downs. Denna L. Dunbar. Joseph T. Ewan. Edward Ewan, Jr. Jesse G. Eastlack. Arthur P. Ellis, George T. Eldridge. Charles Farr. Henry Fredericks. William Fletcher. Aaron S. Featherer. Ezra C. French. George W. French. Charles French. Isaac Fisler. Aaron Finneman. Nathan Fisher. Elvy Foster. John B, Green. Samuel S. Greenwood. David S. Gibson. George W. Hannold. William P. Hallowell. Martin Hawnen. Samuel G. Headley. John Hewlings. William Hewett. John Henthorn. Benjamin H. Hughes. Samuel B, Hughes. William C. Huff. David Hutchinson. Theodore Hudson, Whitten G. Iredell. Charles S.Jackson. John C. Jackson. Jones F. Jackson. George Jones. Joseph Jones. Bichard Jones. William H. Johnson. John Kauffman, Lewis Kates. Eric Keen. Daniel Kierman. William D. Ladd. William Lakes. Charles W. Lane, William E. Lewis. Eobert Lee. John Lindle. Joseph W. Lingg, 154 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Isaac D. Lodge, James H. Long. John Martin. George H. Martin. Samuel 0. Matts. Adam Marshall. Charles Miller. Samuel D. Mills. Francis Mills. Edward Mills. Robert Morris. ■William S. Moore. Charles Mounce. George Mooney. Michael Mulkeu. James McCIearnau. George McClearnan. John McClure, Jr. Thomas McDowell. John McKeon. William Newiiern. Anthony Nemes. Oliver Ogden. George Ostertag. Jesse A. Osborn. Amos Parker. Charles W. Parker. Fithian Parker. J. Alexander Packer. John H. Paul. John A. Peaples. Andrew J. Peck. John R. Pedrick. Benjamin Pine. Levi Pimm. Charles D. Potter. William H. Porch. James L. Pliimmer, Jr. Luke Beeves. Joseph Rial. Charles W. Roy. Vanroom Bobbins. Vincent Bobart. Dennis Byan. Isaac Stratton. William H. H. Stratton. Charles C. Stratton. Cornelius W. Strang. George W. Swan. Samuel S. T. Sapp. Edwin F. Sweeton. Thomas Stewart. Christian Sterling, Jr. John H. Smith. William T. Smith. William Smith. Frank D. Smith. Aaron Smith, William Skill. Josiah Skill. Charles W. Skill. Leonard L. Stiles. James B. Stiles. Klvy Simkins, William H. H. Shivler. Joseph D. Scott. Charles Scott. George W. Scott. Henry B. Stockton. Alfred J. Somers. Enoch B. Souder. Abel K. Shute, John Taylor. Isaac Terpine, Alfred C. Titus, Richard B. Tomlin, Matthew G. Tomliu. William H. J. Todd, ,Tohn C, Torney, Benjamin P, Thompson, Samuel Tyler, Henry J, Wamsley, Albert J. Weatherby, William T, Whiley, Charles M. Wilson. Francis A, Wilson, Joseph C. D. Williams. Charles K. Wood, William J. Wood. Joseph W. WoUard. James Zaoe, William Zane. Charles G. Zane. Of the officers in this list it was said at the dedica- tion of the monument: " Gen. George D. Bayard, although but twenty- eight years old when he fell on the field of Freder- icksburg, had already shown himself a worthy in- heritor of a name distinguished in the annals of the Revolution, and made himself pre-eminentfor bravery and skill among the foremost generals of the Army of the Potomac. As leader of cavalry he had been marked, from the beginning of the war, for his wise energy and successful daring, and it was largely to his ability and watchful zeal the army was indebted for its preservation in the disastrous conflicts of the second campaign of Manassas, and the subsequent re- treat on Washington, in which he fully merited the honor given him by Gen. Pope in his official notice." " Gens. Bayard and Buford commanded the cav- alry belonging to the Army of Virginia. Their duties were peculiarly arduous and hazardous, and it is not too much to say that throughout the operations, from the first to the last day of the campaign, scarcely a day passed that these officers did not render service that entitled them to the gratitude of the govern- ment." Gbn. Joshua B. Howell. — Although not a resi- dent of New Jersey when the war broke out. Gen. Howell was a native of Gloucester County, and here his remains are entombed. Said Dr. Garrison, — " In almost every battle of the first campaign on the Peninsula, at Williamsburg, at Fair Oaks, protecting the retreat on Harrison's Land- ing, Gen. Howell bore a prominent and often a distinguished part. He was the first to land his troops on the island that gave our forces their firm foothold for the siege of Charleston, was commandant at Hilton Head, and shared with honor in the Army of the James, and every- where maintained a reputation high and growing for all the noble traits that are essential to the character of gentleman and soldier." Brig,- Gen. Charles G. Barker was born at Swedesboro in 1835. He became an orphan in early life, and at the age of twelve or thirteen en- gaged in the service of Hon. N. T. Stratton, of Mul- lica Hill, as a clerk. By Mr. Stratton he was recom- mended for appointment to the West Point Military Academy, which he entered in 1854, and from which he graduated in 1858. He became a second lieuten- ant in the United States array the same year, and in 1861 he was made colonel of the Sixty-fifth Regiment of Ohio volunteers. He joined Gen. Buell's army of the Ohio, assisted in constructing the military road in Eastern Kentucky, participated in the battle of Shiloh and the siege of Corinth, and commanded a brigade of the force that chased Bragg out of Ken- tucky. In the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Rosecrans, he distinguished himself at the battle of Stone River, and was recommended by his superior for promotion. He participated in the Tennessee campaign, and under Gen. Thomas, at the battle of Chickamauga, he was largely instrumental in saving the army. He was promoted to the position of briga- dier-general, his commission dating from that battle. At Mission Ridge he was wounded, and his horse was killed, and at Resaca he was again wounded, and had another horse killed under him. At the battle of Kenesaw Mountain he fell, mortally wounded, while leading an assault on the enemy. His last words were, " Have we taken the mountain ?" Gen. How- ard said of him, — " I was surprised and pleased to find that so young a man had won the complete confidence of the commanding general of the department. The only complaint that I ever heard was that if Harker got started against the enemy he could not be kept back, Tet I never knew him other than cool and self-possessed. Whenever anything difficult was to be done, anything that required peculiar pluck and energy, we called on Gen, Harker." From the address of Judge B. F. Carter, at the dedication, the following brief notices of the subor- dinate officers, and some of the soldiers whose names appear on the monument, are condensed : Capt. Edward Carlyle Norris was the son of Rev. William Herbert Norris, an Episcopal clergy- man. He was born in Virginia in 1841, but came to Woodbury with his parents in 1854. He passed two years at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., and early in 1862 was commissioned a second lieutenant in GENERAL HISTORY. 155 the Seventy-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. In April of that year he was prostrated by typhoid fever, from which he recovered. At the battle of An- tietam he was in command of his company, and wa.s one of the large number who fell under the terrific fire of eight minutes. He was wounded in his breast, but survived during eight months, in which time he was commissioned a captain in his regiment. He died May 12, 1863, nearly twenty-two years of age. Lieut. Mark H. Robeets, the son of Thomas E. Roberts, of Harrisonville, enlisted April 23, 1861, as a private in the Twentieth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was made second lieutenant of Company K, Eighty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, in August, 1861, and was promoted to the first lieutenancy in his company in 1862. On the 30th of June in that year, at the battle of Malvern Hill, he was instantly killed by a cannon-shot, which tore off his left breast and shoulder. He was then in the twenty-second year of his age, and he had passed through the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Charles City Court-House, and Gaines' Mills. Lieut. James S. Steatton was the son of Hon. Nathan T. Stratton, of Mnllica Hill, and brother of Capt. Edward L. Stratton, of the same place. Aug. 14, 1862, when only eighteen years of age, he enlisted in Company F, Twelfth New Jersey Volunteers, and was made a sergeant. He became second lieutenant in May, 1863, and early in 1864 he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, which he held at the time of his death. He was shot through the head in a charge at the battle of Ream's Station, Aug. 25, 1864, having then nearly completed his twenty-first year. He was a young man of extraordinary promise, and it was said of him, at the time of his death, by a brother officer, " The example of loyalty, of bravery, of an in- telligent and dignified manhood which he has left will not soon be forgotten." Lieut. Joseph H. Johnson, the son of Jonathan Johnson, of Carpenter's Landing, first served three months in the Nineteenth Pennsylvania National Guards. Oct. 3, 1861, he enlisted and was made sec- ond lieutenant of Company H, Seventh Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. After achieving a most honorable record he was instantly killed at the bat- tle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, in his twenty-third year. Lieut. Joseph Pierson, youngest son of Joseph Z. Pierson, of Woodbury, enlisted as a private in Com- pany F, Twelfth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. He was commissioned second lieutenant in that com- pany Aug. 19, 1862. At the battle of Chancellors- ville, while in a sitting posture, firing and at the same time calling, "Steady, boys, steady," to his men, he was shot in the head and breast and in- stantly killed. At the time of his death he was in his twenty-second year. William Waddell Ladd was the youngest of those whose names are on this monument. At the age of sixteen he enlisted in Company D, Second New Jersey Cavalry. Six months afterwards he died of dis- ease, in a rude negro cabin on the banks of the Mis- sissippi River, near Columbus, Ky. Young as he was, there is no doubt of his patriotism. Jesse A. Osboen, the son of Henry Osborn, was killed at Martin's Ford, as he and his brother Elias were taking their food after the fighting was over ; he was shot by a sharpshooter, and fell in the arms of his brother without uttering a word. Joseph W. Ling was the son of Joseph Ling. He served three years in the Ninety-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment; was with it in all its battles without re- ceiving a wound, was discharged with it, and with it re enlisted for three years. He was instantly killed in his first battle after his re-enlistment, — that of the Wilderness. He was in his twenty-second year. Charles W. Skill, the son of Josiah Skill, was captured by the enemy, and died at Andersonville prison. Henry Bradshaw, Jr., was one of the few who volunteered at midnight in the attack on Fort Sum- ter. He was taken prisoner at the fort, and carried to Andersonville, where he died. John R. Pedrick volunteered in Company A, Third Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. He became color-sergeant of the regiment, and received from the hands of Governor Parker the regimental flag. One week later, at Salem Church, he was instantly killed while bearing the flag. He fell with it wound around his body. It is believed that no stain rests on the memory of any of the two hundred and thirteen whose names are inscribed on this monument. They sealed their patriotism with their lives, and their grateful coun- trymen have erected this monument to their memory. CHAPTER XXXIL THE PRESS IN GLOUCESTER COUNTY. From a historical address delivered by Judge B. F. Carter, in 1872, the following sketch of the press in Woodbury to that time is taken. Oloucesier Farmer.— This, which was the first news- paper published in Woodbury, was established in 1816, by John Crane. It existed but a few months owing to an imprudent publication. The editor soon removed from the town. The Village Herald was the next paper published here, in 1819. It represented the Whig party, and was edited by Philip J. Gray, Esq. He published the Herald for ten years, then sold it to Joseph Sailer, who edited it in support of Democratic measures for a number of years and then sold it to William John- son, who continued it as a Democratic paper, and 156 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. after a time removed it to Camden, where it passed into other hands. The Constitution. — In 1834, this was first published in Woodbury by Augustus S. Barber, Esq. It started and continued for some years as an advocate of the Whig party, and since of the Republican party. This was some years (during Mr. Sailer's time) before the Herald was removed to Camden, so that at that time there were two papers published in Woodbury, repre- senting the two leading parties. The Constitution, in its forty-ninth year, still lives, and it is one of the most successful county papers in the State, and now, with its long experience, it appears in all the fresh- ness and vigor of youth. It was the first to introduce steam-power press in the State, below Trenton, which was done in 1863. It is recognized by all as a well- conducted journal. The journal is still conducted by Mr. Barber, as- sisted by his son, A. S. Barber, Jr., associate editor. The Swedesboro Times. — This, which is the only newspaper in Swedesboro, was established by Zenas Emory, tlie editor and proprietor, in 1871, the first number appearing December 14th of that year. It was removed to Swedesboro from Bricksburg (now Lakewood), in Ocean County, where it was owned and edited by George M. Pither, who sold it to Rev. Lewis Thompson, and he to Zenas Emory, who re- moved it to Swedesboro. Mr. Emory died in Decem- ber, 1872, and his wife, Mrs. Louisie Emory, suc- ceeded him in the publication of the paper, retaining it till June 12, 1882, when it passed into the hands of William W. Taylor, the present proprietor. The Kmes has never been the organ of any sect or party, but it has been independent in all things, fearlessly upholding the right and denouncing the wrong, even when to do so was money out of pocket. Its aim has been to promote the best interests of its town and neighborhood, and thus to make itself wel- come in the homes of its patrons. Weekly Item. — The Item was established at New- field, Oct. 14, 1873, by Albert C. Dalton, the present publisher and editor. It is an eight-column paper, and the oldest Democratic sheet in Gloucester County. It is devoted mainly to local and general news. The paper enjoys a liberal job and advertising patronage, and a circulation of more than six hundred copies weekly. The Liberal Press.— The publication of this jour- nal was commenced in August, 1877. Its avowed object was to supply local news and furnish such reading matter as would develop correct literary taste, promote social reform, and elevate politics to a higher plane. The paper has been in all respects independent. Its conductors appear to have recog- nized the fact that the true mission of independent journalism is not alone the denunciation of wrong, but also the commendation and encouragement of right, and they have sought for their paper the ful- fillment of this mission. The Liberal Press was established by W. E. Schoch and F. H. Heritage, and was conducted by them till August, 1882, when Mr. Heritage withdrew from the firm, and Mr. Schoch has since been the sole pro- prietor. It was first published in Woodbury Hall, but in 1879 was removed to its present location, northeast corner of Broad and German Streets, Woodbury. The Gloucester County Democrat. — This journal was established at Woodbury, Sept. 3, 1878, by Wil- liam Gibbs. In March, 1879, it was purchased by the present editor and proprietor, James D. Carpenter. It is, as its name indicates, a Democratic journal, and it is the organ of the Democratic party in Gloucester County. It has a weekly circulation of thirteen hun- dred, and enjoys a liberal patronage in its advertising and job departments. Its presses are of modern styles, and are driven by steam-power. The Enterprise and Labor Advocate. — This paper was established in 1880 at Clayton by D. S. May- nard. It was first published under the name of The Enterprise, and was purely a newspaper, inde- pendent on all subjects. Early in 1882 it assumed its present title, and in March of the same year it was removed to Glassboro, where it is now pub- lished. Although still independent in politics, it is particularly devoted, as its name implies, to the in- terests of the laboring classes. It is now published by the Enterprise Publishing Company, under the editorial management of D. S. Maynard. It has a weekly circulation of about one thousand, and it has a liberal job and advertising patronage. The Clayton Star was established Nov. 1, 1881, at Clayton, by G. D. Duffield & Son, with W. H. Duf- field, the junior partner, as editor. It is a purely local journal, neutral in politics. Although- only a year old, it has established itself on a firm basis, and its future prosperity is assured. CHAPTER XXXIII. GLOUCESTER COUNTY SCHOOL SYSTEM.' The Dutch who first settled New York and the adjacent port of New Jersey held the church and the school in the same high estimation with which they were regarded in their own fatherland. The West India Company was chartered in 1629, and in- that early document the patrons and colonists were en- joined in the speediest manner to endeavor to find out ways and means whereby they might support a minister and a schoolmaster. The first schoolmaster who taught in New Jersey was Englebert Steenhuysen. He arrived in this 1 By William Milligan, county Buperiiitendont. GENERAL HISTORY. 157 country in 1659, and was licensed and commenced his labors in 1662. At the o\itset but temporary quarters were provided; a permanent structure, how- ever, was provided for him in 1664. This was lo- cated on the site of the school-house now known as School No. 11, Bergen Square, Jersey City. It was used both as a church and as a school-house until the year 1680. At this time that which is now Jersey City was known as " the town of Bergen." The first charter of Bergen, dated Sept. 22, 1668, granted by Philip Carteret, Governor of the then Province of New Jersey, stipulated " that all persons should contribute, according to their estates and pro- portions of land, for the keeping of a free school for the education of youth.'' This stipulation was com- plied with, and thus the Dutch, who had settled in this portion of the State at this early date, have the credit of making provisions for the education of their children. In 1769 the following record of a vote at a town-meeting held March 14, 1769 : " Caleb Camp bid off the poor at one hundred pounds, and is to keep them in clothing and victuals, and give school- ing to such as require it." It was also voted that " the poor children shall be constantly sent to school at the expense of the person that takes them." This system of " farming out the poor children," to be fed, clothed, and schooled by those who bid them off, con- tinued until 1813, when the town, by a vote, " Ke- solved, That the sum of five hundred dollars be raised for the schooling of poor children." Out of this sys- tem of free education /or the poor has grown our sys- tem of free education for all. The pioneers in West New Jersey were Quakers. Education was part of their religion. To them school-houses were scarcely second in importance, and werre usually placed under the same roof with the meeting-house. Fenwick's settlement at Salem opened a school soon after its es- tablishment, and maintained it without interruption to the present day. As early as the year 1667, George Fox advised his brethren in New Jersey to establish boarding-schools, " that young men of genius in low circumstances may be furnished with means to procure requisite educa- tion." The first school law of the State was enacted by the General Assembly of East New Jersey, at Perth Amboy, on the 12th of October, 1693. It read as follows : "Wheeeas, the cultivating of learning and good manners tends greatly to the good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much neglected within this province, " Be U therefore enaeUd by the governor, council, and deputies in gen- eral assembly now met and assembled, and by the authority of the same, that the inhabitants of any town within this province, shall and may, by warrant from a justice of the peace of that county, when they think fit and convenient, meet together, and make choice of three men of said town, to make » rate for the salary and maintenance of a school-master within the said town, for so long time as they think fit ; and the conseut and agreement of the major part of the inhabitants of the said town shall bind and oblige the remaining part of the inhabitants of the said town to satisfy and pay their shares and proportion of the said rate ; and in case of refusal or non-payment, distress to be made upon the goods and chattels of such person or persons so refusing or not paying, by the constable of the said town, by virtue of a warrant from a justice of the peace of that county, and the distress to be sold at public vendue, and the overplus, if any, be after payment of the said rate and charges to he returned to the owner." In 1695 this act was amended, providing that three men should be chosen yearly in each separate town to have " power to appoint the most convenient place or places where the school shall be kept, that as near as may be the whole inhabitants may have the benefit thereof." Under the operation of this law schools were es- tablished in all parts of the province wherever a ma- jority of the inhabitants desired them. This was a complete recognition of the principle of taxing property for the support of public schools, which at that time was up to the most advanced legis- lation on this subject in America. The first definite step taken by the Legislature of the State to provide the means of education by creating a fund for the support of free schools was in 1817. The act that was passed made certain appropriations for the establish- ment of a permanent school fund. Our present school fund, which now amounts to one million six hundred and sixty thousand five hundred and two dollars, had its origin in this act of 1817. In the year 1820 the townships of the State were first authorized to raise money for school purposes. The section granting this authority is found in an act entitled "An Act incorporating the inhabitants of townships, designating their powers, and regulating their meetings." The section reads : " That hereafter it shall be lawful for the inhabitants in each of the townships of this State, duly qualified to vote at town meetings, at their annual meetings to vote, grant, and raise in the same manner, other moneys for town purposes, as are authorized to be raised. Such sum of money as the maiiority of said meeting shall agree upon to be laid out and expended under the direction of the town committee in each town- ship, for the education of such poor children as are paupers, belonging to said township, and the children of such poor parents resident in said township, as are or shall be, in the judgment of said committee, unable to pay for schooling the same." It is interesting to observe that the money raised under this section was for the education of " such poor children as are paupers." This is the first act that makes reference to poor children as the only class that is to be educated at public expense. It was in consequence of this legislation that the public schools of the State were for so many years regarded as pau- per schools. This opprobrious term as applied to the public schools remained in all subsequent enactments until the year 1838. In 1824 the Legislature provided that one-tenth of all the State taxes should every year be added to the school fund. In 1828, in addition to the money which could be raised for the support of >schools, authority was first granted the townships to raise by vote, at town-meeting, money for the purpose of building and repairing school-houses. This money was placed in the hands of the township committee and expended according to their judgment. This same year an act 158 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. was passed whereby all the tax received from bank- ing, insurance, and other incorporated companies in the State was added to the school fund, which amounted in 1829 to two hundred and forty-five thousand two hundred and four dollars and seventeen cents. During the years 1828 and 1829 there was a general movement throughout the State in favor of the en- actment of some liberal and comprehensive law that would give to the people a system of public schools. The townships had been authorized to raise money by taxation for school purposes, but there was no com- pulsion in the matter, and no inducements were held out; and a few availed themselves of the authority granted. • The general state of education in the State was described as "^ deplorable." In 1838 there was a general movement throughout the State to secure the re-enactment of the prominent features of the law of 1829, which had been repealed by subsequent legislation. Public meetings were held, and a State convention assembled at Trenton on the 16th day of January. This convention recommended the appointment of a State superintendent of common schools, and appointed a committee, of which Bishop Doane was chairman, to issue an address to the people. The address said to the inhabitants, " Tax yourselves for the support of common schools and you will never be in danger of taxation from a foreign power. You will need less taxation for the support of pauperism and the punishment of crime. Look to your school- houses. See that they are convenient of access ; that they are comfortable ; that they are neat and tasteful. Look to the teachers. See that they are taught them- selves and apt to teach, — men that fear God and love their country. See that they are well accommodated, well treated, well remunerated. Respect them and they will respect themselves, and your children will respect them. Look well to the scholars. Remember you are to grow old among them. Remember you are to die and leave your country in their hands." Provision was first made for a State superintendent of public schools in the act of 1845. The exercise of his authority was limited to the counties of Essex and Passaic, but other counties desirous of coming under his supervision might do so by giving notice through their boards of chosen freeholders to the trustees of the school fund if such desire. In 1846, T. F. King was elected State superinten- dent. During this year town school superintendents were elected. This officer was allowed one dollar per day for his services. The town superintendents were required to visit schools at least once a quarter, to examine and license teachers, to hold school moneys, and to apportion and pay out the same, and to make an annual report to the State superintendent. In 1848 authority was first given to the townships to use the interest of the surplus revenue for the sup- port of public schools. In 1851 an act was passed which changed the basis of apportionment of the State appropriation. It was made to the counties in the ratio of population, and to the townships in the ratio of the school census. This change was important. Prior to this time the wealthy sections of the State received the greater portion of the State aid, and the poorer portions were left with but little assistance. In 1854 teachers' institutes were first established by law. In 1852, John H. Phillips was elected State superintendent of public schools. In 1860 the trustees of the school fund elected F. H. Record State superintendent of public schools, and in 1864 C. R. Harrison was elected to this position. The State Board of Education was established in 1866. It was made the duty of this board to appoint the State superintendent of public instruction, to recommend such changes in the school law as were thought important, and to make to the Legislature an annual report of the educational work of the State. The board elected Ellis A. Apgar, the present State superintendent, March 29, 1866. In 1867 the board appointed county superintendents to take the place of the township superintendents. William Milligan, of Woodbury, was appointed super- intendent of Gloucester County in 1867. The county superintendent appoints a board of ex- aminers, who must hold first grade county certificates ; this board meets every three months for the purpose of examining candidates who wish to become teachers. The examiners were William Iszard, of Clayton ; B. F. McCollister, of Bridgeport; and H. K. Bugbee, of Williamstown. The first two having resigned, James Gallaher, of Paulsboro, and John S. Tharp, of Thoroughfare, were appointed. Woodbury. — The first school-house built in this town was what is now known as the Deptford School, on Delaware Street. It was built in 1774. It had originally but one story. In 1820 the second story was added, James Cooper having bequeathed five hundred dollars for that purpose. In 1863 it was remodeled. The land was donated by Joseph Low. This school was established, and to be forever controlled, " by the Society of Friends." It was to be opened to the reception of children of all religious persuasions on condition of payment and submission to the rules. Among the " rules" is the following : " The teacher shall sufier no scholar in ye school that hath ye itch or any other infectious distemper." The minutes of the trustees are still kept in the original book, and each leaf bears the royal impress of the crown and cross. About the year 1812 the Friends erected the present two-story building, which stands on the hill near the meetinghouse. AVoodbury Academy was erected in 1791. The money to build it was raised by lottery, which was a common way at that time to raise money for such GENERAL HISTORY. 159 purposes. This building was torn down in 1879, and the present public-school building was erected on the lot. There are at present two buildings in the town for the white, and two for the colored children, and also a school for the latter at Jericho, under the con- trol of the trustees of District No. 1. The late Dr. James Rush, of Philadelphia, and Commodore Benjamin Cooper were partially educated in the old academy; also Capt. James Lawrence, commander of the " Chesapeake," who resided with his brother, John Lawrence, Esq., in the house where John S. Jessup, Esq., now resides. Commodore Ste- phen Decatur was also enrolled as a member of this institution, his home being with the West family, at what was then called the Buck Tavern (now West- ville). About the year 1790 the Chew family established a school, known as " Chew's School," one mile from Mantua, on the Mantua and Glassboro road. The building was twenty feet square, furnished with long wooden desks and a ten-plate stove. In 1817 a few prominent farmers organized a joint- stock company and built a union house, also known as Bee's, as it was situated at Bee's Corner. The schools were part of what now constitutes Mononga- hela District. About "the year 1781, Constantine Lord^nd others built a house upon the land donated by said Lord, and it was known by the name of " Lord's school- house." It was a log structure. In 1842 a few inhabitants met and formed them- selves into an association, under the name of " Con- tributors to Mantua Grove school-house." One article of the constitution was, " That no teacher be allowed to teach more than thirty pupils without an assistant." The ground on which the school-house was built, and still remains, was given by Joseph Tatum, a member of the Society of Friends, a man always interested in the cause of education, having been a trustee for a term of forty years. A school-house was built in the year 1798 by an association, on the road leading from Paulsboro to Westville, about two and a half miles from the latter place. It was built of brick; size, twenty-six by thirty feet. This is now known as Thoroughfare dis- trict. The old brick school-house that formerly stood in the woods on the road leading from Red Bank to Woodbury is said to have been built prior to the Revolutionary war, and to have been used as a hos- pital during and after the battle of Red Bank. The first school-house in Mantua district was built by Benjamin Allen on his farm, one mile southwest of Carpenter's Bridge. It was a plain, one-story, frame building. Some time about the year 1 800 the house ceased to be used for school purposes, and was rented to a colored man by the name of Tony Hugg. The nejxt school-house was built in 1804. The land was given by Martin Turner. This house was built by subscription. The building was built of brick, thirty-four by forty-eight feet, one story in height, with a partition similar to those in the meeting- houses of the Friends. In 1874 the present substan- tial and commodious building was erected on the same site. The first school in Paulsboro was organized about fifty years ago, in a large brick dwelling now owned by Mrs. Hedding, and that therein for the compensa- tion of three cents per day paid by each scholar. Master Joseph Hinchman furnished book-learning and hickory oil to the fathers and grandfathers of the present generation. The school was soon removed to the crib-house which adjoins what is now Matthew Gill's store. About 1831 the first house for school purposes was built. It was about twenty-five feet square, and cost two hundred dollars. It was situated a few yards to the right of the present building. In this house school was taught by Benjamin Lodge, who dressed in red flannel shirt and homespun pants. In 1841 another building was erected, size thirty by forty-five feet. In 1861 the present brick building was erected on the same site. In 1883 a wing containing two rooms was added. There are four teachers now en- gaged in teaching the pupils in this building. One of the favorite punishments of bygone days was to split a large goose-quill, straddle it across a boy's nose, and, with the feather end extending above his head, oblige him to stand up and be laughed at. About sixty years ago a school was built, principally by five members of the Society of Friends, at the junction of the Repaupo and the new Salem roads. There was an old school-house prior to this, which had been torn down a short time before in consequence of the land being claimed under a deficiency in the title. It stood about a quarter of a mile east of the present building, on the old Salem road, which had been formerly called the King's Highway, and still earlier the Indian path, near a small stream of water, and was called the Dutch Town school-house. Dur- ing the excitement on the slavery question (1845) cer- tain persons became unwilling that colored children should attend the school, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to elect trustees who would exclude them, drew ofi' and built another house in what is now known as Washington District. The school-house in what is known as Clem's Run District was built about the year 1830. In this house Samuel French, who is a graduate of West Point, and rose to the position of brigadier-general in the regu- lar army, but, unfortunately, united himself with the Southern Confederacy, was both a pupil and a teacher. The history of MuUica Hill school may be traced back through a period of one hundred and fifty years. Five houses are known to have been built for the use of the children. The first of these edifices was known as the Spicer school-house. Its walls consisted of cedar logs, and its window-lights, oiled paper. It was 160 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. located within a few rods of the spot now occupied by the Baptist parsonage. The probabilities are that this building served its generation from about 1720 till 1756, when a frame house took its place. In the new house glass was substituted for the oiled paper. Old horn-books were also discarded, and the juveniles rejoiced in beautiful primers with interesting pictures. In 1790 another house was built, twenty-five by thirty-five feet, upon the Friends' meeting-house lot. It was inclosed with cedar siding and roof, and lined with inch boards plowed and grooved. Hitherto the school-house had been heated by means of a large, open fireplace, but house No. 3 was warmed by a genuine ten-plate stove, the first luxury of the kjpd ever known. This house did double duty for the school and meeting. In 1824 No. 4 was built. This building was brick-paned instead of being lined with boards. The frame of No. 3 was used in building No. 4. In 1855 the present two-story building was built. The first town superintendent was Joseph A. Shute, of Harrison township; he was elected in 1849. The first school-house in Battentown was erected in 1809 upon land given by Joseph Ogden. Its cost was $291.60, which sum was raised by subscription. The building was twenty by thirty feet, and one story in height. In 1852 a new school-house was built, at a cost of $530.71, and in 1873 it was enlarged. In 1881 the building was moved nearer to the village on ac- count of the new railroad from Swedesboro to Salem taking a portion of the land. The house at the pres- ent time is too small to accommodate the children. Swedesboro. [See history of Woolwich.] About the year 1808 a school-house was built near Eepaupo, near the road leading from the river through the village, near the site of the present building. It was built of logs, one of which on each side being left out for the purpose of placing glass therein. This, like many of its companions in early days, was destitute of plaster; an open fireplace extended from side to side. In 1807 a new house was built, the dimensions of which were twenty by twenty-two feet, and one story high, and was used without plaster until 1833. The children in all the early schools were obliged to sit upon seats without backs. Some of the early teach- ers are spoken of as being great tyrants, knocking boys over the heads with a large bamboo cane, others as drunkards, one having committed suicide in a fit of delirium tremens, another died in the poor-house. A Mr. Key was the first to receive his pay from the State through the collector. Once when he was short of funds "he paid cows instead of money;" like the writer of this article when out collecting his tuition fees, he was compelled to take chickens in lieu of money. In 1868 the present building was erected. It is a well-built and commodious house, well adapted to the wants of the district. Beidgepobt.— The first building used for school purposes was about the year 1780. It was located north of the present village, and was made out of rough boards and furnished with the rudest kind of furniture. Bridgeport at this time was known by the name of Kaccoon Lower Bridge. After this building became unfit for use, the schools were held in private houses until 1882, when a new house was built on land donated by Samuel W. Cooper. This was built of stone, and is still standing. In 1851 one story of the present building in the village was erected. Both schools were under the same board of trustees until 1855, when the district was divided and took the names of Bridgeport and Cooper. In 1872 an additional story was added, and eight feet placed on the front for halls and stairway. Unionvillb. — As far as we know the first school- house built in this neighborhood was in the year 1812. Size twenty by eighteen feet. It stood on the site of the present Methodist Episcopal parsonage. It remained undisturbed until 1862, when it was moved seventy-five yards northeast, and an addition of ten by eighteen feet was built. It was sold in 1875 for forty dollars. The present neat two-story building, thirty-seven by twenty-six feet, was built in 1878, at a cost of three thousand dollars. Clayton. — The first school established in this neighborhood was in the year 1800. The village at that time was called Fislerville, but in 1866 the name was changed to Clayton. The school was taught in a private house by one Peter De Hart. He had eigh- teen pupils. In 1808 a district was formed and five trustees were appointed. A school-house was built, twenty by twenty-four feet, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars. The building was erected in the grove where one of the present houses now stands. Once when there were two applicants for the situa- tion of teacher, the trustees decided that the appli- cants should toss a cent, and the one who had the" most heads shoCild be the teacher. The house was built in 1851. In 1868 a new building was erected, at a cost of five thousand dollars. The school having grown so large in 1868, the old Presbyterian Church was purchased, at a cost of two thousand five hundred dollars, and furnished two additional rooms. In 1883 another building containing two rooms was erected. There are at the present time (1883) six departments in the school. Frafklinville. — The first school in this vicinity was known by the name of Starling Bridge School. Tradition speaks vaguely of an earlier school. The Starling Bridge house was built about the year 1790. It was a substantial frame house, twenty by twenty- four feet, and accommodated the sparse population for a circuit of four miles. The teachers are spoken of as men beyond the prime of life, and generally foreigners. They were paid as the earlier teachers all were, by subscription, and boarded around. As the population, increased two . districts, Franklinville and Good Hope, were formed. The old house fell to GENERAL HISTORY. 161 the share of Franklinville, known for a long time as Little Ease. This building is said to be now standing on the hotel property, having at one time been used since as a still-house, — " To what base uses we may return.'' In 1829 a building, twenty by twenty-four feet, was built near the present two-story building. It was destroyed by fire after having been used as a school fourteen years. In 1843 another house was erected. This was replaced by a new two-story build- ing in 1871 ; size, twenty-eight by forty-two feet. The old house was converted into a church, and is now used by the Methodist denomination. Malaga.— The first school-house was built in 1788, at Sharp's Field, about half-way between Malaga and Little Ease, near the public road between these places. It was a small structure made of cedar logs, seated with hewed log benches. The present neat two-story building, containing four rooms, two of which are used for school purposes, was erected in 1872, at a cost of two thousand five hundred dollars. Cross-Keys. — The first church or school was built in 1788, of cedar logs, on the land of Joseph Bates, one mile from Cross-Keys. It was built for a meet- ing-house for the Society of Friends, and was used also as a school-house. In 1832 it was found that the meeting-house did not answer the requirements of the school, and the children were afterwards taught in a private house at the Keys. In 1842 a school-house was built, known as the Chestnut Eidge School, — a frame building, about twenty-six by thirty-six feet in size, with two rows of desks on each side of the room, each desk accommodating five pupils. In 1842, while engaged in sinking a well, James D. Timberman discovered glass-sand, but the sand was not taken from the place until 1847. In 1859 there was a separation from the Chestnut Ridge School, and the people of Cross-Keys built the present stone house ; size, twenty-six by thirty-two feet. WiLLlAMSTOWN.— The village of Williamstown is located upon a tract of one thousand acres of land granted to John, Thomas, and Richard, sons of Wil- liam Penn, in June, 1742. Soon after the land was purchased by John Williams. The place was known as Squawkum until 1841, when the citizens resolved to change the title to Williamstown, in honor of the first inhabitant. There is no record of the first house, but it is supposed to have fallen into disuse in 1795. Then a log house, twenty feet square, was erected on 4he piece of land where the " Washington Hotel" is now located. There was a large, open fireplace, in which immense logs were burned. " Often," says one of our prominent citizens, " I have known the first requisite for one wishing to teach the school was to invite the trustees to the tavern and treat them to their satisfaction." With such an invitation the teacher could take a drunk as often as twice a week and be excused as a moderate drinker. In those times " spirits" accompanied the rod ; it was " whiskey, lickin', and larnin' ; " and it is no 11 wonder that the master's presence was dreaded. In 1852 a new house was built, at a cost of eight hundred and fifty dollars. During the summer of 1872 a two- story building was erected, containing four recitation- rooms, at a cost of five thousand six hundred dollars. CHAPTER XXXIV. KBLIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS IN GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Gloucester County Bible Society.' — The Glouces- ter County Bible Society was organized in the old academy at Woodbury, April 20, 1816, and became auxiliary to the New Jersey Bible Society. One month later the American Bible Society was insti- tuted in New York City, and soon afterwards the Gloucester County Society, with some other county societies in this State, became auxiliary to it. From its vast resources and numerous auxiliaries the Ameri- can Bible Society is known as the parent society, but in this case the auxiliary is older than the parent. From a pamphlet published in Philadelphia by Jane Aitkin in 1816, the following information is taken : "At a meeting of a number of the inhabitants of Gloucester County, held at Woodbury on the 29th of April, A.D. 1816, for the purpose of forming a Bible society for the county of Gloucester, Joseph V. Clark was chosen chairman, and Elias D. Woodruff, secre- tary." A constitution was adopted, the second, third, and fourth articles of which read as follows : " 2. The object of this Society is to co-operate with similar institutione in supplying the whole world with the Scriptures of Truth, without note or comment, liy augmenting the funds of the American B[blk Sooieti. " 3. This Society shall be under the direction of no sect whatever, but shall afford all Christians the pleasing opportunity of forming a Bond of Union. " 4. Any person may become a member by paying, at the time of sub- scribing, fifty cents, and six and a quarter cents a month, to be paid quarterly or annually, and the payment of ten dollars shall constitute a member for life." Twenty-four managers were elected for the first year, as follows : Rev. Simon Wilmer, Rev. William Rafferty, Joseph Clement, Frank- lin Davenport, Joseph V. Clark, Charles Ogden, Michael C. Fisher, Elias D. Woodruff, James B. Caldwell, John latum, Jr., James Matlack, Moreton StiUe, Benjamin Cooper, John Clement, Samuel W. Harrison, Joseph Chatham, David Pidgeon, Samuel 0. Stratton, John Gill (Glouces- ter township), Nehemiah Blackmau, Thomas Garwood, Elias Smith, Lewis M. Walker, John Sickler, and Jacob Fislar. The first officers of the society were Rev. Simon Wilmer, president ; Franklin Davenport, vice-presi- dent; Joseph V. Clark, treasurer; Charles Ogden, corresponding secretary ; and Michael C. Fisher, re- cording secretary. Gloucester County then included the territory of Atlantic and Camden Counties, and at this first 1 Prepared by Wallace McGeorge, M.D., secretary. 162 HISTORY OF aLOUCESTBR COUNTY. meeting the following agents for the whole territory were appointed : Woter/ord — Joseph Champion, Esq., John Rudrow, Joseph Burrough, Bichard Stafford, Joseph C. Swett, Esq., James Wood, Joseph Boberts, Jr., William Clement; Nex Town— John Baxter, Esq., Joseph Kaighn, Joseph Mickle, Isaac Mickle, Esq., Edward Sharp, Esq., Thomas Red- man, Dr. Bowman Hendrey, Samuel Clement, Esq. ; Gloucester Town — Isaac Kay, Samuel Brick, Jesse Sparks, Samuel L. Howell, Isaac Bur- rough, Isaac Browning ; Gloucester roirws/ap— Christopher Sickler, Esq., James Lippencott, John Hyder, John Edwards, Esq., David B. Morgan, Mr. Elwell (storekeeper), John Albertson, David S. Bassett, Esq., Josiah F. Clement, Thomas Thackary, Esq. ; TVe^mou^— John Steelman, Esq., Thomas Doughty, Jeremiah Smith, Thomas Smith, Benjamin Weiitli- erby, Esq., Peter Steelman ; D^pOVM-d— John Rambo, Dr. Eli Ayres, K. L. Armstrong, Esq., Isaac Ballinger, Paul Cooper, Joseph Dilks, John Turner, Edward Turner, James Jaggard, Esq., Samuel Fierce, Thomas Bee, John Swope, Thomas Clark, Dr. Thomas Hendiy, Stephen Simms, Samuel Mickle, John Marshall, Esq., John Morrow, Isaac Collins, Bir- die Reeves, James Cooper, Jonathan Brown, Ephraim Miller ; GreeTt- taick — Gabriel Izard, Jeptba Abbott, David Wolf, Thomas Carpenter, Esq., Isaac Pine, Esq., John Atkinson, Moses Bradshaw, Joseph Lodge, Esq., James Hinchman, David Brown, Isaac Cade, William Lippincott, George Tatnm, John Easley, Thomas Reeves, Edmond Weatherby, James JesBup, Matthew Gill, Jr., Esq., Jacob Hains, Robert Newell, Esq., JohnV. Clark, Esq., George Tonkins, David Cooper ; Woolwich — Matthew Gill, Esq., Samuel Eillee, David Hendrickson, Jr., Dr. Isaac Davis, Dr. Jo- seph Fithian, Joseph Ogden, Daniel England, Samuel Black, Joseph Batten, Benjamin Lippencott, Charles Lock, Enock Allen, Josiah Moore, Esq., Samuel Fislor, William Porch, Esq., William Wood, Rob- ert Tittermary, Philip Few, David Owen, Nicholas Justice, Esq., Enoch Agins, Caleb Kirby, John Gill, Jesse Avis ; Gallouitaf — Richard S. Bis- ley, Esq., William Erwin, Matthew Collins, Esq., Sceby Stuart, Esq., Japhet Leeds, Samuel Sooy, Esq., Jeremiah Higbee, Bichard Hig- bee, Esq., Dr. Ezra Baker, Jr. ; Great Eggharbor — Joseph Bisley, Esq., Samnel Leeds, Jr., Daniel Lake, Daniel Leeds, Enoch Risley, Thomas Doughty, David Somers, Isaac English; Hamilton — John Estell, Fred- erick Steelman, Uriah Gaskill, Enos Yeal, William Ackley, Esq., John Smith. Of these. Dr. Joseph Fithian was the only one living in 1870. Gen. Franklin Davenport was elected president of the society in 1827, and continued in that capacity till 1833, when Samuel Black was chosen. (The min- utes from 1827 to 1847 are missing.) In 1847, Dr. Joseph Fithian, who had been con- nected with the society from the time of its organiza- tion, was elected president, and continued to serve in that capacity till his decease in 1881. He was always an earnest and efficient member. A recent circular letter states, — "In 1827 the Parent Society donated fifty Bibles and one hundred Testaments to the society in addition to the fifty Bibles and twenty-five Testaments that had been purch&sed. Later in the year, five hundred additional Bibles and Testaments were preseuted to this society by the Parent Society, in order that all the destitute iu our midst might be supplied. " In 1854 all the hotels in the county and the county jail were ordered supplied with Bibles. Iu 1863 the society determined to supply every soldier from this county and all who should thereafter go from the county to the war with a Testament. " In 1865 the society again decided to supply the county, and Bev. E. Shinn was engaged to do the work. He subsequently reported having visited three thousand and twenty-two families ; found one hundred and eighty-two families destitute; supplied one hundred and seventy- eight families ; found one hundred and forty-four individuals destitute ; supplied one hundred and thirty-eight ; sold two hundred and twenty- seven Bibles and two hundred and forty-four Testaments; donated one hundred and sixty Bibles and one hundred and fifty-six Testaments. The value of books sold was five hundred and thirty-five dollars and eighty- one cents; value of books donated, one hundred and tweuty-nine dollars and six cents. " In 1871 the almshouse and county jail were supplied. " In 1876 the society again determined to explore the county and sup- ply those destitute ; and in 1877, Judge B. F. Carter, Bevs. Daniel Thack- ara, J. H. O'Brien, G. B.Snyder, and J. H. Hutchinson were appointed a central committee to see about the resupply of the county, and this committee reported in 1878, stating that in Deptford, Clayton, Mantua, Woolwich Township, and the city of Woodbury one thousand three hundred and thirty-six families had been visited, and one hundred and eight families and forty-nine individuals found destitute." The following officers among others have served the society with zeal and fidelity : Alexander Wentz, Esq., seventeen years as secretary and ten years as vice- president ; James Moore, Esq., secretary for ten years ; Dr. Benjamin P. Howell, manager and member of the executive committee many years ; and Dr. Joseph Fithian, agent, manager, and president from April, 1816, till his death, in 1881. The present officers are Judge Benjamin F. Carter, president; A. S. Barber, Esq., vice-president; Dr. George W. Bailey, corresponding secretary; Dr. Wal- lace McGeorge, recording secretary ; and Charles P. Abbott, Esq., treasurer and depositary. The executive committee consists of Eev. Daniel Thackara, Belmont Perry, Esq., Rev. C. F. Downs, John S. Jessup, Esq., Bev. J. H. O'Brien, Rev. S. M. Hudson, Rev. Edward Dillon, S. P. Londenslager, Esq., W. S. Cattell, James D. HoflFman, John F. Nute, William H. Bodine, Thomas P. Smith, John C. Tatum, Jacob H. Mounce, Job S. Haines, D. Wilson Moore, Thomas W. Lynnott, Rev. I. Y. Burke, and Rev. W. H. Johns. Gloucester Couiity Snnday-School Association.^ — This association was formed several years ago, co- operating with the New Jersey Sunday-School Asso- ciation in its work, and proving to be one of its most valued auxiliaries. The early history of the associa- tion has not been accessible to the writer, but among the early workers in the cause were William H. Bodine, of Williamstown ; Dr. George W. Bailey, of Wenonah ; Rev. C. W. Duane, of Swedesboro, Rev. A. Proudfit, of Clayton; John F. Nute, of Franklin- ville; and M. Ware Scott, of Woodbury. Previous to 1876 the work of the society was mainly carried on by these gentlemen, assisted by active workers in several of the townships. In July, 1875, the first systematic effort was made to enlist the sympathies and secure the co-operation of all Christian people throughout the county in the society's work. On July 14, 1875, "pursuant to public announce- ment, the friends of the Sunday-school cause in Gloucester County met at Pitman Grove in mass- meeting, with the view of promoting the Sunday- school cause in the county." The society was there reorganized, with Dr. George W. Bailey, president ; Rev. C. W. Duane, vice-president; John F. Nute, treasurer; William H. Bodine, recording secretary; and Rev. A. Proudfit, corresponding secretary. The following township secretaries were also chosen, to look after the work in their respective townships and assist Rev. A. Proudfit in his work: Clayton, t By Dr. Wallace McGeorge. GENERAL HISTORY. 163 C. F. Fisler; Franklin, Alexander Sloan; Monroe, H. K. Bugbee; Washington, Thomas Allen; Dept- ford, M. Ware Scott; Greenwich, James M. Roe; Woolwich, John Lecroy; Harrison, William S. Matt- son ; Mantua, Charles F. Moffett. This meeting was largely attended, and was very successful in its work. The fruits of the labors resulting from this meeting were manifest during the ensuing year, and a large and useful meeting was again held at Pitman Grove. No change was made in the oflScers, but a determina- tion to redouble their labors during the year to come was manifest. In 1877 one of the most successful Sunday-school gatherings ever held in the State was held, under the auspices of friends of the cause in Gloucester County, Cumberland, Salem, and Cape May Counties, at Pit- man Grove, and was known as the West Jersey Sunday-School Assembly. This lasted one week, and was attended by thousands of people, and great good resulted from it. The oflBcers of the association con- tributed materially to the success of this assembly. In 1878 the annual meeting was held in Glassboro. This was a large and delightful assemblage, and tended much to cement the sympathies of the work- ers in the different townships. The removal of Rev. A. Proudfit, our former corresponding secretary, to another field of labor necessitated some changes in the offices, and William H. Bodine was promoted to the presidency, and M. Ware Scott and Dr. George W. Bailey elected vice-presidents, Belmont Perry, re- cording secretary, and Rev. C. W. Duane, correspond- ing secretary. Mr. Duane's appointment was subse- quently confirmed by the State Association, and he proved a worthy successor to Rev. A. Proudfit. In 1879 the association met in the town hall in Clayton. The attendance was large and enthusiastic, and the reports showed much good work done for the Master all over the county. No changes of any mo- ment were made in the officers. In 1880 the annual meeting was held in the town hall in Woodbury. The attendance was large, but not as great as at Clayton the previous year. Re- ports were received from all the townships, from which we extract the following : Total memberships in schools that had reported, 4929, with an average attendance of 3432. Sixty of the sixty-four schools used the International Lesson Leaves, and fifty-eight were evergreen schools (open all the year). Twenty schools have teachers' meetings and two schools train- ing-classes. Rev. C. W. Duane, county secretary, hav- ing removed from the State, some changes in the list of officers became necessary. Wm. H. Bodine was again chosen president ; Drs. George W. Bailey and Wallace McGeorge, vice-presidents ; M. Ware Scott, corresponding^(county) secretary ; William E. Shoch, recording secretary ; and John F. Nute, treasurer. In 1881 the association again met at Pitman Grove, but the weather was so intensely hot that the attend- ance was not as large as usual. The reports were good, but did not show so much activity during the year. In 1882 the association met in the Methodist Epis- copal Church at Paulsboro, and later in the year than formerly. The attendance at all the meetings was good, the song and praise service, after Rev. J. De Hart Bruen's address, being very fine. The address was a masterly effort and practical in tendency. From Secretary Scott's report we extract the fol- lowing: Total population in county, 26,499; scholars in public schools, 7475 ; Sunday-schools, 64, of which 60 were evergreen schools; number of scholars, 5626; number of teachers and officers, 619; total member- ship, 6245, showing an increase of 240 during the year ; average attendance of scholars during the year, about 4000. During the year 134 scholars were re- ceived into churches on profession of their faith. Of this number one township (Woolwich) alone re- ported 80 added to its churches from the Sunday- schools. Nearly 12,000 library books were reported, of which number Woodbury had 1812. Over one thousand dollars were raised for missionary and be- nevolent purposes by the schools, and one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three dollars paid out for the current expenses of the schools reporting during the year. The officers elected at this meeting and now serving the association are as follows : President, M. Ware Scott, of Woodbury ; First Vice-President, Dr. Wal- lace McGeorge, of Woodbury; Second Vice-Presi- dent, William H. Bodine, of Williamstown ; Corre- sponding (County) Secretary, John C. Tatum, Wood- bury ; Recording Secretary, S. H. Howitz, Paulsboro; Treasurer, John F. Nute, Franklinville ; and the fol- lowing township secretaries: Woodbury, Robert S. Clymer; West Deptford, Edmund W. Packer; Dept- ford, William S. Cattell ; Greenwich, S. H. Miller; East Greenwich, Job S. Haines ; Washington, E. F. Watson ; Monroe, George W. Ireland ; Franklin, E. D. Riley; Clayton, Dr. H. G. Buckingham; Glass- boro, W. H. Zane; Mantua, Charles F. Moffett; Lo- gan, Isaac Derickson; Woolwich, Biddle R. Moffett; Harrison, Rudolph Benezet. At this meeting important action was taken on proposed changes in the constitution of the State Suriday -School Association, looking to the establish- ment of a regular salaried missionary, whose time and efforts should be entirely devoted to visiting- Sunday-schools, encouraging the strong to renewed efforts, the weak to more persistent work, and letting them feel that the missionary is to work with and strengthen them, to organize Sunday-schools in lo- calities where there are none, and to reorganize or resuscitate drooping or suspended schools. Much depended on the action Gloucester County would take in this matter, and the unanimity with which it adopted or recommended the adoption of llie pro- posed amendments, and the cheerful spirit in wliich 1G4 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. it promptly assumed to raise the sum allotted to it, showed that the Sunday-school workers in the county were not only willing, but determined to do all that was necessary to push along the cause. Another change in the constitution was to have annual meetings in districts, instead of comprising the whole State. Under this arrangement the "First District Convention of the New Jersey State Sunday- School Association was held on Thursday, May 31, 1883." This district comprises the counties of Cape May, Cumberland, Salem, and Gloucester. The meet- ing was held in the Presbyterian Church at Clayton. Dr. George W. Bailey, William H. Bodine, C. C. Phil- lips, J. B. Lippincott, W. L. Jones, are the executive committee for the First District. « The annual meeting in 1883 was held in the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, Bridgeport, on October 3d and 4th, and was very largely attended. The reports showed no diminution in the work done, but a deter- mination was manifested to do greater work in the year to come. The Hew Jersey Conference Camp-Meeting As- sociation. — This was organized in June, 1871, under the general act for the improvement of property. The association at once purchased about two hun- dred acres of ground, on the line of the West Jersey Railroad, about one and a half miles from Glassboro. The place is known as Pitman's Grove, so called in honor of Rev. Dr. C. Pitman, an able clergyman and camp-meeting manager. The place was fitted up during the summer by the erection of a pavilion, an office, and some cottages, and by laying out and clearing up the ground. In March, 1872, a special law was enacted incor- porating the association. This act set forth that the association was incorporated " for the purpose of pro- viding and maintaining, for the members and friends of the Methodist Episcopal Church proper, desirable and permanent camp-meeting grounds in the town- ships of Mantua and Clayton, in the county of Gloucester." The authorized capital stock of the association was fixed at $25,000, with power to in- crease the same to $50,000, in shares of $50 each. The grounds have been tastefully fitted up, and three hundred cottages have been erected, mostly by individuals, on lots leased from the association. The pavilion has been much enlarged, a tabernacle for social worship has been erected, four restaurants have been established, under rules prescribed by the association, and every practicable convenience has been provided for those who make this a temporary resort or a more permanent place of sojourn. Camp- meetings of from ten to seventeen days' duration are held at this place each summer, and many make the cottages they have erected there their residences tlirough the season. It is one of the most pleasant and attractive places of the kind in Southern New Jersey. The association is in a healthy financial condition. and its permanent success appears to be assured. The presidents have been Rev. William E. Perry and J. B. Graw, D.D. The present officers are Rev. A. E. Ballard, president; J. D. Hoffman, Esq., vice-presi- dent; Rev. William Walton, secretary; James M. Cassidy, treasurer; and Henry P.Young, superin- tendent. CHAPTER XXXV. TEMPERANCE IN GLOUCESTER COUNTY.i The first voluntary or prohibitory association was that of the Rechabites, who pledged themselves to their father, Jonadab, that they would drink no wine, nor their sons, forever, for which they received this promise : " Therefore, thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, Jonadab, the son of Rechab, shall not want a man to stand before me forever." The first temperance speech delivered in New Jersey was unquestionably delivered in Gloucester County. The Indian kings made repeated complaints to the Proprietors of the bad effects of rum upon their people. The Friends also, seeing the evil effects of liquor among the Indians, called a general council, there being eight Indian kings present. One of them stood and delivered the following speech, which we give in full: "The strong liquur was first sold us by the Dutch, and they are blind ; they had no eyes; they did not see that it was for our hurt. The next people that came among ns were the Swedes, who continued the sale of strong liquors to ua. They were also blind ; they had no eyes ; they did not see it to be hurtful to us to drink it, although we knew it to he ' hurtful to us ; but if people will sell it to us, we are so in love with it that we cannot forbear it. When we drink it, it makps as mad ; we do not know what we do; we then abuse one another; we throw each other into the fire? Sevenscore of our people have been killed by reason of drinking it since the time it was first sold us. These people that sell it have no eyes. But now there is a people come to live among ns that have eyes ; they see it he for our hurt; they are willine to deny them- selves the profit of it for our good. These people have eyes; we are glad such a people are come among us; we must put it down by mutual con- sent ; the cask must be sealed up; it must be made fast; it must not leak by day or by night, in light or in the dark, and we give you these four belts of wampum, which we would have you lay up safe and keep by you to be witnesses of this agreement, and we would have yon tell your children that these four belts of wampum are given you to be wit- nesses betwixt us and you of this agreement." Philanthropists of all ages have made use of the best means within their power to counteract the in- fluence of intoxicating liquors. To do this they have formed themselves into temperance organizations as mutual helps, and by exhortations, denunciations, and prohibitory laws have endeavored to save their fellow- men from the evils of drunkenness. In 1840 six men of intemperate habits assembled at a tavern in the city of Baltimore to partake of their accustomed drink. A committee of them attended a 1 By Kev. D. Thackara. GENERAL HISTORY. 165 temperance meeting that night, and, after reporting to the others, they determined to form themselves into a temperance association. This they did, and called themselves the " Washingtonian Temperance So- eiety," and drew up a pledge by which they were governed. Thus was brought into existence an or- ganization that spread with great rapidity over the United States. This work, originating in a tavern by six men, became one of the greatest temperance movements in the history of that day. Some time prior to this a temperance society was formed in Gloucester County, known as " The Glouces- ter County Temperance Society." Meetings were held quarterly in the diiferent churches throughout the county, at which there were speeches, resolutions, and the ordinary business of the society. At the di- vision of the county in 1844 it was called the Glouces- ter and Camden County Temperance Society, and held its meetings alternately in the two counties. In this movement there were many very earnest workers, among whom were Stacy I^azleton, Hon. John Hazle- ton. Judge Iszard, B. C. Tatem, Ira Gibson, D. Thackara, arid Jesse Peterson. The ministers in the county were mutually active in the work. In 1842 the order of the Sons of Temperance came into existence. A division was organized at Wood- bury, called the Samaritan Division, No. 47, Sons of Temperance. The division increased very rapidly ; many were initiated, both old and young. They built a large hall, but by reason of a defect in the cel- lar-wall it fell. It was rebuilt at a considerable ex- pense, incurring a debt the burden of which had much to do with the disbanding of the division after an existence of about nine years. It was the means ' of reforming many. Prominent among its members were Jos. Franklin, Sr., Dr. Charles F. Clark, Samuel Hudson, William Fisher, D. Thackara, Joseph Gar- wood, G. V. Garwood, John E. King, Isaac Bal- linger, etc. The Independent Order of Good Templars organ- ized in New York and New Jersey in 1851. Lodges were organized in Gloucester County as follows : Eureka, No. 16 Newfield. Unity, No. 20 Pennsgrove. SparkliDiT, No. 42 FranklinviUe, Malaga, No. 45 Malaga. Banmrt, No. 60 Swedesboro. Crystal Spring, No. Tl Unionville. Harrisonville, No. 77 HarriBonville. Progress, No. 80 Mullica Hill. Florence, No. 122 Mantua. Go Ahead, No. 133 Clayton. Panlsboro, No. 138 Paulsboro. Concordia, No. 140 GlasBboro. Farmers', No. 144 Vn'e Points. Magnolia, No. 146 Clarksboro. Willianistown, No. 194 Williamstown. DuflSeld, No.200 HuffviUe. Cross Keys and Bwan's Mills, name and number unknown. County deputies of the district lodges have been S. P. Haines, William McCullough, William Huffman, 8. W. Fawcet, John S. Stanger, William B. Chris- tine, Rev. R. W. Barnart. It is a secret order, but not generally beneficiary. Both sexes are admitted to membership. This order has been, and it is still, the means of much good, especially among the young, by the influence of proper associations, forming tem- perate habits, and giving tone to public sentiment. The Gloucester County Temperance Alliance.— Pursuant to public notice, a meeting was called at the court-house, Woodbury, Sept. 19, 1872, at which it was resolved to organize a county alliance auxil- iary to the State Temperance Alliance. An organi- zation was effected by electing D. Thackara presi- dent; Rev. G. R. Snyder, secretary; S. P. Haines, treasurer ; and one vice-president for, e,ach township or voting precinct in the county. The following officers have been elected annually from its organiza- tion until 1883 : D. Thackara, president, each year until the present; Secretaries, Rev. G. R. Snyder, W. C. Stokes, Dr. W. McGeorge, Dr. S. E. Newton, George H. Barker, and M. Ware Scott; Treasurers, 8. P. Haines, M. W. Witcraft, J, D. Hoffman, J. C. Eastlack, Dr. W. McGeorge, and Joseph Morgan. Most of the vice- presidents have been noble, zealous, working men. Space, however, will not allow giving their names. The Alliance has had the earnest co-operation of the ministers in the county, most of whom are mem- bers. In the organization of the Alliance there are three elements incorporated as a working power, namely, — reformatory, political, and legal. 1. The reformatory comes under the jurisdiction of the vice-presidents. It is thgir duty to see that lec- tures are delivered, and to arrange for the same, and assist the ministers in bringing the subject before the people, to do what they can towards reforming the inebriate, to see that the law is not violated in their districts, to report the same, if so, to the legal com- mittee, and make quarterly reports to the Alliance. 2. Political. Believing that as long as the present license law exists, with the moneyed influence and interest to avert judgment and prevent the strict adherence to law, there are little hopes of abating the trafllc very materially. If temperance laws are en- acted there must be temperance men in the Legisla- ture, and although it has not been the design of the Alliance to make a separate party or separate nomi- nations when it could well be avoided, they do, how- ever, obligate themselves to vote only for good tem perance men, irrespective of party. They have, in some instances, nominated a separate ticket when not satisfied with the candidates in the field, or with those whom they were assured would be placed in nomination by the old parties, claiming the right to vote as their consciences dictated. This duty is in the hands of a political committee, invested with power to call conventions, to make nominations, etc., if they think it best for the cause of temperance and the good of the country to do so. 3. The legal committee, whose duty it is to see that no illegal license is obtained, and to oppose those where they are remonstrated against as not necessary for the public good, to prosecute all cases of violation 166 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. of law, when properly brought before them. They have power to employ counsel and to pay the same out of the funds of the Alliance. This committee was appointed March 12, 1874, Dr. W. McGeorge and Benjamin C. Tatem constituting the committee. Dr. W. McGeorge has been chairman of the committee up to the present, and has had most of the work to do. There have been associated with him Benjamin C. Tatem, S. P. Haines, William C. Stokes, Dr. G. W. Bailey, George H. Barker, and M. Ware Scott. The duties of this committee, although not very pleasant, have been faithfully and energetically per- formed. As near as can be ascertained, there have been forty-two indictments for violation of law that have been sustained, for which fines have accrued to the amount of one thousand one hundred and sixty- three dollars, besides court charges. Most of these have been prosecuted by the legal committee. In 1872, when the Alliance was organized, there were twenty-three licensed hotels in the county. Taking the census of 1870, with a population of twenty-one thousand five hundred and twenty seven, as a guide, there was one hotel to every nine hundred and Ihirty- six persons. In 1882 we had sixteen hotels in the county, and taking the census of 1880, which was twenty-five thousand eight hundred and eighty-six persons, makes one hotel to every sixteen hundred and eighteen persons. In addition to this there were, in 1872, many more illicit drinking-places than at present. This change in favor of temperance may be attributed largely to the work of the Alliance. There have been some local temperance organiza- tions worthy of note. A reform club was organized at Woodbury, in 1877, through the efforts of Mr. Os- good. It is religious and social in its meetings, and is depending very much upon divine help for success. It seeks to reform the inebriate, and to interest the young and lead them to adopt a sober, moral, and in- dustrious life. It has been successful in reclaiming a number of those who were addicted to strong drink, and who are now active members in the club-meet- ings. There are several hundred names on the roll of membership, with an increasing interest. The names of the different presidents of the club are Ca- leb M. Eisley, • Johnson, M. Ware Scott, and Dr. W. A. Glover. A club has been organized at Wil- liamstown, and it is in a flourishing condition. A Women's Christian Temperance Union, with Mrs. William C. Stokes as president, was organized in Woodbury, Feb. 23, 1842, and one in Glassboro, Feb- ruary, 1883, with Mrs. Green as president. The women in these organizations are manifesting a great deal of zeal for the cause. CHAPTER XXXVI. MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. Indian, Dntcli, Swedish, and Old English Names of the Creeks that Empty into the Delaware from Gloucester County, — Mickle says, "It is important, in order to avoid confusion in reading the ancient historians and geographers of the Delaware, to re- member that many localities have four or five differ- ent names, owing to the petty jealousy and bad taste of the Dutch, Swedes, and English, each of which people insisted on displacing the euphonious titles of the Indians, and applying its own new-fangled desig- nations. " Oldman's Creek, the south bound of Gloucester County, was called by the Indians Kag-kik siz aehens- sippus, — sippus being in the Delaware language the word for river or creek. The Dutch and Swedes called it Alderman's kilen, HI in Dutch, and Hlen in Swedish, meaning the same as sippus. The early English settlers named it Berkley River, in honor of the Proprietor, Lord Berkley; but it is often spelled in old laws Barhley. Finally, the present name came in vogue, it being a translation of the Dutch name Alderman's kilen. " The Raccoon takes its title from the powerful tribe of Naraticon Indians, who once resided there, Naraticon being the Indian name, it seems, for the now canonized animal, the raccoon, which Kalm tells us formerly abounded in great numbers in that part of the country. The Indian name for this creek was Naraticons-sippus, or Memirako, which neither the Dutch nor the Swedes seem to have altered. " The Repaupo, according to Lindstrom's map, was called by the aborigines Wivenski Sackoey-sip- pus, and probably took its present title from the Swedish town of Repaapo. "Great and Little Mantua Creeks are named," Smith tells us, " from the native word mania, which signifies a frog. The Indian tribe which resided here, and which had a branch about Burlington, is often mentioned in the old writers. De Vries calls them Indians of the Roodehoek, or Mantes; De Laet, the Mantaesy ; and Plantagenet, the Manteses. They were a bloody people, and doubtless had a hand in the Graef Ernest tragedy, inasmuch as De Vries tells us that some of them boarded his yacht in the Timmerkill with the very jackets on which the mur- dered Virginians had worn. The Swedish name for Great Mantua Creek was Makles-kylen. The Roode- hoek mentioned by De Vries was Billingspoet, Aoe& being the Dutch for point or hook. The Swedes called this place Roder-udden, the latter word bear- ing the same signification in Swedish as hoek in Dutch. "The original name of Woodbury Creek was Piscozackasing, upon which neither the Dutch nor the Swedes attempted any other improvement than GENERAL HISTORY. 167 the customary addition of kyl. It received its present English title from the town of Woodbury. "Timber Ceeek was called indiscriminately by the Dutch and Swedes Tetamehanchz-kil, Aarwames, Tekoke, and Sassackon, although in strictness each of these Indian names applied to a particular branch. The names Gloucester River, and Big and Little Tim- ber Creek came in use very soon after the permanent settlement of the English. Gloucester Point was called Tekaaoho, or Hermaomissing, and was justly considered, when the creeks above and below it were open, 'un grand cap'. Howell's Cove was called by the first English Cork Cove, and afterwards Ladde's Cove. Trial of Singleton Mercer. — In the old court- house at Woodbury, forty years since, occurred the trial of Singleton Mercer for the murder of Hutchin- son Heberton, who had abducted and seduced the sister of Mercer, then only sixteen years of age. Both families were residents of what was then known as Southwark, in Philadelphia, and both were reckoned among the aristocracy. Heberton was arrested, and the proposition was made to him to marry his victim, which he refused to do. Young Mercer, then not twenty years of age, challenged him to fight a duel, which he declined, and the brother, thus repulsed and driven to madness, threatened to take his life at the first opportunity. To escape his fate Heberton tried to fly from the city. He ordered a carriage, and attempted to cross the Camden ferry. Mercer, who was watching him, entered a cab, and ordered the driver to follow, and not lose sight of the car- riage. While crossing the ferry, and when near the Camden shore, Mercer fired into the carriage from a six-barreled Colt's revolver four shots in quick suc- ce.ssion, and one of these took effect in Heberton's heart, causing his death almost immediately. Cam- den County had not then been set ofi" from Glouces- ter, and the trial took place at Woodbury. The State was represented by Judge T. P. Carpenter, of Camden, prosecuting attorney for the county, assisted by Attorney-General Molleson. Eminent counsel from Philadelphia and New Jersey conducted the defense, and through their strenuous efforts Mercer was acquitted. The case elicited great interest throughout the country, and the excitement in Phil- adelphia and in this vicinity during the trial was intense. The result was generally hailed with satis- faction. A few years since Mr. Mercer, in response to an appeal to the North for aid, went to Norfolk, Va., as a volunteer nurse in the yellow fever then prevailing there, and fell a victim to the disease. Manumission of Slaves.— Among the documents filed away in the office of the county clerk of Glouces- ter County may be found the following: " Gloucesteh County, as. " We do hereby Certify that on this Tenth Day of May, Anno Domini One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Eight, Joseph Hugg, of the Town and County of Gloucester, brought before us, two of the Overseers of the poor of the said Town, and two of the Justices of the Peace of the said county, his Slave, named Berton, who, on view and examina- tion, appears to us to be Sound in mind and not under any bodily in- capacity of obtaining a support; and also Is not under twenty-one years of Age, nor above thirty-five. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands the Tenth day of May One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-Eight (1788). "John Glover, "John Heritage, - } Overseers. ., "John Sparks, 1 j.^,fc,,„ " John Wilkins. ■* Accompanying this certificate is a deed of manu- mission, filed with thirty or forty others. The fol- lowing is a copy of the one bearing the latest date: " To all to whom these presents shall come or may concern, I, Simon Wilmer, Rector of the Swedish Lutheran Church at Swedesborough, in the County of Gloucester, and State of New Jersey, Send Greeting. Know ye that I, the said Simon Wilmer, for divers good causes and con- siderations thereunto moving, have and by these presents do hereby manumit and Set free my negro Slave, Lydia Bradley, of the age of thirty-seven years on Christmas day next ensuing the date hereof, she being at this time of sound mind and under no bodily incapacity of ob- taining her support. So that neither I myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators can hereafter have claim or demand on the said Lydia, or her labour or services as a slave. In witness whereof I have here- unto set my hand and seal this seventeenth day of June, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty. " S. WiLMEU. "Sealed and delivered in presence of Tho. Wilkins, W. Harrison." The Repaupo Meadow Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed Feb. 2, 1831. This act repealed an act for the same purpose which was passed June 4, 1787, and a supplement thereto passed Feb. 3, 1817. The law empowered the " owners and possessors of the meadow, marsh, and swamp lying on and adjoining Eepaupo Creek in the county of Glou- cester" to choose committee-men and managers, who were empowered " to erect, cast up, make, and com- plete good and sufficient banks, dams, flood-gates, sluices, and every other work necessary and proper to keep out the tide at all times" from such lands as were liable to be overflowed by the tide. It also authorized assessments upon the owners of lands thus reclaimed of such sums as were necessary to construct and keep in repair these works, and prescribed the methods by which the objects of the corporation were to be accomplished. Under this and similar acts thousands of acres of tide marshes have been reclaimed and made arable. The Population of Gloucester County at the com- mencement of each decade since 1783 has been as follows : 1790 13,863 IBOO 16,116 1810 19.744 1820 23,071 1830 28,431 1840 25,438 1850 14,666 1860 18,444 1870 21,562 1880 26,886 Of these aggregates there were of slaves in 1790.. 1800.. 1810.. 191 61 74 1820.. 1830.. 39 4 168 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXVII. CITY OF WOODBURY.! [In compiling a history of Woodbury City for this work, we are indebted to ex- Judge Benjamin F. Car- ter, of this town, for the many extracts we have been permitted to make from his history entitled '■' Wood- bury and Vicinity."] The town is located at the head of navigation on Woodbury Creek, eight miles south from Camden, thirty-nine from Trenton, one hundred and forty-five from Washington, D. C, and is the county-seat of Gloucester County. The court-house was built here in 1787, over one hundred years after the place was set-^ tied. The county clerk and surrogate's offices were built in 1820, all of which are still occupied for the purposes for which they were erected, and an addi- tion to the rear of the clerk's office was built in 1873. Woodbury was settled as early as 1681, or about the time of the settlement of Philadelphia, by a brother of Richard Wood, a native of Bury, in Lan- cashire, England. John C. Smallwood said that in looking over various surveys he could not find the time when " Woodbury Creek" was not so called. The Indian name was " Piscoyaekasingz-kill," which Smallwood finds as far back as 1681. Such being the case, Woodbury must have been settled at that date, and in all probability some time previous. If such was the case, then it was not named after, or in honor of Jonathan, or some other Wood that came here in 1684, as is claimed by " Historical Collections of New Jersey." However this may be, it is very evident that Richard Wood settled about a mile far- ther down the creek, in the middle of the year 1681, and that his brother, whatever his name might have been, came here the same year, and located upon land now covered by the city of Woodbury, and from him, and the place whence he came, the creek and town were named. The Christian name of the brother of Richard Wood is not given, but Judge Carter has reason to believe it was either Henry or Jonathan. In 1688 four hun- dred and thirty-two acres of land on Woodbury Creek was surveyed to Jonathan Wood. Mr. Smallwood also informed Judge Carter that from a copy of records he learned that the " Woods" came from a place in England called " Bury." For nearly or quite a century following the settle- ment of the place we are left in the dark as to who came, and when or where they settled, if they did settle at Woodbury. There is no doubt, however, that the many attractions in this immediate locality induced more persons than Mr. Wood to make this beautiful and healthful locality their home, though then in the forest. We will, therefore, board the limited express train 1 By W. H. Shaw. "Time," and quickly pass along down to the last quarter of the next century, when we shall find that Woodbury had become a place of historic interest. During the last hundred years many of the subjects of the crown had crossed the deep deep sea, and sniffed the fresh, invigorating air of freedom, and had fully decided to cast off the yoke of British op- pression and unjust taxation, and become free men indeed. All are by this time familiar with the scenes that followed the declaration of independence and of war, and during that period Woodbury became one of the strategetic points or outposts of the British army. Woodbury in the Wars of 1776 and 1812.— During the Revolutionary war Brig.-Gen. Silas New- comb was stationed in Woodbury for a time, in charge of three hundred of the State militia, by order of Governor Livingston. He wrote from here to the Governor, August, 1777, asking " Whether, as the movements of the enemy are so precarious, the orders given me might not be more discretionary, as I am always on the spot, and the distance so great that the service might suffer before proper orders could be procured from your Excellency ?" He asks for directions as to the manner in which certain cases shall be tried. It appears that three inhabitants of Cumberland County had been favoring the designs of the British, and that they had been on board the enemy's ships; had met the enemy on shore, and treated with him ; and that they had laid a plan to seize upon Gen. Newcomb in the night, and take him on board the enemy's ships. He asks whether, if previous to trial they are willing to go on board the Continental fleet, they maybe permitted to do so? Gen. Newcomb received a reply from Governor Livingston, then at Haddonfield, speaking of the bravery of the militia and the terror they were to the enemy, and thought they would "be of essential service in opposing the progress of the enemy to- wards Philadelphia, and orders those at Woodbury, under command of Capt. Potter, to march to help reinforce the army under the command of his Excel- lency George Washington." The Governor compli- ments Gen. Newcomb, and thinks " his presence will be necessary in the State, in case the enemy attempts to ravage our coasts." Oct. 22, 1777, the battle of Red Bank was fought, and many of the wounded Hessians were brought to Woodbury, and cared for in the old brick school- house on Delaware Street, where many of them died, and were buried in the northerly part of the grounds known as the "Strangers' Burying-Ground." During the winter of 1777, Lord Cornwallis was at Gloucester with five thousand troops collecting pro- visions for the British army, and for a time in Wood- bury, with quite a large body of troops. His head- quarters were in the dwelling now owned and occu- pied by the family of "the late Amos Campbell, Esq. The soldiers pried open the doors and cupboards with CITY OF WOODBURY. 169 their bayonets, marks of which still remain upon the furniture. The encampment of the British in Woodbury at that time was between Cooper and Bank Streets, about where the West Jersey Railroad is now located, and a battery was stationed near the Friends' meet- ing-house. Like many other towns, considered at the time of some military importance by each army, Woodbury was occupied by both alternately. We will now pass over another quarter of a century, and weiindthe British lion again aroused, and again trying to coerce his Yankee sou into submission. At this time Woodbury had grown to the estate of man- hood, and resisted his majesty's demand by raising a company of infantry for the war of 1812, called " The Blues of Gloucester County," of which Robert L. Armstrong, a prominent lawyer of that day, was the captain. He was the father of the late Robert L. Armstrong, of Woodbury. Samuel L. Howell was first lieutenant, and Randall Sparks second lieuten- ant; Henry Roe, Jr., was ensign, and John W. Mickle, of Camden, was a non-commissioned oflScer. Among the enlisted men from Woodbury were Simon Sparks, Samuel Cole, Joseph Scott, William Scott, William Roe, Robert Roe, John Simmerman, Aaron M. Wilkins, and Charles Wilkins. A well- known citizen of Woodbury, Thomas Jefferson Cade, was the " drummer boy." He was also with the company encamped at Bil- lingsport, and afterwards was with a company at Cape May, of which his father, John Cade, was captain. A company of cavalry was also raised at Woodbury during the war of 1812, of which the late Judge John Moore White was captain, and Isaac Browning, father of ex-Sheriff Joshua Browning, was first lieutenant. Woodbury in 1815.— At that date (1815) the sec- ond little misunderstanding between the mother- country and her independent son had just come to a satisfactory termination as far as the son was con- cerned, and Woodbury, with the rest of the nation, was rejoicing at the happy termination of the diffi- culties. Bonfires were lighted, speeches were made, and a jubilant feeling pervaded the whole commu- nity. Among the prominent lawyers residing here at that time were Gen. Frank Davenport-, Robert Pierson, John Moore White, Elias D. Woodruff, Robert L. Armstrong, and Isaac W. Crane, who, with the community generally, took part in the jubilee. Woodbury at that early date had not assumed the dignity or proportions of a city, and all there was of the town lay along either side of what is now Broad Street, except two or three houses down what is now Delaware Street. The surrogate and clerk's offices were then in the court-house, and the sheriff, like that official of old in some other counties, carried his office in his hat. Although the population of the town was small compared with the present, yet four taverns seemed to be necessary to accommodate the traveling and local trade. These old hostelries were kept by Jesse Smith, Randall Sparks, John Dyer, and Samuel H. Runyan. The merchants at that time were William Sailer, Caldwell Fisher, Thomas Saunders, James Saunders, William and James Roe, and Job Brown. The physicians of Woodbury in 1815 were Thomas Hendy, and Drs. Ayres and Hopkins. Dr. Fithian, who was afterwards prominently identified with the interests of Woodbury, had not then located here. The carpenters were John Zane, Amos Campbell, Jacob Medara, and John and James Sterling. The blacksmiths were Isaac Ballinger, Daniel J. Packer, Samuel Wheaton, and David Carson. The wheel- wrights were William Hopper, Amos Archer, Ira Allen, and Joseph D. Pedrick. John Simmerman, Benjamin Whitaker, James Dorman, and William Scott were the cabinet-makers ; Oliver Davis and Simon Sparks, the shoemakers; and William Crump, John Gibson, and John S. Silley were the village tailors. The stone- and brick-masons were Apollo Woodward and a man by the name of Page, while the saddle- and harness-makers were Martin Stille and Samuel Reeve. Charles Ogden was then the couoty clerk and post- master, and James Matlack, surrogate and justice of the peace. The sheriff in 1815 was Joseph V. Clark, of Clarksboro, a small hamlet then known by the name of " Death of the Fox," that being the sign on the village tavern. The quality of the religious element of the town in 1815 was probably as good as at present, yet the variety, that gives spice to many things, was not as great as now, there being then only the Friends and Presbyterians to enjoy the comforts of religion, while to-day there are eight or nine denominations of Christian worshipers. There was, however, a di- lapidated building standing in "Jericho Lane," as it was called, that had been occupied at some former period by the Methodists. In 1815 the Dept- ford free school for boys was taught by Samuel Web- ster, and the academy by William Rafferty, or Na- thaniel Green Todd, both Presbyterian clergymen. The taverns in those days were places of resort for farmers at certain seasons of the year, and for many of the settlers on Saturdays or Saturday after- noons, which were devoted to gatherings at these places, not for any pecuniary benefit that might arise therefrom, but to participate in and enjoy the " sport." Among the sports of the pioneer were horse-racing, wrestling, quoit-pitching, and occasionally a trial of the "manly art." Almost all kinds of liquors were cheap in those days, and it would take an ordinary man nearly all day to get in the same condition in which the sweet singer of Israel was often found. The principal beverage in those days was New Eng- land rum, known throughout this section as " Boston Particular," a beverage that was harmless, yet quite 170 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. exhilarating in its effect. General training was the " big day" for Woodbury. The officers would appear with their gaudy uniforms and equipments, while the private soldiers would appear in their every-day clothes, some with an. old " flint-lock" musket, some with rifles, and some with cornstalks in place of either; and many of the soldiers would appear in their bare feet, which gave the troops of that day the name of " barefoot militia." The wars were over, and they stood not upon ceremony any longer. In 1815 there were only seventy-one dwellings in Woodbury, and among them were those of James Roe, John C. Smallwood, John M. Watson, John Mickle, Robert K. Matlack, Thomas Jefferson Cade, Dr. Benjamin P. Howell, and the following • Pioneer Swelling-Houses in Woodbury. — The oldest dwelling-house now standing in the city of Woodbury is the Joseph Franklin residence, on Broad Street. Its style belongs to the better class of houses built here in the early part of the last century. The next in order of age is the dwelling occupied by John M. Saunders, built in 1762. This was for- merly the residence of Samuel Mickle, who was, in his day, much esteemed for his integrity, exactness, and promptness as an executor, administrator, guard- ian, etc. The Joseph Paul house is next in age. This house was for many years the home of those much-loved and highly-respected citizens, Michael C. and Mary R. Fisher. It was built in 1763. Following this is the residence now occupied by John S. Jessup, Esq., which was built in 1765. The present residence of John C. Smallwood was built in 1766. Balcony House. — Among the pioneer landmarks in Woodbury that have been removed to make room for something more modern, was an old brick build- ing known as the " Balcony" House, that stood on the site now occupied by the soldiers' monument. It was so named because of an elevated veranda in front of the first story, which had the appearance of a balcony. The corner of this house was the point of depart- ure in the description of the original county lot pur- chased from Bispham. The old Balcony House was removed when the county clerk's office was built, in 1820. Woodbury Incorporated as a Borough. — In 1854 Woodbury was incorporated as a borough, and at the first town-meeting James L. Gibbs was elected mayor, and for Council, David J. Griscom, William E. Cooper, Thomas D. Clark, Benjamin Schroyer, Benjamin Lord, and Benjamin F. Carter. For clerk, John Starr. Of these only two are living. The population then was about thirteen hundred. Ogden Fund.— In 1863 the late venerable Joseph Ogden left by will to the borough one thousand dol- lars, for the purpose of creating a fund for the sup- port of indigent women residing in the town. Woodbury Incorporated as a City.— The fol- lowing is a copy of the act incorporating the city of Woodbury : " 1. Be it enacted by the Senale and General Assembty of the State of New Jeraey, That all that part of the township of Deptford, known as the Bor- ough of Woodbury, lying and being in the county of Gloucester, begin- ning in the middle of Woodbury creek, at a station twenty-five feet weetfi-ly (at rightangles) of the course produced of the westerly line of Sidney Dyer's lot, on the Red Bank turnpike road, and from thence northeasterly, the same course of and parallel with said line, running twenty-five feet westerly thereof, through lands of William R. Tatnm, until it strikes land late Anna Howell's; thence easterly along the southerly line of said Howell's land and £. Mann's lot to the line of Samuel H. Ladd's land ; thence southerly along the line between the lands of said Ladd and late £. Burson's to a corner between said Ladd, Burson, and John W. Cloud; thence southwesterly along the line be- tween said Burson, John W. Cloud, and Samuel P. Watkins, to the line of other land of Samuel P. Watkins; thence southerly along the line between said Watkins and L. Cloud, to a corner between them at the head of a branch ; thence down the main water course of said branch to the middle of Woodbury creek aforesaid ; thence np the middle of said creek, crossing the Good Intent turnpike, to the comer of Lewis Lard- ner's and late Joseph Iszard's land ; thence southwesterly along the line between said Lardner and others, and continuing on the same course thereof, through lands of William Griscom and late Wm. Dicker- son, crossing the Egg Harbor road, Hester's branch and the Glassboro road to the line between said Dickerson and lands of Joseph W. Reeves; thence westerly along said line to the corner between Susan W. Garri- gues and late D. B. Cooper ; thence southerly along the line between said Garrigues and Cooper, and continuing the same course through said Cooper's land to a point in the old northerly line of formerly Paul Cooper's land ; thence westerly along on said old line to a corner of Wil- liam Knight's land, standing a little westerly or southwesterly of Wil- liam Atkinson's house ; thence northerly and westerly along the east- erly aud northerly lines of said Knight's land, and along the old line between said Knight aud late A. Woodward's lands till it comes in range of a certain line between the lands of Joseph Tatum, Jeptha Abbott, John H. Bradway, and lands now or late J. M. White's on the one side, and the said Joseph Tatnm, Thomas Glover, and Robert K. NefT on the other side; thence on the course of and along said line northeasterly to Delaware Street, and continuing on the same course, crossing said street and through lands of John S. Twella to the middle of Woodbury creek aforesaid; thence up the middle of said creek to the place of be- ginning; shall be and is hereby erected into a city, which shall be called and known by the name of ' The City of Woodbury,' and the inhabit- ants thereof shall be and are hereby incorporated by the name of 'The Mayor and Council of the City of Woodbury,' and by that name they and their successors forever shall and may have perpetual succession ; shall be persons in law capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded, answering and being answered unto, defending and being defended in all manner of actions, suits, complaints, matters, and causes whatever; may have a corporate seal, and alter the siime at their pleasure, and may by their corporate name aforesaid, purchase, receive, hold, and convey any estate, real or personal, for the use of said corpo- ration." Under this act, which was approved March 16, 1870, the Council of the city of Woodbury met at the court- house on the evening of March 21, 1871, at seven o'clock, Jiyhen all the members were present, viz., John H. Bradway, Benjamin. W. Cloud, J. Palmer Fullerton, George E. Harris, John M. Henderson, Thomas B. Joslin, Daniel J. Packer, Charles W. Starr, and Samuel W. Stokes. Having subscribed to and taken the official oath or affirmation required by said act before Alexan- der Wentz, mayor, they proceeded to organize as the Council of the city of Woodbury for the ensu- ing year. Thomas Brooks Joslin was unanimously chosen president, aud, after returning thanks for the honor conferred, he called the Council to order and declared it ready for the transaction of business. CITY OF WOODBURY. lYl The following was announced as the list of officers elected at the first annual city election, held on Wednesday, the 15th day of March, 1871 : SXayor^ Alexander Weiitz. Council^ John H. Bradway, Benjuniio W. Cloud, J. Palmer FullertOD, George E. Harris, John M. Henderson, Thomas B. Joslin, Daniel J. Packer, Charles W. Starr, Samuel W. Stokes. Chosen fVee/ioZder«, John I. Estell, John M. Saunders. Aageaaor, Jamua H. Fierson. Collector, Adon W. Cattell. C% Cleric, George B. Piereon. Judges of Election, Edward W. Clayton, Samuel H. Kirby, M, Ware Scott. Cftmmissioaers of Appeals, David M. Bedtield, Joseph Tatum, Ira D. Williams. Marshal, William Watkins. Overseers of Poor, William Scott, John Clark. Pound Keeper, William H. Clark. The Council was divided by lot into three classes, as provided by law, when the following-named per- sons drew for the terms named : To serve one year, J. Palmer Fullertou, Charles W. Starr, John H. Bradway ; to serve two years, Samuel W, Stokes, Thomas B. Joslin, Benjamin W. Cloud; to serve three years, John M. Henderson, George E. Harris, Daniel J. Packer. At the meeting of the Council held April 4, 1871, the following appointments were made : City Solicitor, James Moore ; City Surveyor, Samuel H. Ladd. The following is a complete list of mayors, Council, city clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, and marshals from 1872 to the present time : 1872. Alexander Wentz. 1873-71. James H. Fierson. 1876-76. William D. Scott. MAYOKS. I 1877-78. Wallace McGeorge. 1879-82. Lewis M. Green. COUNCIL. 1872. For three years, John H. Bradway, J. Palmer FoUerton, Charles W. Starr; for two years, Thomas P. Mathers. 1873. Benjamin W. Cloud, Thomas B. Joslin, Samuel W. Stokes. 1874. John M. Henderson, Thomas P. Mathers, Henry E. Eussell. 1876. Samuel H. Ladd, Lewis M. Green, Ner Sterling. 1876. George G. Green, George W. Cattell, Nathan Allen. 1877. For three years, John I. Estell , Jacob B. Glover, Daniel B. Gardiner ; for one year, Amos Thorp. 1878. Amos Thorp, Samuel H. Ladd, Charles Walton. 1879. John S. Jessnp, Wallace McGeorge, George G. Green. 1880. Edwin L. Hall, W. Harrison Livermore, Edward W. Clayton. 1881. Harry A. Flanigen, Thomas P. Smith, Charles Walton. 1882. George G. Green, Jeptha Abbott, John S. Jessup, and Israel C. Voorhies, elected for two years to fill vacancy occasioned by death of H A. Flanigen. CITY CLERKS. 1872-78. George E. Fierson. | 1879-82. Robert S. Clymer. 1872-74. James H Pierson. ASSBSSOES. I 1875-82. Jesse C. Chew. COLLECTORS. 1872-76. Adon W. Cattell. I 1876-82. Charles W. Starr. CHOSEN FEEEHOLDEES. 1872-73. John M. Saunders. i 1881-82. Charles S. Knisell. John I. Estell. | Samuel Hopkins. 1874-80. John M. Saunders. Charles S. Knisell. MARSHALS. 1872-77. William Watkins. | 1878-82. Adon W. Cattell. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1881. W. Harrison Livermore. I 1882. William Watkins, Sr. William Watkins, Sr. I SOCIETIES AND CORPOEATIONS. Fox Hunting Club. — There was established in Woodbury, in 1776, a " Fox Hunting Club" that in its day became quite famous. Among its members were some of the most prominent citizens of the county, and of Philadelphia. The chase lasted from one to six hours, and sometimes hot pursuits were made, extend- ing over a vast extent of country, for eight or ten hours after an old, straightforward, fleet-running fox. In 1798 one of the hunters in the chase carried the pack of hounds in full cry to Salem, a distance of upwards of thirty miles. The farmers hailed the huntsman and hounds as friends, their stock suffering so much from these animals, and permitted the hun- ters to traverse their fields and woods unmolested, after and before the time for tilling the land. One of the most noted members of this club was Jonas Cattell. He was more than six feet in height, and of a very strong and vigorous constitution, the re- sult of a life of temperance and wholesome exercise. He pursued the chase on foot, and when the riders, horses, and hounds were tired he did not appear to be fatigued. He once, when fifty years of age, outran an Indian in a trial of speed from Mount Holly to Woodbury, a distance of twenty-two miles. On an- other occasion, for a wager, he went on foot from Woodbury to Cape Island, a distance of eighty miles, in one day, delivered a letter, and returned next day with an answer. Samuel Morris, of Philadelphia, was president of the club. The Eevolutionary war for a time put a stop to the chase, when Samuel Morris, as its captain, and twenty-two of its members formed the "First Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry." They nearly all served faithfully in the troop during the campaign of 1776-77. After the war the club was revived, and had an existence, in all, of over half a century. Of the members from Philadelphia was the once efficient mayor. Gen. Robert Wharton, and from Woodbury were Gen. F. Davenport, John Lawrence, Esq., Capt. James B. Cooper, Capt. Samuel Whitall, Col. Heston, Col. Joshua Howell, Samuel Harrison, Esq., and ex-sheriff Jesse Smith, Esq. Woodbury Library Company.— This company was instituted in 1794, and incorporated in 1814. It was first known as the " Union Library of Woodbury." In 1872 it contained one thousand volumes of well- selected and valuable books. The original member- ship embraced, as does the present, many of the lead- ing citizens of the city. Jacob Wood was the first librarian, and Michael C. Fisher treasurer. Many of the names are still familiar; such as Saunders, Wood, Whitall, Wilkins, Ward, Cooper, Reeves, Mickle, Tatum, Roe, Stevens, Howell, Brown, Matlack, Hugg, Harkee, Davenport, West, Caldwell, Rulon, Sparks, Jaggard, Webster, and Fisher. For a number of years the library was kept in the court- house, and was afterwards removed to its present location in the town hall. 172 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Whirligig Society.— "At an annual Meeting of the Inhabitants of the Township of Deptford, held the 8'" day of March, 1809— The following by Law was moved by Oliver Davis and seconded by Job Brown, and carryed. " Resolved that a Committee of 15 members be ap- pointed, under the name of the Whirligig society, with authority to suppress all riots, and Whirligig all Gamblers, Showmen and such characters as are com- monly styXedi fair plays ; that may happen to intrude upon the peaceable, moral and respectable inhabit- ants of the town of Woodbury, as has been done here- tofore to their great detriment and degradation. And that the following persons be appointed for the ensuing year : • " 1. Oliver Davis, Pres't. 9. Samuel Estlack. 2. Simon Sparks. 10. Robert Roe. 3. Samuel Ladd. 11. William Sirason. 4. Mark Brown. 12. Daniel Packer. 5. John Shivers. 13. Enoch R. Allen. 6. Joseph Hilman. 14. Samuel Wheaton. 7. David Daniels. 15. Job Brown, Secretary. 8. Abel Rulon. " A true Copy from the minutes. "David C. Wood, CPk." Woodbury Lodge, No. 54, 1. 0. of 0. F., was in- stituted in Woodbury, N. J., Feb. 4, 1847, with the following charter members, who were the first offi- cers, viz. : Charles Sterling, N. G. ; John G. Garwood, V. G. ; Joseph Franklin, Sec. ; Joseph R. Fisher, Rec. Sec. ; and John Eyles, Treas. The lodge is the owner of a valuable property on Delaware Street, in which the lodge-rooms are located, which returns an annual rent of three hundred dol- lars. The lodge, financially, is in a very prosperous condition, having a large fund at interest, also re- ceiving quite a revenue from four other societies for rent, etc. The regular meetings of the lodge are held on Mon- day evening of each week. Present membership, one hundred and twenty. Present officers, Septem- ber, 1882 : Edward C. Cattell, N. G. ; Joseph W. Mer- ritt, V. G. ; Nelson W. Sparks, Sec. ; Charles W. Sayre, Rec. Sec. ; Joseph Carter, P. G., Treas. Florence Lodge, No. 87, F. and A. M.— At the Eighty-first Annual Communication of the M. W. Grand Lodge of F. and A. M., held at Trenton on the 28d day of January, 1868, a warrant was granted to form a new lodge at Woodbury, Gloucester Co., N. J., to be called Florence Lodge, No. 87. On the 20th of February, 1868, the lodge was set to work, in Odd-Fellows' Hall, Delaware Street (where it has since continued to meet). The following officers were installed, and consti- tuted the entire membership of the lodge at that time : W. M., Benjamin W. Cloud ; S. W., Tyler R. Blake; J. W., William N. Angle; Treas., Moses At- kinson ; Sec, Edward H. Stokes ; Chaplain, Rev. William H. Jeffreys ; S. D.. Samuel S. Norcross; J. D., Aaron C. Johnson ; Tyler, Thomas J. Harrison. Since the organization of the lodge, nine members have become so by affiliation, and sixty-six by regular election by ballot and advancement in the degrees. Of these, one has been suspended for U. C, five for non- payment of dues, seven have withdrawn by demit, and three deceased, leaving the present membership sixty-eight. Communications have been held regu- larly, and the lodge is enjoying a good degree of prosperity. The regular communications of the lodge are held on the first and third Wednesday evenings of each month, in Odd-Fellows' Hall, Delaware Street. Past Masters: Benjamin W. Cloud, 1868-70; Frederic E. Knorr, 1871 ; George E. Pierson, 1872-74; Hiram B. Vanneman, 1875; John M. Henderson, 1876; W. Harrison Livermore, 1877 ; Jacob Muller, 1878 ; Samuel H. Ladd, 1879 ; A. S. Barber, Jr., 1880 ; Jacob H. Bibo, 1881. Mariola Lodge, No. 43, K. of P.'— This lodge was instituted at Woodbury, N. J., on the afternoon of April 2, 1868, by Samuel Read, Grand Chancellor, and afterwards the first Supreme Chancellor of the World, with the following-named persons as char- ter members : James H. Pierson, Adon W. Cat- tell, Branson L. Ore, T. Brooke Joslin, George E. Pierson, Benjamin C. Packer, Benjamin S. Thack- ara, John Barber, Samuel S. Sharp, Thomas B. Mathers, Michael Hartzell, William Miiligan, Benja- min C. Tatem, John L. C. Tatem, Charles T. Molony, Edward Ballinger, Barclay Mankin, Ira D. Williams. The first officers were as follows : V. P., Benjamin C. Tatem; W. C, Thomas B. Joslin ; V. C, Aden W. Cattell ; R. S., George E. Pierson ; F. S., John L. C. Tatem ; Banker, Thomas R. Mathers ; Guide, James H. Pierson ; I. S., Edward Ballinger ; O. S., Ira D. Williams. From the date of the institution of the lodge it has received a strong and faithful membership, enrolling upon its roster many of the best citizens of the city and county. During this time it has received by in- itiation nearly or quite two hundred and fifty, and granted cards of dismission to members for the pur- pose of organizing Concordia Lodge at Mantua, Lo- gan Lodge at Bridgeport, Welcome Lodge at Pauls- boro, and Jefierson Lodge at Hurffville. Financially, Mariola is one of the strongest lodges in the city, having received into her treasury nearly fif- teen thousand dollars since the organization in April, 1868. This sum has accrued from weekly dues, fu- neral assessments, profits on excursions, and income arising from investments. After paying out nearly eleven thousand dollars for rent, salaries, dues to Grand Lodge, sick benefits, funeral benefits, and in- cidentals, there is still in the treasury, of cash and securities, a little over four thousand dollars. I By George E. Pierson. CITY OF WOODBURY. 173 The following deceased members of the lodge have been buried with the honors of the order : John Barber, by profession a civil engineer, died at Port Deposit, Md., of hemorrhage of the lungs, May 14, 1870, aged thirty-five years. He was buried in the Presbyterian cemetery at Woodbury. Joseph D. Ogden, by occupation a coal merchant, died in Philadelphia, Pa., of consumption. May 12, 1871, aged forty years. He was buried in the Episco- pal cemetery at Swedesboro. Edward S. Packer, auctioneer, died in Woodbury, N. J., of typhoid fever, Feb. 4, 1872, aged forty-three years. He was buried in Friends' burying-ground, Woodbury, N. J. Benjamin Cloud, Jr., farmer, died in Woodbury, N. J., of consumption, Nov. 21, 1872, aged forty-one years. He was buried in the Methoflist cemetery near Woodbury. George Ward, farmer, died in Deptford township, N. J., of consumption, Feb. 15, 1873, aged twenty- nine years. He was buried in the Friends' burying- ground, Woodbury, N. J. Edward R. Snyder, wheelwright, died in Wood- bury, N. J., of diabetes, March 6, 1873, aged forty- three years. He was buried in the Presbyterian cem- etery at Woodbury, N. J. Stevenson Leslie, farmer, died suddenly of apo- plexy, at Blackwoodtown, N. J., June 30, 1873, aged thirty-four years. He was buried in the Presbyte- rian cemetery at Blackwoodtown. Jared A. Parvin, pilot and hotel-keeper, died at Gloucester City, N. J., of consumption, Dec. 22, 1873, aged forty years, and was buried in Evergreen Ceme- tery, near Camden, N. J. Jonathan G. Fidler, locomotive engineer, died at Woodbury, N. J., of consumption and injuries re- ceived by the explosion of a locomotive boiler, Feb. 12, 1874, aged thirty-seven years, and was buried at Dennisville, Cape May Co., N. J. Ner Sterling, master carpenter, died at Woodbury, N. J., of consumption, April 28, 1876, aged fifty years, and was buried in the Methodist cemetery near Woodbury, N. J. Samuel H. Ward, P. C, farmer, died at Woodbury, N. J., of consumption. May 15, 1880, aged thirty-nine years, and was buried in Eglington Cemetery, at Clarksboro, N. J. Edward Low, hotel-keeper, died at Barnsboro, N. J., of a dropsical afiection, July 5, 1880, aged fifty-two years, and was buried in the Presbyterian cemetery at Woodbury, N. J. Edward Ballinger, died June 3, 1881, of chronic laryngitis, at Woodbury, N. J. ; buried in the Meth- odist cemetery at Mantua, N. J. Benjamin C. Packer, died Sept. 18, 1881, in Penn- sylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, from injuries re- ceived while in the discharge of his duties as baggage- master on the West Jersey Railroad. He was buried in Eglington Cemetery, Clarksboro, N. J. Thomas A. Chambers, died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 8, 1882, of hemorrhage of the lungs, and was buried in Haddonfield, N. J. The lodge responded with alacrity with voluntary contributions in aid of the many sufferers by the great fire in Chicago ; also at a later period she ex- tended a helping hand to the yellow fever victims of the South, and upon other occasions Mariola has not been lacking in her acts of charity to suffering humanity when application was made in due form. Among the membership of the lodge can be found men of the various trades and professions, couiity and State oflBcials, and last, but not least, she has furnished oflScials for the Grand and Supreme Lodges in the persons of Thomas B. Joslin, Benjamin C. Tatem, and James H. Pierson. Past Grand Chancellors : Thomas Brooke Joslin, James H. Pierson. Past Chancellors in good standing: Benjamin C. Tatem, Ira D. Williams, George W. Cattell, George E. Pierson, Edward W. Clayton, Barclay Mankin, Thomas R. Clayton, Ellas H. Osborn, Edward C. Talman, William Milligan, Samuel S. Sharp, Elijah A. English, Charles Owen, Joseph C. Watson, Jacob Muller, A. Hoodless Locke, William Augustus Glover, Edward C. Cattell, Charles S. Jones, Thomas Glover, Jr., Joseph S. Eldridge, Thomas J. Savage, Robert C. Page, Eli Eldridge, William A. Cook, Charles Carr, Joseph A. Moore, J. Wood Hannold. Past Chancellors suspended : Aden W. Cattell, Thoma.s P. Mathers. Past Chancellors deceased: Edward Ballinger, Ben- jamin" C. Packer, Samuel H. Ward. The regular meetings of the lodge are held on Thursday evening of each week, in Odd-Fellows' Hall, on Delaware Street. The elective officers for 1882 were Robert S. Clymer, C. C. ; Nelson W. Sparks, V. C. ; Alfred L. Black, Prelate ; George E. Pierson, K. of R. and S. ; George W. Cattell, M. of F. ; William Milligan, M. of E. ; and C. Selden Johnson, M. at A. Woodbury Loan Association.'— At the one hun- dred and twenty-third regular monthly meeting of the board of directors of the Woodbury Real Estate and Mutual Loan Association, held on Wednesday even- ing, July 13, 1881, in Room No. 1, Green's Block, the stock of the first series was declared to have reached the matured value of two hundred dollars per share. This much-desired result has been accomplished by regular consecutive payments of one dollar per month on each share for a period of ten years and three months. By the above action, bonds and mortgages amounting to twenty-three thousand dollars will be released and canceled in favor of stockholders who have borrowed on their stock, and ten thousand six hundred dollars will be paid to other stockholders who have not taken loans on their shares. Of the 1 By George E. Pieraon. 174 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. latter amount, four thousand two hundred dollars were paid at once at the above meeting, and the re- mainder will be paid promptly in the course of two or three months. Fifteen persons will have incum- brances removed from their properties, and seventeen others will be paid cash for their unpledged stock, thus adding greatly to the comfort and prosperity of many industrious and worthy mechanics, laborers, and other persons. The success which has attended the operations of this association since its organization may give inter- est to a brief notice of its history and business during the last ten years. The first meeting to consider the formation of the association was held April 12, 1871, James H. Pierson acting as chairman, and George*E. Harris officiating as secretary, when sufficient encour- agement was given the enterprise to warrant further effi)rts towards organization. Other preliminary meetings were held April 22d and 29th, presided over by George E. Harris, with Edwin Stokes as secre- tary. At each of these meetings shares of stock were subscribed, and a constitution and by-laws were adopted April 29, 1871, which has since been changed and amended, as experience demonstrated was neces- sary, from time to time. A permanent orgaflization was effected May 5, 1871, by the election of the fol- lowing officers : President, George E. Harris ; Vice- President, John H. Bradway ; Secretary, George E. Pierson; Treasurer, Samuel W. Stokes; Solicitor, James Moore; Directors, Stephen McHenry, Wil- liam Wade Griscom, James H. Pierson, Edwin Stokes, John M. Henderson ; Auditors, John S. Jes- sup, Henry E. Russell, Adon W. Cattell. The first collection of dues was made at this meet- ing, and amounted to four hundred and eighteen dollars. The first sale of loans took place June 7, 1871, when one thousand dollars was sold to Thomas R. Clayton, at a premium of twenty per cent. This loan was secured on a new house and lot situated im- mediately opposite the railroad depot, which prop- erty has since been sold to George C. Green, Esq., by Mr. Clayton, at a handsome increase over the original cost. This loan was allowed to remain, and is among those now canceled. The payments made thereon were six hundred and fifteen dollars for monthly dues and six hundred and seventy-five dollars and seventy- nine cents for interest, making twelve hundred and ninety dollars and seventy-nine cents as the total amount paid to liquidate the debt of one thousand dollars originally created by the mortgage. If eight hundred dollars, the amount actually received after the premium was deducted on the above loan, had been borrowed at the same time in the ordinary way for a period of ten years and one month, the real length of time the money was used, the result would have been as follows when the time arrived to pay the debt: Principal, $800; seven years and one month's interest at seven per cent., $396.66; three years' interest at six per cent., $144, making a total of $1340.66, and showing a difi^ereuce in favor of the association of $49.87. This comparison will hold good with all other loans, the difference being against or in favor of the borrower, as the premium paid might be higher or lower than on the loan here re- ferred to. Since the organization of the association, up to and including the July payment of this year, the amount of business transacted will be shown by the following statement : BeceipU. For monthly dues $146,48ii.50 " interBBt on loans 33,481.85 " fines on arrearages 1,052.03 " premiums on new Bbares 253.59 " loans repaid by borrowers 26,900.00 " loans collected by foreclosure 4,659.39 " rent from properties 464.83 " sale of properties 2,007.00 " tax returned 9,46 Total $215,311.66 Dieburaements. i'OT loans to stockholders $130,232.88 " withdrawal of shares 70,054,80 " expenses of all kinds 3,503.78 " taxes on securities 3,281.13 " return of premiums on repaid loans 1,625.03 " interest on advance payments 186.89 " purchase of properties and costs 2,172.19 " payment of matured shares 4,200.00 " balance in treasurer's hands 55.45 Total $215,31165 As may be noticed from the above statement, the association has been very fortunate in its investments, having only been compelled to purchase three prop- erties to avoid losses, one of which has since been disposed of, while the other two are yet owned by it, their combined value being about two thousand five hundred dollars. Less than one thousand dollars loss has been sustained during the whole time, in the general depreciation of real estate which prevailed for several years during its history, and less than five thousand dollars has been collected by fore- closures in addition to the three properties purchased at sheriff's sale. Eleven series of stock have been issued, one at the beginning of each year in May, the number in each being as follows: First series, 483 shares; second, 226; third, 310; fourth, 223; fifth, 276; sixth, 271; seventh, 350; eighth, 364; ninth, 593; tenth, 549; eleventh, 436 ; making the total issue in all series amount to 4081 shares. These numbers have all been decreased, however, by withdrawals and for- feitures. The rate of interest on loans was seven per cent, per annum until changed by the State law in 1878, since which time it has been six per cent. The highest premium ever paid for money was twenty-six and one-half per cent., and the lowest one per cent. The premiums have averaged about eleven per cent, on the total amount of sales since organization. After the first series has been fully paid and can- celed, the association will still contain ten series, comprising eighteen hundred and fifty-six shares, with assets amounting to over ninety thousand dol- lars, and a membership of three hundred and forty- CITY OF WOODBURY. 1Y5 eight stockholders. Loans will be sold at each regu- lar monthly meeting, and a new series will probably be issued yearly hereafter. The following is a brief reference to the time of service of the various officers of the association, all, of whom are still living except Messrs. Harris, Moore, and Ballinger : George E. Harris, the most active organizer of the association, and its first president^ died Oct. 9, 1872, after serving faithfully one year and five months in the office, and contributing very much from his Phil- adelphia experience with building associations in giving the enterprise a successful start. He was suc- ceeded by John S. Jessup, Esq., who has continued to serve acceptably since that time. John H. Bradway served three years as vice-presi- dent, James H. Pierson five years and six months, and Charles W. Starr, the present occupant, has filled the station with level-headed dignity and complete success for nine months. George E. Pierson has filled the office of secretary and director without interruption the whole time, and has never been absent from a regular meeting of the association or board of directors during that period. Samuel W. Stokes was treasurer six years, and W. Harrison Livermore, the present very efficient officer, four years and three months. Both of these officers have discharged their duties faithfully and without any loss to the association or its members. James Moore, Esq., was solicitor seven years, and W. Harrison Livermore, who still prepares all the legal papers in due form, three years and six months. The documents drawn by these officers have always been models of neatness and correctness. Of those who have filled the very responsible office of director, William Wade Griscom, of the original board, has served continuously ten years and three months ; Edwin Stokes, seven years ; Charles W. Starr, five years and six months ; Israel C. Voorhies, five years and four months ; John M. Henderson, five years and two months ; George G. Green, four years and seven months; Samuel W. Stokes, four years and three months, in addition to six years' service as director ex officio while treasurer ; W. Harrison Liv- ermore, three years, in addition to service in other offices ; James H. Pierson, three years, in addition to other service as vice-president ; Dr. Wallace Mc- George, one year and five months ; Stephen McHenry, one year; and George H. Barker, six months. These directors all served without any compensation what- ever. They receive, as they richly deserve, the earn- est thanks of all the stockholders for the careful manner in which they have discharged their duties and the good judgment always manifested in invest- ing the funds of the association. The somewhat laborious office of auditor has been very conscientiously and faithfully filled by Henry K. Eussell for eight years. Adon W. Cattell also served seven years; Edward Ballinger, five years; Dr. Wallace McGeorge, four years, with great care and thoroughness ; William Bradway, three years ; C. Oscar Abbott, two years ; and John S. Jessup, one year. These officers all rendered valuable assistance, and all served also without any compensation for their labors. The present officers of the association are as fol- lows : President, John S. Jessup ; Vice-President, Charles W. Starr ; Secretary, George E. Pierson ; Treasurer, W. Harrison Livermore ; Directors, Wil- liam Wade Griscom, Israel C. Voorhies, Samuel W. Stokes, George H. Barker, John M. Henderson ; So- licitor, W. Harrison Livermore ; Auditors, Henry R. Eussell, Cornelius C. Voorhies, Curtis B. Angle. Kinder-Kamack Tribe, No. 59, 1. 0. R. M.,' or- ganized Aug. 12, 1881. Charter members : Jesse C. Chew, Sr., Robert S. Clymer, Thomas B. Joslin, Wil- liam Milligan, George D. Thomson, Caleb C. Pan- coast, John Brant, Charles S. Fletcher, William Hens- man, William H. Clark, Jr., Charles D. Stanton, Hor- ace G. Hewlings, I. Lewis Davis, Edmund DuBois, Jr., George W. Hewlings, Samuel Hopkins, B. Frank Tatem, Joseph S. Cheeseman, Theodore Patterson, John A. Brown, Albertus S. Pierce, John T. Wilson, Elijah 'A. English, Benjamin R. Carpenter, Edward C. Cattell, Joseph A. Moore, James L. Duffield, Jesse C. Chew, Jr. First officers : S., Thomas B. Joslin ; S. S., Edmund DuBois, Jr. ; J. S., I. Lewis Davis ; C. of R., Robert S. Clymer; K. of W., William Milligan. Present officers : S., I. Lewis Davis ; S. S., Jesse C. Chew, Sr. ; J. S., Burroughs Eldridge ; 0. of R., Robert 8. Clymer ; K. of W., George W. Cattell. The tribe meets on Friday evening of each week, in L. M. Green's hall, which they have furnished for their own use. Total membership, one hundred and twenty-three. It is an incorporated body. Provident Conclave, No. 47, 1. O.H.,' organized Feb. 10, 1882, with the following charter members: Joseph Carter, Daniel R. Gardiner, M.D., Daniel J. Packer, Sr., John B. Keasbey, M.D., Edward A. War- ner, James Mickle, Joseph B. Roe, Thomas B. Joslin, George E. Pierson, William Milligan, Charles W. Starr, W. Harrison Livermore, J. Wood Hannold, Charles E. Von Stege, Wallace McGeorge, M.D., A. Hoodless Locke, Aries P. Brooke, Mahlon W. New- ton, Charles W. Sayre, David S. Pitman, Benjamin Thorpe, Belmont Perry, T. Earl Budd, Daniel J. Packer, Jr., Josiah G. Cloud, William Watkins, Jr., Joseph Paul. The names of the first officers were as follows : C, Thomas B. Joslin ; A., Joseph B. Roe ; P., W. Har- rison Livermore; Sec, George E. Pierson; Fin., Belmont Perry ; Treas., Charles W. Starr ; Prel., Wil- liam Milligan; Trustees, Joseph Carter, Daniel J. Packer, Sr., Dr. W. McGeorge; Inspector, A- H. Locke. The present officers are the same, with this 1 By Robert S. Clymer. 2 By G. E. Pierson. 176 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. exception, C, Joseph B. Roe ; A., W. Harrison Liver- more; P., Daniel J. Packer, Jr. Meets every other Tuesday evening in Odd-Fellows' Hall. Number of members, thirty-one. The object of the order is to give the members of the same life insurance in endowments of from one thousand to five thousand dollars, on graded assessments, according to age. The names of Past Archons, Thomas B. Joslin and Joseph B. Koe. Guarantee Lodge, No. 17, A. 0. TJ. W.,' was or- ganized March 31, 1882, with the following charter members : Arthur L. Terry, James W. Mulford, Israel M. Scattergood, Wallace McGeorge, George E. Pier- son, Edward M. Atkinson, John H. Lupton, Theodore F. Burkett, Samuel B. Burkett, Henry Tatum, Joseph W. Merritt, M. Ware Scott, Aries P. Brooke, Emory J. Blatherwick, Jesse R. West, William Watkins, Jr., W. Harrison Livermore, Edward A. Wamer, J. Frank Shull, Cornelius C. Voorhies, Simon R. Wilson, Wil- liam V. B. Pierce, T. Earl Budd. The names of the first officers were P. M.W., Arthur L. Terry ; M. W., James W. Mulford ; F., Aries P. Brooke ; 0., John H. Lupton ; Recorder, George E. Pierson ; Fin., Cornelius C. Voorhies; Receiver, W. Harrison Livermore ; G., Joseph W. Merrittr Meet every other Tuesday evening in Odd-Fellows' Hall. Number of members, twenty-nine. The object of the order is life insurance in endowments of two thousand dollars, on payment of assessments of one dollar each, without reference to age below fifty years. The names of past officers are Arthur L. Terry and James W. Mulford. First National Sank of Woodbury. — This bank- ing institution was organized in 1855, and incor- porated the same year as the " Gloucester County Bank." Their present banking-house was also erected in 1855, and in January, 1856, the following-named persons were elected directors: William R. Tatum, John M. Saunders, Charles P. Stokes, Amos J. Peas- lee, John M. Watson, Woodward Warrick, Samuel Black, Joseph Jessup, and Israel Pancoast, who sub- sequently elected William R. Tatum president, and James W. Caldwell cashier. In 1865 the bank was converted into the First National Bank of Woodbury. In 1883 the directors were Joseph Jessup, J. M. Saunders, W. Warrick, George W. Dickensheets, John H. Bradway, Jonathan Colson, A. J. Peaslee, Thomas W. Hurff, and George G. Green. President, Amos J. Peaslee ; Vice-President and Cashier, John H. Bradway. Capital, $100,000; surplus, $60,000; deposits, $550,000. Woodbury Real Estate Mutual Loan Associa- tion. — This association was organized May 5, 1871, with George E. Harrison as president; John H. Brad- way, vice-president; Samuel W. Stokes, treasurer; George E. Pierson, secretary, and five directors. Railroads. — In 1856, Woodbury was put in com- 1 By G. B. Pierson. munication with Philadelphia by means of the then Camden and Woodbury Railroad, which was subse- quently extended to Glassboro and Bridgeton. In 1869 the Swedesboro and Woodbury Railroad , was opened, and in 1874 the Delaware River Railroad from Woodbury to Salem. General Howell Post, No. 31, G. A. R.,' De- partment of New Jersey, was instituted Sept. 16, 1879, with twenty-six comrades. The following were the first officers of the post : C, Adon W. Cattell ; S. V. C, George S. Downs; J. V. C, George G. Green ; Adjt., Joshua Lawson ; Sergt.-Maj., Nathan Allen ; Q. M., Hiram B. Vanneman; Q. M.-Sergt., Edward C. Cattell ; O. D., George D. Troth ; Chap., William N. Angle. The post started with reasonably fair prospects, and has continued until the present time, September, 1883, no deaths having occurred in our ranks. The present number upon the muster-roll is fifty-eight. The following are the officers at the present time: C, George D. Thomson ; S. V. C, Ephraim C. Ware ; J. V. C, George D. Troth ; Q. M., Hiram B. Van- neman; Q. M.-Sergt., George W. Jennings; Chap., Nathan T. Allen ; Adjt., Joseph L. Franklin ; O. D., Jonathan Seeds ; Surg., George W. Clark ; Sergt.- Maj., Alonzo S. Chew. EDUCATIONAL. "Woodbury Academy was erected in 1791, the money with which to build being raised by lottery, which was quite a common way at that time of raising money for such purposes. The land upon which it was built was deeded the same year by Joseph Bloomfield, of Burlington (who from 1803 to 1812 was Governor of the State), to Rev. Andrew Hunter, Dr. Thomas Hendry, John Sparks, Benjamin Whitall, Franklin Davenport, John Black- wood, and Joseph Howell, in trust, for the sole pur- pose of building an academy upon. It had at first but one story, with the present belfry upon it. " Rev. Andrew Hunter, one of the trustees, and minister of the Presbyterian congregation at that time, was the first teacher. In 1820 the second story was put on, and used for academic purposes, and the lower story, which had been used for some years by the Presbyterian congregation as a place of worship, as well as for a school, was conveyed to them, and fitted up for church purposes, and dedicated on the 19th of March of the same year by Rev. Jonathan Freeman, George W. Janvier, and Thomas J. Briggs, and continued to be used as a place of worship till 1834. " The late Dr. James Rush, of Philadelphia, and Commodore 'Benjamin Cooper, son of Capt. James Cooper, formerly of Woodbury, were partly educated in this academy; also Capt. James Lawrence, who resided with his brother, John Lawrence, Esq., in the house where John S. Jessup, Esq., now resides. He ^ By Joseph L. Franklin. CITY OF WOODBURY. 177 will ever be remembered as a most gallant officer. He was mortally wounded while at sea, in command of the United States frigate ' Chesapeake,' in an en- gagement with the British frigate ' Shannon.' The last dying words of Capt. Lawrence .were, 'Don't give up the ship.' His remains lie beside Trinity Church, New York, where there is a monument to his memory. Commodore Stephen Decatur was also at school here, his home being with the West family, at what was then called Buck Tavern, now West- vjlle. "The old academy bell deserves a passing notice. It was placed in the belfry soon after the original building was erected. It bears upon its exterior the impress of a Latin cross, at the base of which is the manufacturer's name and the place where it was manufactured in France, Bordeaux. This is evi- dence of its traditional history, and there can be no doubt that it was originally a convent bell, brought from San Domingo during the insurrection in 1789 to Philadelphia, and from there to Woodbury, and placed in its present position. From its appearance it is an old, old bell, and rang long in foreign coun- tries before it rang in Woodbury. It sounds as sweetly now as when it first to vespers called. " The pioneer school-house of Woodbury is what is now called the Deptford School, on Delaware Street. It was built in 1774. It was originally a one-story building, and in 1820 the second or upper story was added, James Cooper having bequeathed five hundred dollars for that purpose. In 1863 the building was remodeled and made the most pleasant and healthful of any in this vicinity. The land upon which the building stands was donated by Joseph Low, and school established, and to be forever under the control of the ' Society of Friends.' "The school was opened to children of all religious persuasions, on condition of payment and submission to the rules. The object, as set forth, was 'educa- tional, moral, and charitable.' The original trustees were Joseph Low, David Cooper, John Brown, Job Whitall, Jr. Jeremiah Paul was the pioneer teacher. ' Precepts' were ordered read on visitation-days, some of them being as follows : ' God created ycu ; love him with all your strength; never pronounce his sacred name vainly or lightly.' 'Fear nothing so much as to offend him.' ' To your elders and superi- ors show reverence and respect; to equals and in- feriors, civility and kindness; to all, a pleasure in obliging.' "Among the 'rules' were the following: 'The teacher shall suffer no scholar in ye school that hath the itch or any other infectious distemper.' "In looking over the records of the trustees of this school we notice that the minutes are still kept in the original book, and that each leaf bears the royal impress of the crown and cross." Friends' Meeting.—" The oldest place of worship in what is now the city of Woodbury is the ' Friends' 12 meeting-house.' The original building was erected in either 1715 or 1716. In 1715 an acre of land, being a part of the original purchase of two hundred , acres by Thomas Matthews, was deeded by John Swanson to John Ladd, Henry Wood, and John Cooper, in trust, to build a ' Friends meeting- house.' This John Cooper built the house, and lived in the property now occupied by the family of the late Amos Campbell. He was a man of much influence in all this section of the State. The Henry Wood here mentioned was probably the brother of Richard Wood, and first settled and named Wood- bury. It has been stated, on good authority, that during the Revolutionary war the meeting-house was used as a commissary depot by the British army. " In 1783 an addition was built to the original. The timbers in the original part are quite -a curiosity • at the present time, as the joists are fifty-one feet long, and ten by fifteen inches square. " The first monthly meeting was held in 1785. . The elders were David Cooper and James Whitall, Jr. ; overseers, Isaac Ballinger and James Whitall, Jr. The records show continued effort on the part of the Friends to assist the colored people in their spiritual and temporal concerns; to educate their children ; also their efforts with the Legislature for the freedom of those held as slaves. The first meet- ing of Friends in this part of the State was held in 1682, at Newton, in then Gloucester, now Camden County, at the dwelling-houses of Mark Newby and William Cooper. In 1690 a meeting-house was built about two and a half miles south of West Haddon- field. The Friends residing here attended that meeting up to 1696, when a meeting was established in the house of John Wood, in or near Woodbury." — Garter's Woodbury and Vicinity. Presbyterian Church. — The date of the origin of Presbyterianism in Woodbury is uncertain. It was doubtless, however, in the early part of the seven- teenth century, as their first place of worship or meeting-house was of logs, built in 1721, where their graveyard now is, on land deeded by John Tatum to Alexander Randell and others for a church. The earliest record of the congregation is in 1732. The first stated pastor was Rev. Benjiamin Chestnut, in 1751. Upon the authority of old Jonas Cattell, it is stated that in 1776 the church was occupied by the American army as a commissary depot, and was then some time unoccupied. The first elders were Elijah Clark, John Sparks, and Charles Ogden. Maria Ogden, daughter of Charles Ogden, a much loved, highly esteemed, and useful member of this church, left her home and friends in 1827 to go as a missionary to the Sandwich Islands. This was about six years after the first missionary had visited these islands, and great ignorance and superstition existed among the natives. In 1803 the old church was ordered to be sold. The first trustees were elected in 1819, and were 178 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Charles Ogden, Thomas Hendry, James Jaggard, Ephraim Miller, Amos Campbell, William A. Tatem, and James Dorman, who were legally incorporated and qualified before James Matlack, Esq., justice of the peace, to support the Constitution of the United States, to give allegiance to the State, to execute the trust. The present church edifice was erected in 1833-34, and dedicated in the latter year, when Bev. Charles Williamson was pastor. The trustees at that time were Eobert L. Armstrong, John Cade, William Scott, Ephraim Miller, William Roe, Dr. Joseph Fithian, and Richard Wells. Dr. Fithian was elected in 1834. Upon the records of this church may be found resolutions of respect to the memory of Rev. Samwel D. Blythe, a most excellent man. His warm, honest heart drew to him all the people, who flocked to hear him in matters of church or state, and to receive his solid advice, and catch, as they fell from his lips, the brilliant gems of a well-stored mind. His manner was full of graceful dignity, and an eloquence in the very lifting up of his hands in prayer. His personal resemblance to that distinguished statesman, the Hon. Henry Clay, was most marked. He died early, in his thirty-ninth year, and was buried in the Presbyterian graveyard at Woodbury. The record states — " His labors were greatly blessed of God." — Garter's Wood- bury and Vicinity. Of the pastors of this church we can gain but little information beyond the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Blythe, who was the shepherd of this flock for nearly five years, and died June 23, 1843. The pulpit was then supplied by Rev. Mr. Rogers for some time, when Rev. William Graham became pastor of the church, and continued in that relation for nearly nine years, when he was removed by death, that event occurring Dec. 18, 1856. Samuel J. Baird was the next pastor, and remained with the church ten years, and was succeeded by Rev. F. Davenport Harris, who re- mained till October, 1876, a period of ten years, when he was succeeded by Rev. Edward Dillon, the present pastor, who was called in June, 1877, and ordained and installed in October of the same year. The elders of the church in 1882 were Augustus S. Barber, John S. Jessup, and Joseph B. Roe. Dr. Joseph Fithian, a useful and honored member of this church, was elected a deacon in 1834, and held that responsible position till his decease, which occurred in 18—. The trustees of the church in 1882 were S. Mc- Henry, president of the board ; Augustus S. Barber, John S. Jessup, Benjamin W. Andrews, John Lupton, Augustus S. Barber, Jr., secretary ; and William A. Flanigen, treasurer. Present membership, 100. Value of church property, $15,000. St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church.— For some time previous to 1865 the Catholics held services in private houses in or near Woodbury, conducted by Rev. Father Daily. At that time this was a mission attended from Gloucester, the place of residence of Father Daily. In 1865 the mission had attained both numerical and financial strength suflScient to warrant the building of the present frame church edifice and parsonage, when Woodbury became self-supporting, and was no longer a mission field. Previous to 1865, or in that year, a deed of the lot upon which the church and parsonage stands was obtained by Father Daily, and in 1868 the property was deeded by Rev. James Daily and Right Rev. J. Roosevelt Bailey, Bishop of the Diocese of New Jersey, to St. Mary's Catholic Church, of Gloucester, and in 1878 St. Mary's Church deeded the property to St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, of Wood- bury. The church edifice was formally dedicated by Bishop Bailey, and the first pastor was Rev. James Daily. The pastor in 1883 was Rev. James Mc- Minimin. Christ Church (Episcopal),^ located on Delaware Street, was established in 1854. The Rev. William Herbert Norris was then appointed missionary in charge by the Right Rev. Bishop Doane. The lot on which the church is located was purchased from Wil- liam H. Morris in 1855, and deeded in trust to Wil- liam H. Norris, George Manley, Benjamin F. Carter, John R. Wright, and Edward Pierson. The church building was completed in 1857, at an expenditure of about ten thousand dollars, and was consecrated the same year by the Right Rev. Bishop Doane. In the fall of 1873, after a long, faithful, and most self- sacrificing service, the Rev. Mr. Norris resigned to accept an appointment as missionary to travel in Europe. Before his departure, in October, 1873, Robert R. Nefi", Henry C. Foote, and Samuel H. Ladd were elected to fill vacancies in the board of trustees. By appointment of Rt. Rev. Bishop Oden- heimer, the Rev. William H. Lewis became the mis- sionary in charge after the resignation of the Rev. Mr. Norris. In April, 1874, the parish was regularly incorporated, and organized and elected the follow- ing officers : Robert R. Neflf, senior warden ; Benja- min F. Carter, junior warden; Henry C. Foote, Samuel H. Ladd, David Cooper, Samuel G. Twells, Henry C. Clark, M.D., Frank J. Foote, and Theo- dore R. Glover, vestrymen. The Rev. William H. Lewis was then elected rector. The same year the parish was admitted into union with the Diocesan Convention. The Rev. Mr. Lewis resigned the rec- torship in 1878. During his time the parish was very prosperous, and the chapel, nearly opposite the church, was built, at a cost of about seventeen hun- dred dollars. In the same year (1878) the present minister, the Rev. George M. Bond, was elected by the vestry rector. The present number of communi- cants is one hundred and thirty-nine, the number of Sunday-school pupils one hundred and forty. The officers are : Senior Warden, Benjamin F. Carter ; 1 By Judge B. F. Carter. CITY OF WOODBURY. 179 Junior Warden, Henry C. Foote ; Vestrymen, Henry C. Clark, M.D., Edwin D. Mullen, Tyler Blake, R. Eandolph Parry, William Milligan, Samuel G. Twells, Belmont Perry. During the episcopate of Bishop Croes, and after- wards, until regular services were established by the Rev. Mr. Norris, occasional Episcopal services had been held in the court-house by Bishop Doane and others. From 1824 to 1826 the Rev. Richard Hall resided in Woodbury, and had charge of the Episco- pal Churches at Clarksboro and Chew's Landing. From 1835 to 1836 the Rev. J. Glancy Jones was a resident of the town, and had charge of the two last churches referred to. He afterwards became a mem- ber of Congress from Pennsylvania during the ad- ministration of President Buchanan, and was a prominent leader. He was also appointed minister to Austria. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The Methodist Episcopal Society was organized in Woodbury in 1803, when the following-named trustees were ap- pointed ; David Dail, Abishai Chattin, William Wil- kinson, Benjamin Whitecar, Michael Griglinglon, James Dilks, and Samuel Scott. They purchased a dwelling-house on what is now called " Glover's Lane," of Benjamin Cloud, where they worshiped till 1817. From that time till 1827, meetings were held in private houses, and from 1827 to 1832 the Methodists occupied the court-house, and in the latter year built a church upon the site occupied by the present church. In 1868 the present neat and commodious brick edifice was erected, and dedicated by Bishop Matthew Simpson. The building committee were Rev. Joseph L. Roe, pastor, and Messrs. John I. Estell, Nathan S. Abbott, and William Horn. Among the earliest and most prominent Methodist preachers, who from time to time officiated at Wood- bury, were Revs. Joseph Rusling, Robert Garey, David W. Bastine, and Joseph Ashbrook. — Carter's Woodbury and Vicinity. Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.— The African Methodist Episcopal Church in Wood- bury was organized in 1817 by Revs. Richard Allen and W. P. Quinn, in an old log cabin in which lived two devoted Christians, Thomas and Amelia Mann, in North Woodbury. Among the pioneer class-leaders, and probably the first in this church, was David Johnson. His class consisted of Thomas Mann, Sr., Amelia Mann, Thomas Mann, Jr., Henry Haines, Phebe Haines, Fanny Smothers, Susan Ricco, Harriet Block, Eben- ezer Mann. The society continued to worship in private houses, school-houses, or any place most available until 1840, when through the efforts of five ladies, Elizabeth Wright, Jane Wright, Hannah Collins, Susan Ricco, and Eliza Freeman, the old church, on the site of the present one on Otter Street, was erected. As neither of the ladies was educated, they called to their assistance John Freeman and Thomas Craig, as secretary and treasurer of the building fund. In that quaint old frame structure the colored people of Wood- bury worshiped until ]874, when the church was re- built, resulting in the present neat and commodious frame building, with a seating capacity of two hun- dred and fifty, at a cost of nine hundred dollars. In 1881 the society built their present parsonage, at a cost of eight hundred dollars, on a lot adjoining the church lot. About the time of building the church by the colored people they commenced a school-house for the education of their children, and were greatly assisted in this enterprise, as well as former ones, by the Society of Friends. This con- tinued as a semi-private school until 1881, when it was changed to one of the common schools of the city. Among the preachers who have served the Wood- bury circuit, which includes Swedesboro, the follow- ing are remembered: Revs. Richard Allen, W. P. Quinn, Joseph C. Harper, John Cornish, Israel Scott, Jeremiah Buley, Nohr C. Cannon, Peter D. Schumen, John R. V. Morgan, Isaac V. Parker, Clayton Dur- ham. Since 1872 the records have been more care'fully kept, and we find the following : William Rogers, 1872; Asa Crippen, 1873; R. M. Turner, 1874-75; Asa Garrison, 1876; S. B. Williams, 1877; J. T. Diggs, 1878-79; W. M. Watson, 1880-81; J. H. Morgan, 1882-83. The trustees of the church in 1883 were James E. Groves, Morris Huffington, Charles Gibson, Charles Sifax, John Long, Riley Davis, and Handy Hein. Class-leaders, Rev. J. H. Morgan, Charles Sifax, James E. Groves, and Charles Gibson. Local preacher, L. B. Langford. Present member- ship of society, one hundred and one. Sunday-school superintendent, Henry Sharp. First Baptist Church of Woodbury.'— The pre- liminary steps towards the organization of a Baptist Church in Woodbury were taken in 1857, as follows : " A meeting of those friendly to the organization of a Baptist Church, and the erection of a house of wor- ship, was called at the house of Dr. E. J. Records, in North Woodbury, Thursday, May 7, 1857, of which due notice had been given in the village paper, the Constitution.'' The church was duly constituted at the house of E. B. Hall, North Woodbury, Aug. 6, 1857, by repre- sentatives from the following-named churches : First and Second Baptist Churches of Camden, First Bap- tist Church of Salem, Blackwoodtown, Woodstown, Mullica Hill, Marlton, and Moorestown. The ser- mon was preached by the Rev. John Duncan, of the First Baptist Church, Camden. Text, IPeter, ii. 9. The constituent members were Rev. D. J. Freas, Ellis 'Bentley Hall, Dr. E. J. Records, Charles R. 1 By Rev. J. JudBon Pieraon. ISO HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUiVTY. Bee, Elizabeth Dare, Susan Tatum Freas, Hannah Harris Hall, Mary J. Records, Mary Paine Tatum, and Mary A. Ballinger. The first few years of this church's existence were years of hard struggle, but under the pastorate of Rev. L. Kirtley a rapid growth began, vvhich has continued to the present time, and from the ten con- stituents the church has increased to a present mem- bership of two hundred and forty-four, with no debt against the church property. Of the constituent members four are still living, viz. : Rev. D. J. Freas, C. R. Bee, Hannah Harris Hall, and Susan T. Freas. The following is a list of the pastors of this church, and time of service of each : Rev. D. J. Freas, Sept. 5, 1857, to April 8, 1866. • Rev. Henry Bray, July 10, 1867, to March 15, 1868. Rev. William P. Maul, Aug. 9, 1868, to Feb. 6, 1870. Rev. Charles Kain, Sept. 1, 1871, to June 1, 1872. Rev. William M. Whitehead, Oct. 1, 1872, to Jan- uary, 1874. Mr. Whitehead was a man of eminent piety, zealous in the work, beloved by all who knew him, and died Jan. 28, 1874, while in the service of this church. Rev. C. H. Harris, March 22, 1874, to Sept. 20, 1874. Rev. L. Kirtley, March 18, 1875, to June 7, 1881. Rev. J. Judson Pierson, the present pastor, began his pastorate Sept. 11, 1881. Of the above pastors all, except Mr. Whitehead, are still living, and in active service. The church edifice is located in North Woodbury, is of brick, and built in 1858, at a cost of nine thou- sand dollars. The basement was dedicated by the Rev. Dr. Perkins, Nov. 25, 1858. The parsonage was built in 1877. The officers of the church in 1883 were Rev. J. Judson Pierson, pastor ; Sunday-school Superintend- ent, M. Ware Scott; Deacons, Arthur L. Terry, J. L. Morgan, C. T. Bennett, H. Hendrickson, E. J. Lloyd, J. F. Shull ; Trustees, E. J. Lloyd, S. D. Dobbs, C. T. Bennett, J. F. Shull, E. Johnson, E. Clayton, and I. L. Davis ; Church Clerk and Treasurer, C. T. Ben- nett, D.D.S. The German Presbyterian Church, was organized May 5, 1882, in " Sofleiss Hall," in Woodbury, N. J., by Rev. John W. Bischofi", with the following-named persons as constituent members : Christian Sofleiss, William Sofleiss, Johanna Sofleiss, John Myers, Sally Myers, William Myers, Charles E. Von Stege, Anna Hochmuth, Josephine Hochrauth, Heinrich Frass, Eleazer Schmidt, Gottfried Young, Charles Seeger, Julius Baumgarden, Louis Brandt, Gustoph Pulver, Magdalena Schmidt, Jacob Byerly, Mary Basling- hover, and Case Schaufarle. A building lot on Lincoln Street was purchased of John C. Tatem. The foundation walls of the church edifice were built, and the corner-stone laid in August, 1883, by Rev. J. W. BischoflF. The church edifice, when completed, including lot, is estimated to cost two thousand five hundred dollars. The membership in October, 1883, was twenty. The elders in 1883 were Christian Sofleiss and John Myers. Trustees, Christian Sofleiss, John Myers, and Heinrich Fraas. North Woodbury Cemetery. — This small plot of ground is situated in the north part of the city, be- tween Broad Street and the West Jersey Railroad. The following are extracts from some of the inscrip- tions found upon headstones and monuments there : Brig.-Gen. Joshua Blackwood Howell, Tirst Brigade, First Division, Tenth Army Corps, born Sept. 11, 1806 ; died from injuries by the fall- ing of bis' horse while in temporary command of the Third Division, Tenth Army Corps, in front of Petersburg, Va., Sept. 14, 1864. Mary Lewis, wife of Joshua B. Howell, born Not. 22, 1809, died Sept. 7, 1852. Bacbael Thomas Lewis, born April 28, 1783, died Sept. 4, 1849. Henrietta Campbell Weatherby, bom Jan. 7, 1815, died May 2, 1880. Otilia Lenuig, died March 20, 1874. James Boe, born Feb. 26, 1792, died Jan. 22, 1880. Nathan Cozens, died Dec. 27, 1863, aged 67. James L. Gibbs, dipd July 20, 1860, aged 69. Eliza L. Gibbs, died Jan. 3, 1851, aged 53. Mary S. Barber, born Aug. 27, 1812, died July S, 1854. Isaac L. Davenport, died May 7, 1855, aged 33. John M. Connelly, died March 29, 1855, aged 68. Samuel E. Evans, died Feb. 22, 1872, aged 69. Emeline Evans, died Feb. 19, 1872, aged 53. Robert K. Matlock, born Jan. 22, 1804, died April 27, 1877. Rev. Samuel D. Blythe, uearly five years pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Woodbury, N. J., born March 27, 1804, died June 23, 1843. Bev. William Graham, died Dec. 18, 1856, aged 58. He was in the thirty-fourth year of tiis ministry, and ninth of his pastorate of Presby- terian Church of Woodbury. Peter Curts, die'd Oct. 24, 1864, aged 74. Elizabeth Curts, died Sept. 7, 1857, aged 66. Elizabeth Budd. Sophia Tomlin, wife of James B. Tomlin. Maria Budd, died Aug. 24, 1851, aged 45. David Garson, born Feb. 22, 1780, died Dec. 17, 1844. Sarah Gaison, born April 13, 1786, died Aug. 14, 1851. Robert Roe, died Aug. 18, 1862, aged 79. Elizabeth Roe, died Feb. 24, 1875, aged 81. Thomas Budd, died May 13, 1867, aged 59. Jane C. West Eizenhower, died Jan. 26, 18.52, aged 19. Judith 6. Smith, died Jan. 28, 1848, aged 21. Jacob E. Burkett, bom Jan. 10, 1848, died Aug. 7, 1869. Moffltt Mount. Hannah W. Cade, died Feb. 23, 1869, aged 56. William G. Pliifer, Sr., died Sept. 15, 1867, aged 78. Edward Low, died July 5, 1880, aged 51. Sarah Knight, died Sept. 22, 1854, aged 58. Isabella Hartley, died March 6, 1839, aged 57. Joseph Ourts, Sr., born July 22, 1785, died Nov. 1, 1852. Deborah 0. Curts, died March 30, 1880, aged 75. John M. Watson, born March 22, 1796, died July 3, 1878. Sarah W. Watson, born Jan. 31, 1822, died Sept. 30, 1860. Jane Chew, born Aug. 12, 1794, died March 13, 1844. Thomas J. Miller, drowned Dec. 12, 1829, aged 22. Joshua Matlack, born April 17, 1806, died Aug. 30, 1862. Amy Matlack, born March 18, 1808, died July 6, 1869. Samuel Wentz, died Sept. 11, 1835, aged 53. Sarah Wentz, died May 2, 1845, aged 62. Elizabeth Maffet, born March 11, 1757, died Nov. 27, 1773. Mary Ovens, born Jan. 29, 1814, died April 3, 1834. Ann A. Aires, died July 3, 1828, aged 25. On her tombstone is the following poetic effusion ; " 1 have left yon, no more my pale face to see ; Prepare Yourselves To Follow me." Mary P. Tatem, born Nov. 10, 1793, died Nov. 29, 1880. Mary P. Belden, died March 1, 1844, aged 62. James Crump, died Jan. 20, 1812, aged 55. Ann Crump, born April 29, 0.S. 1749, died Oct. 15, 1811. CITY OF WOODBUKY. 181 Elizabeth Anderson, born Sept. 26, 1763, died Deo. 6, 1794. Ann HopltioB, died Dec. 29, 1860, aged 76. Dr. George W. Campbell, died Sept. 22, 1798, aged 51. William Wallace Harris, died October, 1872, aged 26. Matilda Harris, died 7th mo 6, 1880, aged 69. She was the wife of Kov. F. D. Harris. John Tatem, died March 18, 1812, aged 51. Mary Tatem, died July 21, 1836, aged 73. Ann Campbell, died Aug. 23, 1832, aged 50. Lydia W. Dickinson Campbell, born June 2, 1822, died March 13, 1865. John D. Smallwood, born Aug. 19, 1835, died Nov. 21, 1865. Mary Smallwood, born Dec. 11, 1803, died June 21, 1874. John 0. Smallwood, born Feb. 16, 1797, died Sept. 18, 1878. Bobert M. Smallwood, born Aug. 20, 1827, died Feb. 8, 1866. William K. Anderson, born Jan. 6, 1841, died Sept. 2, 1878. Clara Smallwood Anderson, born Oct. 11, 1838, died March 26, 1867. Josiah K. Anderson, born Oct. 18, 1836, died Dec. 3, 1868. MoUie S. Anderson, born Oct. 11, 1838, died Jan. 4, 1881. Mary Hannold, born March 27, 1787, died Sept. 7, 1836. Elizabeth H. Tatem, died July 28, 1858, aged 46. Oliver Davis, died May 8, 1833, aged 66. Susan Davis, died June 5, 1845, aged 73. INDUSTRIES OF WOODBUET. G. G. Green's New Factory.'—" One of the hand- somest buildings in the country for the manufacture of proprietary medicines is that of Mr. George G. Green, located in our town. If among all it is not the handsomest, it is certainly the largest devoted ex- clusively to the business, and is exceeded by none in convenience of arrangement and adaptability. The exterior is attractive in its material and finish, and in strict harmony with the interior arrangements. " We have before referred to the general construction of the building, which is such an ornament and ad- dition to our town, but having accepted an invitation from Mr. Green to inspect the same, we saw much of which it is our pleasure to speak. Before it was in an unfinished condition, now it is so far completed that the entire business is done in its departments. " On the west side, extending along the entire front, are the private office of Mr. Green and the gen- eral office containing the desks at which the several clerks are engaged. The private office on the south end is set ofi' from the general office, and is complete in its finish and appointments. Kichly carpeted and furnished, and brilliantly lighted, it is all that could be desired. The general office presents a busy ap- pearance with its ten or dozen clerks employed in their respective departments of labor, some at their ledgers, others in receiving and shipping orders to and from all parts of the world, and in attending to the import- ant branch of advertising. This room is large, light, and airy, tastily and richly finished in walnut, chest- nut, and oak of exceedingly neat design. It has every appearance of counting- and banking-room combined. On the south end of the wing is built a large fire- proof safe, adequate to the accumulated needs of the business for years to come, and constructed in accord- ance with all the well-established scientific principles to secure safety and strength. Suspended from the ceiling are handsome gas chandeliers, the light being furnished by the vaporization of gasoline by means 1 By G. E. Pierson. of a large machine in the cellar and outside the build- ing. The floor is inlaid with tile, which is partially covered with carpet. Mr. Green's second or general office is in the north end, neatly finished and fur- nished, and, like his private one, so constructed with French plate glass windows that it may be practically thrown into the main room. "On the second floor are the almanac and printing- rooms. Here the almanacs of 1883 (of which five millions have been ordered and will be circulated gratuitously by the close of the present year) are pre- pared for distribution among dealers over the globe. These almanacs contain maps of each of the States in which they are to circulate, and as the names of thousands of dealers are printed on the last leaf of each almanac, the amount of work may easily be es- timated. Nine printing-presses are kept constantly running. After having thus passed through the press they are boxed, directed, and shipped for distribution. These almanacs are printed in the English, German, French, and Spanish language, and go wherever the medicines find sale, which is everywhere. "The third floor on the west is divided into two rooms, in which the bottles are washed, cleaned, and made ready to be filled with medicine, and where are stored such articles as are needed in the present dis- tribution of the almanacs, — placards, pasteboard, etc. " The upper floor is used as a store-room. It ex- tends over both the east and front wings of the building. "The first floor of the east wing is occupied exclu- sively as a packing-room. Large quantities of boxes, hay, and sawdust fill up all the available space, and the facilities are all that are needed in this depart- ment of the business. "The bottling-room is immediately above, where twenty-eight young ladies are engaged in filling the bottles with medicine. The facilities here are first- class. Rubber hose, fitted with nickel- plated faucets and connected with the reservoirs or tanks of medi- cine in the room above, runs to the centre and sides of the room, where are constructed stands or tables, at which sections of hose terminate. Rows of bottles are ranged on these tables, and the process of filling them at once becomes simple, complete, rapid, and cleanly, the end of the faucets being inserted in the neck of the bottle, and the medicine being allowed to flow until the phial is filled. When filled the bottles are sealed with corks, each containing a corkscrew, and afterwards put up in pasteboard boxes of a dozen and half-dozen each, which are subsequently packed in strong wooden boxes. " The laboratory or compounding-room is on the third floor, east wing, and runs its entire length. Of the business of this room much cannot be said. All the secrets of the establishment are locked up here, especially in one corner, where is partitioned ofi" an apartment to which admission to the public is wholly denied. Applications are frequently made for the secrets contained in the composition of the medicine, 182 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. but as yet satisfactory answers have not been given. The apparatus for heating the syrups is of Mr. Green's own design, and is perfect in its working. Steam is forced through a pipe into a large copper boiler, the pressure being regulated to suit the needs of the work by means of a valve and blow-ofif gauge. Four immense tanks stand in the centre of the main floor, while on the south side are fourteen small reservoirs, all being connected with the room below by means of iron pipes. The capacity of the large tank is eight hundred gallons; that of the smaller ones, ten hundred and fifty gallons. " Between the front and east wings is constructed an elevator, which can be communicated with from the several rooms of the building on the first, second, and third floors. Medicines, materials, etc., are thus dis- tributed over the whole building. At present this is worked by hand-power, but it is the intention of Mr. Green to operate it with steam. " A seven-hundred dollar gas-machine distributes gas over the whole building, giving a light whose brilliancy and evenne.'s are exceeded only by the student lamp. "Located on different floors are two water-tanks with a capacity of fifteen hundred gallons each. Connected with these on each floor are iron pipes, to which are attached sections of rubber hose reaching into the several rooms on the floors, to be used in case of fire or other purposes. " Mr. Green has also built an engine- and boiler- house on the north side of the factory. In it he has placed an engine of thirty horse-power, which he is using in heating the factory, and will apply to ma- chinery for the operation of the elevator. Pipe and other apparatus run through and are located in every room for the heating of the building. The success of the plan will appear to every one who enters the sev- eral rooms, a pleasant heat being evenly distributed throughout. " To facilitate business as well as to lighten its trans- actions, speaking-tubes run through the first three stories, accessible to all the rooms and communicat- ing with all parts of the building. " Forty-four persons are engaged in the building and on the pay-rolls, besides fourteen traveling salesmen, and exclusive of twenty-eight young ladies who are wholly occupied in filling the bottles with medicine. This number does not include the workmen who are employed outside the building by the day. Ten clerks are busily engaged at the desks in the count- ing-room, while more than that number of employees are kept constantly busy in the printing-room, run- ning presses for printing dealers' cards on almanacs, wrappers for bottles, directions to accompany the almanacs, etc. A force is engaged solely in making boxes, and the compounding of the medicines occu- pies the whole time and attention of two gentlemen. " The recent contract entered into with the Messrs. Starr, of Camden, for two miles of three-inch iron pipe to connect the factory with the reservoir on Dr. Koe's farm, was made with the view of receiving an inexhaustible supply of water for all purposes and at every section of his property. The work is finished (privileges having already been secured), and gives a flow of twenty thousand gallons per hour, sufficient for every conceivable need. The elevation of the reservoir above the level of the ground on which the factory is located is ninety-eight feet, a heavy enough descent to give all the pressure required for distribu- tion. " The amount of business done this year will slightly exceed five hundred thousand dollars, and there are indications already which lead to the belief that the sales the coming year will run over six hundred thou- sand dollars. Mr. Green is a firm believer in adver- tising and a liberal use of printers' ink, and he does not expect to have to wait long before having his impresssions confirmed respecting the large benefits to be derived from the universal and free distribution of his almanacs. " Thegeneral oversightand managementof the busi- ness are, of course, in the hands of Mr. Green him- self. These require his most assiduous attention. A business of such magnitude, reaching into every quar- ter of the globe, needs his personal attention to many of the little details. When to this care are added the trouble and anxiety incident to his recent building operations, it is most natural that Mr. Green should have his time fully occupied. The making and man- agement of such a character of business have re- quired an executive ability and tact not possessed by the many, and" that Mr. Green has conducted, and is still conducting it successfully, is not among the de- batable questions. If, as Col. Sellers says, "there's millions in it," Mr. Green will do his best to get it out, giving that patient toil, industry, and application which are indispensable to success." Standard Window-Glass Works (Limited).— These works are located in that portion of the city known locally as North Woodbury. The company that built and that are now operating the works was organized April 20, 1882, and comprise the following- named persons as stockholders : George G. Green, John I. Estell, 8. Paul Loudenslager, Benjamin C. Brown, and H. C. Loudenslager. The first glass-house with the buildings attached for carrying on the business was built in 1882, and in 1883 a second furnace was built a few yards from the first, the whole works costing nearly forty thousand dollars. The first officers of the company were George G. Green, chairman; S. Paul Loudenslager, vice-chair- man ; John I. Estell, general manager and treasurer. The capacity of the works is fifty-five thousand boxes of glass (all sizes) per annum, which gives em- ployment to sixty men. The officers for 1883 are the same as for 1882. Green's Steam Flaning-Mill is located on the CITY OP WOODBURY. 183 north side of Woodbury Creek, below the turnpike bridge, and was built in 1881 by Harry Tatem, and purchased by George G. Green in 1882. This mill furnishes employment for ten men in the preparation of lumber for building purposes. The pioneer grist-mill of Woodbury was originally the depot of the Camden and Woodbury Railroad, built in 1838, and in 1856, after the railroad station was changed to its present location, William Johns converted the old depot into a steam grist-mill, and built the frame part now attached to the brick. In rear of the station, or brick part of the present mill, was the round-house and blacksmith-shop, a part of which is now occupied by the fruit-canning establishment of Ralston & Busby. The mill property is now owned by George G. Green. The railroad crossed the creek below the turnpike bridge, crossing the lot now occupied by the coal-yard of John I. Estell. The Woodbury Fruit-Cannings House was estab- lished in 1881 by Ralston & Busby, who are doing an extensive business in canning all kinds of fruit, em- ploying a large number of workmen. One of the pioneer industries of this town was the scythe-factory of James Matlack. The old shop was what id now the brick store occupied by I. L. Davis, below Paul's Hotel. In this old shop, and under the instruction of James Matlack, the late Daniel J. Packer learned the trade of scythe-maker, axe-maker, and blacksmith. In 1810, Mr. Packer commenced business on his own account in the shop now occupied by his.son, Daniel J. Packer. Here he carried on the business of axe-making, which he made a specialty. Mr. Packer died April 30, 1851, and was succeeded in business by his son, who after a year or two discon- tinued the manufacture of axes and turned his atten- tion to general blacksmithing and the manufacture of heavy road- and farm-wagons, which he still continues. The Woodbury Glass-Works Company was in- corporated under the general law of 1881, with George G. Green as president, I. C. Voorhies as secretary and treasurer, and C. A. Madden, superintendent, with William Connolly, John Runge, Charles F. Marshall, and Belmont Perry constituting the board of managers. The company did well with Mr. Green as president, as he is indomitable in overcoming ob- stacles, having in his own business, started from a small beginning in a little western village, pushed his business to a colossal status equaled by few and reached as rapidly by none; and who, ever on the alert to benefit and further the interests of this his adopted city, advanced largely of his means, and in so doing secured to the company a fine location and buildings of the most substantial character. Mr. Voorhies, for a long time superintendent of the West Jersey Marl Company, and widely known in the State, a man of qualified integrity in business and social relations, was chosen to have a general supervision of the business. Mr. C. A. Madden, of Clayton, N. J., a life-long manufacturer of glass and its adjuncts, well known in this the " Glass State," was called to supervise the construction of the works and organize the working force. Through his selection of none but sober and industrious mechanics and laborers, we have to chronicle that since the organization not a single day has been lost through drunkenness of the men, and not a more quiet and orderly set of men can be found ; instead of profanity, which is too often the case in factories, there is singing of hymns and innocent songs, with merry laughter, making it a pleasure to associate with or live near them. The architectural designs were furnished by Mr. Paschal Madara, and were well executed in building. A tank-furnace was built from the Foster patent, and ran well for a season, but owing to a number of unavoidable accidents it proved a failure. The man- agement studied carefully the defects and causes of the accidents in the tank, and having faith in the plan decided to try a second, which, after long and tedious efforts, was got into working order, but un- happily lasted only a short time. This second failure so discouraged Mr. Madden that he resigned his po- sition and resumed his former occupation as a glass- blower. Through the determined efforts of Mr. Voorhies to overcome the many annoyances occurring continually from accidents which compelled him to exert himself both mentally and physically beyond what nature had designed for him to endure, it brought him to an untimely grave. He started in this enterprise full of vigor and animation, with bright hopes for a pros- perous future, but alas, all were soon blasted. After the resignation of Mr. Madden, in December, 1882, Mr. Jacob Pease, originally from Glassboro, born and reared in the business, a blower of no mean rep- utation, and for the past thirteen years superintend- ent of Hagerty Bros, factories, Brooklyn, N. Y., was elected superintendent, and is now filling that posi- tion. In a long and varied experience, he had ac- quired a knowledge of the advantage of the old system on that of pots over the tank for a general line of glassware. Consequently, on Jan. 20, 1883, the tank was taken down to its foundation, and in thirteen days a new pot-furnace of an improved design built, pots sheared, and the blowers at work, a work that was never before equaled. It is due, however, to say that this work was accomplished through the gratui- tous skilled labor performed by a few of the blowers now employed by the company. After exchanging the new for the old system every- thing worked smoothly, and the company soon re- deemed their early losses, and met with such success that a second factory was built in the summer of 1883, on even later plans, and having four sets of ovens, thus securing for bottles four days' tempering, which will make them the best in use. The ventilation of the buildings is perfect, and all the tools and imple- 184 HISTOKY OP GLODCESTEK COUNTY. ments of the latest improved patterns; every facility is offered for shipping to all parts of the world, and, with first-class goods, this new company stand second to no other in this or any other country. Woodbury in 1883, — Two hundred years has made about the same impression on Woodbury that one decade would make upon a locality with like fa- cilities in a new country at the present day, for the reason that the pioneers were not of the aggressive sort of people, and the same trait of character has run down through the veins of several generations. Yet, with all the staid and quiet peculiarities of the pioneers and their descendants, Woodbury is second to none of the many county-seats in the State. What- ever her facilities were two hundred years ago fo» going and coming, they are to-day the best that the art of man, with the help of nature, can supply. Her railroad facilities of to-day are all that could be required by the most fastidious. Twenty or thirty minutes to Philadelphia, an hour or so to the Atlan- tic coast, and but a step to the capital of the Union, or to the great metropolis of our country. New York City. With the aid afforded by river and harbor ap- propriations, the water communication of Woodbury with the outer world has been made sufficient for all requirements by that means of transportation. Time and space has been almost annihilated by the tele- graph and the telephone, and Woodbury brought within the circuit of both means of communication, a thing neither dreamed of or imagined during the embryo period of this town. From the one broad and well-shaded street of ye ancient Jays she has spread out over a large extent of territory, with broad avenues, along the lines of which are hundreds of beautiful villas and cottages, che grounds of which are beautifully ornamented with shrubbery and flowers. From the one or two small and dingy stores and blocks of even a century ago, Woodbury now boasts of elegant blocks of buildings and stores that would do honor to any city. From the five or six country taverns at the begin- ning of the present century, the number has been re- duced to two well-appointed modern hotels, Newton's, corner of Broad and Delaware Streets, and Paul's, on Broad Street, between Delaware Street and the creek ; and yet, with these excellent places of sojourn for the weary traveler, there is plenty of room for improve- ment. From no place of amusement even half a century ago, except that afforded by the small room in the old school-house or academy, Woodbury now boasts of her town hal'l, a large brick building, corner of Broad and German Streets, in which is a store, public library, and a hall of modern size and appointments ; also Green's block on Broad Street, one of the largest and best constructed of its kind in the State, in which are four large stores. Common Council chamber, printing- ofl5ce, Woodbury Novelty Manufacturing Company's Works, Society Hall, offices, and one of the best ap- pointed opera-houses in New Jersey. The building is of brick, three stories high, and built by George G. Green in 1881. From no manufacturing establishments one-quarter of a century ago, Woodbury has at present two glass manufactories, " Woodbury Glass- Works," a hollow- ware establishment, built in 1881, " Standard Glass- works," built in 1882, each of which was enlarged in 1883 to double their original capacity, and Green's August Flower Works, located on Bailroad Avenue. These three establishments employ between five and six hundred persons, and it may truly be said of them that they are "the life of Woodbury." There are several other small manufacturing establishments, such as are usually found in a town of this size. From no printing-press at all at the beginning of this century, Woodbury has grown up to the support of three first-class weeklies, the Constitution, a Re- publican organ, the Democrat, a Democratic organ, and the Liberal Press, independent in all things. From the one place of worship, " Friends' meeting- house,'' there has arisen six others, the Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Protestant Episcopal, African, Baptist, and German Presbyterian, of all of which a history will be found in this work. The old court-house stands as a monument of the last century, almost as good as new, and one that should never feel the blighting touch of the hand of vandalism. The soldiers' monument, with its many inscriptions, tells of the brave deeds of Woodbury and Gloucester County's sons, who laid down their lives for a prin- ciple. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEWIS M. GREEN. The family are of German ancestry, the grand- parents of Mr. Green having been David and Eliza- beth Green, the former of whom was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. Their children were Isaac, Jacob, David, Joseph Daniel, John, and Elizabeth (Mrs. Stout). Of this number, Joseph Daniel was born in Gloucester County, on the 5th of July, 1793, and there spent his life as a successful farmer and business man. He married Mary, daughter of Gil- bert and Elizabeth Morris, of the same county, also of German descent, to whom were born children, — Lewis M., Charles, Senix, John, Edward, Jos. Albert, Mary Elizabeth (Mrs. Gebhart), and Beulah A. (Mrs. Shute). Mr. Green's death occurred at Clarksboro, April 12, 1880, in his eighty-seventh year. During a long and active life his character for probity and integrity ^'i'7''''", ^l//i/./t'''" CITY OF WOODBURY. 185 was never questioned. His widow still survives, and in her eighty-seventh year enjoys excellent health and exhibits exceptional vigor of mind. Their son, Lewis M., was born March 28, 1817, in Woolwich township, and when but a lad removed with his par- ents to Greenwich township, where he enjoyed the advantages of a country school, and subsequently completed his education in Philadelphia, his father . having afforded his children liberal advantages for the day. His time and energies until twenty years of age were devoted, on his return, to farm labor, after which, for three years, he engaged in teaching, meanwhile pursuing the study of medicine under Dr. Joseph C. Weatherby, which profession he did not follow, owing to the arduous labor involved in a country practice. He was, at the age of twenty-two, married to Miss Mary Ann, ' daughter of Nathaniel P. Turner, whose death occurred in Clarksboro, Aug. 29, 1844, in her twenty-fifth year. He was i again married to Miss Ellen H., daughter i of Haddon and Elizabeth Banks. To | these marriages were born children, — George G., Mary A. (Mrs. John H. Lup- ton), and Joseph D. | Mr. Green, soon after his marriage, pur- chased a farm near Clarksboro, and en- gaged in agricultural employments, which were continued until the death of his wife, when he abandoned farming and em- barked in the sale of clocks throughout the State. By industry and thrift he ac- cumulated in this business the sum of twenty thousand dollars, after which he became a merchant in Clarksboro, but finding little in this quiet, monotonous life to satisfy his energetic, restless nature, he engaged again in the business of clock-selling. During this period, having been afflicted with dys- pepsia, Mr. Green was handed by a friend a cluster of blossoms which, combined with a formula he had before used, formed a remedy for the malady from which he suffered. This he introduced into the market under the name of " Green's August Flower," which speedily became popular and attained a very extended sale. He soon after purchased from a Ger- man the formula for " Boschee's German Syrup," which met with like success. Mr. Green encountered some vicissitudes during his business career, but eventually abandoned the clock enterprise and placed his whole available capital in the medicines, devoting all his time and energy to their manufacture. He achieved a signal success, but ultimately effected a business arrangement with his son, George G., by which the control and manufacture of the various articles passed into his hands, and a royalty is annu- ally paid to his father. The enterprise, which by stipulation is to be continued in the city of Wood- bury only, has reached such proportions as to yield Mr. Green a royalty of forty thousand dollars yearly. This has enabled him to devote his leisure to building, to the purchase and improvement of several farms, and the management of his private interests. He is owner, within the limits of the city of Woodbury, of eighty acres of valuable property centrally located. Mr. Green has invariably enjoyed success in his several business ventures, as the reward of industry, combined with excellent judgment. He is conceded to be one of the most public spirited citizens of the county, and financially takes a foremost rank, being estimated to represent a fortune of over half a million dollars. He became a resident of Woodbury in 1865, and is now, as a Republican, serving his fifth term as :^ RESIDENCE OP DR. L. M. GREEN. mayor of the city, having for three years been a mem- ber of the City Council, though not actively engaged in the political arena nor ambitious for official dis- tinction. He is largely identified with the improve- ment of Woodbury, and adds to its growth and beauty by the erection of dwellings and the improvement of his real estate. Mr. Green is a supporter of all religious denomina- tions, and manifests a reasonable liberality in his do- nations to each, though the family are worshipers at the Methodist Episcopal Church of the city. He is a member of Florence Lodge, No. 87, of Free and Accepted Masons, of Woodbury Lodge, No. 54, of Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of Mariola Lodge, No. 9, of Knights of Pythias, and of Kin- der-Kamack Lodge, No. 59, of Independent Order of Ked Men. Accompanying this sketch will be found an en- graving of Mr. Green's spacious and elegant resi- dence, which is constructed of pressed brick on all sides, and finished throughout iu hard woods, under his personal supervision. 186 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. GEORGE G. GREEN. Dr. Green was born near Woodbury, in Gloucester County, on the farm of his father, present Mayor L. M. Green, of Woodbury, on the 16th of January, 1842. The family removed soon after to the adjacent vil- lage of Clarksboro, where, as a lad, he attended the public school of the place. When sixteen years of age, desiring more thorough scholastic training than could be enjoyed at home, he repaired to the Fort Edward Institute, in Washington County, N. Y., and remained for two years a pupil at this popular seat of learning, after which he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Pa. This was during the period of the late civil war, and the college having been threatened with raids of the rebel army, a speedy departure of most of the students was deemed advisable. Dr. Green left, with many others, and entered the Pennington Seminary, at Pennington, N. J., where a year was spent in the study of the languages, and the pursuit of a scientific course with a view to preparation for the medical profession. While here he organized the Philomathean Society, and was chosen its first presi- dent. It has since that date become the most popular society of the institution, and recently established a library known as the G. G. Green library. In the fall of 1862 he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, and re- mained for two years, when impaired health caused his removal in 1864 to the West, Warren and Galena, in Illinois, having been chosen as his places of resi- dence. In the summer of 1864 he became a member of the One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment, Illi- nois Volunteers, and served for seven months as assist- ant surgeon of the regiment, receiving his discharge in Chicago on account of illness. During this time he was detailed -to service in Memphis, Tenn., and participated in the battle which occurred in that city. He returned home after his term of service, when a period was spent in recreation and the re-establish- ment of his health. Dr. Green, on his graduation and removal to the West, determined upon the pursuit of his profession. He was, however, so chagrined at the low standard of professional attainment consequent upon the reckless manner of conducting medical col- leges in various parts of the United States, in con- ferring degrees upon the illiterate and short-timed student, and thus filling the country with charlatans bearing the common appellation of M.D., that he abandoned his profession and engaged in commercial life. He consequently removed, in 1867, to Baltimore, and established an extensive wholesale proprietary medicine-house, securing several exclusive agencies, among which was the now world-renowned Boschee's German Syrup, which he controlled in the United States. After a successful career of two years he was com- pelled to suspend, as a result of heavy losses by fire and otherwise. With a view to again embarking in business, he accepted a position with a Philadelphia firm to travel in the West, and in 1869 located in Athens, Ohio, where he engaged in the retail drug business. While residing here he was married to Miss Angie L. Brown, daughter of Hon. Leonard Brown, a prominent citizen of Athens. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Green are Harry Brown, Lottie, Edith, and George G., Jr. Dr. Green began in Athens the manufacture of the August Flower and German Syrup, which have since by their merits and the enterprise of their proprietor become world-renowned, and controlled the Western branch of the business. At the expiration of two years he removed to Columbus, Ohio, and availing himself of increased facilities, greatly enlarged and extended his commercial enterprises. In 1873, having purchased the interest of his father in Green's August Flower and the German Syrup, he returned to the East and engaged in the exclusive manufacture of th.ese medicines. Dr. Green has met with a phenome- nal success, which may be attributed to his thorough early education, to extensive travel, affording him extended experience with business men and rare knowledge of human nature, and to his faculty of business organization. He devotes his personal atten- tion to the various details of his large establishment, and, as a consequence, has little leisure for matters of public import. His political belief is that of a con- servative Democrat, though rarely participating in the active work of a political campaign. His ener- gies are devoted rather to his private business and the good of the general public than to the pursuit of honors accorded by his party. He was,.however, in 1880, chosen a Presidential elector, and has been frequently proffered other offices of importance but invariably declined them. He is. largely identified with the development and prosperity of Woodbury, is president of the Standard Window Glass Company and of the Woodbury Hollow- Ware Glass- Works. He is also a director of the First National Bank of Woodbury. Dr. Green is a cheerful contributor to and supporter of all evangelical religious denomina- tions, but worships with the Presbyterian congrega- tion of the city of his residence. THOMAS GLOVER. The New Jersey branch of the Glover family is supposed to be descended from the Glovers of Nor- wood, County Kent, and Tatsfield, County Surrey, England. The family was an ancient and honorable one in the reign of the Tudors, the head of the house having been burned in the reign of Queen Mary. His successor was ambassador to the Porte in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The New Jersey family were first represented by Richard, who came to America early in the eigh- teenth century and settled in Bristol, Pa. From his son John, born at Bristol, Feb. 8, 1729, O. S., the family in New Jersey are descended. He settled in /'^ Vj (iU^ ^■"im^/Ot/) ^!i^/6^ Q^i(p'^<^^^^ CITY OP WOODBURY. 187 Gloucester County, N. J., on land purchased of the proprietors of West Jersey, married Mary, daughter of John Thome, Esq., and had among his children Thomas, who married a Miss Olden. He resided near Mount Ephraim, in Gloucester County, N. J., and had one son, William, born on the homestead, the family having at that time been owners of an extensive property. After a period spent at home he learned the trade of a weaver, which was later abandoned for the occupation of a farmer. He mar ried Mary, daughter of Samuel Mickle, of Greenwich township, Gloucester Co., and had children, — George M., Sarah M., Ann (Mrs. Thomas Hudson), Thomas, Hannah (Mrs. Charles Jennings), Eliza (Mrs. James Embre), Sophia (Mrs. Joshua Embre), Adeline, Samuel, Uli Elmer, of whom but four survive. Mr. Glover for a brief period continued his trade of weaver; but having been attracted by the rich lands of Pennsylvania, became a farmer in that State, and afterwards engaged in similar labor in Maryland. His last years were spent in Woodbury, at the house of his son Thomas, where his death occurred about the year 1852, in his seventy-fourth year. Thomas Glover was born Sept. 15, 1806, near Mount Ephraim, frequently known as Gloverstown. After enjoying such advantages as the country school offered, he at the age of fifteen removed to Burlington County and served an apprenticeship as blacksmith with Abra- ham Lippincott. Two years were then spent as a journeyman, after which he removed to Woodbury, having purchased the shop and business of Joseph Bellinger. Here he applied himself with vigor and industry to his vocation, and speedily established a large and successful patronage. He purchased, in 1842, a tract of land, a portion of which was within the limits of the city of Woodbury, and to his other pursuits added those of a farmer. This land, which originally cost twenty-five dollars per acre, has so greatly increased in value as now to be worth three hundred dollars per acre. Other property which he . owns has arisen proportionably, and is now being devoted to purposes of building. Mr. Glover retired from business in 1879, his health having precluded active labor. He was married in 1839 to Miss Eliz- abeth, only daughter of Jacob Baker, whose family were of German descent, and on their emigration settled in Gloucester County, N. J. Mrs. Baker was the daughter of John Budd, who emigrated from Germany and settled in the West, leaving their chil- dren, Catherine and Casper, with a Mr. Jessup, of Gloucester County, where the former remained until eighteen years of age. She then made her home with Joseph Low, and married Edward Andrews, who died five years later, when she became Mrs. Baker. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Glover are Jacob B., of Woodbury, married to Julia H. Lee, who has had three children, of whom Walter and Lillian survive; Thomas, married to Anna L. Dickinsheet ; and Wil- liam Augustus, a practicing physician in Woodbury. Mr. Glover is in politics independent, choosing for office men of worth irrespective of party. He has served as member of the City Council, and held less important offices, but cares little for such distinctions. In religion he is an Orthodox Friend, and a wor- shiper at the church in Woodbury, of which he is a member. DANIEL J. PACKER. Daniel and Keturah Packer, the grandparents of the subject of this biography, resided in Gloucester County. Their children were Samuel, John, Daniel J., Susan (Mrs. Cox), and Elizabeth. Their son Dan- iel J. was born April 9, 1789, in Gloucester County, and became an inmate of his brother Samuel's home during his boyhood. Very limited advantages of education were enjoyed at this period, and the lad became accustomed in early life to habits of industry. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to James Matlack, who was engaged in the manufacture of edge tools. After four years of service his employer sold the business and also the time of his young ap- prentice, who served the remaining year with John Shivers. In 1810 he settled in Woodbury, and soon acquired a reputation as a manufacturer of axes. The same year he married Miss Hannah, daughter of Samuel and Hope Jaggard, whose children were EleanorH.,bornin 1811; Susan, born in 1813; James M., in 1815; Mary Ann, in 1817 ; Isaac J., in 1818; Samuel, in 1820 ; and Daniel, in 1823. Mrs. Packer died Feb. 3, 1826, and he married, the following year, Mrs. Eliza E., daughter of Kindle and Keziah Cole. Their children were Daniel J., born Feb. 26, 1829 ; Edward S., born in 1831; Charles C, in 1834; Col- lins L., in 1838; and Benjamin C, in 1840. Mr. Packer's death occurred April 30, 1851, in his sixty- third year. He acquired a reputation during his life- time, not less for his integrity and moral character than for his industry and business thrift. His son, Daniel J., still occupies the home which was the scene of his birth and which was erected by his father. The latter, having been called to active exertion in the maintenance of a large family, could do little else than afford his children a plain English education, which his son received, after which, at the age of six- teen, he was placed in the shop, and there learned with his father the trade of a blacksmith. He con- tinued with the latter until his death, when the shop became his by inheritance, since which time he has successfully conducted the branch of the business pertaining to blacksmithing and wagon-making. He has manifested the same industry and activity that signalized his father's career, and achieved an equal degree of prosperity. Mr. Packer was married Feb. 22, 1855, to Miss Martha H., daughter of William and Sarah Wheaton, of Woodbury. Their children are Ella (Mrs. Albert Hoffman), Daniel J., Lizzie (Mrs. C. S. Johnson), and Mary (deceased). Mr. Packer was formerly a Democrat, but has since 1856 188 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. affiliated with the Republican party, which he for six years represented as freeholder of Deptford township. He is a member of Woodbury Lodge, No. 54, of In- dependent Order of Odd-Fellows, and of Provident Conclave, No. 47, of Independent Order of Hepta- sophs. He has in religion maintained the Quaker faith of his parents. WEST JBSSUP. John Jessup was a farmer in Deptford township, and the grandfather of the subject of this biographi- cal sketch. He was married, and had children, — James, John, and Sarah (Mrs. .Joshua Lord). His son James was born in Deptford, at the house 'of his father, and later followed farming occupations in Greenwich township. He possessed fine business qualifications, engaged largely in lumbering, and was an extensive holder of real estate. His political affil- iations were early with the Old-Line Whig party, after which he became a Republican, and filled the offices of freeholder, assessor, etc., in his township. He married Sarah, daughter of John West, of Green- wich, and had sons, — John and James (deceased) ; George, who died in infancy; Joseph; West; and one daughter, Mary (deceased). All these children were residents of Gloucester County. Mr. Jessup paid little heed to matters apart from the private business which absorbed his closest attention. His death occurred at the homestead, June 7, 1852, in his eighty-third year; and that of his wife, Sarah, Feb. 7, 1865, aged eighty-eight years. His son West was born Dec. 1, 1806, a;t the paternal home, where he remained during his youth, and in the spring of 1837 settled upon a farm belonging to his father in Deptford township. He, however, soon returned to the homestead, and for a number of years superin- tended its cultivation. This property eventually be- came his by inheritance and purchase, and continued to be the family home until his removal to Woodbury in 1869, his present residence. He also embarked in the lumber business, and engaged largely in the pur- chase of real estate, holding at the present time three thousand acres in Salem and Gloucester Counties. Mr. Jessup was, March 3, 1837, united in marriage to Miss Martha, daughter of David Cooper, of Deptford township. Their children are John W., who resides on the homestead; Cooper, of Mantua township; Sally (Mrs. Thomas M. Pancoast, deceased) ; Han- nah 0. (Mrs. George W. Brick) ; David C, of East Deptford; James (deceased) ; James (2d) ; and Lewis R., both of Mantua township. Mr. Jessup, on his removal to Woodbury, retired from active business, though still supervising his various landed interests. He is not actively interested in the political arena, but adheres to the principles of the Republican party. Both Mr. and Mrs. Jessup were educated in the Quaker faith, and worship with the Hicksite Quakers of Wood- bury. CHAPTER XXXVIIL TOWNSHIP OF DEPTFORD.' Geographical and Descriptive.— This is one of the northeast border townships of this county, and is bounded on the northeast by Camden County, on the southeast by Washington township, on the south- west by Mantua, and northwest by West Deptford township. The old township of Deptford (including what is now West Deptford, Washington, and Monroe town- ships, and Woodbury City) was among the original municipal districts of New Jersey. It was first named Bethlehem, and received its present appella- tion from the old English seaport town of Deptford, made famous in history as the place where Peter the Great served an apprenticeship at ship-building. After several alterations of the original lines of the township, made by the organization of new town- ships, a division of the remaining portion was effected March 1, 1871, when the township of West Deptford was organized, leaving an area of twelve thousand six hundred and sixty-five acres to Deptford. The surface of the township is generally level or slightly undulating. In the northern portion, which is a sandy-loam soil, the cultivation for many years has been such that at present large crops of grass, vegetables, and fruit are raised. The southern por- tion was covered, until within a few years, with a heavy growth of pine timber, of which the land has been cleared, and is now occupied by successful " truck farmers." The township is drained on the northeast by Tim- ber Creek and its tributaries, of which Almonesson is the largest, rising in the southeast quarter of the township, running northerly through the hamlet of Clements' Bridge, or Almonesson post-office. The southwest portion of the township is drained by Mantua Creek and tributaries. Another Change of Boundary Line.— In 1878 the , boundary line of this township was changed by act of the State Legislature as follows : " Section 1. Beit enacted by the Senate and General ABeembly of the State of New Jersey, That the present western boundary line of the township of Deptford, in the county of Gloucester, be, and the same is hereby, changed, so as to make the line of the West Jersey Railroad the western boundary line of said township, from Big Timber Creek at Westville to the junction of the Gloucester and Woodbury turnpike and West Jersey Railroad at North Woodbury." Approved Feb. 20, 1878. Pioneer Settlers. — Just who the pioneer of what is now Deptford township was, or the exact farm upon which he located, is a difficult matter to determine at this date, as more than two centuries have passed into eternity since the advent of the first adventurer into this then wilderness. Therefore we can only give the names of those found in old records covering all the 1 By W. H. Shaw. TOWNSHIP OF DEPTFORD. 189 territory embraced in the old township, as originally bounded, and leave the locating of the pioneers by their descendants, whose family names still cover the same territory. Many will be found in the lists of township officers from 1733, the earliest list we could obtain, to 1782, the latest we could find in the last century. Among others found in the few imperfect leaves of records are the following, which will no doubt be looked upon with interest : John Jasop, John Sanders, William Sharp, George Morgan, Acquilla Downs, Joseph Langler, Levi Peaze, John Brown, John Carter, David Ward, Phebe Ward, John Whittle, James Cooper, John Downs, Joseph Tatum, Habacuk Ward, John Sparks, Jonathan Morgan, John Fish, Henry Treadway, Andrew Jones, Jonathan Reeves, David Cooper, Constantine Jeflferis, James Dilks, John Jones, Arthur Reeves, Israel Wil- liams, Allen Sharp, William Clark, John Watson, James Budd, Lucas Gibbs, Samuel Shreve, Cornelius Dewall, Samuel Ladd, John Erwine, Samuel Brown, Samuel Moffett, Moses Cox, Thomas West. He^ West, owned a large portion of the land upon which the village of Westville is located, and from him the village took its name. He lived there in 1758. Jonathan Carter, Edward Andrews, John Pidgeon, Constantine Lord, Levi Pierce, William Hooten, Thomas Denny, Joseph Eastlack, Jonathan Brown, Phineas Lord, Thomas Wilson, William Bates, Israel Williams, Arthur Hamilton, Levi Hopper, John Rodes, Michael Engleton, Isaiah Stratton, Joseph Cowgill, Walter Swob, Thomas Barker, John Watson, Paul Cooper, Edward Andrews, Aaron Hewes, Isaac Dilks, Caleb Gibson, Reuben Smith, Joshua Ward, Levi Clork. The above list of persons were land-owners or land- holders between 1733 and 1782, and reported estrays in their possession. There were many more that made similar reports, but their names appear else- where between the dates named. Pioneer' Becords, 1733/4.— The earliest records that have, by courtesy or otherwise, fallen into our hands relating to the early business interests of this township bear the above date, and read as follows : at meeting of the InhabitaDts of the Town Ship of Dopford the 12 day March anod 1733/4 the following officers were choson viz Thomas Wilkins, Town Clark ; John Brown, mantue creek, George Wood, Senor, freeholders; Con Stantine Wood, John Wood, John Ladd, inner, Joseph Gibson, Surreyors of y" Koads ; Con Stantine Wood, As- sessor; Thomas Wilkins, Collector; Richard Bickham, Bohert Downs, overseirs of y poor; Moses Word, roichel flshar, overseirs of j» high- ways; William Herrill, Edward Richason, constables. QJicsrs /or 1735/6. Thomaa Wilkins, Town Clerk ; Abraham Chattin, George Wood, Senor, Freeholders; George Wood, iunor, Benjamin Waitt, Bobert Downs, Ed- ward Bichason, Snrreyors of y Boads ; Michael Fisher, Assessor ; Mos- ses Wood, Collector ; Obadiah Gibson, William Wilkins, oner Seers of y» poor; Gabriel Earabo, William Jagord, Senor, oner Seers of y» Roads ; George Eaves, John Jones, constables. Officers for mm. Thomas Wilkins, Town Clerk; George Wood, John Wood, Free- holders ; Abraham Chattin, Edward Richardson, Luke Gibson, William Wilkins, Surveyor of ye Roads; Michael Fisher, Assessor; Thomas Wil- kins, Collector ; John Snowdon, Robert Downs, Overseers of y poor; John Wilkins, Michael Chew, Overseers of y« Roads; John Dicker- manor, Richard Clark, Con Stables. Ojjicers /or 1737/8. Thomas Wilkins, Town Clerk ; John Wood, George Wood, Freeholders; Abraham Chattin, George Wood, iunor, Peter Rambo, William Wilkins, Surveyors of y« Roads; Michael Fisher, Assessor ; William Tatim, Col- lector; John Snowdon, Robert Downs, over Seers of y° poor; Mosses W^ood, Loui Pers, overseers of y« Koads ; William Howe, John Dicker- manor, con Stables. Prior to 1751 some adhered to what was known as " old style," according to which March was the first month, and some adopted the "new style,'' which made the year to commence January 1st. To avoid ambiguity, the years were frequently written as here, 17ff, 174J, or 1741/2. The new style was adopted by an act of Parliament in 1751. Officers for 1739/40. Abraham Chattin, Town Clark; John Wood, Obadiah Gibson, free- holders; George Ward, Peter Rambo, John Wilkins, Robert Down, Surveyors of the Roads; William Wood, Assessor; Benjamin Wait, Col- lector; Luke Gibson, Isaac Stephens, Overseers of the roads; John Dukamines or George Evis, thought fitt for Constables. Officers for 1740/1. Abraham Chattin, Town Clark ; George Ward, William Wood, free- holders; michael fisher. Assessor; Henry Sparks, Collector; amaria Ballings, John Wilkins, Michael Chew, Peter Rambo, Surveyors of y Roads ; Richard Clark, James Whital, Overseers of yo Roads ; George Evis, Moses Ward, for Constables. Officers for 1741/2. Michael Fisher, Town Clark ; John Wood, George Ward, Jun'., Free- holders ; Michael Fisher, Assessor ; Abraham Chattin, Collector ; Wil- liam Wood, Michael Chew, Henry Sparks, Edward Richardson, Surveyors of yo Roads ; Robert Downs, John Chew, Overseers of y Roads ; John Dilks, John Jessup, Constables. The above mentioned waschosed by Majority of the Voters which was Present. Michael Fisher, Clk. Officers for 1744/6. At a meeting for Choosing oificers for yc year 1745 tlie following per- sons by Major of votes was chosed, viz. . Michael Fisher, Town Clark; Edward Richardson, George Ward, Jun^, Freeholders; Robert Downs, James Whital, William Wood, Peter Bambo, Surveyors nf y Roads; Michael Fislier, Assessor; James Lord, Constable; Amariah Ballinger, James Wood, Overseera of y Roads ; John Wilkins, Richard Clark, Overseers of y poor. By y count Peter Mattson was chused Constable. Michael Fisher, Clk. Officers for 1766. At a Town-meeting of thee Inhabitants of the Township of Deptford met at James Woods in Woodbury the 9^^ Day of the 3» To Cash received of Sundries £157 3 10 To this sum to Collect from Jonathan Harker 45 3 4 £202 7 2 Dr. — Isaac Collins one of the Overseers of Highways 1797 March 7. To balance remaining on account settled this day £ 18 8 2 To this sum received of Jona Harker Collector for 1796, overplus money ,15 19 11 1798 March 13. To Cash received of James B. Cooper Township Collector 76 £109 8 1 Dr. — James Jaggard one of the Overseei-s of the Highways 1797 March 7. To balance of account settled this day £ 32 6 6J^ 1798 . March 14. To Cash received of James B. Cooper Collector one fourth of 600 Doll« 15 £107 6 63^ In Account Current with the Town Ship of Deptford. — Ce. 1798 March 14. By Cash expended on the Roads £ 42 12 4 By balance remaining iu Samuel Bennett's hands due to the Township 75 18 5 £118 10 9 In Account Current with the Township of Deptford. — Cr. 1798 March 14. By Sundry expenditures on the Highways £145 4 0}^ By balance remaining in Biddle Beeves' hands due the Township '. 57 3 l^ £202 7 2 In Account Current with the Township of Deptford. — Cb. 1798 March 14. By sundry expenditures on Roads £ 53 18 2 By balance remaining in the hands of Isaac Collins 56 9 11 £109 8 1 In Account Current with the Township of Deptford. — £. 1798 March 14. By Sundry expenditures on the High Ways amounting to £ 43.10 1^ By balance remaining in the hands of James Jaggard 63 7 5 £107 6 GYa We the subscribers having examined the Accounts of the several Overseers of the Public Highways — report that there remains the following balances of money unexpended — viz^ in the hands of Samuel Bennett Seventy five pounds eighteen shillings and five pence; in the hands of Biddle Reeves Fifty seven pounds three shillings and one penny; in the hands of Isaac Collins Fifty five pounds nine shillings and eleven pence; and in the hands of James Jaggard Sixty three pounds seven shillings and five pence; — making altogether the sum of Two hundred and fifty one pounds eighteen shillings and tenpeuce agreeable to the above Statements. Dated at Woodbury the 14^ March, 1798. £ 9 d Whole money Expended in this Year 285 13 8 Samuel Bennett..,£ 75 18 5 Biddle Reeves 57 3 114 Isaac Collins 65 9 11 James Jaggard 63 7 5 Whole balance £251 18 10^ Auos Cooper. John S. Whitall. Michael G. Fisher. TOWNSHIP OP DEPTFORD. 193 Ekclion Belurn, 1797. We, the Judge of Elections, AflsesBor & Collector of the Township of Deptford, in the County of Gloucester, do hereby certify, that having proceeded to receive the Votes of the Electors of s^ Township of Dept- ford ; t lie following is a list of all the Pereons Voted for, to serve in the fifth Congress of the United States ft-om the fourth of March, 1797, & the number of votes received for each : Jonathan Dayton, Sixty-three votes. Aaron Ketchel, thirty-two votes. James Schourman, Thirty-seven votes. Thomas Sinnickson, forty votes. Joseph Bloomfield, Thirty-seven Votes. Joseph Cooper, forty votes. Ebenezer Elmer, Thirty-two votes. Jonathan Elmer, Three votes. James H. Imley, Thirty-Niue votes. Hark Tomson, Thirty-eight votes. William Crane, Two votes. In Testimony whereof we have hereunto Subscribed our Names and Affixed our Seals the Eleventh Day of January Domn : One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-Seven. John Wilkins, Judge. [l. s.] Isaac Wilkins, Asseasor. [l. s.] Jonathan Harkee, ColV. [l. s.] Corutahle^B Oath of Office^ 1*^98. I, John Johnson, do Solemnly and Sincerely promise and Swear — that I will well and truly Serve the State of New Jersey in the office of Con- stable for the township of deptford in the County of Gloucester, that I will honestly and impartially Summon, Impanel and return good and lawful men for Juries, able and Sufficient, and not Suspected or pro- cured, as is or Shall be directed by law; that I will to the utmost of my power, faithfully and without delay. Execute all writs, precepts, process, warrants and Executions to me directed, and \yhich Shall Come to my hands, and truly return the Same ; that, in the Exercise of my office, I will do no wrong to any, but will do right to all, and take none but law- ful fees; that I will truly, diligently and honestly, without fraud, de- ceit, oppression, favour or partiallity, do, Execute and perform all Ser- vices, acts and duties of my Said office, to the best of my knowledge. Judgment and ability. John Johnbon. I do hereby Certify that the above oath was taken the l?'!" day of April, 1798, before me. WiL", Tatem, Justice of the Peace. Special Election, 1798. Whereas the Inhabitants of the Township of Deptford at their An- nual Meeting held on the 14"i of lost month did choose two Constables to serve the said Township for the present year— viz*, John Jessup and Benjamin Clark— who have neglected or refused to qualify according to Law — thereby leaving the said Township of Deptford without a con- stable — and being an Officer that is much wanted, — We the Township Committee request the Town Clerk to advertise the Electors of the Town- ship of Deptford to assemble in Town meeting on Seventh day the four- teenth inst. (April) at One oClock for the purpose of choosing one or more Constables, Also to Authorize the Town Clerk (or some other person) to receive the flnps that delinquent Officers forfeit to the benefit of the Township — agreeable to Law. Dated at Woodbury the 5'h April 1798. John S. Whitall. James M. Whiteall. Joshua L. Howell. To Benjamin Rulon, Clerk of Deptford Townsliip. Oath of Office of Surveyor of Highways, 1798, I, Amos Cooper, do Solemnly and Sincerely promise & and affirm that I will in all things to the best of my knowledge and understanding, well. Justly & faithfully execute the Office of a Surveyor of the High- ways without favour or Partiality, Amos Cooper, I Certify that on the Twenty-second day of March, 1798, appeared be- fore me the Subscriber one of the Justices of the Peace for the County of Gloucester Amos Cooper and was duly qualified to serve as one of the Surveyors of the Highways for the Township of Deptford for the year ensuing according to Law, Jn. Blackwood. Oath of Commissioner of Appeals,Vl^H. I, Henry Roe, do Solemnly and Sincerely promis and Swear, that I will well, truly, and faithfully Execute the trust reposed in me, and perform my duty as a Commissioner of appeals in Cases of taxation for the township of deptford, in the County of Gloucester, according to the best of my knowledge and understanding, without favour or partiality. Henry Roe. I do hereby Certify that this day, the above oath was taken by the Said Henry Roe, before me, one of the Justices of the peace in and for the County of Gloucester. Given under my hand this 29th day of Oc- tober, 1798. WiL" Tatem, Township CoUector^B Account, 1798. Woodbury, Uth March, 1798. D'. The Collector (James B, Cooper) of the Township of Deptford In Account Current with said Township, C"-. To . . the amount of Assessed Tax as per Duplicate £880 2 6 By . . this sum paid the County Collector (Joel West- ditto Doe Tax ^. do 23 15 cott), per Receipt for State and County Tax, including ■ ' his Com"" • £326 7 2 By . . this sum the Commissioners of Appeal deducted from the undermentioned assessed Taxes : Samuel Pearce £0 4 6 Mark Brown 9 4% Thomas Wilson 2 6 16 4^ By . . this sum paid the Overseers of the Publick High- ways : Isaac Collins *75 James Jaggard 75 Biddle Beeves 75 Samuel Bennett 75 300 By . . this sum paid the Township assessor (Isaac Wilkins) his fees as per acc'onntand Receipt 28 3 3 By . . ditto Township Collector his fees 28 3 a By . . this sum for Losses on the warrant which the Con- stable (Henry Tredway), could not recover agreeable to his deposition H 10 4 By . . this sum allowed the freeholders lo By . . the balance remaining in the hands of the Town- ship Collector • 208 2 14 Deducted £12 6 and there remains £206 19 6)4 £903 17 5 ^9°3 1"^ ^ We, the undersigned, chosen Freeholders for the Township of Deptford, having examined the Duplicate and accounts of James B. Cooper, Collector for said township, report that there remains in the hands of the said James B. Cooper the balance of Two hundred and eight pounds Two shillings, agreeable to the above statement, for the account and at the disposal of said Township. Dated at Woodbury, the Uth March, 1798. p^^^^^^ ^^^^ Joshua L. Howell. 18 194 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Tmvnship Cierh'a Oath of Office, 1798. I, Benjamin Rulon, Clerk of the Township of Deptford, In the County of Gloucester, do Solemnly and sincerely affirm, that I will faithfully and honestly keep all the papers, writings, Books & records, by virtue of my office committed, and which from time to time shall be com- mitted to me ; and that I will in all things, to the best of my knowledge and understanding, perform the duties of my s^ office of Clerk, without favour or partiality. Affirmed the 14th of March, 1798, before me. Justice of the peace in and for the County of Gloucester. WrLn* Tatem. Tottmahip Collector'a Oath of Office, 1798. I, James Jaggard, do Solemnly and sincerely promis and Swear, that I will in all things to the best of my knowledge and understanding, well. Justly and faithfully Execute the office of Collector of the publick taxes, for the township of deptford, in the County of Gloncester, for the year 1798. Jambs Jaqgard. Sworn and Subscribed the ll*i> day of September, 1798, before me. WiL". Tatem, One of the Justices of the Peace in and for the Qnmty of Gloucester. County GoUector's Bond, 1798. Know all Men by these presents, that we, Joel Westcott, James Strat- ton, & Samuel P. Paul, of the County of Gloucester and State of New Jersey, are held and firmly bound unto the Board of chosen Freehold- ers of the County of Gloucester, in the sum of five hundred Pounds ii^ Gold and Silver money, to be paid to the s^ Board of Chosen Freehold- ers of the County of Gloucester, their certain Attorney, or Successors in office ; for which payment well and truly to be made, we bind our selves, and each of us by himself, for & in the whole, our Heirs, Executors and Administrators, and each of us, firmly by these presents; Sealed with our Seals; Dated the eleventh day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight (1798). The Condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bound Joel Westcott, Collector for the County of Gloucester, shall well and tnily perform all the duties of his s^ office as County Collector for the County afs^ agreeably to Law, then this obligiition to be void ; otherwise to be and remain in full force & virtue. Joel Westcott. [l. b.] James Stratton. [l. b.] Saml. L. Paul. [l. s.] Sealed and done in the presence of F. Daverpobt, Israel Lock. Assessm-'s Oath of Office, 1799. I, Michael C, Fisher, Assessor of the Township of Deptford, do Sol- emnly and Sincerely promise and affiim, that I will truly, faithfully, honestly, and impartially value and assess the ratable estates in the Township of Deptford, in the County of Gloucester, and that, in making such valuations and Assessments, I will, to the best of my knowledge and Judgment, observe the directions of the Law respecting the same. Michael C. Fisher. Affirmed before me, March 13'*', 1799, John Sparks. Asae880r''8 Oath of Office, 1812. I, Thomas Bee, do Solemnly and Sincerely promise and affirm, that I will truly, faithfully, honestly, and impartially value and assess the rateable Estates in the township of Deptford, in the County of Glouces- ter ; and that, in making Such valuations and assessments, I will, to the best of my knowledge and Judgment, observe the directions of the Law Eespecting the Same. Thomas Bee. March 16th, 1812. Affi-* & Subscribed before me. Jab Matlack, J. Peace. Oveiseer of Poor's Account, 1803. Dr. — The Overseer of the Poor, BIddle 1803, March 12. To Balance remaining in his Hand, as ^' Settlement made this Day $138.77 " Cash rec^ of Mark Brown, late Collector.. 200.00 " a fine recti 2.00 " amount ofStrays 2.77 " Cash rec* of Isaiah Ward, Lydia Ward's third 6.67 " Cash rec^, Thomas Cox's Dividend 6.62 " Cash rec Carl's Infant Child 10.00 " Elizabeth Carathers 200 " Compensation for his Services 5.00 -$309.97 Balance remaining in Biddle Beeves' Hands 69.87 $179.84 We, the undersigned (Township Committee), having examined and settled the Account of the Overseer of the Poor, Find a Balance of Sixty nine Dollars and Eighty seven Cents remaining in his Hands unexpended. Done at Woodberry, 12*11 March, 1804. DAVin Ward, John Tatum, Jctn', William Cooper, Henry Kulon, Jon"-, Jeremiah Wood, Township CommUti-e, TOWNSHIP OF DEPTFORD. 195 Election Return^ 1804. We, the Judge and Inspectors of Election of the Township of Dept- ford, in the County ot Gloucester and State of Kew Jersey, do hereby certify, that having proceeded to receive the Votes of the Voters of the said Township, the following is a List of all the Candidates Voted for, for Electors, of President and Vice-President of the united States, and of the number of yotes for each. Solomon Freleigh, One Hundred and forty-three Votes. Alexander Oarmichael, One Hundred & forty-three Votes. Phineas Manning, One Hundred and forty-two Votes. William Rossell, One Hundred and forty-two Votes. Thomas Newbold, One Hundred and forty-three Votes. More Furman, One Hundred and forty-three Votes. Jacob Hufly, One Hundred and forty-two Votes. Abijah Smith, One Hundred and forty-two Votes. The whole number of Votes receiv'd one Hundred & forty-three. In Testimony whereof, we have hereunto Subscribed our Names and affixed our Seals, this Seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand Eight Hundred and four (1804). Joel Westuott, Judge. [l. s.] James Matlack, Assr. [l. s.] Ephraim Miller, Collecr. [l. b.] Ordinance Belating to Swine in Woodbury, 1804. At an Annual Meeting of the Inhabitants of the Township of Dept- ford held at Woodbury the Ut^ day of the 3'* m" (March), 1804. Said meeting taking into consideration the damage done by Swine in the Streets of Woodbuiy, by their rooting therein, and on unimproved Lots, and particularly, their distruction of ornimental trees in teaiing up the roots thereof, Do Besolve, That after the first day of April next, every Swine of six months old & upwards, found in the street, without two twisted wire rings in his Snout, may be taken up by any person living in said Town & impounded, and the owner be subject to a penalty of twenty-five Gents, and every Pig of three months old, or younger, if weaned from its mother, without one twisted ring, may be impounded, and the owner be subject to the penalty of twelve and a half cents, and if no owner appears within three days after impounding, the person who has impounded said swine shall put rings in his, or their noses, for which he shall receive twelve and a half cents for each ring, to be paid for by the owner of said swine ; but if no owner appears within said time, the person who has impounded said swine may, with the approbation in writing of any two Freeholders in the town of Woodbury, sell said swine, and the money arising there- from to be appropriated to the payment of damages done by swine in the town of Woodbury aforesaid. Benjamin Kulon, Vik. Election Betum, 1806. A tme List of the Names of all the Candidates nominated in the (3ounty of Gloucester in the State of New Jersey to be Voted for at the annual Election in October next, with the Offices proposed for each of them respectively: For meniibers of the Legislative Councill : Joseph Rogers, Samuel W. Harrison, Joseph Cooper, John Brick. For members of the General Assembly: Robert Newell, Benjamin Rulon, Japhet Ireland, Ju', John Brick, John Gill, Reuben Clark, Enoch Risley, Thomas Clark, Jun^, Abraham Inskeep, Amos Cooper, Richard Higbee, Matthew Gill, Senir, Samuel Clement, Michael C. Fisher, Samuel W. Harrison, Jos. C. Swett, Samuel French (farmer), Richard M. Cooper,- Abel Clement, For Sheriff: Richard Matlack, Ephraim Miller, Micajah Clement, Jo- siah Eldredge, Joseph V. Clark, Isaac Pine. For Coroners : Joseph Sloan, James Miller, Daniel Lake, Enoch Kia- ley, John Clark, Jacob Stokes, John Pissant, Daniel Carrell, Jonathan Steelman, Mark Brown, Isaac Hughs, Aaron Wood, Joseph Collins, Cooper Paul. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand this first Day of September, A.D. Oue Thousand eight Hundred and Six. C. Ogden, Oik. For Amos Campbell, Clerk of the Township of Deptf(n-d. Election Iteturn, 1808. We, the Judge and inspectors of Election of the Township of Deptford in the County of Gloucester do hereby certify, that having proceeded to receive the votes of the voters of the said Township the following is a list of all the candidates voted for, of the offices proposed for them, and of the number of votes of each. For members of the tenth congress of the United States : Adam Boyd hath Ninety votes 90 Ebenezor Elmer hath Fifty two votes 52 142 The whole number of votes received is one hundred and forty-two votes. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names and affixed our seals this ninth day of March In the year of our LORD one thousand eight hundred and eight (1808). James B, Caldwell, Judge of Election, [l. 8.] Aaron Wood, ABsessor. [l. s.] Thomas Wood, Collector. [t. g.] Accounts for CqJSins Furnished. 1809, August 22th. Dr. to John Simmerman. To Making a Ridg Lin Coffin for Benjm Smalwood Son of James Smalwood $9.00 1810, January 15th. Dr. to John Simmerman. To Making a Ridge Lin Coffin for Motherinlaw of Benjamin Hains. $9.00 1811, March 3th. Dr. to John Simmerman. To Making Coffin for Cittura Stewart Died at Margaret Fitspat- rick's $9.00 Namee of Votera at ^e 12th, 1816. Thouas Bee. James Jaqgard. Stephen Clark^s Return of Loss on Sheep BiUfor Sheep KUled, 1820. Gloucester, se. on application to receive a Compensation for dam- ages done by Dogs to Sheep. Whereupon Thomas I. Sparks and W™ C. Dilkes Viewers called upon by Stephen Clark to view Sheep killed by Dogs ; having made out a return duly executed and affirmed to pursuant to an Act in such case made & provided. Which return returns of record and Sets forth the damage to be Ct8. *■ two dead valued at 175 each, three mortally wounded 200 Do two badly wounded 100 Do eight Sligbtly wounded 60 Do Fees for Appraisers 75 Do Do for Justice of the peace 50 Do 817.50 Thomas I. Sparks, app^aff* Stephen Clark owner affd May 3d 1820 before me James Matlack, J Peace. In Testimony that the above is truly transacted from my Docket I have set my hand & seal this 3d day of May a.d. 1820. [Seal] James Matlack, Jtieiice of the Peace. TOWN CLERKS, 1809-83. 1809. 'David C. Wood. 1810-11. Henry Rulon. 1812. Samuel Webster, Jr. 1813. William Roe. 1814. William Sailer. 1815. Thomas Saunders. 1816. James Roe. 1817-19. Jacob Glover. 1820. Joseph Saunders. 1821-25. John C. Smallwood. 1826-29, 1832. Chalkley Glover. 1830-31. Josiah S. Franklin. 1833-38. John B. Harrison. 1839-40. George M. Paul. 1841-45. William D. Scott. 1846-17. Samuel B. Tatem. 1848-49. William R. H. Sailer. 1850, 1852-53. Benjamin F. Carter. 1861. William R. Mankin. 1864-60. Henry C. Clark. ISGl. Josiah S. Franklin. 1862-63. James Moore. 1864^70. George E. Pierson. 1871-77, 1879. Geo. W. Gardiner. 1878. James M. Sailer. 1880-81. C. SeldoE Johnson. 1882-83. John T. Pierson. ASSESSORS, 1809-83. 1800. Joseph Hinchmnn. 1810-11. Ephraim Miller. 1812-14,1818-21. Thomas Bee. 1815. Elijah Porch. 1816. Aaron Wood. 1817. Henry Rue, Jr. 1822-31,1839-43. Joseph Saunders. 1832-38. Josiah S. Franklin. 1844-46, 1866-67. David B. Leslie. 1846-47. William D. Scott. I 1848-60. Samuel E. Tatem. 1851-53. William Rambo. 1854-56. Joseph Carter. 1867-58. Charles C. Ford. 1859-61. James H. Pierson. 1862-64. Thomas P. Mathers. 1868-70. Adon W. Cattell. 1871-73. Edward P. Steward. 1874. Samuel Tatem. 1875-83. Chalkley Duell. COLLECTORS, 1809-83. 1809. 1816-18. John Eambow. 1810. Josiah Clark, Jr. 1811. Raiidel Sharks. 1812. Jesse Smith. 1813. Josiah Clark. 1814. James Hinchman. 1816. Benjamin Wilkins. 1817. Juhn D. Scott. TOWNSHIP OF DEPTFOED. 197 1819. Ephraim Miller. 1820. Amos Cnnipljf U. 1821. Joseph Saunders. 1822-31. Joseph Carts. 1832-37,1842-45. Joseph Franklin 1838-39. Samuel E. Tatum. 1840. MosGS W. Mickle. 1841, 1846-49. George M.Paul. 1850-52. Edwin Stokes. 1853. Robert Brewer. 1854-56. "William E. Hopkins. 1857. Clement Whitall. 1858-60. Johnl. Estell. 1861-69. John Clark, 1870. Joseph Paul. 1871-77. William S. Cattell. 1878. Ezekiel C. Mount. 1879-83. Michael Hays Perry, FREEHOLDERS, 3809-1883. 1809.— Joshua L. Howell and Amos Cooper. 1810. — Amos Cooper and Benjamin Rulon. 1811.— James Hopkins, Esq., and Randel Shai-ks. 1812. — James Blatlack and James Sauudera. 1813. — Job Brown and William Tatem, Jr. 1814.— Job Brown and Savil Wilson. 1815.— James Matlack, Esq., and Biddle ReeTes. 1816-18.— Biddle Reeves and James Matlack. 1819. — Jamea Matlack and Job Brown. 1820-21.— James Matlack and Henry Osborn. 1822.— Benjamin Wilkins and Ephraim Miller. 1823. — Jacob Ogden and Benjamin Wilkins. 1824-27, 1833-37.— Jacob Glover and Benjamin Wilkins. 1828.— James Matlack and Jacob Glover. 1829-30, 1832.— Jacob Glover and Joseph Dilks. 1831. — Joseph Dilks and Josiah Tatum. 1838-39. — John B. Jessup and James Matlack. 1840-41, 1843-45.— Michael 0. Fisher and John B. Jessup. 1842.— M. C. Fisher and Joshua Matlack. 1846-50. — Joseph Saunders and Benjamin C. Tatum. 1851, 1853-54.— William R. Tatum and Joseph Franklin. 1852.— William R. Tatum and William R. Clark. 1855-57. — Joseph Tatum and Joseph Clement. 1858-60.— William C. Sparks and Carlton P. Stokes. 1861-63.— Samuel Hopkins and Nathan S: Abbott. 1864. — Samuel Hopkins and Daniel J. Packer. 1865-67.— Daniel J. Packer and Ezekiel C. Mount. 1868.— E. C. Mount and John L. C. Tatem. 1869-70.— J. L. C. Tatem and William Knight. 1871-73.— George B. Ward and Caleb C. Pancoast. 1874.— C. C. Pancoast and Edward'P. Stewart. 1875-76.— Edward P. Stewart and Henry M. Leap. 1877.— Henry M. Leap and Isaac Jaggard. 1878-79.— Isaac F. Jaggard and D. Cooper Cattell. 1880.— D. C. Cattell and James A. Porch. 1881-82. — James A. Porch and Randall M. Stevenson, 1883. — B. M. Stevenson and Philip A. Mason. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE, 1809-1883. 1809. — Thomas Bee, James Saunders, Savil Wilson, Samuel Ladd, and Biddle Reeves. 1810. — James Saunders, ThomEts Bee, Randal Sparks, Samuel Ladd, and William Cooper. 1811.— James Saunders, Samuel Wood, Esq., James Matlack, Esq., James Stephens, and John Tatum, Jr. 1812.— William Cooper, Joshua Lord, Henry Rulon, Jonathan Brown, and James Saunders. 1813.— Jonathan Brown, James Matlack, Esq., John Marshall, John Cooper, and Josiah Tatum. 1814.— Job Brown, James Stephens, James Saunders, Ward Wilkins, and Joseph B. Smaulwood. 1815.— John Tatem, Jr., William Cooper, Aaron Wood, Marmaduke Wood, and John Morrow. 1816.- John Morrow, Jonathan Brown, William Cooper, Marmaduke Wood, and Josiah Tatum. 1817.— Samuel Wood, Marmaduke Wood, Jacob Glover, Thomas Bee, and Josiah Tatum. 1818.— Paul Sears, Mark Brown, Josiah Heritage, Josiah Tatum, and Ephraim Miller. 1819.— Joseph Wilson, Benajah Andrus, Moreton Stille, Job Brown, and Josiah Heritage. 1820.— James Davis, Jesse Smith, William Sailer, John D. Scott, and Joseph Wilson. 1821.— Paul Sears, John Downe, Jesse Smith, Charles Wilkins, and James Davis. 1822. — Paul Sears, Joseph Dilkes, Jesse Smith, Jeremiah J. Fisher, and Josiah Stokes. 1823.~Amos Clark, Paul Sears, Charles Wilkins, Jesse Smith, and Josiah Heritage. 1824.— Paul Sears, Jesse Smith, J. J. Foster, Charles Wilkins, and Amos ! Cattell. 1825-26.— Jesse Smith, Charles Wilkins, Paul Sears, Randall W. Dldi- gan, and Samuel M, Reeves. 1827.— James Matlack, Esq., R. W. Morgan, C. Wilkins, P. Sears, and Jesse Smith. 1828.— J. J. Foster, Josiah Tatem, John Wilkins, Jr., Jesse Smith, and Poter Rambo. 1829.— J. Smith, Paul Sears, Charles Wilkins, and Josiah Heritage. 1830.— J. J. Foster, Charles F. Wilkins, James L. Gibbs, Paul Sears, and John Downe. 1831.— Randall W. Morgan, P. Sears, J. L. Gibbs, 0. F. Wilkins, and J. J. Foster. 1832.— R. W. Morgan, Thomas Bee, Paul Sears, 0. F. Wilkins, and J. J. Foster. Michael C. Fisher, appointed. 1833. — J. J. Foster, James Matlack, Josiah Heritage, Paul Sears, and Jesse Smith. 1834. — Joseph Saunders, Josiah Heritage, P. Sears, Jesse Smith, and Charles Knight. 1835.— B. W. Morgan, Charles Knight, Paul Sears, James Matlack, and Joseph Saunders. 1836-37. — Joseph Saunders, Jamea Matlack, James Davis, Charles Knight, and Joseph Stokes. 1838. — J. Saunders, Ephraim Miller, J. Davia, Charles Knight, and J. Matlack. 1839.— J. Saunders, C. Knight, George M. Paul, James Matlack, and J. Davia. 1840.— Charles Knight, J. Saundei-s, Peter Snyder, James Davis, and Daniel Lamb. 1S41. — Daniel Lamb, David B. Leslie, Joseph Saunders, Charles Hopkins, and Charles Knight. 1842. — C. Hopkins, Joseph Saunders, Daniel Lamb, Daniel J. Packer, and James Davis. 1843. — Joseph Saunders, John Cattell, J. Davis, Griffith M. Hopkins, and D. J. Packer. 1844.— Josiah S. Franklin, James Davis, D. J. Packer, G. M. Hopkins, and John Cattell. 1845-46.— Edward H. Sanndfera, G. M. Hopkins, J. S. Franklin, J. Cat- tell, and D. J. Packer. 1847.— James L. Gibbs, G. M. Hopkins, E. H. Saunders, J. S. Franklin, and D. J. Packer. 1848.— D. J. Packer, J. S. Franklin, Henry Bradshaw, James L. Gibbs, and Joseph W. Beeves. 1849.— William R. Tatum, Joseph Clement, Jr., John M. Saunders, D. J. Packer, and Isaac Lodge. 1850. — Joseph Clement, Jr., William C. Sparks, William R. Tatum, John M. Saundera, and D. J. Packer. 1851.— George M. Paul, James Cooper, Charles Sterling, ISenjamin L. Gibbs, and Joseph Clement, Jr. 1852.— Robert Brewer, B. L. Gibbs, Joseph Clement, J. Cooper, and G. M. Paul. 1853.— G. M. Paul, Jamea Cooper, Richard M. Wilkins, Harper Davis, and Samuel H. Kirby. 1854.— James Cooper, Harper Davia, S. H. Kirby, Edwin Stokes, and Isaac Lodge. 1855.— Edwin Stokes, Benjamin P. Howell, Harper Davis, S. H. Kirby, and Josiah Budd. 1836.— William C. Sparks, George B. Ward, J. Budd, B. F. Howell, and E. Stokes. 1857, — B. P. Howell, J, Budd, W. C. Sparks, George B. Ward, and Joseph Z. Pierson. 1858.— George B. Ward, Benjamin C. Tatem, David Fletcher, D. J. Packer, and Samuel Hopkins. 1859.— Ezekiel C. Mount, B. C. Tatem, D. Fletcher, D. J. Packer, and Samuel Hopkins. I860.— B. C. Mount, D. Fletcher, B. C. Tatem, D. J. Packer, and Samuel Hopkins. 1861-62.— Alfred C. Githens, William Rambo, B. C. Tatem, D. J. Packer, and E. C. Mount. 1863.— E. C. Mount, D. J. Packer, Benjamin S. Thackara, W. Rambo, and A. T. Githens. 1864.— Isaac C. "Stevenson, B. S. Thackara, A. T. Githens, W. Rambo, and B. C. Mount. 198 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1865. — W. Rambo, A. T. Githens, B. S. Tbackara, laaac G. Stevenson, and Edward P. Stewart. 1866. — Jamea Bloore, E. P. Stewart, I. C. Stevenson, B. S. Thackara, and W. Rambo. 1867.— Branson L. Ore, William A. Mullen, E. P. Stewart, I. C. Steven- son, and B. S. Thackara. 1868.— John 0. Budd, Henry M. Leap, Branson L. Ore, William A. Mul- len, and E. P. Stewart. 1869-70.— William B. Hopkins, J. 0. Budd, H. M. Leap, W. A. Mnllen, and B. P. Stewart. 1871.— E. P. Stewart, H. M. Leap, John 0. Turner, Benjamin T. Haines, and Charles T. Malony. 1872.— John Stewart, H. M. Leap, John C. Turner, B. T. Haines, and C. T. Malony. 1873-74.— Robert S. Muller, John Stewart, C. T. Malony, B. T. Haines, and J. 0. Turner. 1875.— J. C. Turner, George M. Bastlaok, C. T. Malony, John G. Stew- art, and Robert Muller. 1876-77.— J. C. Tumor, I. C. Stevenson, Isaac Carson, G. M. Eastlaot and Robert S. Muller. 1878.— Ellison K. Turner, Isaac Carson, I. C. Stevenson, 6. M. Eastlack, and J. C. Turner. 1879.— E. K. Turner, Isaac Carson, and E. P. Stewart. 1880-82.— E. K. Turner, Edward P. Stewart, and C. T. Malony. 1883. — Edward P. Stewart, Allison K. Turner, and Benjamin T. Haines. CONSTABLES, 1809-1883. 1809-13, Andrew Ware. John Cade. 18U. John Cade. Thomas Whitecar.i 1816. John Cade. Job Jennings. 1816. John Cade. Jacob Dehart. 1817-18. Andrew Ware. Ward Wilson. 1819. Andrew Ware. Chester Dilkes. 1820. Andrew Ware. Jacob Dehart. 1821. Andrew Ware. William Turner. 1822. William Turner. Thomas Scott. 1823. John Smallwood. John Cade. 1824-27. John Cade. William Turner. 1828. John Cade. 1829-30. Richard H. Tice. John Cade. 1831-33. John Cade. Isaiah Dill. 1834-35. Isaiah Dill. Samuel Kemblc. 1836. Samuel Eeniliie. 1837-38. Samuel Coles. Samuel Kemble. 1839. Josiah Budd. Samuel Coles. 1840. John Cade. Samuel Coles. 1841. Samuel Coles. 1842-44. Samuel Coles. Samuel Kemble. 1845-46. Samuel Coles. 1847. Warner Cooper. 1848-62. John W. Chew. 1853. Josiah Budil. 1854. Samuel Kemble. 1856-66. John Clark. 1867-70. Edward S. Packer. 1871. George C. Cattell. 1872-76. Edward S. Stewart. 1877-83. Jonathan D. Cunard. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Almonesson is a small hamlet situated on the eastern border of the township, near the Camden County line. The hamlet derives its name from Almonesson Creek, on which the town is built. Just who the pioneer settler was is unknown to any one now living in this vicinity, but it is positively known that there was a grist-mill here as early as 1800, and that soon thereafter the property was purchased by Daniel Lamb, who, in 1830, removed the grist-mill, and built in its place a cotton-factory, also built several of the dwellings that are now standing in the hamlet for the accommodation of the factory opera- tives. As soon as this was accomplished the place became known as Lambtown, and is so spoken of at 1 Job Jennings and James Hinchman were elected Dec. 26, 1814, to fill vacancy. the present time by many of the middle-aged and older inhabitants, and the present name of Almones- son was given to the village in 1872 or 1873, when a post-office was established at this place. The factory was dest^royed by water in 1842, when the property was purchased by Joseph Conrow, who, in 1854 or 1855, built a brick gristmill, and in 1873 a Mr. Carman had become owner of the property, when he removed the brick mill, and erected in its place the present frame grist-mill, now owned by Joseph Eawl, or Roll, and operated by Nathan Jen- nings, miller. The pioneer store at this place was kept by Daniel Lamb, who commenced the mercantile business here when he built the cotton-factory. Mr. Lamb has been succeeded in the mercantile business by Samuel Kirby, Joseph Conrow, James A. Porch, John Stew- art, Fruth Wood, and George C. Cattell, the present merchant. The store property is owned by Joshua Cunard. Among the blacksmiths that have worked at this place we find the names of Jonathan Heulings, William H. Carter, George C. Cattell, and Joseph North, the present blacksmith. The wheelwrights have been John Heulings, Kobert Morgan, and John Simmerman, who is now the village wheelwright, and William G. Estlack is the village shoemaker. The first postmaster at> Almonesson was Fruth Wood, and the present one is George C. Cattell, appointed in 1882. Among the oldest male inhabitants of this vicinity are Amos Cattell and Isaac F. Jaggard, each of whom has known Lambtown and Almonesson since the building of the first house in the place. Methodist Episcopal Church of Almonesson.— Methodism at Lambtown, or Almonesson, owes its ex- istence, no doubt, to Rev. Henry F. Cattell, who was a resident of this vicinity and a local preacher in the Methodist Church. He was in the habit of holding meetings wherever there was an opportunity, and in 1839 or 1840 a new school-house was built at Almo- nesson, and the deed specified " for school purposes, and meetings occasionally," whereupon Mr. Cattell took every occasion to comply with the terms of the deed, and the school-house was occupied by the Methodists till 1868, when their present neat and commodious little house of worship was erected. Mr. Cattell not only filled the position of local preacher, but acted as class-leader until after the organization of the society, and among his members we find the following names : H. F. Cattell and wife, Samuel Morgan, James A. Porch and wife, James Springer and wife, Edward Barber, Ocean Westcott and wife, Joseph Estlack and wife, Isaac F. Jaggard, Mary Jaggard, Susan Lord. John P. Curtis was also a local preacher at this place, and had been such for some time previous to the organization of the society. In the spring of 1868 the question of a new church building, separate from the school building, was dis- cussed, and it was decided to build, when the follow- TOWNSHIP OP DEPTFORD. 199 ing building committee was appointed : Samuel Pea- cock, Isaac F. Jaggard, and James A. Porch. During the summer of 1868 the present frame meeting-house was built, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars, the lot upon which the church stands being donated by Mr. John Stewart. The corner-stone was laid in August by Rev. Samuel Vanzant, the pre- siding elder of the district, according to the formula of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in October of the same year the church was dedicated by Rev. Mr. Whitecar, with the services usual upon such occasions. This society was placed on the circuit or charge with Blackwoodtown, and its first regular preacher was Rev. Joseph Stout. Among the ministers upon this charge we find the names of Revs. J. J. Sleeper, William Brooks, Woolston, Edwards, Sam- uel Parker, White, John Stockton. This church was subsequently placed on the Hedding Circuit, where there appears to have been Revs. Johnson, Thompson, Lysel, D. Waters, P. Y. Calder, Edwards, J. P. Conley, and Henry Zeller, the present pastor. The first trustees of the church were Henry F. Cattell, Jacob F. Davis, James W.Pierce, and James Porch. The present class-leaders are Isaac F. Jag- gard, Amos Cattell, and Edward Howey ; Stewards, I. F. Jaggard, E. Howey, and George C. Estlack; Trustees, I. F. Jaggard, Amos Cattell, G. 0. Est- lack, E. Howey, Peter Budd, James A. Porch, and George W. Estlack. Mr. Jaggard is also super- intendent of the Sunday-school, with an average attendance of fifty pupils and ten teachers. Westville is located in the extreme northwest point of the township, as well as that of the county, and on the line of the Woodbury and Camden turnpike, as well as on the line of the West Jersey Railroad ; also on the left bank of Big Timber Creek. The little old town takes its name from Thomas West, who lived here as early as 1755, and at the be- ginning of the present century, and owned the land upon which the town is built. A tavern was kept here during the Revolutionary war, but attained no distinction as the headquarters of either American or British oflBcers ; neither was this place a strategic point worth striving for by either of the contending forces. In the early part of the present century Mr. West died, and his large plantation was divided and sold to parties not akin to the West family. That portion of the land lying west or southwest from the turnpike was purchased by Michael Newbold, and that portion now lying west of the railroad is still in possession of the Newbold heirs or descendants. The old tavern was kept in 1828 by Thomas Knight, an uncle of the senior Thomas Knight, now a wheel- wright in the village. As late as 1836 there were but seven houses in what is now the town of Westville. In 1836 the old tavern was kept by Thomas Wil- liams. Since then the house has been rebuilt, and is now owned by the Kendrick estate ; also thirty- three acres of land on the east side of the turnpike, and the wheelwright- and blacksmith-shops on the west sid'e of the turnpike, now occupied by Henry Stanley. The Kendrick estate also own a large num- ber of the houses and lots in the village. The pioneer store at this place was kept by Isaac Doughten, in 1820, in the building now occupied by H. Stanley as a wheelwright-shop. At that time Mr. Doughten owned the land on both sides of the turn- pike, and built the old store building. He was suc- ceeded in the mercantile business by Benjamin Brown, and Brown by Joseph Conrow, both in the old Doughten store, the latter being the last merchant in the old store, about 1858. The next merchant in Westville was E. C. Mount, a carpenter by trade. He built the store house in which his son, Clement C. Mount, is now doing busi- ness. Here he continued in trade until his decease. The third store building in this town was that of Charles Redfield, just south of what is now Pratt's store. Joseph W. Pratt's store, between the turnpike and railroad, was built in 1879, and is now kept by Mr. Pratt. The pioneer wheelwright in this place was John Chapman, who commenced business here in 1836. David Bowers was also one of the early wheelwrights in this town, as was also a man named Ellis. Thomas Knight commenced the wheelwright business here in 1848, in Doughten's old shop, and subsequently pur- chased the property he now owns, where he is still carrying on the wheelwright and blacksmith business. Mr. Knight was born in Woodbury in 1820. His father, John Knight, was also a native of this county. The pioneer postmaster at Westville was Isaac Doughten, who kept the office in his store. He was succeeded by Benjamin Brown, and Brown by Con- row, and Conrow by Mr. Mount. The office is now kept in Mount's store, with Elwood C. Mount as post- master. The pioneer blacksmith at this place was Hartley Brick, whose shop was down near the creek, at the old crossing. He commenced business here as early as 1825. Isaac Doughten was the next blacksmith, in his old shop, and was succeeded by Thomas Knight. In 1883 there was in the village one tavern, kept by R. Dillmore ; two stores, C. C. Mount and J. W. Pratt; two wheelwrights, two blacksmith-shops, Methodist Episcopal Church, school-house, post- office, railroad station, and a population of nearly two hundred and fifty. Methodist Protestant Church,— The church edi- fice, a small frame building, was built by the Presby- terians in 1860, and in 1868 it was purchased by Mr. Thackara, of Woodbury, for the Methodists of West- ville, since which time it has been occupied by that denomination. This society is connected with Barns- boro, with Rev. R. B. Waples the present pastor, and has a membership of forty-five, with Barclay Small 200 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. and William Patterson as class-leaders. The trustees in 1883 were William Patterson, Alexander Cobden, Zachariah Patterson, David Thompson, and Thomas Knight, Jr. The Sunday-school connected with this society was organized in 1860, with Josiah Barber as super- intendent. The present superintendent is Alexander Cobden, with a school of fifty pupils and teachers. Wenonah is situated on the main line of the West Jersey Kailroad, 11^^ miles from Camden ferry, six miles in an air-line from the Delaware Eiver, three miles from Woodbury, the county-seat of Gloucester County, and one mile from the flourishing village of Mantua. It is in the midst of a beautifully rolling country, surrounded on all sides by some of the moat highly cultivated and most valuable farm lands, in a State where the average value of land per acre is greater than in any other State in the Union. The charter of the company, upon whose lands the town is situated, reads as follows : " An Act to Incorpwate the Mantua Land and Improvement Company ^ ap- proved Feb. 21,1871. " Whereas, Horatio J. Mulford, Samuel A. Whitney, George Wood, John M. Moore, and others, tlieir associates, own and liave contracted to purchase certain tracts of land situate in the county of Gloucester, on and near the route of the West Jersey Railroad, which, with other land on and near said railroad, they intend to divide into lots and tracts, with the object, as well of laying out a town, as also of improving the country through wliich said railroad passps; and it is necessary, for the success of the undertaking, that they shall possess corporate powers, and shall be fihle to convey from time to time to purchasers, and to do all acts expedient or necessary, notwithstanding the death of any of said asso- ciates; therefore, " 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of tJie Slate of New Jersey, That William J. Sewell, Thomas P. Carpenter, George Wood, Samuel A. Whitney, Samuel Hopkins, Horatio J. Mulford, George S. Harris, John F. Starr, John M. Moore, Benjamin F. Lee, and William F. Allen, and their associates, and all other persons who shall become subscribers to the capital stock hereby created, and their successors, shall be, and they hereby are, created a body politic and corporate by •he name of 'The Mantua Land and Improvement Company." " 2, And be it enacted. That the capital stock of the said company shall be $150,000, with the liberty to increase the same to $300,000, to be di- vided into shares of 50 each." The above-named incorporators were made the first board of directors of the company. The tract of land is bounded on the south and west by Mantua Creek (a navigable stream to within half a mile of the property), and has an average elevation of more than fifty feet above its waters, rising to a summit of about one hundred feet, giving a surface of ground than which nothing more desirable for facility of drainage could be required. The town plot, as now laid out, is about half a mile in length, extending north and south on each side of the railroad, and about one-third of a mile in width, and embraces fourteen squares or blocks of twelve building lots each, not including the hotel square nor those occupied by the parka. All lots are seventy-five feet front by one hundred and fifty feet deep from the side of the street, and selected by purchasers so as to front in any direction desired. All the streets are sixty-six feet in width, except Mantua Avenue, which is one hundred feet, and West Jersey Avenue, one hundred and fifty feet (or seventy-five feet on each side of the railroad), exclusive of one hundred feet occupied by the track. The whole tract owned by the company comprises between five hundred and six hundred acres, and ex- tends for a mile along the railroad, the station, con- sisting of a handsome passenger depot and freight- house, and convenient turnout and wagon-sheds, being nearly in the centre. The hotel and four cottages were erected in 1872. T. W. Synnott and George W. Bailey were the first to erect cottages for the purpose of occupying them. Mr. Synnott built upon the northeast corner of Clin- ton and Mantua Avenues, and Mr. Bailey erected his house on the southeast corner of Clinton and Mantua Avenues. There were in 1883 about fifty cottages on the tract, and a population of three hundred. Present officers of the Mantua Land and Improvement Com- pany are : President, H. J. Mulford ; Secretary and Treasurer, George W. Bailey; Agent, E. J. Lloyd; Directors, Hon. W. J. Sewell, Hon. Jared Hopkins, T. W. Synnott, George S. Harris, Stephen Greene, W. F. Allen, I. C. Stevenson, Woodward Warwick, Hon. John F. Starr, and John P. Whitney. The public school-house was built in 1873. Borough of Wenonah. — The village was incor- porated under what is known as the " Borough Com- mission Act," in April, 1883. Civil List. — President, George W. Bailey ; Mem- bers of Council, T. W. Synnott, A. W. Carey, I. C. Stevenson, J. F. ShuU, C. J. Johnston, and M. H. Perry. The town plot was surveyed in the spring of 1871, and the first building erected thereon was the present hotel, and the first residents as above stated. The pioneer store was opened in 1872 by B. Packer, who was succeeded by Perry. This store was on the corner of Mantua Avenue, below the railroad station, and in this building Bateman opened a grocery- and feed-store in the spring of 1883. The store house now occupied by Benjamin F. Cole as a store and post-office was built in 1880. The pioneer post-office in this place was kept in the railroad depot, with Sally Ballinger as postmistress. She was succeeded in 1881 by B. F. Cole, who now keeps the office in his store, on Mantua Avenue, above the railroad station. The pioneer resident physician was Dr. Finch, who located here in the spring of 1882. The hotel property was purchased in the spring of 1883 by Mrs. Lynch, the present manager, who has made this a favorite resort for summer boarders. Presbyterian Church.— The Presbyterian Church edifice is a frame structure, built in 1873, at a cost of about four thousand dollars, and dedicated by Rev. Dr. Reed, of Camden. There were but seventeen members at that time, with Rev. John Howard O'Brian as pastor, who remained till the spring of <^^k*^.^..^ TOWNSHIP OF EAST GREENWICH. 201 1883. The first and only elder for several years was Isaac 0. Stevenson, who, with George L. McGill, are the present elders. The church in 1883 numbered fifty members. The trustees in 1883 were George W. Bailey, T. W. Synnott, Dr. Gilman, G. Green, and I. C. Stevenson. Methodist Episcopal Church.— The Methodist Episcopal Church at this place was built in 1883. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ELLISON K. TURNER. John Turner, the grandfather of Ellison K., who came of sturdy English stock, was born in Washing- ton township, Gloucester Co., and was reared in childhood to follow the occupations of his after life, those of a carpenter and farmer. He married Miss Elizabeth Carter, and had children fourteen in num- ber, among whom was Joseph, born on the homestead, which is his present residence. His life has been devoted to farming pursuits, in which success has crowned his many years of industry. Mr. Turner married Miss Achsah, daughter of Samuel Kirby, of Camden Co., N. J., whose children are Mary Ann (deceased), Martha (Mrs. Leap), Sarah (Mrs. Stanger), Robert, Elizabeth (Mrs. B. H. Leap), Burroughs, Anne (Mrs. Wilkins), Abigail (Mrs. Williams), and Ellison K. The latter Was born March 26, 1833, on the homestead, and spent his early life in the im- mediate vicinity. At the age of nine years he re- moved with his parents to the farm at present owned by him, which was purchased from his father. Lim- ited opportunities of education were offered at this time, the boys of the family having been early re- quired to take a hand in the labor of the farm. Elli- son K. remained thus employed until twenty-nine years of age. In 1864 he became owner of his present home, which under his skillful managment has in- creased greatly in value and been rendered very pro- ductive, a spacious and attractive residence having taken the place of the former dwelling. He is princi- pally engaged in market gardening, in which success has attended his labors. He was married March 14, 1862, to Miss Mary Ann, daughter of Joseph Leap, of Deptford township, Gloucester Co., and has children, —Josephine, Ellison, and Mary Achsah. Mr. Turner votes the Republican ticket in politics, and has held one or more township offices, but cares littfe for such distinctions. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Blackwoodtown, and one of its trustees. JOHN C. TURNER. Robert Turner, the grandfather of the subject of this biography, resided in Gloucester County, where he fol- lowed agricultural employments. He married and had children, among whom was John, born in the same county, who spent his boyhood with his stepfather, An- drew Dilks. On reaching the years of manhood he chose the trade of carpenter, and pursued it success- fully for many years, but later engaged extensively in farming and lumbering. He exhibited in all his busi- ness enterprises a clear head and much financial abil- ity, his energies being devoted entirely to the manage- ment of his own interests, with neither leisure nor taste for public life. He resided at Turnerville, Washing- ton, then Deptford, township, Gloucester Co., and married Miss Elizabeth Carter, to whom were born children, — Mary, Joanna, Robert, Abigail, Joseph, John C, Daniel, Jesse, Andrew, Elizabeth, IVIartha, Martha (2d), Anna, and Elizabeth (2d). John C. was born Feb. 15, 1815, at the family home in Turnerville, where the demands of the farm and the instruction imparted at the neighboring public school alternately claimed his attention. At the age of twenty-one years he engaged in the trade of carpenter, having previously learned it with his father. He, in 1844, rented the farm he now occupies, and two years later purchased the property. Later he became owner of two adjoining farms, and began the business on an extensive scale, making the raising of garden produce a specialty, though also engaged in general farming. This was continued until 1879, when he retired from active labor. He was married on the 11th of January, 1 888, to Miss Rebecca, daughter of Ephraim Bee, of (ilou- cester County, whose children were Sarah, Mary, Rebecca, and Sina Ann. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Turner are Anna (deceased), Catherine (de- ceased), Elizabeth (Mrs. Thomas Loren, Jr.), John (deceased), and Charles, married to Miss Elizabeth Doren, of Cumberland County. Mr. Turner cares lit- tle for the honors of office, though he has served the township in various capacities. In politics he is a Democrat and a strong partisan. He is a member of the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he is steward and president of the board of trustees. Mrs. Turner is also a member of the same church. CHAPTER XXXIX. TOWNSHIP OF EAST GREENWICH.! Geography and Topogfraphy.- This is one of the interior townships of the county, and was erected by an act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 10, 1881, from the eastern part of old Greenwich and the west- ern part of Mantua townships, and is bounded on the northeast and east by Mantua, on the southeast and south by Harrison and Woolwicti townships, on the west by Greenwich, and on the north by West Deptford and Mantua townships. 1 By W. H. Shaw. 202 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The surface is quite level, yet suflBciently undu- lating to admit of good drainage. The soil is of a rich sandy loam, and produces abundant crops when properly cultivated, which is the case with most of the farmers and truckers within its borders. The township is drained by the Mantua Creek, which forms its northern boundary line, the Re- paupo, which forms a part of its southern boundary line, the Still Run, Repaupo, Nehansey Branch, and Clonmill Creek, the three latter taking their rise in or near the central part of the township, running in a southwesterly direction, emptying into the Dela- ware River. The township is well supplied with ordinary high- ways and turnpikes; also by the Swedesboro arrd Woodbury Railroad, running nearly' north and south through the township, and having five stations within its borders. The following is a portion of the act of the State Legislature erecting the township of East Green- wich : "Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Asaemblij of Vie State of New Jerseij, That all those parts of the townships of Greenwich and Mantua, in the county of Gloucester, contained within the following bounds, to wit : "Beginning in the middle of Great Mantua Creek, opposite the west- erly line of John A. Xioudenslager's farm; thence following said line a westerly course to the middle of the puhhc i-oad leading from Berkeley to Gibbstown; thence by a straight line to the weatern edge of the public road from Paulsboro to Swedesboro, at the run near William E. Gaunt's dwelling-house; thence down the westerly edge of said road to the middle of Purgy Creek, in the line of Logan township ; thence by the easterly line of Logan, Woolwich, and Harrison townships to a large cherry stump near Joseph Stewart's dwelling-house, where said Harri- son township line intersects the westerly edge of the Union road; thence from said point bearing about north forty-four degrees east to the middle of Great Mantua Creek aforesaid, said line passing a stone set in the westerly edge of said creek, sixty-three feet eaatwardly from an ancient white-oak stump on the westerly bank thereof, northeast from Charles Shoemaker's dwelling-house; thence down the miiidle of said creek to the place of beginning, shall be and are hereby set off from said township of Greenwich and Mantua, in the county of Gloucester, and made a separate township, to be known by the name of the town- ship of East Greenwich. " Section 2. And he it enacted, That the inhabitants of the township of East Greenwich shall be and are hereby constituted a body politic and corporate in law, by the name of 'The Inhabitants of the Township of East Greenwicli, in the County of Gloucester,' and shall be entitled to all the rights, powers, authority, privileges, and advantages, and shall be subject to all regulations, government, and liabilities that other town- ships of said county of Gloucester are or may be entitled or subject to by the HXistiug laws of the State. " Section a. And be it enacted, That the inhabitants of the township of East Greenwich aforesaid shall hold the first annual town-meeting at ' Wai'ner's Hall,' in Olarksboro, in said township, at the time fixed by law for holding annual town-meetings in the several townships of the county of Gloucester." Section 4 authorizes the township committees to meet for the settle- ment of township property. Section 5 constitutes J. Albert "Wolf township clerk until after the first annual town-meeting. Section 6 allows oiScers in commission to remain in ofdce until the expiration of the term for which they were elected. Section 7 assigns East Greenwich to the First Assembly District of Gloucester County. Pioneer Settlers and Roads, — We have been per- mitted, through the courtesy of Hon. Job S. Haines, to make a few extracts from the writings of his father, the late William Haines, for many years the vener- able surveyor of what is now East Greenwich township, and for the most part copy verbatim from his writings. We will now proceed to notice some of the public roads, commencing at the lower end of the township line road. This was formerly a somewhat crooked by-road, leading from the Sand Hills to Cook's mill. An application was made for a public road about the year 1832 or 1833, but it failed. Another application was made, and a public road from the Sand Hills to the Union road laid, in 1834, two rods wide. The other end of the road, though not regularly laid out, has become established by the lapse of time, and is maintained, with the bridges, as other roads are. John Haines, who lived on this road, had a well-improved farm, which, before the erection of East Greenwich, lay partly in Mantua and partly in Greenwich town- ships. At the lower end of this farm is "Rattling Run.'' This stream rises a little west of what is now Jefferson, and, flowing westwardly, supplies the mill- pond of Judge Warrington, after which it takes the name of Purgy Creek, thence emptying into the Repaupo Creek. The first farm over what was the line of Mantua township was Thomas Hunter's, formerly owned by Jonathan Carter, Sr. Then there is the large man- sion of Richard Black, whose farm also lay partly in both of the old townships. This plantation, with that of John Haines, before noticed, and the two next on the road. Were owned by William H. Brown and Conrad Poole, and were formerly owned by John Tatura, Sr., on which he kept a large flock of merino sheep in the days of their popularity. Near the mansion of Richard Black a road puts off southwardly, laid in 1854, two rods wide,' and passing through the farms of the late Zebedee Tomlin, Samuel Kessler, and Jacob G. Tomlin, enters the turnpike near the latter place. After passing the land of Richard Black we cross the Union road laid out in 1807, three rods wide beginning at the Woodbury and Mullica Hill road, thence running by Solomon's graveyard and by Judge Warrington's mill to Bridgeport. The late residence of Thomas Allen, deceased, and the little mansion of John F. Hughes are on this road. The stone house farm formerly owned by the Gloucester County Bank comes next on what was the old township line road, and is now owned by Conrad Poole. Next we cross the Cedar road, which runs from Glassboro, by Five Points, to Greenwich meeting-house, at which place it connects with the Democrat road, and passes on to Gibbstown. This road was laid in 1800, and was two rods wide. On the Cedar road was the residence of William Haines, deceased, and now occupied by Hon. Job S- Haines. This was known as " Cedar Lawn Farm," so named from the amount of cedars planted there many years ago by the then proprietor. Here is a beautiful grove and miniature lake, a place that has of late become famous as a picnic ground. This TOWNSHIP OF EAST GREENWICH. 203 property formerly belonged to the late Joseph Wolf, who carried on the cider making and distilling busi- ness in ye ancient days, and belonged to the Wolf family for many generations. Its chain of title can be distinctly traced back to 1663. Just a little southeast of the William Haines place a public road, laid out in 1855, two rods wide, branches off and runs through the lands and by the residences of Silas Richards, Elwood Gorden, Mark Heritage, and Matthew Allen, to the turnpike at Richards' Hill. The next farm on the Cedar road was owned by Lewis V. Atkinson, the buildings being located back from the road on the creek. This farm was formerly owned by the late Isaac Hendrickson. The farm of the late Jonathan Force, and then the farm of Henry Weatherby are at the junction of the old Cohocking road. On the old township line road stands the mansion of William A. Dawson, built according to his own plan. The road, after passing the back part of the farm of Thomas R. Adams and lands of John Green, on the Greenwich side of the old township line road, enters the old Cohocking road at John Green's residence, on an elevated spot known as the Sand Hill. The Lawrenceville (Jefferson) and Berkeley turn- pike passing through this township was the old Co- hocking road, an Indian name, and was laid out about 1855, at the time when the Red Bank ferry to Phila- delphia was in full operation. The dwelling of Senex Green is first on the road above the old toll-house. A tenant-house of T. R. Adams, and the small farm of Sarah Carter are next, and just beyond a road south- east to what was Daniels', afterwards Pines', and now Daniel L. Packer's grist-mill. This road was laid out in 1816, three rods wide, but not laid across the mill-dam. A little below this mill there are parts of an old dam across the valley, with sundry piling and other relics of " Room's Mill," built on this stream about 1690. Farther up the Cohocking road is the farm of T. R. Adams, having on it a remarkable hill of conical shape just back of his barn. From the top of this hill can be seen Girard College, and other points of interest. The next farm was that of E. A. Holmes, formerly owned by the late Jonathan Carter, Sr. Then comes the second farm of T. R. Adams, formerly owned by Hon. Job S. Haines. Silas Richards occu- pied the corner at the cross-roads with his neat little shoemaker-shop, long since abandoned for that pur- pose. We will now make a few observations along the road leading from the old Cohocking road by Leppee's, or Jessup's mill. There had been a by-road running through this section of country from an early period, a part of which was laid out as a public road in 1784, two rods wide. The present road was applied for soon after the building of the mill, or about 1821 ; was laid through, and not being satisfactory to some of the parties, was caveated and a portion thereof set aside. after which this part was again applied for and laid in 1822. The proceedings are only found on the min- utes of the court. Three rods appears to have been the width of the road, commencing at the Cohocking road (or turnpike, near the toll-gate) ; thence, having Greenwich township, as it was then, on the north side, down to a little stream of water on the outbounds of Mantua as it was then. Near this place the first marl used as a fertilizer in this vicinity was dug. This place is now owned by Jeremiah Haines. Over at the left, on top of the hill, is the Cozzens family burying-ground, no longer used as such. A few marble slabs mark the last resting-place of some of the pioneers of this sec- tion. Several of the adjoining farms belonged to the Cozzeus family, that of William G. Haines, a short distance from the road on the south side, and that of Samuel G. Haines, a little farther on upon the north side. We now turn our attention to the public road from Barnesboro to Berkeley, laid out in 1799, and beginning at a ford a little below Hannold's, now Boody's mill ; thence to Barnesboro, there omitting the main street, commencing again at the lower end of the town, and running through Berkeley, Clonmel, and Gibbstown to the old Seven Stars Tavern, three rods wide to Gibbstown, and four rods wide across the Repaupo meadows. Edward's Creek, at Gerrard's dam, being the line between Mantua and Greenwich before the erection of East Greenwich, where we commence, and find first the farms of James Beckett and Oliver, both of whom are deceased. The J. S. Somers mansion comes next. Next comes the farm of the late James B. Albertson ; the old mansion house, of brick, stands back from the road, was built in 1744, and set due north and south. Just back from the house is a good landing on Mantua Creek. A little farther up the road is the entrance to the mansion of the late Joseph W. Pratt, the farm now owned by Jacob Packer. The John Haines farm, extending from Mantua to Edward's Creek, comes next. The old molasses house, with its mill and boiling pans, have gone out of use. There is a remarkable spring of cold water on the hills of the Mantua Creek on this farm, that oozes out of a rock and flows into the creek. There was formerly a fishing- ground where shad were caught, and a good landing on the creek on this farm. The Samuel Haines farm is next on the south side of the road, extending back to Edward's Creek, on which there is a fine marl bed. This was the residence of the late William Haines, Sr., grandfather of Hon. Job S. Haines. There is a hired man now (1883) on this farm that has been con- tinuously employed here for nearly forty years. The next and last we shall speak of in this connection is the Charles Shoemaker farm, the dwelling standing near Mantua Creek, and within a few feet of the southeast boundary line of what is now East Green- wich township. This farm was formerly owned by Jeffrey Clark, the pioneer of Clarksboro, after whom the place was named. 204 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The following chain of title covers not only the almshouse farm but many of the adjoining farms or plantations, and was prepared with the utmost care by the late William Haines, and read before the West Jersey Surveyors' Association, in August, 1870 : " Charles the Second, King of Great Britain, Ire- land, etc., granted by letters patent in the year a.d. 1663, to his brother James, Duke of York, all lands from the west side of Connecticut Eiver to the east side of Delaware Bay. " The following year, 1664, the said Duke of York, in consideration of the sum of ten shillings lawful English money to him in hand paid, did grant and convey to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- teret all that tract of land adjacent to New England and lying to the westward of Long Island, to be called New Csesarea, or New Jersey. " Soon after this purchase a division of the territory appears to have been made by the parties, which line, so established, constitutes the division or boundary between East and West Jersey ; Lord Berkeley taking the western portion and Carteret the eastern. Nothing worthy of notice appears to have transpired in the western section for a period of eleven years from the aforesaid date. " After which, in the year 1675, John Fenwick, a member of the Society of Friends, acting as trustee or agent for one Edward Byllings, purchased the whole of West Jersey from Lord Berkeley. The price paid for the same does not appear. " Soon after this purchase Fenwick, with a com- pany of his friends, sailed from London, and in due time arrived safely at the lower part of his new colony, at a place which he named Salem, being the same as at the present time in the county of Salem, the princi- pal street of which still bears the name of Fenwick. "Some time subsequently a dispute arose between Byllings and his trustee, Fenwick, which they them- selves not being able to settle, resulted in the appoint- ment of three arbitrators or commissioners on the part of Byllings to negotiate with Fenwick, and the difficulty was finally adjusted. One of the arbitrators was the worthy William Penn, just then in the bloom of life and vigor of manhood (whose name and charac- ter will go down to posterity gathering blessings with the increase of time) , who while engaged in settling this dispute first conceived the idea of founding the prov- ince of Pennsylvania. Fenwick appears to have re- ceived for his services as trustee or agent for Byllings a certain portion of the lands of the new colony, viz., lying below Oldman's Creek, which creek the Indians called Mosacca, but Fenwick called it Berkeley River. "The fact of the Fenwick title to lands below Old- man's Creek is apparent from an old warrant now in my possession, in good keeping, having the seal of Fenwick attached, and dated at the Fenwick govern- ment the 26th day of the 6th month, a.d. 1682, gran ting one thousand acres of land to Rodger Pedrick, and lying on the west side of said creek, or Berkeley River, which embraces the site where Pedricktown now stands. The grants or title to the lands above Oldman's Creek all appear to have been given by Byllings and his last appointed commissioners or trustees. This is the case with the lands in question, for we find by deed dated the 26th and 27th days of the 7th month (July), a.d. 1681, Edward Byllings and trustees convey to John Clark, of London (brewer), a whole share of proprietary land in the western divi- sion of the Province of New Jersey. The number of acres does not appear on the face of this deed, but we find by reference thereto in after deeds that the quantity was one thousand acres, more or less, with the usual allowance, etc., five hundred acres of which were located on the northwest side of Edward's Creek, a branch of Mantoes Creek, and five hundred on the southeast side of said creek, in the township of Green- wich, in the county of Gloucester. John Clark dying intestate, the whole of said lands descended to his eldest son, John Clark, Jr., of Hackney, in the county of Middlesex, England, gentleman, who by deed dated the 26th and 27th days of July, 1702, conveys his whole right in said lands to Benjamin Alford, of New England, in America. This appears to be the first time the name of America is mentioned in any of the grants. Benjamin Alvord dying without a will, his whole estate descended to his son, John Alvord, who by deed dated the 20th and 21st days of June, 1720, conveys five hundred and fifty acres of said lands to Robert Gerrard. Here appears to be the date of the first survey made after the general loca- tion, and begins at a stake .standing on the westerly side of Great Mantoes Creek, and runs a southwesterly course sixty-nine chains to John Eglington's line; thence with said line southeastward, sixty-seven chains ; and thence eastwardly to Edward's Creek, and thence down the same to Mantoes Creek afore- said, and thence down said creek to the place of be- ginning. It may here be observed that Edward's Creek (whick took its name from Edward Byllings) emptied into Mantoes Creek at that time near where the Swedesboro Railroad now crosses the same, which is some three-fourths of a mile from its present junc- tion, the cause of which will be hereafter noticed in its proper place. The said John Gerrard, by deed dated June 22, 1727, purchased of John Eglington one hundred acres adjacent to the aforesaid tract. "Note. — These two surveys must have embraced the lands on which now stand the village of Berkeley, most of the town of Clarksboro, Clark's Landings, the railroad depot at Clarksboro, Thomas D. Brown's nursery, the almshouse farm, etc. We will here just notice that John Alford aforesaid, by deed dated Nov. 1, 1740, conveys his other half of the one thou- sand acres before mentioned, and lying on the south- east side of Edward's Creek, to John Haines, of Goshen, neither place or kingdom mentioned. This must have included the lands in 'the township of Mantua now owned by Samuel Haines, Charles TOWNSHIP OF EAST GKEENWICH. 205 Shoemaker, John Haines, James B. Albertson, James Beckett, and others. Four years after this purchase the said John Haines built the larger part of the present brick mansion house now owned by James B. Albertson, which is in good keeping after the lapse of near one hundred and thirty years. A consider- able portion of said lands continues in the Haines family to the sixth generation. " We will now return to the almshouse property. Eobert Gerrard aforesaid, by his last will and testa- ment, dated the 20th day of the 6th month, 1748, directed that his real estate in general should be sold by his executors, viz. : his wife Margaret, son William, and Joshua Lord, who by their deed bearing date the 1st day of the 10th month, 1752, convey the whole six hundred and fifty acres to Thomas Gerrard, who, by deed dated the 13th day of November, 1752, con- veys two hundred and fifty-three acres, being a part of said tract, to Sarah Bickham, who married James Wood, and they by deed, dated Aug. 6, 1756, convey the same to William Gerrard, and he by deed of the same date sells the same to Daniel Lippincott and wife, who, by deed dated April 1, 1757, convey the same to Thomas Coles. Thomas Gerrard aforesaid, by deed of conveyance dated Nov. 11, 1752, sells four hundred and twenty acres of the land bought of the executors of Robert Gerrard to William Gerrard aforesaid, who, by his deed dated the 26th day of the 12th month, 1755, conveys the same to Restore Lip- pincott, w^ho and wife, by their deed bearing date the 15th day of July, 1759, sell to Thomas Coles afore- said sixty -six and one-half acres, and to John Ches- ter at the same time six acres three roods and fifteen perches of meadow ; and the said John Chester, by deed dated Dec. 15, 1759, conveys the same to Thomas Coles, who, by deed dated May 21, 1762, conveys sixty-four and three-quarter acres of the seventy- three and one-half acres in the two last pieces men- tioned to James Hinchman, who and wife, by their deed dated Jan. 15, 1765, conveys the same to Restore Lippincott aforesaid. The said Restore Lippincott now owns of the original Clark tract four hundred and eleven acres, and the said Thomas Coles two hun- dred and sixteen and one-half acres. Thomas Denny, high sheriff of the county of Gloucester, by deed dated the 25th day of June, in the third year of the reign of George III., king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, d efender of the Faith, etc., a.d. 1763, sells all the lands of Thomas Coles in the county aforesaid, by virtue of a writ issued out of the Su- preme Court, principally in favor of Samuel Hogg, a blacksmith, to the aforesaid Restore Lippincott, who has now become the owner of the whole half of the original proprietary right of the said John Clark lying on the northwest side of Edward's Creek, with one hundred acres additional bought from the Egling- ton tract, amounting to six hundred and seventy-two and one-half acres, with the usual allowance, etc. From corroborating circumstances, it appears that Restore Lippincott, during the next fifteen years, ac- complished the great task of straightening Edward's Creek by cutting thoroughfares across several of the bends thereof, and, with the assistance of William Haines, dug an entire new watercourse or canal from Gerrard's Dam to Great Mantua Creek (here we first discover the name of Mantua for the creek in- stead of Mantoes, as heretofore), a distance of some one hundred rods, at a width of about thirty feet, and four in depth. This accounts for the entrance of Edward's Creek into Mantua Creek at the present time being very different than formerly, as before alluded to. At the mouth of this canal flood-gates were laid, which efffectually kept the tide from flowing up the same. At some considerable distance up said creek, and nearly on the lower bounds of the present almshouse farm, the said Restore Lippincott conceived the idea of building a grist-mill, preparatory to which he purchased of John Haines, by deed dated the 14th day of the 5th month, 1777, fifty-three acres of land and marsh, lying on the southeast side of said Edward's Creek, for the purposes of a mill-pond. The project of the mill, after much labor and expense, was aban- doned on account of the flatness of the stream and valley, and consequent difficulty in obtaining a suffi- cient fall of water. There had been two grist-mills in early times further up said stream, above the tide, one of which was called Room's mill, and upon its going down, another, known as Cozzens' mill (near where Leppee's mill now stands), was erected, which also going down about the date last mentioned, perhaps led to the idea of the new mill, in our narrative, to supply their place. Elijah Cozzens, one of the owners of the mill above noticed bearing his name, was a dep- uty surveyor and scrivener, many of whose maps and writings have frequently come into my hands. The said Restore Lippincott, by deed dated the 3d day ot the 7th month, 1778, conveys the whole of his lands to his son, William Lippincott, which, by a survey now taken, is found to contain eight hundred acres. About this time we find a sweeping warrant issued by the Council of Proprietors to one John Hind (gold- smith), of London, Great Britain, bearing date the 4th day of August, 1755, recorded in the surveyor- general's office, at Burlington, for forty thousand acres of land unappropriated in West New Jersey, and that the sheriff of Burlington County, by deed dated Sept. 29, 1787, sells to one John Lee three thousand eight hundred and fifty acres of said land : and the said John Lee, by deed dated the 1st day of 2d month, 1789, conveys fifty-three and one-half acres thereof to the said William Lippincott. " William Lippincott, during the next twenty years from the date of his father's deed, sells off to sundry persons various parts and parcels of his lands, which, with sundry parts before conveyed from time to time, and excepted in the several deeds, without giving par- ticulars, thereby reducing the quantity retained by him to two hundred and fifty acres, and builds the 206 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. stone mansion house which was standing on the premises when conveyed to the county of Gloucester. On tlie 29th day of 1st month, 1798, William Lippin- cott and wife (whose maiden name was Beckett, and one of the original owners of a part of the lands of Elmer W. Cooper, near Bridgeport) convey all their lands to William White. He was a deputy surveyor and an excellent scrivener, and who, upon being called on by the Society of Friends of Upper Green- wich to assist them in making choice of a new site for their meeting-house, in the place of the old one known as ' Solomon's,' after viewing a number of places,, coming to the spot where the present Green- wich meeting-house now stands, stuck down his com- pass staff, saying, ' Here is the right place.' » " In the following spring William Lippincott re- moves with his family to Canada, purchasing lands about twelve miles westward from Niagara Falls, and settles thereon. In the year 1800, William White builds the stone barn, with his name and date en- graven upon a large stone, and placed in the west end thereof, which was standing when the farm was conveyed to the county, and taken down a few years thereafter. William Lippincott, after spending five years in Canada, returned with his family to New Jersey, and purchases of William White, by deed dated the 7th day of the 2d month, 1803, all and the same lands which he had before conveyed. The dif- ference in price as per deeds was eight hundred and thirty-three dollars and twenty-five cents in favor of the last sale. The said William Lippincott, by his last will and testament, bearing date 18th day of the 6th month, 1824, bequeathed the homestead farm to his son, Restore Lippincott, who, by deed of assign- ment dated the 7th day of the 4th month, 1841, con- veys the same to William Mickle and George Craft, assignees, for the benefit of his creditors, and the said assignees, by deed dated the 20th day of the 10th month, A.D. 1841, convey the homestead farm, contain- ing one hundred and eighty acres, to Elizabeth Lip- pincott, who, by deed dated the 14th day of the 6th month, June, A.D. 1860, conveys one hundred and seven acres thereof to the county of Gloucester, on which the present almshouse buildings were soon after erected, the boundaries of which are as follows : Beginning at a stone in the middle of the Lawrence- ville and Red Bank turnpike 1.54 chains from the centre of the culvert over a small stream, and thence running eastwardly to Edward's Creek, and thence up the same by low-water mark, southwardly to a station in a general bend in said creek, and cor- ner to the said Elizabeth Lippincott's other lands, and thence by a direct line southwestwardly to a stone standing some distance southward from a fa- mous spring of water, known as Rattlesnake Spring (but how it obtained the name the writer cannot tell). It is nevertheless a fountain of most pure water, is- suing from a rock, and supplies the whole wants of the almshouse. From the stone last mentioned the boundary line is northwestward to a stone lettered 'G. C, I860,' in the middle of the turnpike road above mentioned, and thence along the same a north- easterly course to the place of beginning, containing, by actual survey taken at the time, the number of acres before mentioned. On the 2d day of the 6th month, June, A.D. 1864, the said Elizabeth Lippin- cott conveys to the county another small piece of marsh for mud to mend the meadow banks, adjoining said farm on the south, at the general bend in the creek before noticed, containing ninety-hundredths of an acre. "William Gerrard in his deed to Restore Lippin- cott dated the 26th of 12th month, 1755, as noticed in its place, reserves one-half acre of land for a family burying-ground forever, but where it is located, or whether it ever was used as a burial-place none can tell, as no traces thereof appear. The Lippincott family, however, instituted a small burial-ground across a valley and on a rising hill in front, and at some distance from the mansion-house, soon after it came into their possession, in which the interments of the family from time to time were made ; and the said William Lippincott before mentioned in his last will directed the inclosure of the ground by a good stone wall, which was carried out by the aforesaid Elizabeth Lippincott, under the immediate super- vision of the writer, and when the deed was made to the county for the farm this venerable little spot was reserved. The said Elizabeth Lippincott in her last will (though not interred in said burying-ground) be- queathed a legacy sufficient to keep the same forever in repair. The almshouse graveyard has been laid out right alongside of the foregoing, on a sandy hill amid the shady pines, where one after another of the inmates of the institution, as they pass off the stage of action, are quietly laid away." Chain of Title of the Samnel Reed (late Jo- seph H. Moore's) Farm, East Greenwich Town- ship.— Samuel Reed purchased 109^^^ acres of Jo- seph A. Moore and David S. Adams, executors of Joseph H. Moore (deceased), by deed dated Jan. 27, 1883. Joseph H. Moore purchased 202 acres of Joseph V. Clark and Joseph Allen, administrators of Wil- liam Allen (deceased), Jan. 19, 1819. Joseph H. Moore purchased 12 acres of Isaac Pine, Oct. 19, 1843. Isaac Pine purchased 12 acres of Samuel Sailer, administrator of George Allen, Oct. 2, 1843. George Allen purchased 12 acres of William Mickle, executor of Rachel Allen, 3d rao. 15, 1828. Rachel Allen purchased 12 acres of Joseph V. Clark and Joseph Allen (above), 5th mo. 10, 1822. Joseph H. Moore purchased ytSj acre (Mary Ann Duncan) of Joseph Jessup, sheriff, Jan. 5, 1850. William Allen purchased 183 acres, 2 rods, 20 perches, being a part of the original 225 acres of John Groff and wife, Nov. 14, 1800. TOWNSHIP OF EAST GREENWICH. 207 William Allen purchased 1 rod, 36 perches of James Keeves and wife, Sept. 25, 1808. William Allen purchased 18 acres of William Jones and wife, Aug. 10, 1816. John Groff purchased 184 acres of Nathan Paul and wife (Tamsen), Oct. 29, 1789. This land de- scended to Nathan Paul by will from his father, Nathan Paul, who purchased the same of David Long and wife (Lucy), March 20, 1761. David Long inherited this land by will from his father, Peter Long. John Groff purchased 85J acres of John Sparks, Esq. (Ruth, his wife), April 1, 1791, being part of a large tract which John Sparks purchased of Francis Robinson, Dec. 19, 1779. John Groff purchased 5 acres of meadow, adjoining on Repaupo Creek, of Isaac Steelman, Dec. 14, 1787. It is a part of the real estate devised to said Isaac Steelman by his father, James Steelman. The small lot of 1 rod, 86 perches aforesaid, which William Allen purchased of James Reeves, is a part of 100 acres which James Reeves purchased of John Sparks, March 9, 1798, and John Sparks purchased of Francis Robinson (both aforesaid), March 13, 1781. James Reeves sold l^nj acres, part of the above 100 acres, to Samuel Bowers, May 20, 1828, and, from the best information at hand, the George and Margaret R. Mullen farm was originally part of James Reeves' land. The 18 acres aforesaid, purchased by William Allen of William Jones, Aug. 10, 1816, was a part of 190 acres which Solomon Lippincott (of the western di- vision of the State of New Jersey) and wife (Mary) conveyed to Jacob Lippincott, May 13, 1795, and Jacob Lippincott and wife (Mary) sold said 18 acres to William Jones, June 16, 1814. We are informed that the farms of Benjamin Her- itage and Davis S. Adams were both formerly the property of Joseph Harrison in 1773. The farm of Edwin A. Holmes was owned by Isaac Pedrick in 1818. Jessup's mill, called Daniels' mill, and the land ad- joining, was owned by Elijah Cozens in 1805. William A. Dawson's farm was owned by William Sweeten in 1809. The boundary line between this property and that.of the late William Haines was a noted boundary line between the Sweeten lands and another large tract originally belonging to the Rich- ards survey. Part of the latter appears to have been owned by Joseph P. Hillman in 1790, who sold about 130 acres to Michael Wolf, and it afterwards descended to his son, David Wolf, who subsequently sold to Joseph Wolf, from the heirs of whom the late William Haines purchased the same, and at his death 85 acres thereof descended by will to his son, Job 8. Haines, the present occupant, one of the heirs of said William Haines. This property is known as " Cedar Lawn Farm." It has an extensive grove on a natural inclined slope, with a beautiful fresh-water lake, being a pleasant summer resort for the friends of the family and neighborhood. The Charles Heritage farm appears to have be- longed originally to Solomon Lippincott, who, by his will, devised lands to his grandson, John Lippincott, who in 1814 sold to Enos Gibbs. He sold to Joseph D. Green, from whom the title passed to Isaac Green in 1819 ; thence, at subsequent dates, to Cornelius Johnson, to Isaac Johnson, to William White, to John Watson, to Amos Hendrickson, to William Shute, to Jonathan Heritage, and then to his son, Charles Heritage. This is a valuable farm, and of such there are many in the township of which we are writing. Civil List. — The following is a list of the first offi- cers elected in this township, together with the prin- cipal officers for 1882 and 1883. 1881. — Township Clerk. — J. Albert was appointed town clerk, when the act erecting tlie township was passed, and at the annual town-meet- ing held in the spring of 1881, William H. Brown was elected ; As- sessor, J. A. Wolf; Collector, William P. Haines; Chosen Freehold- ers, Joseph L. Beeves, Benjamin Heritage ; Township Committee, David B. Gill, John Loudenslager, and Job S. Haines ; Surveyors of Highways, David S. Adams, George H. Gaunt; Overseers of High- ways, Jeffrey C. Batten, David S. Adams ; Overseer of Poor, Isaac G. Warner ; Pound Keeper, Joseph Guest; Judge of Election, Isaac N. Hughes ; Inspectors of Election, John Haines, William H. Wolf. 1882.— Town Clerk, Henry L, Haines ; Assessor, J. A. Wolf; Collector, William P. Haines ; Chosen Freeholders, Joseph L. Keeves, Benja- min Heritage; Township Committee, David B. Gill, John Louden- slager, and Job S. Haines. 1883. — Town Clerk, Henry L. Haines ; Assessor, J. Albert Wolf ; Collec- tor, William P. Haines; Chosen Freeholders, Benjamin Heritage, Joseph L. Keeves ; Township Committee, John A. Loudenslager, David B. Gill, Walter Heritage ; Surveyors of Highways, David S. Adams, George H. Gaunt ; Overseers of Roads, First District, Jeffrey C. Batten ; Second District, William Dawson ; Overseer of the Poor, Isaac C. Warner; Commissioners of Appeal, William G. Haines, David Owen, Charles Shoemaker; Judge of Election, Isaac N. Hughes; Inspectors of Election, William H. Wolf, John Haines; Pound Keeper, Joseph Guest. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Clarksboro. — This quiet old town is situated in the northeast part of the township, at the crossing of old Salem pike and the Paulsboro and Mullica Hill roads. Previous to, and in the early part of the present century, the land on the northeast side of the Mullica Hill road was owned by Jeffrey Clark, from whom the town takes its name. He was a large land- owner, his plantation including all that portion of the town and running well up towards the old "Death of the Fox" Inn. He caused the farm on that portion nearest the crossing to be laid out in building-lots, somewhat larger than is the custom at the present day. The town soon began to grow, and in about 1825 it had become the great trading-point for some miles around, although there were yet but few houses on the Clark tract. The southwest side of the Mullica Hill and Pauls- boro road was owned by different parties, among whom was John Eglington (after whom the beautiful 208 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. cemetery just out of the town was named), the Gill family, the Sailers, and others. The pioneer merchant at this place was Matthew Gill. He kept store here probably as early as 1775, on the corner where the brick store now stands. Here in the old building, and for some years in the brick store which he built, he dispensed the necessaries of life usually kept in a country store at that time, such as codfish, molasses, nails, calico, brown linen sheeting, tea, sugar, crockery, and last, but not least, good old rum — rum that didn't kill. For many years Mr. Gill's store was the great centre. He was the Wanamaker of eighty years ago. The pioneer tavern was kept in that ancient-look- ing stone building near the railroad crossing, towards Berkeley. This was built previous to the Revolution- ary war, and has lived through four wars, and to all appearances is good for several centuries more. It was known all through this section of country as the " Death of the Fox Inn." Tradition says, and every one knows that tradition never lies, that it was the custom in ye ancient days to capture a live fox, no- tify all sporting men within a hundred miles to meet at a certain inn, bring with them their dogs, and at a certain hour, after dinner, of course, let the fox loose, give him a fair start, and then let the hounds follow in the chase and kill the fox if they could. This was one of the principal sports among the pioneers of this section, and for this reason the old hostelry attained the name even prior to the Revolution. Among the pioneer landlords was William Sailer, who for many years ministered to the wants of both man and beast, and always gave his guests such a welcome that they at once felt themselves at home. In after-years, and early in the present century, Mr. Sailer left the old stone house, and opened a hotel up in the village, in the house now owned by Edward Stewart, where he remained a few years, and retired, leaving Olarksboro without a tavern, and the weary traveler, even to this day, without a place in the town to rest and refresh himself. While Matthew Gill was in the mercantile business he was also engaged in distilling spirits. His old distillery stood nearly in rear of the brick store in the back part of the yard, or on what is now the next lot. Here the old pioneer farmers could exchange their corn, rye, and wheat for something more exhilarating, which many of them did. The old distillery subse- quently came under the ban of public opinion, and gave place to something better. For many years Olarksboro has moved along in the even tenor of its way, neither adding or diminishing perceptibly. The solid old residences that were there at the beginning of this century are still occupied by descendants of the builders, and for half a century in some cases by the builders. Occasionally a new house has been built, or one modernized, but no spontaneous uprising of new residences or tenements. The old Salem turnpike, the mile-stones of which were set up in 1772 or 1773, is the principal street, beautifully shaded as far as the town extends each way from " the corners" as it used to be called. The railroad station is at the crossing of the Pauls- boro road, and on that street a few houses and a Ger- man church have been built since the advent of the rail- road. Taken altogether, it is a quiet town, with three churches, Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, and German Evangelical, two stores, George S. Dil- more in the old Gill store, and J. 0. Davis & Bro. on the opposite side of the pike, where the village post- office is located. The principal attraction of the town is the graveyard, or, as it is better known, "Eglington Oemetery," a beautifully laid out and ornamented city of the dead, whose slumbers will never be disturbed by mirthful demonstrations of the denizens of what is now Olarksboro. Pioneer Land-Owners in and around Olarksboro. — Besides those already mentioned, the following may be of interest. March 9, 1715, the proprietors of the Western Division of New Jersey deeded to Francis Austin a tract of land containing one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five acres. Seven hundred acres of the above was assigned to Jonathan Haines the 3d day of January, 1719. One hundred of the 1865-acre tract was assigned by Nehemiah Haines, son and heir of the said Jona- than Haines, to John Eglington, and recorded in liber M, folio 218, in surveyor-general's office, Bur- lington, N. J. John Eglington, by his last will and testament, dated May 22, 1776, gave part of his lands to liis nephew, John Lord. John Lord died intestate and without issue, and the land went to his brother, Asa Lord. Asa Lord died, leaving a widow and one daughter. The widow married John Richards, and he, by an Orphans' Court sale, sold to Matty Ooats by deed dated July 19, 1799. Matty Ooats married Ann Lord, only daughter and heir of Asa Lord. Matty Ooats and his wife, Annie, sold thirty-two acres and two roods of the above land to James Cattle Wood, by deed dated July 20, 1799. This thirty-two acres, says James Taggart, now living near Olarksboro, is now owned by Edward Steward. It is described in the old deed as follows : "Beginning in middle of the Salem Kond; thence along the middle thereof So 49° W. 9 ch 10 i ; thence No 37^^° W. 36 Ch. and SO 1 to James C. Woods other land as he bought of George CozKens ; thence by same No 52° E. 9 ell 20 1 ; thence liy John Boyer and Steward's land and by other Lotts, So 37J^° E. 35 ch 60 1. to place of beginning, containing thirty-two acres and two Boods " This deed was signed in presence of Matthew Gill and George Brown. The price paid for the land was nine hundred dollars. Dec. 24, 1802, Samuel Davenport, and Ann, his wife, deeded to William Thompson fifty acres of land, on which stood the " Death of the Fox Inn." The deed was recorded May 23, 1803, in liber G, folio 31, of deeds. This property is now owned by J. D. HoflF- man and Isaac Davidson. TOWNSHIP OP EAST GREENWICH. 209 Mr. David B. Gill, of Clarkaboro, says that in the middle of the old turnpike road, in front of the old " Death of the Fox," is a deep well, and that four or five feet below the surface of the road is a large flat stone covering the mouth of the well. The well was made many years prior to the establishment of the turnpike (1772), and from the well water was taken for use in the old tavern, and the building of the turn- pike necessitated the covering of the well. Mickleton is a small hamlet nearly one mile west from Clarksboro, on the old Salem turnpike, and named from William and Samuel Mickle, who owned the land upon which the hamlet is located. The place was known for many years as " Upper Greenwich." William Mickle built the first store at this place in 1862 or 1863. It stood on the opposite side of the Jefferson road from the present store, and opposite the Friends' meeting-house, and was destroyed by fire in 1875. Greenwich Hall, a large two-story frame building, was built in August, 1874, by a stock company. S. Mickle Ogden, the present merchant at Mickle- ton, commenced business in the old store in 1859, and moved his stock of goods into the Greenwich Hall store in the fall of 1874. The pioneer wheelwright at this place was Joseph Allen, who located here in 1876, and the first black- smith was Joseph Kircher, who also came in 1876. The present blacksmith is Joseph Ley, and the wheelwright is Alexander Dean. William P. Haines is the carpenter and builder, while George Irvin, who located here in 1880, is the village shoemaker. A large portion of the land around the village of Mickleton is now owned by Job Carter, George Craft, and heirs of William Mickle. The Mickles came from Clonmell Creek, near the Delaware Eiver. William was a great-grandfather of S. Mickle Ogden, and Samuel Mickle was Ogden's grandfather. There is none of the Mickle family at present in or around Mickleton. S. Mickle Ogden is the present post- master. Berkeley, a small and ancient hamlet, situate about one mile from Clarksboro, on the turnpike to Wood- bury, and on the line of the Woodbury and Swedes- boro Eailroad. It is also on the northeast border of the township, and left bank of the Mantua Creek, and four miles from Woodbury, the county-seat. The town was named in honor of Lord John Berke- ley, one of the proprietors of West New Jersey. Just who the pioneer farmer, merchant, or mechla.nic was at this place seems to be a mystery to any now living. No doubt it was settled long prior to the be- ginning of the present century, but by whom, echo answers, Who? There is at this place an old Baptist meeting-house of small dimensions, a school-house, store by David Owen, Jr., hotel by William Kean, harness-shop by Charles Test, blacksmith-shop by Eobert Eldridge, wheelwright-shop by Charles G. Higgins, and coal- 14 and lumber-yard by George Parker, who is doing quite an extensive business. The nearest post-office is Clarksboro. RELIGIOUS. Upper Greenwich Preparative Meeting of Friends.— The rise of the Society of Friends is regarded by an eminent historian as "one of the memorable events in the history of man." ' This conclusion, founded upon the love of civil and re- ligious liberty manifested by the early Friends, is abundantly confirmed when we consider the excel- lence of their principles, the purity of their lives, and the patient endurance of severe persecution. The doctrines and testimonies of the religious So- ciety of Friends, when faithfully maintained, con- stitute, in their view, a revival of primitive Chris- tianity.'' Many of the Friends who came with John Fenwick from England located a colony and early established a meeting at Salem, N. J., in the year 1675, and about 1681, Friends settled at and near what is now Wood- bury City, where a meeting was established, and sub- sequently a branch of the Woodbury Meeting was established at Upper Greenwich, and in 1740 a small frame meeting-house was built on a lot of land granted for that purpose by Solomon Lippincott, and in 1798 the present large, two-story brick building at Mickle- ton was erected for meeting purposes, on lands do- nated by Samuel Tonkin and Samuel Mickle. This house is located one and a half miles east of the former one, and the first meeting-house lot is still held by the meeting and occupied as a burying- ground. Among the early or pioneer Friends ap- pear the names of Lippincott, Fisher, Hooten, Cozzens, Zane, Mickle, Wood, Bates, Haines, and others, whose descendants still occupy the pioneer possessions and form the better portion of the com- munity in which they live. There is one peculiarity about the Friends' dis- cipline, viz., it enjoins upon the members of the Society to provide for their own poor, consequently no Friend is found as a subject of charity within the walls of any charitable institution. Another peculiarity of the Friends is their care for the youth and their educational advantages. Some- where in the vicinity of a Friends' meeting-house will be found a school-house, or a place provided for the education of the children. Expense is not taken into the account, for education they must have, and they esteem it one of the essentials of life. Would that all others felt the same interest in the youth of our land. In 1808 the Friends erected a brick school-house on land donated for that purpose, adjoining the meet- ing property at Mickleton, for the use of members and the neighborhood. Suitable apparatus was sub- 1 Bancroft's United States, ii. 337. 2 Jannoy's History of Friends. 210 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. sequently provided for illustrating the higher branches of science, and an extensive and well-selected library was established. In connection with Upper Greenwich is the Wood- bury Monthly Meeting, held alternately at that place and at Upper Greenwich, with Job 8. Haines as clerk. For the Upper Greenwich Preparative Meeting Rachel Haines and Joseph B. Livezey are the min- isters, with Edwin A. Holmes and Job S. Haines ap- pearing occasionally in that service. Of this meet- ing Benjamin Heritage is clerk. The trustees of the meeting property in 1883 were Charles Heritage, Amos J. Peaslee, Samuel Haines, John Owen, and Job S. Haines. With this meeting is a flourishing First-day scho(jl, with Job S. Haines as superintendent, and Mary L. Haines, Debbie G. Haines, Rebecca V. Ogden, Han- nah Chatham, Ellen B. Haines, William M. Carter, Hannah A. Heritage, Joseph B. Livezey, and Edwin A. Holmes as teachers. The librarians are William H. Borden and Mary Owen ; Secretaries, Hannah Peaslee and Lizzie Borden. St. Peter's Cliurch, Berkeley, at Clarksboro.'— The corporate name of this church is derived from its original location in Berkeley, a mile above Clarks- boro, on the Swedesboro turnpike. Ic was founded in the former place in 1771. When the building of a church was first proposed it was evidently entered upon without any distinct understanding as to the particular form of worship which was to be held in it. At that time it was no easy thing to secure a settled minister of any denomination, and when a rural church was built it was for the general purpose of preaching by whoever could from time to time be obtained. At that time, too, the Methodist preachers who traveled through the country were quite gener- ally men ordained in the Church of England, and in no way formally separated from that communion by their connection with the Methodist society. But soon after the erection of the church the question of distinct ownership arose, and the first minute on the church records is of a congregational meeting, at which it was declared that the intention of the founders was to erect a building for the Church of England, and a resolution passed authorizing Dr. Bodo Otto, after- wards conspicuous in the Revolutionary war, to re- turn their subscriptions to any who had contributed under a misapprehension on this point. Soon after- ward another resolution was adopted prohibiting the use of the building to any clergyman who had not Epis- copal ordination. The first rector was Robert Black- well, D.D., a man of great energy and diligence, who faithfully served this and other missions in Gloucester County. for about six years. He afterwards removed to Philadelphia, as assistant minister to the united parishes of Christ Church and St. Peter's, and fulfilled a long career of usefulness in that city. He became 1 By Rev. Jesse Y. Burk. one of the trustees of the University of Pennsylva- nia, of which the present rector of the same village church became secretary just one hundred years later. For many years after the Revolution this and all its sister churches were in a most unsettled con- dition. There were seldom stated services. No ac- curate records were kept of the occasional ministra- tions, and there is great difiiculty in securing even the outlines of parochial history. Not until 1824 do we find a regular minister in charge, the Rev. Richard D. Hall, who served this and St. Mary's, Colestown, formed a mission at Mullica Hill, now St. Stephen's, and even added to his charge St. John's, at Chew's Landing. Mr. Hall was not only an indefatigable worker, but in his prime a most attractive preacher. He lived to a very advanced age, greatly respected by the whole community, after service in many and varied fields. After a short vacancy the Rev. Wil- liam Bryant became rector, but served only for one year. In the following year the Rev. Simon Wilmer, of Pennsylvania, was chosen. Some difficulty, the details of which are not now known, led to his being silenced in 1834 by Bishop Doane, an action in which the vestry seem to have acquiesced, and his connec- tion with the parish terminated. The next rector was the Rev. John Jones, of whom great things were expected, but to the great regret of the parish he was removed by the bishop's influence to what seemed to be a more important field. But what seemed a misfortune proved to be most providential. The Rev. Hiram Harrold had been a Methodist minister stationed in the vicinity, but having become an Episcopalian he was ordained to the ministry and became the rector of the parish in 1836. His minis- try was productive of most excellent and permanent results. His wife was a most earnest and faithful helper in his work. Through her energy the parson- age in Clarksboro was secured, in which it was her delight to exercise the widest and most generous hos- pitality. This important acquisition was made in the year 1838, and led finally to the erection of the pres- ent church building on the opposite side of the road. This was done in 1845, to meet the demand for a more central location as to the congregation, and while the old church was torn down the surrounding graveyard was carefully walled in, and has ever been guarded as a trust of the parish. Dec. 17, 1846, the new church was solemnly dedicated by Bishop Doane. After a rectorship of nearly fourteen years, Mr. Harrold resigned (December, 1849), to the great re- gret of his parishioners. To this day the memory of this excellent couple is preserved, both in their bishop's recorded words and in the hearts of sur- viving friends, as a most precious legacy of Christian zeal and Christian friendship. In 1850 the Rev. Samuel C. Stratton became rector. He, too, was a good man and an effective minister. After six years' service failing health compelled his resignation, and he removed to Philadelphia, where he died in a few TOWNSHIP OF EAST GREENWICH. 211 years. In October, 1856, the Rev. Archibald Beatty came. His rectorship lasted only about three years, but they were fruitful in good work, and a goodly num- ber of useful members were gathered into the church. He afterwards became a very prominent clergyman in Kansas, growing in usefulness and distinction with the growth of the young diocese. He was succeeded in 1859 by the Rev. Henry B. Barton, with whose ad- vent there seemed to come a revival of religious interest. In the first year of his incumbency there were more baptisms and confirmations than in any other year of the history of the parish, but he re- mained only about a year. In 1860 the Rev. Isaac W. Hallam, who had organized the first Episcopal Church in Chicago, assumed the rectorship, which he ably filled for nine years, removing then to his native New England, where he still lives, though unable to engage actively in church work. He was succeeded by the Rev. Francis E. R. Chubbuck. Mr. Chub- buck was in feeble health when he took charge of the parish, and so endeared himself to the people that every indulgence was shown him, in the hope of a long and useful life among them. But this hope was disappointed, and he died, after a brief term of ser- vice, deeply regretted by the people of his charge. In 1872 the Rev. James Hart Lamb assumed this as his first parish. Winning at once tbe affection and esteem of his people, he made excellent proof of his ministry, and in every department of church work awakened a new interest. Both in temporal and spiritual things the parish prospered greatly under his ministrations. In addition to the work at home he inaugurated a mission atPaulsboro, and soon built there the present St. James' Church, which, when fully organized, he transferred to other hands. But the qualities which endeared him to his people and secured the regard of his neighbors of all denomina- tions marked him as the man for larger spheres of usefulness, and to the deep regret of his flock he re- signed the parish in 1878, to take charge of Trinity Church, Moorestown, of which he is still the efficient rector. He was succeeded, in the fall of the same year, by the Rev. Jesse Y. Burk, the present rector. The parish is in a fairly prosperous condition. It has a communicant membership of about fifty. The church edifice is plain, but comely and comfortable. It owns also a rectory and the old burial-ground at Berkeley, and is not only free from debt, but possesses a moderate invested fund from bequests made at different times by faithful parishioners. The last and largest of these (one thousand dollars) was recently left by Mrs. Mary Jessup, whose ancestors were among the founders of the church, and whose descendants are yet among its members and supporters. Its roll of membership ex- hibits the names of many of the old families of the county, and attests to the happiness of its situation in a region which retains through so many generations the attractions of home. It has before it the prospect of continued and increasing prosperity and useful- ness, and of a future not unworthy of its venerable Methodist Episcopal. — Clarksboro was at an early day included in a large circuit, and enjoyed only occasional preaching by the faithful old itinerants who reached their appointments on a four or six weeks' circuit. , The pioneer class was formed at this place in 1825, with Job Lawrence as leader. Among his members were Kesiah Lawrence, Daniel Green, Mary Green, Nathaniel P. Turner, and Mary Turner. In 1831 the little band of worshipers had so in- creased in numbers that a meeting-house was built on the site occupied by the present one. For half a century the little old frame building served the purpose of the Christian fold, where the little flock of faithful ones went in and out, and where they worshiped God without any to molest or make them afraid. For fifty years they were fed with the heavenly manna in the old church, and had grown, not as numer- ous as the children of Israel, but so numerous that a more commodious place of worship seemed to be a ne- cessity. Accordingly, early in the summer of 1883 a building committee was appointed, consisting of Rev. H. J. Zelly, David Owen, Jr., Capt. James D. Hoff"- man, Isaac C. Warner, and Fillmore Hughes, who took the work in hand and built a church edifice, with stone basement and superstructure of frame work. At the time of the publication of this work (November, 1883) the church is not completed. Esti- mated cost, four thousand dollars. The pastors since 1863 have been as follows : Rev. Dr. George K. Morris, 1863; Jesse Stiles, J. H. Hutchinson, Dickinson Moore, 1870 ; W. P. C. Strick- land, 1872; J. B. Westcott, 1875; E. J. Lippincott, 1878 ; J. R. Thompson, 1880 ; E. Messier, 1881, died in Clarksboro, Jan. 15, 1882 ; E. K. Brown, appointed to fill vacancy until Conference ; T. C. Parker, 1882 ; H. J. Zelly, 1883. Membership in 1883 was one hun- dred and ten. The official board for 1883 was as follows : Stewards, J. D. Hoffman, Nathan P. Hoffman, James L. Camp, Fillmore Hughes, John Green, Charles Hughes, Samuel Shute, and George Owen ; Trustees, James L. Camp, Thomas Adams, John Green, J. D. Hoff"- man, George Owen, Samuel Shute, and Joshua Cor- son ; Leaders, J. D. Hoff'nian and Thomas Adams; Sunday-school Superintendent, Joseph H. Smith. The German Evangelical Church, located on Railroad Avenue, was built in 1880. Upon its front may be seen the following inscription : " Zions Kirche Der Erangelische Germanschaft.'* On the corner-stone is the following inscription : " G M & J B April 1880" ^Xo HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. CEMETERIES. Ellington Cemetery, located on the southeast side of the village of Clarksboro, has become the most popular and best-arranged burial-place in Glou- cester County. A small portion of what is now the cemetery grounds was a burying-ground in the very early part of this century, and was set apart as such by John Eglington, in his last will and tes- tament, in 1776. When the little original plat of ground had become filled with the remains of the departed pioneers of Clarksboro, an effort was made, more land secured, a company formed, a charter granted by the State I^egislature, and the present beautiful cemetery grounds the result of efforts put forth by David B. Gill, Esq., who is the secretary and treasurer of the association. The association was chartered in 1869, and the cemetery laid out in 1872. In this beautiful city of the dead may be found the following inscriptions : Samuel Davis, died Jan. 30, 1883, aged 78 years, Samuel Coles, died May 26, 1879, aged 73. John LippiDcott, died July 22, 1866, aged 61. William Steward, born Dec. 28, 1820, died June 7, 1881. Ann Ladd, died Feb. 6, 1857, aged 50. Samuel H. Ladd, died March 6, 1866, aged 41. William Waddell Ladd (soldier), born July 20, 1847, died Dec. IS, 1863. Lawrence Packer, born Nov. 30, 1799, died July 19, 1879. Alice F. Packer, born July 16, 1800, died Oct. 22, 1877. Isabella M. Packer, died Feb. IS, 1874, aged 62. Edward Duffleld, born May 18, 1773, died Dec. 2, 1855. Sarah Clark, bor« Nov. 24, 1783, died July 23, 1865. Sarah Cavis, died Feb. 7, 1860, aged 78. John V. Clark, born April 3, 1779, died Oct. 22, 1827. Kuth D McHam, born Aug. 21, 1794, died Aug. 26, 1866. Mary Zane, wife of J. V. Clark, born Oct. 6, 1778, died Dec. 21, 1808. Jeffrey Clark, Esq., died April 2, 1821, aged 76. Zilla Clark, died Nov. 10, 1795, aged 48. Mary Clark, died Nov. 26, 1785, aged 30. Elizabeth Clark, died Sept. 6, 1798. Matthew Gill, Jr., Esq., died Aug. 11, 1822, aged 48. Phebe Gill, born Aug. 28, 1777, died Dec. 11, 1864. Joseph C. Gill, born Sept. 9, 1800, died Jan. 20, 1869. Desire Gill, died April 20, 1837, aged 32. Maria Paul, died Oct. 18, 1846, aged iiO. Thomas Clark, Esq., died Oct. 29, 1809, aged 72. Christian Clark, died Jan. 17, 1817, aged 75. Nancy Paul, died Oct. 3, 1845, aged 82. Christian Gill, born .Tuly 12, 1774, died Jan, 15, 1846. Mary Batten, born Dec. 12, 1808, died Feb. 11, 1879. Moses Batten, born March 22, 1802, died May 1, 1868. Eebecca Weatherby, died Feb. 17, 1841, aged 61. Edmund Weatherby, died Sept. 2b, 1826, aged 62. Joseph W. Piatt, died June 8, 1868, aged 68. Adalaido B. Heyl, wife of Capt. A. T. Bacon, born Nov. 16, 1845, died Jan. S, 1880. Elizabeth C. Clement, born 9th mo. 26, 1811, died 11th mo. 10, 1881. Christiana String, born March 26, 1820, died Aug. 10, 1882. Samuel String, died Feb. 11, 1863, aged 85. Ezekiel C. Mount, bom Aug. 12, 1821, died Jan. 21, 1879. Deland P. Atkinson, died Oct. 21, 1881, aged 63. Samuel 6. Haines, died 3d mo, 12, 1881, aged 64, . David Owen, died 9th mo. 9, 1879, aged 64, Michael Allen, born Nov, 12, 1813, died Feb, 6, 1873, Sarah D, Osgood, born May 25, 1808, died Sept. 11, 1872. Thomas L, Ogden, 1834-1880, Joseph E. Erwin, born May 6, 1791, died Aug. 20, 1868. Honora Erwin, died July 28, 1866, aged 68. Deborah Holdcraft, born Feb. 2, 1814, died June 24, 1873, Oram Adamson, died April 16, 1875, aged 49. Andrew V. Locke, died Deo. 4, 1870, aged 70. Lewis Curts, bom Feb. 6, 1816, died Feb. 21, 1874. Dr. Charles F. Clark, died Oct. 16, 1875, aged 76. Zebulon Locke, born April 10, 1808, died Aug. 1, 1876. Harriet Locke, born Feb. 11, 1809, died Oct. 12, 1876. James Jessup, died Feb. 2.3, 1850, aged 52. William G. Murray, born Feb. 17, 1848, died Oct. 5, 1882. (Soldier.) Thomas Schumo, born Feb. 6, 1803, died Nov, 9, 1859, Selby Murray, born May 29, 1807, died Feb, 16, 1883. Sarah Stetzer, born Nov, 19, 1796, died Jnly 2, 1882, Hiram Abbott, died May 12, 1880, aged 61. Joseph Dayton, died May 27, 1880, aged 80. Sarah Dayton, died Feb. 20, 1878, aged 78. John Simmermon, died Jan. 20, 1850, aged 72. Kesiah Simmermon, died March 24, 1857, aged 75. John Estell, Esq., died Oct. 10, 1839, aged 59. Naoma Estell, died March 31, 1852, aged 64. Benjamin C. Packer, bom Sept. 13, 1840, died Sept. 18, 1881. James Bradshaw, died Jan. 18, 1878, aged 63. Rebecca French, bom Jan. 1, 1790, died July 19, 1879. Lydia E. Gibbs, born March 28, 1822, died Dec. 16, 1879. Christopher Morgan, died May 2, 1881, aged 52. James Garrison, died Aug. 21, 1872, aged 89. William Harvey, died Nov. 30, 1861, aged 22. (Co. B, 63d P. V.) Edward W. Harvey, Co. K, 198th P. V. ; killed at battle of Louisa Court-House, Va., March 29, 1865, aged 17 years. Sarah McGhan, died Oct. 26, 1880, aged 48. Mary Longstreth, born May 24, 1820, died July 18, 1881. Rebecca Beal, born July 8, 1833, died Sept. 7, 1881. Catharine Blinsinger, born May 5, 1831, died April 22, 1882. Joseph M. Paul, died Aug. 13, 1878, aged 61. Joseph M. Stout, born Feb. 12, 1818, died Nov. 7, 1879. Samuel E. Newton, died Dec. 5, 1882, aged 79. Elizabeth Newtnn, died Sept. 5, 1879, aged 69. William G. Fletcher, died Feb, 26, 1882, aged 71. Eliza Ann Fletcher, died March 10, 1882, aged 64, Charles Small, born March 2, 18C5, died Jan, 3, 1874, Samuel Hudson, died Oct, 9, 1865, aged 70, Joseph D. Green, born July 6, 1793, died April 12, 1880, William Bailey, died March 26, 1865, aged 68, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM HAINES. John, the grandfather of William Haines, was born Sept. 22, 1753, and married Hepsekiah, daughter of James H. Hinchman. Among their children was a son William, whose birth occurred Dec. 7, 1779, and who married Ann White, to whom were born children, —Joshua, Ann, William, Sarah, and Samuel. All of these children resided in Gloucester County, where the sons were farmers. William was born March 8, 1810, in the above county, and spent his youth at his father's home in Greenwich township. Having em- braced such opportunities of education as the neigh- borhood afforded, he bore a leading part in school exercises and debates, and eagerly sought such ad- vantages as were attainable. Mr. Haines was, how- ever, a man of self-culture, and owed less to instruc- tion than to his own perseverance and zeal in the pursuit of knowledge. At an early day he fitted himself as a teacher, and taught at Swedesboro, Bat- tintown, Eldridge Hill, and Upper Greenwich, and at nineteen had fitted himself for surveying and con- veyancing, and very speedily established a lucrative f/}^l/£'C^a^'^<^ ^^^2x&^r7ee/ TOWNSHIP OF FRANKLIN. 213 business. He frequently engaged in the settlement of estates and served as the guardian of important trusts. His judgment was sound, his mind logical, and his abilities exceptional. His business rela- tions were marked by the strictest integrity and ex- actness. These qualities made his services eagerly sought, and afforded him little leisure from his daily avocations. Mr. Haines possessed a scientific mind, and attained some reputation as an investigator of facts pertaining to the magnetic needle. He was, in religion, a member of the Society of Friends, and connected with the Upper Greenwich Meeting, of which he was a minister. In politics he was a Whig, and joined the ranks of the Republi- can party on its organization. He was, as a member of the Board of Freeholders, especially zealous for the interests of the county, and as township superin- tendent of schools for several years greatly promoted the cause of education. Mr. Haines possessed strong convictions, and wielded a decided influence in the county, though of unobtrusive manners and of simple tastes. His hab- its were frugal, though liberal and charitable where such qualities could be properly exercised, and ever mindful of the interests of the poor. He was married March 6, 1834, to Bachel, daughter of John and Han- nah Lippincott, of Salem County. Their children are Job S., Elma (Mrs. Joseph B. Livezy), William Penn, and Hannah A. (Mrs. John Heritage). After his marriage Mr. Haines purchased " Cedar Lawn Farm," now the residence of his son Job S., and continued both professional and farming employments until his death, which occurred April 23, 1876, in his sixty- seventh year. Job S. married Miss Ellen B., daughter of Samuel and AnnaHolmes, of Salem County. Their children are Jacob C. and William C. (deceased), Stacy L., Idella, and Jesse B. Mr. Haines succeeded to his father's profession and business, and also vindi- cates the principles of the Republican party in poli- tics. He in 1882 represented his constituents in the State Legislature, and served on committees on Elec- tions, Bribery, Federal Relations, Deaf and Dumb Asylums, etc. Both he and Mrs. Haines are mem- bers of the Society of Friends. William Haines was one of the first members of the " Association of Practical Surveyors of West Jersey." He took an active interest in the affairs thereof, and encouraged its success by personal atten- tion and by contributions from his pen relative to his researches as to real estate titles, and his practical experiments with the magnetic needle, showing its variations and disturbing causes. CHAPTER XL. TOWNSHIP OP FRANKLIN.i " Geographical and. Descriptive.— This townshiji was formed in 1820 from Greenwich and Woolwich. At the time of its organization it was fifteen railos long, six and a half miles wide, and contained sev- enty-two thousand acres. The township has been reduced by the formation of others, till at present it contains only thirty-one thousand three hundred and eighty-eight acres. Its surface is generally level, with a light, sandy soil, susceptible of a high state of cultivation, as evi- denced by the large crops of vegetables and small fruits. But a few years since Franklin was a dense forest of small pines, but, by industry and frugality, it has become of immense value as a truck-farming township. It is the southeast corner township of the county, and is bounded on the southeast by Atlantic County, on the southwest by Cumberland and Salem Counties, on the northeast by Clayton, and on the northwest by Monroe township. The township is watered by Marsh Lake Branch and tributaries in the easterly part of the township, and by the head-waters of Scorland Run in the west part of the township. The following is the act of incorporation : "Act of Incoepokation. "An Act to IncorporcOe part of the Towmhips of Woolwich and Greenwivh^ in the County of Gloucester, into a separate towiiehip, to he coiled the Town- ship of ' Franklm.^ " Ist. Be it enacted by the Council and General Assembly of this Staie, and it- is hereby enacted by the authority of Che sarnie. That all that part of the townships of Woolwich and Greenship, in the county of Gloucester! lying within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginuing at the head of Old Man's Creelt, in the line between the counties of Gloucester and Salem, and also the line of the south side of Woolwich township ; thence running a straight line to Mantua Creek, to intersect said creek below James Jessup's mill, opposite the dwelling-house of Andrew Dilks, dis- tance about seven miles; thence up said creek, the several courses thereof, being the boundary line between Greenwich and Deptford townships, to the head thereof; thence still along the said boundary line to the line of Hamilton township, distance about twelve miles; thence along the line of the west side of Hamilton township to the line between the counties of Gloucester and Cumberland, distance about six miles; thenco along the said county line westwardly to the pines of beginning, shall be, and the same is hereby set off from the townships of Woolwich and Greenwich ; and the same is hereby established a sep- arate township, to be called by the name of the township of Franklin. "2d. And be it enacted, That the inhabitants of the township of Frank- lin shall be, and they are hereby vested with and entitled unto, all the powers, privileges, and authorities, and shall be, and are hereby made, subject to the like regulations and government which the inhabitants of the aforesaid townships of Woolwich and Greenwich are subject and entitled to ; and the inhabitants of the said township of Franklin be, and they are hereby incorporated, styled, and known ))y the name of 'the inhabitants of the township of Franklin, in the county of Glouces- ter,' and entitled to all the privileges, advantages, and authorities that the other townships in the said county are entitled unto by virtue of an act, entitled 'An act incorporating the inhabitants of townships, desig- nating their powers and regulating their meetings, passed the twenty- first day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hun- dred and ninety-eight. 1 By W. H. Shaw 214 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. "3d. And te it eaacled, That the first town-meeting of the inhabitants after the passing of this act shall be on the second Wednesday in March next, at the Ifouse now occupied by George Calse in the village of Little Ease ; and that all town-meetings thereaftershall be held on the second Wednesday in March annually, at such place as the electors of said township shall from time to time direct and appoint. "4th. And be it fnaded^ That on the second Thursday after the first town-meeting in said township, the township committees of the said townships of Woolwich, Greenwich, and Franklin shall meet at the place aforesaid, at two o^clock in the afternoon of said day, and then and there proceed to the settlement of such business as is or may be neces- sary to be settled between the said townships: Provided, that if either of the committees as aforesaid shall neglect or refuse to meet ae afore- said, it shall be lawful for such committees as do meet to proceed to such settlement." BBPOKT OF COMMITTEE ON TOWNSHIP LINE, " We, the subscribers, being a committee appointed by the commit- tees of the townships of Woolwich, Greenwich, and Franklin, to supei% intend the running of the line between the tewnships of Woolwich and Greenwich on the one side, and Franklin on the other side, do report to committees of each respective township that we have caused said line to be run and marked ; Beginning at the head of Oldman's Creek in the line between the counties of Gloucester and Salem, and from thence north forty degrees and thirty minutes east. Five hundred and thirty- five chains to Mantua Creek, opposite Andrew Dilks* dwelling House, agreeably to the act of the Legislature in the above case made and pro- vided. "JosiAH Moore:, Woolwich. " Michael Allen, Greenwich. " Gabriel Isz \ru, Franklin. " April 3, 1820." Pioneer Settlements. — For all the information in relation to pioneers of what is now Franklin township we are indebted to Mr. William Porch, whose vener- able years and bright memories of the past carries us back among the settlers of this then forest of pines and oaks, and, with but a slight draft upon the im- agination, we can see the brave pioneer wending his way into the wilderness, marking here and there a tree as a guide to his future operations or necessi- ties. It was the custom of the pioneers of this town- ship to take up or warrant a sufficient number of acres of land for each of their children a good-sized farm, that when the original should pass away he might leave to each of his numerous family a planta- tion for their future support. Among this class of pioneers was John Porch, who located at what is now known as Porchtown. His purchase embraced an area of two thousand five hun- dred acres in that immediate vicinity. Having a foresight of the necessities of himself and others, he built a grist mill on the stream running through his plantation. He also built a saw-mill at that point, and since that time, about 1780, Porchtown has not been without both saw- and grist-mills, until within a few years the saw-mill has been abandoned and is fast going to decay. The property passed into the hands of William Porch, and from him to his children, among whom the two thousand five hundred acres of land was divided, a part of which went to Stephen Porch. Samuel Freese married a daughter of William Porch, and their share, six hundred acres, was subsequently sold to the Camden Fire Insurance Company, and nearly or quite all of the original tract is now owned by parties other than the Porch family. The mill- property and one hundred acres is owned by Robert Butler, and Mr. Porch says that James L. Wickham owns "quite a clever bunch of the land" once owned by his grandfather, John Porch. In the early part of this century Joseph Porch kept a store at Porchtown, and at that time there was a large amount of business transacted at that place. Joseph Smith, son of Thomas Smith, who was born about ]730, owned quite an extensive tract of land adjoining the Porch tract. That part of the township in which the hamlet and railroad station of lona is situated was settled by Moses Crane. He took up something over a thousand acres in and around this locality, became a prominent man in the affairs of the township, and was the father of a large family, to whom his property descended. That locality was known for many years as Cranetown, but when the family, to a large extent, had ceased to be possessors of the original tract, and the railroad had been built, the name of the place was changed to lona, and at present but very little of the original tract is owned by the Crane family. As will be seen by reference to the history of the village of Malaga, Daniel H. Miller was a large land- owner around that locality in the early part of the present century. Another of the pioneers of that locality was Joshua Bichman, who came here as early as 1815, and located a large tract of land, upon which he lived for nearly sixty years. Mr. Bichman was one of those honest, industrious pioneers, whose unassuming manner, sound judgment, and rectitude of life made him a suitable person to be trusted with the financial affairs of the township, and the settle- ment of differences of opinion between his neighbors. He lived to a good old age, departing this life in 1882, honored and respected by his townsmen, leaving a good name for his numerous descendants to honor and perpetuate. Among the pioneers near the centre of the township was Bobert Chew, who located a large tract of land, where he lived and died. Of his family there were twelve children, who, with their descendants, are scattered over this and adjoining townships. Samuel Sharp was also an old settler in this locality, whose first purchase was a tract of one hundred and fifty acres. He was the father of a large family, all of whom have left this locality. Philip Woolford was another pioneer of this part of the township, which was sometimes called Hope- ville, Woolfordtown, and Plainville. He was the owner of quite a large tract here, the most of which passed into the possession of his descendants. John Trimnel was also one of the pioneers of Woolfordtown, and was a millwright by trade, and is said to have been one of the best mechanics in this section of country. Some of his descendants are still residents of Franklin township. William Chew and William Surran were the prom- TOWNSHIP OF FKANKLIN. 215 inent pioneers of that quarter of the township known as Pine Hollow, or Chewville, near Dutch mill. Both of these pioneers were large land-owners, and assisted largely in clearing off the timber and improving the land in that locality. Each of these men were the progenitors of large families, none of whom are owners of any portion of the original tracts. That portion of the township in and around what is known as Downstown was settled by AquillaDowns, who was the father of a numerous family. Mr. Downs was not only one of the pioneer farmers of this section, but was also a local preacher in the Methodist denom- ination, and employed his talents in that direction by preaching to the inhabitants of the different settle- ments. Two of his sons, Osborn and Jesse, were very acceptable preachers on the old-fashioned Methodist circuits. At the death of Rev. Aquilla Downs his large estate passed into the possession of his children, and has passed from one generation to another, and is still nearly all owned by his descendants. Samuel Downs was also one of the pioneers in this part of the township and owned a large tract of land ; also John Downs was one of the pioneer purchasers of a large tract of land in this vicinity, most of which is now owned by his son, George Downs, who is now one of the old men of the township. Benjamin Downs was a surveyor, and subsequently located at Glassboro. In that part of the township now known as Forest Grove the pioneer settler was William Wilson, who built a mill which subsequently went to decay. Robert Parvin located here soon after Wilson, when the two commenced the blacksmith and wheelwright business. Wilson soon engaged in the mercantile bus- iness, when the little hamlet soon began to put on a business-like appearance, and the whole property was then purchased by Richard Wood. Like many other young and promising towns, the wealth, or rather pov- erty, of the surrounding country did not warrant the expenditures, and the little town has not enlarged to any extent beyond its youthful dimensions. In the early part of this century there stood an old house, a short distance below the mill, known as the " Refugee house." It was a double log building, i.e., one building inclosed within another, and so arranged that a person acquainted with its construction could easily secrete himself from one not acquainted with its peculiar construction. It is said that this building was used as a place of refuge by certain parties who were supposed to flee from the iron grasp of the law, and that under or around it large sums of money were buried. Tradition says that George Cake secured quite a sum from the old house, which enabled him to start in business. The old house long since went to decay. Civil Organization. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE PIONEER TOWN-MEETING. " At a town-meeting of the inhabitants of the township of Franklin, held at George Cake's Inn at Little Ease, on the 8th day of March, a.d. 1820, pursuant to an act of the Legislature of New Jersey, passed the 27th day of January, a.d. 1820, Jeptha Abbott was chosen Moderator and Isaac Thorn Town Clerk. Town Clerk being duly affirmed that he would faithfully and honestly keep all the papers and writings, books and accounts committed to his care, and that he would in all things to the best of my knowledge and understanding preform the Duties of my said office of Clerk without favour or partiality. "The Clerk being sworn, proceeded to nomination, and the following persons was chosen for the different Town Ship officers, viz.: Assessor, Levi L. Campbell ; Collector, Jeptha Abbott; Commissioners of Appeal, Samuel Fisher, William Porch, and Jacob Stanger ; Freeholders, Daniel Focer, Jacob Fisher; Surveyors of Highways, Moses Crane, Francis Stanger; Overseers of the Poor, Levi L. Campbell, Jeptha Abbott; Constables, Abraham Leddon, Nathaniel Salmon; Overseers of High- ways, Jacob Swope, David Sceran, Samuel Sharp; Pound Keepers, Bb' Whitney, Nathaniel Salmon; Judge of Election, George Anderson; Town Committee, George Anderson, Gabriel Iszard, William Porch, Samuel Fisher, Samuel Downs. **The difTerent ofiicers for the Township being chosen, proceeded to vote how much money should be raised for the use of the Township, and it was carried by a large majority that the sum of Four Hundred should be raised— S400.00 ; it was moved and carried that the Election for Council and General Assembly for the present year should be opened the first day at Malaga and the Last day at Glassboro, '* It was also moved and carried that the next annual Town-meeting shall be held at Little Base." The following lists of officers are given as found upon the township records : TOWN CLBKKS. 1821-22, 1824, 1826-28. Daniel Fo- cer. 1823. Isaac Thorn . 1825. Thoraiis B. Wood. 1829-32, 1835-36. James 0. True- land. 1833. Eli B. Budd. 1834. Benjamin Harding. 1837-38. Samuel Peacock. 1839-40, 1851. John C. Sheets. 1841. Samuel Porch. 1821-23. Levi L. Campbell. 1824r-25. Isaac Thorn. 1826-29. Benjamin C. Down. 1830. Joseph Iszard. 1831-32, 1835-38. Benj. Harding. 1833. Daniel Focer. 1834. Samuel Porch. 1839-41. Matthias K. Crane. 1842-43. John V. Porch. 1844, Benjamin T. Crane. 1845. Charles Smith. 1842-43. John K. Graham, 1844, John H. Medlam, 1846, Samuel G, Fisler, 1846-47, George B. Cake, 1848, Joseph F, Porch, 1849-50, Benjamin Beckett. 1852-69, Enos Veal, 1860-62, Edmund Jones, 1863. Ferdinand Bosenbaum. 1864-65. Kobert A, Bosenbaum, 1866-82, William H, Todd, 1846-48, Benjamin Beckett, 1849-51, Joseph F. Porch. 1862. William P. Beckett. 1853. Isaac S. Peacock, 1864, William Porch, Jt, 1856-57, 1861-63, 1866-67, William Porch, 1858-59, Joseph L. Veal, 1860. Thomas Everingham. 1864-66. Enos Veal. 1868-1882, J, C, Kichmau, 1821, Jeptha Abbott, 1822-23. Jacob Stanger. 1824-26. Samnel Fisler. 1827-28. Joseph Albertson. 1829-30. John V. Porch. 1831-34, 1837-38, 1846-47. tian L. Stanger. 1835-36. Daniel Focer. 1839-41. Johnson Beckett. 1842-43. Samuel D. Fisler. 1844. John R. Graham. 1846. Jacob Fisler. COLLECTORS. 1848-50. William Nelson. 1861-53. John S. Stanger. 1854, Joshua Tomblin. 1855-57, Richard G, Stanger. 1868-69. William P. Crane, Chris- 1860, Elijah Porch. 1861-63. George Leshley. 1864. John C. Vanzant. 1865-66. Joseph M. Iredell. 1867-69. Edmund Jones. 1870-82. William Porch. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1821. William Porch. Jacob Staug. 1822-23. William Porch. Samuel Fisher. 1824. George Cake. Levi L. Campbell. 1825. Gabriel Iszard. 1826. William Porch, Esq. 1826. William Porch, Esq. William Wood, Esq. 1827. William Porch, Esq. Joseph Iszard. 1828-38. William Porch, Esq. Levi L. Campbell. 216 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1839-42. William Porch. Josiali Beckett. 1843. William Porch. John G. Bosenhaum. IS44~46. Lawrence Cake. John G. Rosenhaum. 1846. Lawrence Cake. William Porch. 1847. Matthias B. Crane. Thomas H. Paul. 1848-60. Matthias R. Crane. Benjamin H. Fisler. 1851-52. M. B. Crane. Woodward Warrick. 1853-54. Woodward Warrick. Benjamin Beckett. 1856-56. M. B. Crane. Christopher Sickler. 1857. Woodward Warrick. Joshua Biuhman. 1858. Joshua Bichman. Jesse Downs. 1859. J. Bichman. Stephen G. Porch. 1860. Stephen G. Porch. Oshorn Downs. 1861. Joshua Bichman. Stephen G. Porch. 1862-63. J. Bichman. M. B. Crane. 1864. Matthias R. Crane. George Lashley. 1865-66. William Porch. George Lashley. 1867-68. John 0. Van Zant. William B. Bosenhaum. 1869. John 0. Van Zant. Benjamin Crane. 1870-72. Edmund Jones. Joseph Lashley, Esq. 1873. Edmund Jones. Joseph M. Iredell. 1874. Edmund Jonee. Alfred B. Bichman. 1875. Jonathan H. Smith. A. B. Bichman. 1876-77. J. H. Smith. William P. Crane, Esq. 1878-79. William P. Crane. Joseph M. Iredell. 1880-82. Joseph M. Iredell. Jonathan H. Smith, TOWNSHIP COMMITTEES. 1821.— George Anderaon, Gabriel Iszard, William Porch, Thomas B. Wood, Samuel Downs. 1822.— Johnson Beckett, William Porch, Gabriel Iszard, George Ander- son, Jeptha Abbott. 1823.— William Porch, Gabriel Iszard, George Anderson, Daniel Focer, Thomas B. Wood. 1824. — William Pickles, Levi L. Campbell, George Cake, Gabriel Iszard, Samuel Downs. 1825. — Levi L. Campbell, Dauiel Focer, John Jackson, Charles Davis, Benjamin H. Fialer. 1826. — L. L. Campbell, Benjamin Harding, William Pickles, Samuel Downs, Samuel Porch. 1827. — Lewis Stanger, Benjamin Harding, Charles Davis, Samuel Porch, Abraham Leddon. 1828. — Abraham Leddon, Lewis Stanger, Lawrence Cake, Joseph Iszard, Samuel Porch. 1829. — Daniel Focer, Joseph Albertson, Samuel Porch, Charles Davis, Bobert Chew. 1830. — Benjamin 0. Down, Charles Davis, Jgseph Albertson, Bobert Chew, Samuel Porch, Esq. 1831. — Josiah Beckett, Charles Davis, Bobert Chew, David Carney, John Harding. 1832. — Charles Davis, Joel Steelman, John Harding, Joseph Iszard, David Carney. 1833. — John G. Bosenhaum, Samuel Porch, Samuel Sharp, Matthias B. Crane, Samuel Fisler. 1834. — John G. Bosenhaum, Samuel Fisler, M. B. Crane, Charles Davis, Jacob Stanger. 1835-36.— J. G. Bosenhaum, Samuel Fisler, Sr., Jacob Stanger, M. B. Crane, Charles Davis. 1837-38. — J. G. Bosenhaum, Thomas H. Whitney, Johnson Beckett, Bobert Chew, M. R. Crane. 1839. — J. G. Bosenbaum, Walter H. Dunlevy, James Downs, Samuel D. Fisler, David Veal. 1840. — J. G. Bosenbaum, David Veal, Walter H. Dunlevy, James Downs, Wesley Beckett. 1841.— J. G. Bosenbaum, James Downs, Wesley Beckett, David Veal, George Graver. 1842. — Matthias B. Crane, James Downs, Wesley Beckett, David Veal, George Craver. 1843. — Bobert Chew, Jacob Porch, Henry S. Brown, M. B. Crane, Wes- ley Beckett. 1844r46.— Benjamin H. Fisler, J. G. Bosenbaum, Thomas H. Whitney, Joshua Bichman, Wesley Beckett. 1847-48.— J. 6. Bosenbaum, Jacob Porch, Joshua Bichman, Jacob Fisler, Wesley Beckett. 1849. — J. G. Bosenhaum, Joshua Bichman, Jacob Porch, Joseph Fisler, Woodward Warrick. 1850.— William S. Scott. Wesley Beckett, Oebom Downs, Woodward Warrick, John V. Porch. 1851. — Benjamin Beckett, John G. Bosenbaum, Charles Davis, Wesley Beckett, Gabriel Abbott. 1852.— J. G. Bosenbaum, Benjamin Beckett, Charles Davis, Jacob Porch, Gabriel Abbott. 1853. — Jacob Porchi Matthias B. Crane, Christopher Sickler, Joseph T, Paulin, Wade Fisler. 1854. — Gliristoplier Sickler, Wade Fisler, John Saul, James Cas9ady, William P. Crane. 1855. — C. Sickler, Charles Davis, James Cassady, Wade Fisler, William P. Crane. 1856.— C. Sickler, Martin Madden, Charles Davis, Wade Fisler, William P. Crane. 1857,— C. Sickler, Gabriel I. Abbott, Stephen G. Porch, Nathaniel C. Fisler, Edward Lashley. 1858. — J. G. Bosenbaum, Oshorn Downs, S. G. Porch, Nathaniel C. Fisler, Samuel D. Chew. 1859.— Jacob Porch, John G. Van Zant, John S. Veal, Samuel D. Chew, Nathaniel C. Fisler. I860.— William B. Bosenhaum, C. L. Stanger, John Saul, W^illiam Scott, Jacob Porch. 1861. — W. B. Bosenbaum, C. L. Stanger, James Cassady, William Nelson, William H. Marshall. 1862. — W. B. Bosenbaum, W, H. Marshall, James Cassady, Christian L. Stanger, William Nelson. 1863,— W. B. Bosenbaum, W. H. Marshall, John Van Zant, William Nelson, Frank Hooke. 1864.— N, C. Fisler, Oshorn Down, Frank Hooke, W. H. Marehall, Wil- liam Nelson. 1865. — W. H. Marshall, Oshorn Down, Joshua Bichman, Matthias B. Crane, William H. Todd. 1866. — W. H. Marshall, Oshorn Down, Joshua Bichman, Thomas Wilson, William B. Bosenbaum. 1867-68.— W. H. Marshall, J. Bichman, Oshorn Down, Blchard C. Sou- ders, Jacob Porch. 1869-70. — W. H. Marshall, Osborn Down, J. Bichman, B. C. Souder, "^ Moses Crane. 1871-72. — Joshua Bichman, B. C. Senders, Moses Crane, Joseph Irish John W. Down. 1873.— J. Bichman, B. C. Souders, John W. Down, Thadeus C. Throup, Jonathan H. Smith. 1874. — J. Bichman, B. 0. Souder, J. W. Down, J. H. Smith, Moses Crane. 1875.— J. W. Down, M. Crane, Isaac S. Sharp, Joseph Irish, Charles P. Crane. 1876.— J. W. Down, M. Crane, Joseph Irish, C. P. Crane, Adam K. Bich- man. 1877.— M. Crane, J. W. Down, C. P. Crane, Adam K. Bichman, Michael Fair. 1878.— M. Grane, C. P. Crane, A. K. Bichman, M. Fair, John Trimnel, Sr. 1879. — A. K. Bichman, Moses Crane, James Maltman. 1880.— A. K. Bichman, James Maltman, Thomas S. Down. 1881.— A. K. Bichman, T. S. Down, Moses Crane. 1882,— Charles S. Clark, Charles D. Smith, A. K. Bichman. CONSTABLES. 1821. John Jackson. Benjamin Downs. 1822-23, 1826-30. David Carney. 1824. Benjamin C. Down. 1825. Bobert Chew. 1831-43. Benjamin T. Crane. 1844. Samuel D, Fisler. 1S45. William Nelson. 1846-47. Jacob M. Nelson. 1848-51. Joseph T. Paulin. 1852-58. William Porch, Jr. 1859. William Porch. Benijah Down. 1860. William Porch. Jesse Down. 1861-62. William Porch, Jonah B. Colmer. 1863-67. William Porch. 1868. William Porch. btepheu G. Call. 1869. William Porch. Blchard W. Odlnm. 1870-73. William Porch. Charles P. Holston. 1874. William Porch. Albert Wells. Alfred Howes. 1875. W. Porch. Henry Ledilon. Oscar B. Smith. 1876. W. Porch. WiliiHrn A. Hagarman. 0. B. Smith. 1877. W. Porch. James C. Jones. William E. Hagarman. 1878. W. Porch. W. E. Hagarman. 0. B. Smith. 1879. W. E. Hagarman. TOWNSHIP OF FRANKLIN. 217 L879. 0. B. Smith. M. D. L. Chew. W. Porch. Harry L. Shaw. 1880. William Porch. W. E. Hagarman. M. D. L. Chew. Oacnr B. Smith. W. Porch elected in 1881 for three yeara, Edwin Chance for two years, md M. B. L. Chew for one year. Tn 1882, David Hendon was elected for three yeara, and M. D. L. Chew For one year. The following is a list of officers for 1883 : rown Clerk, William H. Todd ; Assessor, Joshua C.Richraan ; Collector, William Porch; Chosen Freeholders, Jonathan H. Smith, Joseph M. Iredell ; Township Committee, Adam K. Bichman, Charles S. Clark, James Maltman ; Surveyors of Highwaye, Harry W. Jones, Cornelius Trimuell; Overseer of Poor, Thomas H. Iredell; Con- stahle, M. D. L. Chew; Commissioners of Appeal, Charles Trimnell, Stephen P. Crane, George Bobinson ; Judge of Election, Andrew Buckingham ; Inspectors of Election, Miller Van Note. David Van Hook; JuHtices of the Peace, William A. Warriner, Thomas N. At- kinson, Samuel McCurdy ; Pound Keepers, Leonard McGee, Joseph A. Kandle, Henry J. Iredell, Aahton W. Thomas, Isaac S. Sharp, Joseph R. Chew. Incidentals, $500. Extracts from Records. — The following are copies of an affirmation and oath taken by two of the pio- neer officers of this township, and were, no doubt, as scrupulously lived up to as are the legal forms of the present day : I, Levi L. Campbell, do solemnly and sincerely declare and a£Qrm, that I will truly, faithfully, honestly, and impartially valne and assess the ratable estates in the township of Franklin, in the County of Glouces< ter, and that in making such valuation and assessment, I will, to the best of my Knowledge and Judgement, observe the directions of the Laws respecting the same. (Signed) Levi L. Campbell. Taken before Isaac Thorn, Esq., ou the 13th day of March, a.s. 1820, and received the same day. I do solemnly and sincerely promise and swear that I will in all things, to the best of my knowledge and understanding, justly and faithfully Execute the office of Surveyor of the highways, without favour or Partiality. (Signed) Mobes Crane. Taken before William Porch, Esqr., on the 13th day of March, a,d. 1820, and received the same day. Eetraya for the year 1820. At George Cake's. A steer, past two years old, with a wite Back, Brin- dle sides, with a number of wite spots on and is wite- spots in the flanks. A large wite ewe. At Noah Park's. A Brlndle Cow with a crop off the near ear and half crop off the upper side the oft ear, with only three Tits. Booked Dec. 29, 1820. At Nathaniel Salmon's. A Small Black Heiffer (2 year old), with som small wite spots, marked a crop off the oft ear and half crop off the near ear. At Ab™ Leaddon's. A small wite ewe, with a half crop and a slit in the oft ear and a slope half-penny in the near ear. A small wite Ewe, part Marino, with a crop in the near ear & a slope half-penny in the oft iar. At Jacob Stanger, Jun'. A wite ewe, with a crop off the near ear and I slit and a half-penny in the under side the oft ear. A small wite Ewe, mrt Marino, with a crop of the near ear and a hole and a half-penny the mder side the oft ear. At Charles Davis'. A wite Ram, Marked a Swallow-fork in the near !ar and a half-penny under the same ear. A ewe (wite) Marked a crop )frthe near ear and a hole in the same ear. A wite Weather, marked a jrop off each ear and a half-peony under each ear, and two slits in the >fC ear and one in the near ear. At Jacob Fisler's. A wite Weither, Marked a crop off each ear and a lole in the near ear. A Wite Ewe, Marked a crop off the near ear and a half-penny on each ide both ears and a slit in the oft ear. Pioneer Election. We, the judges and inspectors of election of the Township of Frank- lin, in the connty of Gloucester, do hereby certify that having pro- ceeded to receive the votes of the voters of said Township, the following is a liflt of all the candidates voted for, of the officers proposed for them, and the number of votes for each. For Members of the Legislative Council : John Baxter, sixty-seven ; Joseph Lodge, sevon. For Members of the General Assembly: William Talirn, nine ; John Wilson, eleven ; Thomas Garwood, thirty-five ; John Moore Wite, four- teen ; Joseph V. Clark, fourteen ; William Watson, forty ; Jeremiah J. Foster, forty-two ; Samuel Kille, thirty-five. For Sheriff: Benjamin Wilkins, seventy-five. For Coroners: Isaac Mickle, Jr., thirty-six ; John Zierna, forty-four ; Nf hemiab Blackman, seventy-two ; John Pissant, twenty-nine ; Freedom L. Shinn, thirty-eight. The whole number of votes taken, seventy-aix. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names and afBxed our seals, the 11th day of October, in the year of our Lord Eighteen hundred and twenty. A true coppy. (Signed) George Anderson, Judge, [l. s.] Levi L. Campbkll, Asseeaor. [l. s.l Jeptha Abbott, Collector. [l. s.] Isaac Thorn, T. Oik. [l,s.] At the Presidential election held Nov. 8, 1820, the whole number of votes cast was thirty-eight, as follows : For Members of Congress : Joseph Mcllvane, nine ; James Matlack, twenty-nine. For Electors: RichardM. Cooper, nineteen; Robert L. Armstrong, sixteen. The certificate is signed by the same township officers as that for county offices in October. At the township-meeting held in March, 1821, the following resolutions were offered and adopted by the voters : "Beaolved, That one hundred dollars be raised for the use of the township. " Besolved, That the annual election for the Council and General As- sembly of this State open at Malaga and close at Glassborough. "Besohed, That the next annual Town-Meeting be held at George Cake's, Little Ease." 1822: " Beaolvedf That the Overseers of Highways' wages be seventy-five cents per day. " Be.eoloed, That four hundred dollars be raised for the use of the township. "Besolved, That the Annual Town-meeting shall be held at Little Ease, when the votes shall be taken by Ballot." This appears to be the first time the ballot was made use of at town-meetings. At this time Glass- boro and Clayton were included in Franklin town- ship. At the Presidential election in 1824 the number of votes had increased to fifty-six, when John Buck, Joseph Kille, Isaac Wilson, James Parker, and Daniel Vleit each are credited with that number for electors, Joseph W. Scott and John Beatty, Jr., with thirty- seven votes each, and Joseph Kline and James Cook, nineteen each. At this election George Casaday, Samuel Swan, George Holcorab, Lewis Condiet, Daniel Garrison, received for Congress fifty-six votes each, and Eben- ezer Tucker thirty-two, and James Matlack thirty- three votes. In February, 1825, when the vote was taken in re- 218 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. lation to location of court-house, jail, and other county buildings, the whole number of votes cast by Franklin township was two hundred and twelve, of which Woodbury received one hundred and eighty- seven, and Camden, or within one mile thereof, re- ceived twenty-five votes, — quite an increase in num- ber of votes from November, 1824, to February, 1825. The certificate was signed by Jacob Stanger, judge of election; Isaac Thorn, assessor; Samuel Fisler, collector ; and Daniel Focer, town clerk. Pioneer School Committee. — At the annual town- meeting in March, 1826, the following-named per- sons were elected a "committee for the education of poor children in this township:" Walter Donlevy, Thomas B. Wood, Laurence Cake, Jacob Fisler, Jr., William Porch, John Jackson, and Aquilla Down. " Ordfred, That the township committee pay to the school committee the money raised last year (1825) for the use of said school. " Ordered, That the school committee shall proportion the money re- ceived by them for the use aforesaid to the best of their ability." At the town-meeting in March, 1828, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : " Resolved, That the voting of this township shall be by marking. *' Besolved, That no person shall hold more than one township office, ^^&exolved. That there be but one constable to serve the township. " Betolved, That there shall be three districts for overseers of the roads, namely, 1st, 2d, 3d, and one overseer to each district. " Unsolved, That the money in the scliool fund shall go into the hands of the township committee.*' At the annual town-meeting in March, 1830, the following-named persons were elected a " school com- mittee:" Robert Chew, Benjamin Harding, William Porch, Esq., Dr. Jacob Fisler, Levi L. Campbell. These gentlemen held the position of "school com- mittee" till the spring of 1837, when the records tell us that " the town committee to act in place of the school committee," yet at the annual town-meeting in March, 1838, Jacob Stanger, John V. Porch, and James Down were elected a " school committee," neither of whom are members of the town com- mittee. The inhabitants continued to elect three persons annually as a school committee till the spring of 1847, when Miles Synott was elected "school superintend- ent," which office was continued till the law was changed creating a county superintendent of schools. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Malaga is a small hamlet, situated on the southwest side of the township, near the line of Cumberland County. The land upon which the village is located was owned, previous to 1813 or 1814, by Daniel H. Miller, who owned a tract of several thousand acres in this vicinity. Upon this large tract was nothing more than the farm-house and several tenements till 1814, when the entire tract was purchased by Chris- tian L. Stanger, who, in 1813 probably, built a saw- mill just below where the present bridge crosses the stream. This was the pioneer improvement of what is now the village of Malaga. At this mill was manu- factured the lumber for building the pioneer glass- works of what now is Franklin township. The pioneer store was the one connected with the glass-works, and owned by Stanger & Co. Soon there were other stores at this place, all of which soon served their time and were abandoned. The pioneer blacksmith and wheelwright were also connected with the glass-works. The pioneer tavern was kept by Ferguson McGon- igal. The old building stood in front of the site oc- cupied by the present hotel. There was a large lot in rear, or along the toad leading to the railroad depot, and the space between the tavern and glass- factory, now occupied by buildings, was then vacant. A saw-mill, on the site of the present one, was built by Jacob Stanger, during the ownership of the prop- erty by C. L. Stanger & Co., and the present grist- mill was built by John G. Roaenbaum in 1830. He intended the mill originally for his own use exclu- sively ; buj; as soon as it was iti operation the people of the surrounding country, who had been in the habit, from necessity, of pounding their corn and wheat in the old-fashioned mortar, began to patronize the new mill, and Mr. Rosenbaum was therefore under the necessity of enlarging his private mill to the capacity of the present mill. For several years Malaga was, to all appearances, a thriving town ; but, like all such towns with a float- ing population, it soon ceased to be anything more than whatever the glass-factory happened, with its good or ill fortune, to make it, as the village is not sur- rounded with a ricU farming community, upon which merchants and mechanics mostly depend for support. There are at present in the village the Malaga Glass- Works, two general stores", one owned by the glass company and the other by R. C. Senders ; one tavern, by Joseph M. Iredell ; saw- and grist-mills, one black- smith, one large two-story school-house, the old town hall, now owned and occupied by the Methodist Epis- copal Society as a place of worship ; three secret soci- eties, — Knights of Pythias, Knights of Labor, and Junior American Mechanics. The village contains a population of about two hundred and fifty. The rail- road station is about half a mile northeast from the main street of the town. The postmasters of Malaga have been J. G. Rosen- baum, Chew, McClure, Down, and the present post- master, Ferdinand Rosenbaum. lona. — This is a small hamlet, situated on the line of the West Jersey Railroad, about one and a half miles from Franklinville, and was made a railroad station in 1860 or 1861. The place was settled by Moses Crane, the father of a large family, and known for many years as " Cranetown." Mr. Crane built a saw-mill here, which was in operation till about 1875, when it was abandoned. There is at present at lona a railroad station, store, steam saw-mill, owned by sons of W. P. Crane, and town hall. Population about seventy-five. TOWNSHIP OF PEANKLIN. 219 Porchtown, a small hamlet on the southwest line f the township, adjoining Cumberland County, ?here there is a grist-mill, blacksmith-shop, shoe- tiop, and Methodist Episcopal Church, and about Bventy inhabitants. New Denmark is a small collection of farm-houses, bout two miles southeast from Franklinville, without tore or mechanic of any kind, and has a population f thirty or forty. Franklinville, located in the northwest part of the ownship, was one of the earliest settled localities in tha,t is now Franklin. The land upon which the ■illage is located was owned, at the beginning of the iresent century, by William Fisher, who located a ract of over one thousand acres, and for many years he hamlet was called Little Erne, and so designated n the early records of the township. During the ownership by Mr. Fisher, and some time )revious to 1800, he built a saw-mill at this place, md upon the same site two mills have succeeded the irst one, and the third one was in operation till 1867, vhen the milling business at this point was aban- loned. Previous to the building of a saw-mill there vas a turning-mill at Little Ease. Myers Wilson )wned the property subsequent to the ownership by Fisher. Mr. Wilson was a millwright and wheel- vright combined, and carried on both branches of .he trade. Samuel Porch purchased of Myers Wilson he thousand-acre tract, including the mill property, ind owned the whole for many years. The pioneer tavern at Litde Ease was kept by jreorge Cake, he having purchased of Myers Wilson I small lot of land, upon which he, built a house on )r near the site of the present tavern-house. Here M!r. Cake kept the pioneer tavern for many years, md at his death the business was continued by his ion, Lawrence Cake, who became prominently iden- iified with the business interests of the township, lolding prominent township offices at various dates. Liawrence Cake kept the old hostlery for about twenty rears, when he sold to Leonard Larkins, who con- inued the business till his death, which occurred in .879 or 1880, since which time Franklinville has been vithout a tavern. The property, however, has been jurchased by a party in Philadelphia. In connection with the tavern George Cake kept I store, and at his death was succeeded in that, as veil as the tavern, by his son Lawrence. The second store at what is now Franklinville vas kept by Samuel Porch, grandfather of the pres- int venerable William Porch, who is now and has for learly thirty years been township collector. Mr. i»orch was succeeded at the yardstick and old beam- cales by Joseph Medara, who was followed by James Velch, John McOlintock, John Graham, and he by Sdmund Jones, the present principal merchant of he village. Mr. Jones commenced the mercantile lusiness here about 1858, and in the mean time has illed the office of sheriff of Gloucester County one term, and is at present one of the lay judges of the County Court. The earliest blacksmith at this place within the recollection of the oldest inhabitant was William Davis, who was here in the early part of the present century, and the pioneer shoemaker was honest old John Phillips. Paul Early was the wheelwright at Little Ease as early as 1820. The third store at Franklinville was kept by John F. Nute, in connection with the railroad station. When the station-house was built, in 1867, Mr. Nute was made station agent, and in one part of the build- ing he opened a general store. June 30, 1880, the station, store, and stock of goods was destroyed by fire, caused by a spark from a passing engine. Mr. Nute soon erected the store building now standing on the opposite side of the railroad track, where he is still engaged in the mercantile business, and is also the present postmaster at Franklinville. The next store was that of Thomas Wilson, in his dwelling, ^ short distance from the railroad station. His store is more especially for the accommodation of his family and his numerous employes than for the public generally. There are at Franklinville three stores, by Edmund Jones, John F. Nute & Son, and Thomas Wilson ; two churches, Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian ; one school-house, railroad station, and post-office. There is no mill, blacksmith, wheelwright, doctor, lawyer, or tavern, and population only about seventy- five. Flainville, situated near the centre of the town- ship, where there is a Methodist Episcopal Church, and about a dozen dwellings in the neighbor- hood. ChewviUe, situated in the southeast corner of the township, where there is a Methodist Episcopal Church, steam saw-mill, cemetery, and ten or twelve dwellings. Downstown is a small collection of houses at the intersection of six roads on the Atlantic County line, where there is also a store, blacl^mith-shop, and about forty inhabitants. Forest Grove is another of those mythical towns, containing about thirty dwellings, steam saw-mill, blacksmith and wheelwright shop, by Oscar Smith, post-office and store, by William Ellis, a brick Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and brick school-house. Newfleld.— This is comparatively a new town, sil|^ uate in the south part of the township, at the junctioh of the Atlantic and West Jersey Railroad with the main line of the West Jersey Road, and is on the old Rosenbaum tract. In 1863, Allen Heminway, father of Amenzo B. Heminway, purchased a tract of one hundred and forty-four acres of land on the west side of the railroad, and Oapt. Ely, of Philadelphia, pur- chased one hundred and eleven acres on the east side of the railroad ; and soon after that, Morris & Co. purchased large tracts around the two former, and 220 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. the whole of the three tracts was surveyed into streets and building lots and oflfered for sale. The railroad station was built, quite a number of lots sold, houses built, stores and shops built, mechan- ics busy, and the banner of prosperity seemed to wave over the embryo town for a short time, when the tide of immigration ceased or diverted to other points, and the prestige once lost has never been re- gained. The pioneer store was opened by Charles Pitt Lashley, who was succeeded by different merchants, and finally by J. J. Sturmer, the present merchant, in the old store. The next store was that of Mrs. Har- riet A. Evans, in the building where she is now located. • The building known as the " Newfield House" was built by a Mr. Knowles, of Philadelphia, and sold to H. A. Pelton, who kept the hotel till 1881, when he died. Since then the house has been kept by Mrs. Pelton, the present proprietress. The pioneer shoe- maker was William Summervill, who has increased his business to the dignity of a boot and shoe store. John B. Carman commenced the boot and shoe trade here in the spring of 1882. The pioneer blacksmith at Newfield was William Grant, who located here about the year 1868 or 1869, and was soon succeeded by Thomas Bateman, who remained till 1872, when he was succeeded by Pier- son & Garvin, who built the present wheelwright- shop. They sold the property to Joseph James, the present blacksmith at Newfield. The present wheel- wright is Langdon W. Harris. The Newfield stove and tin store is kept by a Mr. Wakeman. There is also at this place a small rattan basket and chair works, of which R. J. Morell is superintendent. The pioneer postmaster at this place was Allen Heminway, who was succeeded by his son, De Witt C, and he by his wife, Mrs. M. J. Heminway, the pres- ent postmistress. The West Jersey Railroad was built to this place in 1864, and the Atlantic Junction in 1880. De Witt C. Heminway was the first station agent, and Allen C. Becket is the present one. The Weekly Item, an eight-column newspaper, was established here in October, 1873, by Albert 0. Dalton, the present publisher and editor. There is also a small Baptist Church at this place, of which we could gain no reliable information. SOCIBTIES. Malaga Lodge, No. 43, K. of P.— This lodge was instituted at Malaga, N. J., April 5, 1880, by Eugene V. Lorton, G. K. R. S. of Howard Lodge, No. 53, assisted by representatives from several other lodges. The following-named persons were the charter mem- bers : George Davis, Isaac P. Smith, Joseph Akert, Joseph M. Iredell, Ebert B. Clouse, Isaac A. Hues, William Kealy, John Vanzant, Moses D. Atkinson, Leander Zanes, Charles Bittle, Jesse Atkinson, John Loid, Isaac S. Stewart, William W. Richman, James Malt- man, Philip W. Carter, Ferdinand Roseubaum, Adam Smith, John S. Down, Ferdinand M. Lashley, Thomas Evans, and Joseph Einsel. The first oflBcers of the lodge were John Vanzant, P. C. ; Ebert B. Clouse, C. C. ; Isaac A. Hues, V. C. ; Isaac P. Smith, P. ; Ferdinand Rosenbaum, K. of R. S. and M. of F. ; Joseph Akert, M. of E. ; Philip W. Carter, M. at A. ; Charles Bittle, I. G. ; John Loid, O.G. The regular meetings of the lodge are held on Mon- day evening of each week in their hall in public school building. Present membership, fifty-eight. The present oflScers (August, 1882) are George W. Robinson, P. C. ; George O. Mahr, C. C. ; P. W. Car- ter, V. C. ; Rev. John B. Whitton, Prel.; Thomas Calverly, M. at A. ; John Vanzant, M. of F. ; F. Rosenbaum, K. of R. S. ; Isaac P. Smith, I. G. ; John G. Stadler, O. G. Forest Grove Lodge, No. 91, F. and A. M.— This lodge was instituted at Franklinville, N. J., in 1867. The records of the lodge were destroyed by fire in June, 1880, therefore we are unable to give the names of charter members or list of first oflScers. The regu- lar communications of the lodge are held in Masonic Hall, over J. F. Nute & Sons' store, on the Tuesday evening before the full of the moon in each month, with a membership at present (1882) of twenty-three. The oflScers for 1882 were as follows : Christian A. Madden, W. M.; Willie F. Lovejoy, S. W. ; Thomas C. Hampton, J. W. ; John M. Moore, Treas. ; Martin Madden, Sec. ; John F. Nute, Act. Sec. ; Andrew Buck- ingham, S. D. ; Robert J. Wilson, J. D. CHURCHES. Franklinville Methodist Episcopal Church.— This society was formerly connected with Zion Meth- odist Episcopal Church, two miles distant, and in 1840- 42 the school district and church united in building a house for the accommodation of both church and school. This building was destroyed by fire in 1848, and in 1849 or 1850 another building was erected on the site of the first one. This house remained on the old site till 1873, when the school district decided to build a large two-story school-house upon the site of the old church and school building, also decided to donate to the church their share of the old school and church, provided the Methodists would move the building oflf from the site it occupied. This was accordingly done, and the building was removed to its present site, a short distance from the old one, enlarged and repaired, and converted into a neat and commodious house of worship. The first class-leader at Franklinville was Nathan Nelson, and among the pioneer members we find the names of Eli Wilson, Ann Wilson, William Atkin- son, David Veal, Samuel Nelson, Patience Nelson, Rebecca Atkinson, James Atkinson, Mary Atkinson, Samuel Porch, and James Porch. TOWNSHIP OF FRANKLIN. 221 The first trustees of the church property were Wil- am Atkinson, Samuel Porch, David Veal, and Nathan felson. The present class-leaders are Henry C. Atkinson nd Thomas Parks. Present trustees, William Porch, oseph Matlock, Nathan D. Walton, James Atkinson, reorge Atkinson, and Abbott Atkinson. Present lembership, sixty. Value of church property, welve hundred dollars. Henry S. Spalding is super- Qtendent of the Sunday-school, with an average at- endance of thirty scholars. Among the preachers who have served this people te find the names of Revs. Stout, Noah Ed- wards, Levi D. Rhodes, Morrell, Estlack, Corson, and Huard, the present pastor. Lake M. E. ChTirch was erected by S. M. Hudson n 1865. The Downs and Lashley families were promi- lent at the time of the organization of the society. Jy reason of the sparseness of the population and the )0verty of the inhabitants in the vicinity of this ihurch, its prosperity has not equaled the expecta- ions of its founders. Many of the original members lave died, but the few that are left are faithful and liligent workers in the cause of Christianity. Zion M. E. Church., at Porchtown. — The people in his neighborhood at an early time determined to erect I house of worship, and accordingly, in 1828, they set ibout the work. With their own hands they felled md hewed the timber, and in due time the structure vas completed. Among the prominent founders of his church were the families of Porch, David Veasy, Seuben Langley, and Matthias Crane, all noble and iarnest workers. The church was flourishing at the commencement )f its career. It had two important elements of pros- jerity, — faithfulness and zeal among its members, and luring many years it was the principal place of wor- ihip in the vicinity. The house was rebuilt in 1860, rat since that time the number of members in the so- ;iety has diminished, and although services are held uore frequently than in former times, attendance on hese services is not as large as then. Presbyterian Church. — This an auxiliary or out- tation of the Williamstown Presbyterian Church, i'revious to 1850, Rev. Mr. Ford established a preach- ng station at this point, and in that year a branch irganization was effected and the present house of yorship built. There being but few persons at this )lace of the pure Calvinistic faith and doctrine, )reaching was not kept regularly, or not oftener than ince a month. After Mr. Ford left the Williamstown longregation preaching was neglected at this point, ratil that part of the exercises was abandoned entirely. The Sunday-school connected with this branch is inder the superintendence of Mrs. Ellen J. Wilson, fho meets her school in the little meeting-house ivery Sabbath, where she has an average attendance if twenty pupils. Methodist Episcopal Church at Malaga was or- ganized, as near as can be remembered by the oldest inhabitant, in 1860. The old school-house lot, where the church now stands, had, in the early part of this century, been donated for school, church, and burial purposes by the elder Rosenbaum. About the time of the organization of the church society, the Sons of Temperance, who were then flourishing in Malaga, built a hall, and soon after building their hall dissolved. The Methodists had no house of worship of their own, and the Sons of Temperance had no use for their hall, therefore gave the building to the Methodists, provided they would move it away from its then location. Arrangements were made accordingly, and it was moved on the old school-house lot and converted into a church, where it still serves as such. The old school-house succumbed to the work of time, and a new one was built on another lot. The church is supplied with preaching, — Willow Grove charge, Bridgeton District. J. G. Edwards was preacher in charge in 1883. The class-leaders were Richard Smith and Isaac Westcoat, Jr. ; Trus- tees, Richard Smith, George W. Robinson, Isaac P. Smith, Isaac Westcoat, Jr., E. D. Riley, Joseph Kyte, and Theodore Laughrer. Membership in 1883, forty. Value of church property, one thousand dollars. Malaga Cemetery, located in rear of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, in the village of Malaga, was the place of interment of the pioneers who died in this vicinity, the following-named persons being among the number: Christian I. Stanger, died Aug. 4, 186Y, aged 66 years. Jane Hartman, died March 11, 18V7, aged 63 years. Kebecca Sailer, died Dec. 16, 1876, aged 61 years. William Sailer, died Oct. 24, 1871, aged 60 years. J. J. Daniels, Co. G, Eighth New Jersey Infantry, Catharine Irapper, died Fob. 27, 1861, aged 66 years. Daniel F. P. Sauerbrey, born June 22, 1798, in the dukedom of Saxe- Meiningeii, Germany ; died July 2, 1S48. Jolianna B. Saurbrey, born Dec. 28, 1797 ; died Feb. 11, 1872. . John G. Rosenbaum, born in the dukedom of Saxe-Meiningen, Ger- many, 1794 ; died Jan. 19, 1860. Sidney, wife of J. G. Eosenbaum, born Aug. 1, 1806 ; died May 6, 1852. Cordelia Zihn, died March 26, 1865, aged 65 yeai-s. Sabali Senders, died Oct. 6, 1846, aged 62 years. Levi Sharp, Sr., died May 16, 1867, aged 74 years. Mary Sharp, died March 17, 1863, aged 67 years. Stephen S. Vanzant, died Feb. 6, 1830, aged 52 years. Phebe U. Vanzant, died May 24, 1862, aged 68 years. John G. Vanzant, born May 13, 1810 ; died Sept. 2, 1879. Samantha Vanzant, died Feb. 21, 1876, aged 64 years. Elizabeth Vanzant, died Dec. 18, 1877, aged 64. FerguBou McGonigal, died Feb. 17, 1840, aged 61 years. Mrs. Mary Willis, born Jan. 8,1780; died Oct. 10, 1863. Jacob Sailer, died Feb. 14, 1831, aged 68 years. Abigail Sailer, died March 23, 1846, aged 73 years. Charles Worcester, born Sept. 22, 1811 ; died Oct. 27, 1861. INDUSTKIES. Malaga Glass and Manufacturing Company.— The pioneer glass-works of Franklin township were built at Malaga in 1814, by Christian L. Stanger and others. He, with others, purchased of D. H. Miller a large tract of land in 1813, or early in 1814, 222 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTy. and built a saw-mill just below where the present bridge spans the stream at this place. Here the lumber was manufactured for building the factory, and Gideon Matthews, then a laborer for Stanger & Co., carted the lumber from the mill to the lot upon which the first glass-works were built. The frame of the first building was erected July 4, 1814. In 1829 the property, including the large tract of land, was purchased by John G. Eosenbaum, who, in 1840 or 1841, added another factory to the one already in operation. He continued the manufacture of glass- ware till about 1857, when the property changed hands, and the glass-works were operated by Whit- ney Brothers until 1861, when the heirs of John G. Rosenbaum, the former operator of the works, ^- sumed control of the business, and in 1862 erected what is known as the new factory. For a few years subsequent to 1863 the works were operated by differ- ent firms, and in 187- the property was purchased by the " Malaga Glass and Manufacturing Company," who are the present owners and operators, with E. E. Wood, of Philadelphia, as president of the com- pany. The average number of persons employed in and around the works is eighty. The property of the company at this place includes the larger portion of the dwellings in the village of Malaga. CHAPTEE XLI. TOWNSHIP OF GLASSBORO.J 11' Geographical and Descriptive. — This township was formed from Clayton, in 1878, by act of Assem-- bly as follows : " Section 1. Beii enaeled^ ete., That aU that part of the township of Clay- toD coutaiDed within the following bounde, that is to say : Beginning at a point where the public road from Fries' Hills to Blackwoodtown and the line between the townships of Monroe and Clayton intersects ; thence westerly along the line of said Monroe township and Washing- ton township until it strikes the township of Mantna; thence westerly along said last-mentioned township and the township of Harrison to a stone in the middle of the public road leading from Union to Simpkins' Mill ; thence southeastwardly in a direct conrse to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby set off in a new township, to be called the township of Glossboro. "Section 2. And he it enacted, That the inhabitants of the town- ship of Glassboro are hereby constituted a body politic and corporate in law, and shall be styled and known by the uHme of 'The inhabitants of the township of Glassboro, in the county of Gloucester,* and shall be entitled to all therights, powers, authority, privileges, and advantages, and subject to the same regulations, government, and liabilities as the inhabitants of the other townships in said county of Gloucester are or may be entitled or subjected to by existing laws of this State. "Section 3. And be it enacted, That the inhabitants of the township of Glassboro shall hold their first township meeting at the Temperance House at Glassboro, in the said township of Glassboro, on the second Tuesday in March next," etc. Section 4 provides for the meeting of the township committees to allot and divide properties, moneys, etc. Section 5 defines the rights of each township to surplus revenue. Section 6 relates to justices of the peace holding over until the ex- piration of their term. Section 7 provides that the act shall take effect immediately. Act approved March 11, 1878. 1 By W. H. Shaw. The township is bounded on the northeast by Monroe and Washington townships, on the north- west by Mantua and Harrison townships, and on the south by Clayton township, thus making the form of the township very nearly a perfect triangle. The surface is gently undulating, the soil sandy and in a good state of cultivation for vegetables and small fruits. Pioneer Settlement of Glassboro.— Previous to the advent of the Stanger brothers, in 1775, there might have been one or two inhabitants in this im- mediate vicinity, but it is quite doubtful, for it was a dense forest of sickly-looking, dwarfy trees, and as for the soil, well, there wasn't much. The Stangers cleared enough of the land to serve their purpose and no more. Their old glass-works were built on quite an extensive scale for those days^ but as extensive as they were the whole establish- ment would probably make fuel for the present works for about one day. sThey located near where the present hotel stands, just over on the other corner, on the site now occupied by the drug-store. The pot-house stood a little back of where the drug- store now stands, and the well out in front of the drug-store, was under the glass-house shed. This well furnished good water for the whole establishment. All there was of Glassboro in 1800 was comprised in the small area covered by the glass-works and the tenements of owners and blowers, which were but seiy i&w. In the early part of 1811, Col. Thomas Heston and Thomas Carpenter came, and the place was called Hestonville. During the ownership of Heston and Carpenter the name of the locality was changed to that of " Glassboro," which was thought to be more in keeping with the industry of the then new town. The glass-works company also monopolized all the store trade, as theirs was for a long time the only store in the place, theirs the only blacksmith, wheelwright, carpenter, shoemaker, and stone- or brick-mason in town. The old glass-works store stood nearly opposite the hotel, and was subsequently abandoned, and a new store-house built where the drug-store now stands. The glass-works, or rather the manufacture of glass, had then been transferred to the new works, now the old works. Eben Whit- ney at one time had a store back of where the barber- shop is located. Daniel E. Stanger, now nearly eighty years of age, remembers when Col. Heston built and kept the pio- neer tavern, on the site, or rather a little in front of the present hotel. This was in 1811. The present hotel was built by Thomas Paul. Paul's mother was a daughter of Mrs. Heston by a former husband. The pioneer physician was Dr. Synott, who lived a short distance from and in front of the hotel. Dr. Hance was the next resident physician. Previous to the location of Dr. Synott the nearest doctor was at Clayton, or in that vicinity. TOWNSHIP OP GLAS8B0R0. 223 As late as 1815 but little of the land in and around Glassboro had been cleared, all the dwellings were of logs, and were occupied by the following-named families: Jacob Swope, Valentine Pfotzer (now spelled Focer), Daniel Stanger, John Shaffar, Jacob Stanger, Solomon Stanger, John Simmerman, Mat- thias Simmerman, John Lutz, Francis Stanger, Philip Stanger, and Samuel Ledden. Mr. Stanger says that, aside from the dwellings of Col. Heston, the above were all the houses in what is now Glassboro at the above-named date. At that time the town was nearly all woods, and the roads were laid out as irregular as the streets are at present. The pioneer roads leading to and from Glassboro were as follows : March 16, 1796, the road leading to Little Ease (now Franklinville) was laid out ; the Barnsboro road was laid out Oct. 29, 1792; Union Meeting-House (now Unionville) road, April 24, 1811 ; the road to Cross Keys, Nov. 7, 1814 ; April 19, 1827, the road leading from the hotel down past the glass-works was laid out, and the Mullica Hill road was laid out about 1800. Mr. Stanger had no date for the Squankum (now Williamstown) road. Civil List. — The following is a complete list of township oflScers elected at the first annual town- meeting, held in the spring of 1878, also a list of the town clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, township committees, and constables down to and including 1883 : X878.— Town Clerk, William H. SturgeBS; Assessor, John B. Pierce; Collector, Walter H. Zane ; Township Committee, Thomas H.Whit- ney, Woodward Warrick, Charles Berry, Thomas Stanger, Thomas Annadowo ; Chosen Freeholders, Joseph T. Paulin, Hiram Stanger ; Snrreyors, Joseph H. Duffleld, Ira Iszard ; Overseer of Highways, Christopher Westcoat; Overseer of Poor and Constable, George Harbert; Judge of Election, Samuel D. Becket; Inspectors of Elec- tion, Thomas Stanger, Joseph F. Asay ; Commissioners of Appeal, Thomas Stanger, Bichard G. Stanger, Jacob Iszard ; Pound-keeper, Thomas D. Cunningham. Cler*.— Mizael C. Parker, 1879-83, .^MMJor.— John E. Pierce, 1879-83. Ci)!!ecto-.— Benjamin F. Sweeten, 1879-83. Owsm Freeholders.— loBefTa Biggins, Sr., Jesse A. Johnson, 1879-83. TmimaMp Cb7jimi«ee,— Charles Berry, Thomas Eeeve, Bichard Skinner, Jr., 1879 ; Thomas Beeve, Frank T, Homan, John T. Sickler, 1880- 81 ; Frank T. Homan, Thomas Eeeve, Ira Iszard, 1882-83. 0»MtoWe«.— George W. Harbert, 1879-82 ; Ely Braddook, 1883. SOCIETIES. Glassboro Lodge, No. 85, F. and A. M.— A dis- pensation was granted this lodge June 6, 1867 ; charter granted Jan, 23, 1868, and on the 31st day of the same month the lodge was duly instituted. The petitioners for the lodge were B, C, Lippin- cott, M, C, Green, Dr. E. Hance, William H. Bodine, Francis Focer, Henry W. Zane, S. LuflFberry, T. W. Synott, and Edwin V. Brown. The first officers of the lodge were as follows : B. C. Lippincott, W. M.; M. C. Green, 8. W.; Dr. E. Hance, J. W. ; S. Lufi-berry, Treas. ; T. W. Synott, Sec. ; E. T. Lutz, Chap. ; W. H. Zane, S. D. ; W. H. Bodine, J. D. ; F. Focer and J. D. Heritage, M. of C. ; John Campbell, Tyler. The Masters of the lodge since 1868 have been as follows : M. C. Green, 1869 ; Edward V. Brown, 1870, 1874, 1877 ; W. H. Zane, 1871 ; Dr. J. Down Heri- tage, 1872; John Campbell, 1873 ; Christian A. Mad- den, 1875; George S. Mofi'ett, 1876; Benjamin T. Ferrell, 1878; Thomas M. Ferrell, 1879; John T. Whitney, 1880; James A. Haight, 1881; Simon S. Duffield, 1882-83. The regular meetings of the lodge are held on the Friday evening on or before the full of the moon in each month in Odd-Fellows' Hall, The membership in September, 1883, numbered forty-three. The following were the officers for 1883 : Simon S. Duffleld, W, M,; M, Clifft Green, S, W, ; Andrew J, Proud, J. W. ; Samuel Lufberry, Treas. ; J. Down Heritage, Sec. ; Benjamin T. Ferrell, S. D. ; Thomas D. Cunningham, J. D. ; James A. Haight, M. of C. ; George S. Moffett, M. of C. ; Isaac Mofiett, Steward ; Thomas M. Ferrell, Steward ; Francis Focer, Tyler. Lincoln Council, No. 100, 0. of IT. A. M,'— This Council was instituted May 15, 1873, with the follow- ing-named charter members : George D. Brittain, M. C. Greene, Lewis Stanger, J. A. Johnson, Samuel Clifi', Joseph H. Ellis, Charles P. Cossaboon, George Strang, Samuel D. Beckett, Benjamin C. Smith, John Moore, George W. Beebe, Joseph Biggs, William L. Minks, Thomas Brown, John Westcott, Charles Brown, Jacob Westcott, James A. Haight, M. G. Earling, J. Down Heritage. The first officers of the council were as follows : C. George D. Brittian; V. C, M. C. Green ; Rec. Sec, Lewis Stanger; Asst. Rec. Sec, Jesse A. Johnson; Fin. Sec, Samuel H. Cliff; Treas., Joseph H. Ellis ; I., George Strang; E., Charles P. Cossaboon; I. P., Samuel D. Beckett; O. P., B. C. Smith; Trustees, George D. Brittain, M. Clifft Green, and Jesse A. Johnson. The Past Councilors of this council have been M. Clifft Green, Jesse A. Johnson, Lewis Stanger, Samuel D. Beckett, James A. Haight, B. C. Smith, Joseph Biggs, F. S. Turner, B. F. Sweeten, M. C. Parker, M. 0. Earling, John Westcott, S. H. Garton, F. F. Thorn, T. P. Chew, M. C. Parker, John Westcott, S. H. Garton, John Z. Stanger, and Frank P. Crane. The officers October, 1883, were as follows : C, E. F. Hann; V. C, C. W. Chew; Rec Sec, M. C. Parker; Asst. Rec Sec, F. P. Chew; Fin. Sec, Jesse A.Johnson; Treas., J. H. Ellis; I., George W. Gardner; E., F. F. Thorn ; I. P., Elijah Ledden ; O. P., Charles P. Angelo ; Jun. Ex-C., F. P. Chew ; Sen. Ex-C, John Z. Stanger; Trustees, M. 0. Parker, F. F. Thorn,, John Z. Stanger. Howard Lodge, No. 53, K. of P.,'' was instituted on Thursday evening, the 7th day of July, A.D, 1870, at eight o'clock, at Glassboro, N. J. The charter members were George S. Moffett, Horatio G. Zane, John C. Sweeten, Joshua B. Sickler, M. Clift Green, 1 By M. C. Parker. s By G. W. Newbern. 224 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Joseph H. Duffield, Jacob Iszard, Felix F. Turner, and Jesse A. Johnson. Dr. John Down Heritage corded : " Jacob Swope and Nancy Duffield, married Oct. 25, 1791." entered on withdrawal card from Concordia Lodge, ^ Just after the above the following appears : " Church No. 39, and was the first presiding officer. The names i built in summer of this year, 1791." of first officers were J. Down Heritage, C. C. ; M. '*-T?he church here spoken of was built in what is Clifft Green, V. C. ; Joseph H. Duffield, P. ; Jacob Iszard, K. of R. and 8. ; John C. Sweeten, M. of E. ; Horatio G. Zane, M. at A. ; Joshua B. Sickler, I. G. ; the office of O. G. unknown. Names of past officers, Josiah D. Lutz, J. F. Asay, F. F. Turner, Jacob S. Campbell, Hiram Stanger, George W. Beebe, Henry Iceley, George Brittain, John H. Lamar, Enoch Younson, F. W. Coull, B. F. Doughty, Jesse A. John son, B. F. Sweeten, R. F. Y. Pierce, George W. New- bern, John S. Parker, Charles H. Locke, F. P. Chew, Joseph Higgins, Sr., Albert C. Stanger, James D. Price, A. J'. Albertson, Thomas G. Smith, and J. C. Appel. Names of present officers (October, 1883), Charles D. Fisher, C. C. ; Gurden R. Levake, V. C. ; George W. Newbern, K. of R. and 8. ; Hiram Stanger, M. of E. ; A. J. Albertson, P. ; C. J. Flohr, M. at A. ; Charles Brown, I. G. ; John Kirkpatrick, O. G. ; J. C. Appel, Jr., P. C. . Meet Tuesday evenings in Odd - Fellows' Hall. Present number of members, eighty-seven. There is also in Glassboro a tribe of Red Men, a German Beneficial Society, a lodge of Odd-Fellows, a Junior O. U. A. M. council, Heptasophs, Glass- Blowers' League, and a lodge of Lady Masons. now the old graveyard, up at the junction of Pitman Avenue and Woodbury road, and in 1846 or 1847 the present stone church standing on Main Street was built, at a cost of six thousand dollars, on a lot do- nated by Mrs. Bathsheba T. Whitney. During the war of the Rebellion the chancel was built and the church otherwise enlarged and improved, at a cost of yi five thousand dollars. who the pioneer rector was, or who his successors for many years were, is not shown by present records, and tradition in this instance fails to supply the vacancy. July 22, 1848, Rev. Andrew Mackie appears as the rector ; June 24, 1855, Rev. Joseph P. Myers ; July 6, 1856, Rev. William Herbert Norris ; Feb. 22, 1874, Rev. Edwin G. Nock; July 8, 1883, Rev. Joseph Taylor; and the present rector, October, 1883, is Rev. Thomas Milby. Value of church property, ten thousand dollars ; communicants, thirty. Woodward Warrick and Eben Whitney are the two elder and more prominent mem- bers and managers of the parish. Thomas H. Whit- ney, a prominent member of this church, died May 5, 1882, and as a tribute of respect, and to more fully perpetuate his memory as a man of worth, a beau- tiful and costly memorial window has been placed in the church opposite the seat occupied by him when ^ St. Thomas' Protestant Episcopal Church.— Just ILving. when this parish was organized no one now living can / Methodist Episcopal Church. — As early as 1820 tell; however, there must have been Episcopal ser-/ the old itinerant found his way to this then barren OHUECHBS. vice here prior to 1790, and probably as early as 1775 or 1880. \It is found by the records that baptismal service was performed in the following cases, Nov. 29, 1790 : Francis Stanger, son of Daniel and Eve Stanger ; Daniel Pfotzer, son of Valentine and Sophia Pfotzer ; Lewis Stinger, son of Philip and Dorothy Stinger ; Jacob Stinger, son of Peter and Elizabeth. May 4, 1791, Sarah Stinger, daughter of Christian and Mary Stinger. August 15, 1791, Mary Zimmerman, daughter of John and Catharine Zimmerman. April 7, 1793, Thomas Parks, son of Paul and Jane Parks; Christian Swope, son of Jacob and Nancy Swope. March 28, 1795, John Swope, son of the above. Oct. 16, 1796, Elizabeth Zimmerman, daughter o^ Matthias and Hannah Zimmerman ; Solomon Stinger, son of Philip and Dorothea Stinger. Nov. 7, 1796, Jacob Swope, son of Jacob and Nancy Swope. June 24, 1798, Frederick Lutz, son of Philip and Elizabeth Lutz. In the same record the following marriage is re- waste, and here planted the standard of the church he loved, holding meetings in the old school-house and in the Episcopal Church, then standing in the old graveyard, up at the forks of the Woodbury and Pitman Grove roads. Here the old pioneers of the Methodist Episcopal Church labored, but not in vain, for in 1823 a class was formed, with Joseph Albertson as leader. Among the early members still remem- bered by the venerable Daniel R. Stanger were Jacob Swope and wife, Thomas R. Hewit and wife, Catha- rine De Hart (who afterwards married a Mr. Camp- bell), Peggy De Hart, Mary Albertson, Hannah Sim- merman, and a Miss Carty. At that time Glassboro was on a four weeks' circuit, of which Swedesboro was one of the appointments, and was where the preacher resided while on the circuit. — In 1833 the little class had grown into a society, and a one and a half story frame chjurch was built, in what is now known as the Methodist Episcopal bury- ing-ground. At that time there were nearly forty members, among whom was Daniel R. Stanger and wife and Mary Dunlavy, with Revs. Price and Brown as local preachers, who did very efficient service. Mr. Stanger was born Jan. 14, 1803, in Glassboro, TOWNSHIP OF GLASSBORO. 225 and has always lived in this town. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1833, and for half a century has continued one of the faithful pillars of the church. He is a grandson of one of the original Stangers of Glasshoro. f The old church building was subsequently removed and converted into a foundry by William Cornell, and afterwards destroyed by fire. The present church is a large frame structure, located at the intersection of Academy, New, and ytwo other streets, and was built in 1854. Among the preachers who have labored with and for this people was a good, old-fashioned, eccentric Methodist, known locally as " Daddy Price." He was a most excellent man, and faithful in the cause of his Master, and he died in 1882. John Spencer was another pioneer who labored in the local ranks, and passed away to reap the reward of the just. Jacob Fisler was both a soul and body physician. He was a local preacher, and lived at Clayton, and he will be mentioned in connection with the church at that place. Among the circuit riders, as they were called, was Jacob Gruber, whose powerful sermons and ex- treme oddities gave him a reputation such as few preachers possess. One of his co-laborers was Walker, a man of worth, and George Somers, a man of excellent ability and sterling worth. Rev. Burroughs was also one of the pioneer preachers, and was loved by all who knew him. From 1844 to the present time we have the follow- ing list of preachers, which is believed to be com- plete : 1844-45, William Hanley ; 1846, J. McDougal ; 1847, S. Townsend and J. F. Crouch ; 1848, J. F. Crouch and C. R. Fleming ; 1849, J. Long and C. Polly; 1850, J. C. Somerill and B. Andrews; 1851, J. C. Somerill and J. F. Crouch ; 1852-53, J. Loudens- lager; 1854-55, G. Hitchins ; 1856, J. 8. Swaim ; 1857-58, T. Robbins; 1859-60, J. S. Heisler; 1861, J. I. Corson ; 1862-63, E. Hance ; 1864-65, R. J. An- drews; 1866, G. Hughes and E. Hance; 1867-68, B. C. Lippincott (supply); 1869-70, W. L. Perry; 1871, J. Lewis ; 1872-74, J. B. Turpin ; 1875-76, W. E. Perry; 1877-79, E. H. Dunn; 1880-81, W. S. Barn- hart"; 1882-83, S. S. Weatherby. The class-leaders for 1883 were Charles Berry, Samuel Lufberry, James D. Clement, John S. Beck- ett, and Michael Simmerman. Stewards, James A. Haight, Thomas C. Allen, Solomon H. Stanger, Jr., Ira Iszard, David Paulin, Charles Fisher, Charles T. Stanger, Andrew J. Prowd, and John C. Strong. Trustees, Thomas Adamson, Jacob Iszard, Benja- min Dilks, John Repp, Richard Skinner, and John Stanger. The membership in October, 1883, was two hundred and fifty. Value of church, $10,000 ; par- sonage, $2600. The Sunday-school superintendent is Samuel Luf- berry, and the school has two hundred and sixteen scholars and thirty-four teachers. 15 Ebenezer Methodist Protestant Church.'— In the latter part of the year 1829 the principles of " Mutual Rights" of ministers and laymen, as set forth in the discipline of the Methodist Protestant Church, were advocated in Glassboro by the late Rev. Thomas Pierson. Meetings were first held in the old school- house, then standing in what is now an old grave- yard. Here for a number of years Rev. Thomas Dunn, of Philadelphia, alternated with Rev. Peirson, and they were assisted by James Chester, Esq. The ser- vices were somewhat irregular, yet a nucleus was formed, around which has grown one of the most flourishing and prosperous branches of the great Methodist family to be found anywhere in South Jersey. Services were continued in the school- house until the Reformers, as they were sometimes called, were denied further admission. This was during the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Wesley Wallace (in 1834)j who transferred the religious services to the well-worn steps of the Protestant Episcopal Church standing near by. Rev. Mr. Wallace was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Cheasman, of whom but little is known; a plain mar- ble slab, a decrepit fence, and twin oaks are all that guard his dust. Upon the slab is engraved, " Thomas Cheasman, Died August 25th, 1834, 53d year." After closing the school-house against the little band of Christian worshipers, the old pot-house, formerly occupied by the old glass-works company, was fitted up by Mr. and Mrs. Dunlevy, and in this rude, unplastered, undedicated workshop Rev. James Connelly, a young man, full of warm, rich Irish blood and brogue, served the barley-loaves and few fishes. Mr. Connelly was succeeded by Rev. Edward Schock, a young minister, and during his pastorate the free use of the Protestant Episcopal Church was granted by its vestry for afternoon services, which were held there for a few years by Revs. Thomas Dunn, Wesley Wallace, Anthony McRunnels, Lit- tleton Crowper, Hiram Harrold, Samuel Budd, and Alexander Lane. Here the pioneers of the " new departure" continued to blow the gospel trumpet until the early summer of 184tt. when they occupied their own- church edifice, wm^'had been built on a lot of ground containing one and thirty-four hun- dredths acres of land, purchased Oct. 8, 1839, from Messrs. Whitney & Warrick, for the sum of one hun- dred and forty dollars, the deed being given to Rev. James Abbott, the then pastor in charge, and Abram Simmerman, John Smimerman, S. H. Stanger, and Isaac Sharp, trustees^The lot and church complete cost eight hundred anH forty-six dollars and forty- three cents,)and the church was dedicated in the sum- mer of 1840 by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton. At this time the pastor in charge was Rev. J. S. Christine, under whose ministry the church was built, and who assisted in the dedicatory services. 1 Compiled from a voluminous liistory of this ohurcU by Kev. S. G. Appleget. '■ 226 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. / In 1862, during the pastorate of Rev. E. D. Stultz, / a new church was built, with basement and lecture- I room, at a cost of five thousand dollars. In 1882, under the pastorate of Rev. Louis D. Stultz, the church edifice was enlarged and modern- ized, inside and out, a steeple and bell added, and now (1883) it contains a beautifully frescoed audience- room, with a seating capacity of six hundred, a neat and tasty lecture-room, and class-rooms, with all the modern appliances of a first-class church edifice. Pastors. — As has been stated. Rev. Thomas Pierson was the pioneer of Methodist Protestantism in Glass- boro. Nothing more than this is knoWn of him. He was assisted at times by Rev. Thomas Dunn, who or- ganized the First Associate Methodist Church of Philadelphia March 12, 1829. He was " a man of deep piety, and as a preacher he was excelled by few." They were succeeded by the mild-manngred Rev. Dr. Wesley Wallace, the quiet charm of whose minis- try captivated his audiences in the still shadows of the then wilderness waste. Rev. James Abbott came next, and in due time was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Cheasman. He was succeeded by Rev. James Con- nelly, the young Irish orator, and he by Rev. Edward Schock, the pledged friend and protector of the " Re- formers," who served this people in 1831-32, and again in 1841-42, during which period he built a home across the road from the church, where he died in July, 1855, and was buried where the gentle Heiss said was the " best place to sleep I ever knew," on the hill of Glassboro. He was written of as " brimful of a good, happy disposition, and exceedingly, and yet Christianly, social. His genial nature made his Master and himself many friends." The best work was his singing ministry, which stole everywhere like the charm of sunlight. Rev. "Sammy" Budd, as he was familiarly called, was an enthusiastic temperance advocate, and his body sleeps in the old graveyard at Pemberton, N. J. Rev. Alexander Lane, Yankee born, and as modest as a Quaker, was calm in council, and for a year faith- ful in office. Rev. J. S. Christine, under whose ministry the first house of worship was built in 1840, was a man of good executive ability, and as a preacher was above the average. Rev. Henry D. Moore, who joined Rev. E. Schock in the then sandy wilds of South Jersey, gave evi- dence of much promise, was well received, and his ministry well attended. His personal influence was for good and gave tone to the church. He went from here to Cincinnati, Ohio, and soon became pastor of the Vine Street Congregational Church, and his intense individuality ever held him as such. He was with this church (Glassboro) in 1843. In 1845, Rev. Bartine Twyford served this people. If he was not all head, he was all heart and a hard worker. In 1877 he was at Keyport, among his kin- dred, at the advanced age of fourscore years, waiting the summons of his Master. In 1849 the church and congregation was served by Rev. William Smith, of whom nothing more is known. Rev. Jacob Timberman took charge of this congre- gation in 1850, and he soon asked for a release, when I the vacancy was supplied to the close of the year by the president of the Conference. Rev. William B. Vanleer was pastor in charge from 1851 to 1853, and with great profit to the church. During the last year he was assisted by Rev. E. Schock. He was returned to this charge in 1859-60. His biographer attributed to him ''a logical mind, a ready delivery, an earnest manner, and a strong faith. His ability in council, his decision in impor- tant emergencies, the tenderness with which he wel-- comed, and the charitable encouragement he always extended to his younger associates, together with his strongandunwaveringfaithin the power of the gospel and the superiority of his ecclesiastical principles" remain in memory. Rev. T. Taylor Heiss united with the Conference in 1851, and was assigned to Glassboro for 1854-55. The softness and melody of music seemed to be in all that he did. He continued busy in the Conference field until within a few years of his death. His heart gathered in all possible hope for a happy life, and surely held enough to brighten and beautify all the to-morrows of the future. He died in 1876 at Bridge- port, in the very Indian summer of his age. Rev. I. K. Witsil, under whose pastorate the church advanced in 1856-58, had freshly graduated from a twenty-six years' travel among the mountains of New York. He had organized the Attorney Street Metho- dist Protestant Church, New York, and at intervals had been Conference president, covering a period of ten years. During his first year at Glassboro it was resolved into a station. He found here twenty active members, and in two years one hundred more were added, some of whom are yet foremost in duty and usefulness. He was a man of strong qualities and force, with manners that always spoke the calm com- mon sense within. He was a champion in debate, able in the exposition of church principles and gov- ernment, stern in his consistency, unbending in his conscientious purpose, and without compromise for most intimate friends. Rev. E. D. Stultz was the pastor of Ebenezer from 1861-64. He was a man of great excellence, abun- dant in labors, strong as the sunrise, and as hopeful. His influence and usefulness had all the interest and character of a sustained revival in many re- spects, and success paid every undertaking. Gifted as a rare tactician, he was the church's old and new guardian, leaving an impression distinctly his own wherever he wrought. His life has been an evangel of kind afiection, and he still continues to honor the church in efficient service. TOWNSHIP OP GLASSBORO. 227 Rev. Joseph P. Wilson, the faithful pastor, was here in 1865-67. He joined the Conference in 1864, and in 1868 crossed the Delaware and took the chances of labor in Maryland. He lived in the hearts of the people, was impulsive, full of energy, and sen- sitive to a fault. Eev. T. B. Appleget served this circuit during the year 1868, and its thrift showed his earnest work. He entered the Conference in 1861, and was obedient to its demands, but the pleading voice of a dark race, choked with the sobs of year?, spoke louder and aroused the young itinerant. It asked him to be brave, benevolent, consistent, and true to the nation's history. His musket and sword nerved the hand which held the pen of Abraham Lincoln until there was not a slave to curse American soil. He was fa- miliarly greeted as the " major.'' But loyal as he always has been, his failing health unfitted him for continuous pulpit labor, and he was obliged to retire, loved and popular with all classes. Rev. O. EUerson succeeded to this station in 1870 -71. During 1868-69 he served the Attorney Street Methodist Protestant Church, New York. While in Glassboro he was attacked with a throat affection, which led him to locate. He was more than an aver- age pulpit orator, and enjoyed the firm friendship of many of the young men in the community where he lived. Rev. F.Stringer was the next pastor, and remained duj;iDgT4(8^-73 and eight months of 1874. Re^S. Watson, the calm and honest preacher, began lis labors iathe fall of 1874, closed them in the beginning of 1875, and died April 2d of that year. He was tried and true, and "with no advantages of early education he fought his way, not only into the ranks, but 'to the very front.'" After twelve years of steady toil, his life became the price and penalty of his devotion. Rev. A. F. Pierce served out his vocation in the summer of 1875 with great acceptance, and for the intervals miscellaneous supplies were engaged. Rev. S. G. Appleget was assigned to Glassboro in 1876, and remained till 1878. During bis pastorate several improvements were made in the internal workings of the society, and the fact of his remaining three years in one place is evidence of a satisfactory administration. Rev. Charles E. Wilbur was pastor for three months, and then returned to Yale College, and after gradua- ting became an eflBcient pastor of the Pittsburgh Con- ference, and is now professor of Adrian College, Michigan. Rev. Louis D. Stultz was sent to Glassboro by the Annual Conference, sitting at Hopaville, ir*October, 1880, and is the present pastor (September, 1883). Of the pioneer lay members of this church who deserve more than a mere mention, and who should have been biographically noticed by the church his- torian, are the Stanger, Simmerman, Zane, Sheets, Sharp, Pierce, Asay, Turner, Morgan, Duffield, and many other families, who toiled, struggled, and suf- fered that the present generation might enjoy the comforts of the outgrowth of the church they planted. The Sunday-school connected with this church was organized as early as 1841, under the superintendence of J. C. Sheets, and in 1855 it numbered but forty members. Since that time the Sunday-school has made equal progress with the church, and has grown away from the days when a small book-case, two feet square, held all its literature and accompaniments. Mr. Sheets was succeeded by S. H. Pierce until 1860, when S. W. Stanger was elected, and continued until 1875, when he was succeeded by W. H. Zane, the present super- intendent. German Reformed Church.— This church was organized a bout tho yfifir TSfi"i ""'^ among its pioneer members we find the following names : William Dish- art, Justus Dishart, Nicholas Wagner, August Flohr, David Abner, Christian Myers, Eustis Witzal, Gottleib Houck, William Houck, Charles Houck, Carl Coupp, John Martin, John Maester, Henry Finger, and Henry Monk. The church edifice and parsonage are located at the intersection of Main and Union Streets, and are frame buildings, built and dedicated the same year the church was organized, and they cost, including lot, three thousand five_hjiiuljced_dflLLars. I'hii present "pastor is George Sfeible, with forty members of the church. Among the pastors who have served this people were Revs. George Beyer, Carl Baker, Dahlman, and ■ Neubar. The trustees for 1883 were Christian Myers, Wil- liam Dishart, Gottleib Houck, August Witzal, Henry Monk, and Carl Schmidt. The elders were Christian Myers, William Dishart, and Gottleib Houck. The Sunday-school connected with this church was organized in 1868, with William Dishart as superin- tendent, who still holds the same relation to the school, which at present numbers twenty-five pupils. German Evangelical Association. — As near as can be ascertained, this society or church was organ- ized in 1863 by Rev. Zentling. Among the pioneer members were Michael Kubler, John Lutz, George Warner, Martin Brill, Jacob Long, George Emerick, John Kugler, Philip Frederick. The church edifice is a small frame structure, built in 1863, dedicated the same year, and it cost six hundred dollars. Since the organization of this church it has met with many reverses, besides the difficulty of holding the young portion of the membership, who have outgrown and are still outgrowing their native tongue, and they attend the church and Sunday- schools where the English language is spoken exclu- sively, and where the Sunday-school presents more attractions than are usually found in the German schools. The membership in 1883 was thirty-five. 228 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The trustees for 1883 were Jacob Long, John Liitz, and George Emerick. Class-leader, Martin Brill ; assistant class-leader, Michael Kubler. The present pastor is Rev. John F. Yeakle. The pastorate in this church is limited to three years. The Roman Catholic Church at Glassboro was built but a few years since, and stood about one quarter of a mile southwest from the railroad station. In 1882 it was moved to its present location, op- posite the village lock-up, on Church Street. The building is a frame structure, about thirty by forty feet. This parish is a mission, attended from Wood- bury by Eev. Father Minimin. CBMBTBRIES. The Old Graveyard, located at the intersection of Broad and Main Streets and Pitman Avenue, was oc- cupied as a burial-place during the latter part of the last century. As in many old and much-neglected burying-grounds, many of the first interments are marked only by rude field-stones, without name or date. On the marble slabs are the following inscrip- tions that are still legible : Joel Bodine, died April 20, 1859, aged 59 years. Jacob B. Stanger, died Oct. 26", 1823, aged 50 years. Elizabeth Stanger, died May 13, 1856, aged 74 years. Eier Kubet in Gott Solomon Stenger War gebohren den 28 Martz 1743 und veslies diefe Jammer Voile Welt den 19*«n Julius 1794 und brocbte Also Sim Alter anf 61 Jahr 3 Waehen und 6 Tage Catharine Stanger, died April 25, 1800, aged 85 years. Bebecca Shaffer, died June 23, 1859, aged 54 years. Mary Shaffer, died June 27, 1870, aged 88 years. John Shaffer, aged &l years, Darity Stinger, aged 94 years. Frederick Stanger, born June 12, 1786, died May 14, 1831. Mary Swope, died Oct. 15, 1823, aged 87 years. Philip Stanger, died Dec. 29, 1813, aged 57 years. Nicholas Griner, died March 15, 1833, aged 44 years. Thomas Conarj, died Feb. 25, 1831, aged 32 years. Michael Simraerman, died June 16, 1830, aged 35 years. Teresa Simmerman, died Jan. 13, 1834, aged 45 years. Thomas Cheasman, died Aug. 25, 1831, aged 53 years, Mary Donlevy, died Oct. 24, 1845, aged 66 years. , Walter H. Donlevy, died Jan. 9, 1849, aged 90 years. Isaac Thorn, died July 7, 1834, aged 43 years. Elizabeth Thorn, died Jan. 11, 1831, aged 46 years. John Lutz, died Dec. 28, 1817, aged 53 years. Sarah Lutz, died Sept. 16, 1850, aged S3 years. Daniel C. Lutz, died Aug. 6, 1838, aged 39 years. Ann C. Lutz, died Jan, 27, 1842, aged 44 years. St. Thomas' Cemetery, located in the church lot on Main Street, contains but few interments, from which we glean the following: Batbsbeba Heston Whitney, wife of Ebenezer Whitney, born Dec. 30, 1787, died Oct. 20, 1864. Thomas H. Whitney, born Jan. 4, 1813, died May 5, 1882. Abigail Whitney, wife of Woodward Warrick, born June 4, 1810, died Oct. 30, 1854. Temp'y Johnstone, wife of Hon Charles J. Abbott, born May 25, 1809, died May 31, 1876. Myles Synnott, M.D., died Feb. 9, 1867, aged 61 years. Harriet Whitney, wife of Myles Synott, died Fob. 21, 1864, aged 50 years. Bachel C. Heston, died Oct. 24, 1866, aged 70 years. Thomas H. Paul, died April 10, 1872, aged 58 years. Mary W. Paul, died Oct. 27, 1859, aged 68 years. Joshua Paul, died Dec. 4, 1831, aged 45 years. James Price, died Jan. 18, 1863, aged 54 years. Methodist Episcopal Cemetery, — Some of the inscriptions are as follows : Joseph Iszard, died Nov. 15, 1865, aged 67. Edward T. Lutz, died Dec. 29, 1875, aged 58. Samuel H.Lutz, died May 6, 1863, aged 63. Elizabeth Duffleld, died Nov. 3, 1858, aged 49. Henry Eackelcom, died April 12, 1862, aged 54. Richard Stanger, died Feb. 24, 1879, aged 59. Leonard Abbott, died Jan. 17, 1870, aged 50. George S. Focer, died Dec. 20,1856, aged 40. Bev. Thomas Christopher, died Jan. 31, 185U, aged 45. Bev. John F. Crouch, died Sept. 23, 1852, aged 48. Margaret Crouch, died Aug. 4, 1866, aged 58. Daniel Neveling, born Jan. 7, 1786, died April 7, 1856. Mary Neveling, born March 16, 1805, died May 18, 1856. Bev. Christian Stanger, born Nov. 9, 1S14, died July 5, 1873. Daniel Focer, died April 13, 1845, aged 55. Ann Focer, died June 2, 1872, aged 77. George W. Pyle, born July IS, 1802, died June 7, 1872. Elizabeth Pyle, born Feb. 22, 1805, died Sept. 24, 1846. Letitia Clement, died May 14, 1882, aged 73. Josiah Duffleld, died Feb. 13, 1856, aged 79. Letitia Duffleld, died Aug. 28, 1860, aged 84. Thomas Smith, died July 25, 1849, aged 64. Hannah G. Smith, born April 16, 1808, died Feb. 21, 1874. Chester Dilks, born Oct. 13, 1813, died Oct. 9, 1876. Robert Blackburn, Co. C, 12th N. J, Inf. Caroline Miller, died Sept. 9, 1877, aged 49. Christian Hesley, died Aug. 13, 1874, aged 80. ' John M. Stanger, born March 5, 1819, died Feb. 6, 1862. Sarah Ledden, died April 25, 1875, aged 63. Benjamin Pennypacker, born Nov. 25, 1818, died March 30, 1871. Elijah J. Berry, died Oct. 10, 1881, aged 58. Margaret Small, died March 19, 1869, aged 81. Hannah Swope, born Sept. 16, 1797, died Feb. 10, 1874. John Swope, died April 12, 1847, aged 52. Joseph Corson, died Jan. 29, 1879, aged 66. Mary Ann Corson, died Oct. 21, 1876, aged 62; Charles D. F. Wilke, died Feb. 14, 1862, aged 67. Maria Wilke, died Oct. 16, 1866, aged 72. John H. Smith, Co. D, 24th N. J. Vols., died June 2, 1863, aged 33. Ann Gifford, died March 7, 1878, agpd 73. Josiah D. Lutz, died Jan. 24, 1874, aged 69. Mary Skinner, died Oct. 2, 1844, aged 46. Bev. Richard Skinner, died March 12, 1882, aged 84. Mary Skinner, died Oct. 8, 1882, aged 73. William H. Newburn, Co. A, 9th N.J. Vols., died June 8, 1865, aged 27. James Tyler, died Jan. 20, 1865, aged 51. Andrew S. Long, died Sept. 14, 1866, aged 72. Lettuce Long, died March 17, 1861, aged 64. Rebecca Mills, died April 20, 1842, aged 44. Maria Alford,died May 8,,1883, aged 66, William F. Beckett, died Nov. 7, 1862, aged 43, Johnson Beckett, died Sept. 14, 1869, aged 72. Louisa Beckett, died Oct. 30, 1867, aged 69. Simon S. Duffleld, boru Aug. 15, 1808, died March 26, 1874. Lewis Stanger, died Dec. 2, 1854, aged 67. Elizabeth Stanger, died July 31, 1843, aged 66. Christopher F. Gleisncr, born Feb. li, 1817, died May 21, 1869. William Brown, died Dec. 1, 1868, aged 50. Daniel Simmermuu, died Sept. 9, 1858, aged 66. Hannah Cox, died Nov. 23, 1860, aged 45. Joseph Alberlson, died Nov. 13, 1860, aged 71. Mary AlbertBou,died Dec. 30, 1865, aged 76. Abigail Stout, died Jan. 1, 1864, aged 72. TOWNSHIP OF GLA8SB0R0. 229 Christian Armstrong, died Jan. 31, 1881, aged 65. Allen Corey, born June 15,1798, died July 26, 1875. SuBan Corey, born Jan. 28, 1804, died March 1, 1881. Methodist Protestant Cemetery. — Among the in- scriptions in this cemetery are the following : Henrietta M. Brown, born May 23, 1831 , died Jan. 15, 1882. John 6. Watson, died July 9, 1862, aged 79. Hannah Stanger, born Nor. 10, 1798, died Dec. 2, 1878. Gwinneth A. Sheets, died March 18, 1873, aged 60. David I. Fredericlc, born Feb. 15, 1831, died Sept. 30, 1881 ; soldier. Jacob S. ShafTar, died March 6, 1870, aged 52. Bebecca Pedricli, died May 17, 1867, aged 71. Malichia Siniberman, N. J. Vols., died July 26, 1862, aged 33. William Pierce, died March 15, 1860, aged 65 ; soldier. Amy Pierce, died Feb. 27, 1877, aged 82. David Stanger, died May 14, 1865, aged 60. Jane Stanger, born Dec. 28, 1812, died Aug. 16, 1878. William Stanger, died March 14, 1878, aged 54. Abraham Simmerman, died July 2, 1875, aged 67. Elizabeth Stanger, born Oct. 20, 1796, died Jan. 23, 1877. John English, died April 27, 1855, aged 67. Mary English, died Feb. 10, 1878, aged 84. Samuel H. Pierce, died Aug. 7, 1876, aged 56. A. L. Sharp, Co. D, 24th N. J. Inf. Joseph S. DufiBeld, born May 14, 1824, died March 1, 1872. Rev. Edward Shocb, born June 1, 1811, died July 2, 1854. Lucy L. Campbell, died Aug. 2, 1864, aged 63. Rachel Simmerman, died April 10, 1871, aged 71. William Press, Co. F, 12th N. J. Inf. Justus Disebert^ died Sept. 5, 1881, aged 64. David Ford, born Sept. 19, 1807, died Nov. 5, 1882. Frederick D. Railinger, born March 17, 1811, died Aug. 1, 1871. Henry Frederick, Co. A, 9th N. J. Vols., died at Greensboro, N. C, June 20, 1865, aged 25. Sarah Lloyd, died Feb. 22, 1869, aged 63. Teamans Paul, born Nov. 20, 1792, died Jan. 7, 1869. Elizabeth Paul, died Aug. 7, 1870, aged 75. Mary Albright, born March 15, 1787, died Aug. 17, 1871. Charles Berry, Sr., died Jan. 11, 1867, aged 84. Mary Berry, died June 15, 1852. aged 66. Rev. Henry Watson, born June 15, 1835, died April 2, 1875. Samuel Smith, died May 23, 1872, aged 46. John Krantz, died Jan. 15. 1876, aged 66. Catharine Krantz, died April 30, 1872, aged 62. David Iszard, died July 6, 1869, aged 79. Mary Walp, died April 23, 1869, aged 72. Frederick Lutz, born May 20, 1807, died July 23, 1868. Casper Teager, died Nov. 4, 187", aged 71. John M. Collins, died March 6. 1879. James McFadden, died May 4, 1876, aged 73. Philip Runge, born Sept. 12, 1821, died Aug. 5, 1877. Charles F. Grammel, died Jan. 16, 1879, aged 43. INDUSTRIES. Whitney Glass-Works. — The pioneer glass-works at what is now Glassboro were erected in 1775 by Jacob, Solomon, John, Christian, Adam, Francis, and Philip Stanger, seven brothers, who had been work- ing at Wistar's glass-works, on Alloways Creek, in Salem County. They brought with them an only sister, Sophia. A piece of land was purchased by the Stangers from Archibald Moffitt, the timber was taken off, the necessary buildings were erected, and in the fall of the same year they made their first melt./Ur- bottle now in possession of a descendant of Philip is said to be the first bottle blown. Wistar's works were abandoned about this time, and a number of the em- ployes found work at the new factory in Glouceste^' County. •*»«**i The Stangers continued the business for about five years, when they were compelled to make an assign- ment on account of the depreciation in the value of Continental money, which they had received in pay- ment for large quantities of glass sold. Congress, in session at Philadelphia, by resolution passed March 20, 1780, made one dollar, gold or silver, to be eqiml to forty dollars of Continental money. -^'fheunfortu-' nate originators of the glass-works were sent to a debtor's prison at Gloucester, the Ijhen seat of justice of Gloucester Countjc^In 1781 the property was sold under the sheriff's hammer to satisfy their creditors, and purchased by Thomas Heston, who was just from campaign duty, and then residing at Cooper's Point, opposite Philadelphia, and Thomas Carpenter, of Car- penter's Landing, now Mantua. Heston made his residence at the works and personally superintended them. (Xhe^ former proprietors .were released from prison, and, with others, employed at the new works. Carpenter remained at the Landing, receiving the products of the factories sent down by teams, and forwarding the goods to Philadelphia by small sloops, or flats, as they were then called. He also attended to the purchasing of material for the factories and supplies for th€ workmen. After Heston removed to and took charge of the works they were known as Heston's glass-works, until at the suggestion of a member of the celebrated Gloucester Fox-Hunting Club, of which Col. Heston was a member, the place received its present name at a banquet at his house after a hard day's ride and the capture of Eeynard. It was suggested to the host that as the place had grown into a respectable-sized village, it ought to have some other name than that which only desig- nated a single industry in it. Glassboro was proposed as its future name, and approved by the colonel and those present; it was accordingly so named, with ap- propriate ceremony for the occasion. During the proprietoriship of Heston & Carpenter the works were enlarged and their capacity increased. Flint glassware and window-glass manufactures were added to that of bottles, with very successful results. Col. Thomas Heston died in 1802, and his widow and Edward, son of Thomas Carpenter, carried on the business under the firm-name of Edward Carpen- ter & Co. After three or four years Mrs. Heston was succeeded by Peter Wycoff. March 22, 1816, Peter Wycoff conveyed his one-half, and July 25, 1817, Thomas Carpenter, administrator to the estate of Edward Carpenter, deceased, conveyed the other half to David Wolf, of Woolwich township. Joshua Paul and wife (Mrs. Paul was the third daughter of Thomas and Hannah Heston), about the same time, conveyed to Wolf a lot of ground on which he erected a new store-house, which is now occupied by a descendant on his mother's side of Sophia, the sister of the original settlers. Wolf conveyed to Daniel Focer (originally written Pfotzer), a son of Sophia Stanger, who married Valentine Pfotzer, the one-fourth part of the Olive Glass -Works, at that 230 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. time so called, with one-fourth part of the new store- house and the lot whereon it stands." Aug. 21, 1818, Wolf conveyed a one-fourth part of the above-named property to Isaac Thorn, of Glassboro. About the same time, or soon after, Focer conveyed to Thorn his one-fourth interest. Sept. 12, 1821, Wolf conveyed to Thorn his remaining half. March 10, 1824, Isaac Thorn conveyed to J. J. Foster the store-house lot with other lands. This transaction completes the history of the glass-works upon the original site. The workmen had been gradually transferred to and the business merged in the works owned and carried on by Thomas H. and Samuel A. Whitney, under the firm-name of Whitney Brothers. Thomas H. and Samuel A. Whitney were the grandsons ^f Col. Thomas Heston and Hannah, his wife, who was a descendant Oif an old Bucks County, Pa., family, whose name was given to Hestonville, now within i the limits of Philadelphia, his wife having been a Clayton, whose ancestors, the Tonkins, came over in the first ship that sail ed up the Delaware as far as Burlington, N. J. Capt. Eben Whitney, of Castine, Me., father of Thomas H. and Samuel A. Whitney, was a descendant of John and Elina Whitney, who embarked at London in April, 1635, and settled at Watertown, Mass., the following June. On his voy- age from the island of Madeira to Philadelphia, in 1806, he was wrecked off Cape May, losing his ves- sel and cargo. On his way between the wreck and Philadelphia he became acquainted with Bathsheba T., second daughter of Thomas and Hannah Heston, at her mother's house in Glassboro, and afterwards married her, and, with ihe exception of five or six years, resided in Glassboro till his death, Feb. 3, 1823. The works of Whitney Brothers are located about four hundred yards south of the original site. The ''nrst furnace was put in blast in 1813. It was erected, together with the necessary buildings, by the sons of the original settlers, and others who had been in the employ of Heston & Carpenter and their successors, and John Eink, of Philadelphia. According to a ""record of a meeting of the shareholders, held Aug. 9, 1813, the following persons were elected to serve for "*t>B? year, viz. ; Daniel Focer, manager ; Levi L. Camp- bell, cashier and clerk ; John Rink, agent. The firm-name was Kink, Stanger & Co., and the works were named " Harmony Glass- Works.'' Focer was a practical glass-blower ; Campbell had been store- and book-keeper for Heston & Carpen- ter and Edward Carpenter & Co. at the old works ; Eink resided in Philadelphia, and had charge of the sales, the purchasing of supplies, and the financial part of the business generally; Stanger, whose name appears in the firm, was Lewis Stanger. Eink died in 1822, and was succeeded by Daniel H. Miller, of Philadelphia, proprietor of the Frank- lin Window-Glass Works at Malaga, N. J., ten miles south of Glassboro, which were erected in 1814i After the death of Mr. Miller, in 1831, his son, Jacob S. Miller, succeeded to his interest. In 1834, Lewis Stanger retired from the firm, and, with his brother Jacob and his son George, erected and started new works, about five hundred yards south of the " Har- mony Glass- Works." In 1835, Thomas H. Whitney, fe e n the se nior papt«er-mH*«--firm-el^W^hitBey"Brdlhers7' purchased a third interest in the business, and two years later purchased the entire works, since which period they have been owned and carried on by the brothers, who, in 1842, changed the name to the Whitney Glass- Works. Since 1835 the furnaces have been enlarged to three or four times their original capacity, and the number of them doubled, so that the present produc- tions are eight times greater than in 1835, and are now the most extensive, best equipped, and produce the greatest variety of styles and colors of any works of their class in the country. The furnaces are constructed of Pennsylvania sand- stone, and fire-clay dug in this State. The works are in every particular of a very superior order, and bear the unmistakable evidence of having been erected under the supervision of practical glass manufactu- rers. A very interesting fact is that one of the oldest and most reputable houses in Philadelphia, that han- dles a large amount of glassware, commenced the pur- chase of hollow-ware made at these glass-works in 1781 (as the books of that date, still in their possession, show), and the proprietors have continued, from father to son to the third generation, to give all their orders, without exception, to the successors of those from whom the founder of their house purchased his first supply in this country. The grandfathers in the two houses dealt together over one hundred years ago ; the grandsons, their successors, are still dealing with each other, and in the same line of goods. The monthly consumption of materials used in the manufacture of glass is about as follows : 300 tons sand ; 100 tons English soda ash ; 2000 bushels oyster- shell lime ; 75 bushels salt ; 700 tons of coal ; 300 cords of wood; 80,000 feet of boards, for packing- boxes ; 400 tons of hay ; 15 tons of German clay for pots ; 500 tons glass packed for shipment. Connected with the glass-works is a flour- and feed- mill, steam saw-mill, planing-mill, with all the neces- sary machinery for cutting lumber for packing-boxes, for building, and other purposes ; the blacksmith-shop has three forges for the manufacture and repair of tools, etc. . A number of farms, aggregating one thou- sand acres, are cultivated, the products of which are consumed by the employes of the works. A ready market is found there, at the window -glass works, and in the village for all farm products for miles around. The employes of the Whitney Brothers number about four hundred, and occupy one hundred dwell- ings belonging to the works. Many of the workmen, however, own the houses which they occupy. TOWNSHIP OF GLASSBORO. 231 Thomas H. Whitney, of Whitney Brothers, died May 5, 1882, since the foregoing sketch was written. /Temperanceville Glass-Works.— This glass-fac- f tory is located in the south part of the village of Glassboro, situated on Grove, between Main and Academy Streets, and was built in 1834 by Lewis Stanger, who had in that year retired from the old firm and took in as partners his brother Jacob and son George. The locality was named " Lewisville," but the proprietors, being ultra temperance men, would employ none but those who belonged to the Temperance Society, and a wag of a clerk in the em- ploy of the old firm dubbed the place " Temperance- ville," which name that portion of Glassboro still re- tains, and probably always will. In 1841 the Stangers, after a number of changes in partners, failed in business, when the property was sold to satisfy mortgage-holders, and purchased in 1842 by Whitney & Warrick, of the old glass-works, and Temperanceville became a part of the Whitney Glaas-Works. The business was carried on by the old firm until 1849, when Whitney & Warrick di- vided property, or dissolved partnership, Mr. War- rick taking the Temperanceville property for his share. Mr. Warrick then sold the property to Eben Whitney, who conducted the business till 1856, when Mr. Warrick purchased Mr. Whitney's interest, and took in as a partner Thomas Stanger, when the firm- name became Warrick & Stanger. Up to that time the Temperanceville factory made hollow-ware ex- clusively, and was then changed to a window-glass factory, and in 1860 another glass-house was built, which doubled the former capacity of these works. The firm-name continued Warrick & Stanger until July, 1883, when Mr. Stanger died, since which time Mr. Woodward Warrick has conducted the entire business. The present capacity of the works is two hundred boxes of glass per day, and consumption of material six tons of sand and twelve tons of coal per day, thirty-five tons of soda ash per month, besides large quantities of wood for fuel and lumber for boxes. The saw-mill for the manufacture of lumber for boxes is connected with the glass-works, and is oper- ated by steam-power. Mr. Warrick employs in and around these works one hundred and twenty-five men, and owns a large store well stocked with goods for the accommodation of his men and the public generally. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SAMUEL A. WHITNEY. John and Elinor Whitney with five sons embarked from London for America on board the ship " Eliza- beth and Ann" in April, 1635, and settled at Water- town, Mass. Here they dwelt for the remainder of their lives, three other sons having been born to them. John Whitney was a citizen of prominence, and filled many positions of distinction and trust. He died on the 1st of June, 1673, aged eighty-four years. In the direct line of descent was Samuel, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who resided in Castine, Me., where he married a Miss Cutler, and had children, — Samuel A., Henry, Eben, and Abigail, who became Mrs. Howe. Eben, of these sons, was born in Boston, Mass., March 17, 1780, and married in Philadelphia, Aug. 27, 1807, Miss Bathsheba, daughter of Col. Thomas Heston, of Kevo- lutionary fame. Their children were Abigail (Mrs. Woodward Warrick), Thomas Heston, Harriet (Mrs. Myles Synnott), Eben, Samuel A. The death of Mr. Eben Whitney occurred in Glassboro, February, 1823, aged forty-three years, and his burial in the church- yard at Swedesboro, N. J. Samuel A., his son, a sketch of whose life is here briefly given, was born July 7, 1819, in Gloucester County, and devoted his youth to study at a private school of the place. At the age of fifteen he removed to Haddonfield, N. J., and having determined upon a mercantile career he« entered the store of Samuel Reeves. After a period thus spent he returned to Gloucester County and re- sumed his studies. His brother, Thomas H. Whitney, had meanwhile succeeded^to the extensive glass manufacturing interests which were begun by his grandfather, Thomas Heston, in 1781 and 1782, and under his immediate eye he entered the works as an apprentice. After a period thus spent in labor he became assistant in the store connected with the establishment. His abilities cai^d his promotion to the position of general manager/)f the business, and occasioned his presence in Philadelphia indispen- sable in connection with the warerooms of the factory located in that city. Here he remained five years, and on his return to Glassboro became a partner in the enterprise, under the firm-name of Whitney -JJE Brothers. The business was at this date materially increased, extensive additions having been made in its various departments. During the year 1856, Mr. Whitney and his brother, Thomas H., became exclu- sive proprietors of the Glassboro works, though the latter for awhile retired from the firm and left his brother sole owner, his interest having been at a later period resumed. Mr. Whitney's tastes led him in 1855-56 to devote some time to foreign travel. In connection with the distinguished author and anti- quarian, W. C. Prime, he made the tour of Egypt, the Holy Land, and the East, deriving both relaxation and pleasure from the journey. His life and energies have been chiefly devoted to the conducting and pro- moting of his extensive business interests, which have left little leisure for afiairs of a public character. Formerly a Whig, and later a Republican in his political proclivities, he has neither sought nor de- sired office, and invariably declined such honors. Having been educated in the faith of the Protestant 232 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Episcopal Church, Mr. Whitney has ever been one of its most earnest supporters. In connection with his brother, he erected the attractive stone edifice belonging to that denomination in Glassboro, and contributes largely to the maintenance and growth of the organization. HON. THOMAS M. EERRELL. The family of Ferrells are of Scotch-Irish ancestry, the orthography of the name having originally been Ferral. James, the earliest representative in America, and the great-grandfather of Hon. Thomas M. Fer- rell, became on his arrival a resident of Monmouth County, where he engaged in mercantile enterprise^. He was closely identified with the struggle of the colonies for independence, and participated in many Revolutionary engagements, having at the close of the conflict attained the rank of captain. Among his children was William, born in Monmouth County, where he was both a merchant and an enterprising farmer. He married Miss Suran, and had children, . — Steward, Perry, William, Sarah, and James. The last named was born July 4, 1819, in Port Elizabeth, Cumberland Co., N. J., and early removed to Glouces- ter County, where he has since resided. Mr. Ferrell's tastes led to farming employments, though at a later period he became interested in the mechanical de- partment of glass-blowing. He was united in mar- riage to Miss Emeline, daughter of Alexander Durr, of Philadelphia, and became the parent of seven children, of whom Joseph D., Thomas M., and Benja- min T. survive. Thomas M., of this number, was born in Glassboro on the 20th of June, 1844, his father's house having been during youth and early manhood his home. His educational advantages were confined to the common and high schools of his native borough, supplemented by careful study and judicious reading at home. At the age of sixteen he began the active duties of life as an apprentice to a firm of glass manufacturers, and having served for five years in that capacity, followed his trade assidu- ously in Glassboro. While thus occupied he was, in 1878, elected president of the Hollow- Ware Glass- Workers' Association of the United States, and held the position until ^January, 1883. This appointment resulted in the severance of his relations with the firm by whom he was employed, and opened a new and enlarged field of activity in a more public career. His first official position was as a member of the committee of his township, to which some prestige attached from the fact of its former exclusive control by representative citizens. In 1879 he became, at the urgent entreaty of friends, a candidate for the State Legislature, and was, in a district and county strongly Republican, elected as a Democrat by an overwhelming majority. He was re-elected in 1880, and in 1881 chosen to represent his constituents in the State Senate. During these terms he served on the committees on State Prisons, Banks and Insurance, Agriculture, Federal Relations, Elec- tions, Public Grounds and Buildings, etc. Mr. Ferrell was the champion of many important measures in both the upper and lower house, chief of which was the introduction of the bill abolishing the store- order and shinplaster system in connection with the glass-workers' interests. He also introduced and suc- cessfully carried through a bill which attacked and ultimately overruled the pass-book system, main- tained in the interest of the same industry. He was during the session of 1881 the author of the bill in- troducing the election blanks as a means of facilitating election returns from the various districts. Mr. Fer- rell's abilities as a legislator caused him to be nomi- nated and elected to Congress in 1882, which honorable position he at present fills. He is an active and enthusiastic Odd-Fellow, a member of Glassboro Lodge, No. 58, and Past Grand Master of the State. He is a member of Glassboro Lodge, No. 85, of Free and Accepted Masons, of which he is Past Master. The local assembly of Knights of Labor, No. 799, also claims him as a member. The latter organization he represented at their General Assembly, held at Detroit, Mich., in 1881. He has ever manifested a deep interest in the cause of education, and served as president of the Board of Education of his borough. Since the age of fourteen Mr. Ferrell has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Glassboro, and for many years held official connection with it as class- leader, steward, and trustee. He is also greatly in- terested in Sunday-school work, and has at various times held the position of Sunday-school superin- tendent. Mr. Ferrell was married on the 23d of August, 1871, to Miss Emma T., daughter of Richard G. and Sophia Stanger. JOHN REPP. John Repp, the pioneer fruit farmer of Gloucester County, N. J., was born near Dayton, Ohio, Feb. 26, 1836. His family are, as the name indicates, of Ger- man origin, the great-great-grandfather of our sub- ject having emigrated from there prior to the Revo- lutionary war and settled near Reading, Pa.,, where he located land and devoted his time to farming. Of his children, John Repp was born on the old home- stead, where he grew to manhood and followed farm- ing. He moved to Frederick, Md., where he spent the remainder of his days. One of his sons (Daniel) married, in 1800, a Miss Elizabeth Reddick, and two years after emigrated to the wilderness of Ohio, and near where Dayton now stands located a farm. Not a tree had been cut, and with his own hands he cut away the trees where he built his home. His journey thither was by wagon and mostly through the forests. He located a large tract of land, and at his death, which occurred after he was ninety years old, left TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 233 each of his children a nice farm. They had seven girls and three boys, of whom David was born in 1812, and grew to man's estate near Dayton. He married Miss Elizabeth Lesley, of Pennsylvania Dutch parentage, by whom he had seven children, namely, Daniel, John, Joseph, William, Christopher, Mary Ann, and Samantha, all of whom are alive but Christopher, who died in the Union army. Joseph also served in the Union army, and was discharged after four years' service. David married for his sec- ond wife Mrs. Barbara Terhune, who bore him three sons and three daughters. John Repp, our subject, moved in 1846, with his father's family, to Miami County, Ind., which was then an almost unbroken wilderness. Here he was put to work as soon as old enough, and had but little chance to acquire an edu- cation. He remained near his father's home, work- ing at whatever he could get to do, until he was twenty-seven years old, when, with a thousand dollars which he had accumulated, he came to Malaga, N. J., and bought fifty-four acres of land, with the intention of carrying out the ambition of his life, that of mak- ing a model fruit farm. This had been his aim from boyhood, and he felt that he was in the way to its ac- complishment. He put out an orchard of apple- and peach-trees, but everything he bought was so dear that, before he could realize anything from his or- chard, his debts became so great that he was forced to sell out, and he found himself without a dollar. He had been drafted during this time and had paid the three hundred dollars commutation money. In the spring of 1865 he engaged with Mr. Thomas Whitney as manager of his large farm near Glass- boro, which position he filled for eight years to the satisfaction of his employer. In 1872 he bought en- tirely on credit, mostly of Mr. Whitney, the farm he now owns, and which was then covered with stumps and brush and only old buildings. He had saved enough to buy the stock necessary to carry on dairy farming, which he has since successfully done in con- nection with his fruit farming. He was more than ever convinced that the soil of this part of Jersey was adapted to the successful growing of small fruits, and, against the advice of friends, in the face of ridi- cule and prophecies of failure and poverty, he again set out apples, pears, and peaches, in all ten acres the first year. While putting in trees men in passing were heard to laugh at him and say he was a fool. But a farm, one hundred acres of which is covered with every variety of fruit produced in this climate, a farm which, at some seasons of the year, gives employment to one hundred and twenty-five people, and from which he has this season sold eight thousand dollars' worth of fruit, is the result of his foresight and perseverance. And to-day sees the men who laughed at his seeming folly following in his footsteps, or trying to. He again became deeply involved, and would never have reached the coveted end but for the support of Thomas Whit- ney, to whom he owes a deep debt of gratitude. When everything else was turned out as security, he insured his life for many thousands of dollars, and in that way obtained credit with which to carry on his work. He has had an able assistant in his labor in his wife, who was Mrs. Sarah Jane Smith, daughter of Thomas Gifford, born at Malaga, Feb. 10, 1833, widow of John Smith, who was a gallant soldier, and fell mortally wounded at Chancellorsville, May 8, 1863. Mr. and Mrs. Repp were married Jan. 6, 1869. Their children are Joseph, born Oct. 13, 1869 ; Albert, born April 28, 1872; and Charles, born March 1, 1874. Mrs. Repp had by her first husband the following children : Thomas, born Nov. 23, 1855 ; Ann Elizabeth, born Oct. 3, 1858 ; and John F., born Aug. 2, 1862. CHAPTER XLII. TOWNSHIP OF GKBBNWICH.l Geographical and Descriptive.— This was one of the original townships, and was formed soon after the erection of the county in 1686. As first set off, the township contained an area of about one-third of the county as now constituted, but at present it contains only fourteen thousand acres of land. The surface of the township is what might be termed level, yet some portions of it are gently un- dulating. The soil is a light sandy loam, underlaid with marl, and quite fertile when properly culti- vated. The products of the township are disposed of in the Philadelphia market. The township is bounded on the east by West Deptford; on the southeast and south by East Greenwich; on the southwest by Logan township; and on the north by the Delaware River. The township is watered on the northeast'by the Mantua, which forms the boundary line between this and West Deptford ; Clonmel, Nehansey, Still Run, and London Branch Creeks, all rise in the southeast part of the township, and flow northwesterly into the Delaware, which washes the north border of Green- wich. Repaupo Creek also forms the dividing line between this and Woolwich township. Rattling Run is a small stream crossing the southwest corner of the township. Isaac Mickle, in his " Reminiscences of Old Glouces- ter," says, "The township of Greenwich is by some months the most ancient township in Gloucester County ; for we find upon the minutes of the County Court, under date of the 1st of March, 1694, the fol- lowing note : ' The inhabitants between Great Man- toes Creek and Barclay River request yt ye same di- vision be made and laid into a township, henceforth to be called by ye name of ye Township of Green- wich ; and yt ye same be so recorded. To which ye Bench assents, and order ye same to be done.' 1 By W. H. Shaw. 234 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. " The country about the Eaccoon and the Eepaupo having been settled by the Swedes, hundreds of whom still resided there when' the English arrived, the town- ship of Greenwich was for some years by far the most populous of the six into which the county was in 1694 divided. In the seventeenth century most of the magnates of this part of old Gloucester bore such titles as Erick Cock, Hermanns Helm, John Rambo, and Mons Lock. The Swedish language, religion, and customs were rigidly conserved for a long time, and even to this day many traces of the Swedish origin of the people of Greenwich are observable." Pioneer Diseases and Remedial Agents.— Of the sassafras, which grew everywhere in great abundance, the aborigines, he tells us, used to make bowls ; the Swedes used its root in brewing, applied its pieces as a cure for dropsy, used it in decoction as a rinse for vessels in which they kept brandy and cider, and made their bed-posts of it to keep out the bugs. The bark of the chestnut-oak was used by the Indians, as a Swede told Kalm, for dying leather red, and the Swedes probably used it for the same purpose. The fruit of the persimmon-tree gave to the first inhabi- tants of Greenwich a very curious and palatable liquor, which is now, we believe, not made. They also distilled brandy from it by a very simple pro- cess. Pompions or crocknalks, as .the Swedes called them, squashes and calabashes, are also mentioned by our traveler as having been procured from the Indians and cultivated by the Swedes for household purposes. The pompions and squashes they ate, the latter being served up on the edge of the dish, around the meat. Of the calabashes, they made in those days not only ladles and bowls, but plates for the table. In holly-leaves, dried and bruised in a mortar, they found a cure for pleurisy, which terrible disease, in 1728, swept away nearly all the Swedes in the numer- ous settlements at Penn's Neck, where it broke out again just before Kalm's visit. The ague, too, in olden time was a much more dangerous enemy than now. Against this the Swedes employed, with vari- ous success, the Jesuit's bark, the root of the tulip- tree and of the dogwood, the yellow bark of the peach-tree, the leaves of the potentilla reptans, and several other indigenous preparations which they adopted from the Indians. As an antifebrile, they sometimes tied wisps of mullein or Indian tobacco around their arms and feet. The root of the bay- tree they used as a remedy for the toothache, which " hell of a' diseases," as Burns calls it, the Swedes brought upon themselves in consequence of the belief that nothing was good unless eaten as fast as it came from the fire.' Pioneer Manner of Living, Dress, etc.— The earliest inhabitants of old Greenwich lived in a very 1 See Professor Kalm's grave dissertation on tlie loss of teeth wliich the Eaccoonitea and other Europeans on the banks of the Delaware suf- fered, vol. i. p. 360. humble and frugal manner. They had neither tea, coffee, chocolate, or sugar, and were too poor to buy any intoxicating drinks, or vessels to distill them in. The first settlers drank at table as a substitute for tea a decoction of sassafras ; and even in 1748 they mixed the tea they then used " with all sorts of herbs," says Kalm, "so that it no longer deserves the name of tea." ^ For a long time they continued to make their candles and soap from bayberry-bushes. Their buckwheat cakes, which were a standard dish, were baked in a frying-pan or on a stone. The men wore caps, breeches, and vests of the skins of various ani- mals. The women wore jackets and petticoats of the same material. Their beds, except the sheets, were composed of the skins of wolves, bears, panthers, and other beasts with which the forests then abounded. They made their own leather for shoes and other articles, dyeing it red with chestnut-bark or the moss of a certain tree not now known, or black with a preparation of the common field sorrel. Poor as were the Swedish pioneers, far worse was the condition of pioneer Finlanders. Instead of shoes these poor wretches were content with mocca- sins of skins rudely sewed together, and for dishes for their tables they scooped out the knobs of the ash-tree, as the Siberians now do. Pioneer Wedding Customs. — Among the customs mentioned by Kalm as peculiar to the pioneer Sjvedes of what is now Greenwich, Logan, Woolwich, and East Greenwich townships there was one which we trust we will be pardoned for adverting to. When a man died in such circumstances that his widow could not pay his debts, if she had an offer of a second husband, she was obliged to marry him en chemise. In this plight, on her wedding-day, she went out from her former house to that of her new spouse, who met her half-way with a new suit of clothes, which he presented to her, saying he only lent them, " lest," says Kalm, " if he had said he gave them, the cred- itors of the first husband should come and take them from her." If this be a fair sample of the civilization of the pioneer Swedes we can readily believe what the professor says, that the Swedes were already half- Indian when the English arrived. Pioneer Stock, Grain, and Fruit.- In March, 1749, Professor Kalm paid a visit to Nils Ousta/son, who lived near Eaccoon. Gustafson had seen nearly a hundred years, had taken much timber to Philadel- phia when that city was in its infancy, yet, with his venerable locks and nearly fivescore of years, he re- tained a vigorous frame and a bright memory. Kalm questioned him particularly as to the origin of the domestic animals then in West Jersey, and was told that the English procured their horses, cows, oxen, sheep, hogs, geese, and ducks from the Swedes, who had brought them over from Sweden. He also said they owed to the Swedes the first seed of many of the sibid., p. 370. TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 235 most valuable fruits and herbs, and of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Peach-trees were in the pioneer days very numerous, but where the Swedes got them Gustafeon could not tell. In his infancy the Indians had many little maize plantations, but did not take much care of them, preferring to live upon the fruits of the chase, or upon different roots and whortle- berries. Other Interesting Notes of Pioneer life.— Pre- vious to the arrival of the Swedes the Indians had no agricultural implements save the historic old stone hatchet. With this they peeled the large trees when they had lost their sap, so they would die, and the small trees they pulled up by the roots. The field thus opened to the rays of the sun was dug up with sharp branches or pickets, and the maize was then sown. In the winter the Indians kept their corn in holes under ground. After the Swedes came and began to cultivate apple- and peach-trees, the Indians, true to their na- ture, often stole the fruit. Sometimes, too, the In- dians would steal from the Swedes their hogs as they ran wild in the woods, and these they taught to follow them familiarly. The only domestic animals the In- dians had on the arrival of the Europeans were a species of little dogs. Being very fond of milk, for which they were dependent upon the Swedes, the savages made an artificial liquor very like it by pounding the dried kernels of walnuts and hickory- nuts, and mixing the flour thus made with water. In hue and sweetness this liquid much resembled milk. According to Gustafson, the Indians in old Green- wich used to worship a certain red-spotted snake as a deity. Walking once with one of the red men, he says they met one of these snakes, and he took a stick to kill it; but the Indian begged him not to touch it, as he adored it. This only confirmed the pious Gustafson's resolution, and he killed the snake at the risk of being himself scalped. During the youth of Gustafson the Indians at times very much annoyed the Swedish colonists. They killed several of the men and stole some of the chil- dren. On one occasion they scalped a little girl, who survived, and afterwards was married and had many children. Upon one occasion some strange savages attempted the life of Mr. Gustafson's mother, but she, being a powerful woman, succeeded in saving her own life. Previous to the arrival of the English the Swedes had a custom of bathing every Saturday. Christmas- time was celebrated with various games and by serving up peculiar dishes at table, as was usual in old Sweden. When Gustafson was a boy there were two black- smiths at Eaccoon, now Swedesboro, who made ex- cellent knives, scythes, and hatchets, like the Swedish ones. They then made their cart- and wagon-wheels by sawing thick horizontal sections out of liquid- ambar trees, but when the English came they began to use spokes and felloes in their wheels, the first made of white-oak and the latter of the Spanish oak. Gustafson remembered when the horses ran wild in the woods, and in his boyhood days one cow gave as much milk as four did in later times, owing to the great abundance of good grass which they at first had. All this and much more did Gustafson tell Pro- fessor Kalm, but space forbids further details as to the customs and manners of the pioneers of old Green- wich township. Civil List. — For want of records we can give only the official list of this township from 1831 to 1883 in- clusive. The minute-books prior to 1831 could not be obtained, and probably are not in existence. The town-meeting in 1831 wab held in the old Greenwich Academy, at Olarksboro. TOWN OLBBKS. 1831-33, 1837-44. Samuel Sailor. 1856-58, 1867-70. John A. Loudon 1834-36. John 0. Gill. slager. 1846-46. David B. Gill. 1862-64. I. N. Hughes. 1847-50. Edmund Wetherby. 1865-66. J. H. Preston. 1861. John H. Bradway. 187.3-74. Charles Davall. 1852-55. Charles Green. 1875. H, C. Loudenslager. 1859-61, 1871-72. James A. Wolf. 1876-83. W.G.Cowgill. ASSESSOES. 1831. Burr Miller. 1861-62. J. B. Alhertson. 1832. John Driver. 1863-55. Jonathan Egee. 1833, 1836-36, 1841-43. Bowman 1856-68. Edwin Craft. Sailor. 1859-61, 1868-70. David B. Gill. 1834. Joseph Bowman. 1862-61, 1871-72. J. C. Dawson. 1837. H. Bradshaw. 1865-67. C. K. Wolf. 1838-40. Benjamin Allen. 1873-79. C. B. Murphy. 1844-47. William Haines. 1880-83. John, Stetser. 1848-60. Jeptha Abbott. OOLLE CTOES. 1831-32. William Haines. 1860-62. S. H. Miller. 1833-36. John B. Miller. 1863. T. Hughes. 1837-39. Samuel Pedrick. 1864-66, 1881-82. J. J. Oowgill. 1840-43. Edmund Weatherby. 1867-68. E. L. Keeves. 1844r-45. Andrew H. Weatherby. 1869-70. A. Lawrence: 1846-48. James M. Wolf. 1871-76. M. H. Tanner. 1849-61. John Stetser. 1877-80. G. K. Wolf. 1862-54. James Thompson. 1881-82. I. J. Cowgill. 1856-57. Samuel B. Warner. 1883. J. M. Eowe. 1858-59. George T. Ford. CHOSEN VR EBHOLDEES. 1831-32. Samuel Sailor. 1855. John H. Bradway. Charles French. J. M. Rowe. 1833. WiUiam Haines. 1856. S. H. Miller. Samuel Sailor. J. H. Bradway. 1834-35. Charles Reeves. 1867-68. Matthew Gill. William Haines. S. H. Miller. 1836-38. Joseph Lodge, Jr. 1859. A. J. Peaslee. Charles Beeves. M. Gill. 1839. Charles Beeves. 1860-61. Henry Allen. Charles French. A. J. Peaslee. 1840-42. Charles French. 1862. J. L. Reeves. Joseph Gill. Henry Allen. 1843. Samuel Sailor. 1863-64. J. R. Paul. J. 0. Gill. J. L. Reeves. 1844-47. John Gauntt. 1865. D. S. Adams. Samuel Sailor. J. R. Paul. 1818-51. Jesse Miller. 1866. Joseph Warrington. William Haines. D. S. Adams. 1852. David B. Gill. 1867. D. S. Adams. John Daniels. B. G. Miller. 1853-54. James M. Eowe. 1868-69. E. G. Miller. David B. Gill. I. N. Hughes. 236 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1870. I. N. Hughes. John H. Locke, 1871-72. J. H. Locke. G. H. Gauntt. 1873. G. H. Gauntt. L. T. Miller. 1874-75. L. T. Miller. C. K. Wolf. 1876. C. K. Wolf. I. J. Cowgill. 1877-78. I. J. Cowgill. George Craft. 1879. G. Craft. S. M. Shoemaker. 1880. S. M. Shoemaker. B. Heritage. 1881. E. B. Allen. S. M. Shoemaker. 1882-83. D. L. Davall. S. B. Allen. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1831. — John Driver, Joseph C. Gill, Henry Biadshaw, John C. Gill, and Joseph Chatham. 1832-33. — Joseph Lodge, Jr., J. C. Gill, J. Chatham, Henry Bradshaw, and J. C. Gill. 1834. — Charles French, Jr., J. Chatham, Solomon W. Lewis, Charles F. Clark, and Joseph C. Gill. 1835. — Charles French, J. Chatham, S. W. Lewis, Joseph Lawrence, Jf9i^ and J. C. Gill. 1836.— Charles French, S. W. Lewis, Joseph C. Gill, Joseph Chatham, and Alexander B. Long, 1837,— J. B. Miller, J, 0, Gill, William Haines, Charles French, John Gauntt. 1838,— J, C. Gill, W. Haines, John B. Miller, C. French, J. Gauntt. 1839.^. C, Gill, William Haines, J. Chatham, William Bicket, J. B. Miller. 1840-41, — J. B. Miller, .F. Chatham, Jacob Swope, Joseph Lippincott, Joseph H. Moore. 1842-43. — Joseph Moore, J, Chatham, J. Lippincott, Jacob Swope, Jr., Amos J. Peaslee. 1844-45.— J. Swope, Jr., A. J. Feaslee, J. H. Moore, Isaac C. Dilks, Charles Beeves. 1846,— C. Beeves, J, H, Moore, J, C. Dilks, J, Swope, Jr., David B. Gill, 1847, — Joseph M. Stout, William Brown, Elijah Chew, Joseph Lodge, Joseph Haines, 1348-51.— Joseph E, Haines, J. M, Stout, John Haines, E, Chew, J. B, Miller, 1852.— John Haines, E, Chew, J, B, Miller, J. E, Haines, J. M, Wolf, 1863-64— J, B. Miller, J, M, Wolf, J. F. Thomas, Stephen H. Miller, Charies K, Wolf. 1855,— S. H, Miller, J, F, Thomas, C. K. Wolf, Anson S. Cade, Seoby Murray. 1856,— A. J, Feaslee, J, F, Thomas, Thompson HutF, S. Murray, C. K. Wolf, 1857,— J. M. Wolf, S. Murray, P. L, Kerns, J, B. Shoemaker, T, Huff, 1858,— J. M. Wolf, P, L. Kerns, J, B, Shoemaker, T, Huff, David S, Adams. 1869.— J. M. Wolf, J. B. Shoemaker, D, S. Adams, S. Paul Londenslager, Jacob Titus, I860.— S. P. Loudensl.'vgor, P. D, Hughes, W. A, Miller, J. Titus, D. S. Adams. 1861,— S, P. Londenslager, P. D. Hughes, J. Titus, G. T. Ford. 1862,— P. D, Hughes, J. M. Wolf, Charles Parker, 6, A, Bldgeway, S,B, Dewalt. 1883,— J. M. Wolf, Charies Parker, G. A, Eidgeway, G. H, Gauntt, Wil- liam Burrough, 1864.— J, M, Wolf, C, Parker, G, A, Eidgeway, G. H, Gauntt, S, E, Dewalt, 1865.- J. M. Wolf, C. Parker, S. E, Dewalt, G, H, Gauntt, S, P. Eaatlack. 1866.— C. Parker, S. E. Dewalt, J. D, Hoffman, J, K, Paul, S, P, East- lack, 1867,--J, E, Paul, A, J, Peaslee, J. S, Miller, J, S, Warner, J. M, Boyal, 1868,— J. E, Paul, A, J, Peaslee, J, S, Warner, J, M. Koyal, B. Heritage. 1869.— A, J. Peaslee, B. Heritage, J, M, Eoyal, A. P, Hannold, J. M. Rowe, 1870. — A. J. Peaslee, B. Heritage, A. P. Hannold, J. M, Boyal, Francis Tracy, 1871.— J. M. Eowe, A. P, Hannold, F. Tracy, J. Haines, J. D, Hoffman, 1872, — F, Tracy, John Haines, J, D, Hoffman, I, J, Cowgill, John Stetser, 1873.— William Stewart, F, Tracy, J, Sinclair, John Stetser, J. D Hoff- man. 1874. — W, Stewart, J, Sinclair, I, J. Cowgill, John Stetser, J. C. Haines. 1875.— W. Stewart, J. C. Haines, I. J. Cowgill, J, Stetser, J. Sinclair, 1876-78,- W, Stewart, John Bambo, J, C, Haines, J, Stetser, J, Thomp- son. 1879.— John Stetser, F. Tracy, William Stewart. 1880.— W. Stewart, F. Tracy, I. G. Coxe, 1881-82,— F, Tracy, I. G. Coxe, J. S, Miller. 1883,— F, Tracy, J. S, Miller, J, H, Locke, As this township originally extended from Mantua to Oldman's Creek, it was, after about a century, felt by the inhabitants of the lower part (now Woolwich and Logan townships) to be advisable to set up for themselves. Their spontaneous election of overseers and nomination perhaps of a constable, ratified at first by the County Court and afterwards by the Colonial Legislature, gave rise, about 1750, to the township of Woolwich. This latter took its name from a town on the Thames, famous for its naval school, while Green- wich township derives its name from the English Naval Asylum, from the observatory of which all Christendom reckons the meridian of longitude. The termination wioh is from the Saxon wic, signifying a certain extent of territory over which an officer of the law had jurisdiction, such as bailwic, constable- wic, or wick, or wich ; or, in case of a manorial terri- tory, where a person holds lands by questionable titles from some foreign king, prince, or potentate covering one, two, or more counties, as, for instance, Bensselaerwic, or wick, or wych, a name given the terri- tory covering the counties of Albany, Rensselaer, Columbia, and a part of Schoharie, in the State of New York, claimed to have been owned by Stephen Van Rensselaer, who for many generations received rents of all the occupants of these lands. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Faulsboro, the principal village in the township, is located on the northeast border of the township, on the- left bank of Mantua Creek, and on the line of the Delaware River Railroad, five miles from Woodbury, the county-seat. It is a thriving little town, that has been many years attaining its present population. Previous to the advent of the iron horse its growth was quite slow, but since that time its population has ' more than doubled, and its business interests are quite abreast of those of her more pretentious neighboring towns. The land lying between the creek and Delaware Street, upon which a portion of the town is built, was owned, previous to 1798, by Samuel P. Paul, from whom the town derives its name. From Delaware Street as far south as the village extends the land was owned by Henry Myers. Thus two men owned the large and beautiful plateau upon which Paulsboro is built. The pioneer of what is now the town proper was Samuel P. Paul, who built the pioneer house, where Joseph R. Paul now lives, near" the creek. In 1798, Mr. Paul sold two acres of land to Michael Lauden- slager, who, in 1804, built a tavern-house on the site of the present hotel. That was the second house in what is now Paulsboro. At that time there was no road along what is now Main Street, though one had been surveyed; but for some unknown reason the road TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 237 was not laid out, therefore Mr. Laudenslager closed his would-be hotel until 1809, when the present turnpike, of which Main Street was a part, was built and a tavern opened. This old hostlery has never since ceased to be a haven of rest for man and beast. Mr. Laudenslager was succeeded in the tavern business by his son George. The property is now owned and tavern kept by Jonathan Crammer. The third house in this town was built in 1811 by John Bowers, and it is now owned by John Stetser. The same year Fred- erick Hannold built a house, now owned by Matthew Gill. The next was built by John E. Clark in 1811, now owned by M. Gill. The sixth house in this town was built by Frederick Hannold, and is now owned by Cox & Brother, and the seventh was the brick store- house on east side of Main Street, built by D. Hen- drickson, and now owned by the Hayden heirs. As late as 1825 there were no houses on the east side of Main Street except Paul's and Hendrickson's. The house in which William Huff lives was built in 1830, by Joseph Henry. Pioneer Business Interests. — The pioneer store was built by Samuel P. Paul, where Joseph K. Paul now lives, during the war of 1812. The stone store-house, now occupied as a dwelling by Matthew Gill, was built in 1816 by John E. Clark. The Clark family lived on the high point of land on Mantua Creek, below Paulsboro. David Hendrickson built the little old brick store standing on the east side of Main Street in 1825. Peter Bambo succeeded Hendrickson in the brick store. He was followed by Price, then came Lawrence, who was succeeded by Rogers, and he by Hayden, who was the last merchant in the old brick store. In 1827, Joseph Baker built where Cox's blacksmith- and wheelwright-shops now stand. In 1816 or 1817, George Clark commenced the blacksmith business in Paulsboro, his shop standing near the turnpike bridge. The pioneer shoemakers of Paulsboro were John Collis and John Bowers, each locating here as early as 1811 or 1812, and the pioneer stone-mason was Joseph Henry, who was here as early as 1815. The pioneer physician was Dr. Charles Clark, who located here in 1825. The pioneer postmaster was Matthew Gill, who kept the office in his store. As late as 1820 Paulsboro, or what there was of it, was almost on an island, as the creek was on one side and swampy timber land was around the other sides. Soon after that date clearings and patches of im- proved land began to appear, until, in 1883, Paulsboro was surrounded by a very fertile farming district. In 1826 or 1827, when William Huff was yet in his teens, he assisted in reaping a good piece of rye in a field now covered by a heavy growth of pine timber, just south of the Methodist cemetery. In the latter part of 1681, a large stone was planted a few yards south from where the brick school-house now stands in the village. This is the southeastern terminus of what is known locally as the Penn line, running from the river to this point. The survey was made with the view of making what is now Pauls- boro the great commercial centre instead of Phila- delphia. The latter place was selected nearly a year later, on account of its being upon higher ground. The Paul property, upon which Joseph R. Paul re- sides, has been in possession of the Paul family for nearly or quite one hundred and fifty years. The Myers property was in the family name for about one hundred and twenty-five years when, but a few years ago, it passed out of the family.' Some of the Old Men op Paulsboro. — John Stetser was born near Paulsboro, in Deptford town- ship, April 6, 1808, and has lived in and near the town all his life, and for many years has been one of the officials of the township, and at present is its assessor. He has been twice married, the last time to Rachel Ann Simmons, of Wilmington, Del. He has four children, — Wilson, William, Matilda, and Robert, all living. Capt. William Huff was born in Camden, N. J., Dec. 7, 1808, and remembers well when there were but twenty houses in the place. He came to Pauls- boro in 1832, and located where he now resides, having lived in the one house for fifty-one years. He is a seafaring man, and followed sailing until 1872. He was married in 1832 to Miss Harriet Mc- Elwaine, of Paulsboro. He has four children, — Amanda, Louisa, Harriet, and Lydia, all living. The Paul family are of English descent. Philip Paul, father of Samuel Paul, left England Sept. 5, 1685, and landed in "Virginy" on the 5th of No- vember of the same year. Samuel Paul was born Dec. 25, 1733, and was mar- ried Oct. 6, 1758, to Miss Rebecca Delavoe, who was born Dec. 23, 1739. Mr. Paul died April 21, 1772. Samuel Philip Paul was born Sept. 17, 1763 ; mar- ried Miss Nancy Clark, Feb. 10, 1786. Mr. Paul died July 11, 1831, and Mrs. Paul, Oct. 3, 1845. Their children were Joshua, Anne, Martha, Samuel, Eliza- beth, Adrian C, and Ann C. Adrian C. Paul was born July 24, 1800, and married Maria Ford, who was born March 22, 1796. Mr. Paul died Aug. 31, 1826. Their children were Anna Maria, Joseph R., and Adrian C. Joseph R. lives in Pauls- boro, on the homestead of his grandfather, Samuel P. Paul, and Adrian C. lives in Haddonfield. Joseph B. Paul married Elizabeth Eggman, of Haddonfield. Their children are Adrian, born Feb. 28, 1856, and Charles E., born Jan. 18, 1859. George Hannold, the oldest man in Paulsboro, was born in Barnsboro, N. J., in February, 1798. He came to this town in 1810, and was married Oct. 24, 1822, to Miss Ann Holmes, who died Jan. 1, 1857. Their children were Elizabeth, married Samuel Huff; Wil- liam, an undertaker at Swedesboro ; Keziah, married 238 HISTOEY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Joseph Huff, a farmer in Greenwich township ; Maria, married Samuel Salisbury; Charles H., a wheelwright in Paulsboro ; George, died in the army ; Mary, died in 1881. Nehemiah Cowgill was born Oct. 19, 1781, and in 1810 married Elizabeth Jones, who was born Jan. 20, 1792. The oldest of their twelve children now living is Abram Cowgill, of Paulsboro, who was born Jan. 5, 1813. In 1837, Abram married Miss Keturah, daughter of Stephen Miller. Mr. Cowgill is the father of a large and enterprising family, one of whom, W. G. Cowgill, born Nov. 9, 1852, is engaged in general merchandise business in Paulsboro. Thomson Huflf was -born in Gibbstown in 1828, and died in Paulsboro in 1875, having lived all his life* time in what is now Greenwich township. He was married in 1840 to Miss Sarah A. Galley, of Philadel- phia, who still survives him. Their children are Maria G. ; James C, married a Miss Crammer ; Henric M. G., now an Episcopal clergyman at Potts- town, Pa.; Mary, married to Richard I. Wilson, of Bordentown, N. J. ; and John T. HuflF, now of Phila- delphia. Paulsboro in 1883.— The Paulsboro of to-day is one of the wide-awake industrious towns upon the line of the Delaware River Railroad, and contains two churches, Methodist Episcopal and Protestant Episcopal ; one hotel, by Jonathan Crammer ; four general stores, viz., W. G. Cowgill's, built in 1869 by George Manlove; Matthew Gill, frame building op- posite the hotel ; George Manlove, whose present storehouse was built in 1881 ; John A. Wilson, on Delaware Street, in store built in 1870 by James Thomson. The lumber dealers are E. G. & S. H. Miller, on the dock below the turnpike bridge. The coal merchants are Joseph R. Paul, who has been in the business several years, and T. C. Hannold, who commenced in 1883. Charles H. Hannold, a wheelwright and blacksmith, who learned his trade of R. Warner several years ago, in his present shop on Main Street. I. G. Cox & Brother carry on the wheelwright and blacksmith business, also manufac- ture harrows and heavy wagons. Edward Hannold and Charles E. Paul are the boat-builders. The phy- sicians are G. C. Laws, S. T. Miller, E. L. and R. H. Reeve, who also keep a drug-store. There are also the usual number of small shops usually found in a town of the size of Paulsboro. Gibbstown is a small hamlet in the west part of the township, and on the line of the Delaware River Railroad. The land upon which it is- lo- cated was owned in the early part of this century by E. Gibbs, who was a large land-owner, and also a blacksmith by trade, and carried on the business at the old homestead, a short distance southwest from the present railroad station, and from him the locality derived its name. Whether Mr. Gibbs ever had a store at or near his house is not known ; but in 1835 William Beck had become possessed of a farm, and in that year opened a small country store for the ac- commodation of his neighbors. This had a tendency to draw other settlers to that locality, yet the place never attained to anything more than a school-house, three or four dwellings, and a store until the advent of the railroad and the building and operating of the powder-works near by, when new life seemed to be infused into Gibbstown, and it is now a place of con- siderable business. Here is a new Methodist Epis- copal Church, school-house, powder- works, two good stores, several new dwellings, built in 1881-83, and a railroad station, from which is shipped large quan- tities of vegetables in their season. Billingsport.^ — The chief point of interest in what can properly be termed the early history of Green- wich township is the town of Billingsport, which was the Roder Udden of the Swedes, or the "Mantua's Hook opposite Tinicum," where Broen wished to set up the arms of the States-General, adversely to the Swedish empire. There is strong suspicion, not- withstanding the respectable authority of Barker, that the "Manteses Plain," whereon Earl Ployden projected the Manor of Watcessit for his own august residence, was no other than this same Billingsport. Be this as it may, the place was marked out in the time of Edward Billinge as the site of a future town, and received the name of the Proprietor. The striking advantage of this point as a military post was not overlooked by either Americans or Brit- ish during the Revolutionary war. June 12, 1777, John Hancock, then president of the Continental Congress, sitting in Philadelphia, wrote to Governor Livingston, of New Jersey, to order five hundred militia to assist in completing the works then erect- ing at Billingsport for the defense of the river Del- aware. Late in the fall of that year the British got possession of Philadelphia, and it became a matter of great importance to them that the English fleet, commanded by Capt. Hammond, should communi- cate with the city. Gen. Howe sent two regiments, under Col. Sterling, to attack the fort. Crossing the river from Chester, they marched with speed to attack the fort in the rear, and were successful. The Amer- icans were surprised, and not thinking themselves able to resist the assault of the enemy, they spiked their artillery, set fire to the barracks, and abandoned the place. In the war of 1812 the importance of this point as a military position was not lost sight of, and it again bristled with bayonets, an encampment of the South Jersey troops having been made there, under the direction of Gens. Gaines and Elmer. From this point an expedition was fitted out against a British tender which had frequently been seen in the bay and river, as related elsewhere. After peace had been declared, and all the imple- ments of war had been turned into articles of hus- 1 From " Reminiscences of Old Gloucester," by Isnac Miclcte. TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 239 bandry, Billingsport became almost entirely deserted and forgotten, save to a few who happened to see its name in history. Thus it lay for nearly three-quarters of a century, when the fact was discovered by the government, as well as by a few enterprising individuals, that Bil- lingsport and vicinity was an excellent point for a government light-house, and for large manufacturing interests. Accordingly, in 1880, the United States built a light-house upon an elevated point a short distance from the old fort and camping-grounds, with Benjamin Hannold as keeper. This had a tendency to bring the long-neglected and almost forgotten lo- cality into public notice, and the same year Messrs. Coe & Richmond built their very extensive phosphate- works a short distance east of the light-house, at the mouth of Mantua Creek, on a farm of one hundred and thirty acres, purchased from Samuel Davis. This is one of the most extensive phosphate-works in the United States, employing annually a force of from fifty to eighty men. The sales from these works amounted to over thirty-flve thousand tons in 1882. The pioneer merchant at this place was Peter F. Verga, who built the store on the corner of the street between the light-house and phosphate-works in Sep- tember, 1881, and is the present proprietor. The next store at Billingsport was built in the fall of 1881, by William Flower, near the old camp- ground, where he is still engaged in business. The hotel at Billingsport was kept in 1883 by John Kerns. During the summer season this town is well sup- plied with facilities for reaching Philadelphia by steamer, and in winter as well as summer by railroad, though the station is one mile away, at Paulsboro. During the Revolutionary war the American forces placed a chevaux-de-frise in the river to prevent vessels from landing. This chevaux-de-frise was made of poles from thirty to forty feet in length, and upon the point or upper end of each stick was fastened a long, sharp piece of iron, for the purpose of piercing the bottom of any vessel that might come in contact with the obstruction. One of these poles was taken from its original position but a few years ago by Peter F. Verga, who owns a farm on the bank of the river opposite to which was the chevaux-de-frise. Mr. Verga has the old relic now in his possession. SOCIETIES AND COEPOKATIONS. Greenwich lodge, No. 5, 1. 0. 0. F.'— This lodge was instituted at Carpenter's Landing (now Mantua village), March 26, 1834, with the following officers : N. G., W. B. Gendell ; V. G., John C. Sparks ; Sec, Thomas P. Parke ; Asst. Sec, David D. Cade ; Treas., Bowman Sailer. The lodge continued working at Carpenter's Landing until Aug. 26, 1839, when work was suspended till Dec 15, 1847, when, by authority 1 By W. G. Cowgill. of the District Deputy Grand Master, the lodge re- sumed labor at Clarksboro, where the mysteries of the mystic links were explained till November, 1859, when lodge-work was transferred to the hall of John G. Myers, in the third story of the hotel 'at Pauls- boro, where work has been performed until the present time. At the time the lodge commenced work at Pauls- boro Isaac Warner was the N. G. ; Daniel Morse, V..G. ; J. H. Wood, Sec. ; David B. Gill, Asst. Sec. ; and J. R. Hinchman, Treas. The following are the Past Grands, as far as can be ascertained: Daniel Morse, Isaac Warner, Au- gustus Sailer, J. T. Batten, Thomas Huff, G. W. Hannold, J. F. Thomson, C. W. Wilkins, C. H. Han- nold, W. Hannold, A. P. Hannold, J. Warner, Jr., T. Hannold, C. Piatt, John Brown, J. S. Nolen, Oram Adamson, J. Vaneman, John W. Ward, 1875 ; B. W. Low, J. S. Shuster, T. F. Williams, J. L. Read, Charles Cowgill, C. R. Tomlin, S. E. Gaunt, C. P. Snyder, H. S. Adamson, J. H. Hewitt, Daniel Laugh- lin, Charles Converse, J. W. Davenport, Jesse Miller, W. J. Adamson. In 1876 the lodge built a three-story frame build- ing, thirty by sixty feet, the first and second floors of which it rents for stores and dwellings, and the upper floor is occupied as a lodge-room. The elective officers in October, 1883, were Thomas Young, N. G. ; George P. Devault, V. G. ; J. H. Hewitt, Rec. Sec. ; C. R. Tomlin, Treas. Welcome Lodge, No. 37, K. of P.,^ was instituted in Paulsboro, N. J., June 11, 1872, with forty-two members. The officers were as follows : H. T. Adams, W. C. ;. T. C. Hannold, V. C. ; J. Ridgeway, P. ; D. Moose, B. ; J. R. Middleton, R. S. ; J. C. Huff, F. 8. ; J. M. Derrickson, B. G. ; Oram Adamson, I. G. ; Ed- ward Wilkinson, O. G. The Past Chancellors have been T. C. Hannold, J. M. Derrickson, Oram Adamson, W. H. Lloyd, Ed- ward Wilkinson, W. S. Thomson, Mark Clement, W. G. Cowgill, C. C. Hannold, Joseph M. Hunter, Joseph S. Shuster, W. B. Hartman, E. K. Williams, B. S. Hewitt, C. H. Hannold, W. E. Wallace, B. G. Paul, C. F. Miller, Thomas Wright, W. Aikley, W. English. The officers in October, 1883, were as follows : Sam- uel Genly, C. C. ; H. C. Nonemaker, V. 0. ; Clayton Carson, P. ; W. B. Hartman, M. of F. ; Charles E. Paul, K. of R. and S. ; A. Paul, M. of E. ; George F. Green, M. at A. ; C. P. Myers, I. G. ; John Hewitt, 0. G. The membership at that time was eighty. The regular meetings are held on Wednesday evening of each week. Cash in banker's hands, $1500. Trus- tees for 1883, W. G. Cowgill, B. G. Paul, and C. L. Sey. Paulsboro Building and Loan Association."— This association was organized in 1872, and has con- 2ByW.G. Cowgill. 240 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. tinued uninterruptedly until the present time. The first officers were as follows : President, William E. Gaunt; Vice-President, A. Cowgill; Secretary, Ste- phen H. Miller ; Treasurer, I. J. Cowgill. The financial condition of the association is shown in the following report, made Oct. 1, 1883 : Beceiple. Cash received for monthly installments $5,778.40 Interest on loans 1,858.01 Fines CD arrearages 28.60 Premium on new shares ^00 Initiation fee 100.00 Sale of bouses and lots 1,445.00 Cash on band la£t report -. 197.50 $9,412.51 DisbursemetOs. Loans to stockholders $6,799.91 Paid matured stock and interest 1,208.OT Payments on withdrawals 169.83 Taxes 274.26 Secretary's and treasurer's salary 100.00 Withdrawals 13.50 Incidentals 89.81 Cash on band 756.70 89,412.51 Asaels. Bonds and mortgages, 1874 $2,000.00 1875 1,800.00 " " " 1876 2,200.00 " " 1877 600.00 " " " 1878 800.00 " " " 1879 2,845.35 " " " 1880 1,400.00 1881 1,100.00 " " " 1882 4,100.00 " " " 1883 6,200 00 Cash on hand 756.70 # $23,802.05 Less an amount due first series 4,647.37 $19,154.68 Value of Shares. 45 shares, 2d series, $183.79 per share $8,270.55 14 " 3d " 159.16 " 2,228.24 i " 4th " 135.87 " 543.48 5 " 5th " 113.09 " 565.45 20 " 6th " 71.39 " 1.427.80 169 '• 7tli " 26.17 " 4,002.03 111 " 8th " 14.61 " 1,621.71 82 " Pth " 6.03 " 494.46 Balance gain undivided 96 Total $19,154.68 Pledged and Unpledged Shares. Pledged. Unpledged. Total. 2d series W^/i 15^ « 3d " 13 1 14 4th " 4 ... 4 5th " 3K IM 5 6th " 4 16 20 7th " 24 136 169 8th " 13 98 HI 9th •■ i_ _74_ _82 98?i -aayi 440 The directors for 1883 were S. H. Howitz, George C. Laws, H. C. Loudenslager, Hiram Cowgill, James Hewitt, Edward Bates, Jr., J. M. Casperson ; Audi- tors, S. H. Howitz, J. M. Casperson, H. S. Adamson ; President, W. G. Cowgill ; Vice-President, Abraham Cowgill ; Secretary, W. J. Adamson ; Treasurer, E. G. Miller. Delaware Tribe, No. 44, 1. 0. of R. M.,^ was in- stituted Dec. 8, 1873, in Paulsboro, N. J., with the foil owing- named officers: P., H. C. Loudenslager; S., T. C. Hannold ; S. S., J. Ridgeway ; J. S., E. Wil- iBy W. G. Cowgill. liamson ; K. of R., Wilson Gill ; K. of W., David Devault; Asst. K. of R., James Dooley; G. of F., Charles Salisbury ; G. of W., J. Hunter. The Past Sachems have been J. Ridgeway, E. Wil- liamson, C. Gill, S. Davis, D. L. Devault, J. H. Moore, Joseph Hunter, C. M. Davis, C. S. Hewitt, G. C. Thompson, W. Mills, G. H. Parker, W. Hunter, C. Brown, and Joseph Myers. The present officers, October, 1883, are as follows : P., C. Brown ; S., Joseph Myers ; S. S., S. Hewitt ; J. S., G. W. Armstrong; K. of R., J. Gallaher; K. of W., S. H. Howitz ; G. of W., R. Madkiff. The tribe numbers eighty-one members, and have eleven hundred dollars in the wampum belt. CHDBOHES. St. Paiil's Methodist Episcopal Church.^— The first Methodist sermon preached in Paulsboro was in 1820, by Rev. Thomas Ware, in the old school-house, then standing on what is now Buck Street. Meetings continued to be held in the old school- house, as a week-day or evening appointment, until 1825, when Solomon Sharp established Sunday preach- ing, which has been continued till the present time. When the pioneer class was formed it was composed of twelve persons, and as no leader had yet been ap- pointed, the services of class-leader were performed by the preacher in charge. A short time after this, Malica Horner, a prominent citizen and Methodist, moved into the neighborhood, and was assigned that position, being the first class- ■ leader in what is now the Paulsboro Church. The growth of the society was slow for several years, there being no general revival so long as they worshiped in the school-house. There were a few accessions now and then, but not enough to add to their matfefial strength. In 1827 the society became incorporsi&d, and steps were taken to build a church. A lot was purchased of Charles H. and Rachel Fish, and a deed given to the trustees, bearing date May 2, 1827. The names of the trustees are not given in the deed, but three of them were Joseph Lodge, Jacob Louden- slager, and Charles Reeves. The church was built of stone, and in size was thirty by forty feet, without galleries, and finished in plain style. The first sermon preached in the stone church was on a Saturday afternoon in September, 1827, by Rev. Joseph Osborn, then on the supernumerary list, and a resident of Woodbury. The church was dedicated the next day by Rev. Charles Pitman, in one of his great efforts of two hours' devotion, and this effi)rt produced a lasting impression upon the audience. Until 1833 Paulsboro Church was on the Salem Circuit, but it then became a part of the newly-formed Swedesboro Circuit. Among the preachers that labored on the old charge 2 Compiled from church records liy Rev. J. JI. Mickle. TOWNSHIP OP GEEBNWICH. 241 were Thomas Ware, Solomon Sharp, A. Atwood, T. Sovereign, J. Ashbrook, S. Rusling, and William Stevens. Those who served on the latter were Josiah Caiifield, J. K. Shaw, A. I. J. Truitt, J. W. McDou- gall, N. Edwards, Thomas Stewart, S. Y. Monroe, Joseph Atwood, J. 8. Beegle, James Long, A. K. Street, S. E. Post, Mulford Day, Edward Stout. In 1851, Clarksboro and Paulsboro were set off from the circuit, and Zerubbabel Gaskill was appointed preacher. In 1852, Bridgeport Circuit was formed and Paulsboro placed on it, with J. B. Mathis and B. Andrews as the preachers, who were followed the next two years by William A. Brooks and John I. Corson. The church was destroyed in 1853 by fire, which was a severe loss to the society, yet many considered it a providential blessing, in preparing the way for a more commodious house of worship, and steps were immediately taken in that direction. After the de- struction of the old stone church services were again held in the school-house and in the hotel, then kept as a temperance house, and during the summer-time under a large tent erected for that purpose. The new (present) church was built in 1853, of brick, and in size it is forty by sixty feet, with a basement containing a Sunday-school and two class-rooms, and galleries in the main audience-room. The basement was occupied during the winter, but the building was not completed during the next year. At the Confer- ence of 1855 Paulsboro was made a station, with S. Vansant as pastor. The church was then pushed to completion, and dedicated June 21, 1855, by Eev. W. Kenney. The contributions were made so briskly that, after the cost of the church was provided for, a subscription was opened towards building a par- sonage. A substantial and commodious house was erected and occupied the next winter. The cost of the church was about four thousand one hundred dollars, and of the parsonage two thousand one hun- dred dollars. The trustees at that time were Stephen THiller, Philip S. Baker, Eobert C. Middleton, Jo- seph B. Shoemaker, Abraham Cowgill, and John B. Miller. Philip S. Baker, Eobert C. Middleton, and Joseph B. Shoemaker were the building com- mittee. Since the charge has been a station the fol- lowing ministers have served as pastors: In 1855-56, S. Vdnsant; 1857-58, A. E. Ballard; 1859-60, David Duffell ; 1861-62, J. Fort; 1863-64, Thomas S. Wil- son ; 1865, G. Kitchens; 1866, S. Parker; 1867-68, J. G. Crate; 1869-70, F. Bobbins; 1871-78, E. S. Harris ; 1874-76, W. W. Christine ; 1877-79, George E. Snyder; 1880-81, Dickinson Moore; 1881-83, J. H. Mickle. In 1883 the church numbered two hundred and twenty-five members, and the Sunday-school num- bered one hundred and eighty-five scholars. The fol- lowing-named persons composed the official board for that year: William A. Mullen, C. N. Shuster, G. Clark, F. Tracy, G. H. Gaunt, J. Eambo, S. Huff, 0. E. Tomlin, S. H. Howitz, A. Middleton, S. H. Miller, 16 A. Cowgill, W. H. Lloyd, C. Hannold, C. Wiley, and A. Lodge. St. James' Protestant Episcopal Churoli. — This was originally a mission, or branch from St. Peter's Church at Clarksboro, then under the rector- ship of Eev. James Lamb, who saw in Paulsboro an opening for the extension of his labors, and the result was the organization of St. James' Church, in the house of the late Thomson HuflC, in 1871 or 1872. Among the original members were William Eambo (who was made senior warden), Matthew Gill (junior warden), Oram Adamson, George Adamson, Miss Eliza Gibbs, Louisa Gibbs, Mrs. Gibbs, Mrs. O. Adamson, Lydia Eambo, Susanna Eambo, Louis Eambo, Mrs. Matthew Gill, Mrs. Jessup, Sarah A. Huff, Maria Huff, Mary Huff, and Mrs. Gallagher. During the first year after its organization the society worshiped in the little old brick store-house standing on the south side of Main Street, now owned by the Hayden estate, and during that year built their pres- ent frame church edifice, located on the corner of Commerce and Jefferson Streets, at a cost of four thousand five hundred dollars, the church lot being presented by Mr. M. Gill. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid by Eev. Mr. Lamb. The first vestrymen were William Eambo, Matthew Gill, Dr. George Laws, 0. Adamson, George Adam- son, George Gallagher, E. Gibbs, and Thomson Huff. Two of the above have since deceased, viz., O. Adam- son and T. Huff. The rectors of the church have been, since Mr. Lamb, Baumes for two years; then came Dr. Speer. For a time the church was then supplied by different ones, until Eev. Mr. Lewis took charge of this church, in connection with his own at Woodbury. He was succeeded by Eev. Mr. Bond, also of Woodbury. The present communicants number about forty-five. The Sunday-school connected with*this church was organized a short time previous to the organization of the church, with Dr. George Laws as superintendent, who still holds the same relation to the school. The wardens in 1883 were William Eambo, senior warden ; Dr. George Laws, junior warden. Vestry- men, William Eambo, George Adamson, William Adamson, Henry Tanner, Dr. George Laws, and Alonzo Eambo. « The Clonmel Methodist Episcopal Church, lo- cated at Gibbstown, was built in 1879. This society is a branch or part of Paulsboro charge, and for sev- eral years held its meetings in the old stone school- house, but finding that inadequate for religious pur- poses, a preliminary meeting was held April 1, 1879, at which it was decided to build a house of wor- ship. May 13th of the same year Joseph L. Eeed, Eli Allen, Elwood K. Williams, Enos W. Bates, and Joseph L. Shuster were elected trustees, and at once proceeded to the erection of the present frame church edifice, twenty-eight by forty-six feet, award- ing the contract to Charles Von Stege, of Woodbury. 242 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The church was dedicated Nov. 19, 1879. Its total cost was nine hundred dollars. There are at this place two classes of about thirty members, with John Williams and Samuel E. Gaunt as leaders. There is also a prosperous Sunday-school connected with this society. Preaching services are held every two weeks by the pastor in charge of the Paulsboro Methodist Episcopal Church. CEMKTBEIES. The Methodist Episcopal Cemetery, located in rear of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in the village of Paulsboro, was first occupied as such in 1831, by the interment of the remains of Samuel P. Paul, who lies buried in the northwest corner of the inclosure, known as " Paul's Eeserve." » The following are among the many interments in these grounds : Samuel P. Paul, died July 11, 1831, aged 67 yeara. Martha W. Paul, born April 1, 1791, diM Jan. 10, 1865. Elizabeth toudenslager, born Nov, 9, 1790, died March 24, 1873. Kev. Jacob LoudenBlager, died Oct. 24, 1871, aged 79 years. £]lizabeth C. Loudenslager, died July 26, 1874, aged 77 years. Philip S. Baker, born Feb. 24, 1800, died May 8, .1876. Anna G. Baker, died Aug. 4, 1867, aged 63 years. The above are nearly all the interments in " Paul's Eeserve." John B. Miller, born May 12, 1797, died April 6, 1858. Bey. William H. Stephens, died Dec. 14, 1833, aged 28 years. John F. Thomas, born Oct. 22, 1822, died Jan. 29, 1867. Mary N. Thomas, born April 7, 182G, died Feb. 4, 1867. Ann B, Henderson, born April 3, 1806, died Sept, 4, 1845. William Cowgill, died June 8, 1846, aged 34 years, Elizabeth B,, wife of W. Cowgill, born Feb. 9, 1819, died April 23, 1869. Kittura Cowgill, died Nov. 17, 1841, aged 25 years. Anna H. Gibbs, died April 2, 1875, aged 85 years. Bnos Gibbs, died April 30, 1852, aged 62 years. Edward H. Gibbs, died June '8, 1833, aged 20 years. Joseph Mcllvaine, died Sept. 24, 1833, aged 26 years. George Steelman, died Feb. 5, 1874, aged 65 years. Sarah E, Steelman, died Nov, 20, 1863, aged 45 years. Stephen Miller, born Jan. 16, 1789, died June 3, 1862. Rachel Miller, dieff Nov, 7, 1875, aged 83 years, Bebecoa Dilks, born Aug, 16, 1804, died May 16, 1880. Frederick Hannold, born March 1, 1817, died Dec. 7, 1882. Nehemiah Cowgill, born Oct. 19, 17B1, died Oct. 6, 1867. Elizabeth Cowgill, died Feb. 7, 1868, aged 66 years. Jesse Mullen, died Sept. 16, 1853, aged 52 years. Mary Mullen, born Feb. 6, 1800, died Feb. 14, 1878. Joseph Carter, died Jan. 15, 1842, aged 65 years. Letjtia Carter, born July 22, 1787, died Sept. 24, 1874. Isaac Lodge, born Aug. 5, 1792, died May 12, 1874. Mary B. Lodge, born March 10, 1788, died Sept, 10, 1858, Job Key, died May 25, 1846, aged 59 years, Ann Key, died Aug, 10, 1868, aged 60 years, Isaac Derrickson, died Oct. 6, 1847, aged 65 years. Mary Derrickson, died Aug. 21, 1856, aged 48 years. Samuel L. Devault, died May 22, 1874, aged 63 years, Thomas Derrickson, died Not. 28, 1877, aged 69 years, William Miller, died Dec. 15, 1872, aged 59 years. Bmmor Hall, died March 1, 1861, aged 44 years. Barzillai E. West, died Jan. 28, 1862, aged 68 years. Mary West, died Feb. 28, 1856, aged 39 years, Charles Stroop, died Oct. 4, 1864, aged 70 years. Bachel Stroop, died July 15, 1863, aged 66 years, Bev. Henry Stroop, died July 19, 1853, aged 25 years. Elizabeth Stroop, died March 17, 1865, aged 70 years. Mary Wollord, died March 1, 1846, aged 61 years. Charles Hall, died Dec. 18, 1878, aged 64 years. Isaac L. Thomson, born May 23, 1819, died Jan, 7, 1865. Isaac Thomson, died Oct. 17, 1856, aged 69 years, Margaret Thomson, died Oct. 27, 1849, aged 62 years. Isaac Hughes, born April 20, 1804, died Jan. 8, 1878. Benjamin Lord, born Nov. 23, 1761, died Aug. 21, 1846. Anna Lord, born ,Tuly 17, 1787, died Nov, 6, 1854, Mark Low, died March 31, 1874, aged 54 years. Peter L. Kerns, died Dec. 1, 1869, aged 61 yeai-s. Joseph Myers, born May 8, 1788, died April 16, 1861. Bachel Myers, died May 7, 1869, aged 84 years. Henry S. Miller, born Oct. 15, 1803, died March 12, 1870. Elizabeth Miller, died Apnl 24, 1881, aged 80 years. Bebecca Thompson, died Feb. 23, 1872, aged 62 years. Bachel S. Nolen, born Feb. 8, 1791, died Feb. 2, 1862. Mary Ann Paul, born March 12, 1792, died Jan. 16, 1868. John Hnff, died Nov. 3, 1876, aged 67 years. Sarah Bepperd, died July 17, 1851, aged 78 years, Thomas Parker, died April 12, 1848, aged 61 years. Elizabeth Parker, died June 22, 1843, aged 48 years. Maria Dupree, born April 10, 1800, died Jan. 26, 1881. Margaret Repherd Gaboon, died Dec. 12, 1860, aged 48 years. Thomson Bnif, died March 4, 1876, aged 67 years. Charles W. Paul, died July 13, 1839, aged 43 years. Jane Paul, died June 28, 1842, aged 46 years. Benjamin B, Shuster, died June 20, 1872, aged 82 years. Sarah Shuster, died Jan. 11, 1869, aged 77 years. Henry Allen, died Aug. 19, 1879, aged 59 years. Catharine A, Allen, died Feb. 8, 1869, aged 44 years. Beulah Ann Davis, died Oct. 14, 1860, aged 63 years. John Kerns, died Aug. 10, 1876, aged 70 years. MaTy Ann Kerns, 'died Nov. 11, 1877, aged 62 years. Ann M. Wilkius, died June 11, 1858, aged 68 years, Eliza Wilkins, died July 25, 1870, aged 67 years, Lydia Ann Jaggard, born May 27, 1809, died Feb. 8, 1873. Kesiah Wallin, born May 9, 1792, died Feb. 3, 1872. William 0. Kennard.born June 2, 1792, died Jan. 5, 1879. James Kennard, born Dec. 22, 1800, died Jan. 8, 1879. Esther A. Wilkins, died Jan. 1, 1876, aged 78 years. Charles Wilkins, died July 26, 1838, aged 45 years. Leven Den9ter,'died ©ct. 10, 1872, aged 90 years. Zebulon Ayars, born May 12, 1786, died July 1, 1862. tehoda Ayars,' born Jnly 28, 1792, died Feb. 7, 1872. John Hewlings, Co. H, 12th N. J. Vols., died at Washington, D. C, Deo. 22, 1863, aged 37 years. Mary Sl, Hillman, born Not. 5, 1761, died Dec, 31, 1856. George W. Hannold, Co. E, 24th N. J. Vols., wounded at Fredericks- burg, Va,, Dec, 13, and died Dec, 26, 1862. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SAMUEL SALISBURY. The grandfather of Mr. Salisbury emigrated from England to the United States, and settled in Woods- town, Salem Co., N. J. His two children were Jo- seph and Samuel, the former of whom was born near Woodstown, and at an early period removed to Wool- wich township, Gloucester Co., where his life was spent, and where his death occurred. He was united in marriage to Miss Hannah, daughter of William Noble, whose ancestors were of Irish extraction. Their children were Benjamin, Joseph, Samuel, Charles, Noble, John, Sarah (Mrs. Samuel Leap), Hannah (Mrs. John G. Smith), Caroline (Mrs. Jo- seph Gamble). Samuel, of this number, was born Dec. 8, 1811, in Woolwich township, and at an early age was rendered an orphan and homeless by the death of his parents. This fact made him early de- pendent upon the kindness of strangers, a^d devel- ^^2H>u^^ / C^ /iyv'uw&tr TOWNSHIP OF HARBISON. 243 oped the self-reliant character which has since con- tributed largely to his success. He found a home with Joseph Stretch, where meagre advantages of education were enjoyed, and remained until his thir- teenth year, when Robert Cooper tendered him pro- tection. After five years of service in the family of the latter, he engaged in various profitable pursuits until his twenty-fourth year, when a more independ- ent career opened in the raising of produce and in general farming. He was married, March, 1838, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of James and Sarah Stans- bury, to whom were born children, — Hannah, de- ceased'; Elizabeth, deceased; Samuel; Benjamin, deceased; Charles; Kate (Mrs. Loudenslager) ; and Melissa, deceased. Mrs. Salisbury died in 1862, and he was married a second time, in 1865, to Miss Susanna W. Egee, who died in 1876, when he was united in marriage, in 1883, to his present wife, who was Mrs. Maria Nolan. Mr. Salisbury, in 1856, pur- chased a farm, and has since been extensively en- gaged in the raising of produce. In 1880 he retired from the active management of his farming interests and removed to Paulsboro, his present home. He is in politics a Democrat, and has filled various township offices, though not an aspirant for official place. Both he and Mrs. Salisbury are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Paulsboro. JOHN KAMBO. Mr. Rambo's ancestors were Swedes, and emigrated at an early date to America. His great-grandfather was John, who had among his sons a son John, born in 1776. He cultivated a farm in Gloucester County, and married Patience Crim, whose children were five in number, while by a second marriage, to Lydia Key, were eight children. Peter C, a son by the first marriage, was born in 1801, in Woolwich township, Gloucester Co., and later removed to Deptford town- ship, where he followed farming employments. An interval was spent as a resident of Pennsylvania, after which he returned again to New Jersey, and settled in Trenton. He married Margaret, daughter of Richard Stockton, of Burlington County, and had children, — Benjamin, Elizabeth, Emeline, Samuel, John, Mary Jane, Thomas, Edith, and one who died in infancy. Mr. Bambo still survives, and enjoys robust health, in his eighty-third year. John, his son, was born in Paulsboro, Greenwich township, on the 22d of August, 1833, and remained during his early youth an inmate of his father's house, where he enjoyed ordinary advantages of education. At sixteen he began a career of independence, and con- tinued actively employed until 1859, when he leased his present farm, and subsequently purchased the property, which has since that time been greatly im- proved and rendered unusually productive. The spot is, among other advantages, remarkable for its facili- ties of shipment, both by railroad and water. Mr. Rambo was married Dec. 3, 1856, to Miss Adalisa, daughter of Jesse Mallen, of Greenwich township. Their children are Emma C. (Mrs. Joseph Locke), Margaret S. (Mrs. Howard G. Cooper), Mary Eliza- beth, Henry M., John, and Adalisa, who died in in- fancy. Mr. Rambo has ever been an active business man and a public-spirited citizen. He assisted in or- ganizing and was one of the directors of the Delaware Shore Railroad, now known as the Delaware River Railroad. He is a member of Greenwich Lodge, No. 10, of Patrons of Husbandry. His politics are Re- publican, various township offices having been ten- dered him, which were filled with fidelity and judg- ment. Both he and Mrs. Rambo are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Paulsboro. CHAPTER XLIIL TOWNSHIP OF HARRISON.! Geographical and Descriptive.— This township was taken from Greenwich and Woolwich townships in 1844 and named Spicer, in honor of one of the early settlers of MuUiea Hill, but only retained the name for about a year, when it was changed to Harrison, in honor of Gen. William Henry Harrison, tenth Presi- dent of the United States. Ex-Judge Jacob Harvey and William Haines, both practical surveyors, ran the division line, assisted by the township committees. The northeastern portion of the township is a little hilly, while the rest is level or gently undulating. There is in this township a variety of soil, all of which is susceptible of a high state of cultivation, and is very productive of vegetables and garden truck. The township contains, including South Harrison town- ship, an area of twenty-four thousand and seventy- two acres of land. It is one of the most extensive and populous townships of the county, peopled by an industrious and thrifty class of farmers. Its farms and residences are among the neatest in Southern New Jersey. The township is bounded on the northeast by Mantua, and southeast by Clayton township, on the south by Salem County, on the southwest by Wool- wich, and northwest by Greenwich township. Harrison is watered along its southerly border by Oldman's Creek and its tributaries. The north and south branches of Raccoon Creek and their numerous tributaries water the northern half of the township. Early Settlers. — -In all probability the pioneer land-owner and settler of what is now Mullica Hill was Eric Mullica, from whom the town derives its name. He located on the north side of the creek. (For further notice, see villages and hamlets.) Another and probably more prominent pioneer settler at Mul- 1 By W. H. Shaw. 244 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. lica Hill was Jacob Spicer. It was he after whom the township was first named. His tract lay nearly or quite all on the south side of the creek, and covered a large extent of territory. The next tract south of Spicer's was the Isaac Browning tract. He married into the family who previously owned the tract, and in this way came in possession, after which it was known as the Browning tract. Browning's daughter married a Hatch, and the old plantation is still known as the Hatch place. Benjamin Moore was owner of a large tract of land south of the Spicer and Browning tracts, which was subsequently divided among his heirs. The Gorsline or Goshorn tract was still farther south, and it is now entirely out of possession of the family. * The Zane tract lay southwest from the village of Mul- lica Hill. The senior Zane took a proprietary right to seven hundred acres, wlfich, at his death, was left to his two sons. Like many others, the old Abel Nich- olson farm was a part of the Spicer tract, and lay west of Mullica Hill. About the year 1800, Joseph Gibson and Enoch Allen purchased the old Spicer homestead, and afterwards made an equitable division of the property, and the Joseph Gibson share was purchased by William Hazleton. Fox was one of the early settlers in this vicinity, locating where Joseph Jessup now lives. James Cassady also purchased that portion of the Spicer tract where William Howey now lives. Gabriel Davis was a large land-owner in this township, and died about 1835, also Isaac B. Snowden, who lived to the advanced age of over eighty years. George Horner, father-in-law of Hon. N. T. Stratton, owned a large property, and died in 1840. The father of Joshua Moore was one of the pioneers oif this township, and died in 1835, aged eighty-five. Mr. Moore was the father of a large family of sons and daughters, most of whom lived to the ages of eighty or eighty-five years. Christopher Kinsel, one of the prominent old settlers of the township, died in 1822, at the advanced age of seventy years. Isaac Murphy and Josiah Albertson were also among the old settlers in the latter part of the last century, and died in 1832 or '33, each aged over eighty years. Jonathan Colson was one of the pio- neer merchants of Mullica Hill, and one of the largest land-owners in this township. He died in 1850, aged seventy-one years. Stacy Hazleton, an old res- ident of Harrison township, died at the age of eighty- five years, and Enoch Egans, who lived till 1876, was ninety-three years old when he died. Hugh Egan, another of the pioneers of Harrison, lived to the age of eighty-eight years, and died in 1832. Jacob Stratton, one of the old and influential citizens of the township, died in 1856, at the age of eighty-one. Joseph Doran came on the stage of action a little later, and died in 1846, at the age of sixty-eight. Isaac Pine and Michael Allen, both large land- owners, each lived to be over eighty years of age, and died in 1841. William Hollinshead lived till 1830, and died at the age of eighty-six. Benjamin C. and Jethro Lippincott each lived to reach their eighty- first year, and died in 1879 or '80. William Cassady, Charles String, Peter String, and Daniel Curran were among the pioneers of Harrison, and each lived be- yond his fourscore years and ten. Nathan Pine lived to be eighty-four, and Joseph Gruff died in 1830, at the advanced age of eighty years. Hon. Elijah Bower, one of Harrison's pioneer representatives in the legislative halls, and prominently identified with every progressive movement, died at the age of ninety years. David Hurley, one of the pioneers, prominent as a school-teacher, died at an advanced age. Robert Newell was another of the old settlers, and lived long in the township. John Atkinson lived to be eighty- eight years of age, and died in 1834. Joseph Chat- ham, one of the oldest and njpst prominent citizens in township affairs, died in 1884, at the age of ninety ' years. George Sherwin was an early settler and pio- neer farmer, who lived to the age of eighty-two years. William Allen, Enoch Allen, and Matthew Allen were all pioneer farmers, all of whom died in 1834, each one aged between eighty-two and eighty-six years. Enoch Allen was the ancestor of a numerous progeny, and his oldest son was drowned in the Delaware River in 1832. Jedediah Dawson, another old pioneer of this township, lived to be eighty years of age, and died in 1834. Nathan Folwell was one of the old farmers of this township, who died in 1834. The above list of pioneers of what is now Harrison township was furnished by Hon. N. T. Stratton, and embraces nearly or quite all sections of the township. Mr. Stratton has been a resident of the township since 1829, first as clerk and then a merchant since 1835, and he has also represented his district in the national as well as State Legislature, and remembers well the time when half an acre of potatoes was a large patch for a farmer to plant, the majority of farmers plant- ing less than that amount. The time, however, has come, even in his day, when potato-fields are counted by tens of acres on almost every farm, and when, in fact. South Jersey has become to a large extent the garden patch from which Philadelphia obtains her vegetables. Among the older citizens now living in this township are N. T. Stratton, Joseph Engle, now living in Mul- lica, aged seventy-nine; Samuel Atkinson, aged ninety ; Thomas Stratton, living at the north end of the town, aged seventy-nine; and James Gibson, who was born in this township Feb. 3, 1806, and was appointed postmaster at Mullica Hill March 7, 1871, and is still actively engaged in the duties of his office. John Pancoast is another old citizen of the town now living at the advanced age of eighty- four years. One of the old citizens and largest land- owner in the township is Joseph Jessup. One of his first purchases was a tract of four hundred and fifty acres, at Lincoln, in 1833, of which he is still the owner. In his home-farm, about one mile west from TOWNSHIP OF HARRISOxV. 245 Mullica Hill, he has one thousand acres of as good farming land as there is in Harrison. Altogether he is the owner of over three thousand acres of farming land in Gloucester County. When thirteen years of age he was the engineer of a five-horse team, at no salary beyond his board and clothes, and when he was turned out into the world he had a capital of twenty dollars. Around this small nucleus he has gathered nearly or quite half a million dollars, which is the result of an honest, industrious life. Civil Org^anization. — The following is a copy of the proceedings of the first annual town-meeting of Harrison township, held March 13, 1844: "At a meeting of the inhabitaDts of the township of Spicer, held at the house of Mary Wood, in Mullica Hill, the following persona were chosen to serve in said township for the ensuing year : "Town Clerk, Asa Colson; Assessor, Benjamin P. Lippincott; Assistant Assessors, Henry Jackson, Jonathan Colson, Jr. ; Collector, Abel Knight; OveiBeers of Poor, Benjamin P. Lippincott, Abel Knight ; Overseers of Roads, Thomas Hursback, Elijah Horner, Malachi Horner ; Chosen Freeholders, Charles French, Joseph Jessup ; Con- stable, Isaac Bidgway; Commissioners of Appeals, Charles Batten, Ira Gibson, Benjamin Colson ; Township Committee, James Lippin- cott, Joseph A. Chatham, John W. Husleton, Chalkley Lippincott, John Duell; School Committee, Joshua En gle, 'William Hazleton, Samuel Pimm; Surveyors of Highways, Asa Moore, William W. Dunn ; Judge of Election, Samuel H. Weatherby ; Pound-Keepers, Edward B. Knight, Andrew Kuisel." The following are among the resolutions adopted at the same meeting : " Regohedy That the next election for county officers shall be opened the first day at the School-House at Harrisonville, and to be continued the day after at the house of William W, Tomlin (Blue Ball), Mullica Hill. '* Retolved, That the next annual township-meeting shall be held at the house of Mary Wood, Mullica Hill. ^^ Besolved, That at the next annual town-meeting the vote shall be taken by Ballott. '* Resolved, That the township shall raise as much money as shall be necessary to improve any certain piece of road, as shall be raised by sub- scription from the inhabitants of the township, the amount to be left to the committee.'^ The committee of the township convened in the afternoon, and the officers all having been sworn, and other business having been attended to, they ad- journed. The minutes are signed by Stacy Hazleton, mod- erator ; Asa Colson, town clerk. The following is a complete list of clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, township committee, constables, and justices of the peace for Harrison from 1845 to 1882, inclusive : 1848-47. Asa Colson. 1848-49. Andrew H. Weatherby. 1850. Edward B. Knight. CLEKKS. 1851-68, Alexander A. Pine. 1869-71, 1881-82. Wm. Bunning, Jr 1872-80. Charles E. Elkinton. 1846, 1850, 1855. Joseph Chattin, 1846. Charles H. Aggins. 1847-tO, 1854. Joseph A. Shute. 1861. Joseph C. Chattin. 1852. Benjamin P. Lippincott. 1863. Asa Colson. 1866-58, 1872. John I. Dunlap. ASSESSOES. 1869-61. Lewis I. Zane. 1862-64. Samuel H. Weatherby. 1865-67. Benjamin G. Pancoast. 1868-70, 1879-82. Thomas Borton. 1871. James Chattin. 1872-78. John J. Dunlap. 1846. Abel Knight. 1846. Samuel Gaunt, Jr. 1847-49. Benjamin Colaon. 1850-62. Jacob G. Turner. 1853-64 1 Stacy L. Pancoast. 1855-66. Samuel Ashcroft. COLLECTORS. 1858, 1861. Thomas G. Batten. 1862-64. George W. Hilyard. 1866-66. George H. Duell. 1867-69. I. E. Lippincott. 1870. Charles W. Knight. 1871. Edward B. Knight. 1857, 1869-60. James Benezet. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1845-46. Joseph Jessup. 1866-68. I. H. Lippincott. Charles Batten. John S. Rulon. 1847-50. Malachi Horner. 1869. Asa Coles. William W. Dunn. John S. Bnlon. 1851. Benjamin Colson. 1870. Edward B. Knight. Jacob G. Tomlin. Asa Coles. 1852-53. Jacob G. Tomlin. 1871. Asa Coles. Stacy Lippincott. George C. Allen. 1854. Thomas L. Sharp. 1872-74. George 0. Allen. Stacy Lippincott. Charles String. 1865-57. Abel Knight. 1875-77. William M. Colson Asa Cole. George Horner. 1S68. Abel Knight. 1878. Samuel Gaunt. Thomas E. Roberts. George Horner. 1869-61. James Chattin. 1879. Samuel Gaunt, Jr. Paul Avis. William S. Matson. 1862-63. Isaac H. Lippincott. 1880. Samuel Gaunt. James Chattin. William Matson. 1864-66. Jonathan Colson. 1881-82. Samuel Gaunt. . I. H. Lippincott. William 8. Matson. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1845.— Chalkley Lippincott, John W. Hazelton, John Duell. 1846-47. — James Lippincott, 0. Lippincott, John Duell, John W. Hazel- ton, Joseph A. Chattain. 1848-49. — J. Lippincott, C. Lippincott, Joseph H. French, Charles Batten, Jacob G. Tomlin. 1850-51.— John W. Hazelton, Samuel E. Moore, Joseph Chattin, Chalk- ley Lippincott, J, H. French. 1852.— J. Chattin, S. K. Moore, J. W. Hazelton, 0. Lippincott, James Lippincott. 1853-54.— J-. Chattin, J. W. Hazelton, Abel Knight, Chalkley Lippincott, James Lippincott. 1855-56.— J. Chattin, C. Lippincott, Joseph Ashbrook, Samuel Gaunt, Francis A. Campbell, Jr. 1857.— J. Chattin, F. A. Campbell, Jr., Edward B. Knight, Samuel H. Weatherby, William H. Batten. 1858.— J. Chattin, E, B. Knight, William B. Peterson, James Sherwin, Isaiah Carter. 1859.— J. Chattin, E. B. Knight, Ezekiel C. Moore, James Sherwin, Amos String. I860.— J. Chattin, E. B. Knight, E. C. Moore, J. Sherwin, Charles String, Jr. 1861.— J. Chattin, E. B. Knight, B, C. Moore, C. String, Jr., James Pen- nington. 1862-64.— Jacob G. Turner, E. C. Moore, E, B. Knight, C. String, Jr., Benjamin F. Cole. 1865.— Nathan T. Stratton, Israel C. Ewan, Elisha C. Heritage, B. F. Cole, Thomas L. Sharp. 1866.— I. C. Ewan, James Chattin, E. C. Heritage, B. F. Cole, T. L. Sharp. 1867.— I. C. Ewan, James Chattin, E. C. Heritage, B. F. Cole, Chalkley Duell. 1868.— E. C. Heritage, James Chattin, 0. Duell, Aaa Engle, Samuel Moore. 1869.— Asa Engle, Samuel Moore, Charles E. Souders, Charles D. Lip- pincott, George W. Hilyard. 1870.— A. Engle, S. Moore, C. C. Souders, G. W. Hilyard, John Shute. 1871-72.— Benjamin G. Pancoast, S. Moore, A. Engle, J. Shute, C. C. Sou- ders. 1873, — A. Engle, S. Moore, 0. C. Souders, J. Shute, Jacob H. Mounce. 1874. — A. Engle, 0. C. Souders, S. Moore, J. H. Mounce, George Walter. 1875. — A. Engle, S. Moore, C. C. Souders, J. H. Mounce, Thomas Borton. 1876. — A. Engle, J. H. Mounce, T. Borton, Jonathan G. Foster, Paul Avis. 1 Samuel Ashcroft elected Aug. 16, 1854, to fill vacancy. 246 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTlf. 1877.— A. Engle, T. Borton, J. G. Poster, Paul Avis, Joseph Kirkbride. 1878. — A. EDgle, T. Borton, J. G, Foster, J. Kirkbride, James Benezet. 1879. — A. Engle, George Horner, Jonathan Colson. 1880. — A. Engle, G. Horner, James Benezet. 1881.— A. Bngle, G. Horner, Charles C. Souder. 1882.— A. Engle, G. Horner, Joseph H. Enight. 1845. Isaac Ridgway. 1846-54, 1858-63. Joseph A. Shnte. 1855, 1867. William Waters. 1856-57. Besmud D. Parks. 1864. Edward S. Stratton. 1865-66. William S. Matson. 1868-69. John H. Coles. 1870-77. Samuel H. Knight. CONSTABLES. 1878-79. Clarkson Lippincott. S. H. Knight. 1880. Samuel L. G. Murpliy. John W. Uesslck. 1881. H. Lippincott (three years). C. Lippincott (two years). Edward Lacy (one year). 1882. Henry Lippincott. SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS. 1849, 1851-5.3. Joseph A. Shute. 1857-59. Benjamin G. Pancoast. 1850. Benjamin P. Lippincott. I 1860-61. J. P. Dunlap. ' 1854. Michael C. Jennings. ! 1862-67. John W. Hazloton. 1855-56. William A. Snowden. ', JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1850. James Lippincott. 1867. Samuel P. Haines. Samuel Pimm. Charles C. Souders.i 1855. James Lippincott. 1870 Nathan F. Iredell. Samnel Pimm. Joshua Lippincott.- 1856 James Gibson. 1872. George Walter. Jacob L. Stratton. John S. Rulon. 1867. Malachi C. Horner. 1873 Ffencis B. Ridgway 1869. Nathan E. Iredell. 1875. George C. Sithens. 1860. Samuel Pimm. Nathan F. Iredell. Nathan F. Iredell. 1877 John S. Riilon. 1861. Israel C. Ewan. Asa Roberts. 1862. Levi B. Davis. , 1878. John P. Reece. 1865. Nathan F. Iredell. 1880. Nathan F. Iredell. Samuel Pimm. George C. Sithens. 1866. James S. Hannah. 1882. Nicholas J. Justice. ELECTION OF DELEGATES. '* At an election held March 18, 1844, for the purpose of electing dele- gates to meet in Trenton for the purpose of framing a new Constitution for the State of New Jersey, at the house of Mary Wood, at Mullica Hill, Spicer township, Gloucester Co., Charles C. Stratton received thirty- nine votes ; John R. Scikley, forty-two votes ; John C. Smallwood, four- teen votes." VILLiVGES AND HAMLETS. Mullica Hill, the principal village of the township, is situated in the northern portion of Harrison, on the main branch of the Kaccoon Creek, and at the southern terminus of the Woodbury and Mullica Hill turnpike. Settlements were made here prior to the Revolu- tionary war, and during that long and eventful struggle it is said that a battle was fought between the British and American troops at what is now Mullica Hill, at which only one man was killed. He was buried near where the grist-mill now stands. The village of Mullica Hill takes its name from Eric Mollca, by birth a Swede, who came here when a young man, and purchased a large tract of land about the site of the town.' His house stood on the north side of the creek, in or near the orchard of the late Joseph Doran. He lived to the age of one hundred years, and had a family of eight in 1693 when the census of New Sweden was taken. ^ To fill vacancy caused by resignation of J. S. Hannah. 2 Elected for five years. 3 Watson^s Annals, vol. ii, p. 231, and Hist. Coll. of New Jersey. The name of Mullica Hill was at first given only to that portion of the village north of the Raccoon Creek, the southern part having been named Spicer- ville, from Jacob Spicer (one of the compilers of the valuable book of Provincial laws), who came from East Jersey early in the eighteenth century and set- tled just south of the creek, where Samuel Hazleton now lives. In the olden time Mullica Hill, like all other towns of a Swedish derivation, was merely a settlement of farmers. The origin of these farm vil- lages was a fear of the Indians ; but they were prob- ably held together long after Indians ceased to be a cause of alarm by the gossiping propensities of the Swedish matrons. Being removed from the seat of war Mullica Hill has few Revolutionary reminis- cences of interest, yet there is an abundance of curious traditions connected with the place.* Previous to the Revolutionary war a tavern was kept on the north side of the creek, where Widow Pancoast now lives. It is believed that a tavern was also kept on the site of the present one as early as 1780, and probably prior to that date, but whether in the present house is not known, though from the gen- eral appearance of the building it must be at least a centenarian. Among the numerous landlords that have minis- tered to the necessities of the traveling public at this old and ancient hostlery we learn the following- named persons : James Wood was the landlord here as early as 1808, and kept the tavern till the close of the war of 1812, when he died, and the tavern was kept by his widow a few years, when she was suc- ceeded by John Becket, James Tomlin, Andrew Kni- sel, John Speer, and Abel Knight in 1833 to 1835. Among those who have kept the old tavern since that time are Mrs. Mary Wood, Harry Paul, Howell Mulford, John Vaneman, George Gale, Charles East- lack, Albert Parker, and Frye Hopkins, the present popular landlord, who purchased the property and took possession in March, 1881. Tavern-keeping on the north side of the creek seems to have been a failure, as the business of the town naturally settled down upon the south bank, or hill side of the creek, where is now located the principal business of the town. Among the pioneer merchants of Mullica Hill may be mentioned the names of Joseph and James Lippin- cott, whose store stood a little north of the present hotel, or on the site occupied by John Reidon's dwell- ing. Josiah Moore occupied the same building, and kept a store there from about 1810 to 1814, and as late as 1825. Among the first stores was that of Jonathan Colson, who occupied the brick building nearly oppo- site the store of Hon. N. T. Stratton. Christopher (Stofiie) Knisel kept a store in what is now the Mounce building. Another store was kept by John Hazleton, in a building then standing on the site now occupied * " Reminiscences of Old Gloncester,** by Isaac Mickle. TOWNSHIP OF HARRISON. 247 by the town hall. The Christopher Knisel spokea of was the grandfather of ex-Sheriff Knisel, of Wood- bury. Hon. N. T. Stratton was for several years a clerk for Jonathan Colson, and Jan. 25, 1835, Mr. Stratton was admitted as a partner, and the firm re- mained Colson & Stratton till 1840, when it dissolved, each one then operating a store on his own account. In 1842, Mr. Stratton admitted a partner in business, who remained till 1852, when Mr. Stratton was elected to Congress, and his two sons took charge of the store, since which the firm-name has been "Stratton Broth- ers." MuLLiCA Hill isr 1822. — As late as 1822 the town, though nearly a mile in length, had not assumed much of its present appearance, as there were but few build- ings in the now beautiful, populous, and well-shaded place. There were the two taverns, one at each end of the town, the two stores of Moore and Colson, a log house on the site of the present town hall, the brick house now owned by Batten & Iredell, a house where James Benezet's house now stands, one where Iredell's harness-shop is located, and an old store-house, moved from some other place to where Esquire Recce's residence now stands. There was a house where Widow Stratton lives, and another on the site now occupied by Mrs. FuUerton's resi- dence. There was a house on the site now occupied by the Baptist parsonage, and one where Ketura French's house now stands. There was the mill- house down under the hill, and a Mr. Fullerton lived where is now located the tin-shop of Mr. Schweble. Another house stood on the site now occupied by Parker Steward's residence, and another where Capt. Stratton lives, and Egan, the village tailor, lived where John Reidon now lives. There was a house where Harry Norman lives, another on the site now occupied by the Methodist parsonage, and Lydia Gibson lived on the opposite side of the road. Of the industrial pursuits at that time there was the old grist-mill. It then stood over in the meadow across the road from where it is now located. The present mill is supposed to have been built by Chris- topher Knisel. There was also a oarding-mill here, but by whom built is not known. An attempt was made at this mill to manufacture cloth from cotton and wool, which for a time succeeded, until the East- ern manufacturers came into market ; they, having better facilities for manufacture and transportation, soon compelled the Mullica Hill establishment to sus- pend operations. A post-office was established at Mullica Hill in the early part of the present century, and the first post- master, as remembered by the oldest inhabitant, was Willett Smith, better known as "Captain" Smith. This was as early as 1810 of 1812. Pioneer and Later Trades.— The pioneer black- smith, as best can be remembered, was Samuel Weatherby, who, in 1825, had a shop near where the Baptist parsonage now stands. The same shop was subsequently occupied by Samuel Gaunt, and in 1834, Mr. James Gibson, now the venerable village post- master, having learned the blacksmith trade over in the Keystone State, purchased the shop and moved it over where the foundry and machine-shop is now located, where he carried on the blacksmith business till 1850, when he rented the shop to Jacob L. Strat- ton, who carried on the business for five or six years, and in the mean time, 1850 or 1851, built the foundry. William Waters was the next owner of the shop and foundry, he having purchased the property of James Gibson. Jan. 1, 1868, the foundry property was sold by Waters to Hoffmann & Reese, the present owners and operators. Messrs. Hoffmann & Reese manufac- ture all kinds of small castings, as well as small farming tools, such as plows, cultivators, harrows, rakes, and both rod and cast railing for ornamental fencing. In the early party of this century there was a black- smith-shop standing opposite the present tavern. This shop was destroyed by fire. Benjamin Gibson had a shop just back of the restaurant, or rather the rear end of the restaurant building was the shop, and the front part was built for a shop and subsequently con- verted into a saloon. Amasa Garwood was one of the pioneer blacksmiths in this shop, and built the front part. The Benezet brothers worked in this shop for some time, then came Frank Cole, and after him Elijah English. Among the pioneer wood-working mechanics were Jesse Rice and Jacob Kier, who were here as early as 1810 or 1812. Rice was a wheelwright, and Kier a cabinet-maker. They were brothers-in-law, and had their shop on the site now occupied by the residence of John Garwood. The pioneer school-house stood, in 1811 or 1813, in what is now the Friends' burying-ground. It had been occupied as a meeting-house, and it was removed in 1822, and another built on the site of the present one. Archibald Silvas was the teacher in 1812. The pioneer store on the north side of the creek, as nearly as can be ascertained, was kept by Enoch Egens, in a building then standing on the site now occupied by Parker's tin-shop, south of the Union store. There were at times other parties engaged in the mercantile business on the north side of the creek. Whoever they were, they occupied a building between the Egens store and present site of the Union store. In the early part of 1866 the " Union Store Company" was organized, commencing business in the building now occupied by Albert Parker as a stove- and tin- ware-store, and in May of that year moved into their present large and commodious store-house, which is the only one north of the creek. Mr. Parker com- menced the stove and tin business here in 1880, suc- ceeding Sampson and others who had been engaged in the business at this place. The pioneer tavern on this side of the creek was known as the "Blue Ball" tavern, having a blue 248 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. globe for a sign. The lot occupied by Erick MoUica, after whom the town was named, is now owned by Jacob H. Mounce. The pioneer lawyer of Mullica Hill is R. M. Ware, who came here in 1842, and in 1850 built his present beautiful residence and cosy office, just south of the Episcopal Church. This church is said to be the oldest house of worship in the village or township, having been built in 1805, and the Friends' meeting-house, south of the creek, in 1806. Mullica Hill ix 1882. — The last sixty years has wrought many changes at this place. The veteran merchants and tavern-keepers have all passed away. The dwellings in which they lived have nearjy all disappeared. The forests that surrounded the town* have given place to broad fields heavily laden with the golden harvests. The old "water-mill," that stood over in the meadow, has been succeeded by a modern flouring-mill. Enterprises and improvements in the mechanic arts have crowded out the old slow process of hand-work. The faithful old mail-carrier has retired from his arduous and responsible duties, and he is no doubt tooting his " mail-horn" among the stars, while his place here is filled by a " coach and four," bringing in its well-filled mail-pouches twelve times per week. The business of the town may not have increased to any considerable extent, as far as dollars and cents are concerned, but the population and residences have increased in a tenfold ratio. Although the town is not blessed with railroad facilities, yet a well-graded turnpike, leading to the county-seat, is a great advance and improvement over the old mud-roads of pioneer days. At present there are four churches, — Episcopal, Friends', Methodist, and Baptist; one tavern, by Frye Hopkins ; three general stores, by Stratton Brothers, James Benezet & Son, and Union store; two tin-stores, by Albert Parker and L. T. Schweble ; notion-store, by M. F. Parker; drug-store, by Wil- liam Hassinger; harness-shop, by W. F. Iredell; foundry and machine-shop, by Hofiman & Eeece; grist-mill, by J. H. Mounce ; wheelwright and black- smithing, by Phineas Ledden and Edwin Kane, at north end of town, and Hoffmau & Reece, in the centre of town ; one tailor, two shoemakers, and one cigar-shop. Population of the town, about four hundred. The old grist-mill at Mullica Hill was built as early as 1785, and stood on the opposite side of the creek from the present mill. Christopher Knisel is sup- posed to have built the old mill, and about the year 1800 sold it to Joseph Doran, who, about 1807, built the briginal part of the present mill, thirty- eight by forty feet, and in 1840 an addition, twenty- four by thirty-eight feet, was built, and in 1850 an ad- dition was built to the south end, making the mill thirty-eight by eighty-two feet, its size in 1882. At the death of Mr. Doran the property was sold by commissioners to Malachi 0. Horner, in 1851 or 1852. Mr. Homer operated the mill till 1862, when he sold it to Samuel Coles, who sold a half-interest in it to John Duell, and in 1866, Mr. Duell sold his half- interest to J. H. Mounce, and in 1870, Mr. Mounce purchased the half-interest of Samuel Coles. During the different ownerships the mill has been improved by the addition of new and modern machinery, and it is one of the several first-class mills in that part of Gloucester County. Jefferson is a small hamlet on the north border of the township, about two miles distant from Mullica Hill. It was known for many years as " Cox's Hill," also "Allenboro," then Lawrenceville, and lastly by its present name. Previous to 1800 Abraham Cox owned a, portion of the land at this place, and lived in the house now owned by Charles Jenkins. The place naturally took the name of the owner of the land. The land upon which the village is located was next owned by Thomas Allen, when the name was changed to Allenboro. By that time there had been built a few dwellings near the house in which Allen lived, now owned by George Waters. The inhabi- tants at that period had not the best reputation for hard labor, or, in other words, hard work didn't agree with their frail constitutions, and the name " Lazy Lawrence," or "Lawrenceville," was given to the locality, and remained till 1872, or thereabouts, when the post-office at this place was established, with Thomas P. Darlington as postmaster, who was also the merchant at that time. The pioneer store at this place was kept by John I. Sitley, who came here in 1855 or 1856, and commenced the mercantile business in the store-house now occu- pied by John Riggins. The next merchant here was Jesse Chew. He was succeeded by John Riggins, the present merchant, who is also the present post- master. The pioneer blacksmith was John Jenkins, who was succeeded by his son, William Jenkins, who occupies the same shop in which his father worked. The pio- neer wheelwright was a man by the name of Frazer, who worked in the shop now occupied by James Pen- nington. The extensive wagon- and carriage-works of Ed- ward E. Lewis were established at this place in 1874. Mr. Lewis employs several of the best mechanics in this section, and manufactures all kinds of heavy and light farm- and truck-wagons, carriages, and sleighs. Among the old settlers in this immediate vicinity were Reuben Haines, Thomas Cole, and James Tom- lin. Mr. Tomlin owned a large tract of land, and Andrew Sweeten owned " quite a good bit." In or about 1780, Peter Sitley owned the place on which Joseph Orens now lives. Mr. Sitley was a sheep- shearer. He was a humorous old gentleman, and enjoyed the pleasure of frightening the youngsters with his sheep-shears, telling them that they were the instruments of torture used in the infernal regions by TOWNSHIP OF HARRISON. 249 the gentleman dressed in black, and that he had come to execute judgment upon their ears. Jacob Tomlin is the son of the pioneer James Tomlin, and owns a farm near the village of Jefferson. Joseph Orens, one of the oldest settlers in this place, was born in Greenwich township, near Paulsboro, May 28, 1800. Ewansville.— Previous to 1861 there was not much beyond the grist-mill, saw-mill, a small grocery, and two or three dwellings at this place. The village was named in honor of Israel Ewan, who built the large wheelwright- and blacksmith-shop now stand- ing near the mills. The first shops that Mr. Ewan built were destroyed by fire, when he immediately erected the present buildings. The shops and mill property are now owned by Daniel Brown. Mr. Ewan died in 1876. The pioneer blacksmith at this place was Elijah English, whose shop was at the bend of the road, near the centre of the town, on the site now occupied by the residence of William French. The pioneer wheel- wright-shop stood on the corner opposite Robert Ewan's place of business, and was occupied by Wil- liam Stanton. The building was subsequently re- moved, and converted to other uses. The building now occupied by Robert Ewan as a store and tavern was originally built for and occupied as a wheelwright-shop. It was built by John Meiser, in 1870, and occupied by Ewan in the spring of 1882. The first general store at this place was opened by Henry Swigert, in 1862 or 1863. He was succeeded by Thomas Darlington, who was succeeded in 1879 by Allen Clark, the present merchant. The old brick house near the mill was built, in 1793, by Jonathan Iredell, who, it is supposed, built the mills. There are at this place two general stores, two black- smith-shops and one wheelwright-shop, grist-mills and saw-mills, school -house, Methodist Church, and about twenty-five dwellings. Five Points. — This is a small hamlet in the eastern part of the township, so named from the number of roads concentrating and forming the points or cor- ners. There is another locality of the same name about half a mile farther east, both on the Mullica Hill and Glassboro road. At the eastern points John Heritage built a black- smith-shop in 1858. He was succeeded by the present blacksmith, Charles Jenkins, in 1863, and in 1879 Mr. Jenkins built bis present wheelwright-shop. The district school-house is near Mr. Jenkins' shop. At the western, or Five Points proper, there is a store by Frank Souders, who succeeded F. A. Campbell in the mercantile business, and also keeps the post-offlce. Mr. Campbell was the pioneer merchant at this place. Here is also the blacksmith-shop of Robert Mc- Keighan, who located here in 1874. Leonard S. Pancoast is the Five Points wheelwright. Rulon Hall, a small hall for public meetings, was built, in 1877, by Esquire Rulon. Here is located also the Mount Pleasant Methodist Episcopal Church. This locality was formerly known as Hell Town, from the fact of the once celebrated " White Horse Tavern" being located here, and nearly on the site now occupied by the Methodist Episcopal Church. In the old " White Horse" days it was rather an isolated locality, just suited for the gathering of a class of persons whose appetites would naturally lead them to congregate at such a place for seasons of conviviality,— hence the name Hell Town. Harrison in the War of 1861-65.— No sooner had the first rebel shot been fired than the patriotism of Harrison township was aroused, and as the great conflict waxed hotter, so were the patriotic hearts of Harrison aroused to meet the emergency of the hour. At the first call for troops some of the best blood of this township answered to the call, and sprinkled itself upon the altar of the common country. As the war pro- gressed, and troops were needed, Harrison responded nobly. At a special meeting held at the Blue Ball Tavern, at Mullica Hill, July 30, 1864, resolutions were adopted authorizing the township committee to issue bonds in sums of twenty-five dollars each. for the purpose of paying volunteers and substitutes. The following committee of one in each school district was appointed for war purposes: Clem's Run District, John P. Rulon ; Pineville, C. P. Whita- ker; Oak Grove, Joseph. Applegate ; Cloverdale, B. H. Lippincott; Harrisonville, Amos T. Eastlack ; Cedar Grove, J. D. Kier ; Union, John Benezet ; Co- lumbia, Joseph Jones ; Harmony, William Gordon ; Paul's, Jacob G. Tomlin ; Chestnut Grove, B. G. Pan- coast; Mount Pleasant, Jacob I. Heritage; Union- ville, Richard S. Stratton ; Washington, J. Chapman. A like committee was also appointed in each school district to collect money on behalf of the township and give receipts for the same. The following were the committee appointed, corresponding to the fore- going districts : John S. Rulon, C. P. Whitaker, Charles String, Jr., Isaac H. Lippincott, Samuel H. Weatherby, John D. Kier, John Benezet, Atley Shute, George Walter, Samuel L. West, Jonathan G. Foster, William E. Heritage, R. S. Stratton, and Jeremiah Chapman. For further military history, see chapters on that subject in general history of county. French Lodge, No. 89, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted at Mullica Hill, March 15, 1849, by District Deputy Grand Master David B. Gill, assisted by Past Grand James W. Shoflf, acting as Grand Master ; Bowman Sailer, acting Grand Secretary ; Charles Sterling, Joseph J. Moore, and Hiram R. Herald, with the following charter members, who were also the first officers of the lodge: Joseph A. Shute, N. G. ; John M. Kitchen, V. G. ; E. B. Knight, Sec. ; John Rider, Asst. Sec. ; and William F. Martin, Treas. Of this number, only one, E. B. Night, was living in 1882. On the evening of institution the membership was 250 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. increased by the initiation of Benjamin C. Eulon, John J. Dunlap, William Foster, Daniel Benezet, Alexander H. Pine, Job Ballinger, and Samuel Ash- craft. In 1882 four of that number were still mem- bers of the lodge. From 1850 to 1865 there were received by initiation and by card forty-five members, and in 1866 forty were added to the lodge, and from 1867 to 1882 sixty more were added. In 1882 (July) the assets of the lodge amounted to four thousand five hundred dollars; paid for benefits since institution, three thousand dollars ; paid for funeral benefits, six hundred dollars. Present membership ( 1 882) , sixty-five, 'fast Grands, forty-four. * The oflScers of the lodge in August, 1882, were as follows : N. G., Collins A. Hazleton ; V. G., John C. Eulon ; Sec, John P. Reece; Treas., Samuel Ashcraft; War- den, George Walter ; O. G., Franklin E. Lloyd ; I. G., Christian Morgan ; R. S. to N. G., Jacob M. Hoff'- man ; L. S. to N. G., William F. Turner ; Con., George R. Hazleton; R. S. S., Andrew Nichols; L. S. S., Markell Dubois; R. S. to V. G., Thomas Running ; L. S. to V. G., William O. Gardner. There was also at this place in September, 1882, a lodge of Knights of Pythias, data for which were promised by the secretary, but never furnished the historian. BELIGIOUS. There seems to be no doubt that the religious de- nomination at Mullica Hill known as Quakers, or Friends, is by several years, and perhaps a cen- tury, the senior of any other, though the Protestant Episcopal may date back nearly as far. Just when the pioneer organization was effected is difficult to learn, but it is positively known that the old men and women in the early part of this century were members of the Friends' Society as far back as the middle of the last century, or 1750. The old meet- ing-house stood in what is now the Friends' burying- ground, and was occupied as a school- and meeting- house in the latter part of the last century. The present brick meeting-house was built in 1806. This and the lot on which the old house stood were purchased of Jacob Spicer, the original settler on the south side of the creek. Among the early members of this meeting may be mentioned the following names who were promi- nently identified with this people : Joseph Allen, one of the elders ; Benjamin Heritage, a minister ; James Gardner, Charles French, Joseph Gruff, Nathan Fol- well, Joshua Moore, Silas Moore, Chalkley Moore, Benjamin Moore, Engle, father of the present venerable Joseph Engle; Joshua Engle, Elijah Bower, Abel Robbins, Isaac Snowden, Jonathan Iredell, Thomas Iredell, Nathan Iredell, Charles French, Abraham Iredell, John Pancoast, father of the pres- ent John Pancoast, who is ninety years of age ; Sam- I uel Allen, Enoch Allen, Joseph Allen, Mathew Allen, I George Tatuni, and many others whom Mr. Pancoast could not name. Besides those above named were j their families, which in many cases were numerous, most of whom were members of the Society or I Meeting. The present elders of the Mullica Hill Meeting are John Pancoast, Joshua Engle, George T. Atkinson, Samuel Gaunt, Richard S. Ridgway, Elizabeth B. Atkinson, Caroline Gaunt, Mary Engle, and Sarah Ann Ridgway. Overseers, Asa Engle and Joseph T. Fogg. Present value of church property, ten thousand dollars. St. Stephen's Episcopal Church.^ — About the be- ginning of the present century the services of the Episcopal Church were read, in the grist-mill at Mul- lica Hill, by Joseph Chatham, Esq., there being but few persons of that denomination in the vicinity. In the year 1813 a small frame church was erected on the south side of the village, and named St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, and the pulpit was at first sup- plied by the respective rectors presiding over the Episcopal Church at Swedesboro, as they succeeded each other. In a few years the congregation and membership had rapidly increased, the Sabbath- school was large and flourishing, and it was consid- ered expedient to have a resident rector. In succeed- ing years several rectors at different periods held the church in charge ; prominent among them was the Rev. Thomas Tanser, an English gentleman of much Christian merit; but death suddenly removed him from a devoted congregation and from a community which entertained for hira the most profound respect. In 1851 a new church edifice, built of stone, was erected in the north part of the village, in the Gothic style of architecture, and was dedicated by the Right Rev. George W. Doane, bishop of the diocese. Of late years the church has met with many re- verses, having had no resident rector for several years, and her membership having greatly dimin- ished. However, the spirit of Episcopacy still exists in the hearts of the little band assembled each Sab- bath, summoned to the house of God by the sonorous tones of the fine-toned bell that crowns the church edifice, a recent acquisition, secured for the church through the noble efforts of R. M. Ware, Esq. The old village of Mullica Hill can boast of no greater attraction than the little Gothic, ivy-clothed church, free from debt. The building committee for the present church edifice were Alexander H. Weath- erby, Enoch Aggings, R. M. Ware, and Thomas G. Batten. It is probable that Enoch Aggings and Joseph Chatham were most prominent in the establishment of the Episcopal Church at Mullica Hill. They con- tinued to be fearless workers up to the time of their decease. Mr. Aggings lived to be past ninety years of 1 By B. M. Ware, Esq. TOWNSHIP OF HAEKTSON. 251 age, and Joseph Chatham died in . They were undoubtedly the first wardens of the church. At the decase of Joseph Chatham, his son, Joseph A. Chatham, a most excellent and useful man, seemed to take the lead in church matters, and during his life the church prospered very much. Among the resident clergymen were the Revs. Thomas Tanser, Ernest De Wolf, William Bryant, Richardson Graham, and Samuel Rose Mead. Revs. Edwin Nock, James Lamb, Charles Duane, Jesse Y. Burk, and a Mr. Hoskins have presided at different times, Mr. Hoskins being the present rector. The wardens now in office are Dr. D. P. Pancoast and Henry C. Chatham. The vestrymen are S. L. Pancoast, R. M. Ware, Jonatlian Tomlin, Edward E. Lewis, E. M. Chadwick, and Albert Parker. Methodist Episcopal Church.' — Previous to 1827, probably as early as 1800, tlie old itinerant found his way to Mullica Hill, for here was a settlement long before the latter date, and where there was a settle- ment there was Methodist preaching, especially in South Jersey. Services were held in private houses, school-houses, barns, groves, and, in fact, anywhere that the people would gather themselves together there was found the old veteran of the cross. The Methodists at Mullica Hill became so numerous in 1827 that they built a house of worship that year on what is known as High Street. In this old meeting- house they worshiped until 1848, when the present church edifice was built. The following are the names of some of the preach- ers who served this people in the old church and pre- vious to its building: Revs. Thackara Morton, T. Sovereign, S. Rusling, William Williams, J. Grover, W. Burroughs, William Stevens, J. Walker, S. Town- send, J. Thompson, William Vansant, W. Fong, Wil- liam Morrison, William Stewart, William Garmon, J. Canfield, E. Stout, and others. The following is a partial list of the preachers since 1848: Revs. S. Parker, Reed, Joseph Ashbrook, D. Duffield, Pierson, Gearhart, Williams, Car- man, G. H. Tullis, L. O. Manchester, G. T. Bishop, and, in 1882, Rev. S. S. Belleville. This church, like many others, has had its lights and shadows. It was in 1882 in a flourishing con- dition. The MuUica Hill Baptist Church,' Gloucester County, N. J., adopted, May 19, 1845, as their rule of faith, the articles published by the New Hamp- shire Baptist State Convention. Two deacons were then appointed. Those composing the membership of church were John Mulford and wife, Enoch Ashton and wife, Josiah S. Rowand and wife, Benjamin Lloyd and wife, Amos Lloyd, John B. Chattin and wife, John Dubois and wife, Benjamin Gibson and wife, Ann Peterson, Deborah Lacey, and Abigail Cooper (eighteen). ' Data furnished by J. H. Mounce. 2 By E. L. Stratton. Recognition services took place June 5, 1845, in the grove at the south end of the town. Sermon by Rev. J. M. Challis, from the words, " Thou art Peter, upon this rock I will found my church." Services were participated in by Rev. Charles Kain, pastor of Pittsgrove Church, Salem County, N. J. On the 80th day of June, 1845, Rev. Charles Kain was called as pastor, and continued as such till November, 1864, when he resigned. Rev. William B. Tolan succeeded him, and labored with the church till October, 1871, when he was suc- ceeded by the said Rev. Charles Kain, who continued as pastor till November, 1879, when he was succeeded by Rev. Wflliam Warlow, who remained as pastor till May 16, 1888. Mr. Kain's last pastorate was seven years; total, twenty-seven years. Membership in 1883, one hundred and sixty-one. Trustees, Richard Black, John B. Chattin, Aaron M. Ridgway, and Edward L. Stratton ; Deacons, Edwin Kain, Thomas Running, Sr., Jos. Neal, I. S. Stratton, Amos Lloyd ; Treasurer, William Bunning ; Clerk, Isaac H. Lloyd. JeflFerson Methodist Episcopal Church.— This society is located in and around the village of Jeffer- son, in the north part of the township. Just when the first class was formed is not positively known by any one now living. The first class-leader that is re- membered was David B. Shute, in 1845. Previous to this, however, preaching services were held in the Paul school-house, then standing about a mile north of the present church. Here, in the old school-house, for many years the old pioneer preachers held forth to such audiences as could be congregated in such small quarters. The little old school-house served the purpose well, and the neat and commodious church edifice that now adorns the sprightly village of Jeffer- son has been erected. Among the early members of Mr. Shute's class were William D. Richards, Silas Richards, John Jen- kins, Charles Jenkins, Richard Steward, Nathaniel Weldy, Eliza Jenkins, Jesse Chew, who is now one of New Jersey's ablest preachfers, Mark Heritage and wife, and Nathan Chew and wife. Nathan Chew was one of the pioneer local preachers, and preached oc- casionally in the old Paul school-house. The present church edifice was built in about 1868, at a cost of three thousand dollars, of which sum John W. Richards gave five hundred dollars, and the services at the laying of the corner-stone and dedi- cation of the superstructure were conducted by Rev. Jesse Stiles. The first trustees were William D. Richards, John Kitchen, David Shute, Harmon Abbott, Silas Rich- ards, and Henry Tomlin. The following are among the preachers who have served this people: Revs. Jesse Stiles, Dickinson Moore, James Myers, Hutchinson, Strick- land, J. R. Thompson (two terms), Westcott, Richard Clark, Lewis N. Clark, Lippincott, and 252 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. William Clark, the present preacher in charge. Jef- ferson is now connected with Ewansville. The stewards for 1882 were George Walter, James Pennington, Jasper Scott. Trustees, Henry H. Tom- lin, George Walter, Jasper Scott, William Jenkins, George Batten, Jeremiah C. Sweeten, William Dolan. Sunday-school Superintendent, Jasper Scott. As- sistant Superintendent, Henry H. Tomlin. Membership of church, thirty. Value of church property, two thousand dollars. Mount Pleasant Methodist Episcopal Church.' — The preliminary meetings that led to the organiza- tion of this society were held in the school-house, about a mile west from what was then known as the old White Horse Tavern, prior to 1848, by the Methodist preachers who were then on the circuit that embraced this locality. The first class-leader was William Mounce, in whose class were the following members : Mary Ann Mounce, Abigail Fisler, Frances A. Campbell, Abigail Campbell, Sophia Bartholomew, George Groff, Susan Grofi", Abigail Simpkins, Elizabeth Sirapkins, Thomas Jagard, Ann Jagard, Robert Carr, Francis A. Camp- bell, Jr., Sarah Jagard, Martha Ann Mounce, Levi Adkinson, Keziah Adkinson, Keziah Eastlack, Mary Eastlack, Ann Skinner, Sarah Skinner, Samuel Ches- ter, Mary Chester, and Martha Abbott. Soon after the class was formed the tavern-keeper at the " White Horse Tavern" became one of the ad- vocates of religion, joined the class, gave up the tav- ern business, and became leader of the class. In a few years another school-house was built, for the better accommodation of the increased population. The new school-house stood on the site now occupied by the Mount Pleasant Academy, and in it another class was formed, with Kichard Skinner, Sr., as leader. This was made a Sunday afternoon appointment, and in fair weather the services were held in the beautiful grove surrounding the school-house. In 1860 a new Methodist Church edifice was built, on a site midway between the two school-houses, and near the site of the old White Horse Tavern, the corner-stone being laid by Eev. S. Y. Monroe, in 1860, and the church dedicated by Bishop Scott, in Feb- ruary, 1861. His text was the 137th Psalm, fifth and sixth verses. The preachers who have served this people while occupying the school-houses were as follows: 1848- 49, N. Edwards and B. Andrews ; 1850, N. Edwards and A. Gearhart; 1851, A. Gearhart and D. Reed; 1852, James White and Levi Rhodes; 1853, C. W. Heisley and J. C. Summerill ; 1858.-59, H. S. Norris and J. P. Connelly ; 1860, E. Waters and A. Atwood. Since the building of the church the following have been pastors at this, in connection with other places : 1863, Samuel F. Wheeler; 1865, James Vansant; 1867, N. Edwards, James F. Morrell, Thomas Wilson, > By William E. Heritage. Calvin Eastlack, Samuel Hudson, J. B. Stewart. For 1883 the society is supplied by Rev. William Tomlin, a local preacher. Membership in 1882, forty-one. Value of church property, three thousand dollars. Officiary for 1882: Local Preacher, C. 0. Souder; Exhorter, Charles Jenkins; Class-Leaders, William E. Heritage, Henry Jackson, and Charles Jenkins ; Stewards, C. C. Souder, H. L. Jackson, and E. C. Heritage; Trustees, E. C. Heritage, Joseph D. Carr, N. J. Justice, Robert McKeighan, and William E. Heritage. Ewansville Methodist Episcopal Church.''— The Methodists occupied this field as early as 1825 as one of their outposts, and held the position as such until 1865, when a society was formed. At that time Josiah and Israel Ewan were the class-leaders, and soon after Jacob Debart was appointed a class-leader. The subject of a house of worship was discussed, which resulted, in 1866, in building the present meet- ing-house, a frame building, thirty by forty-two feet, which was dedicated the same year by Rev. John W. Hickman. The lot, building, sheds, and fence cost nearly four thousand dollars, and the property is at present valued at three thousand five hundred dollars. In 1866 the preacher in charge of the circuit was Rev. Gardner H. Tullis. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Belton, who was followed by Rev. Joseph Summerill, Rev. Pierson, Rev. Joseph Ashbrook. In 1880, Ewansville was made a station, and in 1881, Rev. Lewis Clark was the pastor, and 1882, Rev. Wil- liam P. Clark. For 1883 the society was supplied by Rev. William Tomlin, a local preacher. The officers of the church for 1883 were as follows : Stewards, Thomas I. French, Henry Lacey, Israel Ewan, John Tozer, and Peter Scott; Truste'es, Peter Scott, Israel Ewan, Samuel Moore, George Butter- worth, and Peter Strang; Class-Leaders, Peter Scott and Thomas I. French. The Sunday-school connected with this society was organized in 1866, and is at present under the super- vision of Israel Ewan, with a school of eighty scholars. CHAPTER XLIV. TOWNSHIP OF L0GAN.3 Geography and Topography.— This is the north- west corner township of the county, and is bounded on the northeast by Greenwich township, on the southeast by Woolwich township, on the southwest by Salem County, and on the northwest by the Dela- ware River. The surface is slightly undulating, sufficiently so to admit of good drainage in most parts of the town- ship. 2 Data famished by Peter Scott. 3 By W. H. Shaw. TOWNSHIP OP LOGAN. 253 The soil is mostly a darlc sandy loam, susceptible of a very high state of cultivation, and most of the till- able land iu the township is successfully occupied by truck-farmers. Repaupo Cedar Swamp occupies a small tract in the northeastern portion of the town, ship. The township is well supplied with public high- ways, also the Delaware River Railroad crosses length- wise through the township from northeast to south- west, affording farmers and others ample railroad facilities, bringing the people in any part of the town- ship within an hour's ride of Philadelphia. The streams, aside from the Delaware River, are Oldman's Creek, forming the border adjoining Salem County; Raccoon Creek, running in a northerly di- rection across the centre of the township; Little Tim- ber Creek, running northerly across the northeastern half of the township; and Repaupo, or, as it is some- times called, Purgey Creek, forming th« northeast border, adjoining Greenwich township. The two first-named streams, Oldman's and Rac- coon, are navigable for sloops and steam-tugs, and are made available for the transportation of farm produce to the Philadelphia markets. Landing-Flace of the Swedish Pilgrims.— To what is now the township of Logan must be ac- credited the honor of having within its borders the spot upon which the first permanent settlers of West Jersey landed, at the mouth of Raccoon Creek. Mickle, in his " Reminiscences of Old Gloucester," says, " The exact spot of their debarkation might, we imagine, be determined upon an examination of the place, and if so, it would possess to us quite as much interest as any point in our country." "This spot," it has been well said, " will ever be connected with recollections the most interesting to us, and which it becomes us to cherish. We labor with patient perse- verance to trace the streams of the ancient world, and become familiar with every torrent and brook. We visit in fancy the borders of the Euphrates, and linger by the side of the golden Hermus. All this is well ; but we must not suffer the scenes in our own story to be forgotten. Let every spot be noted, that it may not be said in aftertimes, ' An ungrateful gen- eration permitted the memory of. their fathers to perish.' Or, if we are prompted by no filial feelings towards the actors, we cannot be insensible of the movement here made. " The adv»nt of these pilgrims, small as was their number, was of more consequence to the interests of humanity than most of the brilliant achievements of martial hosts. Of the many battles that have been fought, of the many warriors who have figured upon the field of conquest, how few have left a lasting in- fluence for good. The victory of to-day is lost on the morrow, and both victors and vanquished sink to- gether into utter forgetfulness. But here a feeble band, without art or arms, with no standard but the olive branch, laid the foundation of a work which we trust will stand forever; and not only ourselves, but our descendants through all generations shall look back to that spot and that hour with increasing feelings of gratitude and affection.' As yet no sculptured marble adorns our Delaware Plymouth, but to the source every true friend of man can exclaim, ' Oircumspiee /' " Revolutionary War Incident. — James Talman came from Sweden previous to the Revolutionary war, and settled at the mouth of Oldman's Creek, where the brick house which he erected still stands. During the war Mr. Talman, who was a firm patriot, had his property destroyed by a party of British soldiers, who burned his hay and killed his stock. Among the animals killed were two valuable im- ported mares, named "Swallow" and " Lady of the Lake." These Mr. Talman sewed up in white blankets and carefully buried. At the time of this raid Mrs. Talman, who had just been confined, was lifted by the British oflScers from her bed, that they might search it for plunder. Joseph Talman, the son, who was then an infant, died at Clarksboro in 1846. His son, Edward C. Talman, is now (1882) a resident of Swedesboro. Early Settlers and Pioneer Incidents.— Among the pioneers seeking a better home in the then new and undeveloped country, where religious freedom would be tolerated to the furthest and fullest extent, were those brave men who faced the dangers of the storm-tossed ocean, and risked themselves in the then wilds of the miasmatic swamps in South Jersey, and finally made their homes along the tide-water creeks of Oldman and Raccoon. In what is now Logan, formerly a part of old Wool- wich township, quite a number of the sturdy pioneers from Sweden and Germany pitched their tents, and made old Gloucester County their homes. Among the number of those who selected this local- ity we find the name of James Talman, who located at the mouth of Oldman's Creek some time previous to the Revolutionary war; also the names of Kelly, Black, Hurff, Thomas Ayres, Homan, Norton, and Dawson. Among the number who came previous to the war was Coonradt Shoemaker, who, like many others, sold himself for his passage, — that is, he bound himself to a Mr. Kelley to work a certain number of years after his arrival in this country if Kelley would pay the passage-money. After Mr. Shoemaker had served his time and earned his freedom, he located between the creeks named, about two miles from what is now Bridgeport. Here he became possessed of two hundred acres of land, and at his death, in 1790, he left his property to his five children, four sons and one daughter. They all lived to quite respectable ages. The first death among the children was that of his son, Samuel, who attained the age of eighty years, dying in 1838; Coonradt died in 1845, aged 1 Mulford's Lectures, MS. 254 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. sixty-three; Jacob in 1858, aged eighty-two years; and George in 1863, at the advanced age of ninety- one years. Sarah, the daughter, was the mother of the venerable Nicholas Justus, of Bridgeport. George Shoemaker, a grandson of Coonradt, Sr., now a resi- dent of Bridgeport, was born on the old homestead, July 22, 1811. One of the peculiarities of the senior Shoemaker was his manner of dress. Not only the old leather breeches, but a leather jacket or vest was a part of his attire. The vest was cut quite long, with a large deep pocket in each side, and in one of these pockets he invariably carried a bottle of his favorite old " schnapps," and in the other a bottle of water. Although Mr. Shoemaker was a man of ordinary size, yet the weight of none of his children was less than three hundred pounds when they arrived at the age of manhood and womanhood. The grandfather of Nicholas Justus located be- tween the two creeks named as early as 1700. His son, Isaac, father of the present Nicholas, died in 1834, on the old homestead, between the creeks. Among the pigneers who located around what is now the town of Bridgeport, and on the same side of the creek, we find the name of John Woodoth, who migrated to this locality in the early part of the last century, and settled between "Raccoon Lower Bridge" and Swedesboro, where was born unto him his son, David Woodoth, also where his grandson, Oliver H. Woodoth, now a resident of Bridgeport, was also born, Oct. 1, 1817. The Thomas family were also among the pioneers of that neighborhood. There was also Thomas Bal- linger, the Clayton family, and Samuel Cooper, who owned a large tract, at one time a part of what is now Bridgeport. Jacob Makin was another pioneer, and also Thomas Gaskill, up at what is known as Oak Grove. He was here prior to the advent of the pres- ent century, and owned a large plantation at that place. The Clayton farm, previously mentioned, was sub- sequently purchased by Richard Springer, who be- came one of the several successfiil " truckers" of this township. John Kelly was also at one time an ex- tensive land-owner at and near Bridgeport; and Jo- seph Clark owned a plantation that has since passed to the ownership of others not akin to the original proprietor. The pioneer blacksmith of this section of the old township c^f Woolwich was Thomas Whitecar. His shop stood at the lower end of what is now known as Main Street, near the creek. With the well-known frugal habits of the pioneer farmers and truckers, and the nature of the soil, but little of his skilled labor was required, and between shoe settings his leisure hours were employed in farming on a small scale. Pioneer Sports.— Whoever imagines that the old pioneers of this low, level, sandy country led a dull and monotonous life, and spent their leisure hours in solitude, are letting their imaginations lead them in the wrong direction. Although they were the labori- ous Swede and sturdy German, with their well-known love for the home circle, yet they had their seasons of recreation and out-of-door sports. Horse-racing, wrestling, quoit-pitching, and occasionally a social game at cards were enjoyed by the pioneers. At those seasons of the year when their work was not pressing them, and upon rainy Saturday afternoons, they would congregate at the old hostlery of George Sheets, and after a few social salutations in liquid form the conversation would naturally point to some of their accustomed sports, of which horse-racing was the most exciting, as each owned, of course, the fastest horse. Fast trotting at that period was a gait unknown to horsemen or horse-owners, and running was all the fashion. Fortunes did not change hands in a day, as at present. The wagers were small, usu- ally half a dollar or grog for the crowd, and in ex- treme cases a dollar and a few plugs of tobacco. When everything was ready, the scorer and judges appointed, the horses were put upon the track, now Main Street in Bridgeport. The scoring-point was a mark made across the road from in front of the gate of the house where Nicholas Justus now lives, and the other end of the course at another mark drawn across the road opposite the tavern, down by the creek. The now venerable George Shoemaker was sometimes scorer and sometimes rider. The riders were not the jockeys of the present day, for each boy was honest and rode his horse to win, whether it was his father's or a neighbor's. Each boy had an honest pride in winning the race, and did his best. The winning rider usually received a " fip" or two, which, with the honor of riding the fleetest horse, was glory enough for one day. " Uncle George" says that when he won a race, which was often, he felt, to use a modern phrase, as though he was a "bigger man than old Grant." In their games of quoits or " keerds," as the name of the pasteboards was then pronounced, the wager was also small, consisting of two or four drinks of grog, as most kinds of liquors were then called. When four were engaged in a game of quoits, one of each of the opposing parties would stand at each hub and pitch back and forth. Sometimes an umpire, or judge, as he was then called, woilld keep tally, and the wager in such cases would be five drinks of grog. The same rule applied to cards, where the fifth man was required to " keep game." Cadwalader's Island. — When this island was owned by Thomas Key, some time during the last century, there was a channel between it and the main- land of sufficient depth to admit the passage of a small steamer or aail-vessel. A man by the name of Shivas or Shover became possessed of one-half inter- est in the island, then known as Raccoon Island, as it is at the mouth of Raccoon Creek. They banked TOWNSHIP OP LOGAN. 255 or dyked around the island, cleared it of everything standing in the way of crops, and brought it to a state of cultivation. Key sold his interest to his partner, who subsequently sold to other parties, and it is now owned by the heirs of George Oadwalader. The channel between the island and mainland has been filled up by the action of the tide-waters. Pioneer Trade and Commerce.— During the pio- neer period of this township the early settlers had no way of conveying their surplus produce to market except by wagons or carts to the ferry, and so on up to Philadelphia, for the city had not then enlarged its borders to a point nearly or quite opposite this town- ship. After a few years small flat-bottomed boats, with a pole stuck up in the middle of each and a sheet fas- tened upon them, which served as sails, were brought into requisition, and produce, in very small quantities, was taken up to the then village of Philadelphia in that kind of craft. New York market was out of the question till 1835, when George Shoemaker, now living at Bridgeport, embarked in his first potato speculation. He en- gaged a sloop, put on board one thousand bushels of potatoes, and set sail for New York by way of Cape May, reaching New York in three and a half days, where he disposed of his cargo. This was the first sloop-load of potatoes ever taken from Raccoon Creek to New York, and Uncle George is almost sea- sick yet whenever he tells the story of his first voyage to sea. Pioneer Prison. — In ye olden time, when courts of justice were not as plenty as at the present day, and ofScers of the law were not often called upon to quell riots or preserve the peace, there would occa- sionally arise a case in which the peaceable, law- abiding citizens would be under the necessity of performing the duties of prosecutor, court, and jury. In pioneer days Raccoon Lower Bridge had no lock-up, as Bridgeport of the present day has. There stood on Main Street an old buttonwood-tree, whose proportions were akin to the giant trees of California, and by some means the old buttonwood had become hollow near the ground. The tree being large, a hole or door was made in one side of the mammoth trunk and the inside cleaned out, leaving a cavity of sufficient dimensions to hold three or four persons, and for a time it was looked upon as a curi- osity, and soon became of practical use. Upon a certain occasion a pair of social spirits found their way to Raccoon Lower Bridge, became hilarious under the influence of apple-jack, and for want of a better place were confined in the trunk of the old buttonwood. After this the old tree served as jail for several years. Pioneer Weddings,— We were permitted by Mr. 0. H. Woodoth, since deceased, to copy the follow- ing marriage certificates from the originals in his pos- session : ** March 2, 1815. Then married Samuel Greaghead and Sarah Howey. By me, Daniel England, J. P." "May 18, 1816. Then married David Woodoth and Elizabeth Faw- cett. By me, Daniel England, J. P.'* "June 29, 1815. Then married James Harris and Mary Wallas, daughter of William WallaB. By me, Daniel England, J. P." " May 2, 1816. Then married Jonas Mattson and Margrit Brance, both of Woolwich township. By me, Daniel England, J. P," "April 24, 1817. Then married Isaac Davie, Jr., and Sarah IvinB,both of Woolwich township, county of Gloucester. Daniel England, J. P." Sexagenarians. — The following-named persons now residents of the village of Bridgeport are over sixty years of age : John P. Sheats, 75 ; Edith Me- dara, 65 ; Ann Smith, 80 ; Mrs. Murphy, 65 ; Casper Schlagg, 65 ; James Piatt, Mary White, John GraflF, Maria Richards, Samuel Richards, Philip Bundance, 68 each ; Susannah Bundance, 70 ; George Becket, 80 ; Nicholas Justus, 75 ; Henry Norcross, Margaret Sayres, Robert Simpkins, George Shoemaker, 72 each ; Oliver H. Woodoth, 65 ; Andrew Heinsen- snith, Capt. H. S. Wright, Winslow Jackson, M.D., Martha Jackson, Robert Becket, Ann Lawrence, Wil- liam Atkinson, 80; Elizabeth Atkinson, 80; Andrew Stineman, Maria Thompson, James Hunt, John Horner, 80; Elizabeth Morris, Martha Gaskill, 80; Capt. George Cooper, 80 ; Mary A. Tomlin, Samuel Stillman, George Sane, William Sane, James C. Kirby, and Ethan Middleton. Civil Organization.^ — The township was organized in 1877 by a division of Woolwich, and named " West Woolwich," and in 1878 the name was changed to "Logan," as will be seen by the two following acts of the Legislature of New Jersey, defining the bound- ary lines : " Be it enacted by the Senate and General AtiemUy of the State of New Jer- mj. That all that portion of the township of Woolwich, in the county of Gloucester, lying and being within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning in the centre of the road leading from Paulsboro to Swedesboro, at Purgy bridge; thence along said road to the direct road leading past the stone meeting-honse, to its terminus in the Bridgeport road ; thence across, in a direct line, to the High Hills, on the west side of Raccoon Creek; thence along the Avis new road to an angle in the old Ferry road ; thence along the Homan road to the road leading from Harrisouville to Pedricktown; thence in a straight Hue to Oldman's Creek ; thence along Oldman's Creek to the mouth thereof at Delaware River; thence at right angles with the shore, in a straight line, until it intersects the boundary line of New Jersey and the State of Pennsylva- nia; thence up said Delaware River to a point opposite the mouth of Purgy Creek; thence in a straight line to the mouth of ^aid Purgy Creek ; thence along the said creek, the several courses thereof, to the place of beginning, shall be, and hereby is, set off from the township of ^Woolwich, in the county of Gloucester, and made a separate township, to be known by the name of the township of West Woolwich." Approved. By the following act of the Legislature, approved March 6, 1878, the name of the township was changed from West Woolwich to that of Logan : " Be it enacted by Vie Senate and General Aaeembly of the State of New Jer- seij. That the name of the township of West Woolwich, in the county of Gloucester, be, and the same hereby is, changed to the name of ' Logan ;' and that hereafter the township now called and known as the township of West Woolwich, in the county of Gloucester, shall be called the township of Logan." First Annual Town-Meeting.— In pursuance to public notice, the first annual town-meeting of the 256 HISTOKY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. township of West Woolwich (now Logan) was held at the hotel of John P. Sheets, Jr., in Bridgeport, March 13, 1877. Peter F. Lock was chosen moderator, and Samuel B. Piatt clerk. The following appropriations were then ordered: For repairs of roads, $600 ; for overseers of poor, $100 ; for Charles Feather, for support of poor, $50 ; for pay of township officers; $400 ; for Cooper road in the village to railroad station, $700; for B. F. McAl- lister, collector for 1875, $50 ; for Peter Carey, con- stable (extra), $50 ; for gravel on roads where private parties furnish the same, $175. The meeting then proceeded to the election of the following officers for the ensuing year : Town Clerk, F. D. Springer; Assessor, B. P. McCallister; Oollet^r, Jolin F. Truitt; Chosen Freeholders, BeDJamin Shoemaker, Feter F. Lock ; Township Committee, James 0. Kirby, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Becket, William H. Feather, Samuel B. Gaskill ; Surveyors of Highways, J. B. Becket, John B. Gray ; Overseers of Highways, Joseph Capaley, Conrad Shoemaker ; Constable, Feter Carey ; Over- seers of Poor, Joseph B. Norton, John F. Truitt; Commissioners of Appeals, Peter Torbert, Charles 0. Davis, Peter 0. Kille ; Justice of the Peace, John F. Truitt; Judge of Election, S. L. KlHe; Inspec- tors of Election, Caleb Kirby, B. F. McCallister; Pound-Keepers, Aaron Hewes, Davis B. Warrington, Freedom Hurff. The following is a list of town clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, township committee, constables, and justices of the peace elected since 1877: Clerka.—F. D. Springer, 1878-79, 1883 ; 0. W. Barker, 1880-82. ABsemirs.—'B. F. McCallister, 1878-82 ; Samuel B. Piatt, 1883. Colieoiors.— John P. Truitt, 1878 ; Michael H. Featherer, 1879-72 ; H. S. Bright, 1883. Chosen Freeholders. — Peter F. Lock, Benjamin Shoemaker, 1878 ; Peter F. Lock, J. B. Beckett, 1879-81 ; Peter P. Lock, W. H. Featherer, 1882-83. Toiimship Committee. — James 0. Kirby, Caleb Kirby, J. B. Beckett, W. H. Featherer, S. B. Gaskill, 1878 ; S. B. Gaskill, Caleb Kirby, Wil- liam H. Featherer, 1879-82; Caleb Kirby, Jacob V. Holdcraft, S. B. Gaskill, 1883. OmstoWes.— Peter Carey, 1878 ; Elwood ITsinger, 1879-80 ; John B. Carey, 1881. Justices of the Peace.—}. P. Sheets, Sr., 1878 ; Philip Schlag, 1879-82 ; Charles H. Featherer, 1883. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Bridgeport.-rThis town was originally, and for many years, known as " Eaccoon Lower Bridge," from the fact of the bridge crossing the creek at this point was the lower one on the stream. When it was deemed necessary, for the better accommodation o£ the public, that a post-office should be established at this point, a vote of the people was taken, which re- sulted in the choice of the name Bridgeport, and John Sweeten was appointed postmaster, with Oliver H. Woodoth as assistant, who subsequently became post- master. This was in 1844, and the mail was received tri-weekly, and subsequently changed to once a week, by way of Swedesboro. The mail is now received and dispatched twice a day by F. D. Springer, post- master. The land upon which Bridgeport is situated was owned by John Pisant, who afterwards sold to Joseph Eichards. Mr. Eichards died at the ripe old age of ninety-nine years. It is believed that Mr. Pisant lo- cated on this tract as early as 1700, and in 1833 it was still owned by the Pisant heirs. The property subse- quently passed to the ownership of William E. Cooper and George Sheats. Maj. John Pisant built the long stone house near the creek. He was an old German, and was engaged in butchering for the Philadelphia market. This stone house was built in the early part of the last century, probably about 1725. It was subsequently owned by Joseph Richards. The old brick house standing a little back from Main Street was bijilt by a Mr. Becket, who sold to Cooper. The Cooper plantation extended nearly a mile from the centre of the town up beyond the old stone school-house and graveyard. The pioneer store in Bridgeport was kept in the old stone house next to the creek, by John Sweeten. His stock of goods was as primitive as could well be im- agined, as five dollars would purchase all the goods he had to commence with. His business, however, was extensive enough to employ a clerk, and Oliver H. Wopdoth, then a mere boy, was employed in the store. Mr. Woodoth remained in the employ of Mr. Sweeten for forty-five years, and had the pleasure of seeing the business grow from a few plugs of tobacco to an immense trade. Lawrence Henholm also had a small store here as early as 1833. The pioneer tavern at Lower Eaccoon Bridge was kept by George Sheats, father of John Sheats, better known by the older inhabitants than by the present generation. The enterprising man of the town, in the early part of this century, was William Sweeten. He was one of those men who rejoiced in the prosperity of the town, which in turn would bring prosperity to his door. He owned quite a tract of land, upon which he built several houses, and sold them to parties who wished to locate in the then young village, thus increasing the population, and turning an honest penny at the same time. The Lawrence farm, now owned by Mr. Middleton, of Philadelphia, was originally the Tonkin planta- tion. In 1883 there was within the limits of the village of Bridgeport two churches (Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant), one two-story school-house, four stores (Charles G. Holdcraft, Dr. J. W. Jackson, Seigmond Schotten, and Elson T. Sweeten), two blacksmith-shops (C. Stetser and Samuel Gill), two wheelwrights (William Stanton and James Hewes), two physicians (E. Oliphant and J. W. Jackson), railroad station, and steamboat landing. The Bridge- port Hotel is kept by E. Usinger. F. D. Springer is the postmaster, with the office in the store of E. T. Sweeten. There was also the usual number of small shops found in a town of this size. Repaupo is a small village in the eastern part of TOWNSHIP OF LOGAN. 257 the township, one and one-eighth miles south from Eepaupo Station, on the Delaware River Railroad. Settlements were ma^e in the immediate vicinity of what is now the village hy the Lock family as early as 1748, the descendants of whom are still some of the prominent citizens in and near the town. The Locks owned all the land along the north side of the road running from Purgy Bridge, through the village of Asbury, to Little Timber Creek, and nearly as far north as the present line of the railroad. Peter F. Lock is the owner and occupant of the first brick house built in what is now Logan township, and the first house built in the immediate vicinity of Repaupo. It is on the road from Repaupo post-office to the rail- road station, and was built by Charles Lock in or as early as 1740. A pear-tree set out near the house the year that it was built is still standing, and in 1883 it bore an abundance of fruit. The farm adjoining that of P. F. Lock was war- ranted by Peter H. Lock, and another farm adjacent was warranted by John Lock as early as 1740. Others of the Lock family warranted all the land above men- tioned except that of Charles, Peter H., and John Lock. As soon as the roads were laid out, forming a cross- ing at what is now Asbury, that point very naturally became the centre of settlement, and as the pioneer plantations were divided and subdivided, the settle- ment began to centre nearer the crossing, forming the nucleus around which has grown a town of thirty- five dwellings, two stores, a church, and a school- house. The pioneer merchant at this place was Michael C. Grant, who in 1841 built the house now owned and occupied by William B. Gleason. Here Mr. Grant kept store for several years. The next store at this place was that of Daniel F. Grofl", who in 1855 built the store-house now occupied by G. H. Wharton. Mr. Groff was succeeded by Aquilla Riggins, and he by several others, and in the spring of 1877 the property was purchased by George H. Wharton, the present merchant, on the corner. The store of Joseph and Lewis Myers was built by that firm in 1869, and they have been in business since that time. The pioneer postmaster at this place was Joel Lock, who kept the office in the old Grant store. He was succeeded by Ann Cooper, when the office was re- moved to the old " Seven Stars Hotel," at the railroad station. In 1880, G. H. Wharton was appointed postmaster, when the office was returned to the village, where it is now kept. There never has been a tavern within the limits of the village. The nearest was the old Seven Stars, at the railroad station. This is a frame house, and it was built prior to the Revolutionary war, and kept as a tavern during that eventful period, and for nearly a century subsequently. The last of the long line of " Bonifaces" that ministered to the wants of " man 17 and beast" at this old hostlery was Zachariah Coz- zens, who abandoned the business several years ago. The property is now owned by Samuel D. Cooper. The stone house across the way was built in 1807, by Lawrence Enholm. Here a store was kept for many years, and finally abandoned as a trading-point. The property is now owned by Mary Hendrickson. There was in 1883 in the village of Repaupo two stores, — G. H. Wharton and J. & L. Myers ; one general carriage-making and blacksmithing estab- lishment, by George Mcllvaine; the post-office, a school-house, and one Methodist Episcopal Church, built in 1849. OHUBCUBS. Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeport— The pioneer class, around which has grown the pres- ent large and prosperous society, was formed in the old Cooper school-house, a stone building still stand- ing nearly half a mile northeast from the village of Bridgeport. The school-house was built in 1832, and no sooner was the building under roof than the eagle eye of the ever-alert itinerant caught a glimpse of it, and saw at once a good position for a gospel battery, and immediately occupied it, and soon gathered enough recruits to hold the position, and appointed as leader of the little band Mr. Jacob Carson. Among the pioneer members of this class are found the names of Rebecca A. Cooper, Mrs. J. C. Sheets, Mary Jones, Samuel Creghead and wife, and several others. A society was formed in 1838 by Rev. E. Stoud. Ten years later, or when the society was yet in its infancy, differences of opinion arose as to church polity, which for a time seemed to overwhelm the few faithful soldiers of the cross, and the meetings were but slimly attended. During this time Rev. James Long was the pastor, and to his energy, perse- verance, and faithfulness, no doubt, the society owes its life. At one time he came to the school-house to hold services and found the building closed, and found also two of his members standing guard at the door, awaiting the coming of the sexton to admit them ; but he came not, and the trio knelt down in front of the house, while Mr. Long offered up a fer- vent prayer to Almighty God for the preservation and life of the little society, and dismissed his small congregation. Here was the beginning of a new era. People began to feel apxious about Sunday preaching, and as the work on this their new charge would not admit of a circuit preacher devoting any portion of his labor to this field on Sunday, the society made arrangements with Jonas Chew to preach for them every alternate Sunday morning for six months. In 1849 this society agreed with the Methodist Protestant society to hold a series of meetings jointly, and to allow the converts, if any, to join whichever society they preferred, without solicitation on the part of the old members. This relation, like most others of the same nature, did not terminate as hap- pily as desired by some, and the Methodist Episcopal 258 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. branch rented Clark's Hall for six months, and sub- sequently rented a hall of Gideon Beeson, on Main Street, where they worshiped about four years, during which time the little society prospered, and in 1864 commenced building a house of worship, and com- pleted it in June, 1855. At this time Eevs. William I. Brooks and J. I. Carson were the preachers on this charge, and a few extra meetings added quite a number of substantial members to the church. This circuit or charge then embraced Paulsboro, Asbury, Bridgeport, Centre Square, Purkintown, ScuUtown, Hans' Neck, and Wright's School-House, the circuit preachers supplied the pulpits every alternate Sunday, and the other Sabbaths they were supplied by local talent. In 1856 PaVilsboro was made a station, the balance of the circuit remaining intact till 1859 or 1860. In 1865, Bridgeport and Asbury became a separate charge, with Rev. Levi Larew as pastor, who re- mained two years, and under whose labors the work prospered and the society increased in numbers. From 1867 to 1869, Rev. John I. Carson was the pastor in charge, and during his pastorate the church was repaired and the parsonage built, and at the close of the Conference year, 1869, there were one hundred and one members in full connection, thirteen on pro- bation, and a Sunday-school numbering ninety-seven scholars. In 1882, under the administration of Rev. Mr. Diverty, a debt of sixteen hundred dollars remain- ing on the parsonage was paid by the society, and in 1883 the church and grounds were beautified at an expense of over two hundred dollars, without any debt remaining upon the church property. The membership of this society in 1883 was one hundred and seventy-five. The following is a complete list of pastors from 1850 to the present time : 1850, A. K. Sheets and S. S. Post; 1851, A. K. Sheets and J. S. Heisler; 1852- 53, Mathis and Andrews ; 1854-55, William A. Brooks and J. I. Carson ; 1856, Pearson and Walters ; 1857, Pearson and Wheeler; ] 858, Laudenslager and Wheeler ; 1859, D. McKerdy and J. Vansant ; 1860, D. McKerdy and Wilcox ; 1861-62, Hudson and Chat- tin ; 1863, Someral and ■ Tullis ; 1864, Someral and Moore ; 1865-66, Levi Larew ; 1867 -69, John I. Carson ; 1870-71, Joseph Ashbrook ; 1872, J. H. Stockton; 1873-75, E. C. Hancock; 1876-78, George C. Stanger ; 1879-81, L. O. Manchester ; 1882 -83, James E. Diverty. The present value of church property is five thou- sand five hundred dollars. Local Preacher, Jacob Holdcraft; Stewards, Jacob Holdcraft, William Kelly, Freedom Hurif, and Peter Torbert. The present class-leaders, aside from the pastor and local preachers, are James Sparks and Henry Lamb. The Sunday-school connected with the church is under the superintendence of Lewis Kille, with forty teachers and two hundred and fifty pupils. Methodist Protestant Church.'— Meetings from which originated the Methodist Protestant Church at Bridgeport were held in the old stone school-house, just out of the village, in 1836, *'37, '38, and '39, by Rev. John S. Christine, who was assigned to this charge. In 1840 the society formed by the Rev. Christine had become strong and enthusiastic, and in that year built a frame meeting-house in front of what is now, and was then, the old graveyard. The ground on which the church stood is now included in the cem- etery lot. The meeting-house was a frame structure, costing one thousand and fifty dollars, and was dedi- cated by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton, Dec. 29, 1840. The old stone school-house above mentioned was built in 1832, and the first teacher in it was David Holton, and James Clark, of Bridgeport, was one of the pupils. Original Members. — The following were the mem- bers of the class and society up to and including the year 1842 : Delilah Cooper, Achsa English, James Clark, Edward Foster, Joseph Richards, Mary Rich- ards, Isaac Richards, Benjamin Salisbury, Ziba Steel- man, William Strimple, Emeline Thompson, Eliza Reed, William B. Reed, Charles Wilkinson, Eliza- beth Wilkinson, Mary Wilkinson, Hiram Wilkinson, Rebecca GriflSs, John Jordan, Isaac Dilks, Elizabeth Dilks, Sarah Walton, John Headley, Hannah Head- ley, Sarah K. Stanton, John Steelman, Sarah E. Fox,' Ellen B. Walton, Theresa Steelman, Eleanor Hen- drickson, George Shields, Maria Murphy, Elijah Ma- cafirey, John P. Sheets, Sr., Catherine Gray, Maria H. Thompson, Winslow Jackson, Benjamin D. Ayres, Emeline Caskey, James W. Piatt, Eliza Elkinton, Charles Elkinton, Eliza Davenport, William Daven- port, Elizabeth Sheets, Henry Dunk, Aaron Verbe- leer, Ann M. Hendrickson, Margaret Sayres, Marga- ret J. Ayres, Henry Smith, Martha J. Ewing, Joseph Ewing, John R. Sparks, Mary A. Sparks, Elizabeth Richards, Isaac Fox, Leonard Streeter, W. Timmer- man, Allen C. Clark, Amos E. Ayres, Amos Sack, Ella Smith, Alvah B. Timmerman, Aaron Pierson, A. F. Burnette, Ann E. Burke, Anna M. Mitchell, Ada Reed, Anna E. Steelman, Anna S. Justus, Ann E. Lamb, Anna J. Ewan, Ann Smith, William Tread- way, John B. Gray, William Gray, Charles Steel- man, Martha Steelman, Oliver H. Woodoth, John Sweeten, John Jones, John A. English, and Samuel Black. The first trustees of this society were elected Dec. 1, 1842, and subscribed to an oath before John B. Hilyard, a justice of the peace, that they would bear true allegiance to the United States, the State of New Jersey, and perform the duties of their oflSce to the best of their ability. In 1853 the society moved their meeting-house from the old graveyard to its present location on Main Street, in the village of Bridgeport, and now it forms the rear of the present church edifice. In 1868 1 From datafurnisbed by James Clark. (jyOy^^f-U^ ^ <^dciy^ TOWNSHIP OF LOGAN. 259 the front of the church, twelve by thirty-four feet, as it now appears, with a steeple ninety-four feet high, was built, and the whole house thoroughly ren- ovated and repaired at a cost of three thousand two hundred dollars, and rededicated Oct. 21, 1868, by Eev. T. G. Appleget, assisted by Eevs. E. D. Stultz and Joseph Wilson, the pastor in charge. The pastors have been Eev. Henry Bruce and J. S. Christine, previous to building the church ; Eev. E. D. Schoch, 1842; James Moore, 1844; Edwin Herey, 1845; Jacob H. Nichols, 1846; Henry D. Moore, Whitman E. Herey, S. K. Fox, Bartine Twyford, 1847-48; J. Timberman, 1849; Samuel Budd, 1850; T. T. Heiss, 1851 ; E. D. Schoch, 1852 ; Thomas W. Smith, John J. Gray, 1853-54; T. K. Witzel, 1855; J. N. Timberman, 1856; Abraham Truitt, 1858 ; John E. Beck, 1859 ; T. T. Heiss, 1861 ; Jacob D. Wilson, 1862; T. K. Witzel, 1865; Ezra B. Lake, 1866-67; Joseph Wilson, 1868-69; William Stokes, William M. H. Smith, Lewis Neal, Thomhs Clark, W. B. Van- leer, T. T. Heiss, 1875 ; Shugard, 1876 ; Sanson, Barker, Isaac McDowel, 1877-78 ; Jo- seph Breckbank, 1879; James W. Laughlin, from 1880 to June, 1882, since which time the society has been supplied occasionally by preachers from other places. The trustees in 1883 were James Clark, Peter Carey, Charles Jones, and Ethan Middleton ; Stew- ards, James Clark, P. Carey, and E. Middleton. Value of church property, three thousand six hun- dred dollars. Present membership, thirty. The Sunday-school connected with this society was organized in 1841, with Isaac Dilks as superintendent, and it is now under the supervision of James Clark, with thirty pupils and teachers. Asbory Methodist Episcopal Church of £e- paupo.' — The origin of this society was the outgrowth of, a great revival at the old stone meeting-house, under the ministrations of Eev. John Walker and Eev. Stephens, in 1833. Previous to this there had been meetings held occasionally under a big oak- tree near the school-house, by John Code and Felix Fisler, but up to this time no society was formed. "Father Walker," as he was called, organized a class at the school-house with the members of the neighbor- hood, consisting of Nathan Fawcett (leader), Lydia Fawcett, Thomas Derrickson, Louisa Derrickson, David Blizzard, Catharine Blizzard, Job Key, Ann Key, Ann Homan, Sarah Key, Sarah Helms, John Lock, Mary Lock. Soon after the class was formed, a' number of persons who had neglected to seek par- don at the stone meeting-house expressed a desire to have another opportunity to do so, when the local preachers, Thomas Davidson, Jesse Mullen, and Sam- uel B. Derrickson, came over from Paulsboro and Clarksboro and started a meeting. There was a large increase in the membership as the result of the meet- i By leaao DerrickBon. ing, and this place then became a preaching appoint- ment, the services of circuit ministers being had on Wednesday evening every two weeks, and local preachers every Sunday morning. In 1842 a Sunday-school was organized, with Nathan Fawcett, superintendent. In the spring of 1843 a great revival broke out, when the power of God was overwhelming, and some lay for days, at intervals praising Him. In 1849 a church was built, during the pastorate of A. K. Street. It is a frame building, and it was dedi- cated by Eev. David W. Bartine. The money was all secured by previous subscriptions and subscriptions on dedication-day. There was preaching then at the church every alternate Sunday afternoon by circuit preachers, local preachers every other alternate Sun- day. The circuit was broken up, and Asbury became a charge with Bridgeport, and preaching service was held every Sunday afternoon, and has remained so, with the exception of two years, 1873-74, when As- bury was supplied by the elder E. H. Stokes. The membership is now sixty, with a Sunday-school of ninety scholars, teachers, and oflBcers. James E. Diverty is the present pastor; Wm. Helms, superin- tendent. The church property is valued at two thou- sand dollars. The society has had for preachers since it was or- ganized John Walker, Thomas G. Stewart, J. K. Shaw, Eobert Lutton, Edward Stout, Jos. Atwood, Noah Edwards, S. Y. Monroe, Mulford Day, James Long, Henry B. Beegle, Eev. Gaskill, Andrew Mat- thews, John I. Carson (two periods), Jacob Loudens- lager, Samuel Wheeler, Jos. Chattin, Julius Wilcox, Dickerson Moore, Levi Larue, David McCurdy, James Vansant, Samugl Hudson, Eev. Pierson, Wm. Lillie, Wm. Barlow, Enoch Shinn, E. C. Hancock, George C. Stanger, Enoch Green, L. 0. Manchester, and others. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JAMES C. KIRBY. Caleb Kirby, the grandfather of James C, was a native of Salem County, and from thence removed to Gloucester County, where he purchased a farm in Woolwich (now Logan) township. His children were John, Martha, Meribee, Abigail, and Beulah. His only son, John, adopted the pursuits of his father, and, having located in Logan township, mar- ried Miss Beulah, daughter of James Clark, of Wool- wich township, to whom were born children, — Caleb, John, Joseph, Loring, Elizabeth (Mrs. Eichards), Beulah (Mrs. Ford), and two who are deceased, Charles and Sarah. The death of Mr. Kirby occurred in 1881, in his eighty-ninth year. His son, James C, was born Dec. 6, 1815, in Logan township. Such advantages as the common school of the neighbor- 260 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. hood afforded were supplemented by more thorough instruction at Swedesboro, after which a year or more was spent in teaching. He then turned his attention to farming, having for a period of years rented a farm. He was married in 1841 to Miss Sarah, daughter of John Pierson, of Battentown, in the same county. Their children are Anna Margaret, wife of Samuel B. Gaskell, of Logan township, and a son, John, who is associated with his father in the cultivation of his land. In 1868, Mr. Kirby purchased his present pro- ductive farm, and is principally engaged in the raising of produce for the Philadelphia market, his facilities of shipment being exceptionally convenient. His political principles were formerly in harmony with the platform of the Whig party, but a change ©f views later made him a pronounced Democrat. Though the recipient of one or more minor offices, he has invariably been indifferent to such honors. He is a director of the Swedesboro National Bank, and otherwise identified with the active business in- terests of the township. Mr. Kirby is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and one of the ves- trymen of the church of that denomination at Swedes- boro. GEORGE S. SHARP. The Sharp family from which George S. traces his descent are of English extraction. His grand- father was a successful landlord in Salem County, N. J. He was united in marriage to a Miss Christ- man, and had children, — Jacob, James, Thomas, Joseph, Sarah, and Mary Ann (Mrs. James Thomp- son). Jacob was born in Salem County, and mar- ried Bosanna, daughter of George Sheets, of Bridge- port, Gloucester Co. Their children were ten in number, as follows : Amanda (Mrs. Joseph Kidd), John, Eliza (Mrs. Samuel Stanger), Sarah. (Mrs. Charles E. Lodge), Charles, George S., Hugh C, Thompson, Hannah Frances (Mrs. Charles Hendrick- son), and Henry. Mr. Sharp during his active life- time was both a carpenter and a farmer, but, having retired from these avocations, now resides in Bridge- port. His son, George S., was born March 6, 1836, in West Philadelphia, Pa., and when two years of age removed to Logan township, Gloucester Co., where he has since resided. He early engaged in active labor, meanwhile improving such opportunities for education as occurred during the winter months until his majority was attained, when he embarked in the raising of produce on shares, and continued thus employed for seven years. He was in the fall of 1860 married to Miss Beulah L., daughter of Jonathan Bennett and Hannah Lippincott, of Asbury, N. J. Mr. Bennett had been previously married to Miss Mary Davis, and was the parent of fourteen children, three of whom were by the first marriage. The chil- dren of Mr. and Mrs. Sharp are Charles Edward, Ellen B. (who has been since her eighteenth year engaged in teaching), Katie H., Howard E., and one, Franklin B., who died in infancy. During the year 1867, Mr. Sharp purchased his present home in Logan township, and has since been actively interested in the raising of general produce and other farm labor. By discretion and close application to business he has in a comparatively few years acquired a compe- tency, and enjoys a deservedly high reputation as a successful grower of sweet potatoes, which he makes a specialty. The market for his produce is princi- pally found in Philadelphia. In local politics Mr. Sharp has been somewhat active as a Eepublican, but has invariably refused to accept office. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridge- port, as is also Mrs. Sharp. CHAPTER XLV. TOWNSHIP OF MANTUA.i Geographical and Descriptive. — Mantua was taken from Greenwich and organized into a separate township in 1853, and took its name from the creek which forms its northeastern boundary. It contains an area of ten thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven acres, among which is some of the best land in the county. It is very productive in market garden-truck, and being centrally located on the West Jersey Rail- road, enjoys good facilities for shipping vegetables and small fruits. The township is bounded on the northeast by West Deptford, Deptford, and Washington townships, on the southeast by Clayton township, on the south and southeast by Harrison township, and on the north- west by East Greenwich township. Mantua is watered by the numerous branches and small lakes of the head-waters of Mantua Creek. The West Jersey Railroad crosses the east part of the township, running near Barnsboro and near the grounds of the " Pitman Grove Camp-Meeting Asso- ciation." Pioneer Settlers. — Just who was the pioneer-settler of what is now Mantua township is not definitely known. However, the territory embraced quite a number of settlers previous to the middle of the last century, among whom was John Driver, who took up what was for a long time known as the " Driver tract,'' and which is still spoken of as such. This tract was taken up in 1740, and lies on the northeast side of the village of Barnsboro. After Driver's death the plantation was sold to Samuel P. Tice. Tice sold a portion of the plantation to West Jessup, reserving the Driver homestead for himself At the death of Tice his property was left to his widow, his son, and John T. Ogden, an adopted son, 1 By W. H. Shnw. TOWNSHIP OF MANTUA. 261 the latter of whom now owns the old Samuel P. Tice homestead, and is one of Mantua's honored citizens. Josiah Heritage was another of the pioneers of this township. In the early part of the last century he located a tract of several hundred acres along Mantua Creek, east of what is now Barnsboro village. Timothy Young was a part owner with Heritage, and in time became possessed of most of the tract. Sharp's daughter married William Sharp, who in turn became the owner of what was for many years known as the Young tract. The Young tract lay along the road from what is now Barnsboro to the railroad station, and it is owned by West Jessup. The Israel Heritage tract lay a little northwest from Barnsboro, and was subsequently sold to William Early, who sold to Allen Moore, and it is now owned by Samuel Pierson. Elisha Chew was one of the pioneers of Mantua, and owned a large tract, extending along the road from Mantua to Bee's Corners. The Chews, like the Heritages, were as numerous in pioneer days as at the present day, and probably more so, according to the population of the two periods. David Eldridge was the owner of a large planta- tion, which was subsequently owned by Nathaniel Chew. This included that valuable piece of land known as the Marl Hole property. The John Conley tract lay between the old Chew tract and what is now Pitman Grove, and included that property, or a portion of it. It was afterwards owned by James Matlack, who, by the way, became a large land-holder in this township. A portion of this large tract is now owned by Kerns, Dr. Clark, of Woodbury, and George C. Allen. Adjoining the Matlack, McElwaine, and Skinner tract was the tract of Presmul Dilks' property, now owned by John Lamb. Adjoining the above is the Skinner tract, surrounded by the McElwaine, Matlack or Conley, Carpenter, Skinner, and Becket farms, and now owned by Ferry Wood and Thomas Lavin. The old homestead, or first portion of the old Conley tract, is now owned by Nathaniel Chew Turner. The old John Jessup tract was subsequently divided into several farms, and bounded on the south by the Jefferson road, then by Gooding Somers' farm, the lands of John Gaunt, John Sharp, Josiah Allen, Ben- jamin H. Lodge, Aaron Paul, Henry C. Bendler, Joseph Sweeten, Isaac F. Dilks, and Pancoast Roberts. It is now owned by West Jessup. He also owns a tract of land running from Barnsboro to Brady's mill-pond, along the Mullica Hill turnpike. The William Skinner tract joins Samuel Lodge, David Eldridge, Thomas Bee, John Driver, and others, and is now owned by Aaron Paul, son-in-law of John Crane. The old William Stewart tract joins the property of Aaron Paul, Thomas Bee, W. Jessup, and property of the Dilks heirs, and it is now owned by Henry C. Bendler. The old Dilks tract joins the lands of H. C. Bend- ler, Tomas Bee, and the Joseph Hannold tract. The Joseph Hannold tract lay on the northeast siile of what is now the Mantua and Barnsboro turnpike, and joined the Dilks, Job K. Chew, and Driver tracts. In the west part of what is now Mantua township was Amos Eastlack, one of the pioneers. His plan- tation lay along the northwest side of the Mullica Hill turnpike, from the Mantua Creek southwest for half a mile. Thomas Carpenter was another pioneer of this local- ity. His tract lay on the south side of the village of Mantua, on the east side of the turnpike. Archibald Moflfett located about six hundred acres of land on the east side of Mantua village as early as 1750, and built the stone house now standing on northeast side of the Barnsboro turnpike. Joshua Cozzens' tract, adjoining Amos Eastlack tract, and farther down the Mantua Creek, is now owned by James Gardner. The James Jessup tract, southwest of Mantua vil- lage, containing two hundred acres, is now owned by Joseph Jessup. On this tract is the Jessup grist-mill, built in 1818 by James Jessup, and owned by his son Joseph, who is now eighty-one years of age. The John C. Eastlack farm comes next, and con- tains ninety-five acres. This joins the Amos Eastlack and Joseph Jessup tracts, southwest from the village of Mantua. The next two farms are those of Girard Wood, one hundred and thirty-five acres, and Josiah C. Allen, one hundred and fifty acres. West Jessup is the largest land-owner in this town- ship. Besides those already named are the follow- ing: The old Moffett plantation, the John W. Jessup, Cooper Jessup, Lewis Jessup, and several others, each containing from forty to two hundred acres. CIVIL OBSANIZATION. First Town-Meeting. — Minutes and proceedings of the first annual town-meeting of the inhabitants of the township of Mantua, in the county of Glou- cester, held at the Union school-house. Carpenter's Landing, March 9, 1853. Dr. John M. Sickler was chosen moderator, and Hugh A. Long, clerk for the day. The following is a list of the names of per- sons elected to office for the ensuing year : Town Clerk, Hugh A.Long; Assessor, James B. Albertson ; Collector, William Beckett ; Commissioners of Appeal, Andrew S. Chew, Al- exander R. Long, Lewis V. Atkinson ; Chosen Freeholders, John Daniels, John Gaunt; Surveyors of Highways, Alexander K. Long, Isaac C. Dilks ; Overseer of Poor and Constable, Joseph B. Norria; Township Committee, John Haines, Elijah Chew, Allen Moore, Isaac C. Dilks, John Crane; Judge of Election, Charles Ballinger; School Superintendent, John Daniels; Overseers of Highways, Asher Turner, Jacob Batten; Pound-Keepers, John Y. Madara, Daten L. Chew ; Pound-Keeper for the Village, Franklin Denn, "Bmolved, That the township of Mantua raise One hundred dollars for Schooling purposes, and the System of maintaining our roads lo be 262 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. done by labour. The Committee are authorized to borrow any enm of money not exceeding One hundred and fifty dollars for immediate township purposes. The Committee are also authorized to impower the Assessor how much tax are to be raised for township purposes, and he to raise it by assessment. The next general election will be held at the Union School-house, at Carpenter's Landing, and the next annual town- meeting will be held at the School-House in Barnsboro. " A true Copy. Hugh A. Long, Clerks The following is a complete list of township clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, and township committee men from 1854 to 1883, inclusive: TOWN OLEEKS. 18S4. Hugh A. Long. 185S-57. Samuel D. Lodge. 1858-59. William S. Danford. 1800-62. William C. Long. 1863-65. Benjamin F. Sweeten 1866-70. Benjamin H. Lodge. 1871. Joseph A. Daniels. 1872-74. William A. Morgan. 1875-77. Benjamin A. Carson. 1878-82. Thomas 0. Dilks, Jr. 1883. Charles H. Ferris. ASSESSORS. 185i-S6, 1866-68. John Haines. 1857-69. Jesse C. Chew. 186U-62. Charles Ballinger. 1863-65. William 0. Long. 1869-71. Jacob S. Bendler. 1872-74. Hugh A. Long. 1878-79, 1883. John Daniels. 1880-82. Benjamin A. Carson. 1883. John Daniels. 1851. W^illiam Beckett. 1855. George C. Clark. 1856-58, 1863-64,1866. K. coast. 1859-61. Allen S. Morgan. 1862. John S. Somers. COLLECTORS. I 1865. Amos Gaunt. 1867-69. F. Smith Parker. C. Pan- 1870-72. Lewis V. Atkinson. 1873. Samuel T Sooy. 1876-78. George C. Dilks. 1879-83. Samuel D. Lodge. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1854. John Daniels. John Gaunt. 1855-56. John Gaunt. Allen Moore. 1857. Jeptha Abbott. Allen Moore. 1868. Samuel P. Tice. John Haines. 1859-60. John Haines. John R. Sickler. 1861-62. John R. Sickler. John T. Madara. 1863. John 0?. Madara. Thomas Reeve. 1864-65. Thomas Eeeve. I. 0. Dilks. 1866. I. C. Dilks. William C. Long. 1867-68. W. C. Long. Lewis V. Atkinson. 1869. L. T. Atkinson. John R. Sickler. 1870. John R. Sickler. 1870. Amos Gaunt. 1871. John E. Sickler. L C. Dilks. 1872-73. I. C. Dilks. Allen S. Morgan. 1874. Oliver C. Boody. A. S. Morgan. 1875. 0. C. Body. Ninirod Woolsey, Sr. 1876. 0. C. Boody. Franklin Denn. 1877. K. J. Hurff. Franklin Denn. 1878. F. Denn. John T. Ogden. 1879. Isaac Newton. Jacob Ballinger. 1880. George W. Grier. Jacob Ballinger, 1881-82. G. W. Grier. I . Cooper Dilks. Paschal M. Hewlings. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1854. — William Haines, Isaac C, Dilks, John Moore, John Crane, Isaac J. Newkirk. 1856. — John Gaunt, Joseph Sweeten, Daniel R. Ackley, John T. Bower, Allen S. Morgan. 1856-57. — William D. Richards, Joseph Sweeten, Daniel E. Ackley, Allen S. Morgan, J. T. Bower. 1858. — Mark Heritage, A. S. Morgan, Samuel D. Lodge, W. D. Richards, John S. Somers. 1869-61.— Elijah Chew, William Haines, Aaron M. Wilkins, John S. Somers, Mark Heritage. 1862.— A. M. Wilkins, Franklin Denn, Thomas Eeeve, Josiah C. Allen, Elijah Chew. 1863-64. — Elijah Chew, John Crane, John Haines, Samuel F, Madara, Franklin Denn. 1865. — John Haines, Allen Moore, A. S. Morgan, Lewis V. Atkinson, Samuel D. Lodge. 1866.— John Haines, Nathaniel W. Chew, L. Y. Atkinson, S. D. Lodge, Allen Moore. 1867-68.— S. D. Lodge, N. W. Chew, E. C. Pancoast, Andrew P. Glandon, Benjamin Vaoderslice. 1869 —W. C. Long, S. D. Lodge, N. W. Chew, B.C. Pancoast, B. Vander- slice. 1870.— W. C. Long, B. Vanderalice, F. Smith Parker, John D. Shute, John D. Turner. 1871.-John Haines, F. S. Parker, W. 0. Long, J. D. Turner, J. D. Shnte. 1873-74. — George W. Grier, Benjamin H. Lodge, L. V. Atkinson, Eustice Eggie, Leonard Chew. 1875. — L. V. Atkinson, L. Chew, Samuel D. Lodge, Jesse L. Eldridge, George C. Dilks. 1876.— J. L. Eldriilge, Samuel D. Lodge, William C. Long, John D. Price, Randall J. Hurff. 1877.— F. S. Parker, S. D. Lodge, W. C. Long, J. D. Price, Henry C. Bendler. 1878.— F. S. Parker, J. Leo BIdridge, J. D. Price, H. 0. Bendler, Jacob Ballinger. 1879.— F. S. Parker, H. C. Bendler, William A. Allen. 1880.— W. A. Allen, John Colbert, William Middleton. 1881-82.— W. Middleton. Samuel T. Sooy, Daniel C, Chew. 1883.— S. T. Sooy, B. H. Lodge, John H. Sharp. Settlement of Township Accounts.— In February, 1881, a portion of the west end of the township was detached for the purpose of forming the township of East Greenwich, which necessitated a settlement of accounts between this and the new township. The township committees of the two townships, Mantua and East Greenwich, met April 11, 1881, at the hotel of Isaac Newton, in the village of Mantua, for settle- ment, — S. T. Sooy, William Middleton, and Daniel C. Chew for Mantua, and David B. Gill, John A. Loudenslager, and Job S. Haines for East Green- wich. The meeting was organized by electing Wil- liam Middleton as chairman of the joint commit- tee, and the appointment of T. C. Dilks and W. H. Brown, clerks of their respective townships, secre- taries of the meeting. The act of division of the township and organization of East Greenwich was read. " On motion of David B. Gill, the figures $838,415, for Mantua, and $130,426, for East Greenwich, for uur basis of settlement, making a total of $968,841. •* On motion of S. T. Sooy, that Mantua township^s percentage be eighty.eix and one-half per cent., and the percentage of East Greenwich be thirteen and one-half per cent. "On motion of S. T. Sooy, that we take town-meeting as our time of division (being the 8th day of March, a.d. 1881) of all liabilities and resources. "On motion of Job S. Haines, that Mantua township shall have $1041.22 as their portion of tax warrant, and East Greenwich shall have $162 50. " On motion of D. B. Gill, that $611.50, the cash in hand, shall remain in Mantua township, and $96.46 shall be paid to treasurer of East Greenwich. "On motion of D. B. Gill, that the report be signed and filed by the clerks of each township. "On motion of D. B. Gill, we adjourn. " TuoHAS C. Dilks, " WiLLXAu H. Brown, ^Secretaries." VILLAGES. Mantua. — This thriving little town is situated on the northeast border of the township, on an elevated bluff overlooking the Mantua Creek, from which the TOWNSHIP OP MANTUA. 263 town derives its name, and is also at the head of navi- gation on the Mantua Creek. The town is also on the line of Woodbury and Mullica Hill turnpike, and is also the northwestern terminus of the Mantua and Glassboro turnpike. The town stands upon the Thomas Campbell, Ben- jamin Allen, Martin Turner, Amos Eastlack, and Archibald Moifett tracts. Morgan's carriage manu- factory is on the northwest side of the Moffett tract, and the Methodist Episcopal Church and district school-house stand on what was the Martin Turner tract, while the balance of the village is on the other tracts named. As late as 1812 there were but sixteen dwellings in what is now Mantua village, owned by the following- named persons : John Heritage, Samuel Barber, George Cozzens, Samuel Van Leer, Robert Wallace, Gilbert Ashcroft, Andrew Winsey, Isaac Collins, Rev. Moses Crane, Abram Park, John Ashcroft, Amos Eastlack, John Tonkin, William C. Tonkin. In 1812 the Tonkin brothers, John and William, owned the large frame house now standing in the forks of the turnpikes, fronting the toll-house. It was then kept as a tavern by Mrs. Taylor, a widow woman and housekeeper for the Tonkin brothers. Although she was their housekeeper, she was also the landlady, as the house was kept in her name for several years. William C. Tonkin married the daughter of Mrs. Taylor, and after Mrs. Taylor's death William kept the tavern for many years. He was also the pioneer postmaster at Mantua. As was the custom in pioneer days, the post-office was kept in the old tavern. It was no doubt quite a conveni- ence for those in the habit of taking their " grog," as spirituous liquors were then called, as they could obtain both mail matter and grog at the same time. After the Tonkin brothers, a Mr. Allen kept the old tavern for a few years, when the building was con- verted into a private dwelling. The Tonkin brothers were also among the early merchants of Mantua. The old frame store-house stood in front of the tavern, down nearer the forks of the turnpike. The old building was subsequently moved across the Mullica Hill road and converted into a dwelling. Previous to the opening of a store by the Tonkin brothers, there was a store kept by Richard Clark as early as 1825, on the site now occupied by the store of Harry Bradshaw. Joseph C. Gill and a Mr. Lodge had a store in 1830 where now stands the store of John Trunear. The pioneer blacksmith of Mantua was Samuel Archer, who located here in 1815. His shop stood between what is now corner of Main and Union Streets and the Tonkin tavern. John Curry and Ed- ward Pancoast were successors of Archer and of each other in the blacksmith business. Robert Wallace was the pioneer wheelwright. His shop was near Archer's blacksmith-shop. Others in the same line, but later in years, were Benjamin Wood and Casamajor Pancoast. John Ashcroft was the village shoemaker in 1820, and Thomas West was the knight of the " goose and shears." Jaraes S. Porch also made " fits" for the outer man in later years. The pioneer carriage-maker at this place was J. C. Sparks, whose shop stood on the site now occupied by the residence of James Gardner. He- subsequently built the shop now occupied by John Pinskey. After the death of Mr. Sparks his son, Thomas T. Sparks, carried on the carriage-making business for a few years, when he sold out to Pinskey. Allen S. Morgan commenced a general blacksmith and wheelwright business in 1848, in the shop now occupied by Franklin Denn, corner of Glassboro pike and Morgan Avenue. He carried on the busi- ness there till 1877, when he built his present car- riage manufactory, corner of Morgan Avenue, Union Street, and Mantua Avenue, where he manufactures all kinds of light carriages and sleighs, employing ten men. His shop is the largest building in Mantua, and is one of the most thoroughly equipped for the busi- ness of any in the county. It is in size thirty-six by eighty feet, three stories high, with basement thirty- six by eighty feet. When he removed to his new place of business, in 1877, he sold his old shop to Franklin Denn, who still carries on general blacksmithing at that place. Mr. Morgan was born in Barnsboro, N. J., Feb. 14, 1824, and at seventeen years of age was bound to the service of Josiah C. Sparks, of whom he learned the trade of carriage-making. After serving his time as an apprentice, he worked two years as a journeyman, and then commenced business for himself, and now en- joys a State reputation as a first-class carriage-maker. The steam planing-mill near the creek was built by Samuel T. Sooy, and it is now owned by George Dickinson. Jacob L. Stratton established the foundry business at Mantua in 1860, when he built the blacksmith- shop now occupied by Charles H. Ferris, where he remained until May, 1881, when he removed to his present place of business, corner of Broadway and Union Street, where he makes all kinds of small cast- ings. In connection with the foundry is a small machine-shop, in which all kinds of farm machinery are repaired. The firm-name of the concern is Jacob L. Stratton & Son, who make a specialty in the man- ufacture of the celebrated " Cast-iron Diamond Steel- Pointed Mill-Picks." The Mantua canning establishment was built in 1880, by John Colbert, on Centre Street, where he is packing hundreds of thousands of cans of fruit each season. The Mantua Steam Grist-Mill, located on Broad- way, was built in 1881, by Henry Lippee, the present proprietor. The extensive coal- and lumber-yards at Mantua are owned and conducted by Job Scott. 264 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. There is probably a greater number of sexagena- rians in Mantua village than iu any other town of the same population in Gloucester County. Of such we give the names of a few, as follows : Ann Hen- drickson, aged 88; Dr. John E. Sickler, 83; Mary Dilks, 79 ; Amanda Lodge, 78 ; John C. Eastlack, 75 ; Thomas C. Dilks, 64; Sarah Long, 90 ; Rebecca Brad- shaw, 73 ; Keziah Turner, 74 ; Mrs. Lydia Bower, 76 ; Mrs. John C. -Eastlack, 72 ; George Kugler, 65 ; Mrs. George Kugler, 65; Joseph Cooper, 73; Mr. Carry, 70 ; Mrs. Carry, 65 ; George W. Brown, 63 ; Mrs. G. W. Brown, 63 ; Andrew Sweeten, 63 ; Elizabeth Bar- nard, 75 ; Mr. A. Dilks, 60 years. In 1883 there were in the village four general stores, one hotel, one canning-factory, one harness-* shop, one light-carriage factory, one wheelwright- shop, four general blacksmith-shops, foundry and machine-shop, planing-mill, coal- and lumber-yard, and the usual number of small shops in a town of this size. There is also one Methodist Episcopal Church and one school-house. SOCIETIES. Concordia Lodge, No. 39, K. of F.,' was insti- tuted Feb. 1, 1870, in the Masonic Hall at Mantua, N. J., by Grand Chancellor James H. Pierson, as- sisted by members of Mariola Lodge, No. 9, of Woodbury. The charter members were J. Cooper Dilks, Merriel T. Park, Samuel P. Ferris, Charles Keen, John R. Sickler, Thomas J. Heritage, Wil- liam C. Long, Asher Turner, Allen S. Morgan, and Eustace Eggie. The first officers of the lodge were : V. P., John E. Sickler ; W. C, Thomas J. Heritage; V. C, Merril T. Parks ; R. S., William C. Long ; F. S., Asher Turner; W. B., Allen S. Morgan ; W. G., J. Cooper Dilks ; I. S., Samuel P. Ferris ; O. S., Eustace Eggie. Since the organization of the lodge the title name of the officers has been changed, as will appear in the following list of officers for September, 1883 : P. C, Paul S. Heritage ; C. C, J. Cooper Dilks ; V. C, J. Leo Eldridge; P., Joseph T. Sickler; M. of E., Eus- tace Eggie ; M. of F., Merrill T. Parks ; K. of R. and S., William C. Long; M. at A., John Matson ; L G., Louis Boettcher ; O. G., Jacob F. Beckett. Barnsboro is a small village, located near the centre of the township, on a gravelly ridge of land sufficiently elevated to give one an extended view in almost every direction. It is also on the line of the Mantua and Glassboro turnpike, and at the intersec- tion of four other roads. It is one mile distant from Barnsboro Station, on the West Jersey Railroad, and is surrounded by a productive agricultural dis- trict. The town derived its name from John Barnes, who built the middle or original part of the present tavern, and probably one of the additions, as early as 1767. 1 By William C. Long. This quaint old tavern has been occupied as a place of entertainment for at least one hundred and sixteen years continuously. The original or middle part was built of cedar logs, about twelve by sixteen inches square, and they are in as good a state of preservation as when first laid up. The original old fireplace and jambs are intact, and as ready to receive eight-feet wood as when first built. Which of the additions was built first no one now living can tell, as either antedates the birth of the oldest inhabitant of Barns- boro. The present proprietor and genial landlord is J. F. Talman. The pioneer store-keeper in Barnsboro was Swayne Blundridge. The store building stood on the site now occupied by Kirkbride's store, and the present store building stood in rear of it, and was for many years occupied as a place for storing heavy groceries. The old store building was subsequently removed, and it is now occupied as a wheelwright-shop. The pioneer blacksmith at this place was Allen Sharp. His shop stood on the site of the present residence of Mary Ann Chew, on the corner opposite the hotel. The pioneer postmaster at this place was Charles Ballinger, who was appointed in 1852. He was suc- ceeded in 1860 by John Crane, who was succeeded in 1866 by Charles F. Mofiett, and in 1870 the present postmaster, David Kirkbride, was appointed. He is also one of the village merchants. The store now occupied by Clement A. Ware was built in 1839 by James Jessup for Andrew Weather- bee. The pioneer shoemaker was Mark Murphy, who located here in 1843, in a large house below the Methodist Episcopal Church. The present shoe- maker is John Crane, whose shop is on the Elmer road. Mr. Crane was born in this township May 19, 1819, and when seventeen years of age went to learn the trade of a shoemaker with Samuel Lock, of Mantua village, and graduated in 1840. He then worked at his trade in Mantua for nine years, when he moved to Creesville, where he was engaged in the mercantile business for four years, and in 1858 moved to Barns- boro, where he has since resided. His first five years at this place were occupied in merchandising, when he sold his store property and engaged again in the manufacture of boots and shoes, in which business he still continues. He was married, March 25, 1841, to Elizabeth A. T. Allen, of Mantua, who has borne him nine children, six of whom are living. He has been honored many times by his townsmen, as can be seen by reference to the civil list. There is at present in the village one church, one school-house, two stores, one hotel, one blacksmith (Clement Tomlin), one wheelwright (Isaac Bowen), one shoe-shop (John Crane). The town of Barnsboro is surrounded by the farms of Joseph Hannold, Henry C. Bendler, West Jessup, Pancoast Roberts, and James A. Clark. TOWNSHIP OF MANTUA. 265 CHURCHES. Methodist Episcopal, of Mantua Village.— Re- ligious services were at what is now Mantua village as early as 1800, and the first class was formed in 1805. Just who the leader or leaders were at that time is not positively known, but probably Abram Park and Nathan Chew, as these two veterans of Methodism were the class-leaders in 1815. Among the pioneer members of the class are found the names of Nathaniel Chew, Sarah Chew, Nathaniel Chew, Jr., Andrew S. Chew and wife, Elijah Chew, Elisha Chew, Nathan Chew, Abram Park, John Heritage, Amos Eastlack, Rachel Eastlack, Keziah Ashcroft, Richard Richards, Mary Richards, Cyrus Richards, Anna Richards, James Dilks, Martha Dilks, William C. Dilks and wife, and since 1828, John C. Eastlack, Thomas Da- vidson and wife, and David Chew. The Chews were quite an extensive family, living and owning lands for miles along the banks of Mantua Creek. David Chew, above named, was one of those good Christian pioneers who became widely known for his eccen- tricities, and of whom many laughable anecdotes might be told did time and space permit. The pioneer meetings were held first in private houses, barns, and groves. Amos Eastlack's house was the "Methodist tavern," as it was sometimes called on account of his house being headquarters for Methodist preachers and laymen. In 1804 the old school-house at Mantua was built, when that became the preaching- place. William C. Dilks was the local preacher, and well did he fill the oflSce assigned him, ever alert;, watching opportunities where he might sow the good seed, and filling the gaps between circuit preachers. Meetings were continued in the school-house until the building of the first church edifice at Mantua, in 1815 or 1816, when the following-named persons were elected trustees : Amos Eastlack, John Heritage, James Dilks, Abram Park, William Tatum, Thomas Carpenter. What is now Mantua was at that time, and for many years prior and subsequent, known as Carpenter's Landing, named in honor of Mr. Car- penter, who owned the dock at that place. The first three named were the pioneer stewards of the Mantua Church. The present church was built in 1839 or 1840, and cost three thousand dollars. The lot was purchased from Tonkin and John Room. The old house that stood on the church lot was moved across the road and occupied for several years by Rev. Moses Crane, a local preacher, who for many years did eiBcient service for his Master, and finally received the reward of the faithful. Among the preachers who have served these people the following are remembered by John C. Eastlack, of Mantua, from whom we obtained the notes for this brief sketch, he having been connected with this society for over sixty years, and one of the ofiicial board for three-quarters of ^lat time : Revs. John Walker, Thomas Fidler, Peter Van Nest, David Bartine, Sr., William Loomis, and, in 1829, Jacob Gruber, and Joseph Ilifi", Thomas G. Steward, William Williams, Richard Petherbridge, George P. Brown, Edward Stout, Benjamin Reed, George Jennings, John Fort, Walter Burroughs, James Long (two terms), James Tucker, Daniel Adams, Hamilton Norris, - — — Herr, Dickinson Moore, William W. Christine, and Lewis M. Atkin- son, the present pastor. The present membership is one hundred and sev- enty, and value of church property, four thousand dollars. The trustees for 1883 were Eustice Eggie, A. G. Holdcraft, Thomas C. Dilks, Jr., D. Cooper Cattell, Charles Ferris, Pigeon, and William C. Long; Stewards, D. C. Cattell, T. C. Dilks, Jr., John Shute, A. G. Holdcraft, Henry Leppee, Charles Mof- fitt, and Pancoast Roberts. Barnsboro is connected with the Mantua charge. The present Sunday-school superintendent is T. C. Dilks, Jr., with eighty-five pupils. Barnsboro Methodist Episcopal Church.— Barns- boro was one of the appointments of the pioneer itinerants. They held their meetings in the school- house on the Elmer road, and from there transferred their appointment to the school-house in the village, when that institution was erected. The pioneer class- leader at this place was Samuel P. Tice, who was appointed in 1851. Among the members at that time are remembered by John Crane, from whom data for this sketch was obtained : Isaac Mofflt, Mary A. Moffit, Matilda Forcer, William Moffit, Nathan W. Chew, Louisa MoflStt, Lizzie Moffitt, John D. Price, George C. Clark, Hope Price, Elijah Chew and wife, Charles Shreve, Sarah Ann Shreve, Isaac Bowers and wife, Henry Savage and wife, John Crane, and Elizabeth A. T. Crane. The preacher at that time was Rev. John Loudenslager. The present church edifice was built in 1869, and dedicated September 6th of that year by Rev. Charles Wliitecar, and cost two thousand five hundred dollars. Among the preachers who have served this society since the building of the church, the following are remembered: Revs. Durell, Hitchina, Tucker, Wil- liams, Adams, Snyder, Durell, Herr, Norris, Hudson, Christian, Moore, and L. M. Atkinson, the present pastor. The present membership is forty-five. Value of church property, two thousand five hundred dollars. The trustees in 1883 were John Crane, George K. Chew, P. Roberts, Benjamin Allen, and Paschal M. Hewlings ; Stewards, Charles F. MofBitt and P. M. Hewlings; Local Preachers, Arthur Downer and John Hand. The Sunday-school connected with this church was organized in 1851, with John Crane as superintendent. The present superintendent is William C. Stewart, with sixty pupils. In the Driver burying-ground, near the village of 266 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Barnsboro, may be found the following inscrip- tions : John Driver, died May 28, 1851, aged 73 years. Sarah Driver, died Sept. 3, 1824, aged 43 years. Samuel Driver, died March 17, 1806, aged 49 years. Keziah Driver, died Jan. 11, 1825, aged 65 years. Thomas English, died in 1836, aged 78 years. John Driver, died March 14, 1798, aged 76 years. Moses Wells, died June 16, 1840, aged 67 years. Methodist Protestant Church at Barnsboro.— The Methodist Protestant society at Barnsboro and vicinity was organized in 1829, with the following- named members : Rebecca Danford, David B. Schoch, Ann Schoch, Hannah Ackley, Rachel Hutchinson, James H. Hutchinson, Sr., Samuel F. Madara, Abi- gail Chew, Rachel Kates, Mary Brown, Sara% Schoch, Thomas D. Clark, Harriet Shreeve, Elias Brown, Ellen Brown, Jesse S. Chew, William S. Danford, Sarah J. Sharp, Elisha Pancoast, Mary Hurff, Daniel Ackley, and Patience Madara. From 1829 to 1852 meetings were held in private houses, school-houses, and barns. In the latter year the society built a house of worship on the Elmer road, nearly half a mile south from the village of Barnsboro, and in 1877 the church was rebuilt. In 1863, Westville, in the northwest corner of Dept- ford township, where a small frame church had been built by the Presbyterians, and subsequently pur- chased by Mr. Thackara for the Methodist Protestant society, was added to the Barnsboro charge. The Methodist Protestant society also own a parsonage on the lot west of and adjoining the toll-house at Barns- boro. The whole property, two churches and par- sonage, is valued at four thousand dollars. The present membership (September, 1883) is seventy. The Sunday-school connected with this society is under the supervision of George W. Morey, and has enrolled sixty-five pupils. The preachers that have served this sofciety are Revs. Stevens, James Connelly, James Brindel, McDonald F. Peirson, T. Cheasman, H. R. Harrold, Higgins, W. Wallace, H. Bruce, A. McCali, Ed. Schoch, J. Timberman, J. A. Nichols, N. Stokely, T. T. Heiss (three terras), S. Budd, J. J. Gray, T. H. Colhouer, JohTi Clark, J. R. Beck, William Sharp, E. D. Stultz, William Van Lear, John M. Watson, J. Shepherd, George S. Robinson, and R. M. Waples, the present pastor. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SAMUEL T. SOOY. The Sooy family trace their descent from English ancestry, though the traditions of the family have not been preserved. John, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Tuckerton, Burlington Co., N. J., where during his early life he resided. He then removed to Pedricktown, Salem' Co., N. J., where he was a sailor and, at a later period, a farmer. He married Miss Ann Tomlin, of Harrison township, Gloucester Co., to whom were born children, James and Samuel T., the first having died in infancy* Samuel T. was born Dec. 11, 1819, in Pedricktown, Upper Penn's Neck township, Salem Co., where the years of his childhood were passed. At the age of ten years he removed to Harrison township, and be came a member of the family of his maternal grand- father. The labors of the farm engaged his early attention, and later his trade of carpenter and builder was followed both at Mullica Hill and at Mantua. He married in 1870, Miss Harriet Hall, of Mantua, who is the mother of two children, Hattie (deceased) and Florence P. Mr. Sooy has retired from the active pursuit of his trade, and now resides at Mantua. He adheres in politics to the principles of the De- mocracy, and has filled the offices of collector and township committeeman in his township. He is in religion a supporter of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Mantua. WILLIAM SHUTB. The grandfather of Mr. Shute was Henry Shute, who lived in Gloucester County, where he was an industrious and successful farmer. The land he cul- tivated has been owned for successive generations, and is still in the family. Among his children were sons, Isaac, Samuel, Henry, Nathan, and also daugh- ters. His son Isaac was born July 23, 1773, and re- sided below Mullica Hill. He was married to Miss Ruhamah Atkinson, whose birth occurred Nov. 6, 1778, and had children, — Henry, born in 1799; James, in 1801; Isaac, in 1803; William; David B., in 1808; Clarison, in 1810; Atlee, in 1812; Joseph A., in 1816 ; and Samuel C, in 1823. Their son Wil- liam was born Oct. 11, 1805, upon the homestead, and enjoyed in youth such advantages of education as the neighboring schools afforded, after which the labors of the farm interested him until his thirty-first year, when he sought and purchased a tract of land, and continued farming employments. He later became owner of two farms, of which he made his sons owners. Mr. Shute was married, Feb. 11, 1835, to Sibillah, daughter of John and Grace Daniels, boru Nov. 28, 1805. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Shute were,— Hiram, born 1837 ; John D., in 1839 ; Mary Ann (Mrs. John Shoemaker), in 1840 ; and William Cooper, in 1844. The death of Mrs. Shute occurred in September, 1881, in her seventy-sixth year. Mr. Shute, having led a life of activity and hard labor, re- tired some years since to Mantua, and there enjoys the rest and quiet which are the grateful reward of an industrious and useful career. In politics he was formerly a Whig, but entered the Republican party on its formation, and still subscribes to the articles "^^^^C^^ry^^^ V ^y^-tTL^^ ''^^^^^^l^^ f^c.-^^ (^^Uyiy^, TOWNSHIP OP MANTUA. 267 of its platform. He cares little for office, but has filled minor positions in the township. Mr. Shute is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Mantua, as was also his wife. JOHN C. BASTLACK. The family of Eastlack are probably of English descent. The grandfather of John C, Samuel by name, was a resident of Mantua, formerly Greenwich township, of Gloucester County, and cultivated a farm within its limits. He married a Miss Turner, and had children, — Amos, Samuel, Martha, Mary, and Elizabeth. Amos was born Sept. 1, 1768, and died Dec. 23, 1833, in his sixty-fifth year, having been during his whole lifetime a successful farmer in Mantua township. He was united in marriage to Sarah Scott, to whom were born children, — James, Samuel, Amos, George, Rebecca (Mrs. Joseph Paul), and Maria (Mrs. Thomas West). Mrs. Eastlack hav- ing died, he married again Rachel Cawman, whose children were John C, Richard W., William P., and Andrew W. John C. was born Aug. 5, 1808, at the paternal home in Mantua township, where his youth was spent. At the age of twenty-one years, after ac- quiring a thorough knowledge of the farm, and also enjoying such advantages as the district school offered, he made an engagement of two years with a ship car- penter. For twenty years after he constructed ves- sels by contract, and, finding a still wider field in the manufacture of pumps, became one of the most pop- ular pump makers in the State, and conducted a large and lucrative business. He has now retired from active labor, and in his comfortable home in Mantua enjoys the results of his years of application to business. He married, Jan. 1, 1829, Miss Sarah D., daughter of Nathaniel and Keziah Chew, whose children are Nathaniel, born in 1829; Calvin, in 1830; Amos, in 1832; and John, in 1834. Mrs. Eastlack having died in May, 1834, he married again, July 23, 1835, Miss Elizabeth, daughter of John and Hannah Fletcher, of Woodbury. Their children are Sarah Elizabeth, born in 1836 ; Hannah Rebecca, in 1838 ; Rachel Ann, in 1840; John F., in 1842; Mary Emma, in 1844; Charles F., in 1846; Francis A., in 1849; Rob- ert Emery, in 1851; William Ashbrook, in 1853; and James R., in 1855. Calvin 0. was a useful minister of the New Jersey Conference; John F., Charles F., and James R. are grocers in Camden, and Amos is a wheelwright and pump-manufacturer in Gloucester County. Mr. Eastlack's politics are Republican. Though for seven years justice of the peace, he does not seek oflice, and values but little distinctions of this char- acter. He has been for more than half a century a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Man- tua, and at various times one of its officers. His wife is also a member of the same church. SAMUEL A. EASTLACK. Mr. Eastlack is the great-grandson of Samuel East- lack, of Mantua township, and a grandson of Amos Eastlack, who had children ten in number, among whom was James S., born Dec. 21, 1794, in Mantua township. He devoted his early years to the trans- portation of wood and lumber to Philadelphia, but, becoming weary of this business, he retired to a farm, which was subsequently purchased and is now the property of his son, the subject of this sketch. He married Sarah Ashcraft, daughter of Samuel and Keziah Ashcraft. Their children are Keziah (Mrs. Asa Gardner), Mary R. (Mrs. Jacob G. Tomblin), Elijah S., and Samuel A. The death of Mr. East- lack occurred June 24, 1873, in his seventy-ninth year. His son, Samuel A., was born Feb. 21, 1833, in Mantua township, and removed when ten years of age to the farm now owned by him. Such advan- tages as the district school oflered were enjoyed, after which he rendered his father valuable assistance in the cultivation of the farm. This was continued during the lifetime of the latter, after which Sam- uel A. became owner of the property, the share he inherited having been supplemented by subsequent purchase of the remainder. He married, Dec. 9, 1861, Miss, Hannah R., daughter of Francis A- Camp- bell, of Harrison township, whose children were Viola A., Abigail R., and four who died in infancy. Mrs. Eastlack having died, he was married again to Miss Sarah Jane, daughter of John D. and Keziah Turner, of Mantua. Mr. Eastlack's daily duties have left no leisure for participation in the excitements attending political life, though a Republican in his political creed, and interested in the success of his party. He is a contributor to the support of the Mount Pleasant Methodist Episcopal Church, where the family worship. JOHN D. TURNER. John Turner, the grandfather of John D., resided near Bethel, in Gloucester County, where he engaged both in farming and lumbering. He was united in marriage to a Miss Leonard, and had children, — Jane, Abby, Mary, John, and Edward. The last named married Sarah Daniels, and had children, — John, Edward, Harvey, Jane, Mary, Rebecca (Mrs. Dilks), Sarah (Mrs. Pierce), and three who died in childhood. Mr. Turner was actively interested in business as farmer, lumberman, and coal dealer. His son, John D., was born Nov. 29, 1802, near Bethel. The first twenty-six years of his life were spent at home, where the routine of duties incident to a farmer's life engaged his attention, large responsibili- ties having been incurred by him as a consequence of the early death of his father. He was married Dec. 11, 1828, to Miss Keziah S. Chew, daughter of Jesse and Keziah Chew, of Gloucester County, whose 268 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. birth occurred Nov. 22, 1808. Their children are Amanda E., born Oct. 30, 1829 (Mrs. William Becket) ; Sarah Jane, whose birth occurred April 3, 1832 (Mrs. Samuel Eslick) ; Elizabeth, born July 28, 1834 (Mrs. Harrison Heritage); Edward Eufus and Albert, deceased. Mr. Turner subsequent to his mar- riage purchased a farm near Barnsboro, in Gloucester County, where he resided during the remainder of his life and followed successfully the occupation of a farmer. He affiliated at an early day with the Whig party in politics, but later became a Democrat, and held the offices of freeholder and commissioner of ap- peals. Both he and Mrs. Turner were active mem- bers of the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Mr. Turner was steward. His death occurred* July 8, 1877, in his seventy-fifth year. His widow still survives and resides with her daughter, Mrs. Heritage, in Mantua. CHAPTEB XLVI. TOWNSHIP OF MONROE.i Geographical and Descriptive.— This is the northeast corner township of Gloucester County, and was formed in 1859, when it was a part of Camden County, and was annexed to Gloucester County in 1871 with Washington township, which see. This was, and is yet, known as one of the pine townships. However, a large share of the pine timber has disap- peared, and in its place are the cleared fields of the husbandman, whose thorough cultivation of the light sandy soil brings forth adequate returns for his labor. The township is drained on the east by Great Egg Harbor River and Squankum Branch, south by White Oak Branch, centrally by White Hall and Hospitality Branches, and northward by Scotland Bun. Monroe is bounded northeast and east by Camden County, southeast by Atlantic County, on the south- west by Franklin and Clayton townships, and on the north and northwest by Washington township. Early Settlers and Pioneer Incidents.— The pi- oneers of what is now Monroe township settled in and around what is now the village of Williams- town, then known by the name of Squankum. Hon. John F. Bodine wrote for and, had published in the minutes of the "Surveyors' Association of West Jer- sey," also in The Constitution of Woodbury of July 24, 1878, a full and complete pioneer " History of Squankum," which we are permitted to reproduce in this work, feeling satisfied that no one but Mr. Bodine could do half as well, as he is a practical sur- veyor, and knows whereof he speaks : "The first location or survey I find on record that 1 By W. H. Shaw. was made in the vicinity of Williarastown, or, as it was first called, Squankum, is one made by Henry Roe, Oct. 13, 1726, recorded in the surveyor-general's office at Burlington, in Book M, page 76, for 121 acres. This was upon Cedar Swamp, and covered what used to be considered the most valuable to farmers living in the neighborhood of water-courses. I suppose, by information gathered, that this man Roe lived near or at Woodbury. " The next location was made by Charles Brock- den, May 10, 1737, recorded at Burlington, in Book M, Part II., page 207, for 1200 acres. ,The descrip- tion of the location thereof will give the residents of Williamstown a name I suppose they are not familiar with. It commences as follows : ' Situate in the county of Gloucester, at a place called " Hospitality Ponds." ' This tract is the location of what is known as Egypt place, the Levering and Whitehead, Babcock, both the Sykes places, the place that Jacob Ivohofi" lives on, and a part of the William Stellman place. I will give more details of this location further on. "The next location I find was made by John Al- ford, May 13, 1737, recorded in Book M, page 339, in surveyor-general's office at Burlington, for 1442 acres, sjnd covered the land of Peter Scott, Graham Hankin, the old.Steelman place, Gottlieb Pheiffer, William B. Ireland, and several other settlements. When John Alford made this location he no doubt lived in Gloucester County, near the river, for I find his father's name connected with lands lying in the river townships; but after locating this tract Alford re- moved to Boston, and there became a merchant, and there died. I have one of the best-preserved parch- ment deeds for this land that was made by his heirs to Savil Wilson, a prominent citizen of Deptford township, near Woodbury, dated Aug. 30, 1774, in the fourteenth year of his Majesty's reign. The deed has the large seal of the province of Massachusetts Bay, and on it the name of Thomas Gage, Governor. The second course of said deed reads as follows : ' Thence north thirty-two degrees, westerly one hundred and sixty-five chains by Squankum settlement.' This is evidence of there being somebody living in this county at that time, which I hope to show by evidence further on. " The next location I find is one made by John, Thomas, and Richard Penn, June 1 and 2, 1742, re- corded in Book A, at Burlington, page 230, for one thousand acres, and took in the head of Squankum Branch, and is popularly known as the Williams survey, because Williams bought it, and sold it out in subdivisions. " The next location is by the same parties, recorded in the same book. A, page 234, dated April 8, 1748, for eleven hundred and thirty-six acres. Rabb's place, the ' County Timber,' Samuel Bateman's place, R. Miller, and considerable of woodland west of the Tuckahoe road was in this survey. " The next location I find is one made by Samuel ^yu^^^ -e*-»'*-i>*>^ TOWNSHIP OF MONROE. 269 McCollick, March, 1749, recorded in Book E, Bur- lington, page 221. This survey is known as the Baynes, or Church property. " The next location, as to date, is the Richard Allen survey, made Nov. 26, 1751, recorded in Book 8, No. 6, page 12, at Burlington, for four hundred and twenty- six acres. This survey reads as follows : 'Beginning at a pine standing on the southwest side of White Hall Branch, near the swamp side.' This shows it was the tract White Hall Mill was built on. " The next location I find near this place, according to date, is one made by Richard Oheesman, Nov. 11, 1758, recorded in Book L, page 59, which commences as follows : ' Beginning at a W. oak marked 4 blazes, also R. C, near the road that leads to White Hall Mill.' This shows that at this early date there was a mill at White Hall. This road runs on the northeast side of the Thomas Crover (formerly Daniel Crover) farm, and thence out somewhere through by where Thomas S. Bateman's farm is, and so on out by what is called the Hoflfeey place, or Hospitality Set- tlement, and so on out to the old Cape road, which was a beaten track from Cape May or the ocean to the Delaware River at Camden and Gloucester. "The next survey for this neighborhood found upon record at Burlington is one made by Joseph Hollingshead, Feb. 9, 1759, recorded in Book H, page 429. This is only of special use to us in this paper, as we find one hundred acres thereof were sold July 9, 1783, to Thomas Stiles, and this was set- tled and known as Stiles' field down to Squankum Branch, on the north side thereof, about four miles below this place, in Squankum Neck. There is evi- dence of the old settlement thereupon, as an old road leading thereto. I find several surveys located around about this place, as follows : S. Powell, 1739 ; Rod- man, 1740 ; John Owen, two surveys, in 1740 to 1742. These four surveys were afterwards resurveyed by Philip Freeze. In 1829 the Penns, in addition to the two foregoing mentioned surveys, located nine hun- dred and forty, two hundred, nineteen hundred, and one thousand acres respectively, and one to Rich- ard Arrel, 1748, for three hundred and sixty acres ; two surveys to Isaac Kay, in 1755, for about three hundred and thirty-three acres. " I find a survey made by John McCarty, Dec. 8, 1757, for one hundred and ninety acres, and one made to Joseph Harrison, May 6, 1760, called twenty- four acres ; these two tracts are what Coles' saw-mill was established upon, but I have not been able to fix the time definitely when Coles' saw-mill was built. I find a survey located by Thomas Coles, March 16, 1787, that adjoins the McCarty tract. I also find that the description locating the beginning corner says, ' Standing twenty-eight links northerly of the road from Canada to Coles' mill.' This would show that there was a mill at this date. " I find a deed recorded in which reference is made to a survey made to Joseph Harrison on the south side of Four-Mile Branch ; also one made by John Bispham, which I shou'ld think was located previous to 1775, although this I cannot say, as they have lately come to my knowledge by searching the deed- books. I do not find records of any locations from 1775 until the Solomon Haines location, made April 19, 1781, recorded in Book R, page 144, surveyor-gen- eral's oflBce, Burlington. This began on the northeast side of Williamstown, and will be referred to here- after. " The next is a resurvey, made by Thomas Tabor, May 27, 1782, recorded at Burlington, in Book R, page 225. This was made upon a David Roe survey, be- cause the Roe interferes with Brockden's survey. " The next survey of importance was one made to Isaac Parker, April 15, 1786, recorded in Book U, page 40, at Burlington, and is at the upper end of Wil- liamstown. I find a survey made to William Smith, March 23, 1787, for one hundred and sixty-seven and one-quarter acres lying near this place; also one made to John Williams, June 2, 1787 ; one to Daniel Ellis, made July 7, 1792, for nine hundred acres ; this sur- vey lies near this place, to the east, and takes in where James Elison and Henry Smith live. There were some smaller surveys made after this date, — one to Jonathan Collins, one to John Tice, — but the last century appears to have closed up the larger surveys about here. It shows that the active times of the Revolution were fully occupied without making sur- vey of lands, at least in this place." In, Out, and In Gloucester County.—" When Squankum was first settled it was in Deptford town- ship, and remained so till 1836, when Washington township was formed, and up to the session of the State Legislature of 1844 remained in old Gloucester County. That winter, however, application was made by residents of Camden City to set oflf Camden, Wa- terford, Newton, Union, Delaware, and Gloucester townships into a new county to be called Camden. At that time one of the members of the Legislature lived in Williamstown, and strenuously opposed the movement until the bill included Washington town- ship, when his vote was changed and the bill passed. In the struggle which ensued for the location of the court-house and other county buildings Camden was again victorious. While the people of Williamstown and New Brooklyn remained in Washington town- ship, the voters were obliged to go to Cross-Keys to attend elections and town-meetings, and when the voting population had increased to four hundred and fifty it was thought that there were too few ofiBces to be divided among so many voters, so it was decided to divide the township ; accordingly application was made to the Legislature in 1859, when the township of Monroe was created, and Williamstown designated as the place for holding elections and town-meetings. Monroe township remained in Camden County till 1871, when it was found that Gloucester County would lose one member of the Legislature, and Hud- 270 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. son County gain one. Upon investigating the sub- ject it was found that to take the two townships of Washington and Monroe from Camden and annex them to Gloucester would save her the member and not injure Camden County. A bill was accordingly passed and approved making the necessary transfer, whereat the people of the townships of Washington and Monroe rejoiced to find themselves again in old Gloucester County," Settlement of Sqnankum (Williamstown).— " I now come to the settlement of this place, which was first called Squankum, as will be recollected is men- tioned in the deed of Alford's heirs to Savil Wilson. The first evidence of settlement near Squankum was the Richard Cheesman location, made 1768, giving the beginning corner near the road leading to White Hall Mill. This, I think, clearly evidences a settlement. This corner is just out the settled part of the village. The second location, being the Brockden, made in 1737, as I said before, was the first one I find of what was properly Squankum, and appears to bear an important part, for it is upon this tract that I find the first settle- ment. "As will be surmised by the name, Brockden must have been a German. " I find, by referring to the first deeds upon record at Woodbury for any part of this land, the citation of title which used to be quite common in the body of deeds giving the previous transfers. I find as follows : Charles Brockden conveyed the twelve hundred acres as located to his daughter, Mary Patterson, and her husband, Thomas Patterson, by two deeds, dated 24:th and 25th of February, 1769. Said Mary and Thomas mortgaged the same to John Reynolds, March, 1771 ; this mortgage is recorded in our office at Woodbury, in Book A of mortgages. In the copy of the mort- gages, fourth course says, ' Then by lands of Johannes Hoffsey,' etc. I could not find the deed from Brock- den to Patterson, recorded in Trenton, but I find in Book A, G, page 57, a deed from Thomas and Mary Patterson to the said Johannes Hoffsey, dated Dec. 14, 1773, for one hundred acres, more or less. I think there is no doubt of the said Hoffsey being located there previous to 1771, for the mortgage gives the boundaries of the Brockden tract, independent of the piece afterwards sold to the said Hoffsey (now called Huffsey) in 1774. Patterson mortgaged the same to one Ellis, and in the description in that mortgage it says that Thomas and Mary Patterson, of Hospital- ity, Gloucester Co., which would indicate that they lived on this tract at that date. In fact, when the writer first came to Squankum, thirty-nine years ago, there was an old cedar-log house standing upon what is known as the Sykes place, from being owned for nearly as many years as I have lived here by a father and son named Sykes. This house in its earlier days must have been quite a palatial residence ; it was built of cedar logs, hewn square, and dovetailed together at the corners, and was two stories high ; it was wain- scoted inaide with planed cedar boards, one edge beaded ; in it was a wide, open entry, about eight feet wide, with an open stairway. This no doubt was the residence of the ' Patroon,' as the old German land- owners were called, for by the old records I find that Charles Brockden, to whom it was located, was quoted as of the city of Philadelphia, and after he got too old to live out there, I think his daughter and her husband and family occupied the house. I find the same house was occupied by an old German family named Craver, some of whose descendants live in our place, and form part of our best citizen.i. In fact, I find one of the sons of this original Craver that, I am told by one of the descendants, was born in that old house, and now lies buried in the village graveyard ; from the tombi stone I find he was born in 1777. Another evidence of the early settlement of this tract I think is that to this day, near where the old log house stood, there is a beaver dam, and it is well known that beavers will not stay where people live, and when settlers came the beavers left, and that the dams go down and the lands become more dry. " The afore-mentioned Hoffsey appears to have been a man of some note and perseverance, as I find he made two surveys in 1789, one for eighty-six acres, and the other for thirty and three-quarter acres. The eighty-six-acre tract was a narrow strip between the Brockden survey and the eleven hundred and thirty- six acres Penn survey, and was nearly two miles long and quite narrow. The thirty and three-quarter acres tract was a triangular piece that lay between the Brockden, Penn's one thousand acres, and the Taber survey, one line being a trifle over a mile long. It happened that I bought a portion of this tract, and mapped the whole tract, as it was divided mutually between John and Samuel Hoffsey, sons of the said old Johannes Hoffsey. It made the most singular- looking map I ever saw, and until I got these surveys and placed them to the map of the original deed to Hoffsey, I had often wondered how he ever got such a shaped piece of land. " I find in connection with the subdivision of the tract into plantations or smaller lots the names of Hazlett, Hart, Vandegrift, Van Sciver, Butler, and Young, one of the settlers on the Penn location of eleven hundred and thirty-six acres that nearly joined this tract, and the name of George Sennor, which by the names would indicate a German settlement. This location lies to the south and west of what is called the Penn's or Williams' Settlement. This Hoffsey place was where the first Methodist preach- ing was held in this vicinity. (See history of Metho- dist Episcopal Church of Williamstown.) " This Brockden tract seems to have been divided as follows : First, Patterson to Hoffsey ; then Mary Howell, who was a Patterson, deeded the land to John Hart in 1786, for eleven hundred acres, and Hart to Timothy Young, by the sheriff, two hundred and eighty-three and three-quarter acres, now known TOWNSHIP OP MONROE. 271 as the Whitehead, Levering, Taggart, and the place where C. Pfuhl lives ; then Hart deeded the balance of the eleven hundred acres to Samuel Hazlett, who sold one hundred and twenty-three and one-quarter acres to Vandergrift (this is now in theBabcock place), fifty acres to Butler (this is also part of Mr. Babcock's), four hundred and forty-seven and one-half acres to Jesse Van Sciver (this covers the Sykes, Imhoff, part of William Steelman, and others). He also sold lots to parties named Sharp. At this point it is proper to name a very prominent man, William Nicholson, who bought the Vandergrift and Butler tracts in September, 1793. He bought these two tracts and settled here, and for upwards of forty years was a prominent man here, and became an extensive land- owner. His numerous family of sons and daughters settled in the surrounding country, where there are at present several generations descended from the pio- neer Nicholson. He was also connected with the pioneer glassworks of this section. " The eleven and thirty-six acres Penn tract ap- pears to be next in order, as from this tract are found some of the earliest sales or subdivisions. One fea- ture in this location is the seventh course, which says, ' To a black oak standing by the old Cape road.' This would show there was a main road leading through the neighborhood at that time (1743), and the mention of a road leading to White Hall Mill has led some of the older inhabitants to recollect the old road' leading by the old cedar-log house and by the old Hofisey place and the Sennor place to the old Cape road. The first sale of this tract was from Penn to Richard Cheesman the elder, June, 1772. Chees- man deeded a piece to George Sennor in 1777 ; then, April 25, 1782, Cheesman deeded to his daughter, Maria Jackson, four hundred acres, and she, in 1804, deeded one hundred and four acres to Timothy Young; April, 1808, she deeded three hundred and twenty-eight acres — the balance of the four hun- dred acres — to Jacob Jennings. It afterwards passed through the hands of several owners, until now it is owned and occupied by James Robb. The piece of Young's, in connection with George Sennor, was deeded to the county of Gloucester, June 6, 1812, and it is now partly owned by the county of Camden, for the use of wood for her county house. A large part of the farms of Carvin, David C. Tweed, Samuel Bate- man, and Robert Miller are a part of this tract. " The next in order is the Solomon Haines, Joseph Harrison, and Bispham surveys; they lay to the north and east of Williamstown. Andrew Pearce bought fifty-one and three-quarter acres of the Har- rison location, June 7, 1790, and three and one-half acres of Solomon Haines, and eighty-one and one- fourth acres of John Marshall. These pieces make up what is known as the Ayres place. Obadiah El- dridge, the grandfather of our respected citizens, Joshua, Job, and Obadiah Eldridge, moved upon the place where Washington A. Sickler now lives in 1776 ; then Joshua, the father of the present Joshua and brothers, was ten years old. Obadiah the elder bought eighty and three-quarter acres of Solomon Haines, June 6, 1792, and he sold the same to his son Joshua the next year. Josiah Albertson, the grand- father of Thomas C, Ann, Gideon, and David Al- bertson, who are now living, middle-aged men, lived just beyond the Four-Mile Branch, at what is known as the Bobby lot, now lying on the railroad. While living there, in April, 1779, Thomas, the father of the above-mentioned men, was born ; how long before that the father had lived there is not known. This gives us settlements to the north and east as well as the south and west of Williamstown for over one hun- dred years. " Next in order is the Thomas Taber survey, that lies southeast, which was deeded to Jacob Brick, May 10, 1784. Brick, no doubt, lived upon the land, and the settlement was near where Levi Prickitt now lives. Brick having died about 1800, the tract was divided into four shares and allotted to his daughters. The farm owned by Thomas Crover was one share ; one share is still woodland ; William H. Bodine and Savil Porch own some of the tract, and a family by the name of Sharp owned and lived upon one of the shares, and was quite prominent in the neighborhood. " We now come to the Alford tract, covering the farms where Gottlieb PheifFer and William B. Ireland now live, and where Edward Wilson, grandfather of Jacob Wilson and Savil Wilson, lived, the tract having been bought by Samuel Wilson, Sr., in 1774, and his sons, as mentioned, settling thereon, had much to do with the settlement in its early history. Jonathan Collins lived near the Wilsons. He made two locations early in this century, and in March, 1820, sold out and went west. In the same neighbor- hood lived Joel Westcott and Job Eldridge, that formed a settlement of five families within half a mile of each other. It is believed that none of the immediate descendants of these families are living here at present." Civil Organization. — Under the date of " Wil- liamstown, Monroe township, Camden Co., March 9, 1859," we find the following minutes of the first town-meeting : " In pursuance of an act of the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey, passed the — day of , 1859, to make a new township, to be called the town- ship of Monroe, from a part of the township of Wash- ington, in the county of Camden, and State of New Jersev, the taxable inhabitants of said township of Monroe convened at the house of Charles W. Husted, in Williamstown, for the purpose of electing officers for the said township of Monroe, and other business for said township. " The reading of said act was performed by John F. Bodine, when Abijah Hewitt was chosen moder- ator of said meeting, and the meeiting was duly or- ganized by appointing George W. Allen secretary ; 272 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. and each one being sworn into office, the preliminary business of the township was performed, such as re- ports of former officers of the township of Washing- ton, when the meeting proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as follows : "Town Clerk, Josiah Ireland; ABBesaor, Joshua Eldridge; Collector, Samuel Kemmel ; Chosen Freeholders, Clayton B, Tice, Edward S. Ireland ; Commissioners of Appeal, Obadiah Eldridge, Abijah S. Hewitt, Hosea Husted; Constable, Joshua Eldridge; Overseers of the Poor, Thomas D. Sparks, Thomas W. Stanger; Judge of Elec- tion, Joshua l^icholson ; Surveyor of Highways, Andrew W. Ire- land ; Township Committee, Abijah S. Hewitt, Thomas W. Stanger, Elias Campbell, Richard Stevenson, Peter Scott; Town Superin- tendent, George W. Allen." The following is a list of town clerks, assessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, constables, and town- ship committee, from 1860 to 1883, inclusive : TOWN CLERKS. 1860-61. Charles W. Sailer. 1862-65. Thomas W. Stanger. 1866. Joel A. Bodine. 1867-69. Imlay Gifford. 1870-71. Rem C. Tice. 1872-77. Garrett Tilton, Jr. 1878-79. Edgar C. Green. 1880-81. Joseph N. Tomhleson. 1882-83. William F. Tweed. 1860-61. Joshua Eldridge. 1862-63, 1865. Thomas C. Willetts. 1864, 1866-67. M. S. Simmerman. 1868-69. Abijah S. Hewitt. 1870-73. Matthias M. Chew. ASSESSORS. 1874-77. John R. Tice. 1878-80. Imlay Gifford. , 1881. Daniel Dawson. 1882-83. John W. McClure. 1860-61. Simon Rummel. 1862-63. Daniel Steelman. 1864-66. JuBbua Eldridge. COLLECTORS. , 1867. J. Alfred Bodine. 1868-83. Elmer Hurff. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1860-61, 1870. Clayton B. Tice. 1882-65. Charies Wilson. 1866-69. William H. Bodine. 1871-72. 0. B. Tice. Samuel Tombleson. 1873-75. C. B. Tice. J. A. Bodine. 1876-78. Paul L. Richmond. C. B. Tice. 1879. Paul L. Richmond. M. M. Chew. 1880. Ab^ah S. Hewitt. M. M. Chew. 1881. M. M. Chew. William Trout. 1882-83. M. M. Chew. Joseph C. Nicholson. CONSTABLES. 1880. J. Bittle. G.B. Gaunt. 1881. G. B. Gaunt. Thomas Stanger. 1860-61. Joshua Eldridge. 1862-63. T. C. Willetts. 1864-67. Matthias S. Simmerman. 1868-69, 1879, 1882-83. G. B. Gaunt. 1870-78. Joshua Bittle. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1860-61 .— Aby ah T. Hewitt, Thomas W. Stanger, Elias Campbell, Charles W. Husted, Peter Scott. 1862.— Clayton B. Tice, Daniel Ireland, Samuel Tombleson, Jr., Samuel D. Sparks, Peter Scott. 1863.— T. W. Stanger, C. W. Husted, P. Scott, S. Tombleson, Jr., S. D. Sparks. 1864.— Peter Scott, Thomas W. Stanger, Daniel Ireland, Charles W. Husted, S. Tumbleson, Jr. 1865. — Daniel Ireland, Obadiah Eldridge, John W. Middleton, John R. Tice, Charles Wilson. 1866—0. Eldridge, Clayton B. Tice, John E, Tice, J. W. Middleton, Daniel Ireland. 1867.— Thomaa E. Craver, John R. Tice, James Carviu, John W. Middle- ton, 0. Eldridge. 1868.— 0. Eldridge, William Corkney, Charles K. Lewis, James Carvin, Richard F. Tice. 1869.— Benjamin Simmerman, John R. Tice, Clayton B. Tice, 0. Eldridge, Thomas A. Chew. 1870-71.— Henry T. Morgan, Richard F. Tice, 0. Eldridge, Gottlieb Pfieffer, B. Simmerman. 1872.— R. F. Tice, 0. Eldridge, G. Pfieffer, B. Simmerman, .Tames Carvin. 1873. — B. Simmerman, James D. Souders, B. F. Tice, James Carvin, G. Pfieffer. 1874-76. — Richard F. Tice, B. Simmerman, James Carvin, James D. Souders, Samuel P. Debart. 1877.-8. P. Dehart, James Carvin, John McClure, G. Pfieffer, Joseph D. Ayars. 1878.— G. Pfieffer, J. J. Ayars, J. McClure, James Carvin, Charles 8. Clark. 1879.— Charles S. Clark, J. W. McClure, Samuel Garwood. 1880.— C. 8. Clark, S. Garwood, John M. Taggart. 1881-82. — Samuel Garwood, John M. Taggart, James D. Souders. 1883.— Samuel Garwood, C. B. Tice, J. B. Sickler. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Williamstown. — "I have gone over what would properly be called the outside locations and settle- ments, and will now come to the Penn location of one thousand acres, or, as it is usually called, ' Wil- liams' Survey.' This is the tract upon which the village of Squanhum is built. This tract was one hundred and twenty chains long from north to south, and ninety chains from east to west, and lies about equally on both sides of the Squankum Branch, the head of the Branch being on the northern end of the tract. The north end crosses the turnpike where the division line between Jacob, Joseph, and James Leigh's places run, and, crossing the pike, runs through the fields to the Huflfsey line, and crosses the road on the southern end between Thomas Hewitt and John Dehart's places, and follows the Huflfsey and Tabor line on the west and the Ayres line on the east, and follows to near the sand-hole. " The Penns deeded the tract to Israel Williams, but in what year is not definitely known, but supposed to be 1772, as other tracts were deeded by the Penns in that year, and Israel Williams deeded to his son, John Williams, in 1783. After that date the tract was divided up into lots and farms; and through neglect to record deeds difficulty has been found in naming parties whom Williams sold to, yet the lots and parties to whom sold have been ascertained, ex- cept in one case. The first lot was five and a half acres, sold to Jeremiah Dilks in July, 1789; the next was eleven acres, sold April 1, 1793, to William Strong. The original church lot was from this piece. The next was ninety-eight acres, sold to Joseph Smallwood, Dec. 12, 1799. This takes the lot upon which John Hutchinson is, and where Henry Tice and wife lived for many years, and where they died. The next was seventy-one acres, sold to Isaac Hooper, April 9, 1796, and covers the Paul Sears farm, and where Joseph Leigh lives. The next was a deed to John Swope for one hundred and fifty acres, made April 9, 1796. This covers part of what is known as the Swope farm, and part of it is now owned by James D. Souders, with the old mansion of Mr. Swope. Mark Brown, B. Simmerman, the Eames house, Mrs. S. Cordery's store, J. V. Sharp, and the Rickey place, and the Methodist Episcopal Church, TOWNSHIP OF MONROE. 273 with those houses up the Porch Mill road are upon this tract. The next sale was to Thomas English, April 6, 1797, for one hundred and fifty-four acres at the southeastern end, on the south side of the Branch, and now occupied by Samuel P. Dehart, Thomas B. Hewitt, Simeon Kammel, Thomas Hays, and part of Samuel 0. Dehart's heirs. The next was a deed to John Spencer, made July 3, 1797, for fifty- four acres, and known as the Thomas Bateman farm. The next was sixty acres, deeded to Timothy Young, June 20, 1798, and afterwards sold to Maj. John Tice. " Isaac Parker sold one hundred acres to David Evans, Dec. 24, 1791. This adjoined the Penns or Williams tract. Evans afterwards sold to William Peas in 1801, and Peas sold to Stephen Ehoads and Cornelius Tice, and in 1812 or 1815 this one hundred acres was sold to Jacob Swope, and it is now partly owned by Jacob, Joseph, and Levi Prickitt, James D. Souders, Timothy Eeed, and those tenant-houses of •R. Wilson's. July 23, 1795, Parker deeded to George Stiles one hundred and twenty and a half acres. Stiles sold to Jacob Spencer, and he to Thomas Whitacar; thence through several parties till it reached the Bodine family in 1845. Since then fifty acres has been sold to Job D. Eldridge, and twenty- five acres to R. Wilson and Mr. Bugbee. The balance of the Parker tract is owned by Joshua and Job D. Eldridge, where they live, and the places where John C. Atkinson and John M. Lutze live. The residence of Isaac Parker was up what is' known as Eldridge's Lane, nearly half-way between the turnpike and the Glassboro road. Here Mr. Parker died, and left six sons, among whom his property was divided in 1811." Pioneer Tavern. — Maj. John Tice filled quite an important position in the early settlement of what is now Williamstown. He moved here from Tans- boro in 1798 or 1799, and built the pioneer two-story frame house in Squankum. It stood just where the railroad crosses the main road or street. The old house, having served its time and purpose as the pioneer hostelry, has been removed to another loca- tion, and converted into a barn. In this building, when new, in 1800, Franklin Davenport was born. This house was kept as a tavern for many years, and was the place where the old pioneers did most congre- gate and relate their many hairbreadth escapes, and picture to others the many hunting scenes in which they had been engaged, the hundreds and thousands of bears and wolves they had killed, and occasionally how they had missed a nice buck ; and how much each had done, politically, either as Federal or Democrat, towards saving the country ; and how much more my land was worth than any other; and how much larger load one man's team could haul than another. Then sometimes followed the wrestling-match, the scrub-race between the best colts or old horses, then the quoit-pitching, and other innocent amusements. Truly, the old pioneer tavern did gain some notoriety before its conversion to more usefui^purposes. 18 Pioneer Roads.—" The Tuckahoe road was laid out the 23d and 24th days of February, 1784; partly on the old beaten road. " The road from May's Landing to' Woodbury was laid April 20, 1793, and to and from this road many of the original pieces of land were described and bounded. "In 1849 a charter was obtained for a turnpike road to Camden, but this was too long a road for one company, and was not built in 1852. A charter was obtained for a road from Williamstown to Good Intent, and the road was built and opened in 1853, that gave us connection with the Woodbury and Good Intent and Red Bank road, a good road to Philadel- phia. This road satisfied the people till railroads came into South Jersey, when we again became rest- less, and obtained a charter in 1861 for the Williams- town Railroad Company, which road was not built till the fall of 1872." Pioneer Post-OfI'ice and naming the Town. — "Previous to 1842, Squankum had no post-oflSce. The mail matter of the citizens, small though it was, came tri-weekly by way of Cross-Keys. In this year it was thought best by the people to make application for an office, but, as there was a place in Monmouth County called Squankum, another name necessarily had to be adopted for this place. Accordingly a public meeting of the citizens of Squankum was called, and organized by the appointment of Paul Sears chairman. Mr. Sears proposed the name of Williamstown, in honor of Mr. Williams, who owned the thousand acres upon which the town was situated, and who, it is believed by all or nearly all the inhab- itants, was the first settler. The name of Williams- town was adopted by a unanimous vote, and under that name the ofiice was established." Williamstown (Squankum) in 1883.— Besides the large glass-manufactory, there were, in 1883, in the village of Williamstown, two canning-factories, two lime-kilns, two churches (Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian), the glassworks store, with George W. Ireland as superintendent, the stores of W. H. Bodine & Co., Josiah Ireland, and James S. Cordery, one drug-store, by Dr. Halsey, one school-house, with three schools, three physicians, A. J. McKelway, L. M. Halsey, and J. Gaunt Edwards, one hotel, Wash- ington House, by E. Elliott, library and free reading- room, built in 1878, and the new town hall, located on Main Street. This is an imposing frame struc- ture, built in 1882, at a cost of four thousand five hun- dred dollars. The building committee, appointed by town-meeting to confer and consult with the township committee in relation to the hall, were as follows : Brooklyn, Abijah S. Hewitt, Charles K. Lewis ; Cole's Mill, Robert Ohew; Williamstown, William H. Bo- dine. The hall is one of the best in the county, and is well adapted for all purposes for which such build- ings are used. The lower story is well arranged for township business and election purposes. 274 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. The present postmaster is Samuel Garwood, with George W. Ireland as deputy, and the office is kept in the glass-works' store. Cross-Keys. — This hamlet is located in the north corner of the township, and a part of it situate on the northwest side of the road, in Washington town- ship. The place was thus named from the fact of the roads crossing each other at an angle of nearly or quite forty-five degrees, and from the fact that six roads centre at this point. There has been a tavern kept at what is now Cross- Keys for nearly or quite one hundred years. Among the genial old landlords who dispensed " Provender and Jersey Lightning" at this old hostelry may be mentioned the names of Whitney, William, Nicholson, William Lashley, Joseph Nicholson, — — Kirby, and lastly Eli Gauntt, who closed up the busi- ness at this place in 1876. The pioneer store at Cross-Keys was opened for the transaction of business by Thomas Parks, in 1840, in the building now occupied by Hiram Hurflf. In 1860, John Jones commenced the mercantile business in the store now occupied by Joseph C. Nicholson. The business of the hamlet is now conducted by J. C. Nicholson and Hiram Hurff, merchants; Charles K. Lewis, blacksmith ; Jacob Burrows, wheelwright; Nathaniel Foster, tinsmith. A steam saw-mill was built in 1870 by Samuel Tombleson, and it is now owned by Charles Simmerman. Brooklyn is a small hamlet on the northeast border of the township, where were once the glass-works of Thomas W. Stanger, and at one time it promised to be a place of considerable importance. The first store at this place was opened by Mr. Stanger, in 1850, where he has continued in the mercantile business for one-third of a century. There is also at this place a saw-mill, school-house, small Methodist Church, blacksmith -shop, and ten or twelve dwellings. The town lying a.s it does, two miles from the line of rail- road, will probably never be any larger than at present. ECOLESIASTIOAt. Methodism in Squankum.— The old Hoffsey place, spoken of in the early history of the township, has further claim to notice as being the birthplace and cradle in which Methodism in Williamstown was rocked. It was here that the pioneer Methodist meetings were held in this vicinity. The Hoffsey house, or an old house standing on the Hoffsey tract, was one of the preaching-places in the old Gloucester Circuit, and the history of that aggressive denomina- tion in this vicinity runs back to 1796 or 1797. Hutchinson, Cawn, Turk, and others of the pioneer preachers are among the names of the old veterans of the cross who dispensed the word of God in the then wilderness of old Gloucester. John Williams, the owner of the tract upon which Williamstown is situated, set apart two and seven- eighths acres of land, just where the present tavern and barn-yard are located, for school and meeting- house purposes, but he never deeded it as such, con- sequently when he deeded the residue of the one thousand acres as unsold by his deed of 1805 it took the said lot with that deed. In connection with this lot we quote from the chureh records: " They did not, however, continue to hold their meetings here (Hoff- sey house), but in 1800 transferred the preaching to Squankum, and the first society organized, consisting of about twelve members, who were formed into a class, with Joseph B. Smallwood leader. Thomas Everhardt was the preacher at the time." The house used for holding the meetings was a log school-house, that was built upon the lot above referred to on the two and seven-eighths acres. The small and young society was not long left to peaceable worship in this humble place ; they encountered the opposition of the owner or would-be owner of the log building, who was not of the same household of faith. Through this opposition they were compelled to change their quarters, and again occupied a part of a building that has since been occupied as a hotel, which was the one known as the "Sears" tavern. Here they were not long left in peace and quietness, but, as were many others in the early days of Methodism called to suffer, so were they called to endure opposition and persecution. They were beset by a mob, though hap- pily no force was used, and reproached with being false prophets and preaching the false Christ. This drove them to buy a lot and build a church. The lot was bought from William Strong, by deed dated Sept. 25, 1804, and contained one acre of land. The first trustees were John Sickler, Joseph B. Small- wood, Joel Westcott, Henry Crover, and Israel Lash- ley. They soon after built a meeting-house, which was considered very large for that time. In this meeting-house quarterly meetings were held for Gloucester Circuit, which took in a large territory. In fact, the family of John Swope say that they en- tertained in the old-fashioned hospitable way visitors and attendants upon these meetings in such numbers that the whole fioors of the house would be filled with " shake-downs," as they were called, who came long distances to attend these meetings. This old church was the one in use in 1839. It had a gallery around three sides, and the high pulpit, the old style movable seats, with one and two bars across the backs, and everything as clean and neat as soap and water could make it, but no paint had been applied to the inside of the building. This building was occupied as a church till 1844, when the congregation decided to build a more commodious structure. The old church building was moved from the lot, loaned to the public for school purposes, and occupied as such for five years, when a new and commodious school- house was built. The second Methodist Church was dedicated in the fall of 1844, and occupied for church purposes till 1860, when the congregation had outgrown this build- TOWNSHIP OF MONROE. 275 ing also, when the trustees decided to build a new church, provided they could raise five thousand dol- lars. Two of the trustees were walking through a piece of woods, looking at some timber, when the conversation turned upon the new church project ; taking pencil and paper from their pockets, they wrote the names of the members of the congregation, and marked at the end of each name the sum they thought each should give to make the amount re- quired. When they got through they found their figures amounted to nearly the required sum. They had some blanks printed, and one of the trustees took upon himself the task of calling upon each individual, and received notes for three, six, nine, and twelve months for the sum fixed, all of which, except one, were paid as agreed, and the present Methodist Epis- copal Church was built, and in the tower of it was placed the town clock. The old church, built in 1844, was sold to the town- ship for a town hall, and used for that purpose until 1882, when the present beautiful and commodious two-story hall was built. Methodist Episcopal Church, Cross-Keys.— The Methodist Society at what is now Cross-Keys is the outgrowth or result of a small class formed at Chest- nut Ridge, in Washington township, in 1780, as near as can be ascertained. The place of meeting was in the old cedar-log school-house built by the Friends, which was occupied both as school- and meeting- house. This log school-house served the double pur- pose till 1835, when a frame building was erected on the site of the old log building, and this served as sanctuary and school-room till 1875, when the present neat and commodious frame meeting-house was built in the village of Cross-Keys, at a cost of three thousand six hundred dollars. The new church edifice was dedicated in 1875 by the late Bishop Scott, assisted by Revs. Hartranft and Jesse Thompson, then preacher in charge. The pioneer class-leader at Chestnut Ridge school- house was John Pease, with the following-named persons as members of his class: Richard Gauntt, Margaret Gauntt, Anna Pease, Hannah Young, John Pease, Abijah Collins, Patience Collins, Martha Col- lins, William Corkrey, Ellen Corkrey, George W. Williams, Patience Williams, Marian Nicholson, Rev. William V. Darrow, David Hutchinson, Pris- cilla Hutchinson, Isaac Champion, Ann Champion, Mrs. George Bakely, Moses Pease, Priscilla Pease. In 1835, Cornelius Pease was the class-leader, and another of the pioneer class-leaders for a long term was Richard Gauntt. The following are among the many preachers who have served this people for the last century : Revs. David Duffield, R. V. Lawrence, James White, Thomas Wilson, Joseph Atwood, Abraham Isaac Jacob Truatt, William Margerum, Andrews, Jesse Thompson, John P. Connolly, Gilden Alvine, John Oakes, and John Seacrist, present pastor. The present membership of the society is fifty, and the value of church property four thousand dollars. The present stewards are Moses Pease, Abijah Collins, Richard Evans, and J. C. Nicholson ; Trus- tees, John Pease, Moses Pease, Charles Stewart, David Bates, Joseph N. Tombleson, Samuel Gaskill, and Joseph C. Nicholson. The Sunday-school connected with this church was organized in 1850, with Joseph Nicholson as superin- tendent. The present superintendent is Richard Evans, with an average attendance of seventy pupils. The Williamstown Presbyterian Church.'— The Williamstown Presbyterian Church was organized Sept. 9, 1840. Previous to 1840 there had been no Presbyterian preaching in the place, but about that time several Presbyterian families having moved into the neighborhood, a request for the organization of a church was sent to the Presbytery of West Jersey, and a committee was sent from that body to organize the church. The use of the Methodist Episcopal Church having been kindly granted for the time to the Presbyterians, several services were held there, which resulted in the organization of a church of five members. The original members were John McClure, Mrs. John McClure, William Tweed, James Tweed, and Benjamin Harding. Benjamin Harding and John McClure were the first ruling elders. The church struggled forward through many dis- couragements, being for months at a time without preaching. Rev. Messrs. Peck and Smythe served the church for a few Sabbaths each at diflferent times, but it was nearly three years before a settled pastor was secured. Meanwhile, however, good progress had been made. The corner-stone of a church building was laid in July, 1841, and the church was dedicated in May of the following year. The cost of this church with its lot was two thousand four hundred dollars, of which sum one thousand dollars was raised at the time of dedication. Thomas B. Wood, Abel Bab- cock, Richard H. Tice, James McClure, Thomas Black, and Thomas Marshall were the trustees under whose care the church was built. In April, 1843, the first pastor of the church. Rev. Charles E. Ford, assumed charge and served for twenty- five years. Under his earnest efforts the church en- tered on a career of steady growth. The debt of fourteen hundred dollars was cleared within a few years, and year after year new members were gathered into the church. Through this constant increase the original building became too small for the congrega- tions, and in 1859 the church was enlarged by an out- lay of three thousand dollars to its present size. Throughout all his pastorate Mr. Ford preached the gospel in outlying stations around Williamstown, reaching in all ten different points, so that the influ- ence of the church has been felt over a wide region round about. Three Presbyterian Churches, at Ber- i By Eev. H. 1. Janeway. 276 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. lin, Waterford, and Clayton, were once preaching stations of this church. After twenty-five years of untiring service Mr. Ford resigned the pastorate in 1868, having received two hundred and fifteen persons into the church during that time, and leaving ninety- three active members in place of the handful that he found when he came. Rev. Chester Bridgman succeeded Mr. Ford as pastor, and had charge of the church from Oct. 18, 1869, until July 11, 1871, when the pastoral relation was dissolved by the Presbytery of West Jersey, under whose ecclesiastical jurisdiction the church, as well as the Rev. Mr. Bridgman, was placed. On Sept. 6, 1871, a unanimous call was extended to the Rev. George H. Stuart Campbell, of Philadel-^ phia. Pa., to take charge of the church as pastor. Mr. Campbell accepted the call at the fall meeting of the Presbytery of West Jersey, which met at the Pres- byterian Church, Salem, N. J., and on the 7th of No- vember, 1871, he was regularly ordained and installed pastor of the church. The Rev. Caspar R. Gregory, D.D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Bridgeton, N. J., presided as moderator, and pro- posed the constitutional questions; the Rev. Alex- ander Proudfit, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Clayton, N. J., preached the sermon; the Rev. T. W. J. Wylie, D.D., pastor of the First Reformed Pres- byterian Church, Philadelphia, Pa., delivered the charge to the pastor ; and the Rev. Charles E. Ford (being invited) delivered the charge to the people. The pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Campbell extended to Dec. 4, 1876. During that time fifty-one persons were added to the church. A debt of sixteen hundred dollars on the parsonage of the church was entirely liquidated, largely through the efforts of the pastor. Rev. Mr. Campbell preached from Jan. 1, 1872, until Oct. 1, 1872, at the Presbyterian Church of Bunker Hill, seven miles distant from Williamstown, N. J., on every Sabbath afternoon, and he officiated at the Presbyterian Church, Williamstown, N. J., every morning and evening. After October, 1872, until December, 1876, Rev. Mr. Campbell preached at the Presbyterian Chapel at Franklinville, N. J., on alter- nate Sabbath afternoons. A debt of four hundred dollars on the Bunker Hill Presbyterian Church was also canceled through Mr. Campbell's exertions. During the year Mr. Campbell preached at Franklin- ville, N. J., he had the chapel entirely remodeled^ both inside and out, at a cost of one hundred and fifty dollars. The number of the active membership of the Williamstown Presbyterian Church {including the chapel at Franklinville, which has never been a regularly organized church, but for some years under the charge of the Presbyterian Church at Williams- town) was one hundred and ten. The condition of the church, both spiritually and temporally, was ex- cellent. About that time (1876) Rev. Mr. Campbell received and accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church, Phoenixville, Pa., which he accepted. Ac- companied by the good wishes of the people of his charge, he went there. After Mr. Campbell's depart- ure the church was vacant until October, 1877, when a call was presented to Rev. Alexander Scotland, of Yonkers, N. Y., which he accepted. Mr. Scot- land continued the pastor of the church for nearly two years, and then went to labor in the West. Rev. H. L. Mayers, formerly pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Millville, N. J., supplied the pulpit for nearly a year, and then accepted a call to Kittanning, Pa. The present membership of the church numbers eighty-eight. This is less than the number several years ago, but the church has lost heavily by removals and deaths, overbalancing the gain by new members. The field has also been narrowed by the organization of neighboring Presbyterian Churches. But through all its years the church has held to what it believed to be sound gospel truth, and the seed sown has not been lost. The present pastor is Rev. H. L. Janeway, who has been in charge since September, 1881. The church holds property valued at about eight thousand dollars. CEMETEBIES. There are in Williamstown village three ceme- teries, — the old Methodist, on Main Street, and the Williamstown Cemetery, in rear of the Methodist Church, containing five acres of land, beautifully platted in driveways, walks, and burial lots. These are both owned by the Methodist Episcopal Society of Williamstown. The Presbyterian burial-ground lies in rear of the Presbyterian Church, on Main Street. In the two former may be found the follow- ing, among the many inscriptions, on tombstones therein contained. In the old cemetery : Hugh Ayars, born 1800, died 1877. Bandel Nicholsou, died Marcli 7. 1879, a^ed 80 years. Drusilla NicholBon, died July 11, 1871, aged 61 years. John Young, died Aug. 31, 1873, aged 87 years. Hannah Young, died Not. 26, 1868, aged 76 years. John Strang, bom Aug. 19, 1788, died Oct 10, 1865. Milligent Strang, born April i, 1792, died Jan. 14, 1871. Hannah Albertson, died April 9, 1878, aged 77 years. Thomas Ware, died Jnne 20, 1868, aged 47 years. John Ware, died Nov. 16, 1810, aged 41 years. George Ware, died Sept. 8, 1828, aged 57 years. William Ireland, died April 18, 1868, aged 75 years. Sarah Ireland, died Oct. 1, 1856, aged 61 years. Bachel Whitecar, died Sept. 16, 1849, aged 63 years. Paul Sears, died April 18, 1848, aged 78 years. Patience Sears, died July 2, 1843, aged 68 years. Eeziah Sears, born 1800, died 1879. John Swope, died May 1, 1855, aged 86 years. Bosauna Swope, died Sept. 25, 1845, aged 66 years. Martha Bodine, died Aug. 25, 1850, aged 37 years. William Steelman, died Oct. 18, 1865, aged 82 years. Elizabeth Steelman, died Dec. 4, 1875, aged 73 years. Joseph A. Steelman, Co. C, 5th Pa. Cav., died at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 13, 1864, aged 26 years. Thomas Whitecar, died Feb. 7, 1848, aged 63 years. Margaret Eldridge, died Nov. 1, 1865, aged 47 years. Cornelius Pease, died Sept. 18, 1850, aged 58 years. David H. Halcomb, died Feb. 28, 1855, aged 47 years. Peterson Flowers, died Nov. 16, 1876, aged 79 years. TOWNSHIP OF MONROE. 277 laaac Albertson, died March 9, 1873, aged 60 years. Esther Campbell, died May 4, 1837, aged 62 years. Henry Graver, Co. D, 25th N. J. Vols., died at Falmouth, Va., Jan. 22, 1863, aged 34 years. George H. Collett, died April 4, 1861, aged 43 years. Alexander Soott, died Feb. 14, 1849, aged 76 years. Alice Scott, died March 26, 1866, aged 86 years. William Nicholson, born April 8, 1769, died May 20, 1839. Sarah Nicholson, died Oct. 1, 1837, aged 66 years. Joseph Nicholson, died Jan. 26, 1873, aged 78 years. Miriam Nicholson, died Jan. 18, 1879, aged 79 years. Jacob Dehart, died August 26, 1866, aged 87 yeaiB. Cornelius Dehart, died Jan, 13, 1867, aged 59 years. Edith Dehart, died Jan. 19, 1876, aged 86 years. Joseph Sykes, died March 13, 1868, aged 76 years. Sarah Sylies, died April 18, 1874, aged 80 years. Edward Barber (soldier). Samuel G. De Hart, died Dec. 29, 1860, aged 51 years. Charles Wilson, died May 30, 1878, aged 68 years. Levi P. Wilson, Co. A, loth N. J. Vols., died at Washington, D. C, May 21, 1862, aged 17 years. Daniel Graver, died Feb. 26, 1872, aged 87 years. Thomas E. Graver, born April 4, 1838 ; died Sept. 24, 1878. William Eirby, died Dec. 21, 1862, aged 68 years. Here lies an honest man. In the Williamstown Cemetery : Joseph Tidmarsh, died March 13, 1876, aged 69 years. Jacob Leigh, died Nov. 19, 1881, aged 68 years. Bebecca Doughty, died Oct. 26, 1879, aged 66 years. Hannah Simmermon, died Oct. 17, 1881, aged 85 years. John G. Adkisson, bom Nov. 20, 1820 ; died Oct. 31, 1877. Philip Bouce, died Jan. 6, 1874, aged 60 years. John W. Ireland, born April 25, 1816 ; died Aug. 28, 1862. Amelia Smith, died Oct. 19, 1881, aged 40 years. Joel Bodine, born in Burlington County, N. J., Dec. 4, 1794; died in Camden, N. J., May 19, 1879. Leah, wife of Joel Bodine, born in Burlington County, N. J., Feb. 21, 1809 ; died in Camden, N. J., May 2, 1879. Fhebe, wife of Joel Bodine, died Sept. 11, 1854, aged 56 years. Horatio W. Simmermon ; born Sept. 16, 1806, died Nov. 4, 1872. Jacob Hilyard, died Aug. 20, 1863. aged 58 years. Ann Eldridge, born Jan. 26, 1815 ; died Sept. 6, 1876. Henry Tice, born Aug. 26, 1790 ; died Aug. 7, 1860. Elizabeth H. Tice, born Dec. 25, 1803 ; died Aug. 25, 1876, John Lutz, born Feb. 28, 1806; died June 21, 1881. George 0. Hunter, died Aug. 31, 1882, aged 66 years. Christiana Hunter, died April 27, 1862, aged 66 years. Amy Ireland, born Oct, 8, 1836 ; died Oct, 4, 1866, In the Presbyterian Cemetery : Kobert Sterling, died March 23, 1869, aged 49, Susanna Lutz, born Dec, 29, 1838 ; died Sept. 12, 1872. John Carvin, Jr., died Jan. 9, 1874, aged 39. Louisa Melrose, died May 19, 1871, aged 80. John Crist, died April 26, 1861, aged 41. Buth D, Sheppard, died Dec. 1, 1878, aged 66. Eliza J, Mahr, died Aug. 8, 1879, aged 36. Elizabeth Wilson, died Sept. 17, 1872, aged 61. Kobert Wilson, died Sept. 12, 1881, aged 72. Abel Babcook, born June 13, 1789 ; died June 24, 1879. Hannah Robb, died Jan. 12, 1878, aged 73. William S. Elwell, born May 1, 1821 ; died Oct. 28, 1879 (a soldier of Co. B, 150th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers). Jane Gaston, born June 9, 1792 ; died Nov. 9, 1864. Samuel Bateman, born April 1, 1819; died Jan. 14, 1879. Betsey Scott Bateman, born Jan, 16, 1819 ; died Jan, 28, 1873, Bichard H, Tice, died Oct, 3, 1864, aged 65, Hannah Tice, died May 15, 1875, aged 71, Mary W, Buck, died Jan. 23, 1880, aged 26, James McClure, died Oct. 28, 1866, aged 69. Eliza McOlure, died July 24, 1854, aged 36. James McClure, died March 4, 1853, aged 46. Mary McOlure, died Aug. 11, 1846, aged 29. Martha Richardson, died March 8, 1850, aged 30. Sarah Ann Tice, died Sept. 19, 1846, aged 43. Isaac K. Tice, died Dec. 13, 1874, aged 67. Thomas Black, died Nov. 2, 1844, aged 41. Ann Maria Black, died Nov. 25, 1840, aged 32. Jane Tweed, died Nov. 19, 1857, aged 61. William Tweed, died Nov. 8, 1869, aged 43. Rachel Tweed Wilson, died Oct. 26, 1846, aged 28. John Richards, died April 24, 1874, aged 66. John Mallett, born June 11, 1830, died April 24, 1870. Ann C. Mallett, died June 26, 1872, aged 45. James McQuigg, died March 17, 1870, aged 56. Martha McQuigg, died Jan. 23, 1876, aged 50. Margaret Hemphill, died July 10,1865, aged 63. Catharine Wenban, died June 19, 1864, aged 67. Rachel McHenry, died Jan. 7, 1867, aged 66. James McLaughlin, died May 10, 1869, aged 68. Elizabeth Rodgers McLaughlin, died July 25, 1871, aged 65. Jane Findley, died July 9, 1872. E. Armstrong, died Oct. 1, 1862, aged 38. Andrew Todd, died Nov. 11, 1870, aged 80. Ann Charles, died Feb. 17, 1860, aged 69. Thomas Charles, died May 3, 1850, aged 76. J. McKeighan, died Jan. 17, 1861, aged 49. Thomas Eoney, born March 6, 1777, died June 20, 1855. Jamea Whitehead, born Dec. 18, 1800, died Nov. 23, 1854. Moore Tweed, born Aug. 7, 1823, died June 28, 1863. Mary Ann Pfeiiler, died Oct. 13, 1874, aged 43. George Pfeiffer, Sr., died Sept. 1, 1866, aged 79. Eosina Pfeiffer, died Dec. 17, 1887, aged 78. James Moore Blair, died July 7, 1853, aged 23. Thomas Glonagin, born May 3, 1833, died May 23, 1863. SOCIETIES. WiUiamstown Lodge, No, 27, A. 0. U. W.— This lodge was instituted at Williamstown, N. J., Aug. 23, 1883, by Deputy Grand Master Workman, C. H. Wilson, of Atco, assisted by a deputation from Reliance Lodge, No. 20, of Atco. The following officers were installed: P. M. W., L. M. Halsey ; M. W., George W. Ireland ; F., James Trout ; 0., Elmer Hurff ; G., E. S. Ireland, Jr. ; Re- corder, Eli Marsh; Fin., George W. Janvier; Re- ceiver, William Trout; I. W., William F. Tweed; 0. W., George W. Mcllvane; M. E., L. M. Halsey, M.D. ; Trustees, J. H. Sickler, Lewis Westcott, and J. Mossbrook. The institution and installation ex- ercises took place in Twilight Hall, the place of meeting of the Knights of Pythias and Odd- Fellows. The new lodge is mainly due to the exertions of the Deputy Grand Master of the district, Mr. C. H. Wilson, who was also one of the most active projec- tors of Reliance Lodge. The charter members of this lodge were Elmer Hurff, Jacob Wilson, W. F. Tweed, George W. Ire- land, Eli Marsh, James Trout, William Trout, George W. Janvier, Joshua B. Sickler, Dr. L. M. Halsey, C. Rouse, L. Wescott, M. Huntsinger, George Mcll- vaine, J. Mossbrooks, M. S. Tice, J. Hilyard, C. H. N. Bodine, Ed. Brown, Dr. L. T. Halsey, E. 8. Ire- land, Jr., T. B. Hewitt. The regular meetings of the lodge are held on the first and third Friday evenings of each month. INDUSTRIES. The Williamstown Glass-Works.— Williamstown is located on the Squankum Branch of Great Egg Harbor River, and was for a number of years known by the name of Squankum. In 1800 there were but 278 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. four houses in the village and they widely separated. The town progressed slowly until the glass-works were established and the railroad constructed, since which it has advanced rapidly in population and im- portance, until now it contains about eleven hundred inhabitants. A railroad nine miles in length, built in 1872, connects Williamstown with Atco, on the Camden and Atlantic Railroad. In the year 1835, Israel Ewing, Richard H. Tice, and J. De Hart selected the locality of Squankum for a glass-works, and in that year erected one furnace. Benjamin Smith, Jr., of Philadelphia, and Wood- ward Warrick, now of Glassboro, subsequently became associated with William Nicholson in the ownership of the works, the firm being Nicholson^ Warrick & Co. About this time Williamstown was substituted for that of Squankum as the name of the village. In 1839, Mr. Joel Bodine purchased the interest of Mr. Smith, and associated with him Gabriel Iszard, the two gentlemen assuming the interests of all previous owners. After one or two intermediate changes, Mr. William Coffin, Jr., then of Winslow, purchased an interest in the concern, and the business was conducted for a year or two under the firm-style of William Coffin, Jr., & Co., when Mr. Joel Bodine became possessed of Mr. Cof- fin's interest, and from 1842 to 1846, Mr. Bodine was the sole owner of the works. In the latter year Mr. Bodine admitted his three sons, John F., William H., and Joel A. Bodine, to an interest in the business, and the firm-style became Joel Bodine & Sons. In 1855, Mr. Joel Bodine withdrew, and the sons contin- ued the business as Bodine Brothers. In 1866 and 1867, Joel A. and William H. Bodine withdrew, and the firm of Bodine, Thomas & Co. was organized, under which the business is carried on at the present time. The Williamstown Glass- Works cover six acres, comprising three large furnaces, — the second of which was erected by Mr. Joel Bodine in 1848, — batch- house, lear buildings, a large pot-house, twenty by eighty feet, two stories high, with wing twenty by forty feet ; packing-house, five large sheds for storage purposes, steam saw-mill and grist-mill combined, blacksmith- and machine-shops, large general store and offices, and fifty dwelling-houses. In addition to these, thirty of the employ^ of the works own their own dwelling-houses and farms. A railroad switch runs through the glass-works proper, delivering sup- plies at every part of the yards directly from the cars. The works turn out bottles ranging from half-ounce in size to two gallons, comprising the usual varieties of druggists' glassware, patent medicine bottles, fruit- jars, pickle-bottles, and various styles in German flint, such as mustards, ketchups, etc. About three hun- dred and seventy-five hands are employed, men and boys, as blowers, shearers, packers, engineers and machinists, day men, farm hands, and tending boys. It is estimated that fully one thousand persons are dependent on the works for support. There are consumed and used at the works five thou- sand tons of coal, two thousand eight hundred tons of sand, one thousand tons of soda-ash, eight hundred sacks of ground salt, four thousand cords of wood, twenty-three thousand bushels of lime, and one million five hundred thousand feet of box-boards per year. The pay-roll calls for ten thousand dollars per month. The annual business from all sources reaches in the aggregate three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The value of the glass produced yearly is two hun- dred and fifty thousand dollars. The glassware man- ufactured by this firm is shipped to all points in the United States and Canada, but principally to New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England and Southern States. Shipments of considerable value are also made to California and other parts of the far West. The firm hold farm interests in three hun- dred acres, also own timber tracts, and do a large country trade in building materials, farm implements, fertilizers, etc. The office is connected by telegraph with the Western Union Telegraph office at Philadel- phia, Pa., and telephone wires also run from the office to all parts of the works. The J. V. Sharp Canning Company was organ- ized in 1880, and incorporated the same year, and in 1882 large and commodious buildings were erected a short distance west from the village of Williamstown for the canning of all kinds of fruit. Mr. Sharp had been previously engaged in the business on a small scale for some fifteen years. The capacity of the works is about twenty-five thousand cans of all kinds daily, and employment is given to from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five persons during the canning season. The same company are also engaged in the manu- facture of lime from oyster-shells. They have two patent kilns near the canning works, in which the lime is manufactured. The track of the Atco and Williamstown Railroad extends past the village to the kilns and canning-works. The officers and directors of the company are as follows : President, Samuel Garwood ; Treasurer, J. A. Bodine; Secretary, George W. Ireland ; Directors, S. Garwood, J. A. Bodine, John F. Bodine, Isaiah Aldrich, and W. H. Bodine. John D. Sharp has also a small canning establish- ment, operated by himself, where he carries on quite an extensive business. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HON. JOHN F. BODINE. The earliest representatives of the Bodine family were among the band of Huguenots who fled to America to escape religious persecution and located at X^^2-^ TOWNSHIP OF MONROE. 279 New Rochelle, in Westchester County, N. Y. From thence they emigrated to Staten Island, and later to New Jersey. John Bodine, the grandfather of the subject of this biography, was born in Cranberry, Middlesex County, N. J., about the year 1750, from which place he removed when a youth to Burlington County, and engaged in the active pursuits of life. He married and had children,— John, Stacy, Francis, Charles, Joel, Wilson, Jesse, Daniel, Samuel, Budd S., Susan (Mrs. Wright), Mary (Mrs. Moncrief), Abi- gail (Mrs. Hudson), Sarah (Mrs. Allen), and Lucy (Mrs. Fisher). These children were all born in the Wading River tavern, a popular resort, of which Mr. Bodine was for a period of forty years the respected landlord, and where his death occurred in 1820 or 1821. His son Joel was born in 1796, and twice mar- ried, first to Miss Sarah Gale, to whom was born a son, Samuel;' and second to Miss Phebe Forman, whose children were John F., William H., Isaac E., Charles J., Alfred, Henry C, and one who died in infancy. Three of this number still survive. Mr. Bodine, in 1824, made Philadelphia his residence, and in 1826 removed to Millville, Cumberland Co., N. J. In 1834 he repaired to Winslow, Camden Co., N. J., which place was for five years his home, when he chose Williamstown as a more permanent abode. His death occurred in Camden, in his eighty-fourth year. John F., his son, was born Oct. 27, 1821, in Tuckerton, Burlington Co., and spent his youth in active employment when not enjoying the limited advantages of education there afforded. After two and a half years of service in the shop of a black- smith, he entered a glass manufacturing establish- ment, and at the age of seventeen was for three years an apprentice to the art of glass-blowing. He then removed to Williamstown, and became assistant to his father, receiving, after attaining his majority, a salary for his services. At the age of twenty-five he had by industry and thrift accumulated the sum of six hun- dred dollars, with which a partnership was formed with his father and brother. This sum formed the nucleus around which centred a large and successful business, that of hollow-ware glass manufacturing, with which a general store was connected, and con- tinued until his retirement in 1882. Mr. Bodine was married in 1844 to Miss Martha, daughter of John Swope, of Williamstown, and had children, Emma (Mrs. Atkins) and Phebe (Mrs. Dufiel). He was a second time married, to Miss Gertrude, daughter of Peter Boucher, of Columbia County, N. Y. Their children are Joanna (Mrs. Garwood) and Alice. In politics Mr. Bodine is a strong Republican, and has been actively identified with the political interests of the district and county. He filled the offices of su- perintendent of schools and freeholder each for three years, and was in 1864 elected member of the State Legislature, where he served on the committees on Railroads and Corporations, having been chairman of the latter. He was in 1873 appointed one of the county judges and officiated for five years, after which he was elected to the State Senate for a period of three years, and chairman of the State Prison and Public Grounds Committees, also a member of the commit- tees on Railroads and Canals, Lunatic Asylums, and Industrial School for Girls. Mr. Bodine is actively interested in the advancement of the religious interests of the village, and a member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church of Williamstown. He is president of the Williamstown Railroad, which he was largely in- terested in building, and director of the First National Bank of Camden. He is also identified with the Masonic order, and member of Brearley Lodge, No. 2, of that order. MATTHIAS M. CHEW. The Chew family are of English origin, though New Jersey claims its early representatives as citizens. Robert, the grandfather of Matthias M., was a resi- dent of Franklin township, in Gloucester County, where he was both a farmer and a lumber merchant. By his wife, Tamzen, he had thirteen children, as follows : Jane, Sarah Ann, Thomas E., Lafayette, Levi, Charles, Margaret, Elizabeth, Esther Ann, Beulah, Samuel D., Phebe, and one who died in early youth. Thomas E., the father of Matthias M., was born in Franklin township in 1818, and having acquired a knowledge of farming pursuits, made it his calling, to which was added that of brick-making. He married Miss Elizabeth Miller, and had children, — William, Matthias M., Susanna (married Maskell Bates), Sidney (deceased), Isabella (deceased), Rob- ert, Thomas, Sarah, Elizabeth (deceased), Mary Ella (deceased), and Rose Ella (deceased). In the fall of 1865 he bought of Hugh Gelston, of Baltimore, Md.j the Coles Mill property, intending to make of it a cranberry bog, as well as to use it for mill and farm- ing purposes. He devoted seventeen acres of the pond to cranberries, and in 1847 erected a saw-mill on the site of the old one, which had been burned. Mr. Chew's death resulted from an accident while en- gaged in sawing shingle-bolts. He was buried at "The Lake," and a fine monument erected to his memory by his children. The property remained in the hands of Mrs. Chew, as administratrix of the estate, until 1870, when she obtained from the court permission to sell the same at public sale. , Matthias M. Chew, second child of Thomas E., was born at " The Lake," in Franklin township, on the 22d day of February, 1842. Here he spent his early boyhood, remaining a member of his father's family until twenty-one years of age, and living succes- sively in Glassboro, Clayton, Ewansville, Cape May, and Bethel. At the latter place he obtained until eighteen years of age such education as could be acquired by three months' yearly attendance at the district school. With his father's consent he, in the fall of 1862, enlisted (as did his brother William) in 280 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Company D, Twenty-fourth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, and was discharged in August, 1863, by reason of expiration of term of service, having par- ticipated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville. On the 22d day of December, 1864, he was married to Miss Mary Etta, daughter of Thomas A. and Abigail Ann (Leonard) Chew, who was 'of the same family and distantly related. After his marriage Mr. Chew cultivated the farm of his father- in-law on shares for one year, and later rented a farm of Mr. Jessup for a year, then removed to Cole's Mill, and began the cultivation of cranberries, taking from his father two acres of bog, which he set out to vines, his share being an undivided one-half interest. The sudden death of the latter having prevented the consummation of their bargain, he removed to Wil- liamstown and engaged in surveying and conveyanc- ing, to the study of which he had been devoting his leisure hours for several years. Mr. Chew had mean- while given the cultivation of cranberries much thought and attention, and becoming thoroughly convinced that it could be made a remunerative business, he in 1870 bought, in company with his brother Robert, at the sale above mentioned, the en- tire property. At this time there were about twenty acres out to vines, though not as yet productive. The following summer he divided the farm with his brother, Matthias receiving one hundred and seventy- five acres. The next year Matthias ,M. had two hun- dred and eighty bushels gf berries, since which time he has planted fifteen acres more to vines, making thirty-five acres in all, from which he has realized five thousand bushels of berries in one year. In October, 1881, Mr. Chew bought of William Corkrey two hundred acres of land, known as the Hospitality Mill property, situated in Monroe township, of which fifty acres are set to vines, and yielded eleven hun- dred bushels of berries this present season. Mr. Chew is the acknowledged pioneer cranberry-grower of this part of New Jersey, his success being an evi- dence of what can be achieved by perseverance and thorough knowledge of the business in which he is en- gaged. It has inspired others and made the cultiva- tion and raising of cranberries an extensive business, bringing to the operators yearly many thousands of dollars, and giving employment during the picking season to hundreds of people. He now has all the buildings and appliances necessary to the storage and shipping of his berries, the raising and handling of which he has made a science. Mr. and Mrs. Chew have five children, — Thomas J., born Jan. 8, 1867, died Aug. 4, 1867 ; Mary Abigail, born May 21, 1868 ; Elizabeth, born March 8, 1871 ; Edward D.,born Sept. 11, 1872 ; and Samuel M., born June 18, 1874. In politics Mr. Chew is a Republican. He has served two terms of five years each as justice of the peace for Monroe township, has been for four years a member of the board of freeholders, and for the same period assessor of the township. He is at present officiating as freeholder and commissioner of deeds, the latter office having been held for three terms. In religion, he is a supporter of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church of Williamstown, and one of its trustees. CHAPTER XLVI.I. TOWNSHIP OF SOUTH HARRISON.i This is one of the southwest border townships in the county, and the youngest of the thirteen, having been organized in March, 1883. Geographical and Topographical. — The town- ship is bounded on the east by Clayton township, on the south by Salem County, on the west by Wool- wich, and on the north by Harrison township, from which this township was organized. The surface of the township is gently undulating, sufficiently so for proper drainage, while the soil pro- duces crops equal to that of any other locality in this or adjoining counties. The township is watered by the head-waters of the south branch of Raccoon Creek, which forms a part of the north boundary line, and affluents of Oldman's Creek, which forms the south boundary line of the township. For early settlers, see Harrison township. Civil Organization. — Chapter xlvii. of the Laws of New Jersey reads as follows : '* An Act to «e( qffrom the lowwhvp of Harrwon, in the cmmiy of Gloveester, a new township^ to be cdUed South Sarrieon. " 1. Be U enacted by the Senate and Gfneral Auembb/ of the State of New Jersey, That all that portion of the township of Harriaon, in the county of Gloucester, lying and being within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at a station in the middle of the public road, leading from MuUica Hill to Swedesboro, via Thomas Mounce'a residence, where the Woolwicb township line intetsects said road; thence running a direct line to the centre of the bridge over the south branch of Baccoon Creek, in the commissioners* road; thence in a direct line to the bridge over the north branch of said creek, in the road leading from HarrisonTltle to Five Points ; thence up the said north branch, its several courses, to where it intersects the Glassboro township line; thence along said line to the Clayton township line ; thence along the Clayton township line to the boundary line between Salem and Gloucester counties ; thence along said boundary line until it intersects the Woolwich township line; thence along the Woolwich township line to the place of beginning, shall be, and hereby is, set off from the township of Harrison, in the* county of Gloucester, and made a separate township, to be known by the name of the township of South Harriaon. "2. And be it enacted. That the inhabitants of the township of South Harrison shall be, and are hereby, constituted a body politic and corpor- ate, in law, by the name of 'The Inhabitants of the Township of South Harrison, in the County of Gloucester,' and shall be entitled to all the rights, powers, authority, privileges, and advantages; and shall be sub- ject to all regulations, government, and liabilities that other townships are now entitled to, or subject, by the existing laws of this State. "3. And be it enacted. That the inhabitants of the township of South Harrison, aforesaid, shall hold their first annual town meeting in the hall at Harrisonville, in said township, at the time now fixed by law for holding town meetings in the several townships of this State. " 4. And be it enacted. That the township committees of each of the townships of Harrison and South Harrison shall meet at such place in 1 By W. H. Shaw. TOWNSHIP OF SOUTH HAERISON. 281 the Tillage of Mullioa Hill, in the township of Havrison, as a majority of said committees shall designate, on the first Monday in April next, at ten o'cloclv a.m., and shall then and there, or as soon thereafter as may be, proceed to allot and divide between the said townships the assets, liabilities, and real estate of the old township of Harrison, in proportion to the taxable property and ratables, as taxed by the assessor at the last assessment ; and to ascertain the just proportion of debts to be paid by the inhabitants of each of said townships ; and that if any of the com- mittee, on the part of either of said townships, shall neglect or refuse to meet as aforesaid, those assembled may proceed to make said division and to ascertain the said proportion of debt, and the decision of the ma- jority of those present shall be final and conclusiTe ; provided, that it shall and may be lawful to at^'ourn the said meeting to such time and place as a majority of those assembled as aforesaid may think proper. "5. And be U enacted. That nothing in this act contained shall be con- strued so as to interfere with or impair the commission of the justices of the peace, or commissioners of deeds, until they shall expire by their own limitations ; or so as to impair the rights of the said township of South Harrison, in and to its just and legal proportion of the surplus revenue of the general government, and the interest thereof. " 6. And be it enacted. That the said township of South Harrison shall form a part of the assembly district of the county of Gloucester. " 7. And be U enacted. That this act shall take effect immediately." Approved March 2, 1883. The following is a complete list of the first town- ship officers and appropriations ordered : Town Clerk, Alfred W. Madai-a; Assessor, Thomas Borton ; Collector, Jno. Wriggins ; Chosen Freeholders, Charles String. Stacy W. Hazle- ton ; Township Committee, Asa Engle, George Horner, Samuel Moore ; Surveyors of Highways, Alfred French, Nathan Wilkinson ; Overseers of Beads, Samuel S. Madaiu, Charles Stearns, Robert Ci'awford ; Com- missioners of Appeal, Wm. S. Mattson, Chas. Steward, Joseph Horner ; Judge of Election, Amos T. Eastlack; Inspectors of Election, Peter K. Eldridge, Henry Moncrief ; Justice of the Peace, John W. Bates ; Con- stable (for three years), Samuel It. Devault ; Overseer of Poor, Samuel R. Devault; Pound-Eeepers, Jos. C. Horner, Patrick Connelly, John B. Porch. Appropriations for roads, $900 ; for poor, $100 ; for inci- dentals, $300. Harrisonville. — This village is located on the southwest border of the township, about four miles from Mullica Hill, and named in honor of General William H. Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe. The place was formerly called Coletown, and in 1844 as- sumed the present name, by which it is known at the post-oflSce department. In 1836 there were only nine dwellings within the present limits of the village. These were the houses of Martha Cole, Samuel Cole, John Howey, William Mounce, Thomas ' Cole, Susan Pimm, John Fogg, Nathan Gaunt, and Israel Kirby. Andrew Knisel, John Davis, John Howey, Isaac Eidgway, Joseph Cheadle, and George Horner were other old settlers near here. The grist- aud saw-mills were built in 1810 by Thomas Cole, and now owned by Parker D. Lippin- cott. The pioneer store of the town was kept by John Fogg, and the second store, at what is now Harrison- ville, was opened for business, in 1848, by James Saunders, in the building now occupied by Haider- man & Hazelton. Isaac Lock also had a store on the corner now occupied by Riggin. Lock com- menced here in 1855. Several other parties have kept store here, and at different times. The store of Lydia Lippincott, now Lydia Haines, was converted into a dwelling, and is now occupied by Dr. Stanger. The pioneer wheelwright of Harrisonville was Nathan Gaunt, who was succeeded by Asa Cole. The busi- ness is now carried on at the same place by William Ladow, who is also engaged in the general black- smithing business. The pioneer blacksmith at this place was the late Samuel Pimm, who has been succeeded at the old place by William and Samuel Pimm. The pioneer harness-maker in this town was Amos M. Jones ; and the present one is Andrew Knisel. Mounce was the early shoemaker ; but since 1850 or 1851 Lewis Amy has attended to the pedal appendages of his neighbors. The first resident physician at this place was Dr. Miller, now of Paulsboro. Samuel Stanger is the present physician. The old Cole property in the village is now owned by William Matson, who came here in 1846, and for several years was engaged as a dealer in live-stock and in the butchering business, and now engaged in farming. There are at present in Harrisonville two general stores, Halderman & Hazelton and Riggins Broth- ers ; three wheelwright- and blacksmith-shops, Wil- liam Ladow, Amos Eastlack, and the Pimm brothers ; Methodist Episcopal Church, and school-house. Fairview is a small hamlet in the south part of the township, where there is a Methodist Episcopal Church, school-house, cemetery, and half a dozen dwellings. The land-owners at this place are James Laflferty, Jacob Armstrong, Joseph Abbott, Aaron Simpkins, William McGown,William Laflferty, Charles Shugard, Joel Chord, John Osrus, Mary Bates, Wade Mulford, Nelson, and one or two others. The new school-house at this place was built in 1873 or 1874, and John V. Becket was the first teacher in this school building, and taught here for four or five years. James Lafierty had a store here from 1876 to 1880. Lincoln. — This is a small hamlet in the southeast ' part of the township, formerly known as Stringtown. Here is a grist- and saw-mill and a few houses. Just when or by whom the mills were built is a mystery, yet in 1828 the grist-mill property was purchased by James Jessup, father of the now venerable Joseph Jessup, of this township. In 1838, Joseph Jessup purchased the saw-mill property and rebuilt the mill, which he still owns. Having subsequently come in possession of the grist-mill, he sold it, in 1853 or 1854, to Paul Avis, the present owner. Mr. Avis has im- proved the mill by the addition of more runs of stone (four French burrs), and increased its capacity for business to five hundred bushels of grain per day, until it is now a first-class mill, manufacturing the highest grades of flour. In the pioneer days of Stringtown there was con- siderable business done at this place, but at present there is only the grist-niill, saw-mill, and a black- smith-shop, with Bartley Stiles as blacksmith. Saint John's Methodist Episcopal Church,— This society is located at Harrisonville, and is an 282 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. outgrowth of old Bethel Church, near Hurffville, and was organized into a separate society in 1848, with Samuel Cole as the pioneer leader. Mr. Cole at this time lived where William S. Matson now lives, in the village of Harrisonville. He was one of those old-fashioned Methodists, ever ready to sacrifice time and money for the good of the cause. He did not keep a tavern by any means, but kept what in some sections was known as a "Methodist tavern," where Methodist preachers were always welcome, and not only preachers, but all who wore the old-fashioned imprint of Methodism, — a straight coat with rolling collar and broad-brim hat. Abraham Gearhart was the preacher in charge at the organization of this society, and Edmund Lay ton was another leader. i Soon after the class or classes were formed the building of a house of worship seemed to be the next thing necessary to be done, and in 1848 the present church edifice, located in the village of Harrisonville, was built, at a cost of two thousand four hundred dollars. Rev. John K. Shaw, then presiding elder on this district, preached the dedicatory sermon. The building committee were Israel Kirby, John Davis, and Samuel H. Weatherby, who were also elected first trustees. In 1875 the present parsonage was built. This is a modern frame building, standing on the lot adjoin- ing the church. Among the preachers who have served this people since the days of Gearhart we are enabled — through the kindness of Mrs. William Matson, to whom we are indebted for all these items — to present the fol- lowing list : Revs. James Long, Caleb Fleming, James Bryan, Joseph Ashbrook, John T. Fort, David Duf- field, Isaac Hugg, Samuel Parker, William Stockton, Joseph Somerell, Edwin Waters, John Warthman, Matthias Shimp, Daniel Harris, and William Abbott, the present preacher in charge. Tho present stewards (1882) are Samuel Pimm, Michael Swagart, Thomas Turner, William Pimm, Lippincott Cassady, Christopher Harbison ; Trustees, William Matson, Amos Eastlack, Joseph Dare, Clark- son Lippincott ; Sunday-school Superintendent, Sam- uel Pimm, with nineteen teachers and an average attendance of eighty-five scholars. Value of church property, five thousand dollars. Membership in 1882 was one hundred and eighty-two. Fairview Methodist Episcopal Church,— This church is located in the hamlet of Fairview, south- east part of the township. Previous to 1840 or 1842 the meetings were held in private houses, barns, or grove, upon the old Fairview camp-ground. During one of those years, under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Edwards, the present church building was erected, for the double purpose of church and school, and was jointly occupied till 1873, when the new school- house was built, since which time the Methodists have continued to worship in the old building. As near as can be ascertained, the pioneer class- leader at this point was Samuel Bates, with the fol- lowing-named persons forming the larger portion of his class : Maschal Bates and wife, Thomas Lacy and wife, Sarah Moore, Hannah Lafierty, Stacy Cas- sady and wife, John Heaton and wife. Wade B. Mulford and wife, Joseph Nelson and wife, James Nelson and wife, Jacob Schatt and wife, Hannah Becket, and Charlotte Molica. The first trustees of the church property were Wade B. Mulford, John Heaton, and Maschal Bates. The following are among the preachers who have served this church and congregation, and is probably nearly a correct list : Revs. Noah Edwards, the first preacher in charge, Joseph Atwood, Gearhart, Samuel Hugg, ■ McDougal, Joseph Ashbrook, Joseph Pierson, William Stockton, Matthias Shimp, Levi Herr, Waters, Jno. Warthman, D. B. Harris, and William Abbott, the present preacher of this cir- cuit. The trustees of the church for 1882 were Jacob Armstrong, Abram Morgan, John C Nelson, Ed- ward P. Roske, and James Nelson. The present steward is James Nelson ; local preacher. Rev. John V. Becket ; membership, forty ; value of church prop- erty, five hundred dollars. The Sunday-school con- nected with this church is under the supervision of John C. Nelson, with an average attendance of forty pupils. CHAPTER XLVIIL TOWNSHIP or WASHINaTON.i Geographical and Descriptive.— The territory now comprising the township of Washington was taken from Deptford in 1836, and named in honor of "the father of his country." In the formation of Camden County, in 1844, it was set ofi' to that county, and remained a portion of the same until reannexed by act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 20, 1871. In order to more fully define the act we quote the first section : " Be U enacted, etc.. That all that part of the county of Camden, com- prising the townships of Washington and Monroe (except that part of the township of Washington included within the boundaries of Camden County almshouse farm, which is to remain a part of said county of Camden, and be annexed and made a part of the township of Glouces- ter, in said county), shall be, and the same is hereby, annexed and made a part of the county of Gloucester, and shall be subject to all the laws applying to the said county of Gloucester; and the residue of the said township of Washington shall hereafter be linown as the inhabitants of the township of Washington, in Gloucester County ; and the said town- ship of Monroe shall hereafter be known as the inhabitants of the town- ship of Monroe, in the county of Gloucester ; and the division line be- tween the townships of Washington and Monroe, on the one hand, and the townships of Gloucester and Winslow, on the other hand, as said townships are hereby constituted, shall be hereafter the boundary line between the counties of Camden and Gloucester." > By W. H. Shaw. TOWNSHIP OF WASHINGTON. 283 Originally, Washington township was sixteen miles long and four milea. broad. This extensive area has been lessened by the formation of Monroe township and other alterations, till it now contains but thirteen thousand seven hundred and thirty acres. The soil is generally light, yet under good cultivation it is suscep- tible of large crops. It was what was formerly known as pine land, and in many places it still retains not only the name but the pines. The township is bounded on the east by Camden County, south by Monroe, west by Mantua and Clay- ton townships, and north by Deptford township. Early Settlers and Pioneer Incidents.— Among the pioneers of what is now Washington township we find the name of James Dilks, who came from England and purchased of John Ladd a tract of two hundred and seventy-two acres, the deed bearing date the last day of May, 1714. The sura paid was £30 silver money. This tract embraced what is now con- tained in the lots of land owned by Peter Carr, Wil- liam Becket, Thomas W. Hurflf, Brooks Hurff, and the store property at Bethel. The deed from Ladd to Dilks was witnessed by Sarah Ball, Sarah Eastlack, and R. Bull, the surveyor of the farm. The deed is recorded in secretary's office at Burlington, in Liber of Deeds, folio SI."). July 17, 1748, James Dilks deeded to his son, Jo- seph Dilks, one hundred and eighteen acres of the original tract. This deed was witnessed by James Cattell, James Dilks, Jr., and Michael Fisher. Andrew Dilks, living about a mile west from the Bethel Church, is a lineal descendant from James, through his son Joseph, grandson Andrew, great- grandson Andrew, making the present Andrew a great-great-grandson of James the first. Andrew has one son, Presmul, who has a son, Andrew War- ren Dilks. From James Dilks, who located here in 1714, have sprung the numerous families of Dilks, or Dilkes, as some of the families still spell their names. Andrew is among the older ones now living, and is one of the most enterprising farmers in the township. The Josiah Heritage tract is now owned by John Hurff, Martha Swope, and Albert Hurff. Jesse Leonard was another of the old settlers, and owned quite a large tract of land. It is now owned by John W. Downs, sheriff of Gloucester County, Thomas W. Hurff, and Matthias Chew. These are among the most productive farms now in the township. John Leonard's old plantation is now owned by Samuel Evans and John C. Turner. Mr. Turner also owns the farms formerly owned by Thomas and Ephraim Bee, two of the pioneers of this township. The Edward Turner plantation is now owned by the heirs of John Wilson, deceased. The Thomas C. Creese plantation is now owned by the heirs of the late Robert Wilson. The Elijah Porch plantation has passed into the possession of Jesse Nicholson. Bartholomew Carter's plantation is now the prop- erty of Ephraim Watson. The old plantation of Maryall Turner is now owned by Jeremiah Paulin. The plantation of Patrick Flanigan, containing one hundred and twenty-two acres, is now owned by Thomas W. Huff. Upon this farm is one of the best marl-beds in the county. Civil List. TOWN OLBKKS. 1836-37. James H. Chester. 1838-39. Thomas B. Wood. 1840-42. John C. Turner. 1843-44. Jonas Keen. 1845-47. Kicbard Gant. 1848-51. Isaac S. Turner. 1862-66. Charles W. Sailer. 1836-37. Joel Wood. 1840-41. Thomas B. Wood. 1842-45. Isaac S. Turner. 1846-47. Ira Bradshaw. 1848. Gerrard Wood. 1849-51. William C. Garwood. 1862-53. Samuel D. Sparks. 1854-66. Abijah S. Hewett. 1857-69. William C. Garwood. 1860-62. Charles T. Carter. 1863-64. Eicbard Gant. 1871-75. Jesse K. Prosser. 1876-81. John Wilkins. 1882. Jesse K. Prosser. ASSESSORS. 1867-59. John W, Downs. 1860-62. John D. Heritage. 1863-64. Daniel W. Bakley. 1871-73. William Beckett. 1874-76. Charles Swope. 1877-81. Thomas F. Farley. 1882. Thomas W, Hurff, Jr. 1836-38. Joseph Hurff. 1839. Andrew Dilks. 1840-42. Thomas W. Hurff. 1843. Thomas B. Wood. 1844. Peter S. Eliott. 1846-61. Joel Steelman. 1862-54. David Ward. 1865. Charles Wilson. OOLLECTOES. 1866-68. 1859-60. 1861-62. 1863-64. 1871. 1872-74, 1875-78. 1879-82. Simon Eammel. Jesse E. Turner. David C. Wood. Thomas F. Farley. Champion. Joseph T. Hurff. Daniel W. Wood. George G. Weatherby. CHOSEN 1840-43, 1861. Gerrard Wood. 1840. Jacob Park. 1841-46. Josiah Heritage. 1844-46. William Corkley. 1846-48. Thomas W. Hurff. 1847. Samuel B. Porch. 1848-49. John Harding. 1849-53. John W. Downs. 1850-62. John Wilkins. 1853-65. Andrew D. Turner. 1864-66, John F. Bodine. 1866-68. Bandal E. Morgan. FEIBHOLDEES. 1857-68. Edward S. Ireland. 1860-60, 1876-77. David C. Word. 1862-64. Samuel D. Sharp. 1871. Hiram Wilkins. 1871-73. Eli Gant. 1872-74, 1878-80. George Hurff. 1874-76. Benjamin F. Sickler. 1877-78. Abijah S. Hewitt. 1879-80. Joseph A. Leep. 1881-82. Jacob P. Williams. John Eavans. TOWN COMMITTEE. 1836-37. Paul Sears. Thomas C. Crease. 1836-40. Eandal W. Morgan. 1836-38. Samuel 0. Sharp. 1836-39. James H. Chester. 1838-4.3, 1845-46, 1848. Geo. Hurff. 1838. Jacob Dehart. 1839. Jacob Wick. 1839-40. Thomas Black. 1840-41, 1844-46, 1851-62, 1859-60, 1862. Joel Wood. 1840. Israel Hewin. 1841-42, 1848. Abell Babcock. 1841. 1844-46, 1849-52, 1866-64. William Gardner. 1841. Josiah G. Hewen. 1842-43. John Downs. Thomas B. Wood. William Corkley. 1843-44. John Turner Carp. 1844, 1846-47, 1860-61. Joseph Nicholson. 1844-46,1848-49,1867. Eliaa Camp- bell. 1846, 1847, 1867. Abijah S. Hewitt. 1846-47. Thomas Marshall. 1846. Matthias S.Simerman. 1847. Gerrard Wood. 1848-49. Jacob Parks. 1848. Thomas P. Firth. 1849-62. John Wilkins. Samuel P. Tice. 1860-65. Andrew Dilks, Jr. 1860. Eichard H. Tice. 1851. Christopher Sickler. 1862-66. John Prosser. 1863, 1868-69, 1863-64. Isaac Turner. 1853-54. Jesse B. Thompson. 1853-65. Jesse E. Turner. S. 284 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1853, Richard SteTenson, 1854-S5. Joel Steelman. 1864. Job D. Eldridge. 1855. Simon Bamel. 1856, 1874-75. John N. Wick. 1856. Andrew D. Turner. 1866, 1876-80. John W. Downs. 1857. William H. Bodine. 1857-58. Charles W. Sailer. 1858. John Harding. 1868, 1860-62, 1864. Conrad Hires. 1869-61. Randal B. Morgan. 1859-60, 1872-75. John S. Wood. 1861-63. Moses Crane. 1862-63. David Ward. 1863-64. John Pease. 1864. David C. Wood. 1871-72, 1878-80. James B. Cook. 1871. Joseph T. Hurff. 1871-73. Jesse S. Hurff. Daniel W. Wood. 1871. William Hamilton. 1872. David Hurff. 1873. Thomas F. Farley. 1873-76. Clark J. Hurff. 1874-76. George Bakloy. Randle Nicholson. 1876-77. Jesse S. Nicholson. Sdward Scott. 1876, 1877-78, 1881-82. Joseph Gardner. 1876-78. Hiram Hurff. 1878-81. Evan D. Pearson. 1881. William Beckett. 1882. Dennis Collin. John Wilkins. 1836-42. Isaiah Dill. 1838-39. Joshua Eldridge. 1842-45. Thomas J. Cheeseman. 1843-46, 1850-54. Sam'l D.Spaks, 1846. John Elwill. 1847-48. Richard H. Tice. 1849. John Harding. CONSTABLES. 1865-56. 1867-68. 1859. Jei 1860-63. 1871-79. 1881-82. Emluy Gifford. Joshua Eldridge. !Be R. Turner. Thomas F. Farley. Benjamin Batchlor. John S. Barret. 1838. Jacob Wick. 1839-40. James H. Chester. 1846-46, 1850. Joel Wood. 1846-46. Thomas T. Firth. 1850. Samuel P. Tice. 1861, 1866, 1861. Isaac S. Turner. 1861-56. HoseaHusted. 1863. Paul H. Sickler. 1855-60. William C. Garwood. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1855. Thomas S. Batman. 1871. Daniel Aldridge. 1874-76. Jonas Keen. 1875. Thomas Pilling. 1877. Jesse R. Turner. 1878. Daniel L. Lamb. 1880-82. William C. Nicholson. 1881. Charles Baken. JUDGES 1840. Josiah Heritage. 1841, 1845-48. Joel Wood. 1842. Thomas B. Wood. 1843-44, 1852. Joel Steelman. 1849-50. William S. Elvall. 1851-63. Abijah S. Hewitt. 1864. John N. Wick. 1856-66. John W. Downs. OP ELECTION. 1867-58. Claten B. Tice. 1869-61. Daniel W. Bakley. 1863-64. Isaac S. Turner. 1871-75. John S. Wood. 1872-74. Thomas Pilling. 1876-79. Charles Baken. 1880-82. Henry Sybitt. 1 VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Turnersville is a small village situated on the easterly border of the township, on the line of the Williamstown and Good Intent turnpike, and at the head-waters of Timber Creek. Among the pioneer settlers at this place were John Turner, after whom the town is named, Peter Cheese- man, Henry HurflF, and John Williams. Turner's tract covered what is now the northerly part of the village of Turnersville, and the tract of Peter Cheese- man the other part of the village, or rather the other part on which the village is located. The pioneer store in this vicinity was that of John Turner, and was kept in the front part of the house where Joseph Turner now lives, about three-quarters of a mile from the centre of what is now the village. He com- menced here in a sort of primitive way, with but a few goods, such as were actually necessary for family use, and increased his stock as trade through the de- velopment of the county demanded, and continued the business here till 1840, having commenced in 1800. Having a large tract of land as well as his mercan- tile business to attend to, he transferred the store business to his son, Jesse E. Turner, and built a store-house on the site now occupied by the store of George G. Weatherby. He also built the store and dwelling occupied by Frank Van Sickler, and subse- quently sold to a Mr. Godshall. Jesse Turner was suc- ceeded in the old store by William Garwood, then came George Hurff, followed by Andrew D. Turner, then Joseph and Daniel Turner, and Joseph subse- quently sold the property to Daniel Turner, who rented it to Mr. Weatherby. The pioneer blacksmith at Turnersville was Lemuel Sheldon, in the shop now occupied by W. H. Carter, and a man by the name of Brown was the pioneer wheelwright. The pioneer saw-mill was built by Isaac Collins in 1800, and stood on the site now occupied by the saw- mill of Joseph Prosser. The old stone grist-mill was the first of its kind in this vicinity, and was built by Peter Cheeseman some time previous to 1800. It is now owned by Abram Nash. The next grist-mill at this place is the one now owned by Thomas Brady and Samuel Sharp, Jr. It was built by John Turner for John Williams a few years after the Cheeseman mill was built. Israel Furth was a school-teacher here in 1825. Andrew Turner was the first postmaster, and Frank- lin Van Sickler the present one. There are at present in Turnersville one saw-mill, two grist-mills, two stores, blacksmith-shop, shoe-shop, school-house, and Methodist Episcopal Church. The population of the town is about one hundred and fifty. Hurffville is situated in the southwest part of the township, six miles southeast from Woodbury, the county-seat, and two and one-half miles from Barns- boro Station, on the West Jersey Bailroad. The vil- lage of Hurffville includes the settlement long known as "Bethel," the two settlements numbering about sixty-five dwellings. That portion of the settlement on the east side of the creek came to be known as Bethel as early as 1800, from the fact of the Method- ist Church located there having been given that name. The land on the west side of Bethel Creek was formerly owned by John and Samuel Porch, and subsequently by their heirs. Daniel Lamb, having become one of the heirs of Porch by marriage, sold, in 1833, seventy acres of land to Thomas W. Hurff, a carpenter by trade. At that time there was but one house in what is now Hurffville proper. In 1841, Mr. Hurff built his pres- ent residence, also his old store-house, and the same year built three dwellings or tenement houses along the road northwest from his residence. At the erec- tion of the last house, John Brick, a blacksmith, named the embryo town "Hurffville," which name the town still retains. Mr. Hurff now owns eleven dwellings in the little town, a fraction more than one-sixth of the total number in the village. TOWNSHIP OF WASHINGTON. 285 The pioneer store was that of Mr. Hurflf, and for twenty-one years, 1841 to 1862, his was the only store in the little village. The next store was that of C. G. Eichman, who in 1862 opened a small store, now kept by Mrs. Bichman, Mr. Richman having deceased within the last year. Thepresent store-house of Mr. Hurfif was built in 1872. The third store in Hurff- ville was opened by John W. Chew, in 1870 or 1871, he having built at that time the store-house located opposite Bethel Church. He was succeeded by Rob- ert C. Clark, who purchased the property in 1880, and still continues the mercantile business. The pioneer blacksmith at what is now Hurffville was John Brick. His old shop stood a little north- east from Hurff's old store. The next blacksmith was David Ward. He purchased a building-lot of Mr. Hurfif, and built a shop and dwelling-house. The present blacksmiths are Evan D. Pearson and Joseph Kercher. There are also two wheelwright- shops at this place. The pioneer tavern-house at this place was built by Charles Pearson, in 1860, and it is now owned by Wil- liam Gilmour. It was kept, in 1883, by J. L. Tomlin. A post-office was established here in 1852, and named Hurffville, with Thomas W. Hurff as postmaster. John- son Becket was the pioneer mail-carrier. He was run- ning a stage between Philadelphia and Glassboro, and when this office was established he was induced to make a deflection in his route in order to take in HurfiFville. This was done at the expense of Mr. Hurff, as he had agreed with the post-office depart- ment at Washington to pay all the expenses for carrying the mail between this place and Philadel- phia for a term of four years. Robert C. Clark is the present postmaster, and the office is kept in his store, opposite Bethel Church. Mails are received and despatched daily by Fisler, who runs a stage from HurflVille to Barnsboro, on the West Jersey Railroad. HuEPFVlLLE Ckbamery, located in the village of Hurffville, was built in 1880, and opened for business June 15, 1881. It was built by John McClure, James McClure, and Levi Parsons, and has at present (1883) a working capacity of five thousand pounds of milk per day, with room in the building for double that amount. The land upon which the creamery stands (one acre) was purchased from Thomas W. Hurff. Mr. Parsons retired from the firm in January, 1882, leaving then, as at present, the McClure brothers the sole owners. William S. Burrough is the present superintendent of the creamery. There is also at Hurffville a lodge of Knights of Pythias and a lodge of the Mystic Chain. OHUECHES. Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church, HurflFviUe,' founded in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy, and incorporated the 17th day of February, 1819, as follows : 1 By Elijah T. Watson. "The State op New Jeesby. GloTJCEBTER, 88. " Whereas the Eeligious Society or cougregation of Christians of the Methodist Episcopal church at Bethel in the township of Detford in the county of Gloucester and State aforesaid, does consist of and amount to thiity families and upwards as by the act entitled *An act to Incor- porate Trustees of Eeligious Societies passed the thirteenth day of June in the year of our Lord Seventeeu hundred & ninety-nine. Did assemble on the Seventeenth day of February a.d. Eighteen hundred and nine- teen, at the Meeting house above said, & by a plurality of Votes of such of the Society and congregation as were pro.sent having given ten days notice agreeable to Law, Did Elect Meryall Turner, John Downs, Jessee Pratt, Andrew Ware, & Ohester Dillks, as Trustees of said Society & congregation, by Virtue of the before recited act. "And the said Meryall Turner, John Downs, Jesse Fratt, Andrew Ware, and Chester Dilks, as trustees aforesaid, having severally taken and subscribed an afSrmatiou to support the Constitution of the United States, and the affirmation prescribed by law of this State, and an af&r- mation for the faithful discharge of their dutys as trustees aforesaid, as by these respective affirmations hereafter annexed will more at large appear, do take upon themselves, by virtue of the above-recited act, the name of * The Trustees of the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church in the township of Debpford, in the county of Gloucester.* " In testimony whereof they have hereunto set their hands and seals, this seventeenth day of February, a.d. eighteen hundred and nineteen. " Mektai.l Turner, "Jesse Pratt, "Andrew Ware, "John Downs, "Chester Dilks, " Trustees. " Witness present, " Eev. Peter Vannest, " John Fperth." Next follows the statement of the fact by Justice Fferth that the above-named trustees appeared before him, one of the justices in and for the county of Gloucester, on the 17th day of February, 1819, when each subscribed to two affirmations, the first bound them to support the constitution of the United States, and hold true and faithful allegiance to the government of the State and the authority of the people; and, second, that they would faithfully, im- partially, and justly perform all the duties enjoined on them as trustees of the Bethel Methodist Episco- pal Church, in the township, county, and State afore- said. Each of these two affirmations were required of each of the trustees separately ; all of which was then recorded in the clerk's office of Gloucester County, in DD, folio 190, of deeds. Next in the archives is the copy of a deed from Aaron Dilks and wife to the Rev. Francis Asbury and others, in trust for the use of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, or Society, of North America, dated March 10, A.d. 1794; also recorded in the clerk's office of Gloucester County, lib. C of deeds. Copy of Deed. — Elijah Porch to the trustees of the Methodist Society, recorded in clerk's office of Gloucester County, in lib. 0, folio 513, of deeds, dated April 8, 1811 : " John Eearley and Andrew Dilks to Meryall Tur- ner, Jesse Pratt, Andrew Ware, Chester Dilks, and John Downs, trustees of Bethel Church, the meeting- house and lot of land containing half an acre, and to their successors in office forever." Recorded in the clerk's office of Gloucester County, lib. DD, fol. 232, of deeds. This indenture bears date Feb. 24, 1819. 286 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Following is the deed in trust in full, giving all the duties of trustees, together with all privileges and purposes for which said house and grounds were originally intended, in detail, viz.j to be held in trust for a place of worship and burial-place, and no other purpose, and use of the Methodist Episcopal Society of Bethel. Following this on the record is a deed for a lot of land lying before Bethel Church. " From John Tonkin and William Tonkin to Meryall Turner, Jesse Pratt, Andrew Ware, Chester Dilks, John Down, trustees of Bethel Church, and their successors in office." Dated Feb. 22, 1819. Recorded Feb. 23, 1819, in the clerk's office of Gloucester, in lib. DD, folio 226, of deeds. The lot on which the school-house now stands contains thirty-five-one-hundredths of an acre, more or less. Directly following this last deed of the old church property is recorded the following, which is so concise and business-like, and written so long ago by hands long since returned to dust, that we cannot refrain from copying the entire page : " Be it remembered, that on the first Monday in February, eighteen hundred and twenty-one, we, the tniatees of the incorporation for the Methodist Society at Bethel, did meet at the house of Meryall Turner, for the purpose of organizing ourselres for businesa, at which meeting was chosen by election John Downs, president; Jesse Pratt, secretary. And business being commenced, we proceeded to note the expenses per- taining thereunto, and first, — "To expenses for a book of records $2.50 To cash paid to John Fferth for services in surveying the grounds pertaining to the meeting-house, and writing deeds for same 5.00 For recording two deeds and the incorporation 2.50 To the lot of ground purchased of John and William Tonkin, for the use of the society above mentioned 53.00 To expenses paid for Firth at Mrs. Tailor^s inn for man and horse 62}^ 863.621.^ "Jesse Pratt, The first subscription-list recorded is for the pay- ment of the bill just mentioned, consisting of forty- two names, in sums from fifty cents to five dollars, amounting in all to $62.25, and acknowledged by the trustees by the following minute, viz. : " The trustees received, Feb. 5, 1822, on the above subscription, $62.25, to rebut the amount on the preceding page. Jesse Pratt, secretary." The next item recorded is the horse-sheds, then built, and subscription-list containing fourteen names, which we will not stop to write, but simply give the aggregate amount, $61.94, all in lumber, except $3 cash. Following is another bill itemized for another shed, with each donor's name annexed, and the amount donated carefully recorded in detail. On Oct. 28, 1823, is recorded an election, or re-elec- tion, of trustees, together with the affirmations sub- scribed to, according to the then existing law, the names of Josiah Heritage and Presmeal Dilks being added. Quite a lengthy account is given of the ap- pointment of a sexton at this time. At this point also occurs a list of names, sixty-four in number, a subscription for an aggregate of $44.76, to purchase stoves. Some settlements of minor importance are recorded in 1824, and no election of trustees is re- corded until September, 1839, when, after having given ten days' notice, John Down, Andrew Dilks, Josiah Heritage, and Presmeal Dilks were re-elected, and Thomas Chew, Elisha D. Chew, and Joel Wood were elected. Thus closes up all, or nearly all, the recorded facts concerning the old house, the first church of Bethel, Gloucester Co., N. J., and although, as has been said before. Bethel makes no claim to priority boastfully, there are in her archives evidences of antiquity enough to establish the fact of having been always .loyal as the Methodist Episcopal Church. First the society was known as the Methodist Epis- copal Society of North America until after 1784, when we became a church in this country with a regular ordained ministry, since which time no note or record is made, but this fact is plainly stated, Methodist Episcopal Church of Bethel, or in terms equivalent. The old church building, according to the record, was used as a place of worship from 1770 to 1840, just seventy years, during which time this time- honored temple was often filled with power and glory such as is seldom seen or felt this side the river of Death. How many who found the pearl of great price within her walls are now swelling the hallelujahs of heaven ! Just in the rear of the old pulpit, towards the set- ting sun, lie the bones of Rev. John Ragan, a native of Ireland, who fell with his armor on in 1797. Around and beneath the spot where stood the old meeting-house are buried the fathers and mothers of early Methodism, where their names can be read. We have thought perhaps it would not be uninter- esting to some to hear a short description of this old house. The dimensions were as follows: Size, twenty- eight by thirty-six; height of post, sixteen feet; and it stood side front to the road. Galleries ran around the front side and two ends. It was lined or ceiled inside with cedar boards, the posts and beams were planed smooth, and all the timbers, except braces and rafters, were seen on the inside. The outside was covered with inch cedar boards, and the roof covered with shingles. Who built the structure, or who helped in any way to erect or construct, we have no record to show. The frame, containing the same tim- bers almost intact, is still standing in a good slate of preservation, and is used as a barn on the farm of Sam- uel J. Evans, about a mile from where the old church stood as a house of worship, now one hundred and thirteen years old. That old house and its old grave- yard are both objects of more than ordinary interest to people of Bethel, each having its history. Here "the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep;" let them rest in peace. The Second Church Edifice. — Following this is the subscription-list, containing one hundred and TOWNSHIP OF WASHINGTON. 287 thirty-nine names, pledging to pay from one dollar to fifty dollars. In this house the society worshiped from 1840 until Feb. 15, 1883, forty-three years. During this time many changes have taken place. In 1840 we had only a small burial-place, about two acres ; since then have been purchased, first, half an acre, next one and a quarter acres, and the last pur- chase comprises some thirty-two acres. Besides this, the house and lot which constitutes the parsonage has been purchased and paid for, and a new house built for the pastor on the same, in addition to the one on the lot when bought. Thus from time to time has the church grown stronger financially and numeri- cally. In the summer of 1840 the now old house was fin- ished and dedicated. All these forty-three years the old temple number two has stood, amid lightning's flash and thunder's roar of summer and the stormy winds of winter, and still it stands, a relic of by-gone days. A few are with us still who saw the second temple rise, but far the greater number are gone over the river. It would be matter of much interest to know just how many were converted in this house, but this can never be known until the great day of eternity, when all things shall be revealed. Time has rapidly flown, and with its flight have gone the men and women who made up the congregations forty years ago. How many of them we have known and loved who used to worship here. We could name them, but we forbear. Peace to their memory, which is as ointment poured forth. The grass grows, the sun shines, the birds warble just as sweetly, the seasons come and go, and Time's chariot-wheels roll by as if they had never been ; but their record is on high, and when the last trump's dreadful din shall call them they will rise from old Bethel graveyard to take part in the first resurrec- tion, " and every form and every face be glorious and divine." Thus we have passed over the events of the past. Much, very much of interest has been passed over untouched. We have said but little of the grand old preachers, those mighty men of God, who used to preach as for eternity, and who stood on this classic ground of Methodism so long ago. Of such were Francis Asbury, Ezekiel Cooper, Pedicord, Ben- jamin Abbott, who speaks of Bethel in his journal, and says the power fell on the people while he was preaching, and all fell to the floor as dead. Charles Pitman, that mighty preacher of Jesus and the res- urrection, has often held forth here. And so we might name many truly good and great men who have honored this place with their presence and are gone to their rewards, but time and space will not allow. We must now leave these old, time-honored tem- ples for the present, and hasten to speak of the new house we now occupy, erected during the last year (1882). But little need be said, however, of this, as almost all are cognizant of the facts. Only a little more than a year ago the matter began to be talked about, and soon measures were put on foot to begin the work. Plans were drawn and submitted, a com- mittee was appointed, facts and figures were taken, and a plan was adopted at a meeting called for the purpose in April, 1882. A contract was entered into for the work in May, 1882, and on June 20th the corner-stone was laid, according to disciplinary form, by Kev. John W. Hickman. A galvanized iron box, containing the records, together with the subscription-list, a copy of each county newspaper, and some small coins, were deposited in the wall of the foundation June 23, 1882. Two days later the superstructure was raised, and .dinner was served in the churchyard by the ladies, underneath the maple shades. This new house stands ninety feet south of the second church (still standing at this writing), and is the third house of worship erected at Bethel. The work was pushed rapidly forward, almost the entire community helping, as of one mind. Great praise is due to our then beloved pastor, who labored so un- tiringly in assisting to build this church edifice during the last year, being the last year of his pastorate here. Perhaps few other men could have had so good success as Eev. J. T. Price. Great credit is also due the build- ing committee, John C. Turner, Samuel J. Evans, and John C. Thompson, who proved worthy the trust re- posed in them. The present edifice is thirty-eight by sixty feet; thirty feet post ; lower story eleven feet in the clear ; upper story, from floor to ceiling, twenty-five feet six inches ; height of tower to top of dome, seventy-three feet, with rod, ball, and golden hand making seven feet more, — eighty feet in all. The whole structure is of good material, well and substantially built. The entire cost of building, including furniture and organ, was seven thousand six hundred dollars. With the close of the year 1882, the house being finished, or nearly so, the furniture and carpets and fixtures were rapidly put into position, while ready hands were constantly employed and willing hearts engaged to get all ready for the great, good time coming, namely, the dedication, which occurred Feb. 15, 1883. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Bishop Matthew Simpson, from the text, "She hath done what she could." The day was stormy, the rain fell in torrents, but did not prevent the people from at- tending, and though the trustees had to raise fourteen hundred dollars and upwards, every dollar was pro- vided for, and all the people sang " Praise God, from whom all blessings fiow." One event occurring about this time, or a little be- fore, had the efiect to sadden all hearts. In the midst of our rejoicing our dear old father, Calvin G. Rich- man, who had lived among us for thirty years, had been gathered home, like a ripe shock of corn, at the age of eighty-three, full of years and full of faith. He had so wished to live to see this new church finished and 288 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. dedicated and hear the bell, and so often and anxiously asked how the work went on during his last days ar&ong us, that all had hoped he would have been with us. But before the time arrived his time had come, and the new bell he had so much desired to hear was tolled for the first time for his funeral, which took place in the old house. Many times had he been permitted to meet the fathers in the iirst church here, and many more times had he stood up in the second house and proclaimed the truth of God to the people. Faithfully he lived, and peacefully and triumphantly he passed away. He is gone, but not forgotten, while we are left to continue the work he so nobly sustained for more than fifty years. " May we triumph so when all our conflicts past. And, dying, find our latest foe under our feet at last." And last, though not by any means the least, we come to notice the Sunday-school connected with this church. According to the recorded facts concerning the school, we find a meeting was held on the 13th day of May, 1849, which is the first on record of any school connected with the church. A constitution and by-laws is recorded for our school, written at the time above named, Article 1 of which reads: "This association shall be called the Bethel Sunday-school, auxiliary to the Sunday-school Union of the Method- ist Episcopal Church." Officers were elected at this time and teachers appointed ; Thomas Young as su- perintendent. The school has been reorganized in the spring of every year since. The names of the different superintendents elected are as follows : 1849, Thomas Young; April 28, 1850, Michael Devall; April 6, 1851, Thomas Young ; March 21, 1852, Ed- ward Evans ; April 3, 1853, Thomas Young ; April 10, 1854, E. F. Watson ; April 23, 1855, Michael De- vall ; April 29, 1856, and May 16, 1857, Thomas E. Chew; April 18, 1858, E. F. Watson; May 1, 1859, McKendry Eichman; May 6, 1860, Edward Evans, Jr.; May 6, 1861, Joseph E. Chew; April 13, 1862, Jesse B. Thompson ; March 27, 1864, and April 10, 1865 and 1866, John W. Downs; 1867, William Beckett; from 1870 to 1880, E. F. Watson; and from then until the present, J. C. Thompson. Until 1864 the school could not be maintained through the win- ter, but ever since that time has continued to be an evergreen, living and blooming in winter as well as summer. Thus we have noted only a few facts in our history of one hundred and thirteen years, and many of us saw the last service in the old and the first in the new church. May 6, 1883, was celebrated for the first time the sacrament of the Lord's Supper in this new house, when the new silver communion set was brought into use for the first time by our new pastor, Eev. William Margerum. For how many years to come the people of old Bethel will kneel here at this altar we cannot tell, but sincerely hope for another hundred years at least. " Who'll press for gold the crowded street, A hundred years to come ? Who'll tread these aisles with willing feet, A hundred years to come? Pale trembling age, and fiery youth, And childhood with its heart of truth. The rich, the poor, on land and sea, Where will the mighty millions be, A hundred years to come ?" Tumersville Methodist Episcopal Church. — This was, in 1780, an out-station from old Bethel Church at Hurfiville, or rather Bethel, a mile from Hurfiville. The old pioneer Methodist preachers were in the earlier days of Methodism composed of men who were found at the post of duty, whether that path led to 4he hovel or palace. They were men of religious convictions, and went wherever the spirit led them, preaching to the people whenever they could gather a few of the pioneer settlers. They were not as par- ticular about the size or quality of their congrega- tions as some of the modern followers of the lowly Galilean. Had they been of that class they never would have entered fields so utterly uninviting as some of the wooded hamlets of South Jersey were in those days of toil and privation. These men of God not only preached, but they organized classes and so- cieties at those points where enough persons could reasonably be convened to form a class. As nearly as can be ascertained, John Turner, father of the present venerable Joseph Turner, was ap- pointed a class-leader in 1785, and his son, Jesse Tur- ner, was his successor in office. Among the pioneer members of Turner's class were Elizabeth Turner, wife of the leader, Tamson Hurfi" and wife, Jacob Cheeseman and wife, Lemuel Sheldon and wife, Maria Gantz, Adam Fox and wife, John Carter and wife, and John Williams and wife. Previous to 1855 meetings were held in school- houses, private dwellings, barns, and in the summer- time, when the weather was fair, in the grove. After worshiping seventy years without a regular place of worship, a building committee consisting of Benjamin Prosser, Samuel Sharp, John Turner, and John Pros- ser was appointed, and during the summer of 1855 the present large church edifice was erected at a cost of five thousand five hundred dollars, and dedicated in the fall of the same year by Eev. Hickman. The first trustees were Benjamin Prosser, Jonas King, John Prosser, Samuel Sharp, Daniel Turner, Jesse E. Turner, and William Garwood. Among the preachers who have served this people, Mr. Turner remembers Solomon Sharp, Jobn Walker, James Stout, James Long, Jacob Gruber, Green- bank, Ed. Page, and Mr. Loomis as among the ear- lier ones. Eev. Jacob Price is the present pastor in charge of the circuit. The present official board, August, 1882, is com- posed of the following-named persons : Trustees, Joseph Turner, George Williams, Samuel Gauntt, Elmer Curry, and William Corson ; Stewards, Joseph TOWNSHIP OF WASHINGTON. 289 Turner, Samuel Gauntt, and George Williama ; Class- Leader, Samuel Gauntt. Membership, thirty. Value of church property, four thousand dollars. John R. Chew is the Sunday-school superintendent. Wesley Chapel is located in the southeast part of the township, in the hamlet known locally as " Senor- ville," about two and a half miles east from Hurffville. This was formerly a school-house appointment, known as " Lebanon" district. Divine services were held here for several years by the itinerant preachers of the Methodist denomination, and previous to 1868 a class was formed, with Caleb Ross and William Kerns as leaders. The class was a part of the Bethel Society at Hurffville, and for the better accommoda- tion of the members living in Lebanon district it was thought advisable to build a house of worship for what appeared to be the nucleus of a strong society and accordingly a subscription-list was put in circu- lation, dated Lebanon, July 28, 1869, and the follow- ing signatures obtained : Daniel Senor, David I. Se- nor, William S. Dilks, Isaac Cramer, George Wilson, Thomas E. Armstrong, Jesse Foster, Wesley Brown, Matthias French, John T. Brown, Thomas Reeve, Jesse Nicholson, John Angelo, C. Mcllvaine, Joseph Watson, John Nitshe, H. Clifford, John C. Thomp- son, James Lots, John S. Wood, Joseph Hiirff, George Bailey, William S. Senor, W. Jessup, John L. Wat- son, John Libb, Isaac Turner, Joseph Higgins, C. G. Richman, Edward Evans, Joseph Harper, Charles W. Sheldon, Jacob Leedy, Mary E. Franklin. It is, proper to state here that the late Mrs. David Senor was instrumental in building Wesley Chapel, she having circulated the subscription-list, obtaining from the above-named persons in sums ranging from fifty cents to fifty dollars, a total amount sufficient to warrant the building of the chapel. Hon. Thomas W. Hurff donated the half-acre of land upon which the chapel stands. The corner-stone of the chapel was laid July 9, 1870, upon which occasion one hundred and twenty persons donated sums ranging from fifty cents to twenty-five dollars each. The chapel was completed and dedicated in the fall of 1870, at a cost of thirteen hundred dollars. The trustees at that time were David Senor, John Lloyd, Gilbert Pine, and John Libb. Rev. Stiles preached the dedicatory sermon. The oflScers of the chapel in 1883 were as follows : Trustees, Gilbert Pine and John Libb ; Class-Leader and Steward, John Libb. A Sunday-school was organized in 1870, with John Lloyd as superintendent, who was succeeded by John Libb, the present superintendent. BUEIAL-GBOUNDS. Bethel Cemetery.— This burial-place is in rear of the Methodist Episcopal Church and lot at Bethel, or Hurffville, in this township. This seems to have been one of the pioneer graveyards of the township. The 19 following are of the many inscriptions to be found here: William Guslin, died Marcb 8, 1864, a,ged 87. Sarah Applegate, died Oct. 31, 1878, aged 77. Andrew Nichol, died July i, 1866, aged 69. Sarah Murphy, died June 18, 1849, aged 60. Daniel Sickels, died April 28, 1851, aged 56. Isaac Mcllvaine, died Aug. 2, 1870, aged 75. KeT. William V. Darrow, died Jan. 24, 1856, aged 36. Isaac 0. Billces, died Aug. 2, 1873, aged G3. Elisha Chew, died March 3, 1864, aged 60. Michael Devault, died Oct. 8, 1881, aged 76. Patrick Flanagan, died Oct. 31, 1866, aged 74. Benjamin Heritage, born Feb. 14, 1740, died March 27, 1816. Rev. Joaiah Heritage, born April 3, 1778, died May 7, 1859. Mary Heritage, born March 24, 1780, died March 22, 1867. Ruth Williams, died May 13, 1798, aged 27. Benjamin Clark, born Oct. 16, 1744, died Aug. 2, 1830. John Dilkes, died Jan. 20, 1771, aged 66. William Beckett, died Oct. 28, 1844, aged 62. Sarah Beckett, died March 26, 1866, aged 75. Joseph Watson, died Nov. 24, 1840, aged 66. Mary Lock, died Aug. 16, 1837, aged 79. John S. Bell, died Dec. 17, 1869, aged 73. David Ward, died Jan. 13, 1870, aged 66. Mary Ward, died Jan. 27, 1870, aged 81 . Charles P. Downs, fell in defense of his country, July 28, 1862. James A. Murphy, died March 2, 1867, aged 54. Rebecca B. Nicholson, died Sept. 6, 1868, aged 32. Tamson Hurff, died Nov. 21, 1867, aged 69. George Hurtf, born July 22, 1780, died Sept. 1, 1871. Ann Sweeten, died Jan. 30, 1861, aged 89, Daniel Bates, died Jan. 2, 1816, aged 64. Tamzon Sneath, died May 7, 1830, aged 64. Bartholomew Carter, died April 19, 1864, aged 77. Rev. John Turner, died Oct. 2, 1868, aged 86. Elizabeth Turner, died Dec. 27, 1874, aged 93. Edward Turner, died Aug. 18, 1821, aged 60. Sarah Turner, died Sept. 8, 1825, aged 47. Mary Early, died March 14, 1801. I. Carpenter, 18i4. Rev. John Brown, died Jan. 2, 1827, aged 66. Mary Ann Kernes, died March 24, 1869, aged 34. William 6. Sparks, died Sept. 16, 1872, aged 63. Samuel J. Moore, born March 2, 1807, died May 13, 1871. Jonathan 0. Dilkes, died July 16, 1863, aged 63. James Dilks, died March 12,1878, aged 77. Jesse P. Dilks, died Dec. 26, 1862, aged 62. Rev. Benjamin Heritage, born April 4, 1816,- died Jan. 17, 1872. Charles Anna Heritage, born Aug. 31, 1831, died July 10, 1852. Thomas Bee, Jr., died Sept. 6, 1863, aged 42. Martha Bee, died June 27, 1861, aged 45. Rev. Andrew Dilkes, died Oct. 12, 1863, aged 66. Presniul Dilkes, died July 16, 1866, aged 86. Mary Dilkes, died Aug. 21, 1862, aged 80. Ephraim Bee, died Aug. 22, 1866, aged 90. Anna Bee, died Aug. 30, 1872, aged 83. John Swope. Charles H. Swope. Jacob Swope. John S. Wood, died May 2, 1879, aged 63. Rebecca L. Dilks, born Jan. 2, 1809, died Aug. 10, 1879. Rev. Mark Heritage, died Jan. 6, 1879, aged 76. Elizabeth Heritage, died March 17, 1863, aged 68. James S. Dilks,born Jan. 21, 1784, died June 19, 1862. Michael Chew, died Aug. 21, 1854, aged 48. Sarah Chew, died Aug. 21, 1864, oged 43. Margaret 0. Heritage, died April 7, 1878, aged 47. Joel Wood, born Aug. 12, 1780, died Sept. 30, 1870. Ann Wood, died Sept. 24, 1867, aged 63. David Hutchinson, born Sept. 26, 1798, died July 31, 1864. Priscilla Hutchinson, born Aug. 30, 1796, died Dec. 16, 1862, John L, Patton, died Jan. 30, 1878, aged 70. Henry Hurff, Sr., born Sept. 13, 1768, died Feb. 21, 1863. Ann Hurff, died Jan. 18, 1850, aged 85. Jesse B. Thompson, died Dec, 7, 1870, aged 66. 290 HTSTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Jesse Steen, died Oct. 14, 1859, aged 68. Bev. John Ragan, died Sept. 11, 1797, aged 45. Joseph Silkes, died June 1, 1849, aged 72. Jesse Leonard, died Feb. 19, 1849, aged 61. Mary S. Leonard, died April 4, 1864, aged 62. Josiali Clark, born Nov. 8, 1771, died Feb. 27, 1825. Martha Clark, born May 31, 1770, died Jnly 21, 1849. Jesse Bicbards, died July 15, 1841, aged 84. ■William Brewer, born Aug. 9, 1804, died Oct. 19, 1842 Jacob Fisler, died March 4, 1844, aged 87. Nathan Carter, died March 26, 1847, aged 78. During the early part of the last century the north side of this yard was occupied by the Indians as a burying-ground. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. .TOSEPH TURNER. Three brothers of the Turner family at an early period emigrated from England. One settled in New York State, another in the West, and the third in New Jersey. From the latter was descended Robert, the grandfather of the subject of this bio- graphical sketch, who located in Washington, then Deptford township. By his wife Joanna he had one son, John, a local Methodist preacher, born May 9, 1774, who resided on the farm and in the present house of his son Joseph, which was erected nearly a century ago. He married, in 1798, Miss Elizabeth Carter, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth Carter, born June 26, 1782, and had fourteen children, else- where mentioned by name in this volume. Mr. Turner died Oct. 4, 1858, in his eighty-fifth year. His son Joseph was born Sept. 29, 1809, oh the home- stead, where the winter sessions of the district school and the duties incident to the cultivation of the farm occupied the years of his boyhood. He also assisted his father in the cutting and shipping of timber until twenty-four years of age, when an opportunity to rent a farm advantageously was embraced. For seven years Mr. Turner was a tenant, after which he became a pur- chaser, and removed to the property now owned by his son, Ellison K. Here he remained for twenty years, and in 1862 returned to the old homestead, which is still his home. He was married, Jan. 12, 1882, to Miss Achsah, daughter of Samuel and Sarah Kirby, and granddaughter of Samuel and Mercy Kirby, of Salem County. Mr. and Mrs. Turner had children,— Ellison K., born in 1833; Mary Ann (Mrs. William Kerns), in 1834; Martha H. (Mrs. Henry Leap), in 1836; Sarah W. (Mrs. Hiram Stenger), in 1838; Eobert, in 1840; Elizabeth (Mrs. Harris Leap), in 1842; Burroughs, in 1845; Anna (Mrs. John Wilkins), in 1848; and Abigail (Mrs. Benjamin Williams), in 1851, of whom Mary Ann is deceased. All are living in Gloucester County, and are acces- sible to the home of their parents. In 1869 Mr. Turner retired from active labor, and transferred the interests of the farm to his son Robert. In politics he has never been a partisan, but has reserved to himself the right to vote independently and without regard to party claims. Though not desirous of oflScial distinction, he has served acceptably as freeholder of his township. He has been for nearly fifty years identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Mrs. Turner is also a member. Mr. and Mrs. Turner celebrated their golden wedding in 1882, on which eventful occasion their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, to the number of fifty, were present. JOHN S. WOOD. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Samuel Wood, who married Mary Tatum, and had children,^Joel, Gerrard, and two daughters. Mr. Wood followed farming employments, and was a prominent justice of the peace, as was also his father. His son Joel was born June 27, 1818, and succeeded to the pursuits of his parent. He married, June 27, 1813, Susanna, daughter of John Sickler, of Sickler- town, N. J., and had children, — William T., born in 1814; John S. ; Mary, born in 1820 (Mrs. Robert Turner) ; Hannah, who died in youth ; and Samuel, born in 1822. He married, a second time, Ann War- ner, and had one son, Edmund T., born in 1827. The death of Mr. Wood occurred in 1870. His son John S. was born Feb. 10, 1816, and passed his boy- hood at his father's home, where the usual routine of the farmer's son was followed. He was married, Jan. 16, 1845, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Ephraim and Anna Bee, of Washington township, Gloucester Co., and immediately after purchased a tract of land for farming purposes, to which additions were made from time to time until he had secured a productive farm and other lands of value, including a cranberry- bog. He continued farming occupations for many years, his frugal habits and industry winning success, and gaining for him a competency. Mr. Wood was a strong Democrat in his political relations, and held various small offices in the township, though honors of this character were frequently declined. In re- ligion, he was a Methodist, and a member of the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church of HurfiVille. His death occurred May 2, 1879, in his sixty-third year. His wife still survives, and resides upon the farm. ANDREW DILKS. The advent of the Dilks family possibly antedates that of any other family in its settlement in Glouces- ter County, James Dilks, the great-great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, having with his wife emi- grated from England, and in 1714 settled upon a tract of one thousand acres, purchased of John Ladd. He had children, — James, Joseph, Aaron, John, and one daughter (Mrs. Nightingale), each of whom received as patrimony a farm, part of the original patent. ^/r^^jMQ? .yf--J^l^,0^^^^^^ .^-tk/^ 4X9^''*^ ^^— * if :^L^^ TOWNSHIP OP WASHINGTON. 291 Joseph, of this number, married, and had two sons, William and Andrevi;, who inherited the estate of their father, the subject of this sketch being now the pos- sessor of this property, which embraces two farms. Andrew, who served in the war of the Revolution, and was stationed at New Brunswick, N. J., in 1776, mar- ried Miss Joanna Richards, of the same county, and had children, — Andrew, Presmul, Mary (Mrs. Albert- son], and Rachel (Mrs. Parks). Mr. Dilks continued to pursue farming employments on the ancestral land until his death. His son, Andrew (2d), was born in 1785, on the homestead, where he resided during his lifetime, and devoted his energies to the cultivation and improvement of the land. He married Miss Priscilla, daughter of Benjamin and Priscilla Clark Heritage, of the same county, to whom were born children, — Robert, Benjamin, Andrew, Josiah, and Priscilla (Mrs. Christopher Sickler). The death of Mr. Dilks occurred Oct. 12, 1853, in his sixty-eighth year. His wife survived him, and died in her eighty- third year. Their son, Andrew (3d), was born Dec. 18, 1815, in the dwelling which was his home for more than half a century, and on the ancestral land where, during his lifetime, he has continued to reside. His youth was in no sense eventful, the ordinary tasks of the school-boy and the avocations of a farmer's son having engaged his attention until his marriage, when the estate became his by purchase and inheri- tance. He was in 1841 united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth L., daughter of Thomas Bee, a prominent citizen of Deptford township. Their children are Presmul (who resides in Philadelphia), Andrew (who died at the age of eighteen), Elmira (whose decease occurred at the age of nineteen), and two who died in infancy. Mrs. Dilks' death occurred on the 18th of April, 1882. Mr. Dilks' tastes have led to farming employments, and his interests have centred about the home of his ancestors, where his whole life has been spent either as a farmer or in conducting the business of a miller. He has been true to the Whig principles of his family, and in the formation of the Republican party indorsed its platform. Though occasionally officiating in a public capacity in the township, he has never been an aspirant for political distinction. Though not intimately connected with any religious denomination, he aids in the support of Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. THOMAS W. HURFF. The Hurffs are of German ancestry, Conrad, the grandfather of Thomas W., having emigrated from his native land, and on his arrival in America settled in New Jersey, where he purchased of the Proprie- tors of South Jersey a tract of land in that portion of Gloucester County which is now Washington town- ship, where he became a prosperous farmer. He married and had children,— John, Henry, George, Isaac, Priscilla (Mrs. Beckley), Elizabeth (Mrs. Davi- son), Ann (Mrs. Cheeseman), and Catherine (Mrs. Woodrough). George, his son, was born at the pa- ternal home, and succeeded his father in the conduct of the farm, having married Tamzon Williams, daugh- ter of John G. Will'ims, of the same township, on the 5th of March, 1807. Their children are Reese, John G., Thomas W., Isaac, Mary (Mrs. Harris Cole), Patience Ann (Mrs. Asa Cole), George, Tamzon (Mrs. William Nicholson), Elizabeth, Hiram, Jonathan, Catherine (Mrs. Jesse Prosser), and Henrietta. His son, Thomas W., was born on the 27th of April, 1811, in Washington township, and received instruction in the rudimentary branches at Turnerville, after which, at the age of seventeen, he was apprenticed for four years to a carpenter. Having learned the trade he pursued it continuously until 1841, and found steady employment for his skillful hands. He was married Jan. 1, 1834, to Martha E., daughter of John Turner, of Washington township, whose death occurred Deci 22, 1834, when he was a second time married on the 16th of February, 1842, to Hannah, daughter of Randall and Mary Cheeseman Jaggard, and grand- daughter of James and Susan Morgan Jaggard, of Gloucester County. Their children are Clark J., Mary (Mrs. Augustus Boyles), Randall, Rebecca S. (Mrs. George W. Bailey), Martha T., John M., Thomas W., Eugene, George B., and Elizabeth. Having purchased a desirable site, Mr. HurfF, in 1841, erected his present comfortable home, and at a later period several other dwellings adjacent. The hamlet grew in proportions, and was, in compliment to its projector, christened Hurffville. Mr. Hurff then opened a store, and has since that time been engaged in mercantile pursuits, to which he has added lum- bering and farming. He affiliates in politics with the Democratic party, and was, as its representative in 1850-51, elected to the State Legislature, where he served on several important committees. He has also acted as freeholder, and held other township offices. He is identified with the First National Bank of Woodbury as a director, and is a member of the Odd- Fellows' fraternity, in which he was formerly actively interested. He is a supporter and worships with the congregation of the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church of Hurffville. HIRAM WILKINS. John Wilkins, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, resided upon the property now owned by his grandson Hiram, where he was an active and prosperous farmer. He married Miss Mary Stokes, and had children, — Samuel, Charles, William, John, Hannah (Mrs. Garwood), and Elizabeth (Mrs. Gibbs). During his later life Mr. Wilkins removed to Cam- den, and until his death resided with his daughter. John, hjs son, was born in Burlington County, and removed with his parents to what is now Washington township, in Gloucester County, where, during his 292 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. youth, farming occupatioDS absorbed his attention until his twenty-first year, when the attractions of- fered by the water induced him to become a boatman, an occupation which he found both attractive and lucrative. He in 1819 engaged ip farming employ- ments on the property owned by his father, and also dealt extensively in wood. He married Miss Mary Cade, and had children, — Hiram, John, Caroline, Thomas, Charles, Anna Maria, and Benjamin. Hiram was horn in Blackwoodtown on the 20th of January, 1819, and being thoroughly versed in the routine of farm employments, made it his calling. He, on at- taining his majority, inherited a portion, and pur- chased the remainder, of the farm, and continued to cultivate its broad acres until his son leased the prop- erty, when he abandoned active labor, and now exer- cises a general supervision of affairs. He married, in 1841, Caroline, daughter of Bandall Morgan, of Wash- • ington township, and had children, — John, Sarah (Mrs. Henry Bateman), Emily (Mrs. Burroughs Turner), and Thomas. These, with the exception of Thomas, who is in Colorado, are in Gloucester County. Mr. Wilkins frequently votes independently in politics, though in sympathy with the platform of the Democratic party. He is a member of the Pres- byterian Church of Blackwoodtown, as also his wife. He continues to reside upon the homestead, though not identified actively with its interests. CHAPTER XLIX. TOWNSHIP OF WEST DEPTFORD.i Geographical and Descriptive.— The territory comprised within the boundaries of what is now West Deptford was originally a part of Deptford towpship, and separated or organized into a township by act of the Legislature approved March 1, 1871, as follows : " Be it enacted, etc.. That all that portion of the township of Deptford, in the county of Gloucester, lying within the following houndaries, to wit: Beginning at the Camden County line, in the middle of Timber Creek, and in the centre of the bridge of the Gloucester Turnpike Com- pany ; and thence running in a southerly direction, along the centre of the road of said Gloucester Turnpike Company, until it intersects the line of the boundary of the city of Woodbury; thence following the western and southern boundary of said city of Woodbury, to where the same intersects the centre of the road of the Woodbury and Mullica Hill Turnpike Company ; thence in a southerly direction along the centre of said road to the centre of the bridge of said turnpike, where, in the middle of Mantua Creek, it intersects the line of Mantua town- ship, in said county of Gloucester; thence in a westerly direction, fol- lowing the heretofore established lines of said township of Deptford, down the middle of said Mantua Creek, the several courses thereof, to the Delaware Kiver; thence at right angles with the shore, in a straight line, until it intersects the boundary line between the State of New Jer- sey and the State of Pennsylvania; thence following said boundary line ' np the Delaware River, the several courses thereof, to a point opposite the moiith of Timber Creek aforesaid ; thence in an easterly direction to the mouth of said Timber Creek ; thence up the middle of the same, the several courses thereof, until it intersects the middle, line of the 1 By W. H. Shaw. Gloucester Turnpike Company^s bridge, which was the place of begin- ning; shall be, and hereby is, set off from the township of Deptford, in the county of Gloucester, and made a separate township, to be known by the name of the township of West Deptford." The township is also bounded on the north for a short distance by Timber Creek, on the southeast by Deptford township and Woodbury City, on the south- west and northwest by Mantua and Greenwich town- ships, and on the north by Delaware River. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid with marl, and a small por- tion in the southwest part of the township is a clay loam, the most of which is under a high state of cul- tivation, producing large quantities of truck for the Philadelphia market. % The township is quite highly favored with water, having the Delaware on the north, the Mantua Creek along its entire western and southwestern boundary, and the Woodbury Creek running across the township in a northwesterly direction, also several smaller streams emptying into the different creeks and river mentioned. The township contains an area of ten thousand two hundred and twenty-three acres. Change of Boundary Line. — An act of the State Legislature was approved Feb. 20, 1878, changing the eastern boundary line of this township so as to make the line of the West Jersey Railroad the township line from Big Timber Creek to the junction of that road with the Gloucester and Woodbury turnpike at North Woodbury, thus leaving the whole of the vil- lage of Westville in Deptford township. Early Settlers and Pioneer Incidents.— "The first attempt to effect a settlement on the eastern shore of the Delaware River is believed to have been made within the limits of this township. About the year 1621 the Dutch West India Company dispatched a ship containing a number of persons fully provided with the means of subsistence and articles of trade, under the command of Cornelius Jacobus May. . . . He explored the bay and river, and at length landed and built a fort on Sassackon, now Timber Creek, on the northeast boundary of the township, and named it Fort Nassau. . . . The site of old Fort Nassau is said to have been on the farm or plantation of the Howell family, just below the month of Timber Creek. The colonists, however, soon fell beneath the toma- hawk of the Indians." — From Historical Oollections of New Jersey. The most prominent feature in the history of what is now West Deptford is the fact that it contains within its boundaries localities where transpired some of the most thrilling events of the Revolutionary war. In this township are the remains of Fort Mer- cer, where the Hessians, under Count Donop, met with an ignominious defeat by the Americans under Col. Christopher Greene, Oct. 22, 1777. Here, for many years, reposed the remains of Count Donop, until a morbid and uncommendable curiosity robbed the grave of its slumbering dust. Here, too, stands a monument erected by the patriotic citizens of Penn- ^j^a/yrt/ TTuiJ^u u?^ TOWNSHIP OF WEST DEPTFOKD. 29S sylvania and New Jersey to the memory of Col. Greene in close proximity to the scene of his brilliant military exploits. Fort Mercer is, or was, also in this township, just below what is known as the village of Red Bank. This fortification was little more than an embankment of earth and a ditch filled with brush and sharpened timber, and was designed to support the left of the chevaux-de-frise. The bank of the Delaware at this place is steep, which afforded protection to the attack- ing party. For full account of battle of Red Bank, see general history of Gloucester County. The following incident occurred during the battle, showing that men are not the bravest people in the world. Mrs. Whitall, whose house was near the fort and in line of the enemy's shot, sat by her wheel spinning, when a cannon-ball came crashing through the middle of the house. This she thought rather an impudent intrusion, but rather than be annoyed by such callers, moved her spinning-wheel into the cellar, where she continued to ply her vocation during the remainder of the engagement, alone and undisturbed, though the iron visitors repeated their calls several times during the memorable battle. Among the pioneers who came up what is now known as Woodbury Creek was Richard Wood. He ascended the creek in a canoe, and with the aid of the Indians erected a rude dwelling. The whole pro- cess of building and removing his family to the place was accomplished in the short space of one week. It seems the little colony, for there must have been more than Richard Wood and family, soon became short of provisions, and none being nearer than Bur- lington, as Philadelphia was not yet settled, the male colonists started off in canoes for that place to obtain food. A storm prevented their return as soon as ex- pected, the provisions left for the women were ex- hausted, and the poor creatures, overwhelmed with grief, looked for nothing but starvation in a strange land, with none of their kindred near to soothe their dying moments. Thus they were grouped together at the bend of the creek, near where the graveyard now is, watching, with tearful eyes, the flowing tide and listening in vain for the sound of the returning paddles, when an Indian woman appeared upon the opposite bank, saw they were in trouble, and stopped. By their signs she understood their wants, and then disappeared in the shades of the forest. In an hour or two, for she had gone several miles, she returned loaded with venison and corn-bread. These she placed on a long piece of bark, and walking a good way to tideward set it afloat, and gave it a push across. It came to where the white women were, and its contents saved their lives, for their husbands re- turned not until such a length of time that, but for her, starvation would have been inevitable. Among the pioneer settlers of this township will be found the names of Whitall, Wilkins, Beoder, Rambo, Lodge, String, Taggart, Hinchman, Cloud, Wood, and a few others. As these, and other pio- neers entered the mouth of Woodbury Creek, squatted upon the first piece of land not preoccupied, and for several years, probably not before the year 1725, was the small territory now embraced in West Deptford occupied by immigrants. The Wilkins property has been in the family for over one hundred years. The William Rambo and the W. G. and E. J. Lodge farms were sold off from the old original John Wilkins tract, and the Wilson Fitzgerald farm, one of the very best in the township, was cut off from the Newbold tract. Unlike most other townships of an equal popula- tion there is neither store, tavern, lawyer, doctor, blacksmith, wheelwright, secret society, and but one church organization within its borders. Civil Organization. — The pioneer town-meeting for the township of West Deptford was held in the school-house in the village of Thoroughfare, March 21, 1871, when Joshua Carter was elected moderator, and Josiah Budd, Jr., town clerk, and the following resolutions, with others, unanimously adopted : For schools, $1 poll-tax, and enough more to make it $2, for all children in the district between the ages of five and eighteen years of age. For the support of the poor for the ensuing year, $100. For incidental expenses for the year, $300. For roads and bridges, $600. For wages, horse and cart per day, $1 ; additional horse, $1 ; man, $1.50. Military tax, $1. Poll-tax and such additional tax as will make it $1500. Resolved, To elect the officers this year by ballot. The following list of officers were decided upon to elect: one assessor, one collector, two overseers of roads, three commissioners of appeal, two overseers of the poor, one constable, and five pound-keepers. On motion. Resolved, To hold the next town-meet- ing and election within the limits of the township. The polls were opened at one o'clock and closed at six o'clock in the afternoon, when the total number of votes polled was one hundred and sixty-eight. The following officers were duly elected for the year 1871 : Town Clork, Josiah Budd, Jr.; Asseaaor, David B. Leslie; Collector, Moses C. Low ; Chosen Freeholders, Williatu Knight, Charles B. Leonard; Township Committee, William R. Tatum, William Wade Griscom, John G. Whitall ; Justices of the Peace, Eichard M. Wil- kins and Thomas L. Stephens ; Surveyors of Highways, Benjamin T. Gihbs, Jonathan G.Parker; Overseers of Highways, A. Mer- ritt Pierce, Benjamin Hewitt ; Overseere of the Poor, Charles Knight, Benjamin T. Gibbs; Judge of Election, Charles B. Piatt; Constable, Robert 0. Hudson ; Commissioners of Appeal, William Bambo, Joseph Carter, Clement Reeve ; Pound-Keepers, John J. Starmer, Clement "Whitall, Benjamin D. Hannold, Thomas Kircher, Thomas Knight. The minutes were signed by Josiah Budd, Jr., town clerk ; Jo. Carter, moderator. The following is a complete list of town clerks, as- 294 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. sessors, collectors, chosen freeholders, township com- mittees, justices of the peace, and constables elected in this township since 1871, except 1878 and part of 1881 : TOWN CLEEKS. 1872-73. .Tosiah Budd, Jr. 1874-76, Casper Budd. 1872-73. David B. Leslie. 1874-76. Joslah Budd, Jr. 1877. Charles W. Kniglit. I 1877.1 David B. Leslie. I 1879-82. Louis K. Wilkins. ASSESSORS. 1879. Thomas A. Chambers. i 1880. James T. Budd. 1881-82. Edward J. Lodge. COLLECTORS. 1872-77. Thomas A. Chambers. , 1880-82. John W. Leonard. 1879. Moses C. Low. I CHOSEN 1872: William Knight. Charles B. Leonard. 1873-74. Charles B. Leonard. Ferman Lawrence, 1875. F. Lawrence. John W. Leonard. 1876-77. J. W. Leonard. FREEHOLDERS. I 1876-77. Edward J. Lodge. 1879. Samuel Hopkins. Joseph A. Moore. 1880. Joseph A. Moore. William Knight. 1882. William Knight. Samuel Heritage. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE 1872. 1876. John G. Whitall. 1873. William Rambo. 1874. John 0. Budd. 1875. Clayton N. Shuster. 1877. Benjamin J. Lord. Albert Jones. William G. Lodge. Clayton N. Shuster. I 1877. Benjamin W. Wallas. I 1879-80. J. G. Whitall. I J. G. Tatnm. 1 J. C. Budd. j 1882. J. 6. Whitall. I James M. Wilkins. I Joseph A. Moore, JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1872. George E. Harris. David B. Leslie. 1873. Edward J. Lodge. 1874. Samuel K«ndrick. 1875. Joseph Kichman, 1879. John Hudson. 1880. John H. Sharp. CONSTABLES. 1872-75, 1879-80. K, C. Hudson. | 1876-77. M. Van Buren Stephens. The township officers for 1883 are as follows : Town Clerk, Louis K. Wilkins; Assessor, Edward J. Lodge ; Collector, John W. Leonard ; Chosen Freeholders, Samuel H. Heritage Joshua Joyce; Township Committee, John G. Whitall, Joseph A. Moore, John C. Budd ; Surveyors of Highways, Edward Starr, J. Wood Hannold ; Overseers of Highways, Joseph M. Hunter, Bene- gal A. Leslie, Andes E. Budd, Thomas Cowgill; Overseers of the Poor, Charles B. Leonard, John L. Hewitt; Commissioners of Ap- peal, William G. Lodge, Joseph Carter, Charles B. Leonard ; Judge of Election, Joseph Low ; Inspectors of Election, James T. Budd, Alonzo P. Rambo ; Pound-Keepers, Stille Chew, J. Wood Hannold, John Sharp, Samuel Sweeten. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Red Bank. — There are only two villages in this township, one of which is Eed Bank, on the bank of the Delaware River, so named from the color of the soil. It was settled as early as 1621 or '22, by a family named Whitall and others, some of whose de- scendants are still residents of this township. This locality was made famous in history by the defeat of the Hessians, under the command of Count Donop, by the Americans, uader command of Col. Greene. In commemoration of the event a monument of 1 1878 is not recorded in townsliip book. handsome gray marble has been erected, bearing proper inscriptions. A few years since the United States government purchased one hundred acres of land lying at the mouth of Woodbury Creek, be- tween it and Red Bank village. For many years Red Bank was a place of considerable importance, the county courts being held here iu 1686, and a large amount of business was done here, there being several stores, dwellings, taverns, and ferry from this point to League Island and Philadelphia. At pres- ent it is but the remains of a once prosperous town, no store, tavern, church, and but one school-house. Thoroughfare. — This is a small hamlet near the centre of the township, at the intersection of sev- eral roads, and through it the Delaware Shore Rail- road passes. There is at this place a Methodist Church, school-house, Grange headquarters, town hall, railroad station, and about twenty dwellings. The place is surrounded by a rich truck-producing country, and is only three miles from Woodbury. There was one small store here in 1883. RELIGIOUS. Saint Paul's Methodist Episcopal Chnrch.— This is the only religious organization in this town- ship, and is located at the small hamlet of Thorough- fare, near the centre of the township. The first class was formed in 1858, by Rev. A. A. Ballard, in the old ' school-house, then occupying the site upon which the present school-house stands. Joseph Cox was ap- pointed leader, with the following-named persons composing the larger portion of his class : William Bailey, William G. Lodge, Edward J. Lodge, Mark Low, John Hewitt, Clayton N. Shuster, Edward Packer, William B. Rambo, Isaac Fowler, William Inskipp, Thomas Wyne, Martha A. Hewitt, Esther W. Lodge, Mary B. Lodge, Abbey A. Lodge, Eliza- beth and Joanna Wyne, Eliza Wilkins, Millie Davis, and Mary Carson. This class was the outgrowth of a series of religious meetings commenced in the old school-house in the winter of 1857-58 by Joseph Cox. He was assisted in his efforts by Rev. A. A. Ballard, within whose cir- cuit the meetings were held. In the early part of the year it was decided by the infant society to build a house of worship suitable for the accommodation of the increasing congregation and membership. Mark Low, William G. Lodge, Edward J. Lodge, Clayton N. Shuster, John Hewitt, Richard Wilkins, and Wil- liam Bailey were appointed trustees, and during that year (1858) the present Targe and commodious frame church edifice was erected, at a cost of six thousand dollars. The church building, however, was not ded- icated till 1860, when those interesting services were conducted by Rev. A. A. Ballard. The following-named preachers have served this people since the expiration of Mr. Ballard's term, in 1859: Revs. David Duffleld, Carman, Wil- liams, Barnhart, Rowe, Enoch Green, Willis s/'w TOWNSHIP OF WEST DEPTFORD. 295 Reeve, John Hutchinson, Isaac Cook, and the present pastor, Samuel Hudson. The officers of the society for 1882 were as follows : Stewards, John Hewitt, Thomas Wyne, Louis K. Wil- kins, William Lodge, William Rambo ; Trustees, Wil- liam Rambo, Edward Packer, John Hewitt, Thomas Wyne, James Wilkins, William Lodge, Edward J. Lodge. Present membership, forty-five. There is connected with the church a well-or- ganized and officered Sunday-school, consisting of eighty scholars, under the superintendence of Ed- ward Packer. INDUSTRIES. Bobbs' Drain-Tile and Brick-Works are located in the southeast part of the township, on the farm of Henry Kean. The property was leased in April, 1869, by James C. Dobbs, who established drain- tile works, and placed his brother, Solomon Dobbs, in charge, who is at present the general superintend- ent and manager. The present capacity of the works is three thousand brick and three thousand five hun- dred pieces of drain-tile (all sizes) per day, which gives employment to seven men. The distance from the works to Wenonah Station, on the West Jersey Railroad, is two miles, and to Ogden Station, on the Woodbury and Swedesboro Railroad, half a mile. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JAMES J. LORD. The progenitor of the Lord family in America was Joshua Lord, formerly of Lancashire, England, who emigrated to the United States in 1684, and set- tled near the mouth of Woodbury Creek, in Glou- cester County, from whence he later removed to a farm now occupied by the subject of this biographical sketch. He married Miss Sarah, daughter of John Wood, of Gloucester County, and formerly of Lan- cashire, England, on the 13th of January, 1689. They were the parents of Joshua (2d), who married on the 9th of May, 1748, Miss Hannah Lippincott, and had children, — Phineas, born in 1749 ; Joshua, in 1752 ; Sarah, in 1753 ; James, in 1755 ; Ann, in 1757 ; Hannah, in 1759; Eunice, in 1761; Joshua (3d), in 1766; and Jehu, in 1770. Joshua (8d) was born April 2, 1766, and married Sarah, daughter of John and Elizabeth Jessup, whose birth occurred Sept. 29, 1771. Their children were Joshua, born in 1801; James J. ; John S., in 1805 ; Mary, in 1807 ; Eliza- beth, in 1809; Benjamin J., in 1812; and Sarah, in 1816. Jo.shua and Sarah, of this number, died in youth; John's death occurred in 1872, leaving one child, and that of Elizabeth in 1867. James J. was born July 27, 1803, upon the ancestral estate, and represents the fourth generation in his ownership and occupation of the land. With the exception of a brief interval in school at Westtown, Pa., in 1817, his life has been spent in the cultivation and im- provement of his inheritance. He began active em- ployment at an early age, and in youth rendered his father valuable assistance in the conduct of the farm, in 1838 becoming owner by the will of the latter of that portipn of the land (the original tract having been extensive) on which he now resides, his home being on the exact spot occupied by his ancestors. He married Miss Catherine Moore, whose death oc- curred Nov. 4, 1870. Mr. Lord, having been actively employed in the management of his own business interests, has devoted little time to the political issues of the day, though a pronounced Republican in his sentiments. He has adhered to the religious faith of his ancestors, and is a member of the Orthodox So- ciety of Friends, who worship in Woodbury. Benja- min J., his brother, who resides adjoining the home- stead, was married to Mary E., daughter of William and Atlantic Thomas, of Philadelphia, on the 7th of June, 1859. He also devotes his energies to farming employments, and although not active in the political arena, has for twenty years officiated as township superintendent of schools. He is also an Orthodox Friend in his religious belief. Miss Mary, the only surviving sister of Mr. Lord, who resides with her brother, Benjamin J., is a lady revered for her be- nevolence and many virtues. WILLIAM KAMBO. The Rambo family are of Swedish origin. John, the grandfather of William, was an innkeeper at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., during the period of the Revolution. He married a Miss Champneys, and had children, — Jesse, Champneys, Gabriel, Jacob, John, Peter, Christian, Sarah, and others. His son John was born Jan. 23, 1776, and followed in the county of his birth the employments of a farmer until his death, which occurred May 27, 1831. He married Patience Grim, and had children, — Peter C, Louisa, Champneys, Benjamin, and Eppicharus. By a second marriage to Lydia Key were born children, — William, Patience, Elizabeth, John, Jacob, Lydia, Mary, and Harriet. The death of Mr. Rambo oc- curred May 27, 1831, and that of his wiife Sept. 12, 1841. His son William, the subject of this brief sketch, was born Opt. 28, 1812, on the homestead farm in West Deptford, Gloucester Co., the imme- diate vicinity of which has been his lifetime resi- dence. A brief period of his youth was spent at school in Philadelphia, though meagre advantages of education were enjoyed, and active labor filled in the hours usually devoted by youth of the present day to study. His father having died, William exercised a supervision of the farm for his mother from 1831 until 1838, when he became by inheritance and pur- chase the owner of the property, on which for forty- 296 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. four years he has resided. He married, Dec. 28, 1838, Miss Amy, daughter of Samuel and Susanna Hilman, of Gloucester County. Their children are Mary, de- ceased; Lydia, Susanna H., Alonzo P., Anna Louisa, Mary Elizabeth, deceased; Harriet, and Jacob W. Mr. Kambo espouses in politics the principles of the Republican party, and has held, as its representative, various minor township oflBces. Both Mr, and Mrs. Rambo and their children are members of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church of Paulsboro. CHAPTER L. TOWNSHIP OF WOOLWICH. Geographical Description, — The boundaries of the township of Woolwich are the township of Green- wich on the northeast, that of Harrison on the south- east, Oldman's Creek and Salem County on the southwest, and Logan township on the northwest. - Running through the centre of the township, in a northwesterly direction, is Raccoon Creek, which is navigable from the Delaware River to Swedesboro, and is affected by the tide about a mile above that village. A small stream named Purgey Creek runs northwesterly between this township and Greenwich, and Oldman's Creek, which is navigable as far as Au- burn, in Salem County, runs along the southwestern boundary of the township. Timber Creek also has its source in the eastern part. Small affluents discharge their waters into these streams as they pass through and along this township. Topography, — The highest ground in the town- ship is Lippincott's Hill, on the farm of William and Thomas Zane, where a Coast Survey station was es- tablished. This is in latitude 39° 45', and longitude 74° V. From this point the high land between Rac- coon and Oldman's Creeks descends gradually to- wards the Delaware River, and slopes each way to- wards those creeks. Water-sheds also pass through the township in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction, between Raccoon and Timber Creeks, and between the last and Purgey Creek. The surface of the township is not, however, what may be called un- even, but gently sloping from these heights to the streams that pass between them. Roads. — The principal highway through the town- ship is the Salem and Gloucester turnpike, which is elsewhere spoken of Another important highway is the Bridgeport and Mullica Hill road, having its ter- mini as indicated by its name. What is known as the Old Ferry road is said to have been constructed by the British for military purposes. It extends from Battentown, near Swedesboro, northwesterly to the Delaware River. Beside these, many other roads, that are not important as thoroughfares, traverse and ramify in the township in various directions. The principal avenue of travel and transportation to and from this township is the Swedesboro Railroad, which was inaugurated in 1869. Among the citizens of Woolwich who were active in establishing this road were the late J. S. Thompson and Samuel Black. Others did much to aid the enterprise, but these gen- tlemen were particularly active. An extension of this road to Salem was put in operation early in 1883. The following notes concerning the construction of the bridge over Raccoon Creek, at Swedesboro, were found among the papers of the late J. S. Thomp- son : Elijah Bowen, C. C. Streeter, James Jessup, and Charles F. Black were appointed, Aug. 30, 1828, to repair or rebuild the bridge in such a manner as they might deem proper. Dec. 27, 1828, they reported that it was necessary to rebuild ; and on the 29th of September, 1829, they reported that they had commenced the construction of the bridge on the truss principle. Dec. 26, 1829, they reported that the bridge was completed, and that the cost was two thousand and sixty-one dollars and twenty cents. Amos Campbell was the contractor, and Miles Gar- rison and Samuel Shivler worked for him. Soil and Agriculture. — The soil of Woolwich, like that of the other townships in its vicinity, is sandy, and is only productive by the free use of manures and fertilizers. What is known as raising " truck" is the principal business of the farmers here, and the facili- ties for transportation to Philadelphia and New York are such as to make this business profitable, as is evi- dent from the well-improved farms that are every- where to be seen. Industries. — Beyond supplying the immediate wants of the people here, manufactories have never existed in the township to any considerable extent. With the decadence of domestic manufactures the wants that were formerly thus provided for have come to be supplied from elsewhere. Old Families. — So long a time has elapsed since the settlement of this township that it is not possible now to learn where the original settlers located, and the names of many are now forgotten. The following are some of the names of old families that are still represented here by descendants : The Van der Weers, the Homans (from whom have descended the Ashcrafts), the Battens, Blacks, Pier- sons, Warringtons, Davidsons, Haines, Clarks, Ru- lons, Turners, Bradshaws, Van Neamans, Kirbys, Bowers, Gills, Mitchells, Gaskills, Madaras, Browns, Heritages, Ogdens, Hendricksons, Davises, Talmans, Gruffs, Justissens (now Justice), Fawcetts, Garrisons, Estlicks, Locks, Dennys, and many others whose names cannot be learned. Old Documents. — The originals of these are in the possession of T. D. Clark. They were found, with many others, when the old Swedesboro Hotel was taken down. -/^TM^ Ob^y^nA) TOWNSHIP OP WOOLWICH. 297 "April ye 7">, 1730. Rec'd of Gunner orchard and Dav* vnneman, overseers of the poor for ye township of Greenwich, seven shillings and sixpence, in full, for my fees as Claris, Due for attending a court of pri- vate sessions, etc. ' "ISAT Beed, "John Ladd. " The above sum is on acct of ye Poor." "Received, March 7th, 1787, of Andrew Matson, Executor of John Holton (deceased). Three Dollars for crying a vendue. " Witness my hand. "John Smith." " Received, March 7th, 1787, of Andrew Matson, Executor of John Holton (deceased). Two Dollars for Clarking at a vendue, " Witness my hand . "John Arthur." " Received, August 18th, 1787, of Andrew Matson, Executor to the Estate of John Holton, nine shillings. In full. "Robert Brown." "January the 15th, 1795. Then Rec'd of Andrew Matson, Adminis- tiator To the Estate of William Price, Deoasa, the sum of Three Pounds in full, for Said Deceased's Cofing. I Say Rec'd by me, "Benji Rambo." "Gloucester's. To the Constable of Greenwich County: Summon Israel Archer to Appear before me, the Subscriber Hereof, on the 29th Day of December Instant, by 10 of the Cloclc in the forenoon, at the House of Samuel Chester, to answer Jacob Spicer & Edith Sherwin, Exts. of James Sherwin, Dec<^, of A plea in Debt, under five pounds. " Witness My Hand, December 10", 1758. "Tho" Denny." " February the 20«ii, 1788. Then Received of James Russell, Collector, the sum of five pounds seventeen shillings And sixpence. By me, "Samuel Cooper, overseer of sd Roads." Political and Civil. — The township of Woolwich was constituted in 1767 by a royal charter, of which the following is a copy : "GEORGE THE THIRD, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, defender of the faith, &c,, To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Whereas, Divers of our loving sub- jects inhabiting withip the Township of Greenwich, in our Couoty of Gloucester, in our Province of New Jersey, by their Petition to our trusty and well-beloved William Franklin, Esq., our Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over our sd Province, have set forth that, by reason of the great extent of the said Township, they are subjected to many Inconveniences, and have prayed that a Division of the same may be made, according to the Boundaries, to their Petition annexed. Now know ye that we, of our special Grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion, have given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our Heirs and Successors, do give and grant unto our loving subjects in- habiting the lower part of our said Township of Greenwich, and divided from the upper part thereof by the following line, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of a creek known by the name of Homan's Creek, and so up the said Creek, the several courses thereof, to the mouth of a certain Branch, lying on the west side of the said Creek, a little above William Harrison's saw-mill; thence the several courses thereof to its Head; thence a direct course to the northernmost corner of Robert Zane, Sen's Plantation ; then down the division line between the said Robert Zane, Senior, and John Mnllica's Plantation to Raccoon Creek; thence up the several courses of the said Creek to the Head thereof; thence in a direct line parallel to the line which divides the Countys of Gloucester and Salem, until it meets the line of Egg Harbor Township ; to be and re- main a perpetual Township and community, in word and deed, to be called and known by the name of the Township of Woolwich. And we do grant to the said Inhabitants of the said Township of Woolwich, and their Successors, to choose, annually. Freeholders, Surveyors and Overseers of the Highways, Assessors, Collector, Constables, and other necessary officers ibr the said Township, agreeable to the laws of our said Province of New Jersey, and to have, hold, and enjoy all other Privileges, Rights, Liberties, and Immunities that any other Township in our said County doth, or may of right, enjoy. And the said inhabi- tants are hereby constituted and appointed a Township by the name aforesaid. To Have, Hold, and Enjoy the Privileges aforesaid to them and their successors forever. In TtsTiMONY whereof we have caused the Great Seal of our said Province to be hereunto afilxed. Witness our trusty and well-beloved William Franklin, Esquire, Captain-General and Governor-in-Ghief in and over our said Province of New Jersey, and Territories thereon depending in America, Chancellor and Vice-Ad- miral in the same, &c., at our City of Burlington, the seventh day of March, in the seventh year of Reign, Anno Dominie, 1767." Logan was set off in 1877. The township has now three road districts and five school districts. In these last the houses are generally in a good condition, and schools are well sustained. The population of the township was in 1850, 3265 ; 1860, 3478 ; 1870, 3760 ; 1880, 1974. No records can be found of an earlier date than 1844. Since 1843 the following officers have served the township : TOWN CLERKS. 1844-46. James England. 1346. James S. Baker. 1847. James England. 1848-49. E. B. Madara. 1851. Clover H. Woodworth. 1852-62. Charles 8. Knisell. 1866. I. 8. Stratton. 1867-69. Thompson H. Clark. 1870-76. A. B. Talman. 1877-78. J. Frank Farrel. 1879-80. Azariah Stratton. 1881-82. William H. McCuUough. ASSESSORS. 1844-45. John B. Hilyard. 1866-68. James Sweeten. 1846-49. Matthew C. Gill. 1869-70. Benjamin F. McAllister 1851-62. James C. Kirhy. 1871-74. Benjamin F. McCallister 1853. Matthew C. Gill. 1875. H.B.Wright. 1854-56. John W. Avis. 1876-80. Samuel Avis. 1857-69. E. B. Madara. 1881-82. Daniel Lippincott. 1860-62. James England. COLLECTORS. 1844. Joseph R. Weatherby. 1868-60. Anthony A. Jordan. 1845-48. Casper Wirsham. 1861-62. Franklin S. Beckett. 1849-50. James S. Barber. 1866. Asa MattsoD. 1852-53. James G. Madara. 1867-71. Henry C. Garrison. 1854. Benjamin Salisbury. 1872-76. Valentine Reynolds. 1855-56. Solomon Davis. 1875. B. F. McCallister. 1857. William D. Kille. 1876-82. Henry C. Garrison. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1767-68. Jacob Spicer. 1786. John Kille. 1769. Matthew Gill. George Vanleer. Jacob Spicer. 1787. John Kelly. 1770. Matthew Gill. George Vanleer. Samuel Hews. 1788. John Kelly. 1771. Jacob Spicer. George Vanleer. Matthew Gill. 1789. John Kelly. 1772. Jacob Spicer. George Vanleer. Matthew Gill. 1790. John Kelly. 1773. Jacob Spicer. George Vanleer. Matthew Gill. 1701. Samuel Tonkins. 1774. Jacob Spicer. Henry Shute. Conslantine Wilkins. 1792. Samuel Tonkins. 1775. Jacob Spicer. Henry Shute. Constantino Wilkins. 1793. Samuel Tompkins. 1777. Constantiue Wilkins. Henry Shute. 1778. Matthew Gill. 1794. Samuel Tompkins. John Killey. Henry Shute. 1779. Matthew Gill. 1795. Samuel Tompkins. John Killey. Henry Shute. 1780. Felix Fislar. 1796. Samuel Tompkins. Henry Shute. Henry Shute. 1781. FeJix Fislar. 1798. James Stratton. Henry Shute. Enoch Allen. 1782. Felix Fisler. 1799. James Stratton. Henry Shute. Enoch Allen. 1783. William Zane. 1800. James Stratton. John Kelley. Enoch Allen. 1784. William Zane. 1801, James Stratton. John Keth. Enoch Allen. 298 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1802. JameB StrattOD. Enoch Allen. 1803. Tliomas Clark. Samuel Cooper. 1804. James Stratton. Enoch Alien. 1805. James Stratton. Thomas Clark, Jr. 1806. James Stratton. Thomas Clark, Jr. 1807. James Stratton. William Mulford. 1808. William Mulford. John Gill. 1809. William Mulford. John Gill. 1810. William Mulford. John Gill. 1811. William Mulford. John Gill. 1812. William Mulford. John Gill. 1813. William Mnlford. John Gill. 1814. John Gill. Josiah Moore, Slsq. 1816. John Gill. Josiah Moore. 1816. John Gill. Josiah Moore. 1817. John Gill. William Mulford. 1818. Josiah Moore. Joseph Batten. 1819. Joseph Batten. John Fierson. 1820. Joseph Batten. John Gill. 1821. Josiah Moore. John Gill. 1822. Josiah Moore. John Gill. 1823. Elijah Bower. Josiah Moore. 1824. Eiyah Bower. John Ziern. 1825. Elijah Bower. John Ziern. 1826. Elijah Bower. Enoch Allen, Jr. 1827. Elijah Bower. John Kille. 1828. Elijah Bower. Charles E. Stratton. 1829. Elijah Bower. Charles C. Stratton. 1830. Elijah Bowers. Charles C. Stratton. 18)1. Elijah Bower. Charles C. Stratton. 1832. Elijah Bower. Charles C. Stratton. 1833. Elijah Bower. Charles C. Stratton. 1834. Elijah Bower. Charles 0. Stratton. 1835. Elijah Bowers. Charles C. Stratton. 1836. Elijah Bowers. Charles C. Stratton. 1837. Elijah Bowers. William R. Cooper. 1838. Elijah Bowers. William B. Cooper. 1839. Stacy Hazlelon. Thomas S. Dyer. 1840. Stacy Hazleton. 1840. Thomas S. Dyer. 1841. Stacy Hazleton. Thomas S. Dyer. 1842. Joseph Jessup. Edmund F. Garrison. 1843. Joseph Jessup. Charles Elkinton. 1844. Jacoh Featherer. John Pierson. 1846. John Pierson. . Jacob Featherer. 1846. John Pierson. Jacob Featherer. 1847. John Pierson. Charles Elkinton. 1848. John Piei-son. Charles Elkinton. 1849. John B. Hilyard. Richard F. Springer. 1861. Samuel Black, Jr. Bichard P. Springer. 1862. Martin W. Eulon. Peter F. Locke. 1863. James S. Barber. Peter F. Locke. 1854. Peter F. Locke. Martin W. Bulon. 1865. Martin W. Enlon. Benjamin Smith. 1866. John Pierson. Benjamin Smith. 1857. John Pierson. Benjamin Smith. 1858. John Pierson. John Burk. 1859. John Pierson. John Burk. 1860. John Burk. John Pierson. 1861. John K. Clark. John Burk. 1862. Bei^'amin Shoemaker. John K. Clark. 1866. Jacoh J. Hendrickson. John A. Featherer. 1867. Jacoh J. Hendrickson. John A. Featherer. 1868. Jacob J. Hendrickson. Peter Beckett. 1869. George T. Ford. William K. West. 1870. Peter Becket. George T. Ford. 1871. George T. Ford. Peter Beckett. 1872. Peter Beckett. John Pierson. f 1873. John Pierson. Benjamin Shoemaker. 1874. John Fierson. Benjamin Shoemaker. ' 1876. John Pierson. I Benjamin Shoemaker. I 1876. John Fierson. William K. West. I 1877. John Fierson. ' Joseph F. Heritage. 1878. John Pierson. Joseph F. Heritage. I 1879. John Fierson. ' Joseph F. Heritage. 1880. John Pierson. Joseph F. Heritage. 1881. John Fierson. Joseph F. Heritage. 1882. John Pierson. Joseph F. Heritage. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEES. 1844. — William Eesser, Samuel Black, Jr., Farnell H. Beynear, George Batten, Vani-oom Bobbins. 1846. — John P. Sheets, John Pierson, Samuel Black, Jr., Parnell H. Bey- . near, James England. 1846. — John P. Sheets, John Pierson, Samuel Black, Jr., Parnell H. Bey- near, James S. Barber. 1847.— John Pierson, Saiq.uel Black, Jr., Parnell H. Beynear, John P. Sheets, James England. 1848. — Edward B. Madara, Caleb Kirby, John Pierson, John P. Sheets, William D. White. 1849, — Edward B. Madara, Caleb Kirby, John P. Sheets, John Pierson, William D. White. 1851.— Asher Bowers, Benjamin F. Batten, John P. Sheets, Peter Beckett, Edward B. Madara. 1852.— Alexander Black, John Ashcraft, Peter Beckett, Aqnilla Barber, William Keyser. 1853.— Samuel W. Cooper, John Pierson, Thomas Gasfcill, Alexander Black, William Keyeser. *1854.— Samuel W. Cooper, Thomas Gaskill, John Pierson, Charles S. Knisell, Thomas B. Hewes. 1856.— Samuel W. Cooper, Thomas Gaskill, John Pierson, Charles S. Knisell, Thomas B. Haines. 1856.— Caleb Kirby, Aaron Hurff, Bichard F. Springer, Charles S. Kni- sell, John FietBon. 1867.— Caleb Kirby, Aaron Hurff, Richard F. Springer, C. S. Knisell, John Pierson. 1888.— Charles S. Knisell, John Pierson, Bichard F. Springer, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Beckett. 1859.— Charles Knisell, John Pierson, Bichard F. Springer, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Beckett. 1860. — Bichard F. Springer, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Beckett, Isaiah Mayhew, John K. Clark. 1861.— Richard F. Springer, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Beckett, Isaiah May- hew, John K. Clark. 1862. — Bichard F. Springer, Caleb Kirby, Josiah B. Beckett, Isaiah May- hew, John K. Clark. 1863.- Bichard F. Springer, Josiah B. Beckett, Isaiah Mayhew, John K. Clark, Caleb Kirby. 1864.— John K. Clark, Isaiah Mayhew, William N. Featherer, Thomas F. Gaskill, J. B. Beckett. 1865.— Caleb Kirby, Thomas F. Gaskill, George Avis, Samuel Black, Isaac Vanneman. 1866.— Samuel Black, Thomas F. Gaskill. George Avis, Isaac H. Vanne- man, Caleb Kirby. 1867.— Samuel Black, Thomas F. Gaskill, George A™, Isaac H. Vanne- man, Caleb Kirby. 1868. — Samuel Black, Isaac H. Vanneman, Caleb Kirby, George Avis, Franklin S. Beckett. 1869.— Caleb Kirby, Isaac H. Vanneman, George S. Turner, Franklin S. Beckett, Samuel Black. 1870.— Caleb Kirby, Franklin S. Beckett, Samuel Black, William W. Batten, George S. Turner. 1871.— Caleb Kirhy, Frank S. Beckett, George S. Turner, William W. Batten, John B. Batten. 1872.— Caleb Kirby, Frank S. Beckett, Edmund Fidgeon, John B. Bat- ten, William W. Batten. 1873.— Caleb Kirby, John Batten, Edmund Fidgeon, Isaiah Mayhew, John Jones. 1874.— Caleb Kirby, John Jones, William Ford, Thomas H. Black, Wil- liam String. 1875.- Caleb Kirby, John Jones, WiUiam Ford, Thomas H. Black, Wil- liam String. 1876.- Caleb Kirby, William Ford, John Jones, William String, Thomas H. Black. 1877. — William String, WiUiam Ford, Andrew Hendrickson, John B. Batten, Charles P. Batten. 1878.— Charles P. Batten, William Oliphant, W^iUiam Ford, John B. Batten, Henry B. Hendrickson. 1879.— John B. Batten, Charles P. Batten, William Oliphant. 1880.— Charles P. Batten, John B. Batten, William Oliphant. 1881.— John 6. Batten, Charles F. Batten, William Oliphant. 1882.— John B. Batten, Charles P. Batten, William Oliphant. SURVBTOBS OF HIGHWAYS. 1841. Charles Elkinton. I 1845. Charles Elkinton. Taylor Haines. I Taylor Haines. TOWNSHIP OP WOOLWICH. 299 1846. Clinrles Elkinton. 1866. Zebulon Biitten. Taylor Haines. 1867. Simoon Warrington. 18«. Taylor Haines. Zebulon Batten. Charles Elkinton. 1888. William Featherer. 1848. Taylor Haines. Zebulon Batten. William C. Champion. 1869. William Featherer. 1849. Taylor Haines. Zebulon Batten. Benjamin M. Richardson. - 1870. Zebulon Batten. 1851. Benjamin Bowers. John B.Gray. Robert Stretch. 1871. Thomas G. Batten. 1862. Benjamin Bowers. John B. Gray. Robert Stretch. 1872. Thomas G. Batten. 1853. Thomas Wolf. John B.,Gray. Benjamin Bowers. 1873. Thomas G. Batten. 1854. Thomas Wolf. John B. Gray. Richard F. Springer. 1874. Thomas G. Batten. 1856. Richard F. Springer. John B. Gray. Thomas Wolf. 1876. Thomas G. Batten. 1«56. John Buck. John B. Gray. John K. Clark. 1876. Thomas G. Batten. 1857. John Buck. John B Gray. John K. Clark. 1877. William Oliphant. 1858. John Buck. Lawrence Lock. John K. Clark. 1878. William Oliphant. 1859 John K. Clark. Lawrence Lock. John B. Gray. 1879. William Oliphant. 1S6U John K. Clark. Lawrence Lock. John B. Gray. 1880. William Oliphant. 1861 John B. Gray. Lawrence Lock. Simeon Warrington. 1881. William Oliphant. 1862 Simeon Wariington. Lawrence Lock. John B. Gray. 1882. Lawrence Lock. 1866 Simeon Warrington. William Oliphant. OVERSEERS P THE POOR. 184* John B. Hilyard. 1861. Fiankiiu S. Beckett. Joseph R. Weatherby. 1862. James England. 1845 John B. Hilyard. Franklin S. Beckett. Casper Wireham. 1866. Asa Mattson. 1846 Matthew C. Gill. James Sweeten. Casper Wirsham. 1867. James Sweeten. 1847 Matthew C. Gill. Henry C. Garrison. Casper Wirsham. 1868. James Sweeten. 1848 Matthew C. Gill. Henry 0. Garrison. Casper Wirsham. 1869. Benjamin T. McAllister. 1849 Matthew 0. Gill. Henry 0. Garrison. James S. Barber. 1870. Henry 0. Garrison. 1851 James C. Kirby. Benjamin F. McColIester. James Barber. 1871. Benjamin F. McOoUester. 1862 James 0. Kirby. Henry-C. GaiTison. George Fries. 1872. Benjamin F. McColIester. 1863 Matthew C. Gill. Valentine Reynolds. James G. Madara. 1873. Benjamin F, McColIester. 1854 John W. Avis. Valentine Reynolds. Richard Salisbury. 1874. Benjamin F. McColIester. 1856 John W. Avis. Valentine Reynolds. Solomon Davis. 1876. Henry 0. Garrison. 1856 John W. Avis. H. B. Bright. James C. Kirby. 1876. Henry C. Garrison. 1867 Edward B. Madara. F. C. Myers. William D. Kille. 1877. Henry Gairison. 1868 Edward B. Madara. Samuel Avis. Anthony A. Jordan. 1878. Henry C. Garrison. 1869 Edward B. Madara. Samuel Avis. Anthony A. Jordan. 1879. Samuel Avis. 1860 James Kngland. Henry C. Garrison. Anthony A. Jordan. 1880. Henry C. Garrison. 1861. James England. SCHOOL COMMITTEES A ND SUPERINTENDENTS. 1844. Daniel 0. Ogden. 1846. Daniel C. Ogden. Samuel N. Cooper. Jacob Howey. Yanroom Robbins. Martin N, Rnlon. 1845. Daniel C. Ogden. 1847. John B. Hilyard (town super- Jacob Howey. intendent). Samuel N. Cooper. 1848-61. Edward B. Boggs. 1852-53. Jacob Howey. 1854. James C. Kerby. 1856. Samuel D. Dyer. 1866. Thomas Reeves, M.D. 1857-58. John L. Grant. 1850. Winslow Jackson, M.D. 1860-62. Samuel A. Groff. 1866-67. L. P. Halsey. CONSTABLES. 1844-47. Solomon Davis. 1848. William F. Pullinger. 1849. Israel Elbertsou. 1851-62. John C. Shivlor. 1853-54. Charles J. Shivers. 1856-68. John C. Shivler. 1869-62. Solomon Davis. 1866-68. J. Harvey Ashton. 1869. Henry C. Garrison. 1870. Henry 0. Garrison. Alfred Jones. 1871. Henry C. Garrison. 1871. Alfred Jones. 1872. Valentine Reynolds. Alfred Jones. 1873. Valentine Reynolds. Peter Carey. 1874. Valentine Reynolds. Peter Carey. 1876. Henry C. Garrison. Joseph Cahala. 1876. Henry 0. Garrison, Peter Carey. 1877-82. Henry C. Garrison. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1851. Caleb Roof. 1868. John P. Sheets. 1859. Charies Holton. 1860. Charles P. Shivers. Ephraim Waters. 1867. John Ford. Joel Locke. 1868. .John P. Sheets, Sr. 1870. Ephraim Waters. 1870. John P. Truitt. 1872. John Ford. Joel Locke, 1873. John Sheets. 1877. John Ford. 1880. Charles P. Shivers. Ephraim Waters. 1882. John Ford. Woolwich in the War of the Rebellion.— The in- habitants of the township of Woolwich distinguished themselves during the late civil war by their patri- otism and activity in promoting enlistments, and fur- nishing supplies and comforts for the men in the field. The patriotic ladies of the township did their fiill share of this work, by organizing societies for that purpose, and holding festivals, fairs, etc., to raise funds for providing the soldiers in the field with those comforts and delicacies which the government, with- out their co-operation, could not furnish ; and many a poor suffering soldier had reason to bless his un- known benefactresses in Woolwich for comforts which he never would have received but for them. The township expended large amounts to promote the enlistment of volunteers and keep its quota under the different calls filled. At a town-meeting held in December, 1863, it was determined that a township bounty of three hundred dollars should be paid to each volunteer, and that the township committee should be authorized to re- ceive loans and execute promissory notes for the sums loaned. In this way upwards of twenty-two thou- sand dollars was raised in a short time. At a meeting in March, 1864, a bounty of three hundred and fifty dollars per man was authorized; and it was resolved to pay one-fourth of the township ' debt during that year. At a meeting in August of that year five hundred dollars bounty — two hundred and fifty dollars in cash and a township note of two hundred and fifty dollars, payable in one year — was authorized for each volun- teer. It was also resolved that a per capita contribu- tion of thirty dollars from each enrolled person be asked, and if not paid no benefit in case of draft was to be received by the delinquent. 300 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. At a meeting in January, 1865, the bounty was in- creased to six hundred dollars, one-half in cash, and the balance a township note for one year. It is worthy of note, and it is a source of laudable pride to the citizens of this township, that the whole of the large indebtedness incurred during the war was discharged within a few years after its termina- tion. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Swedesboro, the principal town of Woolwich town- ship, was one of the earliest settlements in the county of Gloucester. It was, as its name implies, settled by the Swedes, probably about the year 1638. Batten- town, which was formerly a separate town, is now a continuation of Swedesboro. The town is at the head of sloop navigation on Raccoon Creek, about twelve miles, by the tortuous course of that creek, from the Delaware River. Until the railroad to this place was completed all the commerce of the town was carried on, by means of light vessels, through this creek and the Delaware River. Wood was, in former times, the chief article of export, and this was shipped in large quantities from this point. Vessels were formerly built and launched here, but since the establishment of the era of railroads water-carriage here has declined. Formerly from five to twelve vessels were frequently seen at the wharf here, but now sailing-vessels are rarely seen. Barges, towed by tug-boats, are used in their stead for the carriage of the garden truck which is largely produced in this vicinity, and for bringing the manure which is extensively used on the land. There are now but three people living here who were' residents of the town in 1810, and only fourteen who were here in 1830. According to the memory of John Pierson, who was then a boy, the following houses stood in Batten- town and Swedesboro in 1810 : An old frame house, owned by David Gordon, a shoemaker, stood where the house now owned by Lewis Batten is. Next, the house of Joseph Ogden, a tanner, whose tannery was near his residence. The house has been remodeled, and is now owned by his grandson, Clark- son Ogden. The brick house now owned and occupied by Wil- liam Welch was built previous to the Revolution, and was owned by. a Dr. Otto, who was a Revolu- tionary officer. It is said that the woodwork of this house was burned by the British. It is also said that a British force encamped one night in a field where the house of Mr. Charles Decker now stands. In 1810 Mr. Welch's house was owned by Dr. Hoover. Next stood a large house of cedar logs, on the oppo- site side of the street, on land now owned by Isaiah Mayhew. It was taken down a few years since. The house owned by Mayhew, and now occupied by John Leap, was then owned by Enoch Gabb. It has not been greatly changed. William Madara owned the house where his son, Harminius K. Madara, now resides. Additions have been made to it. William Denny, a cabinet-maker, owned and occu- pied a house where the residence of Karl Robbins, owned by Mrs. Black, now is. Next was a cedar-log house (now weather-boarded) owned by Andrew Hendrickson, a wheelwright. It is now ownedjby Mrs. Restore Turner. Between the last two mentioned John Pierson, Sr., had a blacksmith-shop, which was burned in 1812. On the opposite side of the street stood a large log house, owned and occupied by John Pierson, the father of John Pierson who gives the information lOn which this sketch is based, and who was born in this house in 1805. Near this house a brick black- smith-shop was built in 1812, after the other was burned. The house stood till 1833, when it was taken down by the present John Pierson. John David- son's residence stands on the site of this old house. The shop was taken down by Mr. Davidson a few years since. Next, on the southeast side of the street, stood the tavern of Rebecca Harker, now owned by Vanneman brothers, and occupied by William Norcross. Next, on the same side of the street, stood a small house now belonging to the estate of Hester Wistell. In Swedesboro, commencing at the upper end of the town, and taking the houses in succession on the northwest side of the street, the first was a small framed house owned by Eobert Oldcraft, now the residence of Mrs. Hannah Black. Next was the hotel of John Logan, where now stands Plummer's hotel. The old building was taken down to make place for the present establishment, which was built by Mr. Plummer in 1847. Next was a small hatter's shop, o\^ned by Richard Tittermary. John Moore's house stands on the old site of this shop. Aquila Barber's house was next. It is now the residence of Dr. Luther F. Halsey. It has been en- larged. The tailor's, shop of Mr. Barber stood near the house. , About 1810 Abner Batten built, for a hotel, the house on the corner of Main Street and Railroad Avenue, now owned by Isaac H. Vanneman. The front of this house has not been remodeled. It ceased to be kept as a tavern forty years since. A small framed house stood on the present site of Aaron Hurfif's house. The original building was made the rear of the present structure. Next was the large framed house of Dr. Loomis, now owned by Mrs. Mary Clark. A story was added to this house by the late E. F. Garrison. Next to and adjoining this was the stone house of Robert Brown, a wealthy citizen. It is now owned and occupied by Dr. John F. Musgrave. This, in the time of the Revolution, was occupied by Col. Brown of the Revolutionary army ; and when a Brit- TOWNSHIP OF WOOLWICH. 301 ish force passed through the town his furniture was taken out and burned in front of the house. It was related by his daughter, the late Mrs. Catharine Strong, that the soldiers found in the chamber a litter of kittens, and that they brought them down impaled on their bayonets. John Vandyke owned and occupied the house which is now the property of William H. Hanold. A cabinet and undertaker's shop stood near this house, and it is noteworthy that it still stands there, having ever since been used for the same purpose. A brick house stood next, owned by Mrs. Rachel Harrison. About twenty-five years since it was re- modeled and rough-cast, and a framed addition was erected. It is now owned by George Meley. Next came the memorable old stone building known as the Swedesboro Hotel. In 1810 it was called the George Washington Hotel ; and over its sign swung a life-size figure of the " Father of his Country," painted by a distinguished artist of Philadelphia, at a large expense. This house was taken down and rebuilt in 1875 by George Ford, the present owner and keeper. In a cavity in one of the walls of this house the dried remains of a turkey were found. The bird had evi- dently been "walled in" when the house was erected; probably by reason of some ancient Swedish super- stition. John Vandyke owned the next building, which was occupied by his son, Thomas. The front was a store, and the rear was a dwelling. The wheelwright- shop of Mr. Vandyke stood in the rear of this build- ing. The shop has been removed, and the house is owned and occupied by Mrs. Gibson and sons, as a store and dwelling Next was a one-story log house, also owned by John Vandyke, and occupied by his son-in-law, Wil- liam Hulings. A blacksmith-shop stood in front of this house. This is now the residence of John Pier- son, and the old log house is the kitchen, etc., of Mr. Pierson's residence. The shop was torn down by him in 1852. The old stone school-house, that was taken down in 1812, stood on the line of the street next. The large framed house now owned and occupied by Isaac S. Stratton was then the property of Eobert Tittermary. Some additions have been made to the rear of this building. Then came Trinity Church, the front of which has not been changed. Returning to the upper end of the town, on the opposite side of the street stood the brick house of Dr. Ercurius Fithian, afterwards the residence of Dr. Charles Garrison, and now owned by J. C. Rulon. An old one-story framed store stood on the corner of Main and Mill Streets, on the present site of H. C. Garrison's store and hall. A small framed house, now a part of the residence of Mr. Wolf, the marble-cutter, stood next. It was then owned by Mr. Keen. About this time the brick houses now owned, one by Mrs. Harriet Gaskill, and the other by Edward C. Talnian were erected, the first by Samuel Dyer, and the other by William Harrison, Esq. The fronts of these have been but little changed. Next, where Hall's brick buildings now stand, were the stables and sheds of the old Swedesboro Hotel. These remained till 1875, and were considered during many years a nuisance. A large framed house, known as the Fisler prop- erty, stood directly opposite to Mr. Pierson's present residence. It is now owned by Samuel A. Grofi". The house of C. P. Shivers, Esq., was then owned by Joseph James. Attached to it was a cooper's shop, built of logs. Next was a log house owned by Phebe Keen, and used as a cake and beer saloon. It was taken down some years since. Next came a framed house, then owned by William Vanleer, now the property of C. P. Shivers, Esq. The old Episcopal parsonage, a log building that ' was erected in 1764, stood on the site of the present rectory. It was built of cedar logs, and afterwards weather-boarded, giving it an appearance not diflfer- ent from that of an ordinary framed house. It was, on the 20th of March, 1765, occupied by Rev. John Wicksell, a missionary, who had been sent here by the Swedish government in 1760. In 1842 a part of this building was moved a short distance up the street, where it is now owned by Mrs. Rebecca Clem- ent. A large brick house with a stone kitchen, owned and occupied by Daniel England, stood where now is the residence of Henry Mitchell, Jr. The old house was torn down, and the present one erected, in part, from the materials taken from it. A large brick building near the creek, built about 1784 by David Harker, was then used by him as a store and dwelling. It is now the residence of Restore Adams. Across the creek stood the large brick mansion built by the late Dr. Stratton; afterwards the residence of Governor Charles Stratton, and now owned by the heirs of James D. Gibbs, late of Philadelphia. On Church Street was the house now owned by Mary Batten. Then came two houses owned by Dr. Hoover, one of which, where Isaac Stratton's house now stands, has been taken down ; the other is owned by Aaron Hurflf. Next was a large framed house then owned by John Denny, now by Dr. Garrison. Opposite to this was a large framed house, owned by William Dyer, now the residence of John Meley. A small log house, owned by Thomas Brown, stood on the site of the Catholic parsonage. In 1830 Swedesboro contained sixty-four houses, five stores, two hotels, two shoe-shops, two tailor- shops, a harness-shop, a carriage-shop, a blacksmith's 30^ HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. shop, a fulling-mill (now a plaster-mill), and a grist- mill. It has now four general stores, two hotels, a grocer and confectioner, two provision-stores, a millinery- store, a drug-store, a gentlemen's furnishing store, a shoe-store, a meat-market, a bakery, a tin-shop, a harness-shop, three shoe-shops, a foundry, four blacksmith -shops, two wagon-shops, two barbers, a grist-mill, and a plaster-mill. Cootstown and SmaU Gloucester are hamlets, mostly of colored people. GroTind-Rents. — A large portion of the land in the town of Swedesboro is held under leases, or titles requiring the payment of annual ground-rent. In the history of Trinity Church is given an extract from a deed, showing the origin of this tenure in that portion of the town deeded to the church in 1703. The following extract from a lease by Samuel Mickle to Thomas Wilkins shows the origin of the ground-rents in that portion known as Laddstown : " And the said Hannah Ladd, by her last will and testament in writing, bearing date the ififth day of the tenth month, called October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and niaety-two, author- ized and empowered her nephew, the said Samuel Mickle, one of the parties to these presents, to grant and lease out on ground-rent forever all her lots of land as laid out on said tract as by the said will, recourse thereunto being bad, will more at large appear, together with all and singular the streets, lanes, roads, ways, alleys, passages, waters, water- courses, lights, liberties, privileges, hereditaments, and appurtenances whatsoever thereunto belonging, and the reversions, remainders, rents, issues, and profits thereof; to have and to hold the said lot No. 24, above described hereditaments and premises hereby granted or mentioned, or intended so to be, with the appurtenances, unto the said Thomas Wil- kins, bis heirs and assigns forever, yielding and paying therefor unto the said Samuel Mickle, hin heirs and assigns, the yearly rent or sum of four Spanish silver milled dollars, each of them weighing seventeen pennyweights and six grains, on the twenty-fifth day of the third month, called March, in every year forever hereafter, the first payment therefor to be made on the twenty-fifth day of the third month, which will be in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred anU n inety- eight; and if the said yearly rent hereby reserved, or any part thereof, shall he behind and unpaid after the day and time in every year herein- before appointed for payment thereof, that then, and as often as the same shall be so behind and unpaid, it shall and may he lawful to and for the said Samuel Mickle, his heirs and assigns, or any of them, into and upon the said described lot of ground, hereby granted, and into the messuages, tenements, and buildings thereon to be erected, with the ap- purtenances, to enter, and distrain for the same rent and arrearages thereof, if any, and the distress and distresses then and there found and taken to lead, drive, carry away, and Impound; and impounded, to detain and keep at the proper risque and charges of the said Thomas Wilkins, his heirs and assigns, for the space of five days, payment and satisfaction of the said rent hereby reserved, and the arrearages thereof, if any, be not made, then and at any time thereafter the said distress and distresses to expose and sell, at public auction or vendue, for the best price that be reasonably gotten for the Fame, leaving in the hands of the Sheriff, or officer who shall aid and assist in making the said distress, the surplusage, if any be after the rent and arrearages and all charges of distress, determine, and sale are first deducted ; but if suf- ficient distress cannot be found and taken in and upon the hereby granted premises, then it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Samuel Mickle, his heirs and assigns or any of them, into and upon the said lot of ground hereby granted, and into the messuages, tenements, and buildings thereon to be erected, and every or any part thereof, with the appurtenances, wholly to re-enter and the same to have again, re- possess, and enjoy, and the rents, issues and profits thereof to receive and take until the yearly rent hereby reserved and all the arrearages thereof be fully paid and satisfied, anything hereinbefore contained to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. And thesaid Thomas Wilkins, for his self, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, doth covenant, promise, grant, and agree to and with the said Samuel Mickle, his heirs, and assigns, by these presents, that he, the said Thomas Wilkins, bis heirs or assigns, shall and will truly pay, or cause to be paid unto the said Samilel Mickle, his heirs or assigns, the afore^ said yearly rent or sum of four Spanish silver milled dollars, each of them weighing seventeen pennyweights and six grains, on the day and time in every year hereinbefore appointed fpr payment thereof, as the same shall from time to time grow due and payable, and also shall and will at his own proper costs and charges, within the space of one year next ensuing the date hereof, erect, build, and completely finish one good, substantial, wooden frame dwelling-house, plastered, with a stone wall cellar under it, upon the premises hereby granted to of the value of one hundred and fifty pounds in specie at least ; and the said Sumuel Mickle, for his self, his heirs, executors, and administrators, doth covenant, promise, and grant to and with the said Thomas Wilkins, his heirs, and assigns, by these presence, that he the said Thomas Wilkins, his heirs or assigns, paying the said rent hereby reserved, and performing the cove- nants and agreements aforesaid, shall, or lawfully may, from time to time, and at all times hereafter, forever freely, peaceably, and quietly have, Bold, occupy, possess, and enjoy the hereby granted premises, with the appurtenances, and receive and take the rents, issues, and profits thereof without any manner of let, suit, trouble, or molestation whatsoever of him the said Samuel Mickle, his heirs, assigns, or of any other person whomsoever, by or any of their act, means, consent, printing, or pro- curement. "In witness whereof, the said parties have interchangeably set their hands and seals thereunto; dated the day and year first above writen." Schools. — Parochial schools were, from time to time, established and maintained by the Swedes. The first schoolmaster that is known to have taught at Raccoon Creek was Brunjan, who came from Sweden with Rev. Jonas Ansen in 1706. In the time of Lidenius the elder, in 1715, Dr. Jesper Swedborg taught a school in this place. He was a brother of the celebrated Emanuel Swedenborg, the founder of the Swedenborgian sect, and a son of Archbishop Swedborg, then of Sweden. The name became Swedenborg when the archbishop was enno- bled. John Abraham Leidenius kept a Swedish and English school in Eepaupo in 1715, " and the chil- dren," says Pastor Wicksell, in the church register, " were greatly profited by his teaching, especially in the Swedish tongue." Public School in Swedesboro,^ — Previous to 1771 the people of Swedesboro (then called Raccoon) were without the benefits of a regularly established school. At that time the Rev. John Wicksell, a mis- sionary, who had been sent here by the Swedish gov- ernment, was rector of the Swedish Evangelical Lu- theran Church, and to him the inhabitants, in their anxiety for facilities to educate their children, ap- plied. Mr. Wicksell was a man of much learning and ability, and he possessed great influence with the members of his parish. He called a meeting of his wardens and vestrymen, at the parsonage, and laid the matter before them. There were present at that meeting Mr. Wicksell and Messrs. John Lock, John Helms, Lawrence Lock, John Derrickson, Mounce Keen, James Steelman, Charles Lock, and Charles Dalbo. The rector proposed that half an acre of ground, in the central part of the town, should be 1 By pe];pii8sion, from a manuscript history by .the late J. Thompson, Esq. TOWNSHIP OF WOOLWICH. 303 rented as a site for a school-house, and presented for their consideration a lease for the same, which he had drawn up. This lease set forth the kind of school to be established, — that it should be a puhlio and free school ; that is, free for the children of all persons who would or could pay the tuition prescribed. After due deliberation and some hesi- tancy, "the rector, church wardens, and vestrymen of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church in the town of Swedesboro, near Eaccoon Creek," adopted a resolution to establish such a school, to last for all time. The lease was signed by the entire board, and bore the date April 2, 1771. The following is the entry made at the time, and still to be found in the record of the church : " The desolate state of Edu- cating children in these parts having long laid at the heart of the present Rector, and very desirous to re- move ignorance, and exile darkness and barbarity, he now tenders to his vestry whether a lease could not be granted on a half-acre of ground in this bor- ough for the use of a public school-house, free from all manner of Ground Rent forever. The form of a lease for that purpose was drawn up by the Rector, and read to the present vestry, and after a due con- sideration and debating, it was approved of and re- solved to be executed." The first board of trustees consisted of Rev. John Wicksell, Thomas Denny, Esq., and Thomas Brown. A rule was adopted that the rector of the church should be ex officio, the president of the board. In the same year a school-house was erected on the lot thus leased, the same lot whereon stands the present school building. This house is believed to have been a very small one, built of logs, as was then the custom. It stood with its front on the line of the street. This house was burned in 1778,' and another was erected of stone, one story in height, with two rooms, one on the southwest side, for a school-room, and another on the northeast side, for a teachers' dor- mitory, with a door between them. The first teacher in this school of whom any knowl- edge remains, was Rev. John Croes, in 1789, who was at the same time rector of the parish and teacher in the school. He was assisted by one Daniel Cole- man, an excellent scholar and chirographer, and a proficient in vocal music. A brief account of these early adventurers and friends may here be given. They were members of the same company in the Revolutionary army ; Croes an illiterate private, unable to write, and Coleman a drummer. The latter gave the former his first lessons in writing, with a coal, on his drum-head. After the war Croes returned to Newark, and entered on a course of studies. While in the midst of his theolog- 1 Dr. Collin says, " On the 4th day of April (1778) about a hundred of the English marines came to Swedesboro, early in the morning, to sur- prise the militia. Being disappointed, they burned the school-house, alleging as a reason that some loyal subjects had been Imprisoned there some weeks before." ical course he started on a journey south, and at Philadelphia he was advised by Bishop White to come to Swedesboro, where the church had been, during some time, without a rector. On his way hither he called at a tavern, probably the " Death of the Fox," between Clarksboro and Berkeley, in the , bar-room of which he found a man, in rags, consider- ably intoxicated, singing patriotic songs to' a crowd of loafers. In him Mr. Croes recognized his old comrade in arms who had given him his first lesson in chirog- raphy with a coal on his drum-head. He at once proposed to Mr. Coleman to accompany him to Swedesboro and assist him in his duties. The propo- sition was accepted, Mr. Croes divided his wardrobe with him, and they trudged on to this place to- gether. I Here they found the present church building, which had been erected in 1784, and entered on their duties, Mr. Croes as rector, and Mr. Coleman as conductor of the music, and both as teachers in the school. Mr. Croes afterwards became a bishop. Mr. Coleman studied law, and was in 1820 made Secretary of State of New Jersey. The next teacher was Jonadab Lawrence, who com- menced previous to 1800. He was never known to be engaged in any other pursuit than that of a pedagogue and teacher of singing-schools. He was an excellent teacher, and a good disciplinarian. He continued to teach schools and to lead choirs in churches in this vicinity till 1819. The old stone school-house continued to be the " temple of science" here till 1812, when the number of scholars had increased beyond its capacity. It was therefore determined to take it down, and erect in its place a more capacious and commodious building. Before doing this it was deemed proper to obtain a better title to the site, which the church authorities readily consented to give. A deed was accordingly executed by Simon Wilmer, rector; Andrew Hen- drickson and Charles Lock, wardens ; and William Denny, Daniel England, William Dyer, Nicholas Justice, Joseph Batten, Asa Mattson, Isaac Hendrick- son, Philip Pew, Samuel Black, Vandever Homan, and Ananias Lock, vestrymen, to Ecurius B. Fithian, M.D. By him a deed was made to Rev. Simon Wil- mer, William Harrison, Daniel England, James Bat- ten, Samuel Black, and John Logan, trustees of the Swedesboro Academy. Both deeds were executed March 31, 1812, and were for the nominal considera- tion of one dollar. A new house was at once erected, on the same spot where the present house stands. The funds for its erection were raised first from members of the church, in consideration whereof the rector was to be ex officio president of the board of trustees forever, and the house was to be at all times, when not required for school purposes, open for teaching sacred music, and for public worship. The township of Woolwich also contributed, and in consideration of this contribution provision was made in the deed 304 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. that the use of the house should be had, when re- quired, for town-meetings and elections. The house was twenty-two by thirty-three feet in size, and two stories in height. It stood with the end toward the street, to which a walk led from its front door. In 1835 maple-trees were planted on each side of this walk, where they still remain. Cedar- and mulberry-tirees were planted in the rear of the house. , The last mulberry-tree there was blowB down in 1842. The house was very inconveniently arranged and badly seated. In 1850 it was reseated, more in accordance with modem style, and more with reference to the wants of children of different ages. May 18, 1872, this house was sold to the highest bidder for one hundred and thirty-five dollars. The purchaser, Capt. Samuel M. Parker, removed it to a lot near the south corner of the new Episcopal Cem- etery, and converted it into a double dwelling-house. During the same year a new house was erected on the same site. It covers an area of forty by sixty feet, and is two stories in height. It has two school- rooms, and its furniture is of the best and most approved style of the present day. It was built by contract, at a cost of five thousand dollars, and the iiirniture cost six hundred and fifty dollars. It has a capacity for three hundred pupils. It is considered the best school-house in the county of Gloucester. The corner-stone of this building was taken from the foundation-wall of the first school-house and placed in the stone house that was built in 1778. It was then placed in the foundation of the house erected in 1812, and finally in its present position. It is marked, with large legible figures, 1771. The trustees at the time of its erection were Luther F. Halsey, clerk of the board, Isaac S. Stratton, and Alexander Wilson. The present trustees (1882) are Isaac S. Stratton, clerk, W. Clark, and I. Hurff Wetherby. This school was always known as the academy till the school law of 1851 was passed, requiring the application of moneys apportioned to or raised in school districts to the support of free schools. The teachers of this school, from its beginning to the present time, have been Sev. John Croes. Daniel Coleman. Jonadab Lawrence. Samnel Ogden. Septimns Roberta. Asa Stratton. Orlando Alden. T. Kash. Abrabam Amemian. Schofield. Asa W. Newton. BeT. Hiram Harold. James Sanndeis. Moses T. Scott. William H. ThompaoD. J. S. Thompson. Joseph I), Nichols. Ewan Merritt. Albert H. Hoft. George B. Day, Benjamin Thomas. William J. Vlinn. Charles E. H. Bichardson. James McBride. Elizabeth Shaw. Emily Lewis. John A, Loudenslager. Dr. John Kirby. Dr. Jacob Izard. Samuel T. Lock. Israel F. SilTers. John A. McIlTain. Adaline D. Barton. Samuel A. GrofT. KeT. U. S. Coudit. George W. Smith. B. F. McCoUister. John E. Powell. B. F. Chew. James Leonard. Louise Hallenbeck. William Chase. Alexander G. Harris. Herbert Mclntosb. James Gordon. WUliam H. Eldridge. Among the pupils of this school who have risen to various degrees of eminence in their professions have been the following : Bight Eev. J. P. Wilmer, son of Simon Wilmer, formerly rector of this church, became bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Louisiana. He died in New Orleans, of apoplexy, Dec. 3, 1878. Eev. Samuel C. Stratton became a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was settled in Virginia, Connecticut, Clarksboro, N. J., and lastly in Philadelphia, where he died. Hon. Charles C. Stratton, brother of the above, was a member of Congress in 1838, member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1844, and was elected Governor of New Jersey the same year. Rev. Dr. Joseph Garrison was a graduate of Prince- ton College, took the degree of M.D. in the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, studied theology, and be- came rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Cam- den in 1855. His Alma Mater conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1879. Dr. John Kirby was a pupil, and afterwards a teacher in this school. He graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and practiced in the city of Salem. He has been appointed assistant physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum. Dr. Ephraim Leake, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, became a practitioner in Frank- ford. Dr. Samuel T. Lock graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and practiced, till his death, at Tom's River. John B. Hilyard was town superintendent of schools of Woolwich township in 1847. George B. Boggs was town superintendent in 1848, in Woolwich township, and rector of Trinity Church, Swedesboro. His son, George, became eminent as a civil engineer. Dr. Joseph Kirby became a distinguished dentist in Swedesboro. Rev. John S. Heisler became a popular preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Edward Adams became a Methodist Episco- pal clergyman in 1851, and he has filled many re- sponsible positions in New Jersey, New York, and Illinois. Many of the teachers who have officiated in this school have filled high and responsible positions, both in church and state, but space will not permit an enumeration of them. ECCLESIASTICAL. Trinity, or Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Chnrch of Swedesboro. — The intimate connection between the history of this church and that of the TOWNSHIP OF WOOLWICH. 305 town and township is the reason for the length of this sketch. This church was founded by the Swedes, at about the commencement of the eighteenth century, pro- bably in 1702, though the exact date cannot be ascer- tained. The first minister was Lars Tollstadius,' or Polfladius," who, by his irregular conduct, drew upon himself the censure of his superiors. He was drowned in the Delaware River in May, 1706. In 1703 this church was endowed by the purchase of one hundred acres of land, twenty acres of which include a portion of the town of Swedesboro. The following is copied from the deed conveying this land : " This Indenture, made ye first day of September, in ye year of our Jjord one thousaud Seven hundred and three, and in ye second year of ye reign of our Sovereign Lady Ann, Queen of England, Scotland, ffrance, and Ireland, Ac, between John Hugg, .Tun., of Gloucester River, in ye County of Gloucester, and Province of New Jersey, Gent., of ye one part, and Woolla Diilbo, William Cobb, Woolla Peterson, and ffrederick Hopman, all of Bacoon Creek, within ye County and Province aforesaid. Church wardens Elected and appointed of ye Swedish Church called , and late Erected at Racoon Creek in ye county aforesaid of ye other part, wit- nesseth that ye said John Hugg, for and in consideration of ye sum of Twelve pound, current silver money, within ye said Province . . . for and during ye full and whole terme and time that they and every one of them that shall remain and Continue in ye office of Church warden of ye said Church, and then afterward from the time of his going out of ye said office, and Immediately from thence, unto such other persons successively as shall from time to time be elected and appointed church wardens of ye said Church, at all times forever hereafter to this intent and purpose and upon this Trust and Confidence, and to no other use, In- tent or purpose whatsoever (that is), To and for ye only accommodation and service of ye said Church, and ye proper use and advantage of ye present Incumbent or Minister thereof, for his better support and men- teynance ffur so long time and during ye term and time that he shall continue to be, and then afterwards unto all and every such other Minister, Preacher, or Rector, Successively, who shall be admitted to exercise ye ministerial flfunction in ye sd Church from time to time and at all times forever hereafter." To this was added six acres of meadow-land, pur- chased, in 1705, from John Jones, for five shillings. A log church was erected, and finished in 1704. In 1717 one was erected at Penn's Neck, and the two societies were afterward united in the same pastor- ate. In the township of Pilesgrove, six miles distant from Raccoon, and nine from Penn's Neck, a farm or glebe of two hundred and thirty-five acres was pur- chased in 1721, for one hundred and forty-five pounds, and a house erected on it. Between 1850 and 1855 it was repaired and improved and a log barn was erected. The Legislature, in 1795, authorized the sale of this property. The old log church was plastered and whitewashed on the outside in 1715, and a vesti- bule was built before its door in 1719. A gallery was added between 1730 and 1740. This gallery could only be entered from the outside of the building. This house was used during eighty years. Dr. Collin said of it that for fifteen years previous to the erec- tion of the present house it had been " in a condition 80 ruinous that public worship could not be celebrated in it without the greatest inconvenience and no small degree of danger in tempestuous weather." 1 AcreliuB. 20 2 Dr. Clay : Annals of the Swedes, I8B8. Aa elsewhere stated, a parsonage was erected in Swedesboro in 1764, on the site of the present rec- tory, which was built in 1842. The present church building was erected in 1784. It was built of brick, forty-one by sixty-one feet, and it stands on the site of the second log church that was erected. The tower at the rear of this church was erected in 1838, and the auditorium was afterward reseated. In 1765, a year subsequent to the English con- quest, the church received a charter, from which the following is an extract : " George the Third, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, &c.. To all to whom these pres- ents sliall come, greeting. Whereas, we have been informed by the Humble petition of our loving subjects, the Reverend John Wicksell, Thomas Denny, John Denny, Lawrence Lock, John Lock, John Rambo, James Skelmau, John Helm, Benjamin Rambo, Jonas Keen, Erick Cox, Jacob Archer, Isaac Justison, Gilbert Rinolds, Gabriel Strang, William Homan, Peter Matson, Peter Keen, Andrew Jones, Hans Unian, John Hoffman, Lawrence Strang, John Derickson, Cbarles Lock, Erick Rei- nels, Jacob Jones, William Matson, Andrew Lock, Moses HoCTman, Charles Fuller, Andrew Vanannerman," etc., with the usual circumlo- cution and formality of expression they were made " a body corporate and politic in deed, fact, and name, by the name and style of the Rector, Church Wardens, and Vestrymen of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church in the town of Swedesboro, near Raccoon Creek." In 1790, William Matson, by will, left all his real and personal estate to this church forever. The real estate thus devised consists of three hundred acres, lying in Harrison township, about four miles south from Swedesboro. It yields to the church an annual revenue of more than one thousand dollars. Rev. Jonas Auren was called to the pastorate in 1706, and died, in the exercise of his functions, in 1713. He came from Sweden in 1797, and after his arrival became a Sabbatarian, but he never permitted his changed views to give offense. It may here be remarked that the records in pos- session of Trinity Church commenced in 1713. They were kept in the Swedish language till 1764, the year of the British conquest, since which time they have been written in English. In 1712 Rev. Abraham Lidenius, who had just ar- rived from Sweden, became assistant pastor, and offi- ciated at Penn's Neck. After the death of Mr. Auren he became pastor of both churches, and continued till his return to Sweden, in 1724. He was distinguished for his industry, zeal, and pleasing manners. Revs. Petrus Tranberg and Andreas Windrufwa came from Sweden in 1726, and became pastors of the churches at Raccoon and Penn's Neck. Mr. Wind- rufwa died in 1728, and Mr. Tranberg served both congregations till 1740, when he was transferred to Christina, and the pastorate was vacant till 1748. In that year Rev. John Sandin became pastor, but died after six months' service. Mr. Peter Kalm, Professor of Economics in the University of Abo, was then traveling in this coun- try, and served the church for a time. He married the widow of Mr. Sandin, and returned to Sweden. Rev. Eric Unander, who came from Sweden in 306 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. 1749, became pastor in 1751. He remained till 1756, when he was transferred to Christina. He was succeeded by Rev. John Lidenius (the son of Abraham, before mentioned), who subsequently died in Pennsylvania. The next pastor. Rev. John Wicksell, arrived from Sweden in 1762, returned in 1774, and died in 1800. During his administration the church received an English charter, and the public school here was es- tablished. His successor, Nicholas Collin, D.D., arrived in 1778, was transferred to Wicacoa in 1786, and died in 1831. With him the Swedish mission closed. The succession of rectors in connection with the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of New Jersey has been: Revs. John Wade, from 1788 to 1789; John Croes (afterwards first bishop of New Jersey), 1790-1801; Henry James Feltus, 1802-08; Simon Wilmer, 1808-20; J. M. Douglas, 1820-24; Norman Nash, 1829-34; J. Loring Woart, 1834-35. He went to Tallahassee, Fla., on account of his wife's health ; both were lost on the ill-fated " Pulaski." John Woart, a brother of the preceding, 1836-40 ; George W. Freeman (afterwards bishop of Arkansas), 1841 ; J. W. Brown, 1841-43. He died here of con- sumption, and his remains are entombed in the ceme- tery near to the church. W. H. Trapnell, 1844-47 ; E. B. Boggs, 1847-55 ; W. J. Zimraer, 1855-57 ; Henry Tulledge, 1857-64; C. W. Duane, 1864r-68; C. N. Chivrier, 1868-72; and the present rector, C. W. Duane, again 1872. The old Moravian Church in Woolwich township was established at a very early period. In 1834 it was transferred to Trinity Church, Swedesboro, and it is now a mission of that church, the rector of which holds services there monthly. Swedesboro Methodist Episcopal Church.'— In 1793 a stone meeting-house was built at what is now known as Oak Grove, about two and a half miles from Swedesboro, and the same distance from Bridge- port. The ground on which it stands was donated by a family named Adams, residing in that vicinity. There is a cemetery connected with it which is re- markable for the small proportion of children's graves found in it. This was, for many years, the rallying- point for the Methodists in this section of the country. The first members of the society that worshiped here were George Horner, Benjamin Adams, Joseph Adams, Malachi Horner, John Davis, Isaac Shute, David Shute, Samuel Black, William Keyser, and others. A class- and prayer-meeting was held regularly in private houses at Swedesboro as early as 1833. The first sermon here, by a Methodist clergyman, was preached in the academy by Rev. William Stevens, and it is remembered that the event caused quite a sensation. From that time till the erection of the 1 InformatioD furnished by Bev. C. J. Downs. church here there was preaching regularly in the middle of each week, at the academy, by circuit preachers. The original members at Swedesboro were William Keyser, David Wolf, Samuel Black, Thomas Davidson, Isaac Shute, Edward C. Tallman, Samuel Newton, John Becket, Ephraim Colt, and others. From this small beginning the society has grown to a membership of three hundred, and a Sunday-school of two hundred and six scholars and thirty-two teachers. The present house of worship was erected in 1838, and dedicated in November of that year. It is re- membered that the sum of one thousand dollars was raised during the services, and that this was the first i\me so large an amount was raised on a similar occa- sion, in Gloucester Connty. The house is a plain brick structure, forty by fifty-five feet in size, with galleries, and in the rear of it is a brick chapel. The estimated value of the church property is seven thousand dol- lars. Arrangements are in progress for the erection of a new church edifice. The pastors since 1833 (the date of the oldest record to be found) have been : 183.S. John Walker. William Stevens. 1834. John Walker. Robert Sutton. 1835. Williiini Williams. J. V. Canfleld. 1836. Bobert E. Morrison. J. V. Canfleld. 1837. Bobert E. Morrison. George Jennings. 1838. John K. Shaw. Edward Stout. 1839. John K. Shaw. Abram Trewett. 1840. George A. Beybold. Abram Trewett. 1842. S. Bnsling. J. D. McDongal. 1843. S. Rusling. Noah Edwards. 1844. Thomas C. Stewart. S. Y. Monroe. 1845. Joseph Atwood. John S. Beegle. A prosperous Sunday-school is maintained at the old stone mfeeting-house, and class-meetings are held there. They are connected with the society at Swedes- . boro. Presbyterian Church of Swedesboro.'— While it is a pleasant task to write the history of this church, it is nevertheless difScult, because of the want of records concerning its earliest movements, and its many struggles for existence in the early period of its career. Most of the facts concerning it must be gleaned from the memories of those who were identi- fied with it in its beginning. It was not on account of the increase in the popu- lation of the town, nor because of a want of adequate accommodations for worship that a desire was felt to ' By Bev. John W. BiBcboff, pastor. 1847. MulfordDay. James Long. 1849. A. K. Street. Joseph Gafkill. 1850. A. K. Street. S. E. Post. 1851. Joseph M. Fierson. 1853. Charles E. Hill. 1855. James White. 1867. George Hitchene. 1860. B. n. Palmer. 1861. G. B. Snyder. 1863. William Walton. 1865. B. S. Sharp. 1866. J. D. Hickman. 1867. James Vansant, 1869. W. S. Bamart. 1871. John W. Fort. 1873. Joseph H. Mickle. 1876. S. M. Hudson. 1878. A. M. Lake. 1881. C. F. Downs. TOWNSHIP OP WOOLWICH. 307 establish a Presbyterian Church in Swedesboro, but because of the preference of a few residents who had been members or worshipers in Presbyterian Churches in Philadelphia and elsewhere. This desire brought its fruit in the latter part of 1854, when the Rev. Allen H. Brown, of the Presby- tery of West Jersey, in response to a letter with refer- ence to the matter, came to Swedesboro to consult with regard to the propriety of taking measures for the organization of a church. The result was a call for a meeting of those interested in the enterprise. Accordingly, on the 11th of October, 1854, a meeting was held in the academy, at which Mr. William Black presided, and Rev. A. H. Brown was secretary. Tien and there it was resolved to organize a Presby- terian Church, and the following were elected as the first board of trustees: William Black, Jr., Robert Wilson, Hugh Wallace, J. Morgan Barnes, and Ira Allen. A committee was authorized to file a certifi- cate of incorporation in the county clerk's office, and measures were taken to secure a proper site for a house of worship. At the same- time a petition to the Presbytery of West Jersey for church organiza- tion was prepared, and signed by those who desired to become members of it. In reply to this application. Revs. W. Graham, Daniel Stratton, and Allen H. Brown, composing the committee which had been appointed by the Presby- tery to organize the petitioners into a Presbyterian Church, if the way was clear, met on Wednesday, the 10th of January, 1855, at the house of W. Black, and after an opening prayer, proceeded to an exami- nation as to the religious knowledge and experience of those who had requested to be members of the new organization. At seven o'clock in the evening they met in Odd-Fellows' Hall, and there, after an appro- priate sermon by Rev. D. Stratton, the committee proceeded to the organization of the church. The following were the constituent members: William Black, Jr., Thomas Stewart, John Barnes, Robert Wilson, Mrs. Emma Allen, Mrs. Anna Maria Knisell, Mrs. Euphemia Grant, Mrs. Elizabeth Garrison, and Mrs. Mary Ann Black. Later in the evening David McDowell and his wife, Margaret, presented certifi- cates of good standing in and dismissal from a Pres- byterian Church in Ireland, whereupon they were received, making the whole number of original mem- bers eleven. In the afternoon of the following day Mr. Graham preached in Odd-Fellows' Hall, and William Black was ordained to the office of ruling elder. On the following Sabbath the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered to ten members of the new organization, and to five from other churches. In the mean time Dr. Charles Garrison had very generously donated a lot, valued at two hundred and fifty dollars, to the church ; and about March, 1855, the erection of a church building was begun. A frame building, thirty-six by fifty feet, with a beautiful steeple, and a seating capacity of about three hundred, was built by Mr. Robert Wilson, according to a plan furnished by Mr. G. Pullinger. It was completed at a cost of about three thousand five hundred dollars, and dedicated with appropriate exercises, probably in November, 1856. Hitherto the congregation had held regular ser- vices in Odd- Fellows' Hall, and had steadily gained in membership, under the ministration of Revs. A. H. Brown, T. B. Jervis, and especially by the self- denying effijrts of John L. Grant; but not till 1859 had the church a regularly-installed pastor. In that year Rev. Chester Bridgman became the first pastor of the church, and until November, 1868, he labored successfully here and at a neighboring place. During his four years' pastorate, the longest that this church has ever had, the membership was increased from thirty-three to fifty-four, and a large portion of the church debt was paid off. Indeed, these were years of prosperity for the small organization, but after the pastoral relation between Mr. Bridgman and the church had been dissolved by the Presbytery a sad decline became noticeable in the church. The Sessional records of the next ten years show a dismal picture of the society. The flock that had but a short time before been gathered needed the care of a pastor; but instead of that it had supplies,, and now and then a candidate for its vacant pulpit. Among these the Rev. W. Connell remained longest, but when he accepted a call to the church at Woods- town the pulpit was again vacant, and during the entire month of October, 1864, the church was closed. The membership had considerably decreased, and the contributions towards the support of the gospel had di- minished. The Session therefore resolved " to request the Presbytery to make arrangements, if possible, to supply the pulpit every Sabbath by a settled minis- ter." Accordingly, in 1866, Rev. N. McOonaughy became pastor of the church, the communicants in which had decreased to twenty-three, and although he remained but two years his labors were crowned with more than ordinary success. In that short time sixteen were added to the membership of the church. Under his ministrations the meetings on the Sabbath and the weekly prayer-meetings were well attended, and a flourishing Sunday-school of seventy-five mem- bers was gathered. In November, 1868, Rev. N. W. Condit became pastor of the church, but, like his predecessor, for two years only. Special mention is made in his time of the difficulty in raising money towards the pastor's salary, and the other necessary expenses of the church, and also of the need of a parsonage ; but when a build- ing lot had been offered to the church as a gift the efibrts towards building a house for their minister went no further than the completion of cellar walls, which spoke loudly, not so much of the need of a parsonage as of a pastor. For a little more than a year, until April, 1872, Rev. R. F. Burt was stated supply, by appointment 308 HISTORY OP GLOUCESTER COUNTY. of the Presbytery, his labors being divided between this church and the one at Woodstown. After he left the church was again, during two years, from 1872 to 1874, without a pastor, but not altogether without preaching, and certainly not inactive. In- deed, a new era began in those years for the church. A new work and a new life were called forth by a noteworthy event. This was the accession of a strong German element. Many Germans had settled near Swedesboro, diligent, thrifty, pious people, who had not with their departure from the Fatherland de- parted from their fathers' Christian faith and prac- tice ; men and women who desired to worship God as they from childhood had been accustomed to do, and all that was necessary was an invitation to at- tend divine worship, with the promise of hearing the gospel preached in their mother tongue, and this was done, let it ever be remembered to its honor, by the Presbyterian Church of Swedesboro, which opened its doors to Germans, and offered its pulpit to German preachers. In 1873 this new work was started by Dr. Walk, who, with the assistance of Elder Black, gathered quite a German congregation, and attempted to preach to them in their own language, and later secured for them preaching by a layman of a Ger- man Reformed Church in Philadelphia. After sev- eral meetings an attempt was made to organize a German Church and to build a house of their own. Both attempts failed, however, because of denomi- national dissensions, one party desiring a Lutheran, and the other a Reformed Church, and neither being strong enough to be self-sustaining. The Presby- terian Church again tendered them the use of their meeting-house, and by the synodical missionary, Mr. A. H. Brown, they were promised German preach- ing, and twenty-seven, all heads of families, were received as members Sept. 7, 1873. From that time it has been one church with two congregations, and frequently with two Sunday-schools. Rev. Adolph Wanderer, a graduate of the German Theological Seminary at Bloomfield, N. J., became pastor of the church in 1874, and labored successfully for about three years. He introduced the standard hymnal in both congregations, preached and con- ducted a Sunday-school in German on Sabbath morn- ing and in English in the afternoon. The church's membership did not greatly increase, but he suc- ceeded in holding the new element that had been brought into a church which, like the land they now lived in, they considered strange. In December, 1877, , Mr. Wanderer resigned his charge, because he found he could no longer preach in two languages. Thus the church was again vacant, and candidates and stated supplies preached to both congregations until September, 1878, when Rev. Augustus Fried- rich became their pastor. Not quite a year later he was released from his pastorate. For a little more than a year following Mr. Friedrich's removal the pulpit was supplied, once in two weeks, by Rev. John C. Gunther, another graduate of the German Semi- nary at Bloomfield, who preached in German, and Mr. R. A. Bryant and others in English, and English and German Sunday-schools were held in the morning and afternoon. In June, 1880, Rev. John W. Bischoflf, a graduate of the German Seminary, was appointed by the Pres- bytery stated supply for this church, and by reap- pointments he has labored here till the present time, giving part of his time and services to an enterprise among the Germans at Woodbury. Two services have been held every Sabbath morning, one in Ger- man and one in English, and the Sunday-schools were united, but instructions given in both languages. The problem of uniting the two elements seems thus to be solved, and both congregations work together as one church. Extensive repairs were made on the church in 1882, and its general condition was greatly improved. The condition of the church at Mr. Bischoff's ar- rival was not very encouraging. The congregations were small. At the first English service there were but nine in attendance. A large number of Germans had become discouraged because of the frequent changes of pastors; they were scattered, and only by great efibrts it became possible to revive prosperity in the church. The whole number of members since the organiza- tion of the church has been one hundred and thirty- three. Of these nineteen were removed by death, thirty-three were dismissed to other churches, seven were dropped, fifteen names were put on the retired list; leaving the present number fifty-nine, and among them four of the original members. St. Joseph's Chapel. — A few Roman Catholic fam- ilies in and around Swedesboro were organized into a church, and an edifice was erected in 1860, under the pastoral charge of the Rev. C. Cannon, then pastor of St. Mary's, at Salem. He attended the mission till 1869, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. Pattle, who officiated till 1873. In that year the congregation had succeeded in building a parsonage, and Rev. Anthony Cassese, the present pastor, was appointed. The mission includes more than sixty families. Cemeteries. — There are in the township of Wool- wich no incorporated cemeteries. Except some pri- vate burial-grounds, the places of sepulture are under the care of the difiFerent churches. The oldest are those of Trinity Church and of the old Moravian Church, now a mission of Trinity. In these it may be truly said that the " forefathers of the hamlet sleep," for the remains of the earliest settlers are entombed there. Trinity Church has a new cemetery a short distance from the old one. There is one at the old Ebenezer Church, one at the old stone church, and each of the churches in Swedesboro has its place of burial. Mills. — Many years ago a small grist-mill was built TOWNSHIP OP WOOLWICH. 309 on the Battentown branch of the stream on which the present grist-mill stands. It was said to have been built by a man named Griffith. This mill was a failure for the want of sufficient water, and it was removed to the present location of the plaster-mill by Mr. Griffith. It was afterwards owned by Dr. Loomis, then it was sold, in 1815, for twenty thousand dollars, to Christopher Knisell. He owned it till his death, and Charles C. Stratton purchased it from his heirs. After its removal it was run as a grist-mill, but a carding-machine was placed in the upper story, and afterwards an addition was built for a fulling-mill and a small woolen-factory. When the present grist-mill was erected by Mr. Stratton, in 1825, this was con- verted into a plaster-mill, which it continues to be. In 1862 it was purchased by William Black, who grinds here about two hundred tons of plaster annu- ally. As the domestic manufacture of cloth ceased the business of the fulling-mill subsided, until it ceased to exist. The Swedesboro grist-mill was erected in 1825 by Charles C. Stratton, afterwards Governor of New Jersey. It is a framed mill, with three runs of stones, and is propelled by water from a branch of Raccoon Creek. Mr. Stratton was the owner of this mill till his death, after which, in 1862, it was purchased by the present owner, William Black. The mill has had only ordinary repairs till the present year (1882). The machinery is now being thoroughly renovated. Oliphant's mill is located on Oldman's Creek, on the Sharptown road, and is propelled by the water of a branch of that creek. It is not known when it was first built, but it has been owned by Joseph Stretch, John Daniels, Nathaniel Bobbins, John Lippincott, Jacob Hains, Maurice B. Pierson, Ephraim Coles, Thomas Porch, and the present owner, William 011- phant. It has two runs of stones, and a plaster-mill has been recently attached to it. Warrington's mill is on Purgey Branch, three miles from Swedesboro, on the road from Bridgeport to Solomon's Cemetery. It was an old mill eighty years since. It was long ago known as the Davenport mill, and was purchased by David and Simeon War- rington. It has ever since remained in the Warring- ton family. It has two runs of stones. Vanderbilt's mill is an old mill. Seventy years since it was owned by John Pancoast, afterwards by Christian Knisell, Thomas Davenport, Benjamin Dutcher, Thomas Porch, and the present proprietor, John Vanderbilt. It has been repaired and renovated from time to time. Gill's, now Eussell's mill, on a branch of Eaccoon Creek, two miles above Swedesboro, was built by John Gill in 1818. A saw-mill had from time immemorial stood there. It has been owned by Benjamin Gill, Benjamin Lippincott, Ira Lippincott, Zebulon Batten, Joseph Batten, Reuben High, and the present owner, David Russell. It has three runs of stones. Many saw-mills formerly existed in the township, but with the disappearance of the forests these went to decay, and of some of them not a trace is to be seen. But one remains, that of Henry Hendrickson. It has been owned by representatives of the Hendrick- son family as far back as can be recollected. Manufactories. — In 1838, Edward C. Talman es- tablished a shoe-shop in an old carriage-house which he fitted up for the purpose. He conducted the busi- ness of ordinary shoemaking, steadily increasing his facilities, till 1857, when he commenced manufactur- ing for the trade in a small way. Since that time the business has steadily increased to the present time. Since 1867 the firm has been E. C. Talman & Son. No machinery is used at this establishment, which turns out hand-made work only. On an average fifteen hands are employed at this factory. Limekiln. — In 1875, T. W. Clark erected a lime- kiln in the town of Swedesboro. It is what is known as a draw-kiln, and has a capacity of one hundred bushels at a fill. The lime manufactured at this kiln is made mostly from shells, which are brought from Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Chesapeake City. Oc- casionally stones which are brought as ballast are used. The lime manufactured here is used mainly by the farmers for fertilizing their fields, and much is shipped from here for this purpose. About three thousand five hundred bushels are annually burned at this kiln. The Swedesboro National Bank was organized mainly under the earnest efforts of Mr. Charles C. Rulon, a native of Swedesboro, but a resident of Philadelphia, in the undertaking business. It was organized Feb. 24, 188.5, with I. H. Vanneman as president; Charles C. Rulon, cashier; John P. Du Bois as clerk and notary public ; and James L. Plum- mer, Samuel Black, John S. Sommers, Samuel Ash- craft, John S. Batten, Chalkley Coles, James C. Kirby, directors. The building cost about five thou- sand dollars, and it is really the most thoroughly com- plete, convenient, and beautiful bank building in New Jersey. Capital stock, fifty-three thousand dollars. The bank does a good business, and has deposits to the amount of over one hundred thousand dollars. LODGES AND SOOIETIBS. Osceola Lodge, No. 75, 1. 0, 0. F,, was instituted Feb. 11, 1848, with Edmund F. Garrison, N. G. ; John B. Hilyard, V. G.; George Wiley, M.D., Sec; John C. French, Asst. Sec. ; and George Batten, Sr., Treas. The first place of meeting was a room fitted up for the purpose by Edmund F. Garrison, in an old store- room on Main Street. Since 1872 the place of meet- ing has been a hall in the store of Henry Garrison. The presiding officers, or N. G.'s, of this lodge have been : Edmund F, Garrison, John B. Hilyard, George Wiley, Ira Allen, John C. Sbiveller, John Pierson, Caspar Wirshnni, Peter F. Loclte, Charles Shreves, Chalkley Duell, D. D. WilliumB, William G. Gruff, Hubert Wil- son, Lemuel Cochran, Samuel L. James, J. Morgan Barnos, Valentine 310 HISTORY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. Be^Dolds, Joseph Cabala, George Avis, Mark C. Sparks, Martin B. Bub- Inson, Mattson Guest, Joseph J. Rogers, Asa G. Oldcraft, William 0. TltiiB, Joshua Lord, John B. Batten, Biddle B. Moffett, David P. Taylor, James McDowell, Loring W. Parsons, Eli Cheeseman, Daniel Lippin- oott, Howard Lock, William H. Wood, Charles D. Lippincott, Frank P. Reynolds, Joseph 0. Ounard, William MoCultough, Richard L. McDowell, William String, Jr., Alexander Wilson, James Wilson. This lodge has a surplus in its treasury of three thousand dollars. Its membership is eighty. The present oflScers are William Rainey, N. G. ; Frank Lock, V. G. ; William H. McCuUough, Sec. ; and Howard B. Lock, Treas. Viola Lodge, No. 40, K. of P., was chartered July 18, 1870, with the following charter members : Jeremiah Haun, Joshua Lord, George W. Reed, John Moore, Isaiah Mayhew, Edward 0. Turner, J. McDowell, A. Aborn, William B. Lewal- len, James Makelvy, J. W. Shoemaker, John B. Batten, Joseph C. Haines, James Greeley, E. W. Rulon, William A. Shivler, Thomas V. Davidson, S. H. Leap, Isaac H. Madara, and Thomas Norcross. The first officers were Jeremiah Haun, C. C. ; Joshua Lord, V. C. ; Isaiah Mayhew, Prelate ; John Moore, M. of E. ; Samuel Leap, M. at A. ; George Reed, K. of R. and S. ; William Shisler, I. G. ; H. Ackley, O. G. The lodge has paid for relief twelve hundred dol- lars, and has invested in loans fourteen hundred dol- lars. The present officers are William H. McCullough, P. C. ; George Mayers, C. 0. ; Jerome Young, V. C. ; Isaiah Mayhew, P. ; Isaac Madara, M. of E. ; C. K. Moyers, M. of F. ; Harrison Young, M. at A. ; John M. Hunter, K. of R. and S. ; Albert Kapp, I. G. ; William Sack, O. G. John A. Dix Post, No. 19, G. A. R., was instituted April 29, 1879, with the following charter members : J. Morgan Barnes, Azariah Stratton, William H. McCullough, John B. Mitchell, John F, Meley, Jusiah Du Bois, Joseph G. Cunard, Luther F. Halsey, M.D., Lewis Shock, Henry M. Avis, Rev, Daniel B. Harris, George C. Sithens, Sedgwick R. Sithens, John H. Zipple, Joseph Wal- lace, and Frederick C. Cristman. The first officers were William H. McCullough, Post Com. ; Azariah Stratton, Sen. V. Com. ; Harry M. Avis, Jun. V. Com. ; J. Frank Fawcett, Adjt. ; John H. Zipple, Q.M.; J. F. Halsey, M.D., Surg.; Rev. Daniel B. Harris, Chap. Joseph C. Cunard and J. Frank Fawcett have served as Post Commanders. The present officers are Lewis Shock, P. C. ; John B. Mitchell, Sen. V. C. ; Charles H. Storms, Jun. V. C. ; J. Frank Fawcett, Adjt. ; William P. Haines, Q.M. ; John F. Musgrave, M.D., Surg. ; John F. Meley, Chap. The post has fifty members. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. IRA ALLEN. The earliest members of the Allen family found their way to America from England. William, the grandfather of Ira, was the father of sons, Benjamin, Joseph, John, Enoch, and Ira, and daughters whose names are not recalled. His son Ira was born in the year 1777, in Gloucester County, and during his resi- dence in Woodbury, of that county, followed the business of a hatter, having been indentured in 1793. At a later date he removed to Wayne County, N. Y., and engaged in farming employments. He married Miss Catherine, daughter of Paul Cooper, of Wood- bury, and had children, — Ann (Mrs. Brewer), John, Joseph, Hope, Ira, Mary (Mrs. Tupman), and Han- nah (Mrs. Reeves). Mr. Allen's death occurred in July, 1832. His son Ira, the subject of this biogra- phy, was born Nov. 3, 1815, at Allowaystown, Salem Co., from whence in childhood he removed to Wood- bury and attended school. Here he acquired the •trade of a tailor, and soon after chose Swedesboro as a favorable point for business, which was carried on extensively in connection with his trade until 1872, when he retired from active pursuits. He married, in 1845, Miss Emma E., daughter of Ephraim Dare, of Baltimore, Md., to whom was born one son, Louis Senat, whose untimely death and high character are fittingly recalled in the following obituary notice : " Louis Senat Allen died at Duluth, Minn., on the 24th of June, 1871, and was buried at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., on the 3d of July. His re- mains were followed to the Episcopal Cemetery in that town by a very large concourse of friends. Mr. Allen was a young man of more than common tal- ents, and was universally beloved by all who knew him. In the responsible place which he so well filled for one so young he won not only the r&spect but tlie highest encomiums from those who had the super- vision and the responsibility for his acts. The writer of this knew him from his childhood, and in all those qualities both of mind and heart which adorn human nature he has never known his equal. When but a boy he displayed all the judgment, discretion, and manliness which we expect from one of mature years. Kind and considerate to his equals, respectful to all, a devoted and afiiectionate son, fulfilling every duty of life with the most conscientious fidelity, so per- fect in life that his memory will be embalmed on earth by his family and friends in fragrant and in- spiring recollections. His mind was pure,- simple, generous, and as broad as sunshine. The tears shed by strong men and women beside his open grave was the attestation of the worth of his admirable life. To his parents, who are left childless by this sudden death, we can only extend a heartfelt sympathy. They must look to a higher power for consolation in this terrible bereavement." Mr. Allen confined his attention exclusively to his trade and the business with which it was connected, never having embarked in hazardous or speculative enterprises. He was successful, and by industry and thrift accumulated a competency which enabled him to abandon active labor. He was in politics early a Whig, and later a Republican, though more recently the Independent party has claimed his allegiance. e/i^ I'O'^/Z'C^. J. ^. /Q.J^ TOWNSHIP OF WOOLWICH. 311 He was elected a justice of the peace in 1844, and filled the position with acceptance for ten years. In religion he is a member of the Society of Friends, though Mrs. Allen affiliates with the Presbyterian Church. I. HURFP WEATHERBY. Benjamin Weatherby, the grandfather of the sub- ject of this biographical sketch, was of Irish lineage, and resided in Gloucester County, where he engaged actively in the cultivation of his farm, and married Miss Sarah Biichards, whose forefathers were among the early Swedish emigrants. To the marriage were born children, — Joseph, Benjamin, Thomas, Isaac H., and daughters, Sarah (Mrs. Moore), Jane (Mrs. Sheets), Edith (Mrs. Madaira), Hannah (Mrs. Har- ris), and Mary (Mrs. Cheeseman). Benjamin Weath- erby (2d) was born in 1825, in Gloucester County, and early chose agriculture as a pursuit, following the vo- cation of a farmer both in Salem County and the county of his birth. He married Sarah, daughter of Isaac Hurff, of Woolwich (now Logan) township, and had children, — Edith (Mrs. Norton), Sarah (Mrs. Shute), Mary (Mrs. Steward), Anna Elizabeth, Ben- jamin, and Thomas. He was married, a second time, to Miss Amanda, daughter of John Norton, and had children, — Emma and John. Mr. Weatherby now resides in Logan township, where agricultural em- ployments engage his attention. His son, Isaac Hurff, was born Oct. 16, 1845, in Gloucester County, where his early years were passed. Few opportu- nities offered at this time for a thorough education. When a youth he was instructed in the various de- partments of farm labor, and rendered his father much assistance in cultivating his broad acres. He was married on the 26th of March, 1868, to Miss Mary, a daughter of William J. Young, of Philadel- phia. Their children are William J., Laura, and Mamie. Mrs. Weatherby died Nov. 16, 1882, after a life replete with fragrant memories as wife and mother. Mr. Weatherby, after his marriage, man- aged his father's farm successfully until 1877, when he purchased his present home at Swedesboro, and devotes himself exclusively to the cultivation of his valuable land. He has never interested himself in matters apart from his immediate business, in which success has been the reward of his assiduous atten- tion and industry.. In politics he is a Republican, but not active in the party ranks. In religion he supports the church nearest his home, that of the Methodist Episcopal denomination. DAVID R. BLACK. The great-grandfather of the subject of this biog- raphy emigrated from County Antrim, Ireland, to America, where he was the earliest representative of the family, and an extensive land-owner in Gloucester County. His son, Samuel, was born in the same county, and a successful farmer in Woolwich town- ship. He married Miss Keziah Van Leer, and had children, — Thomas, George, Samuel, Alexander, William, Elizabeth (Mrs. Gaskell), Eebecca (Mrs. Hughes), Mary, and Beulah Ann. Alexander was born in Woolwich township, upon the homestead farm, and settled as a farmer on land adjacent to that of his father. He married Miss Hannah Eulon, daughter of Jonathan and Mary Rulon, to whom were born children, — David E., Joseph E., Sumner, Mary Anna (Mrs. John C. Eulon), Henrietta, Beulah Ann, Emma (Mrs. Walter Bassett), and Lucretia. Mr. Black still resides upon his estate and culti- vates the land he owns. His son, David E., was born Feb. 2, 1832, on the homestead farm, a part of which he now owns. Here his youth was spent, such advantages of education as the neighboring school afforded having been enjoyed. Being the eldest son, he was early called upon to assist in the cultivation and improvement of the land and to par- ticipate in the routine of labor peculiar to the life of a farmer. In the fall of 1860, when twenty-eight years of age, he was married to Miss Lydia T., daughter of Benjamins Bobbins, who resided near Swedesboro. At this time a division of the land occurred, David E. taking that portion which is his present residence. He has combined with his farming employments the sale of agricultural implements, to which business he has given much attention. In politics Mr. Black was formerly a Eepublican, but has more recently become an advocate of the principles of the Greenback party, of which he is an acknowledged leader in the county. He has, however, never sought nor held an office at the hands of either party. He is a jnember of Bridgeport Grange, No. 32, of Patrons of Husbandry. His religious faith is of a liberal character, his views not being confined to the creed or doctrines of any church. CHALKLEY A. RULON. The grandparents of Mr. Eulon were Moses and Susan Eulon, who resided near Swedesboro, on the homestead which is still in possession of the family. Their son Moses, who was also born at the family home, married the daughter of John and Ann Al- bertson, whose birth occurred near Haddonfield, on the old homestead, now occupied by the heirs of Chalkley Albertson, which has been for a century a family estate. Their son, Chalkley A. Eulon, was born at Ogden Heights, near Woodbury, Gloucester Co. He was the fourth in number of ten children, — Hannah Ann, Clayton, Ketturah, Chalkley A., John A., Hartley, Elwood, Abel, Ellen, and Eliza C. Mr. Eulon having purchased the homestead near Had- donfield (now the home of Elwood Eulon), their son Chalkley A. spent his younger days on the farm with his parents, and received his education at the school 312 HISTOKY OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY. of the district. On the 12th of October, 1854, he mar- ried Lizzie T., daughter of Taylor and Ann Haines, who resided on a farm near Swedesboro, now the property of the subject of this sketch. Their two children are Luella H., who is married to Henry M. Ridgeway, and has one daughter, Bessie T. ; and Carlton E., married to Lizzie A. Batton. Mr. Bulon has been identified with the Republican party since its organization. He has been especially active in matters connected with his township, as well as in the interests of the county, and has enjoyed the confidence of his neighbors and fellow-townsmen to such an extent as to have been frequently made the custodian of estates and of similar trusts. His parents were Friends, and educated their son in the same faith, which he still maintains. Mr. Rulon possesses the qualities of thrift, energy, and determination, which have combined to make his life one of success, and his position in the township one of extended in- fluence. He has been since the organization of the Grange movement in the State associated with it as treasurer of the State Grange, and was also its fifth Master. CHAPTER LL TOWNSHIP OF CLAYTON.i Erection, Boundary, Population, and Valua- tion. — By an act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 5, A.D. 1858, Clayton township was organized. Up to this date it had been part of Franklin township. In the year 1878 the town of Glassboro was struck off from Clayton township, so that the township is now bounded as follows, viz. : north by Glassboro town- ship ; east in part by Monroe and in part by Frank- lin township; south' by Franklin township and Upper Pittsgrove township, Salem Go. ; and west by Harri- son township. According to the State census, com- piled in 1880, Clayton township has a population of nineteen hundred and eighty-one, being one of the most populous townships in Gloucester County. The assessed value of real estate, as returned by El- wood S. Costill, the township assessor, for the year 1883, was $666,130 ; assessed value of personal prop- erty, $297,060 ; total amount of the assessed value of both real and personal property, $945,190. Topography, Soil, and Industries.— The surface of the land is level ; the soil light, and very easily cultivated by the use of fertilizing substances. The substances mostly used are those of marl, lime, guano, and manure. It contains some of the best farm-land to be found in Gloucester County, especially that owned by Judge John M. Moore, the Iszard family, and the Fisler family. The farming soil throughout the township, however, is in a well-cultivated state. 1 By George H. Hewitt. Next to agriculture, the principal industries of the township are the manufacture of glass, general store business, manufacture of cigars, and carriage-building. In appearance and importance Clayton township is second to none in Gloucester County. VILLAGES. The chief village within its boundaries is Clayton, which is pleasantly situated along the line of the West Jersey Railroad, about twenty-one miles south of Philadelphia, and about thirteen miles south of Woodbury, the county-seat of Gloucester County. The village was first settled by Felix Fisler and his family, which consisted of himself, wife, two Sbns, and two daughters. Jacob Fisler, one of the sons of Felix, just before the Revolution, bought from the government a tract of land containing about two thousand eight hundred acres, for which he paid sixty-two and a half cents per acre, and made a per- manent settlement thereon. From this time till 1850 the place was called Mslertown. It contained very few dwellings, being hardly anything more than a ■' cross-roads." In 1850 the name was changed to Fislerville, and the village received a fresh start by the introduction of the glass business. In 1867, by an act of the Legis- lature, the name was again changed to Clayton, it re- ceiving this name from the name of the township. From the year 1850, when the town consisted of only five dwellings, up to the present time its prosperity has been very rapid. It now contains a population of eighteen hundred people, and is laid out in numer- ous neatly-arranged streets, all running at right angles with the public roads. Its streets and roads for the most part are well graded and beautifully shaded. The dwellings are first-class; even those occupied by the employes of the glass-works are roomy and comfortable, being of a better class than in many other manufacturing villages in the State. Business of Clayton Village. — The business interests of the village consist of three general stores, one drug-store and post-office, two wheelwright- and two blacksmith-shops, one meat-market, one iron foundry, one bakery, one clothing-store, two livery stables, two hotels (one a temperance hotel), railroad depot, express- and telegraph-offices, two cigar-fac- tories, one attorney-at-law, one jeweler, one barber, four physicians, one undertaker, one tailor, two mil- linery-stores, one shirt-factory, two glass-works, and other business representatives that help make up a thriving town. The glass business deserves more than a passing notice ; there being two firms conduct- ing the business, we shall give a brief sketch of each. MooEB Brothers' Glass- Wokks were started in the year 1850 by Jacob P. Fisler and Benjamin Beckett, the first-named being a great-grandson of Felix Fisler. These two purchased about seventy- five acres of land on the east side of what is now known as the Glassboro and Malaga turnpike, and TOWNSHIP OF CLAYTON. 313 after laying the same out in four squares, erected the necessary buildings for the establishment of the glass business and began operations under the firm-name of Beckett & Fisler. They built a store, a few dwell- ing-houses, and a barn, besides the buildings for the business, and these constituted the beginning of what is now a large glass-making concern. In 1851, after conducting the works less than a year, the firm dis- solved by Benjamin Beckett withdrawing. Mr. Fisler then associated with himself a Mr. Edward Bacon, the new firm assuming the name of Fisler & Bacon. From 1851 till 1856 this firm continued in business, when, by the death of Mr. Bacon, who was killed by a railroad accident at Burlington, N. J., in that year, it was dissolved, and Mr. Fisler, the surviving partner, sold the business to Mr. John M. Moore, who rented the factory. In a short time Mr. Moore purchased the real estate, and conducted the business until April, 1859, when he associated with him George C. Hewitt, the present manager of the works, and Jeremiah D. Hogate, under the firm-name of John M. Moore & Co. ; Mr. Moore and Mr. Hewitt managing the making and selling of the glass, and Mr. Hogate running the store. The firm continued thus until 1863, when Mr. Hewitt sold his interest in the business to D. Wilson Moore, a brother to John M., and the firm-name was changed to Moore Brothers & Co. The following year, viz., 1864, Mr. Hogate sold his interest to the other two mem- bers of the firm, and the firm of Moore Brothers was established. The two brothers conducted successfully the business from 1864 until 1880, when they associ- ated with them three young men, viz., Francis M. Pierce, Harry Steelman, and Charles F. Fisler, and the firm took the name of Moore Brothers & Co. In the latter part of 1880, Mr. Fisler withdrew, and the present firm of Moore Brothers was formed. Their works cover an area of about twenty acres, and in- clude four large factories for making bottles and one small one for making either bottles or stoppers, steam saw- and grist-mill, machine-shop, blacksmith- shop, warehouses and sheds, elevated coal-track and bins, and a number of other necessary buildings, in- cluding a large three-story store building with offices attached. A railroad track runs entirely through the yards and connects with the West Jersey Railroad track, about one-quarter of a mile distant from their works. When in full operation they employ about five hundred hands. The other glass firm is FisLEE & Morgan Company. — In 1880, Mr. Charles F. Fisler, having withdrawn from the firm of Moore Brothers, associated with him Mr. Albert S. Fisler, Mr. Henry Morgan, and Mr. Walter Morgan, under the firm-name of Fisler & Mqrgan Company, and began operations in the north end of the town. They built a large factory, office, steam-mill, black- smith-shop, packing-house, and other buildings, cost- ing about twenty thousand dollars. After conducting the business for some months, Mr. Walter Morgan withdrew. They have in connection with the glass business a large store. Their works cover about ten acres of land, and when in full operation they employ about one hundred hands. Cigar Manufactoey. — Cigar-making is carried on by John F. Iszard, and although the business is comparatively new, he employs five hands, and during the year 1883 manufactured one hundred and twenty thousand cigars. CHURCHES. There are two churches, one each of the Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian denominations. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized about the year 1812, when a division occurred among the Methodist people in the vicinity by some deciding to build a church at Union, a small town three miles west of Clayton. In said year, there being no Meth- odist Church in Clayton, Dr. Jacob Fisler and wife deeded a lot of ground for the purpose of building what was called the "useful school-house," for meet- ing and school purposes. A Methodist organization was then formed, with Gabriel Iszard, Joseph Fisler, James Abbott, Leonard Fisler, and Thomas Strang as trustees. For a long time after this school-house was built no regular minister was stationed at Clayton, the meetings being conducted by local preachers and exhorters. The " useful school-house" was used for - a meeting-house until 1850, when it was deemed ex- pedient to build a church. Amid much opposition the project was carried through, and on Dec. 8, 1850, the church was dedicated by Rev. D. W. Bartine and Rev. W. E. Perry. Its size was thirty-six by fifty-five feet, two stories high, twenty-nine-feet posts, with a steeple and bell, the whole costing about five thousand dollars,_the amount of cash and amount pledged at the time being four thousand three hundred dollars. It was a heavy undertaking, considering all the cir- cumstances, and required a vast amount of energy and liberality on the part of the few. The trustees at the time were Michael Turner, Benjamin Turner, Samuel L. Iszard, Henry S. Brown, and Dr. Jacob Fisler. Of these, Samuel L. Iszard is the only one now living. At this time, however, Clayton was still on what was called a circuit, in connection with two or three other places. In 1860 it was set off as a sta- tion, with Rev. Firman Robbins as pastor. The con- gregation increased from this time, so that in 1867 it was decided to build a parsonage. The necessary ground was obtained, and a house costing five thou- sand dollars was built. Rev. G. Hitchens being its first occupant. The church membership at this time was about two hundred. As the population increased the membership increased, so that there is now a mem- bership of four hundred. In 1883, the old church building becoming too small, it was by a vote of the trustees sold and moved off the church lot, and a new church, costing about 314 HISTOBY OF GLOUCESTEK COUNTY. fifteen thousand dollars, was erected in its place. This church is one of the most handsome dwellings in South Jersey. It was planned by Lawrence B. Valk, of New York City, and built by Messrs. Dor- man & White, contractors, of Camden, N. J., under the supervision of Rev. G. S. Sykes, John F. Iszard, Charles F. Fisler, Harry Steelman, Benjamin F. Du Bois, Dr. C. L. Duffell, John Dooling, John 8. Iszard, and William Iszard, as building committee. It is of Gothic style, one story high, and so arranged that all the rooms can be thrown into one. The main audience-room seats six hundred and fifty, and the vestry- and the class-rooms together about six hun- dred and fifty more, thus giving, when desired, a room seating about thirteen hundred persons. It was dedi- cated by Bishop Simpson, assisted by Rev. Dr. Buck- ley, of the Christian Advocate, and Rev. Dr. Hanlon, president of Pennington Seminary. The following are the names of the official board by whose vole it was decided to build the church, viz.: Pastor, Rev. George 8. Sykes ; Stewards, George C. Hewitt, S. S. Turner, Thomas Spencer, John S. Iszard, John H. Long, Albert S. Fisler, Martin Madden, Dr. C. L. Duffell, and Thomas P. Smith ; Leaders, George C. Hewitt, S. 8. Turner,- John H. Long, Thomas Boogar, T. 8. Turner, and pastor ; Trustees, Daniel Westcoat, Benjamin F. Du Bois, John F. Iszard, Charles F. Fisler, John Dooling, Harry Steelman, William Iszard, T. Smith Turner, and George H. Hewitt. The Presbyterian Church was organized Aug. 18, 1853, with a membership of six. In 1853 a church was erected, with Rev. Charles E. Ford as pastor. In 1870 a new church was built, the old one becoming too small. The lower room was dedicated July 28, 1870; upper room completed and dedicated Nov. 1, 1878. The membership at this time was ninety, with Rev. Alexander Proudfit, pastor. The new church building is forty by sixty-five feet, two stories high, with a steeple and bell, the whole costing about seven- teen thousand dollars. In 1868 a parsonage was built, costing six thousand dollars. This church, as well as the Methodist, is in a flourishing condition. Schools. — The public schools are divided into six divisions, and taught by a principal and five assist- ants. Three buildings are used to provide accom- modations, each room seating about one hundred scholars. Old Settlers and Families.— The oldest inhabit- ant is Thomas R. Hewitt, who is now in his eighty- eighth year. He has lived in Clayton and vicinity nearly all his life. He has two sons and two daugh- ters living, his oldest son being George C. Hewitt, manager of Moore Brothers' glass-factories, and the younger being Rev. Edmund Hewitt, a member of the New Jersey Methodist Episcopal Conference. One daughter, Sarah, married Richard Sooy, and the other, Hannah, married R. W. Austin. George, the oldest son, married Abbie Long, and has four chil- dren ; of these, the three sons were married to Martha Davis, of Clayton ; Amanda Dilks, of Bridgeton ; and JosieTszard, of Clayton. Lewis, the oldest son, is a salesman ; John, the next, a clerk ; and George, the youngest, a lawyer. The daughter, Mary Jane, mar- ried Samuel Iszard, of Clayton. The Iszard Family is an old family in the town, and consists of three branches, — one with Joseph Iszard as its head, one with Gabriel Iszard as its head, and another with Samuel L. Iszard as its head. The family settled in Clayton when you could almost count the number of inhabitants on your fingers, the younger members of the family thus growing up with the town. Union is the name of another town in Clayton •township, and is about three miles west from Clayton, and numbers about two hundred inhabitants. It has one general store, with which is connected a coal- yard. Its chief industry, however, is the manufac- turing of hay-forks by "the " Fork and Elevator Man- ufacturing Company." Mr. J. R. Fitzhugh is the manager and president of the company. The only church in the town is the Methodist Episcopal. The public schools are divided into two divisions, with Mr. John Tonkins as principal. The principal officers of Clayton township are: Town Clerk, John Gandy; Assessor, El wood 8. Cos- till ; Collector, George H. Hewitt ; Township Com- mittee, Dr. S. F. Fisler, Christopher Knisell, and F. M. Pierce. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. JACOB R. FITZHUGH. The name of Fitzhugh was originally Fitshons. John D., the grandfather of the subject of this biog- raphy, was of German ancestry, having resided in Wittenberg, Germany. His children were nine in number, of whom John D., the father of Jacob R., was born in 1801, and emigrated to America in 1812. He first settled in Philadelphia, but later removed to Bordentbwn, and subsequently located in Somerset County, Pa., where he began the manufacture of wagons and coaches, having previously learned the trade in his former places of residence. He married, in 1833, Miss Charlotte Houk, of Somerset County, Pa., whose father still survives in his eighty-ninth year, and had children, — Christiann (Mrs. Henry Conrad), Elizabeth (Mrs. George Shrader), David, Daniel, Frederick, Jacob R., Charlotte (Mrs. Fred. " Ridmiller), John, George, and Mary. Mr. and Mrs. Fitzhugh both survive, and reside in Covington, Ohio. Their son, Jacob R., who is essentially a self-made man, was born March 28, 1848, in Indiana County, Pa., and remained at the parental home until twenty- three years of age. Such advantages of education as were at hand were improved, the nearest school having TOWNSHIP OP CLAYTON. 315 been in session but four months of the year, and lo- cated three miles distant. He was married Nov. 25, 1869, in his twenty-first year, to Mary B., daughter of John King, of Clearfield County, Pa., and has chil- dren, — William B., George Franklin, Oliver J., and Laura May. At the age of twenty-three Mr. Fitz- hugh removed to Indiana and engaged in the busi- ness of butchering, and in 1872 embarked in the patent right business, handling principally a hay ele- vator patented by himself. This he continued until 1875, and meanwhile exercising his inventive genius, secured three patents on hay elevators. During the latter year he removed to Philadelphia, and two years later made Unionville, N. J., his home, where he purchased ten acres of land, and has since resided. During his residence in Philadelphia, he devoted six months to exhibiting his patents at the Centennial Exhibition, and also patented a coal bucket and re- turn spool. The hay elevator before mentioned met with general favor, and received the first premium for excellence. He remained for two years in Philadel- phia, busily engaged in manufacturing his valuable inventions. Mr. Fitzhugh, in 1879, invented a hay- fork, which has rapidly gained popularity and an ex- tended sale. In 1882 he invented and patented a coal elevator, which is now being manufactured. He has in all secured ten patents on inventions, all of which implements are manufactured by him, and are of prac- tical value. This serves to illustrate the inventive faculty of the subject of this sketch, and his success- ful career from boyhood to the present time. In poli- tics Mr. Fitzhugh is independent, though educated in the principles of the Republican party. He was reared in the faith of the Lutheran Church, but is now a worshiper with the Methodist Episcopal congregation of Unionville. He is a member of the Philadelphia Lodge of Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, and of the Glassboro Lodge of Knights of Pythias. HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. CHAPTER LII. SETTLEMENT AND SETTLERS. Description. — Salem is the southwestern county in the State of New Jersey. Gloucester County lies north from it, Cumberland County bounds it on the east, and Delaware Bay and River form its southern and western boundary. The surface of the county is generally level, and the soil is mostly loam, mixed occasionally with clay or sand. The drainage of the county is into Delaware Bay and River, through four principal streams and their affluents. These are Oldman's Creek, which sepa- rates Salem from Gloucester County; Salem River, which rises in Upper Pittsgrove, pursues a westerly then a southerly course, and empties into the Dela- ware between Lower Penn's Neck and Elsinboro town- ships ; Alloways Creek, which also has its source in Upper Pittsgrove, passes southwesterly, and debouches into the Delaware between the townships of Elsin- boro and Lower Alloways Creek ; and Stow Creek, which rises in the eastern boundary of Upper Allo- ways Creek, and pursues a southerly course, on the eastern boundary of the county, to discharge its waters into the Delaware. Maurice River forms the eastern boundary of Pittsgrove township, and passes southerly through Cumberland County to Delaware Bay. So level is the surface that the tide flows many miles up these streams and their affluents, and sub- merges the surface along their shores and the shore of the Delaware. The tide-marshes or meadows thus formed vary in width, and are only utilized by means of embankments, which prevent the flow of the tide over them. Early Settlements, — The history of this region prior to the advent of Europeans has been elsewhere spoken of, and the early settlements along the Dela- ware by the Swedes and Finns have been mentioned. These latter were made as early as 1638, and though the Dutch afterwards held supremacy here, many of the Swedish settlers, who were scattered along the shore in the townships of Elsinboro and Lower and Upper Penn's Neck, remained. In 1640 what was known aa the New Haven colony also came here, but all these may be regarded as failures, for although many of the settlers and their descendants remained, and some of the families are still largely represented here, their distinctive character was lost or rather, 316 overshadowed by the people who, forty years later, came here in greater numbers, and brought with them not only the peculiar religious faith which had made them the objects of persecution in the land of their •nativity, but the habits of industry, frugality, and honesty which enabled them to prosper in the wild country, and to live in peace with their savage neigh- bors, the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. Settlement by the English. — The acquisition of the territory by the Duke of York, its transfer to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and its pur- chase by John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge have been elsewhere detailed, and no further reference to them is necessary here. Arrival of John Fenwick.— On the 4th of Octo- ber, 1675, John Fenwick, with his children, his ser- vants, and associates, in the ship " Griffith," Capt. Robert Griffith, auchored opposite the old Swedes' fort, " Elsborg," near the mouth of Salem River. He had sailed up the bay from Cape May along the east- ern shore, and the next day, or the 5th of October, the ship weighed anchor and ascended the river about three miles, and the passengers landed at the point, on the south side of the river, where now is the city of Sa,lem. Their voyage across the Atlantic had been of more than two and a half months' duration, and their feelings of thankfulness on landing upon this pleasant spot, on a beautiful autumnal day, can read- ily be imagined. Fenwick at once determined to es- tablish a town here and to give it the name of Salem, which signifies peace. This was the first English town settled on this side of the Delaware, and, it is hardly necessary to say, it has ever since borne the name which was then given to it. John Fenwick, the founder of the town, and of what was known as Fenwick's colony, was born in Northumberland County, England, in 1618. In 1645 he was a law student at Guy's Inn, London, and soon afterward he was made a major of cavalry by Cromwell, and took an active part against the crown. He became a member of the Society of Friends in 1665, and sufiered, with others, the persecutions to which the members of that sect were at that time subjected. West New Jersey was at about that time oflfered for sale by Lord Berkeley, and in 1673 it was purchased by Fenwick, for himself and Edward Byl- linge, one-tenth of the whole to be his share of the purchase. The territory now comprising Salem and Cumberland Counties was set off" as his tenth, and he GENERAL HISTORY. 317 made preparations to come hither and possess his lands. He offered inducements for others to come with him, and many, mostly Quakers, accepted the invitation ; and of these a considerable number pur- chased land before they embarked. As soon as practicable after his arrival he pur- chased from the natives the land comprised within his tenth. According to Johnson,' his purchases from the Indians were as follows : "The first purchase was for the lands included within Salem and Oldman's Creeks, which creeks were called by the Indians Mosacksa and Forcus; the grant to these lands was made by the Chiefs Tos- paminkey and Henaminkey. " The second purchase was for all the lands lying between the Forcus Creek (or, as it was afterwards called, Game Creek, or Fenwick's River, and now Salem Creek) and the Canahockink Creek (now called Cohansey, and by some of the first settlers it was called Cohanzick, from a chief who resided on the south side thereof). This grant was made from the chiefs whose names were Mahoppany, Allaways, Ne- comis, and his mother, Necosshehesco, Myhoppony, and Shuccotery. Of all the water-courses within the county of Salem, I recollect only the names of six which at this day retain their primitive or Indian names. They are, first, the Allaways ; second, the Necomis, the run at the side of which are some marl- pits ; third, the Mahoppony, that branch of Pledger's Creek on which there was formerly a tide-mill ; fourth, the Mackimppuck, two miles northwest from Greenwich; fifth, the Manimuska, the branch on which is built the village of Port Elizabeth ; sixth, a small branch of Morris River called Menatico, situate about half-way between Millville and Port Elizabeth. " The third purchase was from the Canahockink, now Cohansey, to the Wahatquenack, now Morris River. " The grantors wereMahawskey, Mohut, who styles himself the king, Newsego, Checheneham, Torucho, and Shacanum." Fenwick at once entered on the work of organizing and arranging for the government of his colony and the disposition of his lands. He erected for himself a house on what he named Ivy Point, in the town of Salem, a short distance from Market Street. It is not necessary to enter into a discussion of the difiBculties and embarrassments in which Fenwick be- came involved, and from which he was not, at the time of his death, fully extricated. There are still differ- ences of opinion as to the merits of the controversies, and the uprightness of his conduct in those controver- sies. It is exceedingly diflScult, after the lapse of two hundred years, to form a satisfactory judgment concerning matters wherein so wide a difference of opinion existed at the time. Fenwick was selected as Governor of the colony, and took the following affirmation of office : " I, John Fenwick, one of the lords or chief proprietors of the Prov- ince of Kew Cesarea or New Jersey, in America, being chosen by the proprietors, purchasers, and freeholders now resident in Fenwick col- ony, within said province, to be their Governor for this present year, 1676, do hereby declare and promise, that I will heartily endeavor to promote the honor of Almighty God, who is King of kings, and hath sliewed me that he requires of all men, to do justly, love mercy, and to walk humbly with their God ; and accordingly, I further declare and promise, that 1 will bear true allegiance to the King of England, his heirs and successors, and, in my place and en^ployment, shall, by the power received from both, faithfully endeavor to discharge the trust reposed in me by the people, not only in being faithful to their several interests, but also endeavor the peace and welfare of them and the said colony by doing equal justice to them and all men, according to my best skill and judgement, without corruption, favor, or affection. "In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this one and twentieth day of the Fourth month, commonly called June, in the year one thousand six hundred and seventy-six." Fifteen of the adventurers were selected as magis- trates. These were 1 Historical Account of the Settlement of Salem, p. 14. Samuel Nicholson. Richard Noble. Edward Ghampneys. John Adams. Roger Huchius. Richard Hancock. John Smyth. Edward Wade. Robert Wade. Richard Whitaker. William Hancock. William Malster. John Lynd, Samuel Lynd, Pioneer Settlers.— It has already been stated that Swedish settlers came here as early as 1638, and set- tled in Elsinboro and Penn's Neck. The titles to their lands of these settlers whom Fenwick found here were at once confirmed, and when the authori- ties at New York aroused some dissatisfaction among the Swedes, Finns, and Dutch as to their titles, Fen- wick invited them to his house in Salem, and effected an adjustment of the matter, by the terms of which they agreed to pay an annual quit- rent, which, though nominal, was a recognition of the validity of his title and his right to convey. They had previously pur- chased these lands from the Indians. From a list of those who paid quit-rents, made by Samuel Hedge, in 1690, and from other sources, the following names of the settlers, mainly in Penn's Neck, who were here when Fenwick arrived, and prior to 1700 are gleaned : The Sinnickson family, that has had many distin- guished representatives here, descended from Andrew Seneca, Jr. (originally Cinca or Sinaker), who set- tled in Obisquahasit, now Penn's Neck, about thirty years prior to the advent of Fenwick with his colony, and purchased a large tract from the Indians. The names are also found of Eric Yearnes and Henry Neilson, who came about 1640, and purchased each one thousand acres of land at Finn's Point : William Gill. Michael Lecroa, Fopp Johnson. Gille JoaDBon, Hat. Neilson. Abram Vanhyest. Fopp Neilsou. Peter Onson. Steven Yearnens. Stacy Hendrickson. Matthias Spacklesson. Evick Yearnens. John Yearnens. Matt, Joanson, Andrew Anderson. Stacy Corneilinson, Ann Hendricks. Hance Shershell, Clans JoansoQ, Jones Scoggin, 318 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Woley WoolsoD. Barce Jacobson. Peter Halter. A, G. Bronson. Thomas Wattson. James Yickery. Peter WilkiDson, Andorcaa BarleysoD. Renier Yanhoyst. John Cullin. Barnard Webb. John Perkins. George Garret. Isaac Laroy. Isaac Peterson. John Hendrickson. Wooley Jonson. James Seangin. John ErigsoD. Powell Lawson. Henry Jeans. Joshua Gillet. William Hughes. "Williani Fowler. Thomas Naisilar. Hance Oulson. William White. Martin Sahara. Hance Sahara. Richard Wilkinson. William Handley. Henry Ivans. Dirk Albertsou. Elchard Mazey. John Jacobson. Feter Johnson. Martin Shere. Garret Vanneman. Harmenus Alricks. William Philpot. Eric Shore. John Urison. William Mecum. Daniel Bilderback. Thomas Miles, John Eaton. John Grice. John Vanjining. Hance Shere. Lacas Johnson. Yealliz Gill Johnson. Garret Yanjlniog. William Gill Johnson. John Lecroy. Lucas PeteiBon. Joseph Erigson. Powell Powelson. Isaac Savoy. Richard Pitman. Wolly Wagson. Edward Godwin. The Wolveisons, Jagettes, Wolleysons, Engsons, Van- culans, Shonons, andotbeiB. John Adams. Of those who came within the first twenty-five years after the arrival of Fenwick, John Adams was the son-in-law of the Proprietor, and with his wife, Elizabeth, and their children, — Elizabeth, Fenwick, and Mary, — came with him on the "Grif- fith." He was from Reading, Berkshire, and his trade was that of a weaver. Not long after their arrival he built a house, near to that of his father-in- law, on Ivy Point. He also became the owner of two thousand acres of land elsewhere. It does not appear that John Adams had the confidence of his father-in- law. Both he and his wife died at their house on Ivy Point prior to 1700. George Abbott and wife, and his sister, Mary Ab- bott, came from England, and in 1696 he purchased from Joseph Nicholson one hundred and thirty-six acres in Elsinboro, on the north side of Alloways Creek. Benjamin Acton probably came to Salem in the ship "Kent," in 1677. He was a surveyor, and a tanner and currier. He purchased a lot of sixteen acres on Fenwick Street, built on it, and resided there during the remainder of his life. He was a prominent man, and was the first recorder after the incorporation of the town. John Allen, Thomas Buckel, and William Groon came as servants with Edward Bradway, in the ship " Kent," in 1677. Jane Allen and Thomas Brinton came in the " Grif- fith," in 1675, as servants of Christopher White. Hannah Ashbury came in 1681. Joel Bailey purchased land in 1687. Gervas Bywater came as a servant of Fenwick. He afterwards acquired two hundred acres in Penn's Neck. Charles Angelo had a lot on Nevill Street in 1684. Jonathan Beere was a magistrate in 1697. Edward Bradway, his wife (Mary), and their chil- dren, — Mary, William, and Susannah, — came in the " Kent" in 1677. He had, before coming, purchased of Fenwick a town-lot of sixteen acres, and one thou- sand acres besides. His town-lot was located on Wharf Street, near Salem River. On this, in 1691, he built a brick house, which is still standing. The name of Wharf Street was changed to Bradway (now Broadway) Street in honor of him. John Brick came from England previous to 1680, and about 1690 purchased a large tract of land on Gravelly Run. William Bassett migrated from Massachusetts in 1691, and settled near Salem. Thomas Baldwin and wife came here from Eng- land, in 1688. They soon removed elsewhere. John Butcher came prior to 1682. Joseph Berkstead was here in 1691. Thomas Bubb purchased five hundred acres of land in 1697. Charles Bayaly and Thomas Bonson were subscrib- ers towards building the first meeting-house. Edward Champleys, who was a joiner in England, was the husband of Priscilla, oldest daughter of John Fenwick. They were married in 1671, at Reading, England, and came to Salem with Fenwick, in the " Griffith." He built a dwelling near to that of his father-in-law, and called the place Blandford Grove. There he followed the business of a " barber and chirurgeon," having left his old trade and adopted the profession of shaving and phlebotomy. It is evi- dent from the will of Fenwick, either that he was not on good terms with Champleys, or that he lacked confidence in him, for he gave him no charge of his children's estate. Priscilla died before 1683, and Edward in 1706. Nathaniel Chambless (originally Chamness) and his son Nathaniel came in the " Griffith," as the servants of Edward Wade. Their industry and in- tegrity brought them wealth and a high character in the colony. In 1680 the senior purchased from his former employer two hundred and fifty acres of land, and to this, in 1681, he added two hundred and fifty acres, the whole comprising a large part of Alloways Creek Neck. Thomas Carney was a large landholder in Penn's Neck. The Colson family were among the earliest in- habitants of Pilesgrove. William Cooper, from England, settled in Salem in 1678, and followed the trade of a blacksmith. To •his wife three hundred acres of land were given by her father, on a large branch of Alloways Creek, and the stream was named Cooper's Creek. The Cooper family of Camden descended from him. GENERAL HISTORY. 319 Cornelius Copner was one of the active English citizens of Penn's Neck as early as 1695, and a prom- inent citizen till his death in 1731. George Deacon was here in 1679, but removed to Burlington in 1690. Thomas Daniels built a house near Stow Creek previous to 1700. Richard Darkin came from England in 1783, and located in Elsinboro. He married the only daughter of Robert Windham. John Davis, with his sons, John, Isaac, Malachi, and David, migrated hither from Long Island. David was a prominent citizen. James Denn married Elizabeth, daughter of John Maddox. He was a member of the AUoways Creek Meeting. John Denn lived at Salem. Thomas Dunn purchased land in Penn's Neck as early as 1689. Michael Eaton came as a servant of John Fenwick in 1675. Joseph Forest was a subscriber toward the erection of the first Friends' meeting-house in Salem. Will Flowers was an early resident. Joshua Gillet purchased land in 1689. Edward Goodwin was a subscriber toward the erec- tion of a meeting-house in Salem in 1698. Richard Guy and his wife Bridget were among the first immigrants here. He had been a cheese- monger in London. In 1676 he purchased for his friend, Thomas Pyle, ten thousand acres of land in Pilesgrove. His house was one of the first places of meeting for the Friends' Society in 1679. Richard Hancock came in the " Griffith," with the Proprietor, in 1675. He succeeded Richard Noble as surveyor, but was, in 1680, succeeded by Richard Tindal. William Hancock emigrated from England to this country in 1677, with his wife, Isabella, and two sons, John and William. He became the possessor of one thousand acres of land on the south side of Alloways Creek. John became the owner of five hundred acres of this, and Hancock's Bridge bears his name. Wil- liam purchased five hundred acres in Elsinboro. He was, during many years, a justice in Salem County. William Hall came as the servant of John Thon^p- Bon, and at the end of his term of service became a merchant in Salem. He married the daughtej of Thomas Pyle, became a large landholder, a judge, and one of the most important men in the colony. John Harding purchased sixteen acres on Nevill Street, in Salem, in 1685. George Hazlewood owned land in Elsinboro. Samuel Hedge came in the " Griffith," with Fen- wick, in 1675, and in the spring of 1676 he married Ann, the youngest daughter of the Proprietor. He became Fenwick's favorite, and so continued till the death of the latter, and was his executor. A tract of two thousand acres in Mannington, adjoining six thousand acres called Fenwick's Grove, was laid off to Hedge and his wife, and the place was long known as Hedgefield. Many of his descendants in the female line are re-sidents here. William Hewes was among the first English pur- chasers of land on Oldman's Creek. John Holme purchased a large tract of land near Alloways Creek about 1690. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Holme, of Revolutionary memory. Roger Huskins was a landholder in this county in 1692. Robert and Thomas Hutchinson owned land here at the same time. Henry Jennings and his wife came in the " Kent" from England in 1677, and in 1682 purchased from John Adams two hundred acres of land. He removed to Philadelphia in 1700. A Swedish family named Jonason located in Penn's Neck in 1640, and the name soon came to be Johnson. The first English immigrants of the name were Rich- ard, and his cousin, Thomas, who came a few months prior to Fenwick, and located in his tenth. In 1686, Thomas purchased ten acres in the town of Salem. Edward Keasby came from England about 1694, and settled in the town of Salem. He was an active member of the Society of Friends. Thomas Kent became, in 1695, the owner of ten acres of ground in Nevill (now Kent) Street. Rev. Thomas Killingsworth, the first Baptist cler- gyman who located in South New Jersey, settled in Fenwick's colony about 1683. He owned a tract of land near Salem, and was the first judge of the Salem courts, a position which he filled long and honorably. John Kylett purchased ten acres in the town of Salem in 1685. Thomas Lamson, and his wife, Ann, came to Amer- ica and located in Penn's Neck in 1690. Hypolite Lefevrewas a French Huguenot who had left his native land and gone to England, from which country he, with John Pledger and their families, came to West New Jersey a few months before the Proprietor. They had purchased six thousand acres of land, which was located in the township of Man- nington, though they lived and died in Salem. Elton Lewis was an early resident of Salem. Richard Lippincott, the progenitor of tlie numer- ous Lippincott family here, came from England to Dorchester, New England, between 1636 and 1640, and to Shrewsbury, N. J., in 1669. In 1683 he pur- chased one thousand acres of land in Salem tenth. John Maddox, his wife, their daughter and son-in- law, Richard Durham, and three servants, Thomas Oder, Thomas Hoaton, and Mary Stafford, came from London in the ship " Surrey" in 1678. In 1682, John purchased five hundred acres of land near Hancock's Bridge. Joseph Maddox was an early resident of Salem. William Malstiff was, in 1676, the owner of land on the south side of Alloways Creek. Strickly Marshall owned land in Salem in 1687. 320 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. John Mason emigrated from England in 1683, and soon came to Salem, where he purchased sixteen acres on the south side of Broadway. He purchased five thousand acres in 1686, and in 1690 a tract of one thousand acres in Elsinboro, where, in 1695, he went to live. He was a prominent and influential citizen. Thomas Mason came from England to West Jersey at about the same time his brother John came. He first resided in Salem, but after the death of Fenwick he purchased five hundred acres in Mannington, and lived there till his death. Allen Matthias arrived in Salem from England in 1681. Hugh Middleton, who was a prominent citizen, came in the same vessel with Matthias. Redroe Morris became a resident of Elsinboro in 1688. At the time of his death, in 1701, he was the owner of thirteen hundred acres of land in that township. James Nevill was one of those who came in the " Griffith" with the Proprietor. He was a lawyer, a man of more than ordinary talent, and of strict in- tegrity. He was William Penn's agent for the sale of the lands which he purchased of Fenwick, and Penn reposed implicit confidence in him. He resided in Salem, where, in 1685, he purchased twenty-nine acres of land. He died about 1703. Samuel Nicholson was one of the wealthiest of those who arrived with John Fenwick. He brought with him his wife, Ann, and five children. Soon after their arrival he purchased a sixteen-acre lot on Wharf Street (now Broadway) and a tract of two thousand acres in Elsinboro. At his house the first Society of Friends was organized, in 1676. His sons, Samuel and Abel, became useful citizens. Kichard Noble was the first surveyor-general ap- pointed by the Proprietor, and by him Broadway, in Salem, was laid out. He died soon after the settle- ment of the colony. Charles and Wade Oakford, nephews of Edward Wade, came about 1695. Charles purchased from his uncle a large tract. Roger Pedrick purchased of the Proprietor, early in 1676, one thousand acres on Oldman's Creek. Ped- ricktown took its name from him. William Penn became the purchaser, March 23, 1682, of all Fenwick's remainder of land in West Jersey, except one hundred and fifty thousand acres, and grants were made by him, through James Nevill, subsequent to that date. Aboer Penton was one of the first immigrants. John Pledger, who was a ship-carpenter in Eng- land, bore an active part in affairs here at an early period. He, with his wife, Elizabeth, and his son, Joseph, came with Fenwick in the "Griffith." Thomas Pyle, from London, was the purchaser of ten thousand acres in what was named, from him, Pilesgrove township. He probably died prior to 1690. Tobias Quinton came from England and purchased land on the south side of Alloways Creek, where now is located the village of Quinton. The names of John Remington, Richard Robinson, and William Rumsey appear on subscriptions for the erection of Friends' meeting-houses in Salem before 1700. Among the servants who came with Fenwick was Mark Reeve, a man of high mental and moral en- dowments. In 1685 he purchased sixteen acres in Salem, but he soon removed to a tract which he purchased on Cohansey Creek. James Rolph, shortly before 1700, became a citizen of Salem, and a landholder in Mannington. John Shales and William Savage were subscribers for the erection of a Friends' meeting-house at Salem in 1698. In 1681, and at different times afterward, Anthony Sharp purchased large quantities of land in West New Jersey, though he never migrated thither. His descendant, Isaac Sharp, became a prominent citizen of this county. James Sherron became a landholder in Manning- ton township in the latter part of the seventeenth century. He was murdered in 1777, as elsewhere related. Cornelius Shoverde, the progenitor of the Shourds family, came from Holland in 1684. Isaac Smart was one of the crew of the "Griffith" in 1675. He was then a young man. He located on a tract of five hundred acres in Elsinboro, and in 1696 built a brick mansion there. His son, Nathaniel's name appears on the first subscription for a Friends' meeting-house. John Smith, his wife, and their children, were of the company that came to Salem in the " Griffith," in 1675. He purchased of Fenwick two thousand acres, extending from the head of Alemsbury Creek to Al- loways Creek. He was called John Smith of Alems- bury. His son, Daniel, bought one thousand acres on Alloways Creek, near Quinton. Daniel became a Baptist. John Smith (of Smithfield) came to America in the ship "Ariel," in 1685. He soon came to Salem, and purchased one-half of the Hedgefield tract in Mannington, from Samuel Hedge and wife, and from that time the place was known as Smithfield. He was endowed with more than ordinary intellect and business capacity, and was one of Fenwick's execu- tors. In 1685, Roger Smith purchased ten acres in Salem. Joseph Stretch emigrated from England to this country in 1695, and settled on a tract of nine hun- dred acres on Stoe Neck, south from Alloways Creek. John Snooks purchased ten acres in Salem in 1685. William Summerill was a landholder in Penn's Neck. In 1677, Andrew and John Thompson emigrated from Ireland (they were of English parentage) in the GENERAL HISTOEY. 321 ship "Mary," and arrived at Elsinboro the same year; and about 1680 .they bought one-half of Rich- ard Guy's tract in that township. The descendants of John removed to Delaware. Andrew was the pro- genitor of the numerous family of the name in Salem County. His son William purchased a large tract of land near Allowaystown, and settled there. Richard Tindal came hither in 1678, and soon afterward purchased five hundred acres of land In Penn's Neck. In 1680 he was made surveyor-general of the colony, with John Warlidge as deputy. They were continued in office after the death of Fenwick, and were likewise employed by William Penn after his purchase. George Trench ard was an early resident of Mon- mouth precinct. Robert Turner was one of the servants who came with Fenwick. William Tylor came to West Jersey about 1688, and purchased a tract of land on the north side of Alloways Creek. Ranier Van Hirst (whose name is variously spelled) purchased four hundred acres of land near Cranberry Point, in Mannington, in 1684. William Waddington, who was a French Hugue- not, came to this country about 1690, and purchased one thousand acres on the south side of Alloways Creek. Edward, Robert, and Samuel Wade were of the party that the "Griffith" brought, in 1675. In 1678 Robert went to Upland, now Chester. Edward had purchased one thousand acres, which was located at Alloways Creek. He also purchased a lot on Market Street, Salem, built a house on it, and resided there till his death. Samuel established his residence at Alloways Creek, where he ended his days. Joseph Ware was a servant of Edward Wade when they came, in 1676, but soon became the purchaser of five hundred acres of land on Alloways Creek. He became an influential man among his fellow-citi- zens. Richard Whitacar (afterwards spelled Whitaker) came in the " Griffith," and was the attorney of Wil- liam Hancock, who had purchased land here. He was made one of Fenwick's Council of Proprietors, which position he held from 1676 to 1702. Christopher White, his wife, and two children landed at Salem in 1677. He had purchased a lot in the town, and one thousand acres besides. In 1682 he removed to this land, which was located on Alloways Creek, and erected the largest and most substantial brick house that had been built in the colony. His energy and high moral tone of character were trans- mitted to his descendants through several generations. He died in 1698. His son, Josiah, is mentioned in the records of the Friends at Salem in 1698. Joseph White arrived at Elsinboro, with Hugh Middleton and others, in 1681. He located on land in that township, where he died in 1703. He was 21 active in civil affairs in the colony, and an influential member of the Salem Monthly Meeting. James Whittan purchased land in Mannington in the latter part of the seventeenth century. William Wilkinson came with Fenwick as a ser- vant. In 1685 he purchased a ten-acre lot in Salem. Robert Windham, who came in the " Griffith," pur- chased from the Proprietor one thousand acres, where the New Haven colony had partially cleared the land more than thirty years before, this land having Salem Creek for its western boundary. He resided on this land till he and his wife died, about 1686, leaving a daughter, who became the wife of Richard Darkin. Richard Woodnut came from England in 1690, and in 1695 settled in Salem. He was a bricklayer. In 1696 he came in possession of a large tract of land in Mannington. Thomas Woodruff and his wife, Edith, came to Salem on the ship " Surrey," in 1679. In 1682 he was sheriff of the county. Bartholomew Wyatt, from Worcestershire, Eng- land, became a citizen of Salem about 1690. He pur- chased twelve hundred acres of land in Mannington. He was prominent in civil affairs, and an active mem- ber of the Society of Friends. Thomas Yorke, from England, settled in Salem as early as 1685. He became the owner, in 1687, of five hundred acres on Necomis Run, a part of Fenwick's Grove, in Mannington, then known as White's Vine- yard. Robert Zane purchased from the Proprietor a six- teen-acre lot in Salem, and in his house the Friends held meetings. He removed to Newton Creek in 1790, and there he died. CHAPTER LIII. POLITICAL HISTORY— ORGANIZATION, AND SUBSE- QUENT CHANGES OF BOUNDARIES— CIVIL LISTS. The first division of West New Jersey into judicial districts, or counties, was made by the General Free Assembly of the province at its session held from the 2d to the 6th day of May, 1682. It was then enacted that there should be four Courts of Sessions held at Burlington and at Salem yearly, "and for smaller courts oftener (if need require), both at Burlington and at Salem, to be appointed by the justices as they judge fit." At this time also a sheriff, recorder, and justices were appointed for the jurisdiction of Salem, though the act did not define the limits of that juris- diction. These courts seem to have had jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal, except that they could not try capital offenses. It is an interesting fact that up to 1693 there was really no tribunal in West Jersey competent to try offenses of a capital nature. The first settlers — the peaceful Quakers — appeared to be almost 322 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. unwilling to suppose that a capital crime could be com- mitted in their community. It was provided, however, that whenever a person should be found guilty of mur- der or treason, the sentence and punishment were to be left to the General Assembly "to determine, as they, in the wisdom of the Lord, should judge meet and expedient." Gloucester County Erected. — The counties into which the province was thus divided wfere named, from the two principal towns, Burlington and Salem. The continued increase of population soon necessi- tated another division, and Gloucester was, in 1686, organized by the direct action of the people within its limits, and Oldman's Creek and a line from its head-waters to the ocean became the northern bound- ary of Salem County. Cape May County Set Offi— In 1692 the county of Cape May, which had for a boundary between it and Salem County the east side of Morris River, from its mouth to " the utmost flowing of the tide," was erected by an act of the Provincial Legislature. This boundary was again defined by an act passed in 1694. By another law, passed at the same session, it was enacted "that the jurisdiction of Salem court shall extend from the aforesaid Berkeley River, on the north, to the river Tweed, formerly called Back Creek, on the south.'' In May, 1700, it was enacted "that all persona inhabiting on the River Tweed, being the lower bounds of Salem County, and all settlements below, unto the bounds of the county of Cape May, shall, from hence forth be annexed to and be subject to the jurisdiction of the court and county of Salem, until it shall be otherwise ordered by the General Free Assembly of thi8,Prov- ince." By -an act passed Jan. 21, 17^, the following were set forth as the boundaries of the county : " Salem county begins at the mouth of a creek on the west side of Stipson's island, commonly called Freak's creek; thence up the same as high as the tide floweth ; thence upon a direct line to the moifth of a small creek at Tuckahoe, where It comes into the southernmost main branch of the fork of the Great Egg Harbour river; thence up the said branch to the head thereof; thence along the bounds of Gloucester County to Delaware river; thence down the Delaware river and bay to the place of beginning." * Cumberland County Incorporated.— By an act passed Jan. 19, 17^, the county of Cumberland was erected from the southern parts of Salem. The lines of partition between the two counties were not well settled, and in 1763 commissioners appointed for the purpose by the boards of justices and freeholders of both counties reported that they could not settle these lines in a conclusive manner; therefore it was enacted by the Legislature: "That the bounds between the counties of Salem and Cumberland shall be as followeth, videlicet: Beginning at the middle of the mouth of Stow creek, and running up the middle of the same, opposite to the mills that formerly belonged to John Brick, esquire ; then continuing still up the middle of Stow creek branch, opposite to the house of Hugh Dunn ; then on a direct line to said Hugh Dunn's bouse, leaving said Dunn's house in Cumberland county ; and from said house on a straight line north fifty-one degrees fifteen minutes, east ninety-four chains to the house ol Azel Fierson, formerly Hathan Shaw's, leaving said Pier- son's house in Cumberland county ; from thence northeaj}t until it in- tersects the line of Filesgrove township or precinct, in distance three hundred and five chains ; and thence along Filesgrove line, as wa.s marked by said commissioners, south forty-seven degrees east, until it intersects the middle of the water-courae of Frince Maurice's river, below the mouth of Muddy run ; from thence up said river, bounding on the middle of the water-course thereof, to the foot of Scotland branch; then up said branch, hounding on the middle of the water-course, to Glou- cester Hue, which said river, lines, and creek, as aforesaid, shall forever hereafter be taken , deemed, and esteemed the bounds of partition between the aforesaid couuties of Salem and Cumberland, any law or usage to the contrary thereof notwithstanding," By an act of March 1, 1828, a commission was ap- pointed to determine the line of partition between the county of Gloucester and the counties of Salem and Cumberland. The commissioners were William Trick, Joshua Swain, and Joshua S. Earl. By an act approved April 10, 1867, the township of Pittsgrove, in the county of Salem, was made a part of the county of Cumberland, and the line between the townships of Pittsgrove and Upper Pittsgrove was made the boundary between the two counties. By an act approved Feb. 25, 1868, the act of the pre- vious year was repealed, and the township of Pitts- grove was " put back to the county of Salem, to all intents and purposes" as if the act of transfer had not been passed. The Townships in Salem County are Oldman's, Upper Penn's Neck, Filesgrove, Upper Pittsgrove, Pittsgrove, Lower Penn's Neck, Mannington, Upper Alloways Creek, Elsinboro, Quinton, and Lower Al- loways Creek. The county was originally divided into the townships of Elsinboro, East Fenwick (now Mannington), West Fenwick {afterwards Penn's Neck, and now Upper and Lower Penn's Neck), >,Pilesgrove (which included both t"he Pittsgroves), 'and Monmouth (which embraced the territory now included in Upper and Lower Alloways Creek and Quinton). The population of Salem County, at the beginning of each decade since 1783, has been as follows : 1790 10,437 1800 11,371 1810 12,761 18.iO 14,022 1830 14,156 1840 16,024 1850 19,467 1860 22,468 1870 23,940 1880 24,679 Of these aggregates there were of slaves in 1790.. 1800.. 1810.. . 172 . 85 29 1820.. 1830.. 1840.. 15 1 1 CivU List. SHERIFFS. 1682. Thomas Woodruff. 1720. William Griffith. 1693. John Jeflery, bailiff. 1723. George Trenchard. 1696. Hugh Middleton. 1727. Robert Johnson. 1697. Rodger Milton. 1728. Joseph Gregory. 1G98. John Dickson. 1733. George Trenchard. 1700. William Griffin. 1735. John Hunt. 1701. Rodger Milton. 1741. Nicholas Gibbon. 1703. William Dare. 1748. William Barker. 1706. William Griffin. 1752. John Nicholson. 1709. George Trenchard. 1765. Robert Johnson. 1712. Daniel Rumaey. 1758 John Budd. 1715 William Griffith. 1761. Joseph Burroughs. John Rolpb. 1764. John Budd. 1716 James Skerron. 1766. Edward Test. 1717. Robert Johnson. 1769. Joseph Burroughs. GBNEKAL HI8T0EY. 323 1771. George Trenohard. 1828. Isaac Johnson. 1853. Thomas V, F. Busling. 1863. Thomas B, Stow. 1773. Bateman Lloyd. 18.31. James Logue. 1865. John A.Casper. 1867. Joseph Waddington. 1774. Bdmuncl Wetherby. 1834. David S. English. 1856. Joseph B. Laurence. 1872. Joseph H. Fogg. 1783. Whitten Cripps. 1837. Thomas I. Casper. 1858. John C. Belden. 1876. William A. Wood. 1786. Benjamin Cripps. 1840. Isaac Johnson (2d). 1861. William Laurence. 1878. A. Smith Reeves. 1789. Whitten Cripps. 1843. Robert Newell. 1862. William Summerill. 1792. Edward Hall. 1846. Isaiah Conklin. 1795. Clement Acton. 1849. Joseph S. Blackwood. DIRECTORS OF THE BOARD OF FREEHOLDERS. 1798. John Tuft. 1852. Samuel Plummor. 1798. Eleazer Mayhew. 1848. Charles P. Smith. 1800. Jacob Hufly. 1865. Richard C. Ballinger. 1799. William Wallace. 1849. Samuel Garrison. 1804. Samuel L. James. 1868. Samuel W. Miller. 1801. Jacob Hufty. 1852. Joshua J. Thompson. 1807. Thomas Bines. 1861. Owen L. Jones. 1802. Thomas Thompson. 1853. Richard C. Ballenger. 1810. Henry Freas. 1864. John Hunt. 1807. Jacob Mulford. 1866. Franklin Hand. 1813. Bichard CraTen. 1867. George Hires, Jr. 1809. Thomas Thompson. 1867. Samuel Habermeyer. 1816. Samuel Miller. 1870. William A. Casper. 1811. Josiah Hall. 1858. Richard M. Acton. 1819. Jonathan Bichman. 187S. John Hires. 1814. Thomas Bradway. 1861. Benjamin Lippinoott. 1822. Joseph KiUe. 1878. George D. Barton. 1819. Jonah Miller. 1862. Casper W. Thompson. 1826. Edward Smith. 1881. Charles D. Coles. 1820. John Denu. 1863. William A. Casper. 1828. John Hacket. 1821. Morris Hall. 1866. Henry Sinnickson. CLE IKS. 1823. John Q. Mason. 1868. Smith Eilderbaok. 1825. Thomas Sinnickson. 1871. Casper W. Acton. In 1668, Samuel Hedge, Sr., son- 1737. William Frazier, deputy. 1831. William J. Shinn. 1872. John Hires. in-law of John Fenwick, was 1739. Charles O'Neill. 1837. William Darmon. 1874. John T. Garwood. clerk and recorder. 1748. Nicholas Gibbon. 1838. Joseph Hancock. 1876. Francis Hand. 1693. Benjamin Acton. 1765. John Budd. 1839. Richard P. Thompson. 1878. Richard T. Starr. 1698. Samuel Hedge, Jr., recorder. 1769. George Trenchard. 1840. Charles W. Roberts. 1879. Richard Bassett. 1699. John Scoles, clerk and re- 1772. Bateman Lloyd. 1843. Henry Freas. 1880. John V. Tuft. corder. 1776. George Trenchard. Joshua J. Thompson. 1881. Benjamin B. Westcott. 1701. James Bidley, clerk and re- 1777. Bateman Lloyd. 1844. Benjamin Acton, Jr. corder. 1778. Curtis Trenchard. 1702. Samnel Hedge, clerk and re- 1780. John Smith. CLERKS OF THE BOARD OF FREEHOLDERS. corder. Jacol) Tegart. 1798. James Kinsey. 1853. John N. Cooper. 1704. John Jewell. 1783. John Bowen. 1801. Edward Burroughs. 1866. William House. 1706. Nathaniel Brading. 1789. Anthony Keasby. 1807. Thomas Jones. 1858. Owen L. Jones. Isaac Sharp, deputy. 1796. James Logan. 1810. Daniel Garrison. 1861. George E. Morrison. 1711. John Rolph. 1798. Clement Acton. 1814. Thomas -Sinnickson. 1862. Clement H. Sinnickson. 1715. Thomas Hill. 1803. John Hall. 1815. Daniel Garrison. , 1863. George K. Morrison. 1716. Thomas Hill, clerk and sur- 1804. Edward Burroughs. 1820. Isaac Smart. 1867. John C. Belden. rogate. 1806. Merriman Smith. 1835. Joseph B. Brown. 1868. William A. Casper. 1717. Thomas Hill. 1812. William Wayman. 1839. Samuel A. Allen. 1872 Casper F. Acton. 1720. Francis Gandonett. 1814. Merriman Smith. 1840. Alexander G. Cattell. 1876. Walter W. Acton. 1728. Bobert Johnson. 1819. James Newell. 1843. James M. Hanah. 1878. J. Oakford Acton. 1729. Samuel Hedge. 1829. Joseph Kille. 1844. Andrew Sinnickson. 1879. Thomas S. Smith. John Jones, deputy. 1839. Thomas Smith. 1861. Edward Van Meter. 1882. D. Harris Smith. 1729. Daniel Westlayer, deputy. 1841. Enos Seeley. - 1730. P. Gandonett. 1844. Thomas Dickenson. CONGRESSIONAL KEPRESBNTA TIVES FROM SALEM COUNT'S 1732. Daniel Westlayer. 1849. Samuel Copner. 1783-84. Samuel Dick. 1828-29. Thomas Sinnickson. 1733. Benjamin Price. 1854. Maskell Ware. 1789-91, 1797-99. Thomas Sinnick- 1837-39, 1841-43. Thomas Jone 1734. William Cosby. 1857. Charles P. Smith. so^^. Yorke. Daniel Westlayer. 1869. Robert Newell. 1809-14. Jacob Hufty. 1839-41. Joseph Kille. 1736. William Pen nock. 1864. Jonathan L. Brown. 1823-27. Daniel Garrison. 1855-59. Isaiah D. Clawson. John Poole, deputy. 1867. Charles P. Smith. 1827-28. Hedge Thompson. 1876-77. Clement H. Sinnickson. Philip Chetwood, deputy. 1869. Jacob M. Lippinoott. MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLAl 'IVE COUNCIL FROM SALEM SURKO GATES. 1776. Andrew Sinnickson. 1799. William Parret. 1710. Isaac Sharp. 1838. Joseph E. Brown. 1777. Edward Keasby. 1800. William Wallace. 1720. John Eolfe. 1843. Isaac Hackett. 1778. Andrew Sinnickson. 1801. William Parret. 1723. John Hinchman. 1853. Benjamin N. Smith. 1779. Andrew Sinnickson. 1802. William Parret. 1732. Daniel Westlayer. 1856. Henry Sinnickson (ap- 1780. Whitten Cripps. 1803. William Parret. 1785. Samuel Dick. pointed). 1781. John Holme. 1804. Jacob Hufty. 1804. Artis Seagraves. 1857. William Plummer. 1782. Whitten Cripps. 1806. Isaiah Shinn. 1808. Jacob Hufty. 1862. Richard Grier. 1783. John Holme. 1806. Isaiah Shinn. 1809. Daniel Garrison. 1867. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1784. John Holme. 1807. Jacob Hufty. 1823. Morris Hancock. 1873. Samuel P. Allen. 1786. John Mayhew. 1808. Samuel Ray. 1833. David Harley. 1879. George R. Morrison, 1786. Whitten Cripps. 1809. Isaiah Shinn. 1787. John Mayhew. 1810. Isaiah Shinn. COUNTY CO LLEOTORS. 1788. John Mayhew. 1811. Isaiah Shinn. 1798. William Parret. 1835. John Dunlap. 1789. John Mayhew. 1812. Isaiah Shinn. 1804. Abner Beesley. 1836. John M. Brown. 1790. John Mayhew. 1813. Jeremiah Dubois. 1805. Jacob Hufty. 1837. William Hall. 1791. John Mayhew. 1814. Jeremiah Dubois. 1809. John Firth. 1839. Isaac Hackett. 1792. John Mayhew. 1815. Jeremiah Dubois. 1815. Josiah Hall. 1840. Samuel Ware. 1793. John Mayhew. 1816. Jeremiah Dubois. 1826. Hedge Thompson. 1843. William Mulford. 1794. Thomas Sinnickson. 1817. Jeremiah Dubois. 1827. John Sinnickson. 1844. Isaac Acton. 1795. Thomas Sinnickson. 1818. John Dickinson. 1830. Thomas Jones Yorke. 1846. David S. English. 1796. Thomas Sinnickson. 1819. Hodge Thompson. 1831. Eichard P. Thompson. 1847. Thomas S. Smith. 1797. William Parrot. 1820. John Dickinson. 1832. William G. Beesley. 1862. John Lawson. 1798. William Parret. 1821. John Dickinson. 324 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. 1822. JoliD DickinsoD. 1833. Charles Swing. 1823. Josiah M. Reeve. 1834. William F. Reeves. 1824. Zaccheus Bay. 1835. Samuel Humpreys. 1825. ZaccheuB Bay. 1836. Thomas Yarrow. 1826. Israel B. Clawson. 1837. William F. Beeve. 1827. Israel R. ClawBon. 1838. John H. Lambert. 1828. Israel B. Clawson. 1839. John H. Lambert. 1829. Philip Frcas. 1840. Josiah M. Beeve. 1830. James Newell. 1841. Robert Newall. 1831. Henry Freas. 1842. Samuel Bolton. 1832. Israel B. Clawson. 1843. Joseph C. Nelson. CkmMiUiattoflSU.- -Senate. 1845. William J. Shinn. 1864. Richard M. Acton. 1816. Benjamin Acton, Jr. 1865. Richard M. Acton. 1847. Benjamin Acton, Jr. 1866. Bicbard M. Acton. 1848. Benjamin Acton, Jr. 1867. Samuel Plummer. 1849. John Summerill, Jr. 1868. Samuel Plnmmer. 1850. John Sammerill, Jr. 1869. Samuel Plummer. 1851. John Summerill, Jr. 1870. John C. Belden. 1852. Allen Wallace. 1871 John C. Belden. 1863 Allen Wallace. 1872. John C. Belden. 1854 Allen Wallace. 1873 Isaac Newkirk. 1856 Charles P. Smith. 1874. Isaac Newkirk. 1866 Charles P. Smith. 1875 Isaac Newkirk. 1867 Charles P. Smith. 1876 Charles S. Plnmmer. 1868 Joseph K.Biley. 1877 Charles S. Plummer. 1859 Joseph K.Eiley. 1878 Charles S. Plummer. 1860 Joseph K. Riley. 1879 Qninton Keaaby. 1861 Emmor Beeve. 1880 Quinton Keasby. 1862 Emmor Beevo. 1881 Quinton Keasby. 1863 Emmor Reeve. 1882 George Hires. MEMBEBS OF THE GENERAL FREE ASSEMBLY OF WEST NEW JERSEY FOB THE SALEM TENTH. 1682. Samuel Nevill. 1685. Eichard Tindall. Richard Guy. Samuel Bacon.^ Mark Beeves. 1702. Samuel Hedge. Richard Hancock. William Hall. John Smith. Joseph Woodrofe. John Pledger. John Bacon. Edward Wade. 1709. (Town) John Lewis. George Deacon. Parker. Samuel Hedge. (County) Shepherd. Andrew Thompson, Isaac Sharp. 1683. John Fenwicke. 1710. (Town) Hngh Middleton. Richard Gny. John Mason. James Nevill. (County) Isaac Sharp. John Thompson. Bartholomew Wyat. John Maddocks. 1716. (Town) Isaac Sharp. Edward Wade. Richard Johnson. Edward Bradway. Henry Joyce. Michael Berroone. (County) William Hall. George Deacon. Dickinson Sheppard. Andrew Thompson. William Clews. 1684. William Brathwayte. 1721. (Town) John Mason. John Smith. Thomas Mason. Christopher White. (County) Isaac Sharp. Roger Carary. Bartholomew Wyat. Christopher Saunders. 1727. Joseph Eeems. John Pledger. Thomas Mason. Thomas Smith. 1730. James Whitten. Roger Milton. John Brick. George Haselwood. 1738. William Hancock. Francis Forest. Joseph Beeves. 1685. John Mattocks. 1740. William Hancock. Richard Johnston. Bichard Smith. William Penton. John Brick. Joseph White. 1743. William Hancock. Roger Carary. Leonard Gibbon. Hypotite Lefevre. 1744. William Hancock. Roger Milton. Moses Shepherd. George Haselwood. 1745. William Hancock. 1 No record is found of any session of the Assembly between 1685 and 1693. The names of the members from 1693 to the surrender of the Pro- prietary Government, in 1702, do not appear. 1746. John Brick. 1794. Thomas Clement. 1746. William Hancock. 1795. John Sinnickson. John Brick. Eleazer Mayhew, 1749. William Hancock. William Wallace. John Brick. 1796. William Wallace. 1751. William Hancock. William Parrot. John Brick. Gervas Hall. 1764. (Salem and Cumberland) 1797. William Wallace. William Hancock. Clement Hall. Ebenezer Miller. Artis Seagraves. 1761. (Salem and Cumberland) 1798. John Sinnickson. William Hancock. Anthony Keasby. Ebenezer Miller. Joseph Shinn. 1769. (Salem and Cumberland) 1799. -Joseph Shinn. Ebenezer Miller. Artis Seagraves. Isaac Sharp. Isaac Moss. 1771. (Salem and Cumberland) 1800. Isaac Moss. Ebenezer Miller. Ebenezer Mayhew. t Grant Gibbon. Anthony Keasby. 1772. (Salem) Grant Gibbon. 1801. Artis Seagraves. Benjamin Holme. Merriman Smith. 1776. Edmund Wetherby. Edward Burroughs. Samuel Dick. 1802. Edward Burroughs. Elisba Basset, Jr. Merriman Smith. 1777. Benjamin Holme. Samuel Ray. Whitten Cripps. 1803. Edward Burroughs. Thomas Sinnickson. Merriman Smith. 1778. Allen Congleton, Jr. Samuel Ray. Whitten Cripps. 1804. Merriman Smith. John Mayhew. Samuel Bay. 1779. Whitten Cripps. Jeremiah Dubois. John Mayhew. 1806. Jeremiah Dubois. Anthony Sharp. Charles Jones. 1780. John Mayhew. Hedge Thompson. Allen Congleton, Jr. 1806. Jeremiah Dubois. William Smith. Charles Jones. 1781. Ephraim Lloyd. Hedge Thompson. Edward Hall. 1807. Jeremiah Dubois. James James. Daniel Garrison. 1782. Edward Hall. Nathan Basset. Anthony Sharp. 1808. Jeremiah Dubois. Thomas Sinnickson. Daniel Garrison. 1783. Ephraim Lloyd. Nathan Basset. Thomas Nortis. 1809. Jeremiah Dubois. William Smith. Pbilip Curnden. 1784. Thomas Sinnickson. John Smith. Edward HalL 1810. Jeremiah Dubois. Anthony Sharp. Philip Curriden. 1785. Thomas Sinnickson. Ssmuel Miller. Edward Hall. 1811. Jeremiah Dubois. Anthony Sharp. Anthony Nelson. 1786. Edmund Wetherby. John Smith. Ephraim Lloyd. 1812. Eobert H. Van Meter Samuel Sharp. James Newell. 1787. Thomas Sinnickson. Jeremiah Dubois. Edward Hall. 1813. Jeremiah Dubois. Benjamin Holme. John Dickinson. 1788. Thomas Sinnickson. Henry Freas. Edward Hall. 1814. Jeremiah Dubois. Benjamin Holme. John Dickinson. 1789. Edward Hall. . James Newell. Benjamin Holme. 1815. James Newell. Edmund Wetherby. Joseph Kille. 1790. Samuel Sharp. Morris Hancock. John Smith. 1816. John Mayliew. Benjamin Cripps. Joseph KiUe. 1791. Samuel Sharp. Stacy Lloyd. Bateman Lloyd. 1817. Philip Curriden. John Sinnickson. Stacy Lloyd, 1792. John Sinnickson. Peter Bilderback. Eleazer Mayhew. 1818. Slacy Lloyd. Thomas Clement. Thomas Yarrow. 1793. John Sinnickson. John Mayhew. Eleazer Mayhew. 1819. Morris Daucock. Bateman Lloyd. James Newell. 1794. John Sinnickson. Thomas Murphy. Eleazer Mayhew. 1820. Morris Hancock. GENERAL HISTORY. 325 1820. 1821- Zaccheus Bay. John G. Masou. Bobert G. Johnson. Abraham Swing. John G. Mason. Morris Hancock. Jonathan Bichman. John Sinnicksou. Robert G. Johnaou. Aaron 0. Dayton. Charles Swing. Samuel Humphreys. Israel B. Clawson. Samuel Clement. Israel B. Glawson. Bobert G. Johnson. Samuel Humphreys. Samuel Humphreys. Benjamin Archer. Henry Freaa. Henry Freas. William N. Jeffers. Thomas Sinnickson. Edward Smith. Jeremiah Foster. William J. Shinn. William N. Jeffers. Jacob Wick. David Hurley. Zaccheus Hay. Joseph C. Nelson. John Summerill. David Hurley. Isaac Johnson. James Butcher. Anthony Nelson. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1839. 1843. James W, Mulford. Isaac Juhnson (2d). Jacob Hitchner. Nehemiah Garrison. Bichard P. Tliompson. Joseph Lippincott. Isaac Johnson. Samuel Humphreys. Hudson A. Springer. Thomas J. Yorke. William Cook. Hudson A. Springer. Woodnut Pettit. Henry J. Fries. John Hall. Isaac Johnson (2d). John W. Maskell. Joseph Hancock. John Sumerill, Jr. Moses Bichman, Jr. David Hurley. John Summerill, Jr. Moses Bichman, Jr. John Dickinson. Samuel Bolton. Alexander G. Cattell. John G. Ballinger. William H. Nelson. Thomas Flanagan. John W. Maskell. Nathaniel Bobbins. Thomas Dickioson, Jr. Thomas Bilderback. Samuel Copner. A. Wallace, Constitution of 1844. 1845 David Wiley. 1860 Joshua Lippincott Isaiah Conklyn. Samuel Habermeyer. Robert Hewitt. 1861 Joshua Lippincott. 1846 Epbraim Carll. Owen L. Jones. Charles Bilderback. 1862 William P. Somers. George Bemster. Samuel D. Miller. 1847 Joseph M. Springer. ' 1863 Joseph W. Cooper. Joseph roster. Joseph Waddington. James Yanmeter. 1864. Joseph W. Cooper. 1848 Benjamin F. McCoUister. William N. Hancock. Joseph K. Chew. 1865. William Callahan. Joseph Foster. A. M. P. V. H . Dickinson 1849 James H. Trenchard. 1866 Samuel Garrison. Isaac Lippincott. A. M. P. V. H. Dickinson. John Fowler. 1867. John Newell. 1850 Charles B. Newell. Samuel Garrison. David Sithens. 1868. Henry M. Wright. Benjamin Bemster. Andrew Smith Reeves. 1851 Smith Bilderback. 1869. Charles F. H. Gray. Charles Benner. Andrew Smith Beeves, Barman Bichman. 1870 Charles P. H, Gray. 1852. Jacob Hitchner. David Evans. John C. Lummis. 1871. John W. Dickinson. 1853. Nathaniel G. Swing. John Hitchner, Jr. John Blackwood. 1872. Daniel P. Dorrell. 1854. Kichard Grier. Smith Ilewett. Isaiah D. Clawson. 1873. Daniel P. Dorrell. 1855. Joshua Thompson. William H. Iszard. John Harris. 1874. William H. Iszard. 1866. Joseph Eille; William B. Carpenter. Samuel Plummer. 1876. Charles P. Swing. 1857. William Beckett. William B. Carpenter. Thomas B. Jones. 1876. Bichman Coles. 1868. Alfred Simpkins. Quinton Eeasby. Thomas B. Jones. 1877. John S. Blwell. 1859. Alfred Simpkins. Quinton Keasby. Owen L. Jones, 1878. William C. Kates. 1878. Quinton Keasby. 1879, Henry Barber. John T, Garwood, 18R0, Henry Barber, 1880, John T, Garwood, 1881, Henry Barber, John T, Garwood, 1882, Henry Coombs, CHAPTER LIV. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The Court-House Acre Lot— The land which be- longs to the county of Salem, at the corner of Fen- wick and Market Streets, in Salem City, is held under two separate titles. The eastern portion was con- veyed to the board of justices and chosen freeholders of the county by a deed from Thomas Sinnickson and Sarah, his wife, June 12, 1792, and the title is now vested in the board of freeholders. The westerly' portion of the county grounds was "originally known as " The Court-House Acre Lot." It was set oif and used for public purposes in 1688, as appears from the following entry in Richard Tin- dal's book of surveys : " 7th of nth month, 1688. A warrant to Bichard Tindall, surveyor- general for the county of Salem, and to John Woolidge, his deputy, to lay out one acre of Salem town, given by John Fonwick, to erect a court-house and prison." The first recorded survey which mentions the "Court-House Acre Lot" was made by Richard Tin- dal for Samuel Hedge, in 1692, of a fifteen-acre lot on Bridge (now Market) Street, in which the bounds of the court-house acre are mentioned twice, begin- ning and ending at the bounds of the court-house acre lot. This is, without doubt, the original survey and first location of that part of the town of Salem which it embraces, and it was the portion of land taken up by Samuel Hedge under the order of 1676. This set forth that each lot should contain sixteen acres, but this survey of Hedge's lot included but fif- teen acres, showing that the court-house ac£e lot had previously been dedicated to the public use, and this accounts for the fact that the survey of Hedge's land bounded on it. In a survey made by Benjamin Acton for Samuel Hedge, Jr., in 1706, the court-house lot was again taken as a point of departure. In 1713 the county of Salem was incorporated, under the name of the "justices and freeholders of the county of Salem," and the title to this lot then became vested in the county. Court-House. — From the fact that in 1692 this ground was spoken of as the court-house lot, it is safe to infer that a court-house had been erected thereon prior to that year, but there is no record known to exist showing when this house was built. Tradition says that both the court-house and jail 1 From a brief of title in the possession of W. T. Hilliard, Ksq., of Salem. 326 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. were log buildings. Probably the court-house stood near the site of the present one, for the market-house was built on this ground, near the present site of the clerk and surrogate's office. A brick court-house replaced this log building in 1735. This had a front of about thirty-five and a depth of forty feet, and it was two stories in height. The first story was used as a court-room, and the second was divided into jury-rooms. This house was in use, with only ordinary repairs, more than eighty years. In August, 1816, the Board of Freeholders ordered " that Thomas Jones, Thomas Bradway, and Samuel Garrison be com- missioners to build an addition to the north end of the court-house, in a circular form, not less than eighteen feet, new model the house inside, plaster the same, and do all necessar? repairs to the same ; to provide the materials this present season, and commence the repairing of the same early in the following spring." At a special meeting in April, 1817, it was resolved that the proposed alteration would make the court- house too long and narrow, and it was therefore ordered "that the commissioners heretofore appointed for that purpose be, and they are hereby, authorized to make such further alterations by taking down the back wall and enlarging the building in depth ae well as in length, so that it does not exceed fifty feet long by fifty feet wide, and to finish the inside in such a way as best to accommodate the same for the purpose for which it is designed." The building was completed early in 1818, and the cost of rebuilding it was seven thousand seven hun- dred and twenty-four dollars and eighty-two cents. It has remained without material change since. It has a court-room on the ground-floor, and jury- rooms in the second story. What was then termed the " east room," in the second story, was finished off, in 1839, by the Salem County Lyceum, and was used during many years by that association. It has since been utilized for various purposes. JaiL— The original log jail stood till about 1709, when it was replaced by a stone building, and this, in 1775, by another, also of stone, on the corner of Fen- wick and Market Streets. This was, in 1795, damaged but not utterly destroyed by fire, which was set by a prisoner named Mclntyre. It was a plain but sub- stantial building, encroaching slightly, as did its pre- decessor, on the street. It was two stories in height, and contained not only cells for the prisoners, but the jailer's residence. A high stone wall surrounded a spacious jail- yard. To this building an addition was made in 1841-42. In 1851 action was taken for the erection of a new jail, and a committee, consisting of Joseph Kille, Samuel P. Carpenter, and William H. Nelson, was appointed to report estimates as to the probable cost of the building, and proposals for the erection of it. They reported to the board of freeholders in 1852, but no action was taken in the matter. At the annual meeting in 1854, Richard Ballenger, Eichard Wistar, William Carpenter, and Maskell Ware were appointed a committee to procure plans and estimates of the cost of a new jail and work- house. In August of that year this committee re- ported by presenting drafts and estimates, which were ordered to be placed in the hands of the clerk of the county, and again the project slept. At a special meeting in January, 1866, called for the purpose of considering the matter, it was re- solved, by a vote of seventeen to three, that the old jail should be torn down and a new one erected, and a committee, consisting of Henry Sinnickson, Casper W. Acton, John S. Newell, William House, and John H. Lippincott, was appointed to procure plans and specifications, select a site on some part of the county ground, advertise for and receive proposals for the work. The committee visited the jail of Union County, and prepared a plan for a county prison similar to thtit, which they presented to the board. At a meeting in February, 1866, this plan was ap- proved. David E. Hires and William A. Casper were added to the committee, which was ordered to imme- diately " build a new county jail, by contract or other- wise, with a house on the front of brick or stone, and to dispose of the old jail and materials thereof to the best interests of the county." It was directed that the building should front on Market Street, east of the clerk and surrogate's office. At the annual meet- ing in May, 1866, this committee reported that they had contracted with Ebenezer Smith for the building of a jail and sheriff's house, and had taken ample se- curity for the performance of the work. The jail was completed early in 1867, and the materials of the old jail were sold. The ground where the old jail stood, at the corner of Fenwick and Market Streets, was cleared and inclosed in 1869, and it will probably in the near future be the site of a new court-house. The jail is a stone building, with thirty-two brick cells opening into spacious corridors, each cell having a capacity for one prisoner. The sheriff's house stands in front of the jail, on Market Street. It is a brick structure, tastefully finished, two stories in height, and it has the necessary sheriff's and jailer's offices, as well as the office of the mayor of Salem. The cost of these buildings was forty thousand dollars. Office of the Clerk and Surrogate.— At the first meeting of the board of chosen freeholders, in May, 1798, William Smith, Clement Hall, Richard Smith, and Samuel Smith were appointed a committee to settle with Anthony Keasby, one of the commission- ers for building the clerk's office of the county, and at a subsequent meeting in the same year this com- mittee reported that such settlement was made, and that the sum of fifteen pounds one shilling and one penny was due to Mr. Keasby. This was a small brick building on the line of the street, immediately in front of the present clerk and surrogate's office. At a meeting in June, 1804, the board of free- holders ordered "that a room fourteen feet in the clear, the width of the present clerk's office, be built of brick at the north end of the said office, for the GENERAL HISTORY. 327 use of the surrogate." During half a century, and till the business of the county came to require larger accommodations, these buildings were the offices of the county clerk and surrogate. At a meeting of the freeholders, in August, 1850, Samuel P. Carpenter, Joseph Kille, Smith Bilder- back, Benjamin S. Holmes, and William H. Nelson were appointed a committee to visit other offices, draft a plan, and make an estimate of the probable cost of a building for a surrogate and clerk's offlce. In October of the same year the committee reported : " The plan of the building, Bpecificatlons of materials, and workman- ship were exhibited and submitted to the consideration of the board. The committee was directed to advertise for proposals for the work and material of said office, jointly or separately, generally, according to the design and specifications of G. F. Cummings, which have been approved by this boald, and that they proceed with the erection of the said oflBce by contract with all convenient dispatch." Pending the erection of this building the public records were deposited in the court-house. Messrs. Wilson & Dowe were the contractors for the erection of this building, but they abandoned their contract, and the building committee was au- thorized and instructed to complete the work, accord- ing to the original designs, in such a way as in their judgment would be conducive to the interests of the county. At the annual meeting in 1852 William H. Nelson, John H. Lambert, and Joshua J. Thompson were appointed a committee to attend to the comple- tion and furnishing of the county offices. Early in 1853 the building was reported complete, and ac- cepted. It is a brick structure, thirty-six by forty- eight feet in size, having the clerk's office in the south and the surrogate's in the north part. The records are kept in the rear of each of these offices, which is completely proof against fire from the outside, having thick double walls and an arched roof. Almshouse. — The nucleus of the present alms- house farm was acquired in 1796. In that year Sam- uel Bassett and wife, for a consideration of five shil- lings, deeded to the trustees of the poor seventy-six acres of land in the township of Pilesgrove. In 1823 a lot of woodland was purchased for the poor-house at a cost of nine hundred dollars, and from time to time other land has been acquired by purchase and exchange, till now the almshouse farm includes about two hundred acres. In 1836-39 the county was in- volved in a litigation and controversy concerning the title to a portion of the poor-house farm. The matter was not finally settled till 1840. In July, 1802, the board of freeholders ordered the trustees of the poor to expend a sum '' not exceeding three hundred dollars for building a barn on the premises occupied for the use of the poor of the county." This was the first recorded appropriation for any building on these premises. In 1804, John Wistar and Isaiah Shinn were ap- pointed commissioners "to provide materials for the purpose of building a poor-house," and the sum of one thousand dollars was appropriated for that object. In 1805 this committee was directed "to build a poor- house on the most eligible plan," the dimensions not to exceed forty-five by fifty-five feet, and three stories in height, including the basement. At the annual meeting in 1806 they were directed to " go on with the building agreeably to the draft proposed, keeping in view strength and plainness in finishing the house." At the next annual meeting the committee was di- rected to hire laborers by the day, and complete the building. Agreeably to the order previously made at the an- nual meeting in 1808, Gervas Hall, John Thomp- son, Thomas Thompson, Jeremiah Powell, Jeremiah Wood, Benjamin Tindal, and Joseph Borden were appointed a committee to view the poor-house when completed. At the meeting in August, the same year, this committee reported that they had examined the building, and that it was " in strict conformity with the instructions of the board to the commissioners, — plain, strong, and good in every point of view, and conveniently placed for its intended purpose." On settlement with the commissioners it was found that the total cost of the building was six thousand four hundred and five dollars and fifty and one-half cents. At the annual meeting in 1822 the board ordered the erection, under the direction of the trustees of the poor-house, of a new buiding for the accommoda- tion of the insane. In 1823 the erection of sheds at the poor-house by the trustees was authorized, and in 1824 of a wash- or cook-house. On the 1st of January, 1845, the poor-house took fire in the roof by the cinders from the chimney, which had accidentally become ignited, and the building was destroyed. At a meeting of the board of freeholders, on the 18th of the same month, measures were taken for the erection of another poor- house, and John M. Maskell, William A. Dick, and Dr. William C. Mulford were appointed a committee to visit and examine other poor-houses, and advertise for and receive plans and estimates. A resolution was adopted that " the dimensions of said poor-house be one hundred feet by forty-five feet, and three stories high, independent of the basement, the roof of said building to be of tin." Joshua J. Thomp- son, of Salem, James Hobinson, of Mannington, Ben- jamin Holmes, of Elsinboro, Thomas Flanagan, of Upper Penn's Neck, Alpheus Bilderback, of Lower Penn's Neck, George Remster, of Upper Alloways Creek, George Githens, of Lower Alloways Creek, William Loper, of Pilesgrove, and John Madara, of Pittsgrove, were appointed a committee to determine upon a site, on the poor-house farm, for the new build- ing, to remove the dibris of the old building, and to make all necessary arrangements for the paupers. This committee selected the site of the "old house," employed laborers to raze the walls, clean the bricks, etc., and made temporary arrangements for the pau- pers.- A committee, consisting of Smith Hewitt and Joshua Madara, was appointed to act in conjunction 328 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. with the trustees of the poor-house in making pro- vision for the paupers during the erection of the new poor-house. They rented, for that purpose, of Dr. Griffith, a farm-house and wagon-house in Pilesgrove township. The committee on plans, etc., reported at a meet- ing held on the 12th of March, 1845, and the follow- ing resolutions were adopted by the board : " That the said poor-honse to be erected be heated by flues. " That the dimensionB of Baid building be 110 by 50 feet It " That the said building be three stories high, besides the basement, and the roof to be of tin. " That the height of the basement story of said building be eight feet in the clear, the height of the first story be ten feet in the clear, the height of the second story be also ten feet in the clear, and the height of the third story be eight feet in the clear. "That the building above the ground be built of bricks. " That the outside door-sills and window-sills be built of stone. "That the county furnish the materials for the building of said poor- house. " That a building committee of five persons be elected, — Joshua Ma- dara, Benjamin Acton, Jr., Dr. William C, Mulford, Smith Hewit, and George Bemster. " That the plan submitted by William Jeffei-s for the building of said poor-house be adopted, subject, however, to whatever alterations the building committee think proper. "That the building committee commence operations in building said house, that they furnish the materials, contract for the building, etc., and complete it with all necessary expedition." The building committee was subsequently reduced to three, as follows : Benjamin Acton, Jr., Dr. Wil- liam C. Mulford, and Joshua Madara. At the annual meeting of the board of freeholders in May, 1846, this committee reported that they had substantially completed the building, at a cost of $11,100.59. Thomas J. Casper, Benjamin Acton, Jr., and John H. Lambert were appointed to fully com- plete it. On the 1 2th of August, 1846, this committee reported the building completed, except the plaster- ing, and it was soon afterwards occupied. In 1847 a part of what was known as the Idlett property, adja- cent to the poor-house, was purchased, and the sale of a portion of the timber on the farm was directed. In 1870 a contract for the erection of a building on the almshouse grounds for the use of the insane was awarded to Dunn Wistar & Co. at $4794. The build- ing was completed in 1871 at a cost of $5180.14, CHAPTER LV. EXTRACTS FROM COURT RECORDS. There are, in the clerk's office at Salem, no records of the proceedings of the County Court prior to 1706. The following is copied from the first minutes of its proceedings that are found: " Province Nova Cesaria, County of Salem, 88.^ 1706. " At the Court of Sessions, begun this Serententh Bay of Septem', Annoqe Dom., 1706. The Cort opened. Present, Thomas KilllngBworth, Obadiah Holmes, Judges ; Joseph Seyors, Samuell Hedge, James Blix- ahder, Walter Hustis, Samuell EUixander, Justices ; Wm. Griffin, Sheriff; Mich«i Hackett, nnd' Sheriff; Isaac Sharp, Deputy Clark. *' The Grand Jury being Then Called over, were as followth, viz.: " Joseph Eastland, Foreman, A ; John Paine, Isaac Person, attested ; John Sheppard, Isaac Bonner, John Williams, Edward Uecume, Thomas Lambston, Noa Miller, John Swing, Sam" Ffogg, James Barritt, Henery Fisher, John Lackery, Henery Corneliaon. " The Cort A Jurnes for Two Owers. " The Coart metts acording to a jurnement ; present, Thomas Eillings- worth, Obediah Holmes, Presidents; Joseph Sears, Walter Hustis, James Elxander, Esqs. " The Constables of the County of Salem being Gauled by their Naims, and they all appered only those whose names are under written, viz. : "James Daniells, James Paget, Quila Barber. The Coart proseded to fine the said Constabills for their none aperance 13«. 4(2. apece. " The Coart a Jurnes till to morrow morning att Nine of y« clock in ye morning. "The Coart met a Cording to a jurnment. T» Cort Sets. . . . "William FoUowell Came Into Cort and was Atested Conserning his Keturne that he could get no Effects of Such wch. was Returned in the provinsiall Tax. Abraham Van Histe, IOb, ; John Juell, 9s. ; Henry Bulock, 6s. ; Joseph Sinnors, 6s.; Salem pr Sinck. " Joseph Hogbend and James Sherin Beeing bound In ye Sum of Sixty pounds, that Is, Joseph In ye Sum of Forty pounds, and James Sherron In The Sum of Twenty pounds, to her Malgesty, her heirs and Suces- sors, that the Said Joseph Shall apeare at the Next Cort of Quarter Ses- sions held for the County of Salem, and to be of Good behavior till the Said Coart, and then to Answer to what thaer shall be alleged a Gainst him. . . . " The Grand Jeuiy Calme in to Coart, and they all answered to their naimes. "The Coart a Jurnes for half an Ower. " The Cuart Meetts Acording to A Jumment. "The Grand Jury was Could in Coart, and the Found Two Indict- ments a Gainst Wallter Hustis. " That Presses bee isued out a Gainst Mithlas Stark & Sarah Jones & Elizabeth Burgrave. " The Coart Ajurnes to y« ffourth Tusday in Decemb' next. " The Court of Please opened. " Present, Thomas Killings worth, Obadiah Holmes, Presidents ; James Elixander, Joseph Seaires, Samuell Hedges, Esqs.; Wm. Griffin, SherifT,; Isaac Sharp, D. Clark. " The said Coart Adjonrnes to Enight a clock to morrow morning. " The Coart meets a Cording to A Jurtiment." The record of this court is made up of entries of which the following are specimens : " Thomas Killings worth, verses John Stevens ; Continued. " George Ouldfield, vers Peeler Blackfield ; Discontinued. " John Richmand verses Edward Chamnes; Anon Sute. " Elezar Darby, verses Isaac Sharp, Judgment for a Hundred Pounds wtt two pence Damidge, and cost of Sute; of wch yo Plantif Remits Sixty-Nine pounds fower shillB & 9 ^. " The Cort a Jurnes till the fowerth Teusday In DecembJ' next." April 13, 1708, " The Grand Jury presents the Nesessite of the Court House RoofTe to be New Coverd, and to have ye Dormon Windowes taken Out. Signed by the foreman, Joseph Ware. " The Grand Jnry finds Joseph Butler Guilty of Pette Larseny ; Signed by ye foreman, Joseph Waer. " The Court Orders The Sheriff To take Joseph Butler Into Custody." April 14, 1708, " The Grand Jury Calme Into Court, and all Answerd to Thaer Naimes. " The Grand Jury Orders Richard Woodnot k Richard Dakins to pro- cure Shingills and Nailes for the Coverin the Court House, and Goe for- ward with the Said Woorck as fare as ye Money that Is In Woodnota hand will pay. " The Grand Jury Under Stands That Thaer Is sum money In John Hancock's Hand, and Desier itt ma be Paid to Richard Woodnot. "Jeremiah Nickson and Thomas Killingswortb, by Thaer Application To This Court, Obtained Orders That The House of Jeremiah Nicksons, In Penn's Neck, In the County of Salem, Should be ye Place of Thomas Killlnsworths Ordinary Preachin or Relidgus Worship. " The Court Allows Samuel! Hedge, Jun., to be Guardian of Abraham Hodges, Lalte son of Barnard Hodges Dissesed, and That Abraham Hodges be Bound to Sam^ Hedge, Jun,, till he shall arrive to Twenty- One years of age, & That ye said Hedge Shall Teach, or Cause to be taught, ye Said Hodges ye Trade of a Cooper, and Alsoe to Bead and Right English, and pay him Twenty pounds att the Expiration of ye Term." Oct. 13, 1708. " The grand jury find a Bill of Inditment against Robert GENERAL HISTORY. 329 Kumsey, & Itt was Red in Court, itt beln for Kobert Rnmses Clippin of Spanish money. Itt was found a true Bill. Signed by ye foreman, Jonathan Walling." At a special session in December, 1808, " The Sheriff Desired he ma have his protest Snterd against The Prison, for Itt not bein suflislant, ■wch was allowed of by order of Court." " Nicholas Jobnson'Caime In To Court and Confeat That he was One of Those That Assisted In Buildin of a pound upon the Societyes Land with Joseph James, James Hutson, William Hutson, Wm. Pope, and John Miller, To Ketch Thaer One Jades, and he also Confest That he had Taken up one Mare, wch he knew not whose itt ware," etc. He was fined by the court fifty shillings In September, 1709, "The Court Orders That no Ordinary Keeper in This County Shall be allowed To Trust Any Transhent Person, or Laborer, or Singill Person, above Tenn Shillings, upon Pennalty of Lusing Thaer Debts So Trusting, after this Daite." At the same court the following action was taken by the grand jury. It is here copied to show the manner of levying and collecting taxes then, as well as some of the functions that it was the province nf the grand jury to discharge : "Tlie Grand Jury Brought In a Bill for To Raise Seventy five Pounds for a County Tax, viz* : " The Grand Jury for The County of Salem, att a Court Held The 27th & 28th Days of December, In The Year of Oor Lord 1709, Present That an Assesment be Laid on Said County for The Repairing of The Court house and Prison, & finding of Constable's Staves, and Paying for Woolves heads, & Panthers, Hawcks, Woodpeckers, Blackbirds, and Crowes, Ac- cording to the Late Act for ye above Said use and no Other, to The Valine of Seventy five Pounds Currant Money, to be paid in Money, Wheitt, Butter, CheasB, at Money price, and to be Assessed In Manner and forme as followeth : All Survayed Lands To be Vallued at Seven pounds per Hundred, and Sessed at pound Value, and every Towen Lot of Sixteen Acres To be Vallued at Seven Pounds per Lott, and every Lett under Sixteen Acres To be Vallued proporshinable, and all Neat Cattell and horses att Two pounds pr head, at Three Years Old and Upwards, all Sheep at one Year Old and Upwards, at fower shillings per bed ; Negro and Melatto Slaves, from 15 to 60 years of age, To be Vallued at Fifteen Pounds pr head ; & all Boetts That is Eaighteen foott by The Keells & upwards To be Vallued at Six pounds, or not Exceeding Ten Pounds, according To The Judgement of The Sessors; All Labring men That Have Estates Doth not amount to Two Shillings shall pay Two Shil- lings, All Watter Mills, Grist Mills, and Saw Mills at Fifteen pounds pr Mill, and not Exceeding Thirty Pounds, According to The Judgment of The Sessors. All the perticulars above Mentioned are to be Assessed at pound Valine, and all The Sessors 4 Collectors That Waer nominated at The last Corte are to Remaine In Thare offlsses, and That the taxes on The Lands belonging to those That Resideor Inliabit Out of This county or province remain as a Debt on Thare respective Lands, and That the Owner or Owners There of Shall not be Discharged In This Court for Such Land or Lands till Such times thay have Paid Their Taxes or as- sessments That Are or may be Laid by The Court and Grand Jury of This County. And That all The rate bee Entered in The Boock That Belongs to The County for The use afore said, and That all Collectors make returne of all such Lands or Other Deflseianse that They Have Not recovered The Taxes There of into The Hands AUixander Grant, Who Is Impowered to enter Them in The Said Boock. The Grand Jury Present Bartholomew Wyatt 4 Richard Johnson To be Over Sears of The Said Woorck of The prison and Court House, and further That The As- sessors and Collectors Neglecting to Offlssiate In Their Offlsses shall be fined according To the Act made for Killing of woolves, and allways Provided That The Collectors Shall be Accountable To the Court and Grand Jury, when there unto required, Under The Pennalte of Twenty Pounds Each So Nominated. Further, If any shall give In an imperfect or short account, that Then he shall be Assessed at The Discression of The Sessors, and That The Assessors Meett att The Town of Salem The fourth Teusday in January next, and Then and Thare To Leve and Asses, Justly and Equally, according To the afore s^ Order ; And That all Persons so assessed shall be Obliged To bring Their tax to each rispective Collector In each respective District, to be paid at or before The Last Day of March In Sewing, and The Clark of The peace to Draw out as Many Copies of This Order of court and Grand Jury as Shall be Con- venient, and for his So Doing he shall Have Tenn Shillings, and The Sessort to Deliver in. With In Two Weicks after The Sesment, Their Duplicates to Their Respective Collectors, and That The Collectors Give Notice to The Inhabitants of Their Respective Destricts, with In Two Weicks after Thay Receive Their Duplicates to bring In Their Tax. "Signed by y Foreman, Benjamin Knapton." The proceedings, the verdicts, and the sentences recorded in these old minutes will sometimes pro- voke smiles, and often arouse sad reflections. In 1710, Ruth Carter was sentenced — for what crime does not appear — to " Pay ye fine of five Pounds & her fees, or That She be Whypt Thirty Strypes upon her bare back & pay her fees & Then be Cleared." June 27, 1711, "Wee, the Grand Jury representing ye Bodde of ye County of Salem, having taken Into Our Serins Consideration ye Sev- erall Quarrells & Various Actions of Isauck Sharp, Tending to ye Stur- ring up of Strife & variances. Where by Love & frind Ship hath been Sought to be Destroyed by him, Woe There fore Present ye Said Isaack Sharp To be a Common Barroter. Signed by The Foreman in behalf of ye whole. "Joseph Seelye." This presentment was afterward ordered "To be Squashd." " The Grand Jury for the County of Salem presents the Frisson for That it Is Deficiant for the Securcing of Prissoners, and also presente ye Co^rt house That itt may be repayred, & presents ye Want of a payer of Stocks in ye Towne of S.ilem." In September, 1813, the grand jury " doe Present y* Eliz*'' Windsor of Salem, in ye County of Salem, sin- gle woman, ye thirteenth Day of August, in ye Twelfth yeare of ye Raigne of our Lady Anne of Great Brittain, &c., Queen, yt now is att Salem in ye county aforesd, with force & armes upon ye Body of Eliz*i> Rumsey, wife of Isaac Kumsey, of Salem, aforesd yeoman in ye Peace of God & our Sd Lady ye Queen, then & their being, an as-ault did make and her witli a Paddle over ye Head did strike, & also over ye Neck & her CoUer bone did Brake, to ye Great damage of yeSdEliz'h Bumsey, and against ye Peace, &c." " One Mary Hawk of Cohanzey, Spinster, was publickly whippt, in the Town of Salem, on the 17th of November,. 1716, by order of the Jus- tices." Murder of James Sherron. — "At a Special Court held att Salem in the County of Salem the leth Day of Aprill, 1717, for trying of Negro Slaves for the Murther of James Sherron, Esq., Present, Isaac Sharp, John Ma- son, Alexander Grant, Justices ; Joseph Gregory, Daniel Bumsey, John Brick, Andrew Hopman, and John Lloyd ffreeholders. " The ffreeholders sworn to try the prisouers, in conjunction with the Justices, according to Evidence &c. "The Justices and Freeholders order a Mr. Wiliiam Griffin to prosecute the prisoners in behalf of our Sovereign Lord the King, &c, " Hager, the Negro Woman, Brought to the Barr, and her Accusation being read, pleaded not Guilty, yett acknowledged she knew of the In- tended Murther, and was present when her Master was murthered, &c. "John Hunt sworn ; The ad Hunt Declared the said murthered per- son had been a liring person, Only for the sd Hager who melt the said Hunt the Evening the Murther was done, between the said Hager's master's plantation and the House of John Gentry, and that sd Hager urged the said Hunt to go and kill her Master, and that the Negar Boy, namedBenn, was with the said Hager when they mett, and so went near the House of the Murthered person, and that the sd Hunt Sent the Ne- gar Boy for the Hatchett wherewith he Committed the Murther, &c. "John Hewett sworn; The said Hewett declared that, one night, being upon the watch of the said Negars and others, heard some Dis- course offered between the said Hager and ye said Hunt, and the said Hunt said unto the said Hager, * don't you remember the poyson that you proposed to put in your Master's Broth or Milk?' &c, " The Negar Boy, Benn, brought to the Barr and his Accusation Being read, pleaded, not Guilty, &c. " The prisoner att the Barr Confest that he Brought ye Hatchett to Hunt, the person that Committed the Murther, at the request of the said Hunt, just before the Murther was Committed, and that he heard his Master Crying when murthering, and that he knew, when he Brought the Hatchett, ye sd Hunt Intended to kill his Master, &c. 330 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. " The Negar Man Slave, named Seisser, Brought to the Barr, and after his Accusation was read ye prisoner pleaded not Guilty. " John Hunt sworn, saith that, that the prisoner att the Barr knew nothing of the Intended or Designed Murther nor had no hand in it, &c. " The said Justices, in Conjunction with tlie ffreeholders, found the sd Hager Guilty, and was Oondemnd to be Burnt, &c. "The said Justices, in Conjunction with the ffreeholders, found the said Negar Boy Guilty, and was Condemud to be Hanged by the Neck till dead, and then ^ung up in Gibbetts, &c. "The Justices, in Conjunction with the freeholders, found the said Negar Man, Seizer, not Guilty, and was Discharged, <&c." The sentences passed on Hagar and Ben were carried into eflfect at what is now Claysville, just be- yond the city limits. At a Court of Oyer and Terminer held May 21st, and by adjournment May 27, 1817, John Hunt and Mary Williams were presented by the grand jury for* the murder of James Sherron. "John Hunt, being Brought to the Barr, and being arergn pr quart ; Sydr, Eoyal, att Nine pence Quart; Metheglin at Nine pence pr Quart ; Rume att 4* pr gill. " Dyatt for Man, Each Meal, 9 pence; Lodging for Each, 2 it suggests the requisite means in judgment and ma- terial resources to accomplish success. As an adjunct of farming the care of and preparation for market of animals, involving as it does special judgment in adaptation of means to an end, the efforts of individ- uals in fattening cattle, hogs, and small stock have attracted the attention of the public. For grazing lands peculiarly favorable have been selected, and art applied to especially fit them for the purpose. The names of successfiil graziers and cattle-feeders are familiar to dealers and to the public generally. A number of citizens have shown praiseworthy efforts to ascertain the extent to which it would be profitable to fatten swine. Samuel Dare, of Pitts- grove, fattened a hog of mammoth weight; this about 1830. Later, John Lawson, of Salem, fed one that exceeded in weight that fed by Dare. Some twenty years later Judge William 8. Clawson, of Woodij- town, fattened one that weighed, alive, twelve hun- dred and twenty-five pounds. This animal was sold to Joseph Davis, and, after being kept on exhibition in this country for some time, was sent to London to be exhibited. Josiah Kline, of Mannington, is re- ported to have fattened a hog about this time that ranked among the heaviest in weight. Charles Clark, of Pilesgrove, an extensive and successful feeder, about twenty years since fattened a hog that weighed, slaughtered, ten hundred and eighty pounds. The same year he fattened fifty-two other hogs that averaged over five hundred pounds each. Subse- quently John H. Lippincott, of Pilesgrove, fattened a pen of twenty averaging several pounds heavier than Clark's. A larger kind of hogs have been in- troduced of late, pens of hogs of greater average weight have been made, but whether a greater amount of pork has been made from a pen of less number than that of Clark does not appear. Clark's achievement in this line of industry is recorded in the annals of things done worthy of remembrance. The rearing of horses and cattle early engaged the attention of Salem County farmers. At first they ranged at large through the woods and lowlands, and were not brought into enclosures, except during the severity of the winter season. After grass was culti- vated on the farms, and pasturages were formed, par- ticular attention was paid to the raising of horses and cattle. A horse of medium size, suited to the face of the country, the heavier suitable for draught, and the lighter for the road, was the object aimed at. Phila- delphia and New York have been markets for num- bers raised here. Scions of stock noted for speed have, at different times, been introduced, and horses raised that have made records in time, ranking among the highest attained. Agfricnltnral Fairs. — Soon after the agriculture of the county began to assume brighter prospects, after the depression following the last war with Great Brit- ain, citizens of the county united in holding agricul- tural exhibitions. GENEKAL HISTORY. 341 The first was in 1828. Col. Eobert G. Johnson, of Salem, was president of this association, and de- livered an address on the occasion of the opening. Col. Johnson, Dr. Thomas Rowan, and Samuel L. James, Esq., of Salem, and Michael Null, Paul Scull, and Dr. Thomas Yarrow, of Pilesgrove, were the leading men in the management. There were sev- eral exhibitions. One of these was held at Sharp- town. There are a few reminiscences of this in the minds of those who attended. There was a plowing- match. Three entered for the premium. One soon retired. The contest was between Michael Null and Smith Hewitt, both of Sharptown. Hewitt is said to have won the premium. The celebrated horse Mark Anthony was on exhibition at the fair, having been brought there by a noted horseman of the time, David Smith, of Upper Penn's Neck. The exhibition was held on the farm of Aaron Pancoast, now James C. Pancoast's, near the site of the present school-house. There was an attendance from Gloucester and Cum- berland Counties. Agricnltural Societies. — An agricultural society was formed in 1850, and incorporated in 1851. The exhibitions were held at Salem. This society had for its president William F. Reeve ; for vice-presi- dents, Isaac Scull, Samuel P. Carpenter, and Capt. John Johnson ; secretary, Charles P. Smith ; treas- urer, Thomas Sinnickson ; executive committee, Jon- athan Ingham, Edward H. Bassett, John H. Sinnick- son, Quinton Keasby, and Dr. Joseph H. Thompson. This association was regarded as a means of increas- ing an interest in farming in its different departments in this and adjoining counties. It stirred up to useful work. It drew laz'ge gatherings of the people to wit- ness the productions not of the farm alone, but of the arts. It was a social season. The officers chosen at a meeting held in 1870 were Richard M. Acton, president ; David Pettit, vice-president ; David Davis, secretary ; Mason Vanmeter, treasurer ; executive committee, James S. Johnson, P. H. Hannah, John C. Craven, Frank Pettit, and David Davis. It is con- ceded that this society had its period of decided use- fulness ; but at the last it is said that its charter was lost sight of, also the great object of the organization, and it was deemed best to cease the holding of exhi- bitions. In the year 1870 citizens of Salem County, with those of an adjoining part of Gloucester, united in forming an agricultural and horticultural association. This was incorporated by an act of Legislature ap- proved Feb. 20, 1872. Isaac V. Dickinson, J. Morgan Barnes, Isaac Scull, James D. Lawson, Joseph K. Riley, Joshua Reeve, Jr., Charles D. Lippiucott, Robert Vanmeter, and James L. Summerill, their associates and successors, were constituted a body politic and corporate by the name of the " West Jer- sey Agricultural and Horticultural Association of the Counties of Salem and Gloucester, New Jersey." The exhibitions have been held at Woodstown every year, and for two days. The interest taken in con- tributing to the displays is general. The ojiject is to encourage a laudable spirit of emulation in every branch of agricultural industry and in the arts. The officers of the association at first were Isaac V. Diclc- inson, president ; Dr. Paulding, Robert Vanmeter, Col. J. W. Dickinson, and John Hanes, vice-presi- dents ; J. Morgan Barnes, secretary ; Isaac Scull, treasurer ; executive committee, James D. Lawson, Robert Hewitt, Israel A. Hewitt, George Coombs, Charles D. Coles, Dr. Paulding, John Hanes, Charles C. Ford, Joshua Reeve, Jr., and Benjamin Tyler. The officers at present are Omar Borton, president ; Dr. Paulding, Robert Vanmeter, Col. J. W. Dickinson, and John Hanes, vice-presidents ; James D. Lawson, secretary; Dr. L. A. D. Allen, treasurer; executive committee, Charles D. Coles, Israel Hewitt, Robert Hewitt, George Coombs, Samuel T. Lippincott, Joshua Reeve, Isaac Dubois, Charles R. Burtt, and Barclay Edwards. The past of this association has been pros- perous. The attendance has been large. With the additional facilities for attending the exhibitions afforded by the railroad located at Woodstown, the attendance will be increased. The people of Salem County are favored in soil, climate, and location, and in all that pertains to agri- cultural prosperity. Being part of a coast State, lying along the shore of one of the great bays and rivers of the Atlantic coast, it possesses the advantages belonging to such situations. Those who can appre- ciate the casting of their lot in this goodly heritage can never forget the trials, the incessant and perplex- ing cares which beset their ancestors in settling on these shores, and especially the sufferings of that adventurous and great man who led them hither — Feuwick. Exports, — The following estimate of the exports of Salem County was made by Col. Robert G. John- son, and published in the proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society for 1846 : " I will here remark that the county of Salem con- tains about three hundred square miles, and the pop- ulation by the last census was ascertained to be 16,024. Wheat, 68,919 bushels, at 90 cts 862,027.10 Corn, 386,264 " 60 " 193,127.00 Oals. 174,674 " 31 " 64,117.94 Buckwheat, 6,000 " 60 " 3,ci60.00 Bye, 2,322 " 60 " 1,392.00 $.313,724 00 " Meal from Live-Btock. Fat cattle, 880 head, average weight per head 575 lbs, atlfSperhund $26,.'i00 Pork in the hog, 600,000 lbs., at $5 30,000 Calves, 4460 head at t4.60 per head 20,026 Sheep, 4000 head at $2 " 8,0U0 $83,326.00 Hay, straw, brooms, husks $28,400.00 " G»-a«8-8eeds. Clover, 600 bushels at $6.00 $2,600 Timothy, 600 " 2.60 1,600 Herd, 30,000 " .45 .-. 13,600 $17,600.00 342 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Apples, pluins, peaches, 50,000 bushels, taken from Salem wharves 817,500.00 " IVuci. In which the people estimate garden and field vegetables ; also they have included in their sales fruits of different kinds. This was from the principal trnck-growers from the townships along the river 850,475.00 " Foregl. Ship plank, 450,000 feet, at $0.20 890,000.00 Sawed scantling, 315,000 " .15 36,750.00 Cordwood, 12,100 cntds, at 3.60 42,350.00 Staves, 35,000, at .20.. Hoop-poles, 290,000, at .35.. Bark (ground), 260 tons, at 22.00.. Market-baskets, 16,000, at .31.. 700.00 7,250.00 5,720 00 4,960.00 8187,730.00 '* Vessels. Stephen Baldwin 650 tons. Shenango 600 " Burlington 600 " Watagee 450 " "Barks. Sarah Hand 350 tons. Pons (slaver) 250 " John McKeim.. EricksoQ Empress Cumberland.... Monmouth Emnia Louisa Forrest Two at Pennsgruve.. Barge Sloop Ann Do 29,000 tons, at 835 per ton..8101,500.00 " Steamers. 30O tons. lOO •' .... 140 " 100 " 640 " atS35perton...$22,400.00 " Schooners. 140 tons. 120 " 100 " 200 " 140 " 60 " 30 '• 7 canal-boats.. 790 " at 830 per ton 823,700.00 700 " at 815 " " 10,600.00 Total $168,100.00 " These vessels were built within the last six years, and as it takes much time in preparing the materials, the labor of building them must necessarily render a length of time unavoidable, so as to run into different years. The wbole amount of their market value as above being divided by six the number of years, makes the annual surplus $26,350.00 "There are now on the stocks building 4 schooners, 2 sloops, 6 large canal-boats (largest size,) 1 lime-boat of 60 tons. "Pars and Wool. Furs, principally sent to New York.„ 875C0 Wool 6600 " LeaOier, Soap^ and Candles. Leather $13,000 Soap and candles 4,460 513,000.00 " MisceUan£Ovs. Castings $6000 Scrap-iron 1000 Feathers and rags 1000 Cider and vinegar and bricks 640 Carriages $3000 GiTiin-threshing machines 923 Oil of sassafras 1000 Sumac, 60 tons, at $35 per ton 1760 817,460.00 $7,640.00 $769,777.00 " With considerable labor and expense I have ob- tained the foregoing. I regret that I could not get the truck- and fruit-growers to discriminate the produce of the different articles by them raised, but I am inclined to think that the estimates are fair and reasonable. I regret that I could not in any way ascertain the value of the different kinds of poultry I exported. From what I have seen on board the steam- I boats from our town and have heard from the two upper townships, which send a great proportion by I wagons to Camden, I am inclined to believe that we might safely set down our exportation at twenty thousand dollars." CHAPTER LIX. BAR OF SALEM COUNTY. Of those lawyers who practiced in Salem County *prior to the year 1776 little can now be ascertained concerning either their personal history or profes- sional career. The only source from which any authentic information can be gained is the incom- plete records of the colonial courts, and from them nothing more than the names of the attorneys who practiced in those early days can be learned. Still, as it may prove interesting to the present generation to know who, in the remote past, carried on the legal warfare of the county, it may be well to give, at the end of this short sketch of the bar, a list of the at- torneys as their names appear upon the court records, commencing with the book of minutes of the Court of Common Pleas and General Quarter Sessions of the year 1707, which is the oldest book of court records preserved among the archives in the Salem County clerk's office. As these records, however, fur- nish no means of ascertaining whom among these attorneys properly belonged to Salem County, no at- tempt will be made to distinguish those lawyers who permanently resided in Salem from those who merely attended the circuit, but the list will comprise the names of all those who, at any time, appear as prac- ticing attorneys from 1707 to 1776. Of the bench of Salem County there is not much to be said, as in the whole history of the county it has had but one representative in the Supreme Court of the State, the Hon. William S. Clawson, of whom appropriate mention will be made, and there have been but two members of the Court of Errors and Appeals from the county, the Hon. Joseph L. Eisley and the Hon. Thomas Sinnickson. Judge Sinnick- son belonged to one of the earliest families settling in this county, and was a man very highly respected and looked up to by the general community, and while on the bench was justly distinguished for his sterling good sense and reliable judgment; but as neither he nor Judge Risley were members of the bar, any de- tailed account of them would hardly be appropriate in an article confined strictly to members of the legal profession. Samuel Leak was one of the first lawyers resi- dent in Salem County of whom any authentic infor- mation has been handed down. He began the practice in Salem, about the commencement of the Revolution- GENERAL HISTORY. 343 ary war. He was born in Cumberland County, in 1748, and received his education at Princeton College, graduating in the class of 1774. After passing through the usual period of study he was licensed as an attor- ney, in 1776, and as a counselor in 1780. Immedi- ately upon his admission to the bar he settled in Salem, and practiced law there until his removal to Trenton, in 1785, where he continued to reside until his death. From the frequency with which his name appears upon the court records he must have, during his residence in Salem County, enjoyed a large prac- tice. In 1778 he was appointed by the court to prose- cute the pleas for that county, and held that oflSce for one year. He was a man of peculiar personal ap- pearance, and of very eccentric habits. As a lawyer he is said to have carried the citing of cases to an ex- cess, so much so that it is related of him that when he had a case of importance, so many were his books of reference that his colored servant was obliged to bring them into court in a wheelbarrow. He died in Trenton, in 1820. Abijah Whiting practiced law in Salem in the latter part of the last century. He was born in Rhode Island, and was a graduate of the University of that State, now known as Brown University. He pur- sued his professional studies in the office of Richard Horatio Stockton, and received his license as an attor- ney in 1796, and as a counselor in 1799. Soon after his admission to the bar he came to Salem, and open- ing a law-office, in a short time obtained a large and lucrative practice, not only in the county but through- out the entire southern portion of the State. Mr. Whiting was a young man of marked ability and promise, and had not' death cut short his professional career so early he would no doubt have obtained a high position among the leading lawyers of this State. He died, Oct. 3, 1800, in his thirty-third year, and was buried in St. John's Episcopal churchyard, in Salem. RlCHAKD BuRCHAN was born in the year 1760, and was admitted as an attorney in 1787. His name appears upon the court records of Salem County as a practicing lawyer from that period until the time of his death. Little is known concerning him as a lawyer at the present day, except that he is said to have been a man of so passionate and sarcastic a nature as to interfere materially with his practice before the courts. He died, Nov. 17, 1801, and was buried in the Episcopal churchyard in Salem. James Kinsey, a son of Chief Justice Kinsey, was born in Burlington County, N. J., Nov. 26, 1768. He read law with his father, and was admitted as an at- torney in 1790, and as a counselor in 1794. Mr. Kinsey settled in Salem, at that time a favorite place of residence for young men about to enter upon their professional life. Shortly aifter his arrival there he married Miss Rebecca Trenchard, a daughter of Maj. George Trenchard, a young lady of wealth and good family. Mr. Kinsey never attained much eminence as a lawyer. He was, however, a man of fine edu- cation, devoted to literary pursuits, of very pleasing manners, but rather eccentric, and absent-minded. As he was possessed of an independent income, and not obliged to look to his profession as a means of support, he was able to devote his time and attention to pursuits more congenial to his natural tastes and inclinations. He died, suddenly, in Philadelphia, while on a visit there, July 13, 1833. He was buried in the Episcopal churchyard in Salem. • JosiAH Hareison, a son of Oapt. Jotham Harri- son, was born in Essex County, N. J., in the year 1776. He was graduated at Princeton College, in the class of 1795, and in 1797 commenced his professional studies, in the office of Alexander C. McWhorter, in Newark, N. J. Upon the completion of his term, in 1800, he received his license as an attorney, and as a counselor in 1803. In 1801, a good opening for a young lawyer presenting itself in Salem, occasioned by the death of Abijah Whiting, he settled in that county, and began his professional career. He resided there but a short time when he married Isabella Dick, a daughter of Dr. Samuel Dick, a citizen of Salem, and a man very prominent in the affairs of New Jer- sey during the war of our independence. Mr. Harri- son, during his residence in Salem, built up a large and successful practice. About the year 1816 he be- came engaged in a controversy concerning the val- idity of the will of his wife's uncle. The will was drawn up and witnessed by him, and an effort was made on the part of other relatives to break it. The contest was a long and bitter one, and after being carried through the courts of New Jersey was finally removed into the United States District Court, where a decree was made establishing the validity of the will. A new trial, however, having been granted, a compromise was afterwards effected between the con- testing parties. The case is considered a leading one upon the matters in controversy, and is reported in 3 Wash. C. C. B., p. 580, Harrison vs. Rowan. In 1817, while the trial was going on, Mr. Harrison's wife died, and although he survived her many years he never married again. Shortly after his wife's death he removed to Camden, N. J., where, in addi- tion to the practice of law, he edited a newspaper, and carried on a general publishing business. In 1837 he was appointed reporter of the Supreme Court of this State, which position he held until 1842, having pub- lished during that period four volumes of the State law reports. He afterward returned to Salem, and continued to reside there the remaining years of his life. He did not again engage in active practice, but spent his declining years in gathering together a large library of standard works, and in indulging his literary tastes. He was a man of strong religious convictions, and an active and consistent member of the Episcopal Church, the interests of which he was largely instrumental in furthering in the southern part of the State. He was for a long time senior warden of St. John's Episcopal Church, Salem. He 344 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. died Sept. 26, 1865, at the ripe old age of eighty- nine. William N. Jeffbks was a native of New York, and a member of the bar of that State. Early in life he removed to the West, intending to settle there. He finally selected Cincinnati, and, opening a law office, practiced in that city for a short time with marked success ; after remaining in Cincinnati some time he concluded to discontinue practice here, and returning to New Jersey was admitted as an at- torney in 1814, and received his license as a coun- selor in 1817. In 1834 he was called to the degree of sergeant. Immediately upon his admission to the bar of this State he came to Salem and commenced the practice of law there. He was very soon recog* nized as a lawyer of ability, and in a short time ob- tained a large and lucrative practice. By those who remember him when a resident of Salem he is said to have been a man of remarkably fine personal ap- pearance, always well dressed, and possessing very winning and gentlemanly manners. He was a bril- liant and eloquent speaker, exercising, in a marked degree, persuasive powers over both the court and jury. In professional intercourse with his clients he is said to have had the faculty {certainly for a lawyer a most fortunate one) of always inspiring them with the utmost confidence in his skill as an advocate, and ability as a lawyer. Indeed, so strong was this feel- ing, that when vanquished they never attributed their defeat either to his want of skill or careful attention. So powerful, indeed, was Mr. Jeffers' influence over one of the judges of the Supreme Court, that in 1820 the lawyers of Salem and Cumberland Counties pro- cured a law to be passed compelling the judges to in- terchange their circuits, in order to avoid trying causes before the judge whom Mr. Jeffers controlled. Mr. Jeffers was also distinguished for his activity and zeal as a politician, and for several years he represented Salem County in the House of Assembly. In 1828 he was nominated by the Democratic party for Con- gress, but proved to be an unsuccessful candidate. Again, in 1830, he received the congressional nom- ination from his party, and for the second time met with defeat at the polls. In addition to the practice of law he was largely instrumental in the formation and incorporation of a company, chartered under the name of the Salem Steam-Mill and Banking Com- pany. The concern did a general banking business, and at the same time carried on a cotton-mill. This enterprise, however, did not prove successful, and in a short time the company went to pieces under unfavorable circumstances. The mill was subse- quently changed to a grist-mill. It is still in active operation, and is known as the old white stone mill. In the early part of President Jackson's administra- tion Mr. Jeffers received an appointment as minister to one of the South American republics, and had started for his destination, when, for reasons consid- ered of sufficient importance by the administration. he was recalled. Not long after this he removed to Camden, and practiced there, holding at one time the office of prosecutor of the pleas for that county; He died in 1853, in his sixty-fifth year. Aakon Ogden Dayton is said to have been the most brilliant lawyer ever resident in Salem. He was a son of Elias B. Dayton, of Elizabeth town, N. J., and was born in the year 1796. Immediately upon his graduation from Princeton College, in the class of 1813, he entered the law office of Aaron Ogden, and after completing the usual course of study was ad- mitted as an attorney in 1817, and was made a coun- selor in 1820. Not long after his admission to the bar of this State he went to Cincinnati, with the in- tention of permanently residing there. He, however, remained there but a short time, and upon returning to New Jersey selected Salem as his place of resi- dence, and somewhere about the year 1822 began the practice of law there. Mr. Dayton was quite unpre- possessing in his personal appearance, but of polisTied and cultivated manners, an able and eloquent speaker, a man well versed in polite literature and in the arts, being himself an amateur artist of quite a good deal of merit. One of his productions, a copy of a por- trait of Oliver Cromwell, by Vandyke, is still pre- served, and is at present in the possession of one of Salem's lawyers. Although Mr. Dayton was justly considered a brilliant lawyer, yet, owing to a natural distaste to the practice of law, he did not attain to as much eminencein his profession as he would undoubt- edly have done had he devoted his entire time and attention to it. His natural inclinations led him to take an active interest in politics. In 1823 he repre- sented Salem County in the House of Assembly. In 1825 he removed from Salem to Jersey City, and in .the following year took up his residence in New York City. Not long after this he abandoned law, in a great measure, and devoted himself almost exclu- sively to political life. In 1828 he was elected by the Democratic party to the New York State Legis- lature; subsequently he held several other important public positions, till in 1838, he was appointed to the office of fourth ■ auditor of the Treasury Department at Washington, which office he filled satisfactorily for the term of twenty years, notwithstanding the ad-" ministration had during that time undergone various changes. While holding this office he married a Salem lady. Miss Mary Tuft, a daughter of John Tuft, Esq. Mr. Dayton died in Washington in 1858. Hon. William J. Shinn. — Judge Shinn, whose antecedents were English, was the son of Gen. Isaiah and Elizabeth Jenks Shinn, and born at Woodstown in 1790. He was for a long period of years one of the most influential and useful men of his section, serving the public in various capacities, but more particularly as judge of the Court of Common Pleas, member of Assembly, and State Senator. He was elected to the last position in 1844, by an unprece- dentedly large vote, and regarded by Governor Strat- GENERAL HISTORY. 345 ton as one of his most trusted counselors. His name was also agitated for the gubernatorial chair, ]but never pressed by his friends, though admirably fitted by his abilities and address for the position. Judge Shinn wielded an extended influence in his portion of the State. His intimate knowledge of public business and high personal character caused his opinion fre- quently to be sought in the solution of difficult ques- tions. His services were also invaluable in the settle- ment of estates and business of a similar nature. This was no less a tribute to his signal abilities than to his unquestioned integrity and kindly nature. Judge Shinn was, on the 13th of February, 1817, married to Miss Margaret Carpenter Woodnut, daughter of James Mason and Margaret C. Wood- nut, of Salem, N. J. Four children of this mar- riage lived to maturity, — Emmeline W., Samuel S., Mary W. (who married Dr. T. S. Reed, of Philadel- phia, and was the mother of four children, of whom Dr. Charles H. Reed and Emmeline S. Bedell sur- vive), and Martha W. (who married Dr. I. D. Claw- son). The latter years of Judge Shinn's life were almost wholly engrossed by his duties as president of the Woodstown National Bank, which he faithfully performed until his death, on the 10th of February, 1868, at the age of seventy-eight years. He was father-in-law to the late Hon. I. D. Clawson, former member of Congress, and uncle to the late William S. Clawson, judge of the Supreme Court of the State. Richard Stockton Field, a son of Robert C. Field, of White Hill, Burlington Co., N. J., received his education at Princeton College, and was graduated from that institution in the class of 1821. He read law with his uncle, Richard Stockton, the signer, and was admitted as an attorney in 1825, and as a counselor in 1828. In 1837 he was called to the degree of sergeant. Mr. Field commenced his professional life in Salem, which, about that time, seemed to be a place very attrac- tive to young lawyers of promise and talent; the Salem courts being at that time considered superior to any in the circuit, in point of legal business, and in the number of important cases brought to trial. There certainly was more litigation, and the law business transacted was much greater then than it has been of late years. Mr. Field practiced law in Salem, very successfully, for about eight years, and married from that place Miss Mary Ritche, a young lady of culti- vation and wealth. In 1832 he removed to Prince- ton, which became his place of permanent residence. Mr. Field probably attained as much distinction in his profession as any of the lawyers who have ever resided in Salem. In 1837 he was elected on the Whig ticket as member of Assembly from Middlesex County, and in 1838, while a member of the House, was made attorney-general of the State, which office he ably filled for three years. In 1862 he was ap- pointed by Governor Olden to fill the seat in the United States Senate made vacant by the death of the Hon. John R. Thompson. Mr. Field identified himself with the Republican party, and during his term in the Senate was one of the warmest defenders of the course and policy of that party, and an ardent supporter and friend of President Lincoln, who, upon the expiration of his term (there being no hope of a re election to the Senate, as the Legislature was strongly Democratic), appointed him United States district judge for New Jersey. Mr. Field proved himself well fitted for this office, and ably fulfilled the duties devolved upon him until his death, in 1870. He was also the author of an interesting and ex- haustive work on the Provincial courts of New Jer- sey. Mr. Field was a man of the highest cultivation, and of exquisite taste. His grounds at Princeton were beautified by the most perfect collection of trees and plants in the State, and it was one of the most attractive and beautiful spots in Princeton. His death, which was very sudden and attended with quite melancholy circumstances, happened while he was opening court, April 20, 1870. AliPHONSO L. Eakin, a son of Samuel Eakin, of Mount Holly, was born In the province of Lorraine, France, the 27th day of June, 1799, where, at that time, his father held a position under the United States government. When quite a young man he came to Salem and read law in the office of William N. Jeffers. Upon the completion of his studies he was licensed as an attorney, in 1822, and as a counselor in 1825. He continued to reside and practice law in Salem from the time of his admission until his death. Mr. Eakin was a very successful lawyer, and enjoyed the repu- tation of being one of the most careful and accurate attorneys in the State, always coming into court with his cases carefully prepared. He was especially well informed in all points pertaining to the practice of law. Actively engaged in his profession for almost forty-five years, he accumulated, through careful at- tention to business and prudent investments, a large fortune. He died on the 29th day of October, 1866, in his sixty-seventh year, and was buried in the Pres- byterian graveyard, Salem, N. J. Fbancis L. Macculloch practiced law in Salem for a long series of years, and has always been re- garded as a lawyer of undoubted integrity, and as a counselor of sound and reliable judgment. He was by birth a native of Scotland, and was born in the year 1801, a short time before his father, George Mac- culoch, came to America. Upon their arrival in this country his family settled in Morristown, N. J. Mr. Macculloch was licensed as an attorney in 1823, and as a counselor in 1826. Upon his admis- sion to the bar he settled in Salem, and practiced there continuously till the time of his death. He built up a large and profitable law business, extend- ing pretty extensively throughout the southern coun- ties of the State. He took rank among the members of his profession as a lawyer of a good deal more than ordinary legal talents. For several terms he 346 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. held the office of prosecutor of the pleas, performing the duties connected with that office with his ac- customed skill and ability. He died July 16, 1859, universally liked and lamented as a man, and regarded as an upright and conscientious lawyer. EiCHAED P.Thompson was born in Salem County, March 11, 1805. His family is one of the oldest in the county, tracing back its lineage in a direct line to John Fenwick (the founder of Salem) and Samuel Hedge, who came over in the same ship, and who married his daughter, Anne Fenwick. Mr. Thomp- son entered upon the study of law in the office of William N. Jeffers, was admitted as an attorney in 1825, and in 1828 received his license as coun- selor. Settling in his native place he very soon ac- quired a prominent position both as a politician and as a lawyer. He was a man of fine personal appear- ance, an able and eloquent speakei", and a lawyer of fair legal talents, especially eminent, however, as an advocate. Being endowed with a fine flow of lan- guage he was able to exercise a great deal of influ- ence over a jury. He prosecuted the pleas of Salem County, for several terms, in a competent and efficient manner. In 1844, while holding the above office, he received at the hands of Governor Haines the ap- pointment of attorney-general, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Attorney-General Molleson. Upon the expiration of his term as attorney-general, he attempted to resume his former office as prosecutor of the pleas, but was restrained from so doing by a writ of quo warranto issued by the Supreme Court at the instance of the late Judge Clawson, who, during the interim, had been acting as prosecutor. Upon the case being argued before the court it was decided that the two offices were incompatible, and could not both be held by one person at the same time, and thus by accepting the attorney-generalship he relinquished all right to the office of prosecutor. In 1852, Mr. Thompson was for the second time made attorney- general, receiving the appointment from Governor Fort. Upon his nomination being confirmed by the Senate he entered upon the duties of the office, and held it for the entire term. It was in 1852, while holding the office, that Mr. Thompson was called upon to prosecute one of the most celebrated criminal cases ever tried in the courts of Salem County. A man by the name of Samuel Treadway was indicted for the murder of his wife, and brought to trial. Mr. Thompson managed the case on behalf of the State, and Mr. Macculloch appeared for .the prisoner. The case, which was warmly contested and ably argued on both sides, resulted in the conviction of Tread- way, who, afterwards confessing his guilt, was exe- cuted. This was the second and last time capital punishment was inflicted in that county. The case was tried before the late Judge Elmer, who, in his "Eeminiscences," in speaking of this trial, says, " No case ever tried before me, during an experience on the bench for more than fourteen years, was ever better conducted, or more satisfactory in its results." Mr. Thompson also took an active interest in poli- tics, and in 1838 was nominated by the Democratic party as their candidate for Congress. He was de- feated by the late Thomas Jones Yorke, the candi- date of the Whig party. Mr. Thompson died in Salem, Nov. 8, 1859, in his fifty-fourth year. Hbney T. Ellett was born in Salem County, N. J., and is a direct descendant from Samuel Car- penter and Deputy Governor Thomas Lloyd, both of whom were intimately associated with William Penn in the formation of his colony. Although he never practiced law in Salem, still, it seems proper to men- tion him in this connection as a man who has attained *a high position as a lawyer, and thereby reflected credit upon his native county. He began the study of law in the office of Richard T. Field, when in Salem, and upon the removal of the latter to Prince- ton went with him and finished his term of study there. He was licensed as an attorney in 1833, and as a counselor in 1836. Upon his admission to the bar he selected Bridgeton, Cumberland Co., as a place of residence, and practiced there till 1837, when he removed to Port Gibson, Claiborne Co., Miss. In 1838 he married his first wife, Rebecca C. Seeley, a daughter of ex-Governor Elias P. Seeley, of Bridge- ton, N. J. During his residence at Port Gibson he filled a number of important public positions ; among others he was for several years a member of the State Legislature. In 1846 he was nominated for Congress, and succeeded Jefierson Davis in the House of Rep- resentatives, but after serving one term declined a renomination, on account of private matters and a large legal business, which demanded his whole time and attention. In 1859 he was tendered by President Buchanan the mission to the Argentine Republic, but for the same reasons declined accepting it. About the commencement of our late civil war, at the time when Jefferson Davis was forming his cabinet, he telegraphed to Mr. Ellett to come to Montgomery, Ala., ofiering him the postmaster-gen- eralship of the Confederacy. He replied, promptly declining. After the close of the war he was made a judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of Mississippi. In 1868 he, together with Judge Harris, one of his associates on the bench, re- signed his position, and, removing with him to Mem- phis, Tenn., entered into a law partnership which lasted until the death of Judge Harris. Mr. Ellett still resides in Memphis, and enjoys a large and lucrative practice, both in the State and United States Supreme Courts. For many years he has been considered one of the leading men of the Southwest, and has always held a high place in the estimation of the people of that section as a successful and eminent lawyer, and as a gentleman of undoubted integrity and honor. William S. Clawson was born in Woodstown, Salem County, N. J., in the year 1812. He received his education at Princeton College, and, upon gradu- GENERAL HISTORY. 347 ating from that institution, entered the ofBce of Fran- cis L. MaccuHoch as a student-at-law. He was ad- mitted as an attorney in 1841, and as a counselor in 1844. Settling in Woodstown, his native place, he began the practice of law. He, however, during the early part of his professional career, devoted his time and attention in a great measure to agricultural pur- suits, and it was not till in 1847, when he was ap- pointed prosecutor of the pleas, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Richard P. Thompson to the attorney-generalship of the State, that he be- came at all prominent as a lawyer. During his term of office he skillfully and ably conducted the criminal business of the county. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Olden an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and assigned to the First Judicial District. In the estimation of the lawyers of that day he was considered to have been an honest, well-mean- ing, upright judge, and a lawyer of fair legal attain- ments. To Mr. Clawson belongs the honor and dis- tinction of having been the only representative Salem County has ever had upon the bench of the Supreme Court of this State. Mr. Clawson did not live to reap the full honors of his office, death overtaking him before the end of his second year on the bench. In 1857 he was present in Washington during the inau- guration of President Buchanan, and was a guest at the National Hotel at the time when the well-remem- bered attempt was unsuccessfully made to poison the President and his cabinet. He, together with many others, was affected by the poison, which slowly un- dermined his constitution and ultimately caused his death. He died in Woodstown in June, 1861. Anthony Q. Keasbey was born in Salem on March 1, 1824. His ancestors had lived in Salem since the settlement of the county by John Fenwick and his company in 1675. He was a son of Dr. Ed- ward Q. Keasbey, who practiced medicine in Salem for a number of years. He was graduated at Yale College, in 1843, and soon afterwards began the study of the law wltli Francis L. MaccuHoch in Salem. He finished his studies with Cortlandt Parker in New- ark, and was admitted to the bar in 1846. In 184£f he was licensed as counselor. He began the practice of law in Salem, and continued it there until 1852, attending the circuits also in Cape May and Cum- berland. In 1852 he removed to Newark, and in 1855 entered into partnership with Cortlandt Parker. The firm of Parker & Keasbey was the first to be formed under the act of March 17, 1855, authorizing attorneys to use a partnership name, and it existed for more than twenty years. It was dissolved March 1, 1876, and was succeeded by the two firms of Cortlandt & R. Wayne Parker and A. Q. Keasbey & Sons. In this latter the two sons are Edward Q. Keasbey and George M. Keasbey, who were both born in Salem. In April, 1861, Mr. A. Q. Keasbey was appointed by President Lincoln United States district attorney for the District of New Jersey, and was reappointed by him in 1865, but Mr. Lincoln was assassinated before the second commission was signed, and after holding the office for a year under a provisional appointment, Mr. Keasbey was again appointed by Mr. Johnson for four years from April, 1866. He was reappointed by President Grant in 1870, and again in 1874. Presi- dent Hayes appointed him in 1878. At the expiration of his term, April, 1882, he was appointed provision- ally by Judge Bradley, and was then appointed by President Arthur for another term of four years. Al- though his duties as district attorney have occupied much of his time, he has had a large practice in the State courts. He has been a very successful advocate before juries, and especially prominent at the equity bar, and he is retained in many of the important civil cases in the United States Circuit Court. Thomas S. Smith, a son of John Smith, of Salem County, N. J., was born June 29, 1812. He entered the office of Richard P. Thompson as a student at law, and upon completing the usual term of study was admitted to the bar, in 1833. Mr. Smith during his professional career tried very few cases, and, in- deed, never actively engaged in that branch of the profession which necessitated his presence in court. He, however, did quite a good office practice, and was a man of remarkable shrewdness and good business talents. He dealt largely in the buying and selling of land, and, possessing excellent judgment and a thorough knowledge of the values of real estate, made by his transactions quite a large amount of money. He was also very active and zealous in political affairs, and during the time he was actively engaged in such matters is said to have been one of the most sagacious and far-sighted political managers in West Jersey. He died in Salem, Oct. 26, 1874, in his sixty- eighth year, having been for a long time before his death a confirmed invalid, and in a great degree pre- vented from leading an active business life. James M. Hannah was born in Salem County, Sept. 14, 1807. He was educated for the bar, read- ing law in the office of William N. Jeffers, and was admitted as an attorney in 1828, and as a counselor in 1831. He opened an office in Salem, but never prac- ticed before the courts to any great extent, his natural tastes and inclinations leading him to take an active interest in other pursuits, especially in agriculture; he finally abandoned the practice of law altogether. He afterwards became actively engaged in several busi- ness enterprises and ventures. Among others he, in 1833, bought out the offices of the Salem Messenger and the American Statesman, and merging them both in one, edited a newspaper called the Union. He sold out his interest in this paper to Samuel Prior, in 1836. He was also at one time engaged in the milling business. At the time of his death he was a member of the city Board of Education, and a vestryman of the Episcopal Church of Salem. He died March 5, 1873. Samuel A. Allen, a native of Salem County, was born in 1813. He was prepared for the bar in the 348 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. office of Richard P. Thompson, and was licensed as an attorney in 1841, and as a counselor in 1844. He settled In his native town, and, although never re- garded as a well-read lawyer, he managed, through well-directed energy and a knack for obtaining busi- ness, to secure a comparatively large and profitable practice. Perhaps one of the most noted circum- stances of his life in Salem, and one by which he is best remembered, is the fact of his having written a book, entitled " My Own Home and Fireside," in which a number of the leading society people living in Salem at that time were held up to ridicule. The book, which came out anonymously, created quite a stir in the social circles of the town. The demand for it was so great that the first edition was soon ex- ' hausted, and it was necessary to publish a second. Subsequently, Mr. Allen removed from Salem to Trenton, N. J. While there, however, he did not engage actively in practice. From Trenton he went to Burlington for a short time, and finally settled near Germantown, Pa. He married, late in life. Miss Mary, a daughter of Charles Hornblower and a granddaughter of Chief Justice Hornblower. He died in Germantown, Dec. 8, 1879, in his sixty-sixth year. Edwakd Van Meter, son of Dr. Robert Hunter and Sarah Leake (Whitaker) Van Meter, was born in Salem, N. J., Nov. 26, 1811. The Van Meters, in company with several other families, emigrated from Holland to the State of New York - between the years 1650 and 1660. Between the years 1712 and 1714 a number of citizens of the Dutch Reformed or Presbyterian faith removed from the neighborhood of Esopus, N. Y., tfl what is now known as Upper Pittsgrove, Salem Co., N. J. Their minister, Rev. David Evans, went with them, a man of learning and piety. Among the company who left New York were three brothers and their families by the name of Van Meter. One of the brothers branched off and settled in Monmouth County. The other two, John and Isaac, came, with the rest, to Salem County. In East Jersey the name has been changed in spell- ing to Van Mater and Van Martin, but in West Jer- sey it is uniformly spelled Van Meter. John and Isaac Van Meter seem to have been men of means. They owned a very large tract of land near Daretown, about six thousand acres in all, and most of the titles to the lands held by the present oc- cupants go back to the Van Meter titles. The early Van Meters were noted for their desire to reach out and obtain broad acres of land, and for their love of good horses. John Van Meter left a son, Henry. He and his wife, Mary Fetters, were the ancestors of the subject of our sketch, Edward Van Meter being fourth in descent. Mary Fetters was a daughter of Erasmus Fetters, who, with his wife, emigrated from England to West Jersey about the year 1685, and settled in Salem. Erasmus Fetters was a French Huguenot. He left his native country, together with thousands of others, soon after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and fled to England. The name was originally Le Fevre. We shall not trace the ancestry further in the generations following, though, in the amalgamation produced by the marriages in subse- quent years, he is also descended from other well- known and ancient families. Edward Van Meter received his education in the excellent private schools of his native town. He was a bright and promising boy, noted for his quick, re- tentive memory. From his earliest years he exhib- ited those traits of unceasing activity and energy which remained until he was disabled by disease. In early life he began the study of law, in the ofiice of Francis L. Macculloch, but before his studies were completed he abandoned them for mercantile pur- suits. In 1848 he was unanimously elected justice of the peace, and continued to be re-elected until he declined to serve. He finally returned to his first choice, renewed the study of law under Alphonzo L. Eakin, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. He married Caroline Whitaker, of Deerfield, Cumber- land Co., N. J., and had three daughters, who, with his wife, survived him. She was a daughter of Isaac Whitaker, and a descendant of Richard Whitacar (as the name was formerly spelled), one of Fenwick's Council of Proprietors to govern West New Jersey. In person he was a slender man, above the common size, measuring six feet four inches. He was a baptized member of the Presbyterian Church, and came from a long line of Presbyterian ancestors, his father and grandfather having been ruling elders. The former was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church in Salem, and remark- ably devoted to its interests, and he had the honor of being the first resident Presbyterian in the town. Perhaps no man was better known in Salem County than Edward Van Meter; for during an unusually busy life as student, merchant, magistrate, and law- yer, most of which was passed in his native place, the public eye was constantly upon him. His inter- course with all classes of people was such that he may be said to have been an encyclopedia of the public affairs of Salem County, and he was thoroughly posted on the status of every business man. As a lawyer his practice was large; not as an advocate in the courts, for deafness, with which he had been afflicted for many years, precluded such public efforts, but in his office, where clients constantly solicited his advice and counsel. In real estate and agricul- tural matters his judgment was always sought, and few men in the county knew as well as he the values of the various plantations for production or invest- ment. He was prompt and correct in business, keen in judgment, quick in action, energetic in his every movement, self-assured in his ventures, and thus a type of the rare class of men who depend upon them- selves. A love of good horses, a family trait, was one of his prominent characteristics, and his name is well known to the horsemen of the country through his 0^^iJ~a»-'fty O^^e/ ^-eA/^-^ GENERAL HISTORY. 349 correspondence with Mr. J. H. Wallace. His knowl- edge of the local horse-history of West and South Jersey was wonderfully extensive and accurate. On October 4, 1874, in the full maturity of his powers, and absorbed by the engrossing cares of active business, he was suddenly stricken with paralysis, and from that day to his death, Jan. 4, 1875, lay prostrate, with no hope of recovery, though his mind continued clear and vigorous as when in bodily health, and he was enabled to converse and advise with all who sought his bedside. A fever set in a few days before his decease, under which he gradu- ally weakened, when death had an easy and peaceful victory over the once indomitable spirit, and closed a life of much activity and marked ability. Isaac V. Dickinson was born in Woodstown, Salem Co., N. J. He prepared for the bar in the office of the late Judge William S. Clawson, and was licensed as an attorney at the June term of the Su- preme Court, 1852. He opened a law-office in his native town, which continued to be his place of resi- dence until his death. Mr. Dickinson never ranked as a lawyer of very much ability, but in course of time, by close application to business and persist- ent industry, succeeded in obtaining a practice quite large and remunerative for that place. He was an ardent Democrat, and took an active interest in pol- itics. In 1864, during the Lincoln and McClellan Presidential campaign, he was brought into promi- nence before the voters of the First District by receiv- ing the Democratic nomination for Congress. As the district was at that time so strongly Republican that a nomination by that party was almost equivalent to an election, he was defeated by the Hon. John F. Starr, the nominee of that party. After this he re- sumed the practice of law. He died Sept. 28, 1872. A. M. P. V. H. DiCKESON, a son of Dr. Dickeson, was born at Hancock's Bridge, Salem Co., in the year 1843. He was prepared for college at the Salem Academy, and was graduated from Princeton among the first in his class. He was also a graduate of the Albany Law School. He entered actively into pol- itics early in life, and in 1865 was nominated by the Republican party for the Assembly, and in that year and the year following represented Salem County in the State Legislature. Mr. Dickeson, for a number of years, owing to ill health, engaged in farming, and it was not until 1877 that he became a member of the bar of this State. He opened an offi'ce in Woodstown, Salem Co., but by reason of a continued state of ill health was not able to engage actively in the practice of his profession. He died June 15, 1879. Thomas S. Smith was born in Salem City in the year 1850. He was the son of Thomas S. Smith, attorney-at-law. He read law in the office of the Hon. Clement H. Sinnickson, and was admitted to the bar of this State in 1872. He was a man of very energetic and enthusiastic nature, and the confine- ment of an office proving very irksome to him, he took a far greater interest in active business than in the practice of his profession. Upon the death of his father he came into possession of a large tract of undeveloped city lots, which he immediately began to improve and build up. He was very successful in this undertaking, and it is principally due to his energy that what was formerly known as the " Prai- ries" have been almost entirely built up. He died suddenly, Dec. 9, 1881, and at the time of his death held the office of clerk of the Board of Freeholders of Salem County, and was also treasurer of the surplus revenue fund. This completes the list of lawyers who have resided and practiced law in Salem, except the living mem- bers of the bar, of whom it is deemed best to make no comments either as to their legal attainments or professional career. Their names will be found in the list given below. list of ATTOBNBYS in SALEM PRIOR TO 1776, WITH DATES or ADMISSION.! 1707. Samuel Alexander. 1708. David Straoghn. William Britton, attorney- general. Alexander Griffiths. 1709. Thomas Clarli. Thomas Maclcnamara. 1710. Gregory Empson. 1711. William Griffith. William Empson. 1712. Jeromiah Basse. 1715. Thomas Gordan, attorney- general. Henry Vernon. Maw. 1718. John Kinsey. 1720. Peter Evans. 1723. Edward K. Price. David Mackbride. James Gould. 1727. William Dare. 1728. Edward Pearce. Francis Gaudovett. 1731. John Jones. 1735. Joseph Worrell, attorney- general. Daniel Mestayer. 1736. John Cox. 1740. Robert Hartshorn. 1745. Joseph Ross. 1747. Lewis Aahfield. Francis Bowes. 1750. John Lawrence. 1752. Joseph Scattergood. Robert (?) Morris. ■ Pidgeon. 1753. James Kinsey. George Trenchard; 1758. Joseph Read. 1759. Augustine Moore. 1762. Samuel Allinson. 1763. Bard. 1769. Worth. 1772. James Bowman. John Carey. 1773. Shaw. LIST OF THE LAWYERS RESIDING AND PRACTICING IN SALEM AFTER YEAR 1776, WITH DATES OF ADMISSION AS ATTORNEYS. 1776. Samuel Leake. 1785. Richard Burchan. 1790. James Kinsey. 1796. Abijah Whiting. 1800. Josiah Harrison. 1814. William N. Jeffers. 1817. Aaron Ogden Dayton. 1822. Alphonso L. Eakin. 1823. Francis L. MaccuUoch. 1825. Richard S. Field. 1825. Richard P. Thompson. 1828. James M. Hannah. 1833. Henry T. Ellett. 1833. Thomas S. Smith. 1841. Samuel A. Allen. 1841. William S. Clawson. 1842. Andrew Sinnickson. Judg^es and Justices in Salem County prior to 1776, as appears from the incomplete court minutes in the office of the county clerk at Salem, and the ! All names are spelled ns in original records. 1846. Anthony Q. Keasbey. 1852. Isaac V. Dickinson. 1858. Clement H. Sinnickson. 1861. Albert H. Slape. 1863. M. P. Grey. 1864. Edward Vanmeter. 1870. Harry L. Slape. 1871. Enoch S. Fogg, 1872. Thomas S. Smith. 1873. William T. Hilliard. 1877. Morris H. Stratton. 1877. A. M. P. V. H. Dickeson. 1880. George T. Ingham. 1881. Charles Mecum. 1882. 1. Oakford Acton. 1882. Abram Cochran. 350 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. records of commissions in the office of the Secretary of State at Trenton : 1679. Edward Dade. Richard Hancock. 1678. William Penton. Richard Guy. James Nevill. Edward Broady. William Malster. Edward Wade, 1673. Fopp Johnson. William Penton. Ed. Bradway. Edward Wade. James NeviU. 1679. James Neyill. William Penton. Bichurd Guy. Edward Broadway. JUSTICES APPOINTED IN SALEM COUNTY,— WEST NEW JERSEY. 1682. — Jamea Nevill, George Deacon, Richard Hancock, Edward Wade. 1683. — Richard Guy, Edward Wade, Andrew Thompaon. 1684. — James Nevill, George Deacon, Andrew Thompson, Edward Bradway. 1685. — Andrew Thompson, George Deacon, Edward Bradway, Christo- pher White, Samuel Carpenter, Samuel Bacon. 1695.— Jonathan Beere, Richard Darkin, Obadiah Holmes, Dennis Fisher, Richard TindatI,' Remiere Yanhoist. 1696. — Jonathan Beer, Richard Darkin, Obadiah Holmes, the quorum ; Renier Yanhoist, John Bacon, Thomas Wnodroofe, John Holme, William Ramsey. 1697. — Jonathan Beere, Thomas Woodrofe, Richard Darkin, Richard Tindall, William Slooby, John Holme, John Bacon, William Butten. 1699. — Thomas Woodrofe, Jonathan Beer, William Hall (of Salem), John Bacon, John Thomson, Denis Fisher, Walter Hughstis, William Slooby, Joseph Sears. 1700. — Jonathan Beer, Richard Darkin, William Hall, William Slooby, John Bacon, Joseph Brown, Edward Godwin, Thomas Woodrofe, Benjamin Acton, Dennis Fisher. 1701. — Jonathan Beer, William Hall, John Bacon, Joseph Woodrofe, Joseph Sears, Hugh Middleton, Walter Hustis, Benjamin Bacon. 1703. — John Holmes, Thomas Killings worth, John Jeffrey, Obadiah Holmes, Joseph Seeley. 1705. — Thomas Killingsworth, Obadiah Holmes, Joseph Seeley, Samuel Hedge, James Alexander, Joseph Sears, Samuel Hoagland, Samuel Alexander, Samuel Howland, Walter Hustis. 1707. — Hugh MiddletoD, Lewis Holme, John Servis, TsEiac Sharp. 1709. — John Lewis, Williiim Hall, John Bacon, Isaac Sharp, Alexander Grant, W. Dare, Joseph Peers, Hugh Middleton, Richard Rohius, John Ogden, Joseph Eastland. 1710. — William Sheppard, Alexander Griflath, Samuel Lewis, William Grifiin, Alexander Grant, John Rolph. 1711. — John Hughes, Richard Johnson, Abraham Tuloes. 1714. — Richard Johnson, John Mason, John Bacon, William Willis, Alexander Grant, Richard Butcher, Richard Woodnut. 1716. — Hugh Middleton, David Rumsey. 1716. — Isaac Sharp, David Hasey, Samuel Smith, Thomas Mason, William Hughe, Jonathan Walling. 1719. — Jonathan Watson, Thomas Maskell. 1720. — Jonathan Arthur, Joseph Gregory, John Mason, John Hugg, William Hews, Charles Hopkins, John Rolph. 1723.— John White, Japhet Leeds, Abraham Leidon, Henry Buck, Alex- ander Randall. 1724.— Jonathan Ffithian, Josiah Fithian, Dickinson Sheppard, John Hart,.Francl8 Gaudenet, Charles Crossthwaite, Job Sheppherd, John Brick, Samuel Dark. 1727. — William Hancock, John Pledger, Joseph Gregory, John Rolph, Edward Burroughs, Jonathan Fithian, Samuel Smith, Joseph Lord, William Hancock. 1730, — John Rolph, Samuel Smith, John Pledger. 1731. — Jonathan Fithian, Gillman. 1733. — Josiah Fithian, Benjamin Acton, Nicholas Glbhon, John Pledger, David Davis, Richard Smith, Thomas Miles, Richard Wood, Moses Shepperd. 1737. — Benjamin Acton, John Pledger, Josiah Fithian, Richard Smith. 1740.— Josiah Fithian, John Pledger, Clement Hall. 1741.— Clement Hall, John Pledger, William Hancock, Philip Chetwood, Leonard Gibbon. 1742. — John Pledger, Isaac Sharp, Philip Chetwood. 174;^._William Hancock, John Pledger, Moses Shepherd, Philip Chet- wood. lY^i.—W'illiam Hancock, Isaac Sharp, David Davis, Philip Chetwood. 1745.— Isaac Sharp, Moses Shepherd, Ranier Yanhist, Philip Chetwood. 1746. — ^William Hancock, Isauc Sharp, Ranier Yanhist. 1747. — William Hancock, Isaac Sharp, Moses Shepherd. 1748.— Isaac Sharp, William Hancock, Ranier Yanhist, William Frazer. 1749.— William Hancock, William Frazer, Ranier Yanhist. 1750.— Isaac Sharp, William Hancock, Edmund Wetherby. 1751. — Isaac Sharp, Ranier Yanhist. 1752. — Isaac Sharp, William Hancock. 1763. — William Hancock, Isaac Sharp, Edmund Wetherby. 1754. — Isaac Sharp, Ranier Yanhist, William Hancock. 1755. — Isaac Sharp, Ranier Yanhist, William Frazer, William Hall. 1756. — William Hancock, Isaac Sharp, Ranier Yanhist. 1757. — William Hancock, Isaac Sharp, William Frazer, Edmund Weth- erby. 1758. — Isaac Sharp, Ranier Yanhist. 1759. — William Hancock, Nathan Chambless, Isaac Sharp, Samuel Linch. 1761. — John Richman. 1762.— William Hancock, Edmund Wetherby. 1763. — ^Edmund Wetherby, Robert Johnson, John Mayhew, John Holme, William Hancock, Preston Carpenter, Grant Gibbon. 1764. — Edmund Wetherby, Robert Johnson, A. Sinnickson, John Holme, Grant Gibbon, Elisha Basset. 1767. — John Jarman. 1768.— Robert Howard. 1769. — John Nicholson, Elisha Basset, A. Sinnickson, John Holme, Robert Johnson, Robert Howard, Samuel Linch. 1770. — Preston Carpenter, A. Sinnickson, John Holme, 1771. — A, Sinnickson, Preston Carpenter, Grant Gibbon. 1772. — Elisha Bassett, A. Sinnickson. 1773. — Elisha Bassett, John Holme, A. Sinnickson, Grant Gibbon. 1774. — Elisha Bassett, A. Sinnickson, Robert Johnson, Eleazer Mayhew, John Holme, George Trenchard, Isaac Harris, William Hancock, Jolin Mayhew, Jr., Benjamin Holme, Robert Howard, Samuel Linch, John Carey, John Scoggin, Bateman Lloyd, William Mecum, Robert Clark, Matthew Newkirk. 1775. — Elisha Basset, Andrew Sinnickson, Eleazer Mayhew, Herbert Johnson. JUDGES IN SALEM COUNTY FROM 1775 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 1776.— John Holme, Andrew Sinnickson, William Hancock, Robert John- son, John Mayhew, Elisha Basset, Sr. 1777. — Benjamin Holme, William Mecum, Edward Keasby. 1781.— John Holme, Andrew Sinnickson, Robert Johnson, John May- hew, 1782.— William Mecum. 1786. — John Holmes, John Mayhew, Thomas Norris. 1787.— Robert Johnson, William Mecum, Andrew Sinnickson, Isaac Harris. 1790. — Thomas Sinnickson, Benjamin Holme, Edmund Weatherhy. 1791. — John Holme, John Mayhew. 1792. — Robert Johnson, Isaac Harris. 1794.— Bateman Lloyd. 1795.— Thomas Sinnickson, John Smith, Edmund Wetherby. 1796. — John Holmes, Benjamin Smith, Eleazer Mayhew, James Wright. 1797. — Isaac Harris. 1798. — Andrew Sinnickson, Jacob Hufty. 1799.— Jonathan Waddington, Bateman Lloyd, Thomas Sinnickson. 1800.— John Smith. 1801. — Samuel Thompson, James James. 1803. — Lewis Torke, Jedediah Dubois, Joseph Burden, Thomas Bradway. 1804.— Jacob Hulty, Samuel Ray. 1806.-^ohn Smith, John Nichols. 1808.— Jedediah Dubois, Lewis Torke, Joseph Borden, Hemy Ffrith. 1809.— Samuel Ray. 1811. — Richard Craven, John Nichols. 1812.— Eleazer Mayhew, Samuel Borden, Robert G. Johnson, Jarvis Hall, Thomas Murphy, Joseph Davis, Morris Hull, Vining Hill. 1813. — Anthony Nelson, Zaccheus Ray, Philip Freas, James Risley, Jede- diah Dubois, Joseph Burden, Morris Hancock, Ephraim Shepard. 1814.— Andrew Alston, Samuel Findley, John Mason, Merriman Smith, Samuel Ray. 1816.— Hedge Thompson. 1816.— John Nichols. 1818.— Jedediah Dubois. 1819.— Samuel Finley, John Masou, Philip Freas, Andrew Alston. GENERAL HISTORY. 351 1820.— Merri man Smith, Hedge ThompHOD. 1821.— John Nichols, Zaccheus Ray, Anthony Nelson, MorriB Hancock. 1S22.— Thomas Sinnickson. 1823. — Jedediah Dubois, Samuel L. James. 1824 — Philip Freas, Hedge Thompson, Merriman Smith. 1825.— Israel R. Olawsou. 1826.— Zaccheus Ray, Anthony Nelson, Robert G, Johnson. 1828.— Thomas Sinnickson, Samuel Finley, Henry Freas, Samuel Lynch, Jedediah Dnbois, James Butcher, Samuel L. James. 1829.— James Wainwright, Joseph L. Risley, John Dickinson, Philip Fries, Josiah Shtill, Merriman Smith. 1830.— Israel R. Olawson; 1831. — Daniel Richman, Zaccheus Ray, Stacy Lloyd. 183 -'.—Daniel Garrison, Charles Swing, Peter Bilderback, David Bowen, Matthias Richman, Charles Elwell, James Butcher, David B. Smith, William Mulford, William J. Shinn. 1833. — Robert G. Johnson, Thomas Sinnickson, David S. English, Thomas Yarrow, Sr., William F. Hunt, John S. Wood, Joseph Hancock, Jeremiah Foster, Thomas J. Yorke, Joseph Lippincott, William W. Wood, Jedediah Dubois, William Hall, Samuel Finley, Samuel L. James, Henry Freas. 1834.— Joseph S. Risley, Jacob W. Mulford, Job Eidgway, William Loper, Henry Guest, Peter Jaquette, William H. Nelson, John H, Lambert, John Armstrong, Thomas B. Wood, Josiah Shull, George Bush, Samuel Lynch, John Dickinson. 1835. — Thomas Whitecar, Daniel Richman, Joseph Lippincott. 1836.— Stacy Lloyd. 1837. — Israel R Olawsou, John M. Brown, William Morris, David S. English, Israel S. Reed. 1838. — Thomas Sinnickson, Thomas Yarrow, Jeremiah Dubo^ William F. Hunt, Robert G. Johnson, William Hall, Jeremiah Foster, Meri- man Smith, Samuel L. James, Israel R. Glawson, Henry Freas, Joseph L. Risley, James Butcher. 1839. — George W. Carpenter, Isaac Johnson {2d), Isaac English, John Sinnickson, Hudson A. Springer, Thomas J. Yarrow, Ellis Ayres, Henry Freas, John W. Maskell, John Hull, John Burroughs, Jona- than Cawley, John H. Lambert, Samuel Lynch, John Dickinson. 1840. — William J. Shinn, Joseph Lippincott, David Wiley, Edward Q. Keasby, Samuel Humphreys (3d). 1841. — John Dickinson, William J. Beasley, John Armstrong. 1842. — Israel R. Clawsoo, John M. Brown, William Morris, David S. English, Thomas W. Cattell, Israel S. Reed, Judah Foster. 1843.— Cornelius M. Newkirk, Jedediah Dubois, Robert G. Johnson, Thomas Sinnickson, William F. Hunt, Jeremiah Foster, Benjamin I. Demond, John W. Markell, Stacy Lloyd, Thomas Whitaker, James Butcher, Peter Jaquett, Joseph L. Risley, Joseph Kille, Ed- ward Waddington, James Newell, Charles Elwell, Moses Richman, Jr., William Morrison, William Luper, Jacob A. Mulford, Job Ridgway, Thomas J. Casper. 1844._Abbott Atkinson, John H. Lambert, George Remster, Isaac Z. Peterson, William C. Mulford, James Risley, Jonathan House, Adam H. Sickler, William Hancock, William H. Nelson, John Summerill, Smith Dorman, James Paterson, Isaac English, Charles Swing, Jacob Hitchner, William Mulford, Josiah Shull. 1845. — Thomas Jones Yorke. 1846. — Hudson A. Springer. 1847.— Isaac Johnson (2d). 1848.— Israel R. Clawson. 1849. — Bphraim Carl. 1850. — Thomas Jones Yorke, James Lawrie. 1851. — Joseph Kille. 1852,— James Newell. 1853.— William Loper. 1854. — George Remster. 1857. — James Newell. 1858.— William Loper. 1859.- Alpheus Bilderback. 1862, — John H. Lambert. 1864.— Alpheus Bilderback, Jonathan S. Whittaker, James W. Mecum. 1865,— Menskell Ware. 1867.— Isaac Scull. 1868. — William Summerill. 1869,— Alpheus Bilderback. 1872.— Isaac Scull. 1873.— Maskel Ware. 1874.— Joseph Cook. 1876.— William Summerill. 1877.— Robert Newell. 1878.— William Plummer, Allen Wallace. 1879.— Joseph Cook. 1882.— William A. Wood. 1883.— William Plummer. JUSTICES IN SALEM COUNTY FROM 1775 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 1776. — John Holme, Andrew Sinnickson, William Hancock, Robert Johnson, John Mayhew, Benjamin Holme, William Mecum, Bate- man Lloyd, Isaac Harris, Robert Clark, Edward Keasby, Thomas Norris, Thomas Sayre, William Smith, John Summerill, George Summerville, Elisha Basset, Sr. 1777. — Benjamin Holme, Edmund Weatherby, William Miller, Jacob Taggart, William Dickinson, John Dickinson, Sr. 1779. — Joseph Shinn, 1780. — John Mayhew, Thomas Carney, Thomas Sinnickson, Wm. Shuts. 1781.- John Holme, Andrew Sinnickson, Robert Johnson, William Mecum, Isaac Harris, Thomas Norris, Thomas Sayre, William Smith, John Sumerliu, Edward Hancock. 1782.— William Dickenson. 1784, — Benjamin Holme. 1785. — John Mayhew, Thomas Sinnickson, Thomas Carney, James James, Batemnn Lloyd. 1786. — Andrew Yorke, John Holmes, Thomas Norris, William Smith, William Mecum, Thomas Sayre ,l8aac Harris, Jacob Wright. 1787.— Robert Johnson, Andrew Sinnickson, William Dickinson. 1789. — Edmond Wetherby, Baitman Lloyd, Jr. 1790. — Thomas Sinnickson, Benjamin Holme, Charles Holton, John Smith, James Wright, Samuel Thompson, Andrew York, James James, John Mayhew. 1791. — John Holme, Thomas Sayre, Isaac Harris. 1792- — Jacob Wright, Andrew Sinnickson, Jonathan Waddington, Revel Sayre, Robert Johnson, William Dickinson. 1793. — BeujamlQ Smith. 1794. — Bateman Lloyd, Edmond Wetherby, Clement Acton. 1795. — Lewis Owen, Thomas Sinnickson, John Smith, John Mayhew, Charles Holton, James Wright, Samuel Thompson, James James. 1796. — Eleazer Mayhew, Jonathan Hildreth, John Holmes, William Hall, Allen Congleton, Ebenezer Dunn, Isaac Harris, Benjamin Thompson . 1797. — Jonathan Waddington, Andrew Sinnickson, Jacob Hufty. 1798. — John Congleton, William Biddle, Lewis Yorke, John Stratton, 1799. — Benjamin Smith, Bateman Lloyd, Thomas Sinnickson, Gervas Hall. 1800. — John Smith, Eleazar Mayhew, James Wright, Samuel Thompson, James James, Morris Hall, John Denn, James Springer. 1801. — Jonathan Hildreth, Samuel Burden, Samuel Ray, Lewis Yorke, Henry Ffrith, James McCallister, Jedediah Dubois, John Mayhew, Jacob Johnson, Joseph Burden, Thomas Bradway. 1803. — Samuel Bilderback, Daniel Garrison, Samuel L. James, Isaac Fogg, Daniel Tracey, John Nichols. 1804.— Jacob Hufty, William Hall, Hosea Snethan. 1805. — James James, John Pimm, Morris Hall, 1806. — John Smith, Samuel Seagrave, Lewis orke, Samuel Ray, Henry Ffrith, Jedediah Dubois, Joseph Borden, Benjamin Tindall, Zaccheus Ray, David Dubois, John Ffrith, Andrew Alston. 1807. — Richard Craven. 1808. — John Nichols, Isaac Fogg, Ephraim Sheppard, Samuel Bilder- back, Daniel Garrison. 1809. — Anthony Nelson, Samuel Findley. 1811. — Joseph Morris, William Walmsley, Anthony Nelson, Samuel Sea- grave, Jedediah Dubois, Samuel Bay, Joseph Burden, Zaccheus Ray, David Dubois, John Firth, Andrew Alston, Joshua Smith. 1812. — Morris Hancock, Matthias Richman, Eleazer Mayhew, Samuel Borden, Robert G. Johnson, Jarvis Hall, Thomas Murphy, Joseph Davis, Morris Hall, Vining Hill, Richard Craven, Jr. 1813. — Philip Freas, James Risley, Joseph Cook, Ephraim Shepard, John Nichols, Isaac Fogg, Daniel Garrison. 1814.— John Mason, Merriman Smith, David Bowen, Henry Sparks, Jacob Mick, Henry Freas, Samuel Gilmore, Samuel Findley. 1815. — Hedge Thompson, Stacy Lloyd, William Walker. 1816. — Samuel Seagrave, Zachous Brown, John Hacket, Henry Guest, Jedediah Dubois, Zacheus Ray, David Dubois, Andrew Alston, Joshua Smith, 1817.— Matthias Richman, Morris Hancock, Walker Beasly, John Hall, Josiah Shull, Michael Walker. 352 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. 1818.— Zaccheus Ray, Joseph Cook, Philip Freas, Daniel Vanneman, Wil- liam F. Hunt, William J. Shinn. 1819.— John Mason, John Nichols, David Bowen, Jacob Wick, Henry Preas, Samuel Gilmore, Peter Bilderback, James Butcher, Beiyamin Tindall, Samuel Findley, Israel P. Clawson. 1820.— Merriman Smith, Hedge Thompson, Stacy Lloyd, Morris Hall, ViningHill, Henry Guest. 1821.— Jerediah Dubois, Joshua Smith, Morris Hall, Zaccheus Bay, Da- vid Dubois. Anthony Nelson, Morris Hancock, Matthias Kichman. 1822.— Daniel Richman, Thomas Bines, Thomas Sinnickson, Parvin Pau- lin. 1823.— Daniel Vaneman, Philip Fries, David Bowen, Jacob Wick, Peter Bilderback, Joseph L. Risley, Jonathan Richman, Samuel Gilmore, Joseph Nichols, William J. Shinn, Dalymore Harris, Henry Freas, James Butcher, Josiah Shule, Samuel Lynch, William F, Hunt. 1824.- Israel B. Clawson, Samuel Finley, Hedge Thompson, Merriman Smith, Stacy Lloyd, Edward Wadington, Jeremiah Stull, Jeremiah Dubois, Jeremiah Foster. 1825. — Henry Guest, Joseph Hancock, Charles Elwell. 1826.— Joshua Smith, Zaccheus Ray, Anthony Nelson, Matthias Rich- mond, David Dubois, Peter Jaquett, James Wainwright, Robert 6. Johnson. 1827. — John Dickinson, Ephraim Barnes, Daniel Richman, Thomas Sin- Dick son. 1828.— Joseph Kille, Lewis Greene, William Patterson, Ellis Ayers, Bur- roughs Yanmeter, James W. Mnlford, John H. Lambert, Daniel Vanneman, Philip Freas, Jacob Wick, Peter Bilderback, Joseph L. Risley, John Nixon, Samuel Gilmore, Dalymore Harris, Henry Freas, Samuel Lynch, William F. Hunt, Jacob W. Mulford, David S. English, David Jayne, John W. Maskell, William J. Shinn, Jona- than Richmond, James Butcher, Abraham Altioner. 1829. — William W, Wood, Israel S. Reed, John Burroughs, William Hall, David Bowen, Joseph Lippincott, George Hancock, Edward Smith, Josiah ShuU, Israel R. Clawson, Samuel Finley, Stacy Lloyd, Edward Waddington, Merriman Smith, John Armstrong, Balsear Smith. 1830. — Daniel R. Ackley, William Loper, Joseph Jacquett, John Sum- meritt, Jr., Henry Guest, Charles Elwell, Joseph Hancock, Jeremiah Foster, 1831.— Bacon Ware, David Hurley, Joshua Smith, Matthias Richman, Anthony Nelson. 1832. — George Bush, Renear W. Latchem, Micajah Reeves, Henry H. Elwell, Peter Jacquett, Charles Swing, Adam H. Sickler, Isaiah Wood. Isaac Snitcher, David Whiley, Jacob Hitchner, Thomas Whiteker, John Gosling, George Jarman, William H, Nelson, Sam- uel Dickinson, James English, John Dickerson, Ephraim Barnes. 1833. — Henry J. Freas, George W. Carpenter, Thomas Yarrow, Sr., John S. Wood, Robert G. Johnson, Thomas Sinnickson, David Dubois* John M. Brown, Thomas J. Yorke, Samuel Mulford, Samuel Hall, William A. Baker, Hudson A. Springer, Maskell Mulford, Ellis Ayres, Lewis Green, William Peterson, Robert P. Robertson, Henry Gardner, Edward Haynes, James W. Mulford, Arthur H. Green, Joseph Heritage, William A. Dick, Jeremiah Dubois, Henry W. C. Snitcher, Daniel Rickman, Daniel Vanneman, Joseph L. Risley, Hebry Freas, David Jayne, James Butcher, Peter Bilderback, Sam- uel Gilmore, Jacob W. Mulford, William J. Shinn, John Lambert. 1834. — William Seagreave, Jr., Job Kidgway, William Morrison, William Phemmer, Harris Flanagan, James Patterson, Moses Richman, Jr., Samuel Langley, William F.Smith, Philip Remster, William Swing, Daniel Lamplugh, John Lawson, Thomas B. Wood, David Bowen, Robert H. Van Meter, Samuel Lynch, Merriman Smith, Robert Gnestner, Anthony Finley, Stacy Lloyd, John Armstrong, Paleea Smith, Josiah Shull. 1835.— William Mulford, William Cunider, John T' Fithian, Joseph Lip- pincott, William W. Wood, Joseph Jaquette, John Summerill, Jr., William Loper, William C. Mulford, Henry Guest, Job Simklns, Jr. 1836.— Charles Elwell, John Shinip, William Morris, Joshua Smith, Matthias Richman. 1837.— Jeremiah Foster, George Hancock, John Burroughs, Israel S. Reed, Daniel Vaneman, Daniel Tracy, Benjamin S. Holme, Oliver Smith, Samuel Holton, David Wiley. 1838. — Dnvid Lynch, John M. Brown,- David T. English, Muskell Mul- ford, William S. Hunt, William Hall, Hudson Springer, Samuel Hall, Joshua Madara, Ellis Ayres, Robert P. Robinson, John Nixon, Jesse Carll, Joseph E. Brown. Israel Clawson, William A. Baker, Edward Haynes, Lewis Green, Henry W. C. Snitcher, Dalymore Harris, Jo- seph Foster, Charles W. Roberts, John Dickerson, William Abbott, Elisha Bassett, Chalkley Haynes, David Vanneman, Samuel Gilmore, Samuel Humphreys (3d), Alpheus Bilderback, William J. Shinn, Israel R. Clawson, John Nelson, Joseph L. Risley, Peter Jaquett, Rynear W. Latchand, Junius Butcher, Jacob W. Mulford. 1839.— Thomas Yarrow, William G. BeMley, Ambrose Whitaker, David McPherson, Thomas Harding, Jr., Isaac Johnson (2d), Isaac Eng- lish, George Githen, Thomas C. Holton, Jr., William G. Beasley, Henry Freas, Thomas J. Yarrow, John W. Markell, Moses Richman, Jr., John Hall, Samuel Hall, John Sinnickson, Jonathan Cawley, Merriam Smith. 1840. — Joseph Lippincott, Samuel Ware, William Darmon, William Peterson, Benjamin J. Diament, George Bush, Robert Gnestner, Thomas Whitecar, Robert G. Johnson, Thomas Sinnickson, Samuel L. James, Joseph Harker. 1841, — Peter Dubois, William A. Dick, Job Simpkins, Samuel Lippin- cott, Thomas F. Lambson, John R. Chew, Charles Elwell, William Sumerill. 1842. — Jeremiah Foster, John Burroughs, George Hancock, Israel 8. Reed, Daniel Vaneman, Daniel Tracy, Thomas W. Cattell, Oliver Smith, William Morris, Judah Foster. 1843.— David Lynch, David S. English, William Hall, Samuel Hall, Henry Miller, John M. Brown, William F. Hunt, Hudson A. Springer, Joshua Madara, Benjamin Lloyd, Ellis Ayares, John Nixon, William A. Baker, Henry W. C Switcher, Joseph Foster, John Dickinson, Benjamin S. Deament, Robert P. Robinson, Jesse Carll, Edward Haynes, Dalymore Harris, Charles W, Roberts, Wil- liam Abbott, William Loper, Stacy Lloyd, Philip Bonder, Joseph Kille, Peter Jaquette, William K. Seagrave, James E. Dunham, Thomas Whitacer, Joseph L. Risley, James Butcher, John Casper- aon, James Newell, Henry Guest, William J. Diamond, Jacob W. Mulford, Job Ridgeway, William Morrison, David M. Bowen, Thomas J. Casper. 1844. — Abbott Atkinson, David N. Austin, William Sickler, Jonathan House, Adam H. Sickler, Johnson Hitchner, Isaac Z. Peterson Ephraim E. Turner, John Summerill, Jr., Thomas Fouosberry, James Risley, William L. Hampton, John H. Lambert, George Remster, Charles H. Gray, David Gartoo, William Piummer, Wil liam 0. Mulford, William H. Nelson, Smith Dorman, James Patter son, Isaac English, Charles Swing, Jacob Hitchner, William Mul ford, Josiah Skull, Ephraim Turner, Aulay B. Wood, John K. Louderhack, John Gamble, Isaac W. Vanmeter, Jonathan Scatter good, Charles Cailhopper. 1847.— John M. Brown, Salem; Judah Foster, Upper Pittsgrove. 1848.— Edward Vanmeter, Salem ; Dalymore Harris, John Mills, Lower Alloways Creek. 1849.— John Armstrong, Maurice Welsh, Jr., Mannington; Jesse Carle, Lower Alloways Creek; John Casperson, James C. Dunham, Lower Penn's Neek ; Thomas Halton, Upper Penn'^j Neck ; John Gamble, Pittsgrove. 1850.— Robert Gnestner, Salem; Richard Waddington, Charles B. Beeves, Elsinboro; Hudson A. Springer, Upper Penn's Neck; Daniel Vanneman, Stacy Lloyd, Philip Souder, David Shimp, Upper Alloways Creek ; Robert C. Pedrick, David M. Baker, Joseph Harker, Isaac Shnte, Pilesgrove; Charles F. H. Grey, Upper Pittsgrove. 1851.— Mark A. Mayhew, John P. Leap, Upper Penn's Neck; William B, Rogers, Pittsgrove. 1852.— John M.Brown, John Thompson, Salem; Oliver Smith, Upper Alloways Creek ; Judah Foster, Upper Pittsgrove. 1853.— Edward Vanmeter, Salem; Joseph Pancoast, Lower Alloways Creek. 1854.— William S. Boltenhouee, John Noble, Clement A. Ware. Noah Robinson, Mannington; Ephraim Turner, Lower Alloways Creek ; William A. Dick, Jonathan E. Moore, Lower Penn's Neck ; Thomas C. Holton, Upper Penn's Neck ; Abraham E. Richmau, Pilesgrove; John Johnson, Pittsgrove. 1855.— Robert Gnestner, Salem; Hudson A. Springer, Upper Penn's Neck ; Daniel Vanneman, John H. Lambert, David Evans, William B. Willis, Upper Alloways Creek ; Robert C. Pedrick, Robert Hew- itt, Edward Haines, James Gardiner, Edward B. Humphreys, Piles- grove; Thomns Harding, Upper Pittsgrove. 1856.— Richard Waddington, Ebenezer P. Wallen, Elsinboro; Alfred T. Gesture, John K. Louderback, Dpper Penn's Neck ; William B. Rogers, Pittsgrove. 1857.— John Thompson, Samuel Garrison, Salem ; Charles Elwell, Upper Pittsgrove. 1858.— Edward Vanmeter, Salem; Joseph Pancoast, Lower Alloways Creek; William F. Hunt, Upper Penn's Neck. GENERAL HISTORY. 353 1859.— Robert Gwytioe, Salem; William 0. Sheppard, John Noble, Wil- liam Sommerill, Thomas H. Wright, Mannington ; Ephraim Tur- ner, Lower Alloways Creek; Ueuben Hinchman, William A. Dick, Lower Penn'a Neck ; Thomaa C. Holton, Upper Penn's Neck ; John Johnson, Pittsgrove; William Richmao, Upper Flttsgrove. I860.— Robert Gwynne, Salem; David Shimp, David Evane, John H. Lambert, Joseph S. Jacobs, Upper Alloways Greek ; Robert 0. Ped- rick, William S. Harker, Robert P. Robinson, Pilesgrove; William Bichman, Upper Pittsgrove. 1861.— Isaac Bidgway, Pilesgrove ; William B. Rogers, Pittsgrove. 1862.— Samuel Garrison, Charles C. Clark, Salem ; Ebenezer P. Wallen, Elsiuboro ; Thomaa J. Batten, Lower Penn's Neck ; Alfred T. Jes- ter, John K. Louderback, Jonathan H. Bradbury, Upper Penn's Neck ; Charles Elwell, Upper Pittsgrove. 1863.— Edward Vanmeter, Salem ; William Carll, Lower Alloways Creek ; William Sickler, William Sbimp, Upper Alloways Creek. 1864.— Ephraim Turner, Luke F. Fogg, Lower Alloways Creek ; Jona- than E. Moore, Reuben Hinchman, Lower Penn's Neck; Mahlon D. Dickinson, Richard F. Turner, Pilesgrove; Jesse F. Humphreys, Pittsgrove ; Jonathan E. Moore, Upper Penn's Neck. 1865. — Robert Gwynne, Thomas V.F. Rusling, Salem; William Summer- ill, Benjamin Bowen, John Noble, Thomas H, Wright, Edward Hall, Mannington; Hiram H. Degoft, Samuel M. Hunt, Upper Penn's Neck ; Benjamin M. Ferguson, William Shimp, Hiram Sweat- man, David Shimp, Upper Alloways Creek; Mahlon D.Dickinson, Samuel Humphrey, William S. Boultitgham, Pilesgrove; Robert M. Hitchener. Pittsgrove ; William Richman, Upper Pittsgrove. 1866 — Samuel Lebreoy, Lower Penn's Neck ; William B. Rogers, Pitts- grove. 1867.— Charles C. Clark, Salem, East Ward ; Samuel Garrison, Salem, Middle Ward ; John B. Dunham, Upper Alloways Creek ; John R. Louderback, Upper Penn'a Neck; Francis A. Campbell, Jonathan Burroughs, Upper Pittsgrove. 1868.— Benjamin F. Wood, Salem, West Ward. 1869. — Samuel 0. Pancoast, Lower Alloways Greek;' Samuel Lecroy, Samuel Uxion, Lower Penn's Neck ; Richar^'F. Turner,-. Pilesgrove ; Ambrose Whiteacre, Upper Pittsgrove. 'J,'- 1870. — Hance Jaqnett, Lower Penn's Neck ; John Holme, Samuel Hum- phreys, Pilesgrove ; Thomas V. F. Rusling, Robert Gwynne, Salem ; Hiram Sweetmore, Benjamin M. Ferguson, Samuel Hackett, Upper Alloways Creek; Hiram C. De Groflft, William H. Pedrick, Upper Penn'a Neck; James McFarland, Upper Pittsgrove; Robert M. Hitchner, Pittsgrove. 1871, — Auxenciso M. P. Y. H. Dickeson, Mannington; Albert M. Straw- bridge, Upper Penn's Neck ; Jacob R. Schimp, Pittsgrove. 1872. — Thomas A. Haskell, Lower Alloways Creek ; Charles C, Clark, Salem, East Ward ; John F. Louderback, Upper Penn's Neck ; Francis A. Campbell, William Richman, Upper Pittsgrove. 1873. — Benjamin F. Wood, Salem, East Ward ; Samuel Garrison, Salem, West Ward; Richard Langley, Pittsgrove. 1874. — Samuel C. Pancoast, Lower Alloways Creek ; Samuel Urions, Jonathan T. Turner, Lower Penn's Neck; Richard F. Turner, Piles- grove; William Avis, Ambrose Whittaker, Upper Pittsgrove. 1875. — John Holmes, Pilesgrove; Richard B. Seeds, Quinton ; Robert Gwynne, Samuel Garrison, Salem, West Ward; John B, Dunham, Hiram Sweatman, Joseph S. Jacobs, Benjamin M. Ferguson, Upper Alloways Creek ; William H. Pedrick, James S. Hannah, Upper Penn's Neck; Robert M. Hitchner, William W. Golden, Pitts- grove. 1876.— John W, Goforth, Edwin Boyal, Mahlon D. Dickinson, Piles- grove; William Pancoast, Upper Penn's Neck; William W. Golden, Upper Pittsgrove. 1877. — George B. Morrison, Salem, East Ward ; William R. Casperson, Salem, West Ward ; John K. Louderback, Upper Penn's Neck ; Wil- liam Richman, James McFarland, Upper Pittsgrove. 1878.— Thomas A. Maskell, Lower Alloways Creek; Benjamin F. Wood, Smith Bilderback, Salem, East Ward. 1879.— Job S.Dixon, Lower Alloways Creek; Samuel Urion, Daniel J. Garrison, Lower Penn's Neck ; John P. Cawley, Pilesgrove ; William Avis, Upper Pittsgrove. 1880. — John Holmes, Pilesgrove; William Shimp, Quinton; William R. Casperson, Vining H, Tuft, Salem, West Ward ; Benjamin M. Fer- gnson, Hiram Sweatman, Joseph S. Jacobs, Daniel P. Dowell, Upper Alloways Creek; Hiram H. De Groflft, William H. Pedrick, Upper Penn's Neck; Robert M. Hitchner, Pittsgrove. 1881.— Homes Crispin, John W. Goforth, Pilesgrove; William W. Golder, Pittsgrove. 23 1882. — Lewis Schaible, Quinton ; Smith Bilderback, Salem, East Ward ; John K. Louderback, Upper Penn's Neck ; William Bichman, Upper Pittsgrove. CHAPTER LX. MEDICAL PROFESSION OF SALEM COUNTY.' Samuel Dick was born Nov. 14, 1740, at Notting- ham, Prince George Co., Md. Under the instruction of Samuel Finley, afterwards president of Princeton College, and the Eev. Dr. McWhorter, of Newark, N. J., he became an accomplished classical scholar. His medical education is supposed to have been ob- tained in Scotland. He served as surgeon in the colonial army in the French war, and was present at the surrender of Quebec. In 1770 he settled in Salem, N. J., where he pur- sued his profession until his death. In 1773 he married the daughter of Andrew Sin- nickson, a prominent citizen of Salem County. In 1776 he served in the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, by which he was commissioned colonel of the State troops of Salem County. In 1780 he was appointed surrogate of Salem County by Governor Livingston, which oflSce he held for twenty-two years. In 1783 he was chosen a member of the National Congress, and was a member of that body when the treaty was ratified acknowledging the independence of the United States. In private life Dr. Dick was highly respected, being possessed of fine talents and polished manners. He enjoyed an enviable reputation for skill in his profession, and was a successful and discerning poli- tician. He died in Salem, Nov. 16, 1812. Ebenezek Howell. — Of the early life and pro- fessional education of the subject of this sketch there seems to be no reliable record. He was most prob- ably born at Southampton, L. I., about 1748. He practiced his profession in Salem for several years, and had a good reputation for medical skill. He was eminently genial in his disposition, of pop- ular manners, and fond of active and field sports. He took an active part in the war of independence, and was one of the seventeen prominent citizens marked out to be visited with special punishment by Col. Mawhood, when that officer occupied the town of Salem. He was commissioned June 22, 1776, major in Col. Newcomb's battalion, State troops, which office he declined. He received a similar commission in the following November in the Continental army, which he held until February, 1777, when he re- signed it. > By Quinton Gibbon, M.D. 354 HISTOEY OF SALEM COUNTY. Upon the close of the war he returned to Salem, and resumed the practice of medicine. He died in 1791, aged forty-three years. Isaac Harris was born in 1741 in East Jersey. He settled in early life near Quibbletown, Piscata- way township, Middlesex Co., N. J., where he prac- ticed his profession for a time. He removed to Pitts- grove township, Salem Co., about 1771, where he practiced for many years with great success. He possessed a good library, and his office was the resort of students from Somerset County and else- where. He was prominent in his profession, and one of the first to respond to the call for the forma- tion of a State medical society. He was the sixth signer to the " Instruments of Association." He was elected president of the society in 1792. In the war of 1776 he was commissioned surgeon in Gen. Newcomb's brigade, State troops. Dr. Harris was for many years an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and an exemplary Christian. He died in 1808, in the sixty-eighth year of his a^e. James Vanmeter was born May 13, 1767, in the township of Pittsgrove, Salem Co. His ancestors were Presbyterians, from Holland, and large land- holders. Intelligent themselves, they could appre- ciate the importance of education, and were active in establishing superior schools for that day. The subject of this sketch enjoyed the best educational facilities of his neighborhood. He pursued his medi- cal studies under Dr. Isaac Harris, of Pittsgrove, a physician of note in his locality. He attended a course of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania in the winter of 1789. Being required by the laws of New Jersey to give evidence of his fitness to practice his profession, he was duly examined by Drs. Moses Scott and Frederic Bowers Sayre, of the city of Burlington, and having given " satisfactory evidence of his skill as a physi- cian and surgeon," he was licensed by two justices of the Supreme Court, and admitted, May 6, 1790, to practice his profession "throughout the bounds" of his native State. He soon after settled at Hancock's Bridge, Salem Co., where he remained one year, and then returned to Salem, where he continued the practice of his pro- fession until his death, a period of more than fifty years. Dr. Vanmeter was indefatigable in the pursuit of his profession. He was no respecter of persons or position in life. He considered the poor equally en- titled with the rich to his best services. He was prompt to respond to the call of the sick, whether by night or day and in all weathers. His practice, which was large and embracing a large circuit, was necessarily laborious, and especially so from the fact that much of it had to be performed on horseback and over unbroken roads. Of large frame, however, and blessed with vigorous health, he endured an amount of labor and exposure that would have broken down most men. He was a man of few words; calm and imperturbable, he passed appar- ently unmoved through the many distressing scenes he was called upon to witness during his long profes- sional life. Yet he was not devoid of sympathy for suflfering. Perhaps no physician of the county ever more thoroughly enlisted the love and esteem of his patients, a tribute richly merited by his unselfish efforts in their behalf. For nlany years he was a consistent professor of the faith of his fathers. He joined the Presbyterian Church in 1824, and was chosen ruling elder in 1828. He died Jan. 26, 1847, at the ripe age of eighty years, in the triumph of a well-grounded faith. Benjamin Archer was born on his father's farm, near Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., Sept. 25, 1775, and educated in the country schools near by. He was descended from one of the Swedish fami- lies that settled on the eastern shore of the Delaware. In early life he served an apprenticeship to a ship- carpenter, but disliking it, he studied medicine with Dr. James Irwin, of Sharpstown, Salem Co. He was examined by Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, of Bridgeton, and licensed to practice medicine by the judges of the court in accordance with the laws of New .Tersey. In 1805 he made a voyage from Philadelphia to Batavia, as physician to a merchantman. Upon his return he settled. May 25, 1806, at Thomp- son's Bridge (now Allowaystown), Salem Co. He removed to Salem, Oct. 3, 1807, where he con- tinued the practice of his profession until his death, which took place Dec. 15, 1845. He had a large prac- tice, and enjoyed in a large degree the confidence of his patients. He was twice married, his first wife surviving her marriage but one year ; his second wife survived him several years. Egbert Hunter Vanmeter. — The subject of this sketch was born on his father's farm in Pittsgrove, Salem Co., Nov. 29, 1778, and obtained his prepara- tory education at the excellent schools then in vogue kept by the clergy. He studied medicine in the office of his brother. Dr. James Vanmeter, and spent his winters in attend- ance upon the lectures in Philadelphia. Certificates were given him by Drs. Rush and Woodhouse, of the University of Pennsylvania, and he received his di- ploma in March, 1800. He began to practice his pro- fession at Pittsgrove. After a few years his brother and preceptor induced him to remove to Salem, which he did in March, 1810. In the war of 1812 he was drafted and ordered to Canada ; but by some influence he was transferred to the care of the sick of the regiment at Salem. The "old jail at the corner," an expression well known to a former generation, was used as a hospital, and he was indefatigable in his attention to those consigned to his charge. As a physician he was untiring. He rode through GENERAL HISTORY. 355 summer and winter, by night and day, often bearing food as well as medicine to the sick. He held various civil offices, and represented his county in the State Legislature. He was an earnest Christian and an elder in the Presbyterian Church. The interests of the church were ever dear to him, and there was no sacrifice he was not willing to make for her prosperity. He died March 14, 1839, after a short but severe illness. Thomas Yarrow, a well-known physician of Salem County, was born in Hexham, Northumberland- shire, England, in 1778. He was descended on the father's side from the Yarrows, baronets of the North of England. His mother was one of the Ridleys of Northumberland, tracing back to her ancestor of Tudor times, the martyred Bishop Ridley. He was carefully educated. When a young man of twenty-one years he came to America for travel, but was so pleased with our people and institutions that he decided tP remain and become an American citizen. He graduated in the medical department of the University of Philadelphia, and commenced the practice of medicine at Sharpstown, Salem Co., in 1809, where he continued until his death. He was elected to the State Legislature while a young man, and through life took a lively interest in the politics of the day. He was an associate judge of the county at the time of his death. But he preferred his profession to politics, and pur- sued it with zeal and success. He was for many years a member of the board of censors for the western district of the State Medical Society, and president of that society during the year 1832. Dr. Yarrow was a man of vigorous sense with great force of character. He was liberal in spirit, and free from professional jealousy. He died in 1841, in the sixty-third year of his age, lamented by a large circle of friends. He left four daughters and one son, the late Dr. Thomas J. Yar- row, of Allowaystown. Hedge Thompson was born in Salem, N. J., Jan. 28, 1780. Having finished his academical education, he studied medicine under Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1802. He entered upon the practice of his profession in his native place, but was compelled to abandon it after a few years from feeble health. He was a man of influence and ability, and popular, especially in the political arena. He was one of the associate judges of the county, and represented the First District of New Jersey in the Congress of the United States. He died July 23, 1828, in the forty-eighth year of his age. He left two daughters and three sons. Of the latter were the late R. P. Thompson, a distin- guished lawyer, and at one time attorney-general of New Jersey, and Dr. J. H. Thompson, a skillful and accomplished physician, still engaged in the practice of his profession in his native city. Charles Hannah was born Nov. 23, 1782, at Deerfield, Cumberland Co., N. J. He studied medi- cine with Dr. Brewster, of Bridgeton, and after at- tendance on the lectures of the University of Penn- sylvania, commenced the practice of bis profession at Hancock's Bridge, Salem Co., where he remained several years. He afterwards removed to Salem, where he continued to practice medicine until his death. He died at Salem, April 20, 1857, aged sev- enty-five years. He was frequently a delegate to the State Medical Society, of which he was elected president in 1847. Charles Swing was born March 4, 1790, at Fair- ton, Cumberland Co. He was the son of a Methodist clergyman, and received but a limited education at the village school. He tegan the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Ewing, of Greenwich, Cumberland Co., in 1812. He was a diligent student, making amends for the deficiency of his early education by close application. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1815, and practiced about one year with his preceptor, and then removed to Salem and associated himself with Dr. Benjamin Archer for some two years, at the expiration of which he settled in Lower Penn's Neck township, Salem Co. Some time in 1824 he removed to Sharpstown, in the same county, where he continued to practice his pro- fession until his death, which occurred in January, 1860. Dr. Swing was exceedingly popular as a physician. He enjoyed a high reputation for professional skill, and was frequently called in consultation by his fel- low-practitioners, with whom he was a favorite. He did a large practice and occupied a prominent posi- tion among the medical men of the county. Edward Q. Keasbey, the subject of this sketch, was born in 1793, at Salem, N. J. He commenced the study of medicine in 1812, at the age of nineteen, with Dr. James Vanmeter, of Salem, and in 1813 en- tered the office of Dr. Physick, of Philadelphia, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1816. In 1817 and 1818 he made two voyages to the city of Canton, as surgeon to a merchantman. In the following year he began the practice of his profession in his native town, where he remained during life. Having enjoyed rare advantages under so distin- guished a preceptor, he at once took a high rank among his professional brethren. He soon became the leading surgeon. He was consulted in critical cases, and frequently called upon to perform capital operations. He rapidly acquired a large and lucra- tive practice, which he retained until failing health compelled him gradually to relinquish, and finally to 356 HISTOKY OP SALEM COUNTY. abandon. He died in 1847, at the age of fifty-four, broken in healtli by the fatigue and exposure inci- dental to perhaps the largest practice ever done in the county. He was married in 1818 to a lady of Philadelphia, who survived him several years. He left two daugh- ters and two sons, the eldest of the latter, Anthony L. Keasbey, now a distinguished member of the Newark bar, and United States district attorney for the State of New Jersey. Dr. Keasbey was an ardent politician, though not an oflSce-seeker. He was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1840, and chosen Presi- dential elector in 1844. But it was in the pursuit of his profession that he most delighted. To a fine personal appearance he united a pleasing address which en- deared him to his patients. His manner in the sick- room was peculiarly genial. His presence cheered the despondent and inspired confidence and hope in the timid. " Palmam qui meruit ferai." TheophiIjUS Elmer Beesley was born Dec. 5, 1796, in the village of Port Elizabeth, Cumberland Co., N. J. He removed to Salem with his mother in his ninth year, where he completed his preparatory education. He began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. James Vanmeter, of that place, in 1815, and completed it under Dr. James Rush, of Philadelphia. He grad- uated at the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1819, after which he served one year as intern^ of the Philadelphia Almshouse, and then began the practice of his profession in Salem, where he soon acquired a large practice. He married in 1820 a niece of Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia, whom he survived some three years. His health becoming impaired by the labor and ex- posure of a large country practice, he removed in 1830 to the city of Philadelphia, where he gradually acquired an extensive and lucrative practice, in the active duties of which he continued until a short time previous to his death, which occurred Oct. 17, 1867, in the seventy-first year of his age. Dr. Beesley was for many years an exemplary and prominent member of the Society of Friends. Pro- foundly impressed with a sense of his responsibility to God, he lived a blameless life. In imitation of his Great Master, he did many good works. Few men did as much by their lives to dispel the unfounded charge of infidelity so flippantly made against a noble profession. Jacob Sterne Thomson Sharp, a descendant of the Sharps of Sharptown, Salem Co., N. J., was born at Newton, Sussex Co., May 16, 1802 ; received a classical education at the University of Pennsylvania, and entering Princeton College, graduated in 1822. He read medicine in the office of the late Dr. James, Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated in the class of 1825. He commenced the practice of his pro- fession in the village of Washington, Warren Co., N. J. After some years he removed to Philadelphia, and from thence to Salem, where he continued his pro- fessional labors until he retired from the profession, some thirty years previous to his death, which oc- curred at the latter place, Jan. 20, 1882,' in the eigh- tieth year of his age. He was a man of large attainments and noble im- pulses, and one in whom the motto of his family, " Yi- vet post funera Virtus," receives an apt and pointed illustration. He was the father of Dr. E. S. Sharp, a widely-known and popular physician of Salem. Jacob Hunt was born at Pedricktown, Salem Co., in 1802. He studied medicine with his father. Dr. •William F. Hunt, of that village, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1824. He settled in Woodstown, in his native county, where he con- tinued the practice of his profession during the bal- ance of his life, a period of forty years. He was popular as a physician, and enjoyed a good reputa- tion in his neighborhood for skill in his profession. He died in 1863. John B. Tuft, the subject of this sketch, was born at Salem, N. J., in 1807. He received his prelimi- nary education in the academy of his native place. He pursued his medical studies with his brother doctor, Theophilus E. Beesley, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1828. He served two years as an intern6 in the Philadelphia Almshouse. He commenced the practice of medicine at Wood- bury, N. J., where he remained but a short time. He returned to Salem upon the removal of his pre- ceptor to Philadelphia. After a few years he removed to Philadelphia, having previously visited Europe. He soon returned to Salem, where he remained several years, at the end of which he returned to Philadelphia, where he married a lady from Rich- mond, Va., and relinquishing his profession, he retired to Burlington, N. J. At the outbreak of the rebellfon he removed with his family to Richmond, where he remained until his death. He was a man of literary tastes, and pre- ferred the literature of his profession, in which he was well versed, to the drudgery of a country practice. He was genial in disposition, and keenly enjoyed the refinements of social life. I Thomas Jeeperson Yarrow, the son of Dr. Thomas Yarrow, was born at Sharptown, Salem Co., Feb. 10, 1810. He studied medicine with his father, and graduated in the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1830. He settled the same year at AUowaystown, in his native county, where he remained during life. He was married in 1833. . He died July 17, 1882, aged seventy-two years, having practiced his profes- sion for the period of fifty-two years. He was a member of the Salem County Medical Society, and at one time its president. He was also an associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas. J .bwloMJiTK) GENERAL HISTORY. 357 In the discharge of his professional duties he was earnest and conscientious, and steadily pursued knowledge through the current journals of his day. While bold and self-reliant, he was careful and cau- tious. Through storm and sunshine, by day and night, he continued his ministrations to the suffering, without distinction between the humblest and highest. "*k He was singularly indifferent to fame, while he cherished an exalted belief in the nobility of his profession. The offer of a professorship, it is said, failed to induce him to quit his beloved village and the even tenor of his life for a more ambitious career. William S. Vaxneman was born in Upper Penn's Neck, Salem Co., June 1, 1811. He began the study of medicine under Dr. Charles Swing at the age of eighteen, in Sharptown, continued with him two years, and finished under D.r. Theodore Physic, of Maryland. He graduated at the Jefferson Medical College in the class of 1832. He settled first at Penn's Grove, Salem Co. From thence he removed to Swedesboro in 1835. In 1837 he located in ScuUtown, where he remained but nine months, when he relinquished the practice of medi- cine for a time, and settled in Philadelphia as a dry- goods merchant. In 1847 he returned to Penn's Grove and resumed the practice of his profession, in which he continued until his death, which occurred Jan. 21, 1861. He was a man of unblemished character, of ex- emplary piety, of large social and personal influence in the community, and deservedly esteemed for his skill and attainments in his profession. Thomas P. Dickeson was born Feb. 20, 1813, at Woodstown, Salem Co. He received his preparatory education at home and in Wilmington, Del. He studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Yarrow, of Sharptown, Salem Co. Having completed the usual curriculum, he graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1836, and located the same year at Han- cock's Bridge, in his native county, where he pursued his profession until his death, April 6, 1882, a period of forty-six years. He was married Nov. 30, 1841, to a lady of fortune in the same village, who survives him. Dr. Dickeson, though very lame from childhood, was a person of great energy and activity. He did a large practice, and largely enjoyed the confidence of his patients. He was also extensively engaged in general business pursuits, and left a handsome estate. Isaiah D. Clawson, M.D.— The father of Dr. Clawson, Dr. Israel Reed Clawson, was descended from Huguenot stock, while-his mother was of Eng- lish parentage. Their son, Isaiah D., was born March 30, 1822, at Woodstown, N. J., and in early youth became a pupil of Delaware College, at New- ark, Del. In 1835 he entered the sophomore class of Princeton College, then under the presidency of Dr. Carnohan, where he was a fellow-student with Rev. Samuel D. Alexander, D.D., of New York, Professor Thomas Dodd, D.D., Dr. Thomas E. Schenck, corre- sponding secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Pub- lication, and other distinguished men now holdino; civil or military positions of prominence. Having taken high rank in the various departments of study, he graduated with honor in 1838, and immediately entering the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, received his degree in 1843, on his twenty-first birthday. Dr. Clawson at once began the practice of his profession, which was followed uninterruptedly for ten years, when his abilities were diverted to the more exciting arena of political life. He was elected to the State Legislature in 1853, and later to a seat in the Congress of the United States, to which he was re-elected during the succeeding term, and served on the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. This period embraced the thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth sessions of that body, and the memorable agitation of the slavery question, when Charles Sum- ner was violently assaulted by a political antagonist. On the completion of his second term. Dr. Clawson resumed his professional career, and continued in active practice during the remainder of his lifetime. He was married on the 30th of December, 1850, to Miss Martha W., daughter of Judge William J. Shinn, of Woodstown, to whom was born one son, William S., named for his uncle. Judge Clawson. Dr. Clawson manifested a strong love for his pro- fession, for which, by a thorough scholastic training, he had been perfectly equipped. He was regarded as a careful, judicious, and well-qualified physician, whose refined sympathy and gentleness made his presence no less welcome as a friend than as a coun- selor. In all the relations of life, both public and private, his many virtues won universal regard. His death occurred in October, 1879, in his fifty-eighth year. He was in his church relations a Presbyterian, and for many years a trustee of the church of that denomination in Woodstown. Hon. Joseph Cook, M.D. — The paternal grand- father of Dr. Cook was of English parentage, and was reared at Crosswicks, Burlington Co., N. J. He be- came a citizen of much influence, holding many po- sitions of prominence during his life, which was vio- lently ended by assassination at his own home in 1824. He was united in marriage to Miss Mary Reeves, who was of English descent. Their son, Mar- maduke Cook, was a farmer and the father of Joseph, the subject of this biography, whose birth occurred in Harrison township, Gloucester Co., N. J., in 1825. The public school afforded him the basis of an educa- tion, after which he chose medicine as a profession, and graduating from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, at once began his active career as a practitioner. In 1839 he removed to Salem County, where he has since resided, and continued his professional career until his retirement, in the spring of 1866. He was in 1853 married to Miss 358 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Sarah M., daughter of Harman and Susan Eichman. Their children are William, married to Susan Suher, whose children are Joseph, Barris, and Susan ; and Mary, married to Truman Clayton, who has one daughter, Sarah. During the winter of 1872-73, Dr. Cook was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and is still presiding in that capacity. Though not actively participant in the late war, he, after the battle of Gettysburg, volunteered his services as sur- geon, and for many weeks did much to alleviate the sufferings of the wounded. The doctor was success- ful in his profession, and during his period of practice enjoyed an extended field of labor. Thomas Q. Eeed was a native of Woodstown, Salem Co., born in 1837. He obtained his medical education in the oflSce of Dr. Jacob Hunt, of his na- tive place, and graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania in the class of 1858. He commenced the practice of his profession in his native village, and remained there during the remain- der of his life, a period of nine years. Possessed of popular manners and prepossessing personal appearance, he soon acquired a large prac- tice, and was rapidly rising in reputation when cut off by an untimely death in his twenty-ninth year. The following is a list of the physicians now resi- dent in Salem County : Old Bchool. Allen, Lefferson, Woodstown. Bilderback, Frank, Salem. Cook, Joseph, Fittsgrove. Ewing, Warren L., AUowaystown. Foster, Naomi B., Woodstown. Gibbon, Quinton, Saleni, Oilman, Uriah, Woodstown. Groff, John H., Penn's Grove. Garrison, Daniel, Pennsrille. Glover, Lawrence L,, Hancock. Eitchner, , Elmer. Johnson, Mayhew, Penn's Grove. Johnson, Henry F., Pedricktown. McPherson, Andrew G., Quinton. Presson, John E.,' Salem. Paulding, Moses I., Pittsgrove. Patterson, James A., Salem. Beed, Lewis W., Woodstown. Sharp, Edward S., Salem. Summerill, J. M., Penn's Grove. Sherron, Clifford M., Salem. Thompson, Joseph H., Salem, Ware, James B., Pedricktown. Waddington, B. Archer, Salem. Wiley, David, Salem. Woodruff, Alpheua B., Elmer. H&rruKopathic. Beckett, Albert G., Salem. Patterson, Theophilua, Salem. Jackson, Henry, Salem. Souders, Philip Q., Woodstown. Newton, Charles, Sharptown. EdecHc. Stltts, William E., Salem. Wallace, L. B., AUowaystown. Femala Phijncian. Mary Emma Bobinson, Salem. Gheeseman, John G., Elmer. Moore, David, Woodstown. CHAPTER LXI. SALEM COUNTY IN THE CIVIL WAR. The inauguration of the war of the great rebellion, by the bombardment of Fort Sumter, aroused in Salem County the same thrill of patriotism that it awakened in other portions of New Jersey. In their response to the call of the government for men, the people of this county manifested the same alacrity that was shown elsewhere ; and here, as in other parts of the State, a larger number of volunteers offered their services than could be accepted. On the 17th of April, 1861, after a few hours' no- tice, a large and enthusiastic meeting convened at the court-house ; patriotic resolutions were adopted, and money to the amount of one thousand dollars was subscribed, Mr. Jonathan Ingham heading the sub- scription with two hundred and fifty dollars. First Volunteers. — A military company— the Johnson Guards — was- at once formed, with Robert C. Johnson, captain; Clement H. Sinnickson, first lieutenant, and George F. Ingham, second lieuten- ant. This company started for Trenton on the morning of April 25th. Soon after their arrival Capt. Johnson was promoted, and C. H. Sinnickson became captain, George F. Ingham first lieutenant, and Henry F. Chew second lieutenant. Col. Robert Cabney Johnson. — The common ancestor of the Johnson family in this county, to which the subject of this sketch belonged, was Rich- ard Johnson (1649), who came from Guilford Parish, county of Surrey, England, arriving in the ship " Jo- seph and Benjamin," under the command of Capt. Matthew Payne, on March 13, 1674/5. Two persons of much note, character, property, and influence ac- companied him, viz. : John Pledger and Hypolite Lefevre. Richard Johnson was a man of influence and position in the new settlement, served as one of the burgesses of the town of Salem after it was incor- porated as a borough in 1693, was one of the judges of the Court of Oyer and Terminer, and justices of the Quarter Sessions, and an influential member of the Salem Monthly Meeting of Friends. He took an active part in building the first brick meeting-house in the ancient graveyard of that society in 1699 and 1700. In 1707 he wag chosen, with three others, to represent the Salem tenth in the State Legislature of New Jersey, which then held its sessions at South Amboy and Burlington ahernately. He was a large land-owner in the county. On June 25, 1682, he married Mary Grover, by whom he had five children, viz. : Elizabeth (who married John Pierson), Ann (who became the wife of Alexander Grant), Mary, Richard, and Robert. He died Jan. 19, 1719, and his wife April 21, 1714. Robert Johnson (1st) married Margaret, widow of Joseph Sayres, and had three children, viz., Mary, who became the wife of John Pledger, Jr. ; Ann, whose three husbands were respectively named Hall, Scoggin, and Beesley ; and Robert, grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The latter was born Jan. 26, 1727, and died Dec. 28, 1796. He married for his first wife Margaret Morgan, of Marcus Hook, Dec. 18, 1752. She died at an early age, leaving one daughter, Margaret, who became the wife of Andrew Sinnickson. His second wife was Jane, eldest daugh- ter of Nicholas and Ann Gibbon, to whom he was CA/A^^. ^f/LjtY GENERAL HISTORY. 359 united Nov. 3, 1767. The sole issue of this marriage was Robert Gibbon Johnson, born July 28, 1771, died Oct. 2, 1850. He was a man of character and influ- ence, and the father of our subject. He first married, June 19, 1798, Hannah, youngest daughter of Thomas and Mary Carney, of Penn's Neck. Their children were Jane Gibbon, Mary Jane, Anna Gibbon, and Robert Carney Johnson. His second wife was Juli- ana Elizabeth, daughter of Paul Zantzinger, of Lan- caster, Pa. Of this union there was no issue. Robert Carney Johnson was born in Salem on Sept. 29, 1811, and died at the same place March 25, 1881. During his lifetime he was one of the most prominent and useful citizens of Salem. For a few years in the earlier portion of his life he resided in California, then just passing from the condition of a Mexican to an American territory, and witnessed the rapid material change which at that period occurred. He returned to Salem shortly after the death of his father, in 1850, and passed the remainder of his days in his native place. Becoming possessed of a large estate, he engaged in no other business than attend- ing to its management. He was greatly interested in the incorporation of the city of Salem, being elected the first mayor of the new municipality in 1860, and re-elected in 1863. His administratiom of the office was marked by dignity, independence, and impartial- ity, and proved popular and efficient. On the break- ing out of the rebellion in 1861 he raised the first company of three mouths' volunteers to go to Wash- ington. Afterwards he was elected colonel of the Twelfth New Jersey Volunteers, with which he re- mained in the field until incapacitated by sickness. Returning to his home, he remained in private life until his death, yet taking a deep interest in public affairs. He was no aspirant for public place, and de- clined all political preferment, yet was one of the most active in the organization of the Republican party in Salem County. He was distinctively a home man, closely identified with the material growth and development of his own locality, and an earnest sup- porter of all movements of an elevating and pro- gressive character. Like his father, he was possessed of strong prejudices and positive opinions, yet tem- pered each with a proper measure of discrimination and judgment. He married, Sept. 2, 1841, Julia, daughter of Josiah Harrison, Esq., of Salem, who occupies the family homestead on Market Street with the only surviving son, Henry H. Johnson. The following is the muster-roll of the Johnson GuAEDS as it was constituted when it left Trenton : Captain, Olement H. Sinnickson ; First Lieutenant, George T. Ingham ; Second Lientenant, Henry P. Chew; Sergeants, Edward A. Acton, Samuel Canby, Jr., Nathaniel S. Stretch, William C. Harris; Cor- porals, Charles H. MJUer, Henry Jones, Henry Frankenfleld, Heory Bocap. John li. King. Nathan Birch. Frank Woudrutt. Samuel Williams. George Brummonds. John H. Collins. John H. Groff. James Stanton, Thomas Conover. William Frazer, Jr. William H. BoUinghonse. James Bassett. James Kiley. ■William H. Pierce. David M. Palmer. Firman Lloyd, Jr. John D. Somers. Theodore F. Null. Stewart Spears. William W. Plummer. Eli P. Bliss. Samuel Cole. Edward P. Thomas. David D. Blizzard. David Stoeckle. Enoch F, Sheppard. Charles D, Lampblack. Benajah Helms. Charles H. Wendell. Joseph H. Sheppard. Thomas H. Mills. David 8. Barr. Maurice B. Elton. Howard Bassett. David Dickinson. William H. Phillips. Hugh Crispin. Edward L. Williams. John Banks. John Foster. George W. Williams. Samuel R. Morton. John Logan. John Ennis. William Frazer. Anley B. Sheppard. John Brady. James V. Clark. George Burroughs. Samuel Hogate. Charles M. Stanger. Bichard McPherson. George Peachy. David Mitchell. James Stoeckle. John N. Johnson, drummer, Harrison Y. Higgins. Privates. Bichard B. Fisher. John H. Williams. Charles M. Pinkard. Joseph 0, Bowker. L. Henry Smith. Charles S. Freese. Elmer K. Woodruff. George A. Cobb. This became Company I, Fourth New Jersey Vol- unteers. Home Guards. — A company of home guards was at once formed, with Dr. Joseph H. Thompson, cap- tain ; William B. Robertson, first lieutenant ; and Owen L. Jones, second lieutenant. An incident which occurred about that time served to illustrate the active vigilance of the people in this county as well as the apathy of those who should have been vigilant. Information was received that the garrison in Fort Delaware was insufficient, and a party of volunteers, with Dr. J. H. Thompson and ex-Mayor Johnson, proceeded thither for the purpose of offering assistance. On landing it was with much difficulty that the garrison could be aroused, and, when called from his bed, the commanding officer coolly informed the volunteers that when he desired their assistance he would ask for it. The garrison was soon afterwards strengthened by volunteers from Philadelphia", as a result of the representations made by a few citizens of Salem of the condition of things at 'the fort. In view of the exposed condition of this part of New Jersey several other military companies were afterwards organized in Salem County, for the purpose of meeting any emergency that might arise here. The patriotic feeling which sprang up at the out- break of the war did not subside, and, as call after call was made by the government for men, the same alacrity was manifested, and still greater efforts were put forth to fill the requisitions and provide for the welfare of those who went forth to defend the coun- try in its hour of peril. Even among the Friends, who constitute a considerable portion of the popula- tion of the county, patriotism could not be held in abeyance by the restraints of their discipline, and 360 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. many of the younger members went forth to do battle in defense of the institutions under which their an- cestors had enjoyed freedom of conscience ; and many of the elder ones quietly gave, liberally and not grudg- ingly, of their wealth, simply saying, as they passed over their money, " Don't thee put my name down." The loyal women, too, bore their full share of the burden of the hour. Not only did they repress their grief, and bid their sons, husbands, and brothers who went into the field, many of them never to return, a hearty God-speed; but they labored assiduously to provide them with those comforts which the govern- ment was unable to furnish. Ladies' Aid Societies sprang up in all parts of the county, and many a poor soldier, as he languished on his cot in some distant hospital, and in his feverish sleep dreamed of home, and of mother, wife, or sister, had occasion to bless his unknown benefactors in Salem County for com- forts and luxuries that would not otherwise have come to him. Of the patriotic women of Salem County, Miss Cornelia Hancock, sister of Capt. William N. Han- cock, of Lower Alloways Creek, deserves especial mention. Early during the war she went into the field as a volunteer nurse, and she continued her mis- sion of mercy till the close of the conflict. She has since been engaged in charitable works of various kinds, and she is now an efficient member of the Society for the Organization of Charities in the city of Philadelphia. Action of the County Authorities. — The first re- corded action of the board of freeholders of this county in support of the war was taken at the annual meeting in May, 1861, when two resolutions were adopted; the first indorsing the payment of one thou- sand and one dollars and sixty cents for the purchase of side arms for the Johnson Guards, and the second authorizing the loan committee to settle all bills pre- sented by Samuel Plummer, Benjamin Acton, and Jonathan Ingham for expenses incurred in fitting out the same company ; the whole amount not to exceed three thousand dollars. At a special meeting, in September of the same year, the board ordered the payment of one hundred and thirty-eight dollars for the board of the volunteers in Capt. Reynolds' company while in Salem. At a special meeting held in July, 1862, the sum of six thousand dollars was appropriated as a fund for the payment of bounties to volunteers in the Twelfth Regiment. The sum of thirty dollars was directed to be paid to each recruit not receiving other local bounty, and such bounty was made subject to the draft of the colonel of the Twelfth Regiment. To this appropriation the sum of eighteen hundred dollars was afterwards added. In August of the same year a fund of twelve thousand five hundred dollars was appropriated for the payment of bounties to volunteers accredited to Salem County, at the rate of fifty dollars to each volunteer. This fund was made subject to the draft of Jonathan Ingham, the draft commissioner of the county. To it was added the sum of ten hundred and ninety dollars at a meeting in September of the same year. In August, 1863, it was resolved that a bounty of three hundred dollars be paid to each volunteer from Salem County under the then present call, to the number of two hundred and fifty-eight. In Decem- ber of the same year a bounty of three hundred dol- lars was ordered. At the annual meeting in May, 1864, a further appropriation of three hundred dol- lars per man was made for two hundred and two men to fill the quota of the county under the then pending *draft. The expenditure of this appropriation was made under the direction of a committee consisting of the two chosen freeholders and three citizens from each township. The following were the citizens ap- pointed : Pilesgrove, John W. DickiDBOD, Samuel BartoD, Smith Hewett. Upper Pittsgrove, William A, Wood, Theophilus PauldlDg, Jame» Coombs. ManningtoD, Casper W. Acton, Richard Wistar, John T. Bassett. Elsinboro, William B. Carpenter, Joseph Waddington, Joseph B. Thompson. Upper Penn's Neck, William Summerill, Joseph W. Cooper, Isaac Wright. Lower Penn's Neck, James S. Johnson, Martin Patterson, William Callahan. Upper Alloways Creek, Emmor Beeves, Zacchens TimmermaD, Ho- ratio J, Stow. tower Alloways Creek, Joseph H. Fogg, Eobert Batcher, William N. Hancock. Pittsgrove, J. S. Whitaker, William B. Bogers, Samael Ackley. Salem, Samuel Flnmmer, Benjamin Acton, Bobert Gwinne. It is proper here to say that all the quotas for Salem County were filled by voluntary enlistment; and at a special meeting of the board of freeholders, March 4, 1864, the following resolution was adopted : " That Henry Sinnickson, William House, and Charles F. H. Gray be appointed a committee to visit the provost-marshal of this State, or of the United States, if necessary, and aacei-tain from him or them whether the county can now volunteer soldiers into the United States service, and receive credit for them in case a future draft should he ordered." In June, 1864, a further appropriation was made for a bounty of three hundred dollars per man for those who should volunteer and be credited to the county under the next call by the government for troops. At first money for the payment of bounties was raised in the usual way ; then loans were effected to meet emergencies as they arose, and finally here, as in other parts of the country, county bonds were is- sued. The total expenditures for bounties and pay to the families of volunteers reached the round sum of half a million dollars. Added to this were the in- cidental expenses, which amounted to a large sum, making a grand total of probably not less than five hundred and fifty thousand dollars which the people of Salem County raised by taxation to support the war for the Union. All the indebtedness which was incurred for this purpose has been discharged. aENERAL HISTORY. 361 CHAPTER LXII. THE PRESS AND EDUCATION IN SALEM COUNTT.i Salem Gazette. — The first newspaper in Salem County was issued in 1816 by Isaac A. Kollock, editor and proprietor, and bore the title of the Salem Gazette. The course which the editor of this paper pursued with reference to the removal of the county buildings from Salem, when an election was held to determine the question of removal in 1817, rendered the journal obnoxious to many who had given it their support, and, probably from that cause, its publica- tion ceased early in 1819. Salem Messenger. — September 19th, in the same year, the first number of this paper appeared. The publisher was Elijah Brooks, who continued the paper till 1833. The American Statesman was started during the canvass in which Gen. Andrew Jackson was a Presi- dential candidate, and was continued about four years. Both these journals were purchased, in 1833, by James M. Hannah, who merged them in one paper called the Union. The Anti-Masonic Courier. — At the time of the candidacy of William Wirt for the Presidency a paper with this title was published by Mr. Brooks at the oflSce of the Messenger, and its publication was continued till the failure of the anti-Masonic party when it ceased. Two of its supporters and contribu- tors were Dr. James Van Meter and A. L. Eakin. Freeman's Banner. — On the 1st of April, 1834, the publication of this journal was commenced by Sisty & Prior. Mr. Sisty closed his connection with the paper in a few months, and in 1836 Mr. Prior purchased from Mr. Hannah his interest in the Union. National Standard. — In 1840, Charles P. Smith purchased the Banner from Mr. Prior, and changed its name to the National Standard, by which title it has since been known. The paper has since been owned by Frank Patterson, William S. Sharp, and Sinnick- son Chew, under the firm -name of Sharp & Chew, by Samuel W. Miller, Jr., and by S. Chew & Brother, who purchased it Aug. 3, 1878. Since the Messrs. Chew became proprietors the editors have been : A. M. Heston, till October, 1879 ; D. Harris Smith, till June, 1881 ; and since that date the present editor, Benjamin Patterson. The Salem Sunbeam.— The first number of this paper appeared on the 27th of July, 1844, under the editorship of Israel Wells. Mr. Wells was not a practical printer, and had no capital. During the excitement of the political canvass which was then in progress he was aided by contributions of money ; but when, after the close of the campaign, these con- tributions ceased, and patronage was less liberal, he found his position anything but a desirable one, and 1 With acknowledgments to Samuel Prior. his experience was like that of many others who have undertaken to conduct journals without capital to sustain them in the early years of their ventures. He subsequently sought journalistic honors and emolu- ments elsewhere, but the wolf was a constant attend- ant at his door. He died of disease, in the army, during the war of 1861-65. On the 26th day of March, 1849, the establishment became the property of Robert Gwynne and Nathan S. Hales, young men who had graduated from the office of the Pennsylvanian in Philadelphia. These men brought to the work a practical knowledge of their trade, and an enlarged view of journalism ; and bent all their energies to the building up of the es- tablishment and to keeping up with the spirit of the time in improvement. At the end of the year Mr. Hales retired, leaving the editorial honors, as well as the pecuniary responsibilities, to Mr. Gwynne. These responsibilities Mr. Gwynne succeeded, by the exer- cise of energy and economy, in discharging, and the experience and reputation which he thus acquired have been important factors in his subsequent suc- cess as a journalist. " From this time forward the Sunbeam continued to grow in public favor and popu- larity, until now it takes rank with the most influ- ential weeklies in New Jersey, and its senior editor and proprietor is among the most honored in his pro- fession. In all these years he has favored every enterprise for the advancement of the interests of his adopted home, and has filled several positions of honor and responsibility by the choice of his fellow- citizens. Educational progress, moral and religious matters, local business, and the State and national advancement, in all that tends to elevate a free people, have ever found in him a ready and steady advocate." Mr. Gwynne still sits in the editorial chair, which he has so long and ably filled, esteemed by his friends for his many sterling qualities, and respected by his political foes for his candor, generosity, and honor. In 1880, Robert Gwynne, Jr., became the associate of his father in the editorial management of the Sun- beam. The Woodstown Register. — It is learned from old residents of Woodstown that, as early as 1840, efforts were made to have a newspaper started there ; but these efforts did not meet with success. In 1852, Robert Gwynne took from the office of the Salem Sunbeam suffi- cient materials for the printing of a small paper, and in April of that year commenced the publication in Woodstown of the Franklin Herald. Mr. Gwynne found that the profits of publishing a second news- paper were not commensurate with the additional labor which it involved, and in the following No- vember it was suspended. The office was soon after- wards purchased by J. R. Schenck, and in May, 1853, the issue of the Woodstown Register was com- menced, but it had only a short existence. The print- ing materials became the property of Radley & Willis, who issued the American Eagle and Jersey Blue till 362 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. October of the same year, when W. E. W. Kadley became sole proprietor. It soon " went the way of all flesh," and during seventeen years no paper was pub- lished in Woodstown. In September, 1870, William Taylor, who had been engaged in several journalistic enterprises in this vicinity, started the Register in Woodstown. In 1872 it was changed to an eight-page paper, and a year later, its prosperity having greatly increased, it was enlarged, a new heading and outfit were procured, the four-page form, with eight columns to the page, was readopted, and the new Bradford series of book type, called old style, was used to print it. The Register was the pioneer paper in New Jersey in the adoption of this improvement. ' In 1873 the proprietor went on a tour to the World's Fair at Vienna, and through Europe ; and on his re- turn he adopted several reforms in country journal- ism. Prior says, "The Register has not followed the beaten track of country newspapers, nor has it been forced to eke out the scanty support given its prede- cessors in Woodstown. Besides using great care to exclude harrowing details of the effects of man's evil passions, that so tend to bring out the morbid evil nature so easily excited in youth, great care has been taken to give all the local and general news, to advo- cate temperance and progress, and from time to time to print classical selections from the greatest of ancient and modern writers, in prose and verse. This trust in broader culture of country readers has met with great encouragement in Woodstown, and the experiment might be of advantage in other localities, where the newspapers treat people of the ' rooral deestricts,' so called, as if they were boors that never could appreciate matter of a higher tone than de- scriptions of murders, fights, etc. The Register has printed the chief minor poems of Milton and other of our great poets; selections from Homer, Plato, Virgil, Cicero, and others of the world's great lights of an- tiquity, and occasionally presented specimens of pure Latin, French, Gaelic, and other languages, in the original." Another change was made in the dress of the paper in 1882, and an educational and literary department has been added. The paper has a large corps of home and foreign correspondents. Perm's Orove Record. — The first number of this paper was issued in October, 1878, by J. D. Laughlin, editor and proprietor. It was a four-page six-column sheet, devoted to general intelligence and local news, and it was then, as it has since continued to be, inde- pendent in politics. Mr. Laughlin continued the publication of this journal till February, 1883, when the office was pur- chased by Joseph D. Whitaker, the present editor and proprietor. The Record is prosperous, having a good circulation and a liberally patronized job department. The South Jerseyman. — On the 14th day of June, 1881, the first number of this paper was issued by D. Harris Smith and Charles N. Bell, proprietors. It was under the editorial management of the former, who had been during several years editor and manager of the National Standard. The South Jerseyman is still conducted by the same gentlemen, under the firm- name of Smith & Bell. In politics it is independent Republican, and in all respects it has been the aim of its conductors to incur no obligation which would place them in the slightest degree under the dictation of any faction, clique, or corporation. Although this journal has only been three years in existence its cir- culation is fully equal to that of any local paper in this region, and its future prosperity is considered cer- tain. Educational.' — The necessary data for the prepa- ration of the early history of education in Salem County are now very difficult to procure. It appears that the Friends, after establishing their meetings, turned their attention to the education of the chil- dren of the early settlers. At first the system bore the unmistakable impress of sectarian exclusiveness ; but after the lapse of a brief period the paramount importance of the general diffusion of knowledge became evident, and led to the admission, in the primitive schools, of children of all the religious creeds professed by the early settlers. There exists, in the mind of the student of history, no doubt that 'much credit is due to the exertion of the members of the Society of Friends for the early progress of education in Salem County. There was not, however, any set- tled plan till the present excellent public school sys- tem was adopted. The first step toward the establishment of the gen- eral school fund of this State was the act of the 9th of February, 1816, which directed the treasurer to invest in the public six per cent, stocks of the United States the sum of fifteen thousand dollars, arising from the payment of the funded public debt, and from the dividends on the stock held by the State in the Trenton Bank ; and at the end of every year to invest the interest on the capital in the same manner. On the 12th of February, 1817, the " act to create a fund for free schools'' was passed, setting apart the stock and its accumulations, vested under the act of 1816 ; the dividends on the stock held by the State in the Cumberland Bank, and in the Newark Turnpike Company, the proceeds of the sale of a house and lot in New Brunswick, the property of the State, and one- tenth of all moneys thereafter raised by tax for State purposes; and the treasurer was instructed to vest these, as they came into his hands, in the public stocks of the United States. By the act of Feb. 12, 1818, the Governor, vice-president of the Council, speaker of the Assembly, the attorney-general, and Secretary of State, for the time being, were appointed " trustees for the support of free schools ;" and the treasurer was directed to transfer to them the school 1 Abridged from a sketch by Samuel Prior. GENERAL HISTORY. 363 fund, to be by them applied in the mode to be pre- scribed by the State ; reserving to the Legislature the authority to change the existing fund, and to dissolve the trust at pleasure ; and requiring an account of the fund to be annually laid before the Legislature. This act made the following additions to the fund : the balance of the old six per cent, stock, due Feb. 12, 1817, with the interest and reimbursement thereof since Feb. 9, 1816 ; the three per cent, stocks of the United States belonging to the State on the 12th of February, 1817 ; the shares of the State in the Tren- ton and Cumberland Banks, with the dividends since the 9th of February, 1816 ; all moneys receivable from the foregoing items, future appropriations, and such gifts, and grants, bequests, and devise as should be made for the purposes contemplated by the act, and one-tenth part of the State tax for the year 1817. Additions to this fund were made by subsequent acts, and by the act of March 27, 1874, it was provided that the public stocks and moneys previously appropriated by law should constitute the school fund, and that all moneys thereafter received from the sales and rentals of the land under water, belonging to the State, should be appropriated for the support of free public schools, and the treasurer was directed to invest them for that purpose. The act of March 21, 1867, created the office of county superintendent of the public schools, and the office was, during several terms, held by W. H. Reed, of Woodstown. The present incumbent is R. Henry Holme, of Elsinboro. According to the report of the State Board of Edu- cation for 1882 there were in the county seventy school districts, and the number of children of school V V V age enrolled was 5608; average attendance, 2681. The number of children attending private schools was estimated at 331, and the number attending no school at all 866. There were 108 teachers employed, of whom 27 were male and 81 female ; the average monthly salary of the former was $87.12 ; of the latter, $31.04. The total seating capacity of the school-houses was 5588. Schools were kept open during an average of 9.5 months, and the total amount received from all sources for public school purposes was $43,122.88. CHAPTER LXIIL TEMPERANCE IN SALEM COUNTY.i Among the articles with which John Fenwick pur- chased from the Indians their right and title to all lands' included within the bounds of Oldman's Creek and Morris River were ten and a half ankers of rum, —an anker being equal to about thirty-two gallons. Six years later, at an Assembly convened by authority 1 By H. P. Davidson. of the Proprietors of West Jersey, it was ordered that any person selling strong liquors to the Indians should forfeit for every such offense the sum of three pounds, and the next year it was made five pounds in case of foreigners so offending. Thus early in the history of Salem County did the alcohol question enter into the financial and social affairs of the inhabitants. The township of Salem was incorporated in 1693. One of the duties of the burgess was to grant tavern licenses, and he was empowered to revoke such licenses when he might see fit. Fairs were established by law to be held in Salem for two days in May, and also two days in October, at which all persons were at liberty to buy and sell all lawful goods. In 1698, however, a town-meeting was held, and it was enacted that " foreigners" might not sell liquors at these fairs, under penalty of for- feiture of all liquors found in their custody. A legislative enactment, about 1704, made the pen- alty of Sabbath-breaking and drunkenness a fine and commitment to the stocks for four hours. The granting of tavern licenses, as has already been seen, had existed before, but in 1729 the court assumed to regulate the sale of intoxicating drinks by declaring, as follows, in what quantities and at what prices public-house keepers should deal them out: " For each nib of punch, made with double refined sugar and one gill and a half of rum, nine pence; for each nib, made with single refined sugar and one gill and a half of rum, eight pence; for each nib, made of Muscovado sugar and one gill and a half of rum, seven pence ; for each quart of tiff, made with half a pint of rum in the same, nine pence ; for each pint of wine, one shilling ; for each gill of rum, three pence ; for each quart of strong beer, four pence ; for each gill of brandy or cordial, six pence ; for each quart of metheglin, nine pence ; each quart of cider royal, eight pence; each quart of cider, four pence." From this order of the court rum seems to have been the most common intoxicant. The Swedes brought with them to thjs country the art of brew- ing, and families were accustomed to brew their own liquor. The English and German immigrants imi- tated them, and breweries were erected on many of the farms, not only for home consumption, but for exportation to such markets as Philadelphia and New York. Until recently there were several substantial brick buildings, built previous to 1790, still remaining as monuments of the beer-brewing and beer-drinking customs of the early settlers. Later generations, however, planted apple orchards, and cider, apple brandy, and West India rum, which, from about 1700 to 1750, became every year more plentiful in all the colonies, gradually took the place of malt liquors, so that breweries seem not to have been used on any of the farms after about 1770. The last attempt at brewing is believed to have been made in Salem City, but was given up for lack of patronage. 364 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Until the beginning of tiie present century the people seemed to regard the use of alcoholic liquors of some kind a necessity. They were upon every sideboard, and to set out the decanter was among the first hospitalities extended to the minister on his pastoral calls, while the friends who had met to pay their last sad respects to the memory of some departed neighbor were treated to the same potent drinks. No grocery or dry-goods store was consid- ered complete without its stock of liquors, and every prominent cross-roads was an eligible situation for the licensed " inn or tavern." As late as 1833, fifty years ago, there were no less than twenty-five licensed inns in the county, although the population at that time was but little more than fourteen thousand. Previofts to this time, however, there had been comparatively little agitation against the universal use of strong drink in moderation. In 1808 the first temperance society of this country was organized at the town of Moreau, in New York. Twenty-five years later and not only a temperance society regularly held its quar- terly conventions in Salem County, but local societies existed in the various townships. At a temperance meeting held in Pitfsgrove, Jan. 31, 1835, a resolution was adopted asking those engaged in the liquor busi- ness to relinquish it. At an adjourned meeting held in Friendship meeting-house one week later, Samuel Langley, Esq., and Judge Loper signified their will- ingness to comply with the request, and Jacob Hitch- ner was also represented as willing to relinquish the traffic. May 31, 1836, less than two years after the first temperance society in this country on the principles of total abstinence had been organized, a temperance convention was held in Pittsgrove Church. The fol- lowing is among the resolutions passed at that meet- ing: ^' Besohed, That this Oonvention recommend to the several auxiliary societies of this county the adoption, as a principle of action, total ab- stinence from all intoxicating liquors as a common drink." Society was beginning to be thoroughly shaken, and yet it was but the forewarning tremor of the temper- ance earthquake that was soon to follow. In 1840 the Washingtonian movement was originated at Chase's tavern, in Baltimore, by six men who had met there to indulge in their evening drinks. Inauspicious as was its beginning, it quickly became an irresistible tide, which rolled over the whole country. The next year a National Temperance Convention met in Sara- toga, about five hundred and sixty members being present. This Washingtonian Convention sent out Messrs. Pollard and Wright, who traveled as mission- aries through New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. In the fall of that year — Nov. 5, 1841 — the Jefierson- ian Temperance Society was instituted in Salem, with John Bailey president, and Dr. Thomas E. Ware sec- retary. It was a beneficiary society, and was founded upon the principles of total abstinence. Like all other outgrowths of the Washingtonian movement, its existence was limited to a few years. Men were everywhere beginning to feel that in order to secure the full benefit of this tidal wave of temperance some more thorough organization was needed. Ac- cordingly, on the 29th of September, 1842, sixteen persons met in New York and organized the order of the Sons of Temperance. Three years later — Sept. 23, 1845 — a subordinate division of the order was in- stituted in Salem. The following were initiated into the order as charter members of Salem Division, No. 17 : Thomas Hurley, Alexander G. Oattell, Elijah G. Cattell, Joshua T. Nicholson, George M. Brown, Henry Colgan, Joshua J. Thompson, William Paulin, Christian Brown, Peter Barnart, Charles S. Scott, Nathan D. Pugh, Isaac Hackett, William Acton, Eli- jah Gilmore, John Bailey, Jacob Eienfried, Henry Slaugh, and John P. Bruna. Other divisions soon followed in other parts of the county, so that by the close of 1849 there were no less than twelve divisions in working order. The Legislature in 1847 passed an act authorizing the people to vote, at an election held for that purpose, whether they would have inns or taverns licensed in their respective townships to retail intoxicating liq- uors or not. At the election held for that purpose in the following December, Lower Penn's Neck, Piles- grove, and Pittsgrove voted against license ; the other townships were in favor of it. The law was repealed the following year. The basis of the present Maine law was enacted in 1851. The spirit of that law was adopted by the friends of temperance in nearly all the Northern States during the next four years. Salem County was not behind its neighbors in the cause, and a temperance convention was called, which met in Washington Hall, Salem, Oct. 15, 1853. A ticket was nominated, and about eight hundred votes were polled in the county for it. Temperance tickets were supported at each election till slavery became the all-absorbing theme, and tem- perance ceased to be a prominent issue at elections or in Legislatures. Salem having been incorporated as a city in 1858, the Council passed an ordinance prohibiting any one from selling without license in less quantities than one quart any brandy, wine, gin, or distilled or spirit- uous liquors, nor any porter, ale, beer, or cider, or any fermented liquor. It also prohibited any shop- keeper or store-keeper from giving them away or dispensing of them in any such way as to cause drunkenness. Two years after the close of the Rebellion the Grand Lodge of Good Templars in New Jersey was instituted, and during the next six years no less than ten subordinate lodges were organized in Salem County. The church, the Sons of Temperance, the Good Templars, and other temperance societies had by this time greatly increased the number of total abstainers from the use of intoxicating drink, and to GENERAL HISTORY. 365 t [ 1- 1- !l il a great extent had driven the trafiSc from rural dis- tricts into the more populous centres. ^ Temperance Alliance. — It was, however, evident to the friends of temperance that if the traffic was ever to be driven from its strongholds there must he more harmony of sentiment and unity of action. Accordingly, Sept. 4, 1872, in compliance with a call for a temperance convention, seventeen persons met at Sharpstown, and a permanent organization of the Salem County Temperance Alliance was effected. The design, as set forth in the second article of the constitution, was as follows : "The object shall be to Becure unity of action on the part of temper- ance men throughout the county, of whatever name or order, on any object calculated to advance the cause of temperance." The Washingtonians, the Sons of Temperance, the Good Templars, and such juvenile and church organ- izations as had existed from time to time had been more strictly moral agencies, devoted to the work of reform- ing the drunkard or keeping others from becoming such, but this convention in its resolutions expressed an unqualified conviction that the " ultimate success of the cause of temperance depends upon the enact- ment and enforcement of just laws in its behalf," and pledged itself to local option by declaring it " the duty of temperance men to vote only for such legis- lative candidates as favor and will vote for its enact- ment." The following have been officers of the Alliance : Presidents. 187a Enoch S. Fogg. 1873 Samuel Patrick. 1874 Daniel P. Darrell, Sr. 1876 Bey. 0. B. MoCurdy. 1876 Joseph W. Ckjoper. 1877 Bev. William A. Fergnson. 1878 " I. McKeever. 1879 " J. K. Westwood. 1880 Jesse F. Bodine. 1881 Keuben Woolman. 1882 Bev. Julius Wilcox. Secretaries. 0. B. Alderman. J. O. B. Corliss. Bev. C. BoUin Smith. Jesse F. Bo^ne. A special session of the Alliance was convened at Woodstown, Oct. 5, 1878, to consider the expediency of appealing to the ballot-box in behalf of temperance through a third party movement. At the previous November election forty-five votes had been cast in the county for the Hon. Rudolphus Bingham, of Camden, the Prohibition candidate for Governor. After a thorough discussion of the matter, it was de- cided to nominate a Prohibition ticket, independent of all other parties. Although the convention was in reality a session of the Salem County Temperance Alliance, there has been from that time a political organization distinct from all other temperance asso- ciations. The Temperance party, however, has not been accustomed to nominate a ticket at the munici- pal_elections except in Salem City. CHAPTER LXIV. SOCIETIES AND CORPOKATIONS. Salem County Bible Society.— Pursuant to notice previously published, a meeting was held in the Pres- byterian Church at Salem on the 22d of September, 1847, at which it was resolved to organize a County Bible Society, to supply those in the county who were destitute of Bibles. A constitution was adopted, the second section of which staled, " The object of this society shall be to promote the circulation of the Holy Scriptures, with- out note or comment, and in English, the commonly received version." The society was made an auxil- iary of the American Bible Society, and was recog- nized as such by the latter in October, 1847. The first officers elected were : Rev. G. W. Janvier, president ; Revs. James H. Dandy, J. W. McDougal, James Newell, and Mr. Moses Richman, Jr., vice- presidents; Rev. James P. Helm, secretary; Henry B. Ware, treasurer ; Benjamin Griscom, W. R. Mor- ton, T. V. F. Rusling, George C. Rumsey, .John M. Brown, and Henry Freeman, executive committee. In 1848 Mr. John P. Harker was employed as a colporteur, to explore the county, and his work was performed during the years 1848 and 1849. No re- port of the results of this exploration appear on the minutes of the society. Another exploration was made, in 1855, by Rev. J. Nelson ; in which he dis- tributed books to 591 families whom he found with- out Bibles, 1275 without Testaments, and 415 without either. In addition to its work of supplying the destitute with the Scriptures through its local agents and col- porteurs, the society has, from time to time, distributed Bibles to the almshouse, the prison, the sleeping-rooms of hotels, schools, steamboats, etc. In 1863 it assumed 182.50 as its share of the expense of supplying the New Jersey soldiers with Bibles. In 1876 a sub-committee, consisting of Rev. Dr. W. Bannard, Rev. C. W. Heisley, Rev. W. Reeves, Rev. P. Cline, Rev. O. B. McCurdy, and Col. William B. Robertson was appointed to visit through the county, under the direction of the executive committee. In 1877 this committee reported that the total number of families that were visited was 4015; of books sold, 440 ; books donated, 736 ; books distributed, 1176 ; total value of books sold, $275.69. The work was done partly by voluntary labor and partly by paid agents. The committee reported that visits were everywhere kindly received, and that the Scriptures had been supplied in all places where destitution was found. The presidents of the society have been : Rev. G. W. Janvier. Ebenezer Dunn. James iNewell. John B. Murphy, D.D. W. S. Vanneman, M.D. J. D. Hogate. Moses Bicbman. W. H. Pearne, D.D. Bev. L. Vansant. Martin Patterson. 366 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. Dr. W. H. Izard. Hon. B. M. Acton, Bev. W. A. Ferguson. Ber. James B. Turpin. W. Bannard, D.B. Bev. J. B. Weatwood. Bev. H. P. Evans. Bev. 0. B. McCurdy. The present oflacers are : Rev. J. P. Conelly, presi- dent; one vice-president for each township; H. M. Rumsey, secretary ; and Clinton Bowen, treasurer and depositary. Salem County Sunday-School Association.' — Pursuant to a call of the county secretary of the New Jersey Sunday-School Association, a meeting was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church of Woodstown, Sept. 16, 1863, for the purpose of organizing the Salem County Sunday-School Association. After an inter- change of views it was resolved that there be a per- manent organization formed, and a committee, con- sisting of I. V. Dickinson, J. R. Alderman, and M. D. Dickinson, was appointed to draft a constitution. The following oflBcers were chosen for the ensuing year : President, Rev. Daniel Stratton, Salem ; Vice- Presidents, J. R. Hackett, Robert P. Robinson, Wil- liam Sayre, Samuel S. Thompson, D. Garrison, Rev. J. Unrue, T. B. Stow, Jeremiah Anderson, E. Patrick, Rev. M. Johnson ; secretary and treasurer, Rev. A. J. Hires, Woodstown; township secretaries, Salem, William H. Wood ; Mannington, George Mulford ; Elsinboro, E. P. Wallen ; Pilesgrove, I. V. Dickin- son ; Upper Penn's Neck, J. K. Louderback ; Lower Penn's Neck, J. H. Sinnickson ; Upper Alloways Creek, James Freas ; Lower Alloways Creek, Samuel Patrick ; Upper Pittsgrove, B. F. Burt ; Pittsgrove, M. Thomas. There were but few in attendance at the organiza- tion, but sufficient to indicate who the Sunday-school workers throughout the county were, and in order that more might be enlisted there was one vice-presi- dent chosen in each township. It is a custom to change the presidents every year, not only in person but also denominationally. Rev. A. J. Hires was continued county secretary and treas- urer until 1868, when B. F. Burt was elected to the position, and continued until removed by death in 1871, after which Rev. J. R. Burt was elected, but only served one year, having moved from the bounds of the association, when J. R. Lippincott, of Salem, was elected, and still holds the position of corresponding secretary and treasurer. At the annual meeting held Sept. 26, 1876, by the request of the county secretary, the office of recording secretary was created, and M. D. Dickinson was elected to the office, which position he still holds. The present president is Rev. A. W. Lentz, of Freas- burg; corresponding secretary and treasurer, J. R. Lippincott, with a vice-president and township sec- retary from each township in the county. Since the organization of this association the Sun- day-school work in the county has greatly increased, and the attendance at the annual gatherings has ' By M. D. Dickinson. doubled several times. At the children's meetings, usually held in the evening, some of our largest churches are usually filled to overflowing. The work- ings of the association have been harmonious, and a general good feeling has prevailed throughout the various denominations represented. The Friends, as a denomination, are much inter- ested in their First Day's school work, and hold their union meetings of several schools semi-annually, which services are very interesting and instructive. COUNTT MUTUAL INSUBANCE COMPANIES. Salem County Mutual Fire Insurance Company. — This company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature in February, 1849. The limit of its charter was thirty years, and on the expiration of that period, in 1879, it was, by another act, renewed for fifty years. ' This company takes general risks, but insures for no longer term than one year. By careful and prudent management it has not only been able to meet its losses during many years without assessments, but it has accumulated a reserve iund of thirty-five thousand dollars. The presidents of the company have been William J. Shinn, John Tyler, Richard M. Acton, D. W. C. Clement, and the present president, William Patter- son. The names of the secretaries are Samuel C. Harbert, Joseph Petit, and, since 1866, Thomas T. Hilliard. Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Salem County. — This company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature passed March 6, 1851. At first the business of the company was limited to the insurance of farm property, but afterward risks were taken on buildings in villages. During the thirty- two years of its existence this company has made but one assessment, and that of only four per cent, on its premium notes. It has conducted its business pru- dently, and has aimed at mutual protection, and not at the payment of salaries that enrich agents at the expense of patrons. The presidents of this company have been, in suc- cession, Jonathan Ingham, Thomas Sinnickson, David Petit, and the present incumbent of the position, Alfred Bilderback. The office of secretary and treas- urer has been held by Samuel Prior, James W. Mecum, Clement H. Sinnickson, David Pettit, and J. B. Grier. CHAPTER LXV. CITY OF SALEM.2 Situation and Boundaries.— The city of Salem is situated on Salem Creek, three miles from its conflu- ence with the Delaware River. It is bounded north 2 By M. 0. Eolfe. CITY OF SALEM. 367 by Lower Penn's Neck and Mannington, east by Mannington, south by Lower Alloways Creek and Elsinboro, and west by Lower Penn's Neck. Descriptive. — Salem is an attractive and well-built city, the seat of justice of Salem County, and the centre of a large trade, extending for miles inland, and reaching out to Philadelphia and other impor- tant markets, and has equal claims upon the resident and the business man. As a place of residence, Salem has many advan- tages. Being the county-seat, the court-house, county offices, and other public buildings are located here. They are at a central point, whence the principal streets radiate in different directions, lined with handsome stores and comfortable dwellings, ap- proached by broad paved sidewalks, fringed with shade-trees. The streets are well graded, and in nearly all parts of the city wide and attractive. With a population of over five thousand, Salem is noted for its healthfiilness and immunity from contagious and infectious diseases; the cost of living is fully one- third less than in larger cities not far distant, or in most New England towns ; building lots are obtain- able at low prices, enabling mechanics and others to secure comfortable homes at a small outlay ; the mar- kets are well supplied with all of the necessaries of life; the town has an extensive public library, nu- merous and efficient educational advantages, and sev- eral influential and well-sustained religious organiza- tions. As a place of business, Salem's location and sur- roundings are no less favorable. Its facilities for travel and transportation are excellent. The West Jersey Railroad, with which it is connected by the Salem Eailroad, provides two trains each way at con- venient hours between it and Philadelphia. The completion of the new railroad between the Salem Railroad and Swedesboro makes a direct route to Philadelphia, thus increasing the advantages of Salem. Salem Creek, a navigable branch of the Delaware Eiver, laves the very border of the city, providing nearly two miles of water-front, consider- able of which has been long occupied, levying no tribute upon the transportation of products and man- ufactures, as is the case with many less-favored lo- calities depending on artificial outlets for their trade; and upon it, besides numerous sailing craft, are three steamboats, two for passengers and freight, running a great part of the year, one to and from Philadel- phia and the different places on the river daily, the other running from Philadelphia and intervening places to Salem and returning, the third being em- ployed almost entirely in the transportation of bulky freight. The city has the advantages of express and telegraphic lines; has three influential newspapers, and a banking company of sufficient capital to supply its present business needs ; is provided with efficient water-works, recently introduced at an expense of seventy-five thousand dollars; its streets are well lighted ; it contains numerous manufacturing enter- prises, and is surrounded by a country unsurpassed in the fertility of its soil and the variety of its agri- cultural products, and fully capable of supporting ten times its present population. Settlement.' — Many Quakers or Friends of wealth and influence in England early made great efforts to procure a home in the American colonies. In 1674, with an understanding with Edward Billinge, John Fenwick purchased all of West Jersey, of which Bil- • linge was to have nine shares and Fenwick one, or the tenth. Soon after the purchase Fenwick made arrangements with a number of persons, members of his own religious society, naturally, at first, but also with Episcopalians, Baptists, and Presbyterians, to purchase lands of him while in England, so as to enable him to emigrate and take possession of his newly-acquired territory in the wilds of North Amer- ica. These were the initial steps toward the establish- ment of the town of Salem, and the improvement, civilization, enlightenment of a wide stretch of terri- tory, of which it soon became virtually, if not nomi- nally, in a sense the capital, and of which it has to this day maintained its position as the chief town, through the changes of more than two centuries. John Fenwick and his family are elsewhere spoken of Edward Wade emigrated from Monmouthshire, Wales, and came to Salem in company with John Fenwick. Having considerable means, he made large purchases of land in different parts of the county, and bought a sixteen-acre lot on Market Street, Salem, and built on it, near the present residence of Dr. Gibbon, a story and a half brick dwelling, where he and his wife. Prudence, ended their days. Edward Wade had been a cloth-maker in London, was a man of force of character, and proved to be one of the leading immigrants to Fenwick's colony, participating largely in its religious and civil organization. His residence, which was traditionally the first ever built on Market Street, was, after his death, occupied by Isaac Smart until the death of the latter, and was standing, in fair condition, as late as forty-five years ago. Oct. 5, 1675, Fenwick had the nucleus of the present city of Salem l^id out, a street being opened from the creek east so as to enable him to sell building lots to the emigrants. This street, from the fact that it ended at a wharf afterwards constructed, was long known as Wharf Street. Later it was called Bradway Street, in honor of Edward Bradway, and in time the latter name was corrupted into Broadway, the name of the street for many years past. Edward Bradway purchased a lot of sixteen acres, extending from Wharf Street to Fenwick Creek. Bradway and his wife, Mary, and their three chil- dren, Mary, William, and Susannah, with their 1 Largely from data furniBhed by Thumas Shourds, 368 HISTOEY OP SALEM COUNTY. three servants, William Groon, Thomas Buckel, and John Allen, embarked from London in March, 1677, in the ship " Kent." They landed at Salem in the August following. Bradway was a man of consider- able means. When he came to this country he had purchased one town lot and one thousand acres of land of Fenwick, while the latter yet tarried in Eng- land. In 1691, Bradway built on his town lot a large brick house, which is still standing, and which, in size and appearance, far surpasses any other house built in Salem earlier or for many years afterwards, if not those of William Penn, in Letitia Court, and Samuel Carpenter, on Second Street, at the corner of Norris Alley, Philadelphia, built about the same time. For some time after the death of Bradway (supposed to have occurred in 1693) the Governor of New Jersey lived in the old Bradway house, which, in conse- quence, came to be known as " the Governor's house" for many years afterwards. Thomas Hill Bradway, who later inherited this property, repaired the old mansion. It had then been long neglected, and was without doors or windows. At the beginning of the present century it was again fitted up, and a piazza built in front of it, by John S. Wood, son-in-law of Thomas H. Bradway. This ancient dwelling is still owned by the lineal descendants of Edward Bradway, in the seventh generation. After his arrival Edward Bradway had two children born in Salem, — Sarah and Hannah. The Bradways and other descendants of Edward Bradway have intermarried with other of the pioneer families of Salem County, and have been well-known and prominent citizens. Adjoining the Bradway lot William Hall pur- chased one of sixteen acres. In 1677, Hall emi- grated to this country, in company with John and Andrew Thompson and their families, landing at Elsinboro, December 22d of that year. Before they sailed from Dublin he engaged in the service of John Thompson for a number of years, at the expiration of which he removed to Salem and kept a store. He was a man of great ability, and about 1709, upon the death of Judge Thomas Killingsworth, he was appointed by the West Jersey Legislature a judge of the court of Salem County. In 1688 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Pile, of Pilesgrove, and it is be- lieved he came into the possession of much property, both real and personal, through his wife. His wife died about 1670, and he later married Sarah Clement, of Gloucester County. He is thought to have died in 1719. He held the office of judge up to the time of his death, and was then the greatest landholder in Salem County, owning a one hundredth part of Fen- wick's tenth. The Hall property in Salem formerly extended to the town meadow. The Hall family has intermarried with branches of most of the other dis- tinguished families of South Jersey. Judge Hall's widow, Sarah Clement Hall, built the large brick dwelling, now of Morris Hall, in which for many years she kept a store. It has been twice repaired. East of Hall's lot Samuel Nicholson bought a six- teen- acre lot, on which he at once built a log dwell- ing, and which, in 1681, he deeded to Salem Monthly Meeting of Friends. Previous to sailing with Fen- wick and his colony, Nicholson had purchased of the Proprietor two thousand acres of land, which, together with the town lot mentioned, was surveyed to him in 1676. The same year he was appointed the first jus- tice of the peace in Fenwick'a colony. He had been a farmer of Wiseton, Nottinghamshire, England. His wife was named Ann. Samuel Nicholson died, on his property in Elsinboro, about 1693. His descendants have been well-known citizens of Salem County and elsewhere. John and Thomas Mason were natives of Glouces- tershire, England, and before their removal to Amer- ica resided in the parish of Winchcome. About 1690 they came to Salem from Virginia, and bought two sixteen-acre lots on Broadway, east of Oak Street, extending beyond the Nelson House and to the town meadow. The Mason residence was originally built in 1693. It was a one-story brick building. Later a frame building was attached, facing the street. The whole was removed some years ago by A. N. Bell, and stores have been erected on its site. In 1695, John ■ Mason removed to Elsinboro, where he had bought property, and Thomas continued to live in Salem. Nearly opposite this old house stood Wil- liam Cattell's two-story brick mansion, which was removed many years ago. Where it stood stores have been built, and at the present time there is more business done in the grocery line there than in any other part of the city. A short distance farther down the street, where the First Baptist Church is, stood the venerable mansion of Thomas Thompson, which was built by his father, Thomas Thompson, a native of Elsinboro. He learned the tailoring business, purchased and built himself a dwelling, and followed the trade the remainder of his life. His son Thomas was born in 1744. Subsequently he learned tailoring of his father. After the death of his father he in- herited the property and married Rebecca Hedge, daughter of Samuel and Hannah Woodnutt Hedge. Thomas followed his trade for a number of years. He and his wife were noted for their kindness to both rich and poor, and their house was one of enter- tainment to their numerous relatives and friends. Neither of them was a member of the Society of Friends, but only attended Friends' Meeting occa- sionally. Thomas was born a member, but lost his right for the active part he took in the war of the Revolution. Rebecca's mother was a member, being the daughter of Joseph Woodnutt, of Mannington. There was a law in the State that persons could be imprisoned for debt, but there was no provision in the law for their maintenance while in jail. They were cared for by the benevolent. Thomas Thomp- son and wife sent provisions daily for many years to that class of prisoners. They lived to more than CITY OF SALEM. 369 fourscore years, and died much regretted by their numerous relatives and friends. The next lot but one to the Mason lot contained twenty-four acres, and belonged to Bartholomew Wyatt. The name of the owner of the intervening lot is not known. Bartholomew Wyatt was a young man of culture and considerable means, who came to this country in the latter part of the seventeenth cen- tury. He purchased the lot referred to about 1695, and married Sarah, the daughter of Robert Ashton, of Del- aware. He also purchased twelve hundred acres of land in Mannington. Soon after his marriage he went to live on his farm in said township, and at that place he and his wife ended their days. In 1734 his son, Bartholomew Wyatt, employed Thomas Miles (who at that time was the most prominent surveyor of the county) to resurvey the Wyatt lot in the town of Salem. The following are the boundaries of said lot : " Beginning at a post standing on Salem Street, at the corner of Margaret's Lane ; thence southwest 28 degs. down the same 132 perches to a stake set in the marsh, by the side of a ditch ; thence southeast 48 degs. along said ditch 24 perches to another corner ; thence northeast by north, joining on the lot now in posses- sion of Hugh Clifton, 119 perches to a post set by Salem Street aforesaid ; thence joining on the said street northwest 35 degs. 18 perches ; thence northwest 37 degs. 22 minutes to the place of beginning. Con- taining within these bounds 24 acres of land, swamp and marsh. Resurveyed on the second day of April, 1734." There is no record showing that any of the Wyatt family ever occupied this lot, and to whom it was sold by the Wyatts is unknown, but William Parrott was the owner of the larger portion of it in the latter part of the last century. When William Parrott died the greater part of his real estate was left to his widow, Clarissa Howell Parrott. She died at the age of ninety. At her death the Parrott property (formerly the Wyatt's and the Richard Johnson lot) was di- vided among Parrott's distant relatives. Streets were opened (Seventh Street on the Johnson lot, and sev- eral streets on the Wyatt tract, on Margaret's Lane, now Walnut Street), and the greater part of ground is now built upon, which a few years ago was used for farming. Joseph Smith, o^ the fourth generation from John Smith, of Amblebury, became the possessor of the lot that joined the Wyatt lot. It contained ten acres, running to the town meadow. Joseph was a cabinet- maker, following his trade in the town of Salem until his death, which took place about 1809. Adjoining the lot last mentioned, Benjamin Acton purchased ten acres lying on East Broadway. It ap- pears that Benjamin Acton was one of the prominent young men in the settlement of Fenwick's colony. There is no record showing the date of his arrival in Salem. About 1678 he is first mentioned in records of the colonial affairs. He is thought to have been 24 well educated. He was a land surveyor by profession, and by trade a tanner and currier. He built a house and established a tan-yard on the lot mentioned, and carried on the tanning business until the close of his life. His worth and ability were early appreciated by the Society of Friends, of which he was a consistent member. As early as 1682 he and another Friend were appointed to repair and build an addition to the meeting-house, so that it should be large enough to accommodate a Yearly Meeting. When Salem was incorporated, in 1695, he was chosen recorder. In laying out a public highway, in 1705, from Salem to Maurice River, he was one of the commissioners and surveyors, and he was likewise appointed, in 1709, to lay out a public highway from Salem to Greenwich, by way of Hancock's Bridge. In 1706 he had been a commissioner to lay out a road, beginning at what is now known as Yorke Street, and passing on into Elsinboro. He was also largely employed by private landholders in doing their surveying. After the death of Nevill and Tindall, James Logan, the principal agent of Penn's heirs, appointed Benjamin Acton to resurvey a tract of one thousand acres south of Gravelly Run, including the present site of Jericho. The order was given by the urgent request of Samuel Deeming, of Maryland, who had previously sold the tract to John Brick. In his report, rendered Sept. 13, 1729, Benjamin Acton stated, "The land is now resur- veyed with the assistance of John Brick and his two sons," and that the work " proved more chargeable" than he expected. " Signed by me, Benjamin Acton, surveyor of Fenwick Colony and Salem Tenth." In his old age he built a residence on Fenwick Street, a brick structure with a "hip"-roof, still standing, owned by Joseph Test. In 1724, Benjamin Acton, Jr., built a house, much larger than his father's, on the same lot, which in the last generation was owned by the Gibbs family. It was remodeled by the late George Rumsey, but the old walls remain. In "this house lived Benjamin Acton, Jr., who was a tanner by trade, occupying the yard devised to him by his father, and was succeeded in time by his son John. Samuel, a son of John, learned the tanner's trade with his father. For a time, in partnership with his brother Clement, he was a merchant inSalem, occupying the George W. Gar- rison store. After they decided to abandon trade, Samuel purchased the old Haddonfield tan-yards and removed thither, but he did not long survive. Richard M. Acton, now living, was another descendant of Ben- jamin Acton, who was a tanner in Salem. Clement, eldest son of Samuel Acton, born in 1796, learned the hatter's trade of Caleb Wood, of Salem, and followed the business for some time after he attained his ma- jority at the old David Smith shop on Market Street. He soon abandoned his trade and became a dealer in fur, and later had a lumber-yard and a steam saw- mill on Penn Street, near Fenwick Creek, which was burned. During this period he built a large brick 370 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. store and dwelling on Market Street, on the site of the old John Denn mansion, which he removed, and, in company with Thomas Cattell, kept a hardware- store some years. Isaac Oakford Acton, second son of Samuel Acton, learned blacksmithing in Pennsyl- vania, and after he became of age established him- self as a blacksmith on Griffith Street, prospered, and later engaged in business as an iron merchant and founder. The names only of some descendants of Benjamin Acton who have been prominent in local history have been mentioned. Others have been scarcely less well known, and numerous others have been and are among the most respected citizens of the county. Robert Zane purchased of John Fenwick, in 1676,* the twenty-acre lot adjoining the Acton lot. Robert Zane left Salem the following year and purchased a large tract of land in Newtown township, Gloucester Co. He married, in 1678, at Burlington, the daughter of an Indian chief. Tradition says they lived very happily together and had several children. His son Robert became the owner of his father's lot in Salem. The old mansion still exists as a monument of ancient times. It was built of logs, with a Mansard roof, and stands near the corner of Yorke and Keasbey Streets. Lewis Goodwin married Rebecca, the granddaughter of Robert Zane, Jr. She inherited the lot in Salem. Lewis and his wife had two children, John and Susan Goodwin. John Goodwin became the owner of the Zane lot. He sold it about 1804. A representative of this family removed to Ohio and became the founder of the flourishing city of Zanesville, in that State. On the King's Highway, leading from Salem to Co- hansey, the celebrated Thomas Killingsworth owned about fifty acres, cornering on East Broadway and Yorke Street. This man was in some senses so re- markable as to require more than a passing mention. According to such meagre accounts of him as have been handed down to the present generation, he ap- pears to have been a scholar of more than ordinary attainments for that time, and a man in whose good judgment and integrity the first immigrants to this section had the most implicit confidence. He ap- pears to have been well versed alike in theology and English law. A Baptist preacher of much power and influence, he was instrumental in organizing the first Baptist Society in Salem, in which he was aided by Obadiah Holmes, and it is a remarkable fact that these two were also the judges of the first courts or- ganized at Salem, in 1703, soon after East and West Jersey were united under one government. Mr. Kil- lingsworth held this conspicuous position until 1706, when declining health led to his resignation, and he was succeeded by William Hall. He died in 1709, leaving no children. Adjoining Judge Killingsworth's land on the west was the purchase of Edward Keasbey, on which, in 1725, he erected a brick dwelling which is still stand- ing. Edward was the first of the Keasbey family in this country. He was a young man when he came from England, about 1694. This family intermar- ried with others in the vicinity, notably the Quin- tons, Holmses, Bradways, and Gibbons, and subse- quent representatives were widely known and highly esteemed. About seventy years ago Delzin Keasbey was living in the old Keasbey mansion, and had a hatter's shop on Market Street. William Hancock, of Elsinboro, son of William Hancock, the emigrant, purchased a lot adjoining the Richard Johnson property, which he left to his son, Thomas Hancock. In 1770 the members of the Salem Monthly Meeting of Friends thought their house of worship in the graveyard too small, and purchased the property of Thomas Hancock, two years later building their present meeting-house thereon. Across East Broadway, at the corner of Walnut Street, stands an ancient brick house, in good condition, which was purchased by Dr. Samuel Dick considerably more than a hundred years ago. With several others, Richard Johnson came in the ship " Mary" from his native land, anchoring at El- sinboro, March 13, 1675. He was a native of Surrey, England, and a young man of marked ability, who later rendered great assistance to the Proprietor. After the incorporation of Salem he was one of the burgesses of that town, and he was also one of the judges of the Salem County courts, a justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and a member of the State Legislature of New Jersey. His place of residence was on East Broadway, on the site of the Rumsey block. His house was a brick one, with a "hip"-roof. Wil- liam Parrott bought this property about 1790, and soon afterward removed the ancient dwelling and erected in its stead a large two-story brick house. Richard Johnson was a large landholder in Salem and other portions of the county, owning five hundred acres south of AUoways Creek. His death occurred in January, 1719, when he was in his seventy-first year. A well-known descendant of Richard Johnson was Robert G. Johnson, who, in his old age, wrote.a brief but valuable " Historical Account of the First Settle- ment of Salem, in West Jersey," which was published in 1839. He was a man of pleasing address, was one of the judges of the Salem courts for many years, a member of the State Legislature two or three times, and held other important offices. He died Oct. 3, 1850, aged seventy-nine. His son, Robert Carney Johnson, was the first mayor of Salem. Thomas Johnson, who is thought to have been a cousin of Richard Johnson's, bought ten acres of land in Salem in 1686, and lived in the town. James Nevill came to this country as early as 1676 from England, and became a leading man in the colony. He had been a weaver of Stepney, England. He was a married man when he arrived, but there re- mains no evidence that he had any children. He was CITY OF SALEM. 371 a man of much talent and some legal acquirements and abilities, was clerk of the Salem courts, and held other positions of trust, and had the entire confidence of William Penn. He purchased twenty-nine acres of land of the Proprietor, on a street that led from the King's Highway to the town wharf. On account of his business qualifications and unquestioned integrity Nevill was chosen by Penn as the latter's agent after he had purchased John Fenwick's right to the unsold land in the Fenwick tenth in 1682. Thomas Kent was quite a distinguished man in his time. He purchased ten acres of land at the corner of Kent and Nevill Streets in 1685, and by subsequent purchases became a somewhat extensive land-owner in the county. William Wilkinson was an early comer. In 1685 he purchased ten acres of land in Salem, and built a house thereon, subsequently becoming a large land- owner in the county. Richard Penn sold one hun- dred and twenty acres of land within the precincts of Salem to one of Wilkinson's sons. The family of Wilkinson was well known in Salem for two or three generations, though there are few, if any, in the county bearing the name at this time who are de- scendants of William Wilkinson. Nicholas Gibbon, son of Arthur Gibbon, was born in England, and came early to Cumberland County. Thence he removed to Salem, having married the widow of Samuel F. Hedge, and daughter of Alexan- der Grant. They lived in the old Grant house on Market Street, and he became a merchant, and was collector of the port, surrogate of Salem County, and a colonel of militia, in command of the militia of the lower counties. He died in 1758, his wife in 1760. Grant Gibbon, their second son, was born Nov. 28, 1734, and was collector of the port after his father's death, and held the offices of surrogate, judge, and justice of the peace. He was also a merchant, and a man of culture and prepossessing manners. He was a warm patriot. Oct. 13, 1774, while the Bostonians were suffering from the oppression of Gen. Gage, at a " meeting of the inhabitants of Salem town and county," it was "Resolved, That Grant Gibbon, Esq., who is known to be one of the most popular and effi- cient men in the county, and a patriot in whom the public have unbounded confidence, be the man who shall take the burthen and trouble in soliciting from our people." He succeeded in collecting about seven hundred dollars, a large sum at that time, which was sent for the relief of the distressed of that city. He died in June, 1776, about one week before the Decla- ration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. Among the patriotic men of the last century who took an active part in the troublous scenes of the Revolution was Dr. Samuel Dick, of Salem. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was born in Maryland in 1740. He was highly educated, being especially pro- ficient in languages, and was graduated from one of the medical institutions of Scotland. He served in Canada as assistant surgeon in the colonial army in the French war, and was present at the surrender of Quebec in 1760. In 1770, with his mother, he came to Salem, and purchased property at the corner of East Broadway and Walnut Streets, where he died, and some of his descendants are living. In 1773 he married Sarah, daughter of Judge Andrew Sinnick- son, of Penn's Neck. In 1776 he was a member of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and one of the committee of five appointed to draw up a Con- stitution of that State, and by that Congress he was given a commission as colonel of militia, and as such he served zealously during the long struggle which followed. He was surrogate of Salem County, 1780- 1801. He was elected to Congress in 1783, and served through 1785, having been a member of the Congress of 1784, by which the treaty was ratified by which Great Britain acknowledged American independence, and was on a committee, with Jefferson, Blanchard, Gerry, Sherman, De Witt, Hand, Stone, Williamson, and Read, appointed to examine into the workings of the Treasury Department, and report such changes in its organization as they might deem advisable. He has been described as " a man of brilliant talents and great acquirements, refined taste and polished man- ners, a skillful surveyor and physician, a profound scholar, a discerning politician and zealous patriot." He died in 1812. Thomas, the oldest son of Andrew Sinnickson (3d), was a merchant during the earlier years of his man- hood, on the site of the drug-store of Eakin & Bal- linger, on Broadway, at the head of Market Street, and resided in Salem the greater part of his life. He took an active part in the Revolutionary war, and commanded a company in the Continental army. On account of his writings and his bitter opposition to British tyranny he was outlawed by Lord Howe, and a heavy reward was offered for him, dead or alive. At the organization of the government he warmly espoused the views of the ill-fated Hamilton, and became the recognized leader of the Federal party in this section during the administrations of Washington and the elder Adams. He frequently represented the county in the State Legislature, and was a member of the first United States Congress, which met in New York, and later a member of Congress (1796-98). He also served as judge, justice of the peace, and county treasurer. William, youngest son of William Tyler (2d), was born in 1723. When between seventeen and eighteen years of age he apprenticed himself for four years to Benjamin Acton, of Salem, to learn the tanner and currier's trade. Soon after the expiration of his apprenticeship he sold property he had inherited from his father in Lower Alloways Creek, and bought of Rebecca Edgil, of Philadelphia, property in Salem with a house thereon, which in the deed, dated 1746, is designated as " a new brick house," rendering it at least one hundred and thirty-six years old at this 312 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. time, which is now the property of William David- son. Here he icarried on the tanning business. His descendants have been well known in Salem to the present day, and some of them have been identified almost constantly with the tanning and leather in- terests there and elsewhere. Eichard Whitacar was one of Fenwick's Council of Proprietors to govern West Jersey, 1676-1702, and resided in Salem most of the time until 1690, when he removed to what is now Cumberland County. Richard Woodnutt came from England about 1690, and located in Philadelphia. In 1696 he came to Salem. He was a bricklayer, and a member of the Society of Friends. About 1696 he came into pos- session of a portion of John Pledger's allotment in ^ Mannington, by marriage or purchase, and removed thither. His descendants have for successive gener- ations been well known in Salem County. The Yorkes of Salem are descended from an an- cient and important English family. Andrew, the second son of Thomas and Margaret Robeson Yorke, was born in Philadelphia in 1742, and came to Salem in 1773, and lived and kept store in the old building yet standing at the corner of York and Magnolia Streets. He was an ardent patriot, and served during the Revolution as aid to Gen. Newcomb. Thomas Woodruff bought ten acres in Salem in 1684, and is supposed to have built a house upon his lot and lived in the town during the remainder of his days. Joseph Woodruff, brother of Thomas, bought another ten-acre lot in Salem, and lived thereon for some years. June 13, 1685, Roger Smith bought of the execu- tors of John Fenwick a building lot of ten acres in Salem, and soon became the owner of considerable land south of Alloways Creek, in what is now Quin- ton township. His great-grandson, Capt. William Smith, quite distinguished himself in the engagement at Quinton's Bridge in 1778. His descendants are quite numerous at this time in the lower part of Salem County. Tobias Quinton purchased a building lot in Salem, but, like other early comers, did not long remain in the town. James Rolfe, it is generally thought, first settled in East Jersey. He came to Salem about 1700, and was a man of considerable means. He purchased a lot on the west side of Market Street, and built thereon a two-story brick house with a Mansard roof, which was standing in 1820, and was used as a pottery after it ceased to do service as a dwelling. He died in Salem in 1732. Thomas Clement, his grandson, was for a time a merchant on Market Street, Salem, in a build- ing afterwards occupied by his youngest son, Samuel, who was for many years in partnership with Gideon Scull, Jr., and who was known extensively as " Hon- est Samuel Clement." Thomas Clement lived to an advanced age. He has well-known descendants liv- ing in Salem and elsewhere in the county, members of his family having intermarried with other repu- table families of Salem and vicinity. William Griffith purchased a ten-acre lot on Mar- ket Street, on which he built a house, residing there, it is thought, until the close of his life. During his time a street was opened from Market Street to Salem Creek, running parallel with Broadway, which was named in his honor. He is thought to have been the son of the captain of the " Griffith," and was a man of ability and discretion, and was intrusted with im- portant public concerns, becoming the first sheriff of Salem County after East and West Jersey were united. Alexander Grant arrived in Salem about 1700, pur- chased a lot adjoining the Edward Wade lot, on Mar- ket Street, and erected a brick dwelling, which is still in a state of good preservation. With John, Ralph, and Nathaniel Bradin, of Salem, and John Vining, of Mannington, Alexander Grant was instrumental in organizing the Episcopal Church in Salem. Near the foot of Broadway a street was laid out and opened by the Proprietors' direction, ninety feet wide. John Worledge, the eminent deputy surveyor, pur- chased, on the southwest side of this street, a lot in 1691, ou which, the next year, he built a plain brick dwelling, which stood until a little more than two years ago. John Lawson, the ancestor of Mayor Charles S. Lawson and others of the name in Salem, was born in Liverpool, England, of Quaker parentage, in 1756, became a cooper, came to America and located in Salem, and, with William Perry, was engaged in the prosecution of his trade until the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, when, casting aside the prejudices of his sect, he entered Capt. Helm's company of the First New Jersey Battalion. The present mayor of Salem is his descendant. There was a large ancient brick building standing on Yorke Street, near the line of Salem and Elsinboro. It is not known when it was erected. The owner was Erasmus Fetters, a tanner, and a member of the So- ciety of Friends. The following are the names of families and indi- viduals prominent in Salem from 1800 to 1830. Many of them are the names of well-known citizens at this time: Acton, Allen, Austin, Archer, Ayres, Aertsen, An- drews, Bradway, Bailey, Burroughs, Bavis, Bartram, Baker, Bond, Bright, Busley, Cattell, Clement, Coron, Collins, Coffee, Cooper, Craven, Cloud, Challis, Camp, Counsellor, Dick, Dare, Dunn, Dayton, Dennis, Dur- ling, Daniels, Durell, Dickey, EUett, Elwell, Firth, Fowler, Fleming, Fithian, Freas, Fox, Garrison, Griscom, Groff, Gilmore, Gibbon, Guestner, Githens, Glanding, Hufty, Harrison, Hill, Hutchinson, Hall, Holmes, Harvey, Hackett, Hazlehurst, Jones, Jacobs, James, Jeffries, Ivins, Keasbey, Kean, Kiger, Kirby, Kitts, Kinsey, Kelly, Kirk, Loomis, Lawrence, Logue, Lawson, Lippincott, Mulford, Mason, McDonnel, CITY OF SALEM. 373 Mairs, Mankins, Madara, Newell, Norton, Nicholsou, Nichols, Orton, Overman, Parrott, Peterson, Patter- son, Ploughman, Prior, Pyle, Robinson, Rednold, Riley, Rumsey, Rowan, Reynolds, Ridgway, Smith, Shourds, Sinnickson, Scull, Sherron, Simpson, Smart, Sheppard, Sheldon, Sutton, Scott, Sharp, Swing, Sick- ler, Shinn, Sterret, Tyler, Teel, Truss, Thompson, Tuft, Trask, Tiudall, Van Meter, Vanhorn, Walton, Wood, Wright, Williams, Yorke, and Young. A grant was made by the executors of John Fen- wick, William Penn, Samuel Hedge, and Richard Tindall to George Hazelwood, Thomas Woodruff, and Richard Johnson, three freeholders of the town of Salem, in trust, upon the conditions that such free- holders as purchased property in " the town mark" should bind themselves to make an embankment, be- ginning at the town landing, afterwards called the old wharf, and running to " fast land" on the Windham or Holmes Dallas farm, and erect two wharves, — one at the foot of Broadway, called " the town landing," to be made so complete that boats could come to and load at low-water mark ; the other on the Penn's Neck side of the creek, opposite the foot of Broadway, for the accommodation of the inhabitants of Penn's Neck in their business intercourse with Salem. These con- ditions were accepted by twenty-three freeholders, owners of the marsh, who entered upon the work, and by assessment levied upon marsh-land owners erected a " tide-bank," and shut off the water from the low ground, and built the two wharves as required. This charter was made in perpetuity to the three freehold- ers named as trustees and their successors, and was dated Dec. 24, 1688. The wharf at the foot of Broad- way was of great benefit to the commercial ancestors of some of the present residents of Salem, who ex- ported the productions of the county to the island of Barbadoes, to New York, and to Boston for some years, until Philadelphia became the rival of Salem, when the foreign trade of the latter place began grad- ually to diminish. On the decline of the export trade, that part of the landing at the foot of Broadway not occupied as the wharf of the present day was appro- priated as a market ground, and during one period fairs were held on it twice a year. It was also used in storing materials for vessels, which for many years after settlement begun were constructed there. Later some of this property passed into individual possession, and became the looale of enterprises known in the history of modern Salem. Organization and Incorporation.— The town of Salem was incorporated in 1696. The act under which it was organized created the office of burgess. The burgess was invested with authority to hear and determine all civil cases where the sum claimed was under forty shillings, to grant and revoke tavern licenses at his pleasure, and to punish all persons who might be convicted before him of rudeness, pro- fanity, and vicious practices. Early Officers. — The first officers chosen under the act creating the town of Salem were the follow- ing, elected in March, 1695: John Worledge, bur- gess; Benjamin Acton, recorder; John Jeifry, bailiff; Richard Johnson, surveyor of streets, bridges, and banks. • The office of burgess was perpetuated until 1703. The successive incumbents were John Worledge, Jonathan Bure, William Hall, Richard Johnson, and Thomas Killingsworth. Justices of the peace during this period were Jonathan Bure, Richard Darking, Obadiah Holmes, Ryneer Van Hyst, John Holmes, William Rumsey, John Bacon, and Thomas Woodruff. All freeholders were required to be punctual in at- tendance at all meetings of the town officers, and ab- sentees were fined from ten pence to five shillings each, according to the frequency of their non-attend- ance and the urgency of their cause for the same. The large proportion of Quaker inhabitants and office-holders rendered it necessary that some of the latter should have a substitute for the ordinary oath of office administered to such officers elect as were not troubled with conscientious scruples against being sworn, and the class availed themselves of the "act to qualify officers who are not free to take an oath" by signing the following declaration of fidelity and faith : " By virtue and in obedience to the said act of Assembly, we, whose names are subscribed, do sincerely promise and solemnly declare that we will be true and faithful to William, King of England, and the gov- ernmeat of this province of West Jersey. And we do solemnly profess and declare that we do from our hearts abhor, detest, and renounce as impious and heretical that damnable doctrine that princes excommuni- cated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the See of Borne may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any other whatsoever; and we do declare that no foreign prince, prelate, state, or potentate hath or ought to have any power,juri8diction,8upeiior[ty, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within tliis realm. " We profess laith in God, the Father, and in Jesus Christ, his eternal Son, the true God, and in the Holy Spirit, one God blessed forevermore. And we do acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testa- ments to be given by divine inspiration." This act was passed May 12, 1696. The following officers of the town of Salem subscribed to the faith or creed contained therein between 1697 and 1706 : Jonathan Bure, Richard Darking, Obadiah Holmes, Ryneer Van Hyst, John Holmes, William Rumsey, John Bacon, and Thomas Woodruff, justices; Wil- liam Hall, Jonathan Bure, Richard Johnson, Jept. Woodruff, Samuel Hedge, Jr., and Thomas Killings- worth, burgesses ; William Hall and Samuel Hedge, recorders ; Hugh Middleton, sheriff; and Samuel Hedge, clerk and coroner. After a period of organization somewhat similar to the borough organization of a later day, Salem be- came a township, bounded by the limits of the present city. It was organized as a township, and until 1858 its affairs were conducted precisely as those of the other townships of the county were conducted. Dili- gent search among the archives stored in the office of the city recorder and elsewhere has failed to reveal any traces of Salem's records during this long and 374 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. interesting period of its history, though the discovery of some accounts of the results of some of the later annual township elections in some old newspaper files in the county clerk's office enables the writer to present the following fragment of a civil list : Chosen Freeholders. — Joshua J. Thompson, 1848, 1852; Charles P. Smith, 1848; Samuel Garrison, 1849-51 ; Joseph Kille, 1849-51 ; Thomas B. Stow, 1852-58; K. C. Ballinger, 1853-55; William Bassett, 1854; Francis Hand, 1855-56; Samuel Habermeyer, 1856-57 ; Morris H. Bassett, 1857. Clerk.— Jacob P. Nicholson, 1850-57. Commissioiiers of Appeal. — Thomas Woodforth, 1850-51; Christian F. Brown, 1850-61; William B. Stretch, 1850; Jacob W. Mulford, 1851-52; Henry Freas, 1852-56; George M. Ward, 1852-54; T. W. Cattell, 1853-56 ; Thomas Sinnickson, 1855-56 ; John W. Maskell, 1857; Moses Eichman, 1857; Quinton Keasbey, 1857. Assessors.— Charles Bilderback, 1850; T. V. F. Rusling, 1851-52; John N. Cooper, 1853; A. J. Fegenbush, 1854^57. Collectors.— John D. Willis, 1850 ; John T. Hamp- ton, 1851-52; David Sparks, 1853-64; Jacob M. Lip- pincott, 1856-66 ; William Morrison, 1857. Township Committeemen.— Franklin Hand, 186^; James W. Mecum, 1850; Isaac Z. Peterson, 1850; John Williams, Sr., 1850 ; Joshua W. Thompson, 1850; William L. Cleaver, 1851-52; W. C. Cooper, 1851; Samuel Prior, 1851-52; D. W. C. Clement, 1851-62, 1866; John Lawson, 1851-62; J. C. Ballin- ger, 1852; Benjamin Ldppincott, 1853-57; John W. Challis, 1853-54; Samuel Ward, 1853-54; Edward P. Cooper, 1863; S. H. Clement, 1863-64; Joseph Pettit, 1854, 1856-67 ; Samuel Dilmore, 1865 ; Thomas B. Stow, 1855 ; John W. Maskell, 1856-57 ; Samuel Garrison, 1856 ; Christian Brown, 1856 ; Francis Hand, 1857 ; John B. Heishon, 1857. Overseers of the Poor.— George Bowen, 1850-61 ; John McDonnol, 1850-57; Morris Hall, 1862-63; Thomas Dunn, 1854r-57. Surveyors of Highways. — Joshua J. Thompson, 1860 ; Edward A. Van Meter, 1860-51 ; Adam Sickler, 1851-57 ; H. Smith Bright, 1862-63 ; John H. Cogill, 1864-56 ; John Lawson, Sr., 1867 ; Enoch C. Mulford, 1857. Overseers of the Highways.— Edward Orr, 1850, 1852-55; William McConner, 1860; Adam H. Sickler, 1852; H. Smith Bright, 1852; William H. Vining, 1852; Gabriel P. Kirk, 1853-64; Samuel Benner, 1856-67; Jacob Keen, 1866; Elijah Simpkins, 1856 -57. Fonnd-Eeepers. — John Harvey, 1850 ; John Car- penter, 1852; William H. Nelson, 1853; Jonathan Butcher, 1864^56 ; Daniel Brown, 1856 ; Elijah Simp- kins, 1857 ; Henry Friant, 1857. School Trustees.— Richard C. Ballinger, 1850-52; Samuel Copner, 1860-52; Richard M. Acton, 1860, 1853, 1866 ; J. T. Sharp, 1860-51 ; Thomas Woods- worth, 1850, 1853 ; Isaac Z. Peterson, 1850-53, 1856; James M. Hannah, 1851-52, 1854-55 ; Charles W. Roberts, 1852; Elijah W. Dunn, 1854; John G. Thackray, 1854; Samuel Habermeyer, 1855, 1857; William B. Robertson, 1856 ; Moses Richman, 1857. School Superintendents.— Thomas Maylin, 1850 ; William B. Otis, 1852-56; Rev. A. B. Patterson, 1856 ; Daniel Stratton, 1867. Judges of Election.— Adam H. Sickler, 1850; Jacob W. Mulford, 1851 ; Joshua Jeffries, 1852 ; John P. McCune, 1853-56; Thomas E. Mulford, 1857. Constables.— Job S. Dixon, 1850 ; Peter Barnard, 1851 ; Francis Sickler, 1851-55: Samuel Ware, 1853- 64, 1866-57; William T. Smart, 1856; Samuel Dil- more, 1866-57. Incorporation of Salem City. — As early as 1851 the advisability of securing the incorporation of Salem was conceded, and in November that year the following notice appeared in the town papers : "Notice is liereby given to the Legislature of New Jersey that appli- cation will be made at its next session for the passage of an act to incor- porate the town of Salem into a city or borough. W. C. Walraven. E. P. Thompson. R. M. Sailer. A. Sinnickson. Franklin Lore. M. Van Meter. Thomas Harley. J. M. Mulford. C. H. Plummer. J. H. Thompson. J. M. Bumsey. Samuel Copner. Charles Bumsey. Delany Pew. Jno. Bailey, Jr. A . J. Fegenbush. B. Stackhouse. VITilliam H. Vioiog. William M. Roberts. J. D. Bobinson. H. Sinnickson. William B. Miller. J. S. Blackwood. J. M. Lippincott. Jonathan P. Wilson. J. S. Hackett. William Acton. Edward A. Acton. J. Hackett, Jr. E. H. Bobbins. John G. Belden. James Leonard. Joshua Jetferis. Edward Reynolds. L G. Vinal. William S. Sharp. W. B. Robertson. B. B. Ware. J. B. Lippincott. T. Erans. B. F. Parsons. John A. Weiler. John C. Smith. John Walker. S. M. Stewart. Samuel Dilmore. Nathan D, Pew. John Bailey. * B. Gwynnc. N. B. McKenzie. D. McDaniel. 0. L. Jones. John Lawson. Josiah Thompson. David B. Beed. John M. Brown. E. S. Scudder. Jeremiah Traoy. C. H. Nicholson. Jacob Paulin. Charles C. Clark. John C. Cann. W. Thompson, Jr. Edward Van Meter. Thomas Bates. j. p. Nicholson. J. M. Carpenter. Amariah Foster. S. H. Flanegau. John L. Butler. Isaac Hackett. James Wilson. R. C. Ballinger. s. H. Merritt. N. Humphreys. Thomas Lazilere. E. F. Bennett. Isaac Acton. James 6. King. William Mankine. Bobert Guestner. Adam Storms. S. H. Sherron. , Allen W. Hawn. William L. CloaTer. J. T. Waddington. S. Habermeyer. Benjamin Acton, Jr. J. D. Willis. Charles W. Boberts. J. T. Hampton. John Oummlskey. John P. Bruna. Joseph Miller." J. M. Hannah. CITY OF SALEM. 375 No decisive action seems to have been taken for some years thereafter, but the question was agitated from time to time, until, in response to the expressed desire of many citizens, the township committee called a meeting to be held on Tuesday, Jan. 26, 1858, for allowing the citizens a direct vote on the question of having the town of Salem incorporated, said vote to be by ballot " for charter" or " no charter.'' The result of the balloting was a majority of eighty-eight votes " for charter," the whole number of votes cast having been four hundred and twenty-six. The " act to incorporate the city of Salem, N. J.," was approved Feb. 25, 1858. It provided " that all that part of the county of Salem known as the township of Salem shall be, and is hereby, incorporated into a city, to be called the city of Salem." It also provided for the election of " one mayor, six counoilmen, one recorder or clerk, one marshal, one or more assessors, one collector, who shall be ex officio city treasurer, two chosen freeholders, one school superintendent, two trustees of public schools, two overseers of the poor, two surveyors of the high- ways, three commissioners of appeal, one judge of election, and one or more pound-keepers. Amendments to this act were passed and approved March 18, 1859, March 22, 1860, March 28, 1866, March 7, 1867, April 1, 1868, March 1, 1871, and in 1872. The amendment of 1860 established the office of street commissioners. The amendment of 1867 au- thorized the division of the city into wards, as follows : " That the city of Salem shall be divided into three wards, in the man- ner following, viz : — All that part of said city lying east of a line begin- ning at the city line in the middle of South Street, and following the middle of said street, by its Tariona courses, to the middle of Fenwick Street; thence by the middle of Fen wick Street to the middle of Parrett Street, to its present terminus ; and thence continuing the last course of said street to the creek, constituting the northern boundary of said city, shall be the Bast Ward of said city. All that part of said city lying west of a line beginning at the city line, in the middle of a road, being the continuation of Oak Street, and following the middle of said road to Oak Street; thence by the middle of Oak Street to its terminus on Broad- way ; and thence by the last course of said Oak Street to the creek afore- said, shall be the West Ward of said city; and all that part of said city lying between the two above described lines shall be the filiddle Ward of said city." The amendment of 1868 divided the city into two election precincts, and designated such officers as should be thereafter elected. Following is the text of Sections 1 and 2 : "1. Beit enacted by the Senale and General Aeaembly of the State of New Jertey, That the city of Salem shall hereafter be divided into two pre- cincts, in the manner following, that is to say: All that part of the city of Salem lying and being on the southeast side of a certain line begin- ning at the creek in the centre of Market Street, and running thence along the centre of said street in the course thereof; thence between Belden's store and the Nelson House, in the line of division thereof, continuing on in a straight line to the limits of the said city, shall com- pose one precinct, which shall be known as and called by the name of the East Precinct ; and all that part of the city of Salem lying and being on the northwesterly side of the said certain line shall compose one precinct, which shall be known as and called by the name of the West Precinct ; and the Common Council of said city shall have full power to fix and determine other precincts in said city, as the said Common Council may from time to time deem necessary. " 2. And he it enacted, That there shall hereafter be elected in the said city, by the legal voters thereof throughout the whole city, one mayor, who shall be keeper of the city seal, and hold his office for three years, after the expiration of the term of the present mayor; three Common Gouncilmen, annually, each of whom shall hold his oifice for three years; one recorder or clerk, annually, and whose compensation shall be fixed and determined by Common Council ; one or more assessors, annually; . , . one collector, who shall be ex oJJUAo city treasurer ; three chosen freeholders, in, for, and throughout the said city ; one superin- tendent of public schools, annually, who shall bold their offices respect- ively for three years; two overseers of the poor, annually; two survey- ors of the highways, annually ; three commissioners of appeal, annually ; two pound-keepers, annually; two constables, annually." The amendment passed and approved March 1, 1871, divided the city into two wards, called the " East and West Wards," doing away with the third or " Middle Ward," and authorized the election of specified ward officers in each. Sections 1 and 2 read as follows : " 1 . . , . All that part of said city lying east and southeast of a cer- tain line beginning at the city line in the middle of Market Street, at the bridge at the foot of said street, and following the line of the middle of said street to the middle of Broadway, thence down the middle of Broadway to the middle of Oak Street, thenoe by the middle of Oak Street, by its various courses, to the city line, shall be the East Ward of said city ; and all that part of said city lying northwest of the above- described lines shall be the West Ward of said city. " 2. And he it enacted. That the ward oificers shall be for each ward : four common councilmen, one assessor, who shall be one of the judges of the election ; one chosen freeholder, four trustees of public schools, one overseer of the poor, three commissioners of appeal in cases of tax- ation, two surveyors of the highways, one or more pound-keepers, one constable, one clerk, who shall be clerk of the election ; two justices of the peace, and one judge of the election." The amendments passed in 1859, 1860, 1866, and 1872 are not of a nature to render them interesting historically. The first city election was held, pursuant to a pro- vision of the act incorporating the city, on Tuesday, March 9, 1818. The names of the officers elected will be found in the following civil list, which em- braces the names of most persons who have been honored with official preferment in Salem from 1858 to 1882, inclusive : MAYORS. 1858-60, 1867-69. Eobert C. John- son. 1861-63. Henry Sinnickson. 1864-67. Bbenezer Dunn. 1870-72. Samuel D. Githen. 1873-78, 1882. Charles S. Lawson. 1879-81. Benjamin F. Wood. 1858-59, 1862. James W. Mecnm. 1858. Joseph H. Thompson. 1858, 1860, 1863, 1866, 1869. Sam- uel Habermeyer. 1858, 1860. William J. Diamond. 1858, 1873. Quinton Keasbey. 1858. John W. Maskell. 1859. Isaac Acton. 1861. Ebenezer Dunn. 1861. Moses Richman. 1862, 1869. Richard Qrier. 1863. 1866, 1870. Francis Hand. 1863. George B. Robertson. 1864.1867. William Patterson. 186^. John Ramsey. 1865. Thomas Sinnickson, Jr. 1865. De Witt C. Clement. CITY COTTNCILMEN. 1867. William Nicholson. 1867, 1876. Charles H. Chew. 1867. Casper W. Thompson. 1867, 1872. Jacob M. Mitchell. 1868. Isaac Horner. 1868, 1870. Joseph B. Thompson. 1868. Charles 0. Pierce. 1869, 1882. Benjamin F. Wood. 1870. Simon B. Smith. 1871. 1873, 1875, 1877, 1881. C. M. Eakin. 1871, 1872, 1874. Robert Stretch. 1872, 1874. Owen L. Jones. 1872. John 0. Mulford. 1873. Richard Robinson. 1873. Joseph D. Farrell. 1874. George Diamond. 376 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. 1874. Richard P. Hilea. 18T5. William Plummer. 1875. Ebenezer Smith. lS7fi. K. T. Starr. 1876, 1878, 1880. Morris J. Eobin- son. 1876. Samuel Scott. 1876. 0. F. Lippincott. 1877, 1881. William H. Lawson. 1877. Bichard Wistar, Sr. 1877, 1S79. Frank M. Acton. 1878. Samuel Ward. 1878, 1880. Samuel Garrison. 1878, 1880. Mason M. Bennett. 1879. E. V, Anderson. 1879. William H. Stow. 1879. W. Bldridge, .Jr. 1880. John P. Flynn. 1881, 1882. Frederick W. Smith. 1881. J. 0. Belden, Jr. 1882. John Ferrine. 1882. Charles W. Casper. CITY MARSHALS. 1858, 1369. Benjamin F. Haynes. I 186S, 1867. John S. McCnne. 1860, 1861. William H. Wood. 1862. Peter Breece. 1863. Ephraim J. Iiloyd. I 1866. Thomas Brown. I 1868. Peter Bamart. SCHOOL SUPEEINTENDENTS. 1858-69. Rev. Daniel Strattou. 1860-62, 1866-66. Rev. Thomas F. Billopp. 1863-64, 1867-70. Rev. J. R. Mur- phy. 1871-76. Theoph. Patterson, M.D. 1876-82. George W. Timlow. 1882. Rev. H. A. Griesemer. SCHOOL TRUSTEES. 1868, 1861, 1863, 1872. Richard M. Acton. 1858, 1861, 1«63, 1867, 1869, 1872. James M. Hannah. 1869. William B. Robertson. 1869. Dr. Quinton Gibbon. 1862. Thomas V. F. Eusling. 1862. Joshua Jeffreys. 1863-64, 1867. Thomas Sinnicksoo, Jr. 1864, 1868, 1871. William L. Xyler. 1866, 1868, 1876. Thomas B. Stow. 1865. John G. Thackray. 1866-66. Elijah W. Dunn. 1867, 1870, 1873. William Plum- mer. 1867. Joseph H. Thompson. 1867, 1870. Charles C. Pierce. 1868. C. a. Sinnickson. 1869. 1872. Ephraim J. Lloyd. 1869, 1872. Samuel D. Githens. 1870. John Hill. 1871-72. Alpheus Bilderback. 1872,1874. Robert Gwynne. 1873. 1875. Joseph B. Heishon. 1873, 1875, 1878. James D. Smith. 1873. Lett R. Powers. 1873, 1877-78, 1880, 1882. William G. Tyler. 1878. Bichard P. Hiles. 1874. George A. Rumsey. 1874, 1877. George A. Githens. 1874. 1876. William Pierpont. 1876. 1877. Richard Grier. 1875. C. W. Casper. 1876, 1879. C. W. Thompson. 1877. Caleb Wheeler. 1876. J. M. Lippincott. 1878, 1880, 1882. 'Joseph K. Biddle. 1879, 1881. 0. L. Jones. 1879. 1881. J. B. Grier. 1879. Sheppard Harris. 1879. J. A. Crist. 1879. G. M. Diamond. 1880. 1882. Henry J. Freas. 1880-81. Adam C. Knight. 1881. Charles Caspetson. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1868. Henry D. Hall. 1858, 1861-62. Moses Richman. 1869, 1867. Joseph D. Test. 1859. Calvin Belden. 1859. Harrison Wright. 1861-62. John Lawson. 1861-62. Joseph D. Robinson. 1864-65. Joshua Thompson. 1864. William H. Nelson. 1864-68. Samuel D. Githens. 1865-72, 1875-76. Robert Grier. 1866, 1868, 1871. Chariea 0. Clark. 1867, 1879. Dr. Quinton Gibbon. 1867. Robert Gwynne. 1867. Joseph R. Lippincott. 1867. Morris Hall. 1867-68. Samuel Dilmore. 1866, 1877. John S. McCune. 1868-70. Constant M. Eakin. 1868. John G. Thackray. 1868. John Lawson. 1868. Nehemiah Dunn. 1868. Reuben Freas. 1869-72. Alpheus Bilderback. 1871. Jacob M. Lippincott. 1871-73. Jacob M. Mitchell. 1871-72. David Bassett. 1872. David Carll. 1872. William Plummer. 1873. Richard Wistar. 1873-74, 1876. John C. Dunn. 1873, 1877-82. Samuel Prior. 1873. Francis Hand. 1874. Smith Bilderback. 1874. George Dare. 1874. Walter W. Acton. 1874. William Lawrence. 1874. Isaac B. Lawrence. 1875. Joseph B. Thompson. 1875. John Lambert. 1875-76. David Bassett. 1875-76. John T. Hampton. 1875. Ellis R. Jordan. 1876-78, 1882. E. D. EedBtrake. 1876. James H. Green. 1877-82. Jonathan B. Grier. 1877. John Wistar. 1877-78. Henry F. Sickler. 1878-82. Bichard Robinson. 1878-80. John Perrine. 1879. S. P. Carpenter. 1879-81. John E. Thompson. 1880-81. Robert E. Jaquett. 1881. Dallas R. Sinnickson. 1882. Charles Sharp. 1882. M. K. McConner. I JUDGES OF ELECTION. 1858. Thomas B. Malford. 18.59. Thomas Y. F. Bnaling. 1861-66. John P. McCune. 1869-70. John Eumsey. 1869. Joseph B. Thompson. 1870-71. Thomas Brown. 1871. John Lambert. 1872-75. William R. Matlack. 1872. Samuel Garrison. 1873. Edward Calhoun. 1874. Francis Hand. 1875. Amnon Wright. 1876-78, 1882. Ellis E. Jordan. 1876. Simon B. Smith. 1877-82. John C. Coate. 1879-80. C. Hancock. 1880. Richard M. Davis, 1880. Alpheus Bilderback. 1881-82. Isaac Z. 0. Gosling. 1881. David Carney. 1881. James H. Simpkins. 1882. Isaac Allen. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1868. William H. Nelson. 1858-59, 1868. Bichard M. Acton. 1859, 1864-67. Henry Sinnickson. 1862. Smith Sickler. 1862. Benjamin Lippincott. I 1864-66. William A. Casper. j 1867-70. Smith Bilderback. 1867. Samuel Prior. i 1868. Charles S. Lawson. I 1869. Charles W. Casper. 1869-70. Joseph B. Heishon. 1870-71. John T. Hampton. 1872-73. John Hires. 1874-75. John T. Garwood. 1876-77. Francis Hand. 1878-80. Richard T. Starr. 1879. Isaac B. Lawson. 1881-82. Benjamin B. Westcott. 1882. John P. Flynn. CITY COLLECTORS AND TREASURERS. l«70-7l. Charies W. Casper. ! 1872-73. Chariea F. Lippincott. ! 1874-76. William H. Lawson. I 1876-77. Isaac B. Lawrence. 1878-79. John T. Garwood. j 1880-81. Frank M. Acton. ' 1882. Robert Gwynne. 1868. William Morrison. 1859-60. Chariea S. Lawson. 1861-62. Francis Hand. 1863-64. John T. Hampton. 1865. Henry Young. 1866-67. Joseph B. Heishon. 1868-69. W. E. Casperson. POUND-KEEPERS. 1868. Daniel Dixon. 1858-59. Thomas Gasfcill. 1858-59. Elijah Simpkins. 1862-64, 1867-70. Charies DanieU. 1862-63. Isaac Walters. 1864-66, 1869-70. Peter Stepler. 1865-66. Henry Friant. 1867. John R. Stanger. 1867, 1871-72. Richard T. Bamart. 1868. Daniel Sullivan. 1868, 1872. William Bamart. SURVETOBS 1868, 1861-63, 1871-73, 1875. Adam H. Sickler. 1868-69. Thomas T. Billiard. 1859. Joshua Beeves, Sr. 1861-63, 1868. John Bamsey. 1864. Henry Young. 1864. Charles W. Hall. 1865-66. Samuel L. Bell. 1866-66. Smith Bilderback. 1867. Hiram Harris. 1867-«8. Thomas Glynn. 1867. W. H. Lawson. 1867, 1873-74. John Perrine. 1867, 1872. John E. Thompson. 1867, 1869-70. M. K. McConner. 1868. Jonah Smith. 1868. Samuel Garrison. 1868-70, 1878, 1882. John Hogan. 1868, 1871. WiUiam Straughn. 1871. George Kirk. 1871. Amnon Wright. 187:1-74. Heniy Heinson. 1873-74. William H. Lasher. 1875-78,1880-81. Samuel S. MiUer. 1875-77. David Stratton. 1878. James Rioidan. 1879. William H. Sheppard. 1880. Joseph Wright. 1881. Andrew Hill. I 1882. Charles Cato. ' 1882. Thomas Hamilton. OF HIGHWAYS. I 1871. John Panlly. 1872. David B. Hires. 1872. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1873-74. Joseph D. Test 1873. William Pierpont. 1874, 1876. Barclay Smith. 1874. Charles L Pierpont. 1875-76. Thomas Yonker. 1876. C. W. Thompson. 1876. George Dare. 1876. Joseph Loveland. 1876, 1878-80. J. H. Simpkins. 1877-78. Benjamin H. Dilmore. 1876, 1878-82. Samuel S. Miller. 1876. 1881. Joseph Wright. 1879. Joseph Fox. 1881. Elwuod Griscom. 1880. 1882. Bichard Waddington. 1880. Joseph Fox. 1882. James Burgess. CITY SOLICITOBS. 1867. Daniel P. Sttstton. i 1870. Harvey L. Slape. 1868-69. Edward Van Meter. CITY OP SALEM. 377 ASSESSORS. 1858-69. Jacob M. lippincott. 1870-71. William E. Casporeon. 1871-72. Thomas V. F. Rusling. 1872. W. H. Lawson. 1873-76. Ephraim J. Lloyd. 1873. Henry Sinnickson. I 1874-77. Jacob M. Mitchell. I 1877. W. B. Robertson. I 1878-79, 1882. D. B. Hancock. ! 1878-81. D. B. Stratton. i 1880-81. George A. Gaitber 1882. Daniel Whitney. WARD CLERKS. 1867. William P. Chattin. 1867. William H. Pierce. 1887-68. Clinton Bowon. 1868, 1878. George W. Brown. 1868. Henry J. Treas. 1869-71. James Lindsey, 1869-71. John Hill. 1872. Charles Lambert. 1872-73. Henry J. Hall. 1873. John C. Mulford. 1874-75. John C. Coote. 1874. Charles B. Mitchell. 1875. William P. Robinson. 1875-76. Joseph M. Bacon. 1876-77. Biddle Hilos. 1877. Joshua H. Pierpont. 1878. D. Harris Smith. 1879. William Penton. 1879-81. Barclay Smith. 1880-82. Oliver P. Darlington. 1880-81. Albert Jamison. 1880. William Launer. 1881. Joseph Powers. 1882. John Counsellor. 1882. John W. Acton. 1882. Edward E. Smith. 1861. Edward A. Acton. 1862-63. Smith B. Sickler. 1864-66. Johnson Freas. 1867. Elijah Simpkins. 1867-68. Diament Whitaker 1867. Elnathan Yanneman. 1868. Josiah Hogbin. 1868. Richard H. Sparks. 1869. John Casperson. CONSTABLES. 1869-71. Samuel Dilmore. 1870, 1872-78. Saml. D. Armstrong. 1871-74. D. B. Hancock. 1875-76. William A. Smith. 1878-82. William A. Carney. 1879. Benjamin Tuft. 1881. Herbert Devinney. 1882. John M. Buckalew. OVERSEERS OF THE POOR. 1867. Johnson Freas. 1868. Charles S. Lawson. 1869-70, 1873. Thomas Glynn. 1874-82. John McDonnal, Jr. 1881-82. John Lawson. 1858-.59, 1861-85, 1867-68, 1871-72. John McDonnal, Sr. 1858-69, 1862-83, 1865-81. Thomas Dunn. 1864. Samuel Garrison. 1866. Ephraim J. Lloyd. ' INSPECTORS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1871. Joseph B. Huston. , 1875-78, 1882. John S. Kirby. 1873. John T. Garwood. 1879-80. Paul Eaihardt. 1874. N. E. Treeu. I 1881. Henry Chavanne. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1868, 1863. Edward Van Meter. 1869, 1866, 1870, 1876. Bubert Gwynne. 1862, 1867, 1872. Charles C. Clark. 1862, 1867, 1873, 1876. Samuel Gar- rison. 1867. David B. Bullock. 1873, 1878. Benjamin F. Wood. 1877. George R. Morrison, 1877, 1880. William R. Casperson. 1880. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1878, 1882. Smith Bilderback. 1865, 1870. Thomas V. F. Rusling. 1882. Vining H. Tuft. CITY CLERKS AND RECORDERS. 1868-60. Jacob P. Nicholson. 1861-63. Charles S. Lawson. 1864-71. William A. Gwynne. 1872-75. John Lawson. 1876-78. Charles G. Bailey. 1879-80. Joseph D. Ferrell. 1881-82. Joseph M. Bacon. Growth and. Population. — After the settlement had assumed a permanent form, and immigrants in considerable number had arrived, and Fenwick had organized the colony and perfected plan.i for its future, sales were rapidly made of large as well as small tracts of land, continuing until his death, which is thought to have taken place in 1683. From the first " general order," as agreed upon by Fenwick and the purchasers, the following is extracted : "And as for the settling of the town of New Salem, it is likewise or- dered that the town be divided by a street; that the southeast side be for purchasers, who are to take their lots of sixteen acres as they come, to take them up and plant them as they happen to join to the lots of the purchasers resident, who are to hold their present plantations, and all of them to be accounted as part of their purchases ; and the other part on the north, and by east and by south, is to be disposed of by tlie chief proprietor for the encouragement of trade, he also giving, for the good of the town in general, the Held of marsh that lieth between the town and Goudchild's plantation ; and " Lastly, "we do leave all other things concerning the setting: forth and surveying the said purchases unto the chief proprietor, to order as he sees fit. " Signed, accordingly, 25th of the 4th mouth, 1676. "Fbnwiok. " Edward Wade. Hypolite Lefevre. *' John Smith. Edward Champney. " Richard Noble. Richard Whitecar. "Samuel Nicholson. William Walster. " John Adams. Robert Wade." Richard Noble, one of the signers to the " general order," was the surveyor who laid out the town under the instructions of Fenwick. The population of Salem gradually increased, until about 1682 it was a place of no little importance, with a growing foreign trade, and was a port of entry, and one shilling was charged for the entrance or clearance of all vessels under one hundred tons burden, and two shillings for the entrance or clearance of all ves- sels of larger tonnage. Notwithstanding Salem is the oldest town on the eastern shore of the Delaware, for many years it made very slow progress in the increase of its population. Most probably the main cause for its slow advance- ment in the first two or three generations was that John Fenwick and his immediate successor, Samuel Hedge, sold their lands only on the principal streets, viz.: Wharf (now Broadway), Bridge (now Market Street), and Fenwick (at present East Broadway). The said lots contained ten to sixteen acres, and in time a monopoly in the land was produced. Thomas Sharpe, who was sent to America by his uncle, Anthony Sharpe, to look after his large tracts of land that he had purchased of the Proprietors in East and West Jersey, stayed one winter (1680-81) at Salem. The vessel by which he came was detained with a load of emigrants at the mouth of Salem Creek. Thomas Sharpe left a record behind him stating the town of Salem improved very little within five years, because the principal owners of the town lots had purchased large quantities of land in the adjacent country, hence moved in the country for the purpose of bringing up their children to husbandry, doubtless thinking at some future time they themselves would return to Salem to end their days. But many of the large landholders remained in the country until they died, and their town lots fell to some of their heirs, or were sold out of their families. But, despite numerous drawbacks and disadvantages, Salem grew surely, if slowly, and soon came to be known far and wide. Its local interests advanced, and its foreign trade flourished, and as a result set- tlement grew more and more rapid, and the class of comers was such that the town was peopled with citi- zens good in every sense of the word. Small manu- facturing interests were established, and these had 378 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. their effect on the character and members of the pop- ulation. Churches were organized, schools were es- tablished, the town had a wisely-administered local government, and it flourished. A description of the place at the beginning of the last century would be interesting could such a one be given. From 1700 Salem grew in wealth, population, and importance. At the close of the Revolutionary war Salem County seems to have accepted the situation as a permanent settlement of all troubles, national, local, and personal. Improvements began in the town commensurate with the means of the citizens. Religious interest devel- oped in the movement of those who believed it " was not all of life to live," and the Friends and Bap- tists soon had comfortable houses for worship and rude* school-houses erected. Merchants made liberal pro- vision for trade, mechanics entered with a will into their several callings, hotels were opened to accom- modate strangers, and before the beginning of the present century Salem was advancing in material and permanent interest. The year 1800, therefore, found the town with a good class of citizens, alive to the best local and gen- eral interest. Public buildings (the court-house, jail, clerk's offices, and market-house) were all erected and occupied. The growth of the town was more rapid from 1800 onward, and during the next third of a century people of nearly every profession, occupa- tion, and trade located here. Gordon's Gazetteer of New Jersey, published in 1834, contains the following descriptive and statistical notice of Salem : ** Salem, t-ship and post town, and seat of jnetice of Salem Connty, sit- uate 171 miles N. E. of W. C, 65 S. of Trenton, and 34 S. E. from Phila- delphia ; lat. 39° 32' ; loog. from W. C. 1° 35'. TJie t-ship is of circular form, aod is nearly Burroiinded by water, having ou the N. W. the Salem Greek, on the N. E. and E. Fenwicke Creek, a tribntary of that stream, and on the W. another small tributary of the same stream. The town is distant from the Delaware, by the creek, S}4 miles. The t-sbip is about 2 miles in diameter, and contains 1238 acres of well- improved land, of » rich sandy loam, divided into town lots and 12 farms. The town contains about 250 dwellings ; a fine court-house, about60 by 40 feet, of brick, with brick fire-proof offices adjacent; 1 Epis- copalian, 1 Methodist,! Presbyterian, 1 Baptist,! African Methodist, and 2 Quaker (one being Orthodox and the other Hicksite) Churches; 1 building of brick, of Gothic architecture, designed for a Masonic Hall, but which is now appropriated to other purposes, the lodge being ex- tinct ; a bank with a capital paid in of $75,000 ; a etone jail with yard, surrounded by a high stone wall, both of small dimensions ; 1 market- house, 2 fire-engines, 2 public libraries,! academy, and 6 daily schools for te»ching the rudiments of an English education ; 6 sunday-schools, 2 printing-offices, at each of which is printed a weekly newspaper, called, respectively, 'The Salem Messenger' and 'The American Statesman'; 21 stores, 2 botels, 7 physicians, 6 lawyers, 3 lumber-yards, 1 steam-mill, which grinds much grain, 1 horse-mill, 5 apothecaries* stores, 1 livery- stable. A steamboat leaves the town daily for Delaware City and New Castle, to meet the morning steamboat from Philadelphia, another to Pennsgrove, on the Delaware, to meet the Wilmington steamboat for Philadelphia; a two-horse daily line to Bridgetown, and a two-horse line to Centreville, once a week. The creek at the town is 152 yards wide, over which is a wooden bridge, resting on wooden piers, with a draw for the passage of vessels. Over Fenwicke Creek, a short distance above its Junction with Salem Greek, is another wooden bridge, a neat structure, roofed. Vessels of 50 tons may approach the town in safety, but the bar at the mouth of the creek prevents the entry of vessels drawing more than eight feet water. Large quantities of wheat, rye, oats, and corn are ex- ported from this place to the Eastern States. The streets of the town are wide, footways paved and bordered with trees, the houses of frame and brick ; the former, painted white, are surrounded with gardens and grass lots and adorned with flowers, giving to the place a cheerful and healthy appearance surpassed by few village in the United States. The t-ship contained, in 1830, 1570 inhabitants; in 1832,267 househoIdetB whose ratables did not exceed $30 in value, and 397 taxablee, 2 tan- yards, 1 distillery ; and it paid taxes for t-ship purposes, $426 ; connty use, $728.25 ; and State use, $233.35." The following reference to Salem is extracted from Barber & Howe's " Historical Collections," published in 1844. The first few lines refer to a small illustra- tion printed in connection with it: " On the right of the engraving is the jail, a plain stuccoed building. The brick edifice with the cupola is the court-house, and the small build- ing partially seen in the distance is the clerk^s office. There 8 houses for divine worship in the town, viz.: 2 Friends, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presby- terian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 2 African Methodist. A large Gothic structure, formerly used as a Masonic Hall, stands in the central part of the village. There are also in the town the Salem Bank, a market, 2 fire-engines, 2 public libraries, » lyceum, an academy, a newspaper printing-office, 17 stores, 3 hotels, and about 250 dwellings. . . . Salem is well built, the houses neat, the streets beautified with trees, and its general appearance thriving and pleai»nt. Considerable business is done here, and a daily communication had by steamers and stages with Philadelphia." The following table shows the census and extent of Salem in 1850 : Population : White, males, 1297 ; females, 1549 ; total, 2346. Colored, males, 89 ; females, 117 ; total, 206. Total population, 3U52. Born in New Jersey 2428 " Pennsylvania 212 " Delaware 64 " Maryland 27 " New York 14 Connecticut.. " Massachusetts.... " Virginia " Ohio I. " Maine '* Indiana *' Illinois " Kentucky " South Carolina... Cannot read or write Over eighty years of age Ireland Germany England Scotland France Portugal Unknown Of the population of the town there are : Widowers Widows Married within the year Births the last year 15 123 .. 68 Confectioners 4 .. 14 Allopathic physicians 6 .. 73 Dentists 2 .. 32 Cashier, bank 1 .. 27 Teller, bank 1 9 Book stationers 2 5 Livery-stable keepers 4 .. 29 Oyster-cellar keepers 3 7 Barbers 3 4 Clergymen. 6 3 Lawyers 7 .. 19 Tin-workers 9 ... 8 Potters 2 7 Brick-bamere 2 6 Grain merchants. 2 6 I Lumber merchants 4 8 Hardware merchant.. 1 4 Flour merchants 2 5 Shop- and store-keepers 56 ... 14 Lime merchant 1 5 School-teachers * ... 12 Druggists S 1 Homoeopathlcphysician ! ... 11 President, bank.. 1 4 Clerk, bank ^ 1 Iron-store ^ ... 3 Butchers 8 1 Gardeners ^ 4 News-carrier 1 ... 4 Millera 6 ... 10 Editors 2 5 Teamsters 3 1 Patent felloe makei-s 3 2 Sash-makers 2 1 I House-painters ^ Amount of capital invested in real estate by citizens of Salem (casli value) $2,133,411. Occupied In the town on the 1st of June 592 houses, by 615 families House carpenters Ship-carpenters Shoemakers Blacksmiths Wheelwrights Machinists Engineers Watermen Tanners and curriers.. Foundry, iron Marble- masons Tailors and clothiers.. Tobacconists..'. Printers Stocking-weavers Rope-makers Saddlers Coopers Tallow chandlers Brick-masons Sawyers Carriage-makers Millwright Cabinet-makers Broom-makers Wharf-builder Plasterers Pump-maker Weavers Carriage-trimmers Bakers Watch-makers Brush-maker , Hatters Carriage-painter CITY OF SALEM. 379 In 1860 the population was 3865; in 1870,4572; and in 1880, 5059. The city is now growing rapidly, and will doubtless have a population of at least 6000 at the time of the next census enumeration. Much of that portion lying south of Broadway, and em- bracing Oak, Hedge, Carpenter, Thompson, Walnut, Church, Mechanic, Wesley, East GriflSth, and other streets, has been built up during a comparatively recent period. Educational History. — Education with the earlier citizens of the county of Salem was almost exclu- sively confined to Salem. Here the Friends had in- fluence by numbers and pecuniary resources, and, as elsewhere where they were similarly situated, they introduced a system of education nearly allied to that later known as the common school system. The school-house at the corner of East Broadway and Walnut Street, now in use as such by the Hicksite Friends, was one of the earliest buildings erected in this section exclusively for school purposes. The principal teacher was a male, who in the primary department had female assistants. Sometimes the latter were paid, and sometimes they gave their ser- vices from a sheer desire to aid the cause of educa- tion among their sect. Jacob Wood was an early teacher. Hetty Lewis, also, as early as 1817 instructed small scholars in the alphabet and reading, and on Fourth Days, at eleven o'clock, marched her scholars to Fourth Day Meeting. Bhoda Denn and daughters, Charlotte Wistar, and others were voluntary teachers. In the same building, following in later years, Thomas Lippincott, Jesse Bond, Thomas Thompson, Joseph Brown, Joshua Stretch, William Steel, Aaron Ivins, and others followed up to about 1838, teaching read- ing, writing, arithmetic, and grammar. Isaac English had a private school in 1818'and 1819 in an old brick building which then stood on the prem- ises now owned by A. H. Slape, at the corner of Mar- ket and Griffith Streets. The Salem Academy was established about 1818 or 1819, and was under the control of a board of trus- tees, to whom the building occupied and the land on which it stood were given, with the understanding that " the building and premises should be kept in good repair, and used for educational purposes in the primary and higher branches." Rev. Joseph Shep- pard, in 1819 and for several years later, taught the more advanced English branches, and also Latin and Greek. He was followed by Mr. Gegan and other teachers of the dead languages. John Tabor, Wil- liam Shourds, I. Shute, John M. Sailer, and perhaps others taught the English brandies. In 1827, by order of the trustees, Mr. Sailer introduced the Lan- casterian system of education, which was continued until the organization of public schools under the laws of the State. A seminary was opened by Joseph Stretch about 1822, on West Broadway, opposite the site of the First Baptist Church. Mr. Stretch also advertised to keep a " night-school at $2 to $2.50 per quarter." He limited the number of his day-scholars to twenty-five. The school was in successful opera- tion until Mr. Stretch's death, when he was succeeded by Mr. William Steel, of Philadelphia, who continued it for some time longer. The Baptist Society also opened a seminary about 1824 or 1825. Eev. James Challis was the first teacher. John N. Cooper and others followed. After the days of the Salem Academy, Mrs. Sprogel, the Misses Bines, Miss Ann Maylin, and other ladies had select schools in the old building. There were several select schools in private houses, principally for young children. Prior to the introduction of public schools through- out the county, district schools being scarce, scholars from the surrounding country, especially from Upper and Lower Alloways Creek, Elsinboro, Lower Penn's Neck, and Mannington townships, helped greatly to fill and support the Salem schools during the fall, winter, and spring. These and similar schools afforded such educational advantages as Salem possessed prior to the organiza- tion of the public schools under the State law, Sept. 9, 1850. It was chiefiy through the exertions of Sam- uel Copner, who had long persistently agitated the " common school question," that the idea became pop- ular and was at that time adopted in Salem, and the public school became an established fact. It was at first very unpopular with the tax-payers, and upon the levying of an authorized tax of three thousand dollars for the purpose of building a school-house its collection was successfully resisted. These troubles gradually wore away, and in time the schools were well established and highly regarded, and Mr. Copner became so popular in consequence of his persistent advocacy of the system that he was successively elected county surrogate and assemblyman. The first school-house in use for public school pur- poses was the brick structure on Walnut Street, then only a story and a half high. In that building the first grammar school was organized, with Joseph Lawrence as teacher. Miss Fanny L. Young was the first teacher of the primary school, which was opened in the basement of the Baptist Church. A school for colored children was established, and was placed in charge of Allen Bland. The secondary de- partment was organized in 1851, with Miss S. Jones as teacher. During that year the walls of the old Walnut Street school-house were raised so as to ren- der it a three-story building, and the rooms at the rear were added, when the schools were all estab- lished therein. The accommodations here proved in- sufficient in time, and in 1860 a primary school was opened in a building o'n Market Street belonging to T. T. Hilliard, and continued there until the erection of the Griffith Street school-house, which was first occupied in 1869. The rental of the premises on Walnut Street nearly opposite the brick school-house 380 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. was authorized in 1872, thus adding still more to the school accommodations of the city, and the academy building was leased in 1873. A school-house for col- ored children was built in 1879. The number of teachers employed in 1882 is eighteen, named as follows : Pauline Waddington, principal of the high school ; Amanda E. Eldridge, assistant; Sarah E. Hill, principal of the grammar school ; Anna B. Armstrong, assistant ; Susan L. Jones, Anna D. Kelly, Anna M. Moore, Mary E. Morrison, teachers in the intermediate department; Hannah Dilks, Anna F. Fogg, L. J. Sharp, Sarah P. Freas, Eliza E. Jaquett, teachers in the secondary school; Sallie A. Smith, Lizzie C. Snitcher, Mary J. Lawrence, Mary J. Hall, Ida Curby, and Angle* Davis, teachers in the primary school. The Salem Collegiate Institute was founded by Rev. George W. Smiley as an institute for young ladies. The first session was opened Sept. 9, 1867, in the large brick building on the corner of Broadway and Seventh Street, known as Rumsey's Building. Thirty-two pupils were registered the first day. Though founded as a young ladies' school, it was very soon afterwards changed, and both sexes were admitted. The public schools of Salem at that time were of a comparatively low grade. Mr. Smiley re- mained two years, and at the end of that time the institute numbered about ninety pupils. His assist- ants were Madame Blake, Mr. Flint, Miss Frances Dodge, and Miss Caroline Gibbon. John H. Bechtel bought the institute of Mr. Smiley in the summer of 1869. Mr. Bechtel was educated at Millersville Normal School, Pennsylvania, and had taught in Smyrna, Del., previous to his taking charge of the institute. Though apparently a good teacher, and with many advantages in his favor, the school under his management was not financially a success, and at the end of three years he sold out to the pres- ent principal. During the three years Mr. Bechtel had the school there were one hundred and ninety pupils in attendance, one hundred and forty-six names being on the roll at one time. His assistants were Mrs. J. H. Bechtel, Morris H. Stratton, Caroline B. Rhinehart, Caroline Gibbon, Mary G. Gregory, Sallie Townsend, Mary E. Patterson, Ellen V. Pyle, John H. Moser, and Edward Van Laer. The institute was purchased by Professor H. P. Davidson in the summer of 1872. It had just re- ceived a severe blow from the friends of free educa- tion, who, in their mistaken zeal to carry out their own pet schemes, had supposed it necessary to de- stroy, if possible, all private institutions. The next year it was destined to receive a still more fatal blow in the financial panic which swept over the country with such fury and long confinuance. With a prin- cipal of less determination the institute would doubt- less have come to an untimely end. Mr. Davidson was a native of New Hampshire. During his minor- ity he received but the scant education of a back- woods district school. Having become physically in- jured soon after reaching his majority, he commenced fitting for college, without money and without friends able to assist. He entered Norwich University, Ver- mont, in 1863. While a sophomore his college course was unavoidably interrupted, but he continued to ply his studies, and in 1871 he received an honorary A.M. from Lafayette College. Through his untir- ing energy and the faithful support of his assistants the collegiate institute weathered the storm, and if it lost in numbers it made up in the increased standard of scholarship. Until it came into the hands of Pro- fessor Davidson there had been no graduation and no systematic curriculum of studies ; these were adopted and prescribed. Two years were required to bring the students into a classified condition preparatory to a graduation. Miss Kate G. Kirby, of Salem, was the first to com- plete the prescribed course of study, which she did in June, 1874. At the close of the next school year, 1876, the first commencement exercises were held, and the graduates were Annie E. Bradway, of Quin- ton, in the normal course ; Carrie M. Thompson, of Somerville, in the academic ; Clarence D. Warner, of Granby, Mass., in the classical. From this time the institute began to acquire some reputation abroad, and students came from other States. Accommoda- tions for boarders, however, were limited, which oper- ated against any large influx of students from with- out the county. While the institute has been noted more for the practicality of its work in the development of char- acter than for any intellectual cramming, the princi- pal has long considered industrial education to some extent feasible, and so far highly desirable. In the spring of 1881 he purchased a printing outfit, con- sisting of a half-medium press, about six hundred pounds of type, and all the necessary implements of a job-office. Students were permitted to work in the office out of session hours, and were paid by the prin- cipal for the work done. With no instruction except what could be " picked" up or thought out, they com- menced the issue of the Alert, a monthly paper, de- voted to temperance and education. This paper has since been made a weekly, and has a fair patronage. Arrangements were also made to establish a book- bindery, but unavoidable obstacles have thus far de- layed the execution of that part of the plan. A practical painter was also employed to give instruc- tion in sign-painting. Nearly five hundred pupils have received instruction at the institute in the last eleven years. Burial-Flaces. — Salem has no incorporated ceme- tery association, and no public burial-places in the common acceptation of the term. Early burials are said to have been made on the lands of families be- reaved. A little later those of similar religious or sectarian belief buried their dead in one common ground, thus opening and establishing the several CITY OF SALEM. 381 churchyards in the city. Of these that of the Friends is the oldest. The Episcopal, Baptist, and Methodist burial-grounds were later opened in the order named. The Presbyterian and Roman Catholic churchyards are of later date. The colored people have long had their own burying-grounds in and near the city. In several of these burial-places are old monuments, the inscriptions on which, when decipherable, are of much interest to one who contemplates the early history of the locality. In the Friends' burying-ground stands a gigantic oak, which is the wonder and admiration of every stranger visiting Salem, It is conjectured to have stood there at least two hundred and fifty years, and by some its age is thought to be much greater. The Salem Library. — It is possible that a move- ment looking to the establishment of a library in Salem may have taken definite form previous to 1804, but no record is left of such an event. In the year mentioned a constitution was prepared and adopted, of the preamble to which the following is a copy : "Whereas, a number of Inhabitants of the County of Salem, being desirous of promoting useful knowledge, and belieTing it will contribute thereto, have agreed to establish a Library in the Town of Salem, and for the preservation of Order and Harmony amongst said company in the use, application, and management of the Money, Books, and effects of said company : The following agreement is entered into, at a general meeting of the members of said library company, this Twenty-fourth Day of March, One Thousand Eight Hundred and four." In the minutes of the meeting of the company, fol- lowing the constitution, is the following entry ; " The foregoing constitution being read and unanimously agreed to by the members met, they proceeded to the choice of Officers, when the following persons were chosen to serve until the first annual meeting June next: William Parret, president; Thomas Jones, Jr., secretary; Abner Beesly, treasurer; Directors, John Wistar, William Parret, Clement Hall, Dr. Hedge Thompson, Jacob Mulford, W^illiam F. Miller, David Smith." At the first annual meeting of the subscribers to the Salem Library, June 14, 1804, the following per- sons were acknowledged as members, having paid their subscriptions in cash or in books : Jacob Ware. Stephen Hall. Clement Hall. John Smith. Jonathan Woodnutt. Benjamin Acton. Samuel Clement. Thomas Jones, Jr. Samuel Allen. Forman Mulford. Daniel Garrison, Jr. James Sherron. Thomas Murphy. John Knight. David Smith, Jr. John G. Holme. Hezekiah Bates. H^ter Smith. Jedediah Allen, Jr. Isaac Townsend. William F. Miller. Samuel Denn. Thomas Goodwin, Jr. Ann Bacon, John Firth, William Smith, Jr. John Wistar. Morris Hall. Thomas Mason. William Perry. Morris Hancock. Isaac W. Crane. Merriman Smith. P. Samuel Alford. Clarissa Parret. Hedge Thompson. Edgar Brown. Abner Beesly. Thomas Rowan. William Griscom, Sr. Joseph Thompson. Hezekiah Hewes, James Brooks. Samuel Stuart. Hannah Acton. James Kinsey, Lott Randolph. Edward Burroughs, Howell Hall. Isaac Hall. William Mairs. Jacob Mulford. Samuel Abbott, David Smith, Sr. John Smith (of Mannington). Hill Smith. Lucius Horatio Stockton. Thomas Sinnickson, Jr. John Tuft. James M. Woodnutt. Josiah Harrison. William Shourds. John Goodwin. Samuel Reeve. Joshua Bradway. Thomas Thompson (of Salem). John Walker, William Griscom, Jr. Thomas Bines.. JoBoph Brown. Isaac Moss. Mary Howell, Prudence Smith. Eliza Brown. Sarah Hufty. Darkln Nicholson, Anna Dick, Abraham Boys. Thomas Bradway. John Hancock. Morris Hall, Jr. Gervas Hall. Rachel Redman, Robert G. Johnson. Josiah Miller. Henry Miller. John Wood. At this meeting the following persons were elected officers for the ensuing year : Clement Hall, president ; Abner Beesly, treasurer; John Wistar, William F. Miller, Dr. Hedge Thompson, Clement Hall, David Smith, Jacob Mulford, and Edgar Brown, directors. There was little change in the management of the library until 1809, when "The Library Company of Salem, in New Jersey," was incorporated under the act to incorporate societies for the promotion of learning, passed the 27th of November, 1794, and a supplementary act thereto, passed the 11th of No- vember, 1799, extending the former to library com- panies. The corporators were Hedge Thompson, Gervas Hall, John Wistar, William F. Miller, Josiah Har- rison, James Kinsey, Clement Hall. " At an adjourned meeting of the trustees of the Library Company of Salem, in New Jersey, held at the library room," July 15, 1809, the following offi- cers were elected : Hedge Thompson, president; Jo- siah Harrison, secretary ; Abraham Boys, treasurer ; Isaac Moss, librarian. The existence of the library company seems to have been uninterrupted from this time on until about 1843, as between 1842 and 1847 no officers were elected. Those chosen in 1842 were as follows: Thomas Sinnickson, president ; Clement Acton, secre- tary ; John Tyler, treasurer. The directors at that date were George M. Ward, John Elwell, A. G. Cat- tell, Clement Acton, and Richard M. Acton. The aflFairs of the library languished to such an extent during the three or four succeeding years that in 1846 the enterprise seems to have been practically defunct. In 1846 it was revived, but in a few years it again languished, and finally ceased to have a practical ex- istence. About 1863 public interest in the library was revived. John Tyler was made president, and W. Graham Tyler librarian. The books were ar- ranged in a small back room on the second floor of Brown's (now Gorwood's) building. Several new di- rectors were chosen, and under the new management the library entered on its most prosperous period. 382 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. It was opened regularly on Saturday afternoons, the directors taking charge by turns. The new room soon proving too small, the library was moved into its present quarters, a large, well- lighted room in the centre of the city, belonging to Mr. Jonathan Ingham. The library was now opened on Wednesday mornings as well as Saturday after- noons, a committee of ladies taking turns in over- seeing the issues. This system of having the work done by the di- rectors and the more zealous members of the library company has enabled the association to devote a large part of their income to the purchase of books. The library now consists of nearly five thousand well-selected volumes, and is the best public library south of Newark. FINANCIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. The Salem National Banking Company.— In 1823 a corporation was established in Salem under the title of " The Salem Steam-Mill and Banking Company," of which William N. Jeffers was presi- dent, and William Mulford cashier. Among the incorporators were Samuel Clement, Bichard Craven, Daniel Garrison, Benjamin Griscom, Morris Hancock, William N. Jeffers, Joseph Kille, William Mulford, James Newell, Jonathan Eichman, Jeremiah StuU, John Tuft, and Daniel Vanneman. At a meeting of the board of directors of this cor- poration, held July 1, 1825, the steam-mill was ordered to be sold. It was consequently disposed of, and the banking institution continued business under succes- sive presidents and cashiers as follows: Presidents, John G. Mason, Morris Hancock, Calvin Belden ; cashiers, William Mulford, Louis P. Smith, John Elwell, George C. Eumsey. The Salem National Banking Company was organ- ized in July, 1865, under the provisions of the act of the Legislature governing such institutions, and it is the successor, and in some respects a continuation of the old bank, at the closing out of which a dividend was declared of one hundred per cent., payable in the stock of the present institution, making an increase of capital from seventy-five thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. July 1, 1882, the Salem National Bank had a surplus of thirty-five thousand dollars, and undivided profits amounting to forty-nine thousand six hundred and ninety-three dollars and sixty-six cents. Among the incorporators of the present bank were George W. Garrison, Henry B. Ware, Jonathan Woodnutt, Benjamin Acton, O. B. Stoughton, Joseph Bassett, Henry M. Rumsey, John C. Belden, Jona- than House, Isaac Johnson, Edwin A. Vanneman, James Woolman, Charles Wood. George W. Garrison was elected president, and Henry B. Ware cashier. President Garrison died Nov. 26, 1875, and was succeeded by Charles Wood, who died in October, 1 877, the vacancy thus caused being filled by the choice of C. M. Eakin to the presi- dency. Jan. 3, 1871, Henry B. Ware resigned the cashier- ship on account'of ill health, and was succeeded by Benjamin Acton, Henry M. Rumsey being elected assistant cashier. At the death of Mr. Acton, in Sep- tember, 1881, Mr. Rumsey was elected cashier, and F. M. Acton was made assistant cashier. The directors in the fall of 1882 were the follow- ing : C. M. Eakin, Henry M. Rumsey, F. M. Acton, E. H. Bassett, J. M. Carpenter, W. W. Miller, Joseph K. Riley, Richard Woodnutt, and William A. Wood. Heney Burt Wake, son of Bacon and Anna Jane (Rumsey) Ware, was born in Salem on Aug. 20, 1825. On the paternal side his ancestry is traceable back to as early a date as 1675, when Joseph Ware, the orig- inal ancestor of the family, emigrated to America. The maternal branch was represented in Cecil County, Md., as early as 1665. Mr. Ware received the first rudiments of an educa- tion at the common schools of his native place, and at the age of sixteen was appointed to a cadetship in the Military Academy at West Point, where he had as classmates McClellan, Burnside, and others since distinguished in the military service on both sides during the late war. He remained at the academy for four years, making rapid progress and taking high rank as a student, until compelled to resign his posi- tion because of severe physical disability. Return- ing to his home in Salem, he soon after secured em- ployment in the Salem Bank, serving as teller under his uncle, George C. Rumsey, and upon the death of the latter succeeding him as cashier, at the same time becoming a member of the board of directors. He continued to discharge the onerous and respon- sible duties of the position for more than a quarter of a century, with great acceptance to the public, and to the satisfaction of the officers and stockholders of the bank. He made a model officer, being prompt, obliging, faithful, and efficient, and held a place in the confidence and regard of the patrons of the bank as unusual as it was deserved. Finally, owing to failing health, he was compelled to relinquish his duties in part and seek recuperation in travel. He visited Europe, but gained no benefit from his sojourn there, and failed also to secure any permanent benefit from the medical springs of this country. Feeling no longer able to perform the duties of the cashier- ship, he resigned the position Dec. 27, 1870, and re- tired to private life. His resignation was accepted by the board of directors of the bank with great re- gret, and resolutions were passed testifying to " their full appreciation of the long and faithful services of the retiring cashier, the sterling integrity of his char- acter, and the prudence and intelli8;ence that ever guided his action." After leaving the bank Mr. Ware filled no other public position, except in the church, until appointed postmaster of Salem by President Grant, in March, CITY OP SALEM. 383 1875. He held this positioh for a few months only, passing away from the scenes of life on July 23, 1875. He was never an aspirant for public place, though lending a cheerful support to all national, State, and local movements of importance. His chief labors, outside of his banking business, were performed within the church. He was elected an elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Salem early in life, and held that position until his death. He also took great interest in the evangelical agencies connected with church work, and in the missionary and Bible causes was especially active. At the time of his death he was treasurer of the Salem County Bible Society. For nearly twenty-five years he officiated as superin- tendent of the Sabbath-school connected with the First Presbyterian Church, and by his kindly and loving administration of its affairs endeared himself to teachers and pupils alike. An invalid during nearly his entire life, and suffering from a painful and exhausting disease, he ever manifested a cour- teous and affable disposition, and by his kindness of heart and open generosity merited the esteem and confidence of the community in which he lived. His early demise was greatly regretted by many friends, and the public prints of the period contained many flattering estimates of his character and deeds. Quoting from one of these published eulogiums, a true summary of his character may be given in these words: "As a citizen, he was intelligent and valu- able ; as a business man, honest, correct, prompt, and reliable; as a Christian, a shining example. His virtues are a rich legacy to his children ; his correct life and happy death a consolation to his widow and relatives ; and his example a lesson to us all, — a never-ending sermon, full of exhortation, sympathy, and love." Mr. Ware married, on Sept. 5, 1855, Sarah Gilmore, daughter of Thomas W. and Kezia (Gilmore) Cattell, and had a family of four children, of whom three sur- vive, viz. : Anna, wife of John V. Craven, of Salem ; Thomas Bacon, and Alexander Cattell Ware. The Salem Board of Trade.— The Board of Trade of the City of Salem was organized Dec. 4, 1871, to give tone and energy to the efforts of the citizens in securing the advantages which the position of the city offers to commerce, trade, and manufacture, as well as to promote unity of action, and to cultivate a more intimate and friendly acquaintance among the business men of the city. The following are the names of the original members : B. H. Acton. Thomas Y. F. Kusling. Henry D. Hall. J. B. Heishon. C. m. Eakin. John C. Dunn. Clement H. Sinnickson. Morris Hall. Henry Sinnickson. W. Graham Tyler. Bichard Grier. Charles W. Casper. Theophilus Patterson. Owen L. Jones. William Patterson. Jno. Lambert. Bobert Gwynne, John 0. Mnlford. J. V. Craven. T. T. Hilliard. Benjamin F, Wood. Caleb Wheeler. Joseph Bassett. George M. Ward. J. B. Hilliard. Ebenezcr Dunn. Bichard P. Hiles. Wyatt W. Miller. Samuel W. Miller, Jr. Thomas S. Sinnickson. James S. Johnson. Benjamin Acton. William Bassett. Bichard Hiles. Clinton Bowen. Bichard Wistar, Jr. Joseph B. Lippincott. Joseph D. Fancoast. Josiah Morris. Clement Hall. Jno. P. Moore. D. W. C. Clement. John S. Newell. James Lindzey. Jacob M. Mitchell. John E. Thompson. John T. Hampton. John Hires. B. A. 'Waddington. David X. Davis. Bobert Newell. Charles S. Lawson. Joseph Miller. George B. Bobertson. John M. Carpenter. George A. Bumsey. A. H. Slape. Dallas Sinnickson. Bichard Wistar. Bichard Woodnutt. Elijah W. Dunn. The first officers were Richard M. Acton, president ; William Patterson, Clement H. Sinnickson, and Morris Hall, vice-presidents; Thomas T. Hilliard, secretary ; John C. Mulford, treasurer ; W. Graham, tyler ; John Lambert, Robert Gwynne, Benjamin Acton, Richard Grier, Henry Sinnickson, Henry D. Hall, John C. Dunn, Charles W. Casper, Charles S. Lawson, Owen L. Jones, Joseph B. Heishon, C. M. Eakin, J. V. Craven, and T. V. F. Rusling, directors. The following officers were elected in 1882 : Presi- dent, Owen L. Jones; Vice-Presidents, Henry D. Hall, B. F. Wood, J. B. Hilliard ; Secretary, D. H. Smith ; Treasurer, Joseph Bassett ; Directors, Joseph R. Lippincott, W. G. Tyler, J. V. Craven, Thomas T. Hilliard, W. Patterson, C. M. Eakin, Charles W. Casper, Caleb Wheeler, Charles S. Lawson, A. W. Sherron, W. H. Thompson, W. Morris, Samuel Dunn, J. H. Kelty, John Lambert. Merchants. — It is probable that the earliest mer- chant in Salem was Judge William Hall, who for many years was prominently identified with the lead- ing interests of the town and county. The names of his contemporaries and other leading merchants of the pioneer period of the history of the town have not been handed down to the present generation. During the latter part of the eighteenth century such merchants as were then established in Salem kept stores of more than "general" assortments of goods, as the term is now applied, selling dry-goods, groceries, provisions, articles of household furniture and utility, as well as New England rum, apple- jack, sherry wine, and aniseed cordial, hogsheads of liquors being common freight by the Philadelphia packets. The following are the names of the more prominent of the merchants of Salem from 1800 to 1830: Andrew Sinnickson (who began business prior to the first date mentioned), William Cattell, Thomas Jones, Thomas Bradway, Thomas Andrews, Samuel Clement, Joseph Clement, Thomas Sinnickson, Wil- liam Mulford, Mulford & Cattell, John G. Mason, Jacob Mulford, Thomas W. Cattell, Cattell, Brown & Bassett, James Bartram, Bartram & Robinson, Gideon 384 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Scull, Clement & Scull, Benjamin Acton, Patterson & Craven, Mulford & Son, Bacon & Wood, Samuel Denn, Sheppard & Wood, Henry Freas, David Ba- con, Clement Hall, Smith, Fithian & Maskell, Jones & Yorke, Budd & Thackary, David B. Smith, Smith & Peterson, William J. Shinn, Shinn & Elwell, and John Elwell. Several of the above-mentioned mer- chants were buyers of pork, beef, grain, and general country produce. Samuel Clement and Clement & Scull were large operators in pork, buying, packing, and shipping more than one hundred thousand pounds of hams, pork, and lard annually for several years. From 1825 to 1860, Thomas W. Cattell was a very ex- tensive dealer in lumber, making a specialty of white- pine, of which at times he handled from five hundred thousand to one million feet yearly. The merchants who have traded in Salem since 1830 have been numerous, and as a class as enter- prising as tradesmen in other sections of the country. The city now contains a goodly number of stores of all classes, many of which are extensively stocked and liberally patronized. Among the leading mer- chants at this time are William H. Thompson, Jona- than H. Kelty, Henry J. Freas, dry-goods dealers; A. W. Sherron, Andrew E. Taylor, Isaac B. Law- rence, Richard P. Hiles, Hiles & Son, William B. Hooven, grocers; Craven & Brother, dealers in gen- eral merchandise; Eakin & Ballinger, Joseph Bassett, Joseph R. Lippincott, druggists. The Trades. — At the close of the Revolution good citizens generally were ready and anxious to settle down to the prosecution of their regular avocations, which had been interrupted during the trying period of the war. The blacksmith's, wheelwright's, tailor's; and joiner's crafts seem to have been well repre- sented from 1790 to 1830. As early as 1678 a son of William Cooper, the emigrant, is said to have begun blacksmithing in Salem, but we have no data from which to give the names of other local workers in iron prior to 1812. In somewhat irregular order follow the names of representatives of the various trades in Salem from that date up to 1830. Since the latter date merchants have been numerous and constantly changing: J. M. Bacon, Isaac Nicholson, Camp & Collins, James Camp, Edward Collins, John Lawson, Isaac Acton, James Bright, Elwood Kay, John Lawrence, black- smiths ; John Collins, William Groff, William Sher- ron, Peter Blackwood, Joseph Hall, J. K. Chew, wheelwrights; Aaron Bevis, Stretch & Mongar, John Bailey, William B. Stretch, Benjamin Riley, Ephraim Haines, Isaac Wilson, Solomon H. Merritt, E. Reed, J. Burnett, tailors; Stephen Mulford, Henry Plough- man, John H. Cann, John Williams, Charles Bailey, George Barr, James Logue, Samuel Mulford, Wil- liam Acton, George Morrison, shoemakers ; Ebenezer Smith, Thomas Sharp, Henry Dennis, Richard Jef- fries, Howell Smith, Joel Emley, carpenters; James Dennis, John W. Challiss, masons and plasterers; Isaac T. Coffee, John and Charles Fithian, Dare, Thomas E. Mulford, Charles Clark, Boston Gosling, coopers ; Joseph Dewell, Horatio Lawrence, Robert Guestner, house- and sign-painters. Early in the present century Andrew Johnson and Maskell Mulford were cabinet-makers in Salem. The latter advertised to make "small and large spinning- wheels and bedstead-posts, etc." A little later were Isaac Fleming, Thomas McDonnel, James W. Mul- ford, Thomas Wainwright, Elijah Gilman, Hezekiah Hews, Japhet Somers, and George Bowen, cabinet- makers or coffin-makers, or both. Horatio Law- rence, William G. Beesley, and Robert Guestner were chair-makers. Stoughton & Belden were early tin- smiths, beginning business about 1821. Bacon Ware, watchmaker, had opened a shop in Salem in 1819. Subsequent watchmakers and jewelers have been Al- burtis Somers, Jacob W. Mulford, Wheeler & Son, William Patterson, and others. Charles Rumsey was a silversmith and jeweler in Satem as early as 1820. J. Simpson was comparatively early, and for some years more or less extensively engaged in the manu- facture of brushes. Samuel Johnson was a weaver in Salem in 1816, and Theophilus Holding in 1819. Isaac Moss and Samuel Loomis were saddlers ia Salem in 1812 and 1822, respectively. Thomas Sin- nickson, Jr., was one of the earlier of those engaged in the same industry of a somewhat later period. Vessel-Building' was begun in Salem as early as 1803, and from that time to 1840 was an important industry. Many sloops, several schooners, and other kinds of vessels were built and launched from time to time. The " Rebecca Lawrence" was built on Griffith Street, near the present terminus of Fifth Street, in 1823, and taken to the creek on large trucks drawn by thirty-six oxen. Early Manufactures. — The fact that Salem, by virtue of its location and surroundings, possesses many advantages which, if properly utilized, will render it conspicuous as a manufacturing town, has for one hundred and fifty years or more been recognized by the enterprising and progressive of her citizens. Tanning was probably the earliest important manu- facturing industry introduced in Salem. One of the earliest tanneries was established by a man named Ware. It was a small affair, which the proprietor afterwards sold to a man named Bevan, from whom it subsequently passed to John Tyler, and it has been owned by the Tyler family from about 1790 to the present time. At an early date William Tyler built on the William Davidson property a tannery, which was afterwards owned by some of his descendants. It is said there was an old tannery on this property when Tyler bought it. J. Keasbey was a tanner in Salem about the beginning of the present century. There was an early tan-yard in the rear of the large old brick house some time owned by Anne Curry, where the Thompsons and Actons formerly did business, and another also said to have belonged to the Actons, CITY OF SALEM. 385 back of the residence of Joseph Test. Richard and Benjamin Acton and Henry and Dallas Sinnickson were former tanners. This branch of industry is still carried on in Salem by W. Graham Tyler. A cupola and furnace and a factory for the manu- facture of earthenware were built as early as 1803. Asher Bailey was engaged in this industry for many years, and his goods supplied the larger part of South Jersey. Benjamin Acton, Sr., and, later, William S. Diamond continued the business, which is at present conducted by Thomas M. Diamond. The first foundry in Salem was put in operation about 1825, and ten years later was an establishment of considerable note. The proprietor was Samuel Allen, who manufactured stoves and mowing-machine castings, and did a general foundry business. Isaiah Wood, George M. Ward, Christian Book, Henry D. Hall, Thomas B. Stow, and others manu- factured soap extensively between 1830 and 1850, and different persons at different periods since that date have been more or leas extensively engaged in the same branch of manufacture, which is not represented in Salem at the present time. The sawing of lumber and the manufacture of felloes was carried on at the landing near the foot of Fifth Street, in a large stone building erected by Clement Acton, and which was subsequently occupied as a starch-factory. Josiah Paullin introduced the manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds, and was succeeded by Jeffries & Vernon and others. The business is now continued by Wood- nutt & Bacon. As early as 1820 the manufacture of cigars and smoking and chewing tobacco and snuff was begun in Salem by Joshua Kirk, who received the raw ma- terial (tobacco in the leaf) by vessels plying regularly between Salem and Norfolk, Va. Thomas Trask, Thomas Sterritt, E. Walton, Joseph Blackwood, A. Fegenbush, and others soon afterward engaged in the same business. As far back as 1824 one of these es- tablishments regularly employed as many as fifteen hands. These enterprises subsequently ceased. At a comparatively recent date the manufacture of cigars has been introduced by Frazier & Ferrell, John W. Stanley, and Long & Westcott, who sever- ally employ from three to fifteen hands in the supply of a constantly increasing trade. An early, extensive, and important industry was the manufacture of hats from the native fur, the raw material consisting of otter, muskrat, coon, opossum, and rabbit fur. Delsic Keasbey, Caleb Wood, Enoch Reed, Clement Acton, Jervas Butcher, Joshua J. Thompson, and Thompson & Freas were successively or contemporaneously prominent in this industry from 1815 to 1835. High-crowned or broad-brimmed Quaker hats of domestic manufacture were formerly in great demand, and some of the persons mentioned had numerous assistants and apprentices. Tyler's Tannery. — The tannery of W. Graham Tyler has been owned successively by different mem- 25 bers of the Tyler family since about 1790, when John Tyler, the great-uncle of the present proprietor, pur- chased it of a man named Bevan, it having previously been owned by a member of the Ware family. This establishment has been several times remodeled and repaired, and considerable additions have been built thereto. Its products consist of belting and harness- leather, whole hides, rough-slaughter, and kip- and calf-skins. The raw material is drawn from Salem and the adjacent country. 'The tan-bark comes prin- cipally from the mountain districts of Pennsylvania. ' The capacity of this tan-yard is from two thousand to two thousand five hundred hides per year, but the local supply does not warrant such an output. The capital involved is about twenty-seven thousand dol- lars. Thin is beyond all question the oldest manufac- turing enterprise now existing in Salem, and doubt- less one of the oldest in South Jersey. The Glass Industry, — The most important inter- est of a manufacturing kind in the city, and one of the most prominent industries in South Jersey, is the Salem Glass- Works of Craven Brothers. This enterprise was established in 1863 by Henry D. Hall, Joseph D. Pancoast, and John V. Craven-, who were associated under the firm-name of Hall, Pancoast & Craven. In 1878, Henry D. Hall with- drew from the firm, and the business was continued by Pancoast & Craven until 1879, when Mr. Pancoast died. John V. Craven, the surviving partner, thus became sole proprietor, continuing the enterprise as such until the fall of 1882, when Thomas J. Craven bought an interest in the works and business, and the firm of Craven Brothers was formed. This firm has two extensive glass- factories on Fourth Street and another at the foot of Third Street, and employ about three hundred and fifty hands in the manufacture of bottles and fruit-jars. The impor- tance of the business of this firm among the industrial and commercial interests of Salem is shown by the fact that it directly affords a means of maintenance to a number of people equal to about one-third the pop- ulation of the city. The Salem Transportation Company, an enter- prise in connection with the Salem Glass- Works, was organized in 1881, and built the tug " Anna" and two barges for the purpose of carrying freight between Salem and Philadelphia. The oflScers are John V. Craven, president; Thomas J.Craven, secretary; and P. Peppier, treasurer. After the close of the late civil war, Holz, Clark & Taylor erected buildings near the foot of Broadway and established a glass-house, which was for some time extensively employed in the manufacture of hollow- ware. Subsequently this firm suspended, and the property was bought at sheriff's sale by Prior & Lam- bert. In July, 1879, it was purchased by John Gay- ner, who employs about forty hands in the manufac- ture of glass shades and bottles. The Salem Oil-Cloth Works.— This enterprise, one 386 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. of the most important in Salem, was established in 1868 by the firm of Hall, Dunn & Hunt, who entered at that time upon the work of making floor oil-cloth. The works were located on Front Street, where they remained until May, 1879, when Mr. John H. Morris purchased the property on which the factories are now located. While under the ownership and control of Messrs. Hall, Dunn & Hunt the business grew to large pro- portions, and new and -exteasive buildings were erected. Subsequently the firm underwent a change, first by the retirement of Mr. Hall, leaving the firm as Dunn & Hunt, and finally by Mr. Dunn selling his interest to Mr. Hunt, who continued the business as W. E. Hunt until his failure in December, 1877, when his uncle, John H. Morris, purchased the raw materials, and with the assistance of Mr. S. W. Dunn continued the oil-cloth works until the purchase of the property on Broadway, near the " Reybold" land- ing, where large buildings were erected and the entire business removed thereto. The location is particularly fortunate with reference to all the ad- vantages offered by river navigation, freight being loaded within a hundred yards of the manufactory on vessels or the regular line steamers to Philadelphia, and by this means securing direct shipments to al- most any point in the country, a matter of no little importance alike to consignor and consumer. Mr. Morris, with all the latest improvements in machinery, a largely-increased force of men, a rich and varied assortment of elegant designs, and abund- ance of capital, conducted the enterprise until his death, when his son, William Morris, the present pro- prietor, succeeded, and the works were again enlarged to meet the increasing demand upon their manufac- turing capacity. The head of this concern is a native of Salem County and a man of extensive capital. He gives his attention to the business, and the policy of its management has been liberal and just, the natural result being that no institution in the city is regarded with greater favor or respect. Mr. Morris is ably as- sisted in the control of affairs by Mr. Samuel W. Dunn, who for many years was one of the owners of the old works. Being thoroughly acquainted with every detail of the manufacture of oil-cloth, he is well qualified to take the immediate superintendency of the works, and to his wise and judicious manage- ment is due the success that has been attained. This establishment covers several acres, occupied by a large three-story frame printing building, and another of the same size for painting purposes. There are several other brick buildings in use, the whole works being divided into several departments, where, with the assistance of about one hundred hands, the manufacture of oil-cloth of all kinds is prosecuted with system and celerity. Every process in the manu- facture of finished oil-cloth is done here, with the single exception of the manufacture of the raw cloth. The paint, of which large quantities are used, is also manu- factured at the works, as well as patterns and designs. The cloth in its raw state first receives a coat of paint, spread over with niceness and precision, when it is allowed to thoroughly dry, and is then again passed through the same process several times. It is then taken to the operating-room, where it falls under the manipulation of skilled printers. The printing is done with a series of blocks, each representing a color, which must be placed on with considerable care, some patterns requiring the handling of eight or nine blocks to complete them. It is at this point that the skill of the workman is thoroughly tested, as any error will damage the printing. After printing the cloth is put through a prolonged process of drying, and at the completion of the operation is varnished by ma- chinery, then goes into the shipping department. This concern is the only one of the kind in South Jersey, and its reputation for producing first-class oil-cloth is wide-spread, reaching throughout the whole country. The Manufacture of Ice-Cream, — It is well known throughout New Jersey that Salem County produces the best milk and cream to be found in the market. In the midst of this wealth of dairy products there has sprung into existence an industry that is annually assuming greater proportions, and already employs a large number of hands, the manu- facture of ice-cream. The oldest factory engaged in this industry is that of John P. Bruna & Co., which was established in 1852. This firm are the manufacturers of the cele- brated Salem County ice-cream, which now has a standing throughout the greater part of the State and the city of Philadelphia. The senior member of the present firm, Mr. Bruna, first commenced operations on a limited scale, and for many years manufactured only to supply a local demand. However, as the excellent quality of his cream became known the demand increased, and facilities were added to meet the growing trade. For several years Mr. Bruna was associated with Mr. John C. Mulford, under the title of John P. Bruna & Co., and during their continuance together their cream was shipped to all prominent points in South Jersey. Subsequently the firm was dissolved, and a few years later, in 1880, the old firm-title was renewed by the association of Mr. Joshua Wadding- ton with the business. At the present time the factory is located in a large frame building in rear of 192 and 194 East Broadway, where the firm has facilities for the rapid manufacture of its specialty. The capacity will reach fully three thousand quarts of ice-cream per day, and during the heated term this amount is frequently manufactured, and. by railroad and steamboat distributed throughout the lower portion of the State and the river towns of Delaware. The firm is also extensively engaged in the manu- facture of butter, having all the improved machinery CITY OP SALEM. 387 for producing a very superior quality of this article, and possessing a demand for the full capacity of the works. Large ice-houses in the vicinity of Salem are filled each winter, and when the supply is short, owing to a mild season, large consignments are received from Maine. In addition to the large quantity of ice used in the manufacture of ice-cream and butter, the firm are also suppliers of an extensive custom for it through- out the city. Mr. Bruna is one of the leading citizens of Salem, and outside of the above business is well known as the originator of enjoyable excursions from Salem and vicinity that at different times during the season visit the sea-shore. Mr. Waddington, during the greater part of his life, has been engaged in farming, and his thorough knowledge of dairying and the prep- aration of milk and cream for manufacturing pur- poses has contributed not a little to the success of the enterprise with which he is identified. Not more than twelve years ago, J. Q. Davis, whole- sale manufacturer of ice-cream, was engaged in a small building, manufacturing a limited quantity for a cor- responding limited retail trade. Notwithstanding that another establishment was engaged in manufac- turing a most excellent article, and producing more in a day than his trade would warrant him making in a month, he enlarged his facilities, and sought to enter the wholesale trade by personal solicitation, with the result that, as soon as the product of his small factory was tried, it was pronounced of quality equaling any manufactured. This success only stim- ulated Mr. Davis to greater exertions, and the next season witnessed considerable increase in his busi- ness, and the enlargement of his factory was a neces- sity. He then removed to desirable quarters on Mar- ket Street, convenient to the centre of the city for his retail trade. Mr. Davis erected a large one-story fac- tory, and fitted it with a steam-engine and all the modern appliances for the business. The saloon was handsomely fitted up, and a large retail trade was soon secured. Here he continued successfully, each year bringing greatly increased demand for his ice- cream, until 1880, when he purchased the present property, at 75 Market Street, about a half-square from the former location, and rebuilt the house, made attractive ladies' and gentlemen's saloons, and erected a large building fn the rear for manufacturing pur- poses. The improvements added to it gave a pro- ducing capacity of three thousand quarts of ice-cream daily. The first floor of the factory is devoted to ice- cream, and the second to the manufacture of butter. Like the former department, that of butter-making has all the latest improved machinery, including cooling-pans, churns, etc., and under the immediate charge of an experienced and competent dairyman. A number of hands are employed, with competent superintendents, and the whole establishment is under the experienced and practical management of Mr. Davis himself The trade extends throughout South Jersey, including many of the leading hotels at the watering-places on the Atlantic coast. F. Hand & Son, carriage- and wagon-makers. — The individual members of this firm are Frank and Alex- ander Hand. The business was established by Frank Hand more than a quarter of a century ago, and the work turned out at this establishment finds ready sale. Coaches, carriages, phaetons, buggies, Jenny Linds, and vehicles of other styles are made. The works of the firm occupy a considerable area at 73 and 75 Fifth Street, and consist of a large three-story build- ing, to which within a few years has been added an extensive show-room, with upper floors in use for general purposes. From eight to fifteen hands are employed. Smith & Stepler, carriage-builders, 236 and 238 East Broadway, are prominent among the carriage- builders of Salem County. They employ several hands, and manufacture a general line of carriages and wagons, making a specialty of heavy farm-wagons, which have an extended reputation. This enterprise was established in 1850 by William Nicholson, who was succeeded by Simon B. Smith, and he by Smith & Stepler. Fruit-Canning and Pickling. — The oldest vege- table cannery in Salem is that controlled by Owen L. Jones. It was established about twenty years ago by Patterson & Lloyd, who were succeeded by Pat- terson & Jones. This firm continued the business until January, 1882, when Mr. Patterson retired. Until eight years ago the works were situated on Church Street. At that time they were removed to their present location at the foot of Fifth Street. Here are occupied a large four-story brick building eighty by seventy feet, a frame store-house one hun- dred feet in length, and a large store-house at the wharf, the whole making an extensive and very com- plete canning establishment. The interior of these works is conveniently divided and arranged for the different processes of manufacture, and provided with efficient machinery and appliances. This factory is wholly devoted to the canning of tomatoes. The reputation of the tomatoes packed by this house is high, and, notwithstanding the fact that new fac- tories are being started from time to time, the de- mand for them increases annually. The leading brand, the "Trophy," is sought in the leading mar- kets of America, and has found favor in Europe. During the canning season nearly one million cans of this brand are packed, giving employment to over two hundred hands. The Mason Pickling Company, whose business was established and is continued under the manage- ment of Mr. George M. Ward, has been in existence about eight years, and has the reputation of supply- ing a superior quality of goods. Beginning with small capital and limited facilities, the business grew to such a proportion that Mr. Ward was at one time 388 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. unable to supply the demand for the goods manufac- tured. The works, situated in the rear of Mr. Ward's residence, 75 West Broadway, below Third Street, were enlarged, and the facilities for preparation and packing were increased many fold. He makes a specialty of supplying merchants, shippers, and fam- ilies with American chow-chow, American piccalilli, choice family pickles, Bordeaux sauce, and other choice preparations in the pickling line, put up in pint and quart jarsj Cucumber pickles are put up in barrels, half-barrels, and quarter-casks, in vinegar, and ready for table use. Wherever known the goods of the Mason Pickling Company are standard. The Fenwiek Canning- Works of Messrs. Starr & Brother were established in 1874 by Richard B. Starr and George Mecum. In 1875, Thomas B. Starr suc- ceeded Mr. Mecum, and the establishment has since been owned and managed by Starr & Brother. This firm confine their operations to tomato-canning ex- clusively, and their "Centennial" brand of goods is equal to the very best in the country. The proprie- tors determined to rest their chances of success in business upon the merits of their product, which, as introduced into various markets, at once found favor with dealers and consumers, and at this time the " Centennial" tomatoes are shipped to all sections of the Union, and the firm enjoys a fine and increasing European trade. The capacity of the works is one million two hundred thousand cans per season, during which from two hundred and twenty-five to two hun- dred and seventy-five hands are employed. The works are located at the foot of Broadway, near the wharf. Hiles & Hilliard's North Bend Canning- Works, on West GriflSth Street, opposite Front, was estab- lished in 1881, on the site of Newell & Grier's hay- press and hay and grain warehouse. It has a capacity of five hundred thousand cans per season, and during the tomato season affords employment to one hundred and seventy-five hands. The " Atlas" brand of toma- toes put up by this firm already commands a steady sale throughout the United States and Canada. The Salem Packing Company, consisting of John Lambert & Son, began business in 1881. Their fac- tory is a two-story building, one hundred and sixty by forty-eight feet, located northwest of Grifiith Street, between Third and a continuation of Second, and it has a capacity for packing one million cans per season. About two hundred thousand cans of tomatoes and some pears and peaches were put up during the season of 1881. The product of the season of 1882 was about four hundred and fifty thousand cans, and one hundred and twenty hands were employed. Hall's Foundry. — About thirty-five years ago Ben- nett & Acton established a foundry at the corner of Fourth and Griffith Streets, doing farmers' jobbing, and manufacturing a limited line of agricultural machinery. Mr. Bennett was accidentally killed about fourteen years ago, and the business passed into the sole ownership of Mr. Acton. In 1878, Henry D. Hall bought the establishment of Mr. Acton, and has since done a general iron-founder's business, making a specialty of plumbers' castings, drain-, water-, and smoke-pipe, and employing at times as many as forty hands. The White Stone Mills.— Among the landmarks of Salem there are none more familiar to the older inhabitants than the well-known White Stone Flour- Mills, situated on Front Street, near the Penn's Neck Bridge. Built by the Salem Steam-Mill and Banking Company, some time previous to 1826, on the site which that corporation bought, with the " Eeybold" wharf, of David B. Smith in 1824, it has successively been purchased by subsequent owners, as follows: •The Salem Steam-Mill and Manufacturing Company, March 20, 1826 ; William N. Jeffers, May 26, 1830 ; Isaac Johnson, June 4, 1832; Harvey & Peterson, Sept. 24, 1886 ; Minor Harvey, March 1, 1841 ; Joshua Waddington, Feb. 21, 1857 ; Eeybold Brothers, March 17, 1857; Joshua Waddington, Jan. 28,1860; John W. Mulford, Dec. 22, 1862 ; Joshua Thompson, Nov. 13, 1873 ; Lewis & Thompson, Nov. 15, 1873 ; Charles F. Dubois, Jan. 15, 1879; Jacob Mounce, Sept. 1, 1880, — the last-named purchaser being the present owner and operator. This mill is built of stone, as its name indicates, and is five stories high. It contains six run of stones, which are driven by a large steam-engine. Independ- ent of a large local trade, requiring two wagons to supply it, these mills have a growing demand from Delaware City, New Castle, Penn's Grove, and Chester, which constantly taxes its utmost capacity. Mr. Dubois, a member of the firm, is in charge, and his long acquaintance with milling in all its details thoroughly fits him to produce first-class flour, which he is enabled to do with the aid of the excellent facilities at his command. The Salem Fire Department. — The City Fire Department consists of a chief and three assistant engineers. The chief of the department is Richard T. Starr ; the assistant engineers are Albert Steiner, Robert D. Swain, and William H. Stow. There are three engine and hose companies and one hook-and- ladder company, the histories of which follow : The Union Fire Company, No. 1.— It appears that there was a fire company, having an engine in charge, prior to 1821, and at a meeting of the young men of the town of Salem, Dec. 5, 1821, for the purpose of adopting measures relative to the fire-engine com- pany, a resolution was adopted asking the members of that company to give up the control of the engine to the young men who were about to establish the present organization. On Dec. 12, 1821, the following persons assembled and organized the present com- pany : Josiah Miller, Jr., Sinnickson Tuft, Nathan Smart, Anthony Keasbey, John Cohorn, Isaac Z. Peterson, William A. Baker, Richard P. Thompson, Jonathan Coffee, James Hall, Jacob W. Mulford, John Black, and Peter Blackwood. Josiah Miller CITY OF SALEM. 389 was elected president; Richard P. Thompson, secre- tary : and Isaac Z. Peterson, treasurer. Committees for various purposes were appointed and the organi- zation was completed. At a subsequent meeting John Cohorn, William G. Beesly, and O. B. Stoughton were elected engineers. A commodious engine-house was completed in January, 1825, and the room in which the meetings of the company were held was given the name of Union Hall. The company applied to the Council and General Assembly of the State for an act of incorporation, which was passed Dec. 7, 1825. The first meeting held after being incorpo- rated was on Jan. 9, 1826, when the following offi- cers were elected : Richard P. Thompson, president ; Samuel Sherron', vice-president; James M. Hannah, secretary; and Isaac Z. Peterson, treasurer. The fol- lowing were active members at that time : Richard P. Thompson, Samuel Sherron, Isaac Z. Peterson, James M. Hannah, William G. Beesly, William T. Mulford, Jacob W. JMulford, O. B. Stoughton, John Corcoran, William A. Baker, Aaron L. Clement, John Smart, John Patterson, P. Heishon^ Japhet Sommers, Josiah Paullin, John B. Tuft, Jacob Elwell, Samuel Lum- mis, John Yarrow, Anthony Maggee, Samuel Buck, Samuel Thompson, Jonathan Wood, Seth Smith, David Morris, Joseph Jacobs, Joseph E. Brown, James. Wills, William Carpenter, George Griscom, Thomas Bond. The honorary members were B. Wright, William Bassett, Joseph Buck, J. Coffee. In 1829 a. new engine, costing three hundred and twenty-five dollars, was purchased, and the engine first in use was sold to a company at Hancock's Bridge, for one hundred and thirty dollars, during the following year. The new engine was evidently thought very powerful, as mention is made of throw- ing a stream over the very top of the spire of the court-house. The combined hose-carriage and bucket- wagon was built in the spring of 1840, at a cost of fifty dollars. At about the same time the company succeeded in getting the township committee to ap- propriate them one hundred dollars towards defray- ing expenses. This is the first record of any help from the township, all expenses being defrayed by the money received from the members of the com- pany in dues and fines, and voluntary contributions from the citizens generally. On July 31, 1840, the engineers were empowered to enlist boys over fifteen years of age, not exceeding twenty in number, to take charge of the hose-carriage and buckets. In 1846 an engine was contracted for and built by Agnew, of Philadelphia, at a cost of about eight hundred dollars, and some years later a small suction, engine was purchased in Baltimore and added to the apparatus of this company. These were, however, replaced by a fourth-class Silsby steamer in 1878, soon after the large conflagration that occurred in January that year. Since the introduction of the present system of water- works (there being sufficient force from the plug-streams to dispense with the use of engines) the company has been divided into two hose companies, the steamer being used only to pump out cellars. There is ' now thirteen hundred feet of rubber hose, "Test" brand, in good order (the larger part having been purchased in 1882), in the posses- sion of the company. The fine brick building whicli they occupy, on Broadway near Market Street, was built in 1869. The Reliance Fire Company, No. 2.— In the early part of the year 1824 it was determined to procure an- other engine for the fire department, and at a meeting of some of the inhabitants of the town of Salem, held about April 29th of that year, a committee was ap- pointed to solicit contributions for the purchase of an engine. This committee in a short time succeeded in collecting the sum of $572.89. The first regular meet- ing of which there is record was held at the hotel of Ward Wilson on Jan. 28, 1825. Mr. Hedge Thomp- son occupied the chair, Aaron Ogden Dayton secre- tary. James Kinsey, Esq., a committee appointed at a former meeting to prepare a constitution, reported that the name of the company should be Reliance Fire Company, and a constitution was then and there adopted. At a meeting held Feb. 11, 1825, the follow- ing officers were elected : James Wainwright, presi- dent; Thomas Sinnickson, vice-president; Aaron Ogden Dayton, secretary ; Thomas W. Cattell, treas- urer; Gideon Scull, Jr., Edward Smith, John Sin- nickson, Joel Fithian, engineers; Henry Dennis, Lewis Mairs, Thomas Sharp, Samuel Bassett, ladder- and-hook committee ; James Kinsey, Benjamin Archer, Edward Q. Keasbey, Hedge Thompson, com- mittee for security of goods. These were the first officers. In the mean time the engine had been pur- chased and housed in a barn in the rear of Wilson's Hotel, and the company seeing the need of a house, made application to the board of chosen freeholders for ground upon which to build, which application was granted and the house erected. In 1825 the company made application to the Legislature of the State for an act of incorporation, which act passed that body in December of that year. In the year 1834 a bell was purchased and placed on the house. On Nov. 18, 1839, a combined hose- carriage and bucket-wagon was purchased. The first hose purchased was in April, 1845, when one hundred and five feet of leather hose was procured, costing fifty cents per foot. For some years previous to 1852 the company was not in a very prosperous condition, but early in that year a number of young men were ad- mitted, which caused a change for the better, and on May 7th of that year it was ordered to purchase a new engine, and a committee appointed to solicit con- tributions for that purpose. At a meeting held May 13, 1853, it was ordered to purchase an engine costing fourteen hundred dollars. The engine was purchased at a cost of $1798.84, and it is at the present time in the house of the company, although of no actual use, owing to the water-works system of the city, but is 390 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. doubtless in serviceable condition. In 1854 a new engine-house was built, at a cost of seven hundred dollars, which has since been replaced by a brick building, three stories high, with a tower at rear, in which hangs a bell weighing about twelve hundred pounds. The following were the officers of the com- pany in September, 1882: A. Walton, president; Benjamin Curry, vice-president; Benjamin F. Wood, treasurer; Joel S. Bradway, secretary; William Kiger, chief engineer; Jeremiah Bacon, Jr., Howard Hewes, James McCaffrey, Frank Ahem, John Dwyre, engineers. The Washington Fire Company, No. 3,— This company was originally known as the Fenwick Fire Company, and was organized in 1866. The first presi- dent was John Ramsey. Some time in 1880 a special meeting was called, when the name was changed to Washington Fire Company by nearly a unanimous vote of the members. The first engine in the possession of the company was the old Keliance engine, which was presented to them by the Reliance Fire Company. This was subsequently replaced by a powerful engine purchased from the Washington Fire Company of Wilmington, Del., at a cost of four hundred dollars. The first engine-house was a small affair. This was torn down in 1880, and replaced by a two-story brick building, surmounted by a cupola, in which hangs a small bell. The officers in October, 1882, were as follows: James H. Simpkins, president; Elwood Griscom, vice-president; T. C. G. Smith, secretary; Thomas Glynn, treasurer ; William H. Stow, Jacob Ballis, S. French Banks, trustees ; William P. Horner, John Horner, Aaron Lawrence, George Lawrence, George Zaiser, engineers. The Liberty Hook-and-Ladder Company, No. 1, was instituted in 1866, but was made a permanent or- ganization on Feb. 19, 1867, when the following offi- cers were elected : Edward Calhoun, president ; John Haverstick, vice-president ; George M. Diamond, sec- retary; Albert Steiner, treasurer ; William H. Kiger, Charles H. Thompson, C. A. Julius Johnson, William H. Bennett, Joseph H. Bilderback, directors ; Clement H. Fogg, George Hogan, Charles Fox, trustees. The following are the successive presiding officers : Charles Fowler, William H. Parks, John Hopkins, William H. Parks, Henry J. Hall, William M. Pyott, George Mowers, Richard T. Starr, George Mowers, Henry F. Bacon, William Launer. The officers in October, 1882, were William Launer, president; Robert Gwynne, Jr., vice-president ; Joseph M. Bacon, sec- retary ; William J. Freas, recorder ; Albert Steiner, treasurer ; James Bacon, Charles Smith, John Hop- kins, Wyatt Haines, Philip Launer, directors. The first apparatus of the company was received June 11, 1866. This truck {and outfit) was replaced by a lighter one, which was built to order in the spring of 1881, costing five hundred dollars. The brick building now occupied by the company was built in 1868. The Salem Water-Works.— In 1857 a charter was obtained authorizing the organization of a company, to be known as the Salem Water Company, with a capital of thirty thousand dollars, with liberty to in- crease it to fifty thousand dollars, the shares to be twenty-five dollars each. It does not appear that anything of importance ever resulted from this move- ment. Several later agitations of the water question led to nothing practical. One notable effort to obtain a water-supply for Salem was made in 1868. The fig- ures, however, frightened the people, and the water- works question was allowed to sleep the " sleep of death" for years. In the year 1880 the question was again taken up. •Messrs. Charles W. Casper, M. P. Grey, W. Graham Tyler, and several citizens accidentally met one day, and the conversation in some way drifted to water- works, and the three then and there resolved to agitate the question once more, and if possible push the matter to a successful ending. In some way the " water-works fever" spread, and when the first water- works meeting was hel'd in the Council chamber, on Monday evening, Aug. 23, 1880, it was well attended by prominent and representative citizens. Different systems of water-works were discussed, and the Holly system was recommended by an agent of the Holly Manufacturing Company, of Lockport, N. Y., who was present. The matter was not allowed to rest here, and those who took part in the first meeting got up a petition and presented it to the City Council at its meeting held Aug. 28, 1880. The Council unanimously adopted a resolution authorizing the holding of an election on Sept. 21, 1880, as to whether the city would avail itself of the act of 1876, entitled " An Act to enable cities to sup- ply the inhabitants thereof with pure and wholesome water." The result was five hundred and twenty-one for and one hundred and twenty-one against. Majority for water-works, four hundred. At the next meeting of City Council, held Friday evening, September 24th, a resolution was adopted calling for the appointment of a Water Committee, to consist of the mayor, two councilmen, and two citi- zens, with power to inspect water-works of other cities and ascertain what system of water- works could be most profitably used in Salem, and report the result of their examination to Council. The gentlemen composing that committee were B. F. Wood, mayor, Councilmen C. M. Eakin and George V. Anderson, and Messrs. Charles W. Casper and W. Graham Tyler. This committee reported to the City Council Feb. 26, 1881, presenting an estimate of the probable cost of constructing suitable water-works for Salem, the sum named being $75,163.90, and favoring Laurel Run, near Quinton, as a source of supply. The new City Council first met March 15th, and at that meeting it was unanimously decided to build water-works, the work to commence as soon as possi- CITY OP SALEM. 391 ble. The new Water Committee was also appointed, as follows : B. F. Wood, mayor, chairman ; Council- men C. M. Eakin, George V. Anderson, William H. Lawson, J. C. Belden, Jr., Charles W. Casper, and W. Graham Tyler. This committee appointed Isaac S. Cassin, of Phil- adelphia, engineer of the works. The Water Com- mittee awarded the contract for building water- works to the Holly Manufacturing Company, of Lockport, N. Y., and the Common Council approved their action. The laud for reservoir, engine-house, etc., having been secured at Laurel Eun, it was surveyed July 11th. The first shovelful of dirt toward the progress of the works was thrown that day. The work of building the dam and reservoir wsis commenced in a short time after the survey was made. The work of laying the pipe was continued through the winter, and the works were completed in April, 1882. As soon as the works were completed the mains for two weeks were subjected to a fire-pressure of one hundred and twenty pounds, so as to ascertain the " bad pipes." There were comparatively few leaks. The formal test- ing of the works took place on Wednesday, May 24th, in the presence of a large number of people, with a highly satisfactory result. Their capacity was found to be 1,054,080 gallons per twenty- four hours. The water-works are under the control of a Water Committee, consisting of Mayor C. S. Lawson and Councilmen Benjamin F. Wood and Charles W. Cas- per, who have the general management of affairs con- nected therewith. Their introduction and successful operation was gladly hailed by all enlightened and en- terprising citizens, and their convenience and utility for manufacturing and domestic uses receive almost hourly recognition. Physicians. — The following, among other phy- sicians, have practiced in Salem since 1800 : James Van Meter. Robert Van Meter. T. Bowan. Benjamin Archer. Thomas Beasley. £. Q. Keasbey. John B. Tuft. T. Ware. Hitchcock. C. Hannah. Q. Gibbon. Asa Smith. Armstrong. A. 6. Iiippincott. J. H, Thompson. T. Patterson. I. Preston. W. Wiley. Franli: Bilderbacls. W. F. Stitts. C. Sherron. C. G. Abbott. Jaclseon. B. A. Waddington. A. F. Beckett. Attorneys. — Prominent among lawyers who have from time to time lived in Salem may be mentioned : Aaron Ogden Dayton. William N. Jetfers. Alphonso h. Eakin. Richard P. Thompson. F. li. McCnllooh. Richard S. Field. James M. Hannah. Henry T. EUett. William S. Clawson. Andrew Sinnickson. Anthony Keasbey. Samuel A. Allen. Isaac Sinnickson. Allen McNabb. Edward Van Meter. Clement H. Sinnickson. William T. Hilliard. M. P. Grey. George Ingham. Charles Mecum. I. 0. Acton. Morris H. Stratton. KELIGIOUS HISTORY. Friends' Societies.— As in everything else. Friends, or Quakers, took precedence in the institu- tion of religious services and observances in Fen- wick's colony. At the house of Samuel Nicholson, on West Broadway, in 1676, the first religious organ- ization in Salem Tenth was effected. The following is the record of this important event : " At a meeting held last day of the fifth month, 1676, it was unani- mously considered that the first second day of the week in the 6th month, that Friends do meet in the town of New Salem, in Fenwlck*s Colouy, and all Friends thereunto, do monthly meet together, to con- sider of outward circumstances and business. And if such that has been convinced, and walked disorderly, that they maybe in all gravity and uprightness to God, and in tenderness of spirit and love to their souls, be admonished, exhorted, and also reproved, and their evil deeds and practices testified against in the wisdom of God, and in the authority of truth, that may answer the witness of God within them. (Signed) " Sahuel Nicholson. " RicHAEn Guv. " Robert Lanes. " Isaac Smaet. ** Robert Wade. " John Fenwick. " Edward Wade. " Bichabd Johnson. " And others." June 2, 1678, Richard Guy, Edward Bradway, Isaac Smart, and Edward Wade were appointed a committee to select a place for a meeting-house and bnrying-ground. They were unsuccessful, and at a meeting Jan. 5, 1679, Edward Wade, James Nevill, John Maddox, and George Deacon were ap- pointed to treat with Samuel Nicholson and William Penton for their houses and plantations in Salem, and also " to see Ann Salter, widow of Henry Salter, about her lot of ground." At a meeting held in Feb- ruary, 1679, George Deacon, John Maddox, and Henry Jennings were appointed to take a view of Edward Bradway's house, and determine whether in their judgment it was suitable for a meeting-house. A minute was made at that time fixing upon the First and Fourth Days of the week for religious worship, the meetings to be held alternately at Samuel Nicholson's, Robert Zane's, and Richard Guy's. In December, 1680, there was another committee appointed to en- deavor to purchase a lot of ground of Edward Champ- ney, on which to build a meeting-house, and for use as a burying-ground. A suitable lot could not be procured, and in August, 1681, Samuel Nicholson and his wife, Ann, deeded the whole of their sixteen- acre town lot, on West Broadway, " for the use and benefit of Salem Monthly Meeting forever, for a meeting-house and graveyard and other purposes.'' As soon as the deed for the above-mentioned prop- erty was given to the society, John Thompson, of El- sinboro, and Robert Zane, of Salem, were appointed to repair the house and fit it for occupancy by the society. About a year later the same persons were appointed to enlarge the meeting-house by adding sixteen feet to its length and making it higher and more commodious and convenient. For some reason this was not accomplished until 1683, at which time Benjamin Acton was appointed to build the addition. There was a proposition to have the floors of the house made of boards, but that measure failed, and 392 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. Feb. 27, 1687, Benjamin Acton and Thomas Wood were appointed to have the entire building floored with clay, and to have it ready for occupancy before the Yearly Meeting should convene. This house was in use until 1700, when a brick structure was built east of the oak-tree in the present graveyard. The meet- ing increased in numbers so much that this house was not large enough to accommodate them, and in 1770 members of Salem Monthly Meeting bought a lot on East Broadway of Thomas Hancock and Rob- ert Johnson, and erected thereon the commodious building now the house of worship of the Hicksite Friends, which was completed in 1772. The first Yearly Meeting was held at Salem, April 15, 1684, and included the Friends of Haddonfield and Burlington. It was held at Salem and Burling- ton alternately, and was known as the Half- Yearly Meeting. It was continued some years. At a Yearly Meeting held at Salem in 1693, George Keith ap- peared with his friends, and laid before the meeting their proposals for the settlement of the differences among them. These were in the form of several propositions covering the points at issue, and discuss- ing the reasons for their adoption, which led to much controversy, and finally to the separation of many members from the society. The Friends who adhered to Keith were influential in the society, and after the return of Keith to England became members of the Baptist Church. Andrew Griscom became reconciled with his former friends, and died a member of the society,'and many of his descendants have been active and useful members thereof. In 1827, as is well known, the Society of Friends divided into two great parts, each claiming to hold the ancient doctrines of the sect. Both parties claim the venerable name of " Friends," but they bear titles they gave to each other. The relative strength of the two parties before and after the separation is thus set forth upon " Hicksite" authority : "Salem Quarterly Meeting, before the division, was composed of flve Monthly Meetings, ten' meetings for worship, 1536 members. Salem Quarterly Meeting of Friends, since the division, is composed of four Monthly Meetings, ten meetings for worship, and 1238 members ; and that of the Orthodox Friends, three Monthly Meetings, four meetiDgs for worship, and 298 members." The following statement, covering the same period, is from an " Orthodox" source : "Salem Quarterly Meeting, before the division, had five Monthly MeetiDgs and ten meetings for worship, including 1 603 members. Since the separation. Friends hold four meetiugs for worship and three Monthly Meetings, embracing 454 members. The Hicksites have 1145 members, and hold five Monthly Meetiugs." The Hicksite branch retained and still occupy the old house of worship. The Orthodox Friends wor- shiped for some years in a school-house on Walnut Street. In 1835 they bought their present property on West Broadway, and in 1837 built their present brick house of worship thereon. Both societies con- tinued the use of the old graveyard. At this time the Orthodox Friends have one Monthly Meeting and two meetings for worship, and a membership of fifty-three, and the Hicksite Friends have two Monthly Meetings and four meetings for worship, and a membership of two hundred. Friends early established schools in Salem, and two are now maintained by the Hicksite branch at the corner of East Broadway and Walnut Street. St. John's Episcopal. — In the number of those who accompanied John Fenwick to America, or who afterwards joined him and helped to establish his colony at Salem, it is highly probable there were some members of the Church of England, although most of his companions were of the same religious belief as himself, Quakers, or Friends. In answer .> to an appeal to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Rev. John Holbrook was sent here as early as 1722. There is reason for the belief that some effort to organize a parish was made as early as 1714, but with what success cannot now be ascertained. The early records of the church are supposed to have been lost or destroyed during the Revolutionary war, when the building was occupied by British troops, and there is now no existing list of the names and numbers of the original members. It is known, however, that Benjamin Vining, Joseph Cole- man, George Trenchard, John Rolfe, Alexander Grant, James Sherron, and the Dunlap family were among the first Episcopalians. An organization having been ef- fected and the proper parish officers chosen, it is to be supposed that the name of" St. John's" was at the same time selected as the designation of the infant church, as that would be in accordance with Episcopal usage. There is a vague tradition that the first building was of wood (perhaps of logs), but after the arrival of Mr. Holbrook measures were taken for the erection of a brick church, which was accordingly built upon the spot occupied by the present church. It was sit- uated upon the east side of Market Street (then called Bridge Street), upon a lot containing about one acre of ground, conveyed by Samuel Hedge — " in con- sideration of the love which he bears to the Church of England as established by law" — to Benjamin Vining and Joseph Coleman, wardens, " for the sole use and behoof of the members of the Church of Eng- land, of the church of Salem." This deed is dated Feb. 5, 1727-28, and the original is now in possession of the vestry of St. John's. The churchyard was further enlarged in 1847 by the gift from Col. Robert G. Johnson and wife of a piece of ground containing about the sixth of an acre. The original building was a parallelogram, twenty- eight by thirty-eight feet. In 1812, at the revival of the parish, which had been in desolation since the Revo- lution, a considerable addition was made to it, and it so remained until it was succeeded by the present structure. It is well remembered by many of this generation, and many hallowed memories cluster around it. CITY OF SALEM. 393 In 1836, during the incumbency of the Rev. Dr. Mason, the corner-stone of the existing church edifice was laid, with the usual ceremonies, by Bishop Doane. The architect was William Strickland, of Philadel- phia. It was finished and consecrated in 1838. At that time the Rev. Edward G. Prescott was rector; Thomas Sinnickson and Daniel Garrison, wardens; Richard P. Thompson, Jacob W. Mulford, James M. Hannah, Dr. Benjamin Archer, Joseph Kille, Dr. Thomas Rowan, Col. John Sinnickson, David B. Smith, and Oliver B. Stoughton, vestrymen. In 1880 it was enlarged and greatly improved by the ad- dition of a recess chancel, an organ-chamber and robing-room, a beautiful memorial chancel-window, and other changes, which have made it one of the most attractive churches in West Jersey. The archi- tect was George W. Hewitt, of Philadelphia. The following list comprises the names of the minis- ters who have had charge of the church from the or- ganization of the parish until the present time. The list is probably incomplete, but it is believed to be as correct as it is now possible to make it. In the pro- ceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts for the year 1722 it is stated that the society had paid ten pounds each to Messrs. Hesselius and Lidenius, Swedish missionaries in charge of Penn's Neck and Raccoon (as Swedes- boro was then called), for occasional services in Salem. These services were doubtless rendered pre- vious to the appointment of the Rev. John Holbrook, who was sent as the society's missionary in 1722, and so continued until 1731. Whether he died or removed is not known. He was succeeded, in 1733, by the Rev. John Pierson, who had charge of the parish until his death, in 1747. His remains, together with those of his wife and child, lie in the churchyard. After Mr. Pierson's death, and some time between February, 1748, and February, 1749, the Rev. Mr. Thompson was appointed missionary at Salem, but in the following year removed to Chester, in Pennsyl- vania, where the society thought he could be more useful. After his departure the Rev. Eric Unander, Swedish missionary in charge of Raccoon and Penn's Neck, preached occasionally in Salem, but after about the year 1750 the church does not appear to have had the regular ministrations of a clergyman until 1774- 75, when the Rev. James Barker oflBciated for six months very acceptably, as is stated by the wardens, Grant Gibbon and Thomas Sinnickson. From this time until 1792, so far as is known, St. John's was without a pastor. The events of the Revolution had separated the colonies from the mother-country, and one of the consequences of the establishment of our independence was the withdrawal of the aid which had been so generously extended to the struggling churches of America by the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. " To the nursing care and protection" of that venerable society during the first eighty-four years of its existence most of the Protestant Episcopal Churches in America were in- debted for their very existence. In 1792 and '93 the Rev. John Grey was the minister in charge of St. John's, Salem, and St. George's, Penn's Neck, which, like all the churches established by the Swedes, had at that time been incorporated with the Episcopal Church. There is another blank in the history of the parish from 1793 until about 1812, when, as before stated, the church was "enlarged and repaired in a neat and decorous style." It is reasonable to suppose that this was done in consequence of an increase of the con- gregation, and a renewal of the zeal and activity of the parish. Indeed, this is expressly stated to have been the case in a report made to the Convention in 1813 by the missionary then in charge, but whose name has not been ascertained. In April, 1814, the Rev. Daniel Higbee, formerly of St. Andrew's, Mount Holly, was chosen by the wardens and vestry to take charge of St. John's, in connection with St. George's, Penn's Neck. He oflSciated accordingly once a fort- night until 1818, when the church again became vacant. In 1820 the Rev. Richard F. Cadle was elected to the pastorate, and from that time there has been a regular succession of ministers. In 1824, Mr. Cadle was succeeded by the Rev. Charles Smith, and he in 1825 by the Rev. Christian F. Cruse, wlio was followed in 1829 by the Rev. Henry M. Mason, D.D. From 1837 to 1844 the Rev. Edward G. Prescott was rector ; after him, until 1848, the Rev. William B. Otis; until 1853, the Rev. John S. Kidney, D.D. ; from 1853 until 1857, the Rev. Andrew B. Patterson, D.D. ; from 1857 to 1867, the Rev. Thomas F. Bil- lopp; from 1867 to 1871, Rev. William A. Holbrook ; from 1871 to 1882, Rev. George W. Timlow, D.D. The Rev. Charles M. Perkins is the present rector. The members of the corporation at this time are, besides the rector, Dr. J. H. Thompson and J, How- ard Sinnickson, wardens; Andrew Sinnickson, De Witt Clinton Clement, George A. Rumsey, George Mecum, John P. Bruna, W. Graham Tyler, Samuel Scott, and Martin P. Grey, vestrymen. First Baptist. — Some time in 1688, Rev. Elias Keach, pastor of the Baptist Church at Pennypack, Pa., visited this part of West Jersey, preached at Salem, Penn's Neck, and Cohansey, and found a number of Baptists there. About 1692, John Holme .settled on Alloways Creek, a few miles from Salem. The same year Rev. Thomas Killingsworth moved into the immediate vicinity of Salem. Obadiah Holmes had moved into the Cohansey country in 1685. These three were all men of sterling worth and of commanding position in the community, and earnest, working Christians. They gave a happy moulding influence, and contrib- uted no little character and efficiency to the Baptists of West Jersey in their early history. After the coming of Mr. John Holme and Rev. Thomas Killingsworth services were held quite regu- 394 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. larly at their houses. There were also yearly meet- ings held during part of this time. " The usual way of keeping them was two days at the house of Mr. Killingsworth and one day at the house of Mr. Holme." Services were continued somewhat in this way till the death of Mr. Killingsworth, which oc- curred in 1709. Some time after his death regular services were discontinued for a considerable time. " After some time Rev. Timothy Brooks, then pastor of the Cohansey Church, kept meeting among them somewhat regularly till his death in 1716." As they were still without a meeting-house, these services were held at private houses. Samuel Fogg, Daniel Smith, Edward Quintin, and others freely opened their houses for this purpose. After the death of Mr. Brooks it does not appear that there was regular preaching by any Baptist minister for about twenty years. " During this time most of the old members died off, but others were converted and united with the Cohansey Church. These, with those favorably disposed to Baptists, continued to travel to Cohansey to meeting until about 1741, when a few more mem- bers were added to the Cohansey Church from the vicinity of Alloways Creek and Salem, who, being desirous to have gospel preaching sometimes, did prevail with Mr. Nathaniel Jenkins, then the pastor at Cohansey, to come to them occasionally and assist them." Mr. Abram Garrison, Mr. Robert Kelsey, and Mr. Job Sheppard, of Cohansey, after some private trial by the church were admitted to the ministry, and they, especially Mr. Garrison, visited the Baptists here. And now, as meetings were more frequent, the com- mon hearers likewise increased, so that some conve- nient place for meetings was thought necessary, where- upon a proposal was made among them for building a meeting-house. A quarter of an acre of land was given for that use by Mr. Daniel Smith, between Salem and Alloways Creek, at a place called Mill Hollow, and a meeting-house was built thereon in 1743. Mr. Sheppard alone for some three years held monthly services here. In December, 1748, by the urgent request of the brethren about Salem and Allo- ways Creek, Mr. Sheppard moved his family from Cohansey to Alloways Creek, and from that time, for the space of nearly six years, meetings were kept every week except when providentially hindered. Not long afterward the question of separating from the Cohansey Church and organizing a church at Mill Hollow came up for serious consideration. Finally the brethren at Cohansey were addressed on the subject and gave their assent, and on the 17th day of May, 1755, a church was organized there. The following were the nineteen constituent mem- bers, and their names are found signed to the church covenant : Abner Sims. Sarab Sims. John Holme. Daaiel Smith. Ssth Smith. Samuel Sims. Joseph Soeatlien. John Whittal. Sarah' Smith. Phoebe Smith. Rachel Sneathen. Patience James. Keren-happach Btacltwood. Job Sheppard. Catharine Sheppai-d. Edward Qniuton. Temperance Qninton. Edward Keaatiey. Prudence Eeasbey. Rev. Job Sheppard was their first pastor, and con- tinued in the pastorate until his death, March 2, 1757. The second pastor was Rev. John Sutton. He came in 1761, and remained only a few months. Rev. John Blackwell, the third pastor, came in 1763, and did not stay more than six months. In February, 1768, Rev. Abel Griffith became the fourth pastor, and remained until some time in 1775. His pastorate was followed by an interval of almost nine years before another pastor was chosen. Patterson Vanhorn, the fifth pastor, began his duties in March, 1784, and closed them at his death, Sept. 10, 1789. The sixth pastor. Rev. Isaac Skillman, came Sept. 18, 1790, and re- mained during the balance of his life. He died June 8, 1 799. Two years later. Rev. Horatio Gates Jones began his labors in Salem as the seventh pastor. During the interval of pastorates Rev. David Cooper and Rev. Mr. Jarman successively supplied the pulpit. Mr. Jones left in 1805 on account of ill health. After his resignation the church was without a pastor nearly five months, during which the pulpit was filled for a time by Revs. David Cooper and Obadiah B. Brown. The eighth pastor. Rev. Thomas Brown, was ordained at Salem, Feb. 15, 1806. In 1808 he accepted a call elsewhere. In eight months after Mr. Brown left Salem, during which time the church depended upon transient supplies, Rev. Joseph Sheppard, the ninth pastor, was called to the pastorate (March 28, 1809), and was ordained April 29th following. He continued the pastorate till April 1, 1829. The tenth pastor, Rev. Charles J. Hopkins, served the church from May, 1829, to April 1, 1835. Rev. Thomas Wilks, the eleventh pastor, served from July 1, 1835, to March 1, 1836 ; Rev. Samuel Nightingale, the twelfth pastor, from March 25, 1836, to Sept. 25, 1837 ; the thir- teenth pastor. Rev. Samuel Smith, from Jan. 20, 1838, to Nov. 20, 1841 ; Rev. Silas C. James, the fourteenth pastor, from Jan. 1, 1842, to March 25, 1844; the fif- teenth pastor. Rev. John W. Gibbs, from April 20, 1844, to April 1, 1847 ; Rev. James Smither, the six- teenth pastor, from April 1, 1847, to March 17, 1849. Rev. Robert F. Young, the seventeenth pastor, com- menced his labors Oct. 1, 1849, and remained till Oct. 1, 1854. Aaron Perkins, D.D., the eighteenth pastor, was installed Feb. 1, 1855, and remained till July 1, 1859. The nineteenth pastor, Rev. John R. Murphy, entered upon the pastorate Oct. 1, 1859. He was suc- ceeded by the twentieth pastor. Rev. Dr. Sanford, who began his labors Feb. 16, 1872, and died Oct. 31, 1874. Rev. C. E. Cordo was called, and became the twenty- first pastor, April 4, 1875, and resigned Oct. 14, 1877. Rev. J. B. English, the twenty-second pastor, began his labors Feb. 24, 1878, and remained till Oct. 13, CITY OF SALEM. 395 1879. Rev. H. A. Griesemer, the twenty-third and present pastor, was called Jan. 19, 1881. The Sabbath-school connected with the church was commenced about 1819, and has generally been well sustained, and has proved an important aid in the work of evangelization. There was a Union school some years before 1819, in which members of the church were active workers. In 1850 an infant class was organized, thus securing the earlier attendance of the children on Sabbath-school instructions. There have also been various auxiliary organizations at dif- ferent times in the history of the church. July 4, 1869, letters were granted to seventy-two members of this church, of whom thirty-five were males, for the purpose of organizing another church. Subsequently these brethren were recognized as the Memorial Baptist Church, and as such their organiza- tion has since been known. The church and congregation met June 17, 1786, at the meeting-house at Mill Hollow, and resolved to become incorporated under this general law, and duly elected as trustees Thomas Sayer, John Holme, Ben- jamin Holme, Anthony Keasbey, Samuel Vance, John Briggs, and Howell Smith. July 3, 1786, these trus- tees were sworn into office, formally eflfecting the in- corporation, under the name of the " Trustees of the Anti-Pedo Baptist Society meeting in the town of Salem." This remained the corporate name until 1860, when, by an act of the Legislature, it was changed to " First Baptist Church of Salem." The building of the second house of worship was probably begun in 1786. It was probably first occu- pied some time during 1789. Previously the church purchased a parsonage property. The temporalities of the church were thus reported in 1790: "1. The chief is a plantation of one hun- dred acres, with a good house and out-buildings on it, valued at twenty-five pounds per year. 2. A tene- ment on the meeting-house lot, now let for twelve pounds. 3. The old meeting-house and lot near Quin- ton's Bridge." After several efforts to retain the property and can- cel the debt on the second meeting-house, the parson- age was sold between 1791 and 1799. The edifice on Yorke Street was a substantial brick house, with gal- leries on three sides. It was occupied by this church until 1846, and afterwards as a place of worship by the Second Baptist Church. In 1854 it was sold and torn down. The two lots first purchased on Yorke Street measured about two acres. A purchase in 1794 added over an acre to these grounds. The town of Salem grew up nearer the creek than was anticipated when the second meeting-house was built, and thus in process of time that house was left quite in the suburbs of the present city. October 20th the trustees were directed to take a deed of the lot upon which the third meeting-house now stands, and a committee of twenty was appointed to solicit funds for building the house. March 16, 1844, the building committee was appointed, and the work on the house was duly commenced. The house was dedicated Dec. 12, 1846, and thenceforth was the appointed place of the meetings of the church. Thus, after occupying their second house of worship about fifty-six years, and after nearly five years' considera- tion and labor in reference to another house, the church is found in their third and present meeting- house. This house, located on Broadway, in the very centre of the city, on a lot one hundred by three hun- dred feet, is a substantial brick structure, seventy-five by fifty feet, with pulpit recess and front portico. It is surmounted by a tower, containing bell and clock. In 1881 this building was improved at a cost of four thousand dollars, and a chapel was built in the rear at an expense of six thousand dollars. The present membership of this church is about five hundred and twenty-five. The Sunday-school has fifty-three officers and teachers and about two hundred and sixty-five scholars. Its library contains four hundred and sixty-one volumes. The superin- tendent is R. F. Boon. Memorial Baptist. — This church was organized July 7, 1869, with the following constituent members, seventy-two in number, dismissed from the First Bap- tist Church of Salem : Thomas B. Stow. Elizabetb Stow. Mary Stow. Epliraim J, Lloyd. Elizabeth Lloyd. Thomaa M. Lloyd. Margaretta L. Lloyd. Jesse F. Bodine. Eliza Bodine. George W. Bodine. Charles C. Pierce. Ellen T. Pierce. Robert F. Y. Pierce. Smith Bilderback. Bacbel Staager. Mrs. E. Bacon. Miss E. Bacon. Joseph M. Bacon. Henry F. Bacon, W. H. Ballinger. Harriet Ballinger. William R. Freas. Isaac K. Butler. Maggie G. Butler. Martha Bilderback. Bicbard 6. Stretch. Ellen F. Stretch. Jacob Bucher. Emma Bucher Albert L. Dooman. Anna W. Dooman. Thomas S. Walker. Sarah S. Walker. Ann Walker. Emma J. Walker. S. W. Hackett. Elizabeth Casper. N. K. Treen. Thomas Butler. Mary Butler. Reuben J. Freas. Mary B. Freas. Sarah A. Freas. Edmund Smith. Charles Counsellor. Samuel Habermayer. Zilpha Habermayer. Anna Bell Casper. Anna W. Treen. John Q. Davis. Jemima Davis. Nathaniel McNeil. Horatio G. Davis. Anna C. Davis. Anna A, Davis. Henry J. Freas. John S. Bacon. Sarah C. Bacon. John S. McCune. Mary A. McCune. Albert Steiner. John R. Stanger. Eliza J. M. Habermayer. Samuel Armstrong. Hannah Armstrong. Jane Mulford, Rachel Primrose. Joseph Griffey. Abigail Griffey. Enoch C. Mulford. Martha S. Mulford. Lydia McNeil. The corner-stone of the church on East Broadway was laid Aug. 3, 1870. The lecture-room was dedi- cated Jan. 1, 1871, and the audience-room upon the completion of the house of worship not long after- 396 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTS. ward. This building is of brick, and cost two thou- sand three hundred dollars. It was repaired in 1881 at an expense of two thousand two hundred dollars. Previous to its completion and opening meetings were held in the court-house. The pastoral roll of this church is as follows: First preacher, Kev. R. F. Young; first minister, Eev. H. H. Ehees, called Aug. 22, 1869, succeeded by Rev. H. G, Mason, July 3, 1870; Rev. A. C. Williams, March 12, 1876 ; Rev. 0. W. Ray, Feb. 23, 1879 ; Rev. C. E. Cordo, Dec. 12, 1880, serving at present. The first Sunday-school superintendent was Mr. C. 0. Pierce. The scholars now number one hundred and sixty-eight, and the library contains four hundred and twenty-four volumes. * First Presbyterian. — In 1812, St. .John's Episcopal Church in Salem, which had fallen into ruins, having become a burrow for rabbits and a resting-place for swallows, was repaired, and from 1812 to 1820, Pres- byterian ministers preached as occasion ofiered, and Episcopalians and Presbyterians worshiped together. In 1820 the Presbyterians were excluded. They therefore withdrew and held religious meetings for a time in the academy building and in the court-house. At the suggestion of Col. Johnson, preparations were at once made to organize a Presbyterian Church and erect a building for its worship. Col. Johnson and these gentlemen entered with en- thusiasm into the enterprise of establishing a Presby- terian Church in Salem. Their energy and liberality were shown in the fact that four hundred dollars were collected in one day, — a large sum for the times and for the few who were interested, — and in the further fact that the corner-stone of the new building was laid March 6, 1821, and the building itself was completed and opened with religious services July 14th of the same year. This building was of brick, thirty by fifty feet, with a gallery across the northern end. It was located on what is now Grant Street, and on the southern side of the Presbyterian cemetery. Col. Johnson contributed half an acre of ground for its site, which is now part of the cemetery. He also gave twelve hundred dollars, or nearly one-half of the cost of the building, which was two thousand four hundred and forty-three dollars. The remainder was contributed by the Van Meter brothers, Messrs. John Oongleton, and Matthias Lambson, various citi- zens of Salem, both town and county, and others. Besides half an acre of land and nearly half the cost of the building. Col. Johnson gave the mahogany pulpit now in use in the lecture-room ; Dr. R. H. Van Meter gave the stove, Mrs. Ruth Van Meter gave the pulpit hangings, and a bookseller in Philadelphia gave the pulpit Bible. When the building was erected Grant Street was not laid out. It was approached from a road that entered Market Street between Mas- kell Ware's house and the Episcopal Church. It pointed north therefore, and not south as afterward, while the steeple was also on the north end. In 1831 or 1832 pews with cushions were put into it, the seats having previously been plain benches with backs. The cost was six hundred and sixty-two dollars. These pews are now in use in the lecture- room. In 1835, as the congregation increased, it was again improved and enlarged ; twenty feet were added to the length , making it seventy feet long, and giving room for twenty new pews. The floor was raised three feet, and the ground under the front end was dug out four feet, forming a basement lecture-room^ which was used for Sabbath-school and weekly meetings. These improve- ments cost three thousand dollars. In 1838 an -organ was placed in it at a cost of four or five hundred dollars, of which Calvin Belden gave one-half. Public worship was held in this old church for the last time the second Sabbath of October, 1856, but its bell continued to call the people to worship in the new church until the last Sabbath in Decem- ber, 1857. This bell was sold to the Fenwick Fire Company. The first Presbyterian Church in Salem was organ- ized by a committee of the Presbytery of Philadel- phia,- on the 13th of November, 1821, four months after the dedication of the building. The church was organized with six members, and the following persons were transferred to this church by the dissolution of the church at Penn's Neck : Sarah Lambson, Sarah Kean, Martha Burden, John Congleton, Sarah Congleton, and Sarah Lumly. Robert H. Van Meter, Samel Burden, Robert Mc- Millen, and Lydia McMillen were among the earliest. The following were ordained as ruling elders, viz. : Samuel Burden, Robert McMillen, and Robert H. Van Meter. Jan. 24, 1822, an election for trustees resulted in the choice of James Bartram, Dr. James Van Meter, Dr. Edward J. Kea.sbey, Joel Fithian, Samuel Copner, Samuel Dunn. The Presbytery furnished supplies for the pulpit until the fall of 1822. The trustees then employed Rev. Moses T. Harris, from Philadelphia, who per- formed pastoral duties until October, 1823. In No- vember, 1823, Rev. John Burtt was invited to preach as stated supply for six months. At the end of this time he received the unanimous call of the congrega- tion to become their pastor, and was ordained and installed June 8, 1824. The congregation agreed to give Mr. Burtt three hundred dollars and his fire-wood, and find him a house to live in. During Mr. Burtt's ministry a pastor's library, valued at fifty dollars, adapted to his special tastes and wants, was presented to the church by Elias Boudinot, Esq. A Sabbath-school library, valued at twenty-five dollars, was also presented by Miss Ellet, of New York. Some of the books of the pas- tor's library remain, while those given by Miss Ellet formed the nucleus of the Sabbath-school library. In 1830, after the dismissal of Mr. Burtt, Rev. A. CITY OF SALEM. 397 H. Parker became stated supply for one year. It was during Mr. Parker's ministry the church received a legacy of nearly one thousand dollars in bank stock from Mr. John Congleton. The church building was also repaired at this time. Mr. Parker was succeeded in 1832 by Kev. Amsi Babbit, who continued as stated supply for eighteen months. After him came Rev. Thomas Amerman, of New York, who remained only five months. These three last-named ministers were stated supplies and not settled pastors. Rev. Alexander Heberton, of Kingston, Luzerne Co., Pa., was installed as pastor Dec. 15, 1834. Mr. Heberton's ministry continued six years. During this period the church building was enlarged, car- peted, rededicated, and an organ was purchased and placed in it. Mr. Heberton's salary was three hun- dred and seventy-five dollars a year. Very soon after Mr. Heberton left, the Session in- vited Rev. J. I. Helm to preach to the congregation. Mr. Helm began his labors June 25, 1840, and conr tinned as stated supply until Oct. 1, 1842. Then a call was regularly made out for his services as pastor, and he was installed Oct. 17, 1842. Mr. Helm's pastorate continued nearly twelve years, including his term as stated supply. During this time a library for the use of the congregation was established, chiefly through his eflforts. Miss Prudence I. Keasbey bequeathed one thousand dollars towards the erection of a new building that was in contemplation. Dr. James Van Meter also bequeathed a farm in Pittsgrove township, the income of which is to be perpetually used to sustain the preaching of the gospel. Dr. Van Meter's will was not witnessed, and the legacy could not, therefore, be legally claimed ; but his son. Dr. Thomas J. Van Meter, gave a deed of the property to the church, in accord- ance with his father's wishes. In 1847, and largely through the efforts of the ladies of the congregation, the building was pur- chased which is now occupied as a parsonage. The cost was two thousand eight hundred dollars. Twelve hundred dollars were raised by a general subscription, and six hundred dollars contributed by the ladies' sewing society. This sum of eighteen hundred dol- lars was paid when the deed was drawn ; the balance, one thousand dollars, was paid at different times, but the mortgage was canceled May 4, 1852. Mr. Helm was dismissed April 20, 1852. Rev. Daniel Stratton, of Newberne, N. C, was called at a meeting held June 23, 1852, and was installed Oct. 14, 1852. His ministry continued fourteen years, and ended with his death, Aug. 24, 1866. The present beautiful building was erected during Mr. Stratton's ministry. The corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies July 17, 1864. Records of the church, religious and city papers, with other documents of interest were deposited in a case, sur- mounted by a white stone slab, in which was cut the date of the founding and building of the church. This was the corner-stone. The architect was John McArthur, of Philadelphia; the mason, Richard C. Ballinger, of Salem ; the builder, A. Van Kirk, of Trenton. Its dimensions are forty-eight feet wide by eighty-six feet long; height of steeple, one hundred and eighty-four feet ; cost, twenty-seven thousand dollars. It was dedipated Oct. 15, 1856. The names of those who gave the largest amounts for this build- ing are Calvin Belden and family, Reuben Hinch- man. Rev. Daniel Stratton and family (including one thousand dollars from Miss H. E. Hancock), Mrs. Margaret Rumsey and family, Thomas W. Cattell and family, and Dr. Thomas J. Van Meter and family. The sums contributed by these donors amounted to $13,773.50. Sabbath-school was first held in the new building the second Sabbath of November, 1856. November 11th the first weekly lecture was held in it, and Thanksgiving was observed in it November 20th. Dec. 28, 1866, the congregation elected Rev. F. W. Brauns, of the Presbytery of Baltimore, as their pastor, at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year, with the use of the parsonage. Mr. Brauns was in- stalled April 25, 1867, and after a ministry of sixteen months accepted a call to the Seventh Presbyterian Church, Cincinnati. In 1867 the ladies, with the consent of the trustees, and aided by a committee of gentlemen, repaired and enlarged the parsonage, at an expense of two thou- sand five hundred dollars. The church was without a pastor for six- months after Mr. Brauns left. During this time the pulpit was supplied under direction of the Session. Jan. 25,' 1869, the congregation unanimously called Rev. Wil- liam Bannard, D.D., of the Presbytery of Albany, N. y. He was installed April 27, 1869. His min- istry has thus far extended over thirteen years. The church building has been improved and repaired at a further cost of four thousand dollars, while a goodly number have been added to its membership, and its prosperity has at least equaled that of any previous period of its history. The Sabbath -school has been an important element in the success and growth of this church. The pres- ent library contains four hundred volumes. Mrs. Ruth Van Meter, the first superintendent, held the office until the election of Calvin Belden, who re- signed in 1856, and was succeeded by Henry B. Ware, who died in July, 1875. W. N. Bannard was elected in October, 1875, and served until Aug. 3, 1879. The present superintendent, Richard Kelty, was elected Dec. 28, 1879. The school has on its roll one hun- dred and twenty- three scholars and teachers, of which its infant class numbers fifty. The property of this church may be summed up as follows: A house of worship, which cost originally twenty-seven thousand dollars, and has been refitted at considerable expense; a parsonage worth six thou- sand dollars; a farm in Pittsgrove valued at ten 398 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. thousand dollars, yielding an annual income of five hundred dollars ; and a fine cemetery on Grant Street. The ofScers of the church have been as follows: Elders, Samuel Burden, Robert McMillan, Eobert H. Van Meter, Robert G. Johnson, James Van Meter, David Johnson, Isaiah Wood, George C. Rumsey, Calvin Belden, John Wetherby, Henry Freeman, Thomas W. Cattell, Moses Richman, Henry B. Ware, Reuben Hinchman, John P. Moore, Quinton Gibbon, Henry M. Rumsey, William B. Robertson, Thomas B. Jones, William Richman, Benjamin R. Kelty; Trustees, James Bertram, James Van Meter, Edward J. Keasbey, Joel Fithian, Samuel Copner, Matthias Larabson, Samuel Dunn, Thomas F. Lambson, George 0. Rumsey, John Lawson, Charles Hannah, William J. Shinn, Calvin Belden, Thomas W. Cattell, Thomas J. Van Meter (declined), Reuben Hinchman, George B. Robertson, John Lawson, William Patterson, Wil- liam B. Robertson, Maskell Ware, D. Wolcott Belden, John V. Craven, Albert W. Sherron, Henry M. Rum- sey, John P. Moore, Charles W. Casper, Caleb Wheeler, John C. Belden, Henry D. Hall, George Hires, Clifford M. Sherron, B. F. Wood. First Methodist Episcopal. — Methodism was in- troduced in Salem about 1774, when Daniel Ruff visited the town and preached in the court-house. The Methodist Episcopal Church in Salem was founded about 1784. The men chiefly engaged in the work were Henry Stubbins Firth, John McClas- key, Cornelius Mulford, Hugh Smith, Benjamin Ab- bott, Isaac Vanneman, John Murphy, and Levi Gar- rison. In 1784 the first house of worship of this church was built, largely by the liberality of Henry Stubbins Firth, on Margaret's Lane, now Walnut Street. The Methodists asked assistance from members of other religious denominations, among them persons belong- ing to the Society of Friends. The matter was dis- cussed in the Friends' Quarterly Meeting, some Friends objecting to contribute, believing that they could do so only in violation of the testimony that the society always held against aiding "a hireling ministry." It was stated in the meeting that the preachers of the " new sect," as the Metho.dists were called, received only a passing support for their ser- vices ; and after a general expression of opinion it was decided by the society that such members as felt free to contribute might do so unreservedly. After the church was completed and dedicated, Benjamin Abbot was baptized therein ; for, although he had then been preaching twelve years, in consequence of the ministry not having been ordained he had not been baptized. Up to this time Salem had been a preaching station on the West Jersey Circuit. In 1788 the Salem Cir- cuit was formed. Rev. James O. Cromwell was ap- pointed presiding elder, and Joseph Cromwell, Na- thaniel B. Mills, and John Cooper were appointed to the circuit. In 1789, Salem Circuit had Simon Pile, Jethro Johnson, and Sylvester Hutchinson as preach- ers. This was in all probability a " six weeks' cir- cuit," embracing all West Jersey below Burlington. During this year there was a powerful work of regen- eration on the circuit, which increased its class and church membership from six hundred and eighty to nine hundred and thirty-three, the latter number being reported in 1790. During that year the circuit was divided and Bethel Circuit was formed, Joseph Cromwell and William Dougherty riding the now smaller Salem Circuit. .ludging from the returns in the minutes of the Annual Conference, there was not much done for the succeeding five years. In 1796 Salem Circuit returned four hundred and seventy-six members. Rev. John McClaskey was presiding elder; the preachers were Robert McCoy and Peter Vannest. In 1797, William McLenahan and Benjamin Fisler rode Salem Circuit, which reported a membership of four hundred and fifty-two. The preachers of Salem Circuit in 1799 were Richard Swain and Wesley Budd. The latter was denominated "a masterly preacher." He was a man of a cultivated mind, quick discernment, and an extensive knowledge of human nature, but, unhappily, he is said to have afterwards made a shipwreck of his character, happi- ness, and hope. In 1800, Richard Swain and R. Lyon were appointed to the Salem Circuit. About this time the Salem station was largely in- creased in membership. Among the new converts were three brothers, Jacob, William, and Maskell Mulford, who came to Salem from Greenwich, Cum- berland Co., where their parents were members of the Presbyterian Church. From this date the congrega- tion increased steadily and quite rapidly, and in time the old frame ■ building on Walnut Street was not large enough to accommodate them, and in 1826 they concluded to erect a brick edifice, which was com- pleted and dedicated in 1838. The attention of the writer has been drawn to a document, of which the following is a literal copy, which will be found quaintly interesting and historically valuable in this connec- tion. It is written on what was once evidently the fly-leaf of an old account-book, and on the back are the words, " To whom may find it" : " Saiem, Febniai7 21st, 1838. " We the under sign was the carpenters that finished the Uethodiat E. Church in Margarets Lane. *' Charles W. Bobberts the Arch. Joel C. Emley master-worlcmHn the boss built the Pulpit. "Rev. Jefferaon Lewis the station minister 1 Emley & Smith the under in Salem at the finishing of the Church, i takers. /Charles Sharp l help to t John H.Kelly J finishe c Horasha Lawrence ) " \ Painter! David E. Williams began the church in March, 1836. Rev. Abraham Owen was then stationed at Salem as the minister. It was in 1826 that Salem became a regular station. At that time one hundred and five members were re- CITY OF SALEM. 399 ported. Rev. John Ledraan was the first pastor. His successors have been Revs. Thomas Ware, 1827 ; John Potts, 1828 ; Abraham Owen, 1835 ; Jefferson Lewis, 1837-39; Thomas McCarroll, 1839-42; George F. Brown, 1842, 1843; D. W. Bartine, 1843-45; S. Y. Monroe, 1845-47 ; James H. Dandy, 1847-49 ; James O. Rogers, 1849-51 ; Jefferson Lewis, 1851-53 ; W. E. Perry, 1853-55; George Hughes, 1855-57; Samuel Vansant, 1857-59; John W. Hitchman, 1859-61; R. V. Lawrence, 1861-63 ; J. B. Graw, 1863-65 ; H. M. Brown, 1865-68 ; P. Cline, 1868-70 ; W. W. Chris- tine, 1870-72; J. W.Hickman, 1872-75; Willis Reeves, 1875-78 ; William E. Boyle, 1878-79 ; B. C. Lippin- cott, 1879-81 ; and G. H. Neal, the present pastor, since 1881. In 1882 the church numbered about four hundred members, the Sunday-school three hundred and fifty scholars and thirty-six officers and teachers. The Sunday-school library contained four hundred and seventy-five volumes. Broadway Methodist. — The lot upon which this church was built was purchased in 1856, the church edifice commenced in 1858, and finished the succeed- ing year. It is a handsome and substantial brick structure. On Feb. 22, 1859, it was organized by one hundred and fourteen persons, members of the Walnut Street Methodist Episcopal Church, now called the First Methodist Episcopal Church. The first minister until the following March, under the presiding elder, was Rev. George W. Finlaw. The first from Conference was Rev. W. H. Jeffrys, who remained two years. His successors, with their re- spective terms of service, have been as follows : Revs. R. A. Chalker, two years; C. E. Hill, two years ; C. K. Fleming, two years ; J. S. Heisler, three years; G. K. Morris, three years ; W. H. Pearne, two years ; C. W. Heisley, three years ; J. R. Westwood, three years; R. Thorne, Jr., the present pastor, is now in the second year of his service. The following have been the superintendents of the Sunday-school since its organization : T. V. F. Rusling, N. Dunn, E. W. Dunn, J. R. Lippincott, and B. Patterson, who now holds that office. St. Mary's Roman Catholic. — The first Catholic service in Salem was conducted May 17, 1848, by Rev. E. Q. S. Waldron, of Philadelphia, in a room of a private house. After this Salem was visited about once a month by different priests from Philadelphia, until near the close of the year 1851, though at times appointments were not kept and meetings were some- what irregular. Late in 1861, Rev. John McDermott was sent by the bishop to be the first resident priest. The room formerly in use being now too small to accommodate the congregation, a hall over a blacksmith-shop at the corner of Griffith and Ward Streets was used. Some of the early members were Patrick Stewart, Patrick McDonald, Dennis Mahoney, Patrick McOabe, Jere- miah Murphy, Patrick Gunn, Richard Crean, Jere- miah Riordan, David and Edmund Hays, Martin, James, and Thomas McGrath, James Ryan, Thomas and Michael Murphy, John Foley, Walter and Patrick O'Brien, William O'Brien, Patrick Row, James Den- ning, Michael Hogan, Patrick Littleton, Jeremiah and Daniel Sullivan, Christian McAleer, Patrick Carroll, Patrick, John, Michael, and Thomas Coffee, Samuel Donahue, Matthias and Peter McGee, Peter Callahan, Richard Smith, Michael Maher, John Hoffman, John Curamiskey, John McBride, and other members of most of the families to which these per- sons belonged. Rev. John McDermott remained three years and a half. His successors and their several terms of ser- vice have been as follows; Revs. Cornelius Cannon, fifteen years ; Secundinus Battle, six years and a half; James McKernan, three years and a half, leaving in November, 1879, and the present pastor. Rev. P. J. Dennis. The corner-stone of the house of worship of this church was laid iu the spring of 1852, and the build- ing, a beautiful and capacious stone structure, was completed and dedicated before the close of that year. It has a seating capacity of three hundred and fifty, and is valued at five thousand dollars. There is a graveyard in the rear. In 1853 the house adjoining the church was bought as a pastoral residence. Some time afterward an adjacent house was purchased, and the two were connected by converting the alley which formerly separated them into a hallway, opening into either. The parsonage is valued at fifteen hun- dred dollars. The school-house was built in 1863. It is a frame building, standing within the church grounds, and is valued at eight hundred dollars. A day-school and a Sunday-school are taught. The pupils number eighty-five. The teachers are two Franciscan Sisters, belonging in Philadelphia. The pastor is always superintendent of the Sunday-school, the library of which contains three hundred volumes. The total membership of St. Mary's is about four hundred and fifty. A frame chapel was built in Woodstown by this parish, aided by local Catholics, in 1872. Prior to that time services had been held in a private house. The congregation there numbers about one hundred and fifty. Colored Churches. — The large colored population of Salem early found means to organize a religious society of Methodistic faith, which came in time to be known as the United Societies. A meeting-house was built about 1802, but was never entirely finished, and was destroyed by fire. The society later pur- cha.sed the old Mill Hollow Baptist house, and moved it to a lot on East Broadway which was given them by Robert G. Johnson. It is now used as a school- house for colored children, having been replaced by a brick structure. In 1817 there was a division in the society, and a large number of the members withdrew and organ- 400 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. ized a new church, which has had a continuous ex- istence. Its house of worship is in the township of Elsinboro, just outside of the city limits. LODGE AND SOCIETY HISTOBT. Salem Lodge, No. 19, F. and A. M., was probably the first secret society organized in Salem. It resigned its charter some time after 1826, in consequence of the adverse influence of Anti-Masonic sentiment during the few years following the mysterious disappearance of William Morgan. Communications were held in the building now the store of William H. Lawson, on West Broadway, which was formerly known as "Masonic Hall.'' Excelsior Lodge, No. 54, F. and A. M.— This lodge was instituted under a charter granted Jan. 19, 1868, to Joshua J. Bates, W. M. ; Thomas V. F. Rus- ling, S. W. ; George W. Robertson, J. W. ; Oliver B. Stoughton, Treas. ; Samuel G. Cattell, Sec. ; William H. Jeffries, S. D. ; Isaac C. Peterson, J. D. ; T. Jones Yorke, M. C. ; and Adam H. Sickler, Tyler. Excelsior Lodge meets in the Garwood building, and is (Sep- tember, 1882) officered as follows : W. H. Lawson, W. M. ; John H. Kelty, S. W. ; Benjamin Wescott, J. W. ; Joseph Bassett, Treas. ; Joseph D. Ferrell, Sec. ; John Lambert, C. ; Stiles McHenry, S. D. ; Clement Kelty, J. D. ; John Perrine, Henry F. Bacon, and John G. Garwood, M. S. of C. ; John G. Garwood and J. .1. Thompson, Stewards; George Morrison, Tyler; and William H. Lawson, George Hires, Jr., and Charles S. Lawson, Trustees. Washington Lodge, No. 21, L 0. 0. F., was organized July 21, and chartered Aug. 3, 1843. The first officers were Isaiah Wood, N. G. ; Thomas W. Mulford, V. G. ; John Hambly, P. G. ; William C. Mulford, Sec. ; Charles W. Roberts, Treas. The offi- cers serving in September, 1882, were John L. Hay nes, N. G. ; James J. Tyler, V. G. ; William Ough, Treas. ; Charles F. Lippincott, Rec. Sec. Meetings weekly in Garwood's building. Fenwick Lodge, No. 164, I. 0. 0. F., was insti- tuted Dec. 18, 1871. The following were the charter members : T. V. F. Kusling. William B.RoberlBon. Charles H. Chew. Samuel Prior. Charles C. Clark. Charles S. Lawson. John "W. Long. Maurice B. Elton. John P. Bruna. John S. Armstrong, William K. Matlack. Benjamin Acton. Joseph Bassett. Joseph Miller. Samuel Scott. Alfred L. Sparks. Samuel W. Dunn. Charles W. Casper. Frank M. Acton. William M. Kieruann. George P. Ogden. William E. Hunt. The following were the first officers : Frank M. Acton, N. G. ; William M. Kiernann, V. G. ; John W. Long, Sec. ; Charles W. Casper, Treas. The offi- cers in September, 1882, were as follows : A. 0. Young, N. G. ; J. H. Bacon, V. G. ; George A. Githens, Per. Sec. ; Charles W. Bell, Rec. Sec. ; Frank M. Acton, Treas. This lodge meets every Tuesday evening in Garwood's building. Active Lodge, No. 2101, G, TJ. 0. of 0. F. (Col- ored), was organized April 19, 1880; meets on the first and third Mondays of each month in Garwood's building. The following were the charter members : T. H. Lee, G. H. Giles, D. D. Turner, M. S. Major, R. E. Moore, W. G. Major, G. W. Craig. The first officers were George H. Giles, N. G. ; T. H. Lee, V. G. ; D. D. Turner, Per. Sec. ; W. G. Major, Treas. The following are the names of the successive pre- siding officers : G. H. Giles, T. H. Lee, M. S. Major, R. E. Moore, J. P. Giles. The officers in September, 1880, were J. P. Giles, N. G. ; George Jackson, V. G. ; D. D. Turner, Per. Sec. ; W. G. Major, Treas. Salem Encampment, No. 10, 1. 0. 0. F., was or- ganized under a charter granted Dec. 26, 1844. Sub- sequently it ceased to work, and surrendered its char- ter in 1856, but resumed again upon the revival of its charter, reorganizing Dec. 21, 1869. At this time the charter members were William P. Chattin, Robert Gwynne, T. V. F. Rusling, William Ough, John Lord, Charles L. Scott, John Miller, Patrick Roeap, and Charles H. Chew, all members of the encamp- ment under the former organization. The following were the officers in September, 1882 : C. P., John W, Foster; S. W., William H. Crow; J. W., William Launer ; H. P., William Ough ; Treas., F. M. Acton ; Scribe, George A. Githens ; O. S., Alexander Hand ; L S., B. C. Curry; G., J. C. Hornblower. Salem Degree Lodge, No. 8, L 0. 0. F., was in- stituted March 22, 1872, with William B. Robertson, D. M.; Joseph D. Ferrell, D. D. M. ; William E. Kelty, Sec. ; and Charles W. Casper, Treas. Both of these bodies meet in Garwood's building. American Star Council, No. 21, 0. IT. A. M.— This council of the order of United American Me- chanics was chartered May 1, 1868, and meets in Washington Hall. The original members were: William Carney. William H. P. Ward. S. D. Edmunds. Samuel F. Hill. George M. Foster. Adam C. Knight. Samuel L. Bell. Charles B. Acton. Mason M. Bennett. William S. Davis. Washington Wright. William H. Bennett. Benjamin L. Cook. Edward G. Ward. John Tracy. George W. Jess. Charles H. Williams. William Garmelia. Andrew D. Jackson, John Carmelia, . Samuel H, Stiles. Josiah H. Bowen. Francis J. Reinfried. Goldsmith P. Hall. James E. Ludwick, Beqjamia C, Currie, John L. Brown. Robert D. Swain, John Bidgway. Charles B. Souders. Charles F. Nichols. Charles P. Miller. Wilbnr Chew. Samuel B. Corliss. Richaiv] M. Simpkins. John Q, Davis. Ephraim Wright. John C. Colgan, William Wheeler. Robert Younker. Miller P, Garrison. Burris Plummer, Benoni Mills. Thomas J. West. Samuel Davenport. Isaac S. Mayhew, The following officers were serving in September, 1882 : C, T. J. West ; V. C, W. M. T. Mafflin ; R. S., Ephraim Wright ; 'k. R. S., J. R. Davis ; F. S., George CITY OF SALEM. 401 L A. Githens; Treas., Joseph Bassett; Ind., George Dilks ; Exam., George Dunn ; I. P., William G. Clark ; O. P., Charles Wolverton. Forest Lodge, No. 7, K. of P.— Forest Lodge was instituted Feb. 27, 1868, with the following-named charter members : BeDJamia F. Wood. William Smasbey. Francis E. Bennett. Charles S. Mullica. William S. Burgess. Spencer C. Challis. PeraLerton Pierce. John S. McCnne. Charles H. Chew, William R. Robinson. John C, Coote. Elnathan Yanneman. Samuel Cole. John J. Thompson. Samuel Hill. Nicbqliis R. Treen. Richard P. Hilea. Henry J. Freas. David H. Bog^. John T. Garwood. George P. Ogdeu. John G. Balliuger. William H.Pierce. John Hill. Albert Steiuer. Horatio S. Packard. William C. Counsellor. Isaac B. Lawrence. Charles M. Bacon. Edward Sroalley. Henry F. Sickler. Samuel Dilmore. Joseph C. Bowker. Jesse F. Bodine. John R. Carpenter. Stephen Counsellor. Charles G. Bailey. George Bacon. Isaac N. Morton. William Breece. Samuel Rutherford. John S. Bacon. Robert S. Bunting. Benjamin C. Groff. Lemuel Reynolds. Charles M. Bisbing. Samuel R. Morton. John M. Iredell. William R. Sliimp. Joseph W. Allen. William Parsons. Christian Schaefer. William B. Matlack. John M. Wright. Smith B. Sickler, Charles F. Brown. William Nicholson. Dillwyn B. Hancock. William P. Robinson. George U. Brown. The first officers were as follows : Charles H. Chew, V. P. ; Benjamin F. Wood, C. C. ; William Smashey, V. C. ; Francis E. Bennett, M. at A. ; Pemberton Pierce, K. of R. and S. ; John S. McCune, M. of F. ; Spencer C. Challis, M. of E. ; William S. Burgess, O. G.; Charles S. Mullica, I. G.; William R Mat- lack, John G. Ballinger, John S. Bacon, Trustees. The officers serving in September, 1882, were William Launer, P. C. ; A. B. Kirk, C. C. ; John W. Stanley, V. C. ; John P. Price, K. of R. and S. ; Joseph Mil- ler, M. of E.; J. Milton Townsend, P.; Wilbert Eeeves, M. atA. ; A. H. Stevenson, I. G. ; Charles Opal, O. G. ; J. A. Davis, William H. Lasher, R. D. Swain, Trustees. This lodge meets in Washington Hall. Salem Conclave, No. 36, Independent Order of Heptasophs, was instituted Oct. 11, 1881, with char- ter members as follows : Benjamin F. Wood. Joseph Bassett. Charles S. Lawson. William H. Thompson. B, A. Waddington. Benjamin Patterson. John Q. Ballinger. Wilbur F. Springer. Walter W. Acton. Joseph Miller. David Koppenbeim. William P. Robinson. Stiles McHenry. William H. Lawson. Richard T. Starr. J. C. Hornblower. William H. Lasher. 0. G. Abbott. Joseph p. Ferrell. CharloH T. Lippincott. Christian Schaefer. Samuel W. Dunn. D. Harris Smith. John T. Garwood. The following-named officers were serving in Sep- tember, 1882 : A., W. H. Lawson* P. A., C. S. Law- 26 son; Prov., J. C. Hornblower; Sec, J. D. Ferrell; Fin., Charles F. Lippincott ; Treas., W. W. Acton ; Prel., Christian Schafer ; Ins., W. P. E-obinson; W., Stiles McHenry ; S., T>. Harris Smith ; Trustees, R. T. Starr, W.^ H. Thompson, and J. C. Hornblower. The conclave meets in Garwood's building. Lafayette Post, No. 69, G. A. R.— Lafayette Post was organized by Col. A. S, Noros, May 25, 1882, with the following-named officers, yet serving (September, 1882): P. C, Daniel Whitney; S. V. C, Benjamin Dilmore; J. V. C, Robert J. Summerill; Q. M., Jo- seph Bassett ; C, Joseph Rich ; Surg., William B. Willis; O. of the D., F. M. Acton; 0. of the G., John S. Eva; Q. M. S., Alfred B. Shute. Meetings are held in Reliance Hall. Alloways Tribe, No. 7, 1. 0. of E. M., meets in Reliance Hall. It was instituted Sept. 26, 1853, with the following charter members : Charles Daniels, David R. Reed, Elnathan Vanneman, Joseph B. Biddle, Patrick C. Rocap, Thomas Lazalere, Calvin B. Camp, and Thomas Mason. The first officers in- stalled were David B. Reed, S. ; Charles Daniels, Sen. Sag. ; Elnathan Yanneman, Jun. Sag. ; Joseph R. Biddle, Proph. ; Martin Miller, K. of W. ; Patrick R. Rocap, C. of R. In September, 1882, the officers were as follows : S., John Hopkins ; Sen. Sag., George Campbell; Jun. Sag., Samuel Rutherford; Proph., Frederick Smith ; C. of R., John C. Coote ; Asst. C. of R., William Eckel ; K. of W., Clinton Kelty. Evening Star Lodge, No. 15, Lady Masons, was instituted in October, 1871, with the following-named charter members : Mary Aun Bich. Mary Ann Ward. Sarah Tussey. Alice H. Edwards. Sallie-E. Mills. Jocbel Jones. Susan C. Edwards. Kebecca W. Swain. Ann E. James. Meetings are held in Garwood's building. Martha Washington Council, No. 3, Daughters of America, was instituted under a charter granted June 16, 1869. The following were the charter members : Sarah P. Mason. Mary Jane Jamison. Lizzie Hill. Lydia Smith. Caroline R. Corliss. Emeline Biddle. Eliza Bodine. Snsun Davenport. Sarah Tussey. Sallie Mills. Martha Bennett. Eebecca W. Swain. Bacbel Daniels. Sally Stratton. Mary B. Stepler. Rosetta Mills. Annie Wright. Amanda Mills. Maggie Andereon. Sarah E. Finch. Emeline Miller. Sarah Fox. Harriet Nichols. Anna C. Ludwick. Abbie Hurley. Rachel Maul. Rhoda Davis. This society meets in Washington Hall. The United Firemen's Beneficial Association, of Salem, was instituted May 22, 1871, with the follow- ing constituent members : Abigail Foster. Emeline Biddle. Lydia Dole. Sarah S Ditcher. Delilah Calhoun. Mary A. Souders. Jemima Kelty. Maggie Pyatt. 402 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. A. Steiner. J. Hopkins. A. B. Hall. B. D. Swain. J. P. Bacon. H. J. Hall. A. H. Stephenson. J. 0. Smith. W. D. Walters. C. M. Bacon. J. Woodside. J, Penton. T. Kelly. J. B. Parsons. S. Spears. A. Foster. C. F. Plumer. E. Lumley. W. S. Gibson. J. S. Bacon. J. Lawson. P. Stepler. J. Sheppard. W. H. Bates. J. Caffery. H. L. Bacon. J. J. Wallier. J. Bolles. B. Leonard. W. U. Eckel. G. M. Foster. 5. Hogate. J, Link. T. M. Birchmill. T. J. West. W. Mifflin. E. Sims. 6. Campbell. J. Counsellor. J. D. MifBin. J. H. Eisloy. A. Ohlson. M. Sharp. J. M. Miller. E. T. Starr. J. W. Sauley. 1. H. Bacon. S. L. Zane. J. Hughes. The following were the first oflScers elected : R. D. Swain, president ; H. J. Hall, vice-president ; David Carney, recording secretary ; A. B. Hall, financial secretary ; Albert Steiner, treasurer. The Fenwick Club. — This is a social organization, and its membership is limited to twenty. It was formed Oct. 23, 1848, with the following members : Thomas Sinnickson. John M. Sinnickson. Col. John Sinnickson. Samuel H. Clement. Andrew Sinnickson. Jonathan Ingham. Lewis S. Yorke. Thomas Jones Yorke. James S. Hannah. Dr. J. "H. Thompson. Samuel Harbert. Ma£on Tan Meter. Benjamin Acton. Jacob W. Mulford. George W. Garrison. Samuel Prior. Charles Hornblower. Bichard P. Thompson. James Brown. The officers elected were Jacob W. Mulford, presi- dent ; Jonathan Ingham, secretary ; Benjamin Acton, treasurer. The officers for 1882 were Mason Van Meter, president; John V. Craven, secretary; Frank M. Acton, treasurer. The rooms of this club are in Mitchell's building. The Jefferson Club was organized Nov. 17, 1881. This is a social club, composed of young men of the Democratic party, and is the headquarters of that party in this city. They occupy the second floor of Sherron's building. The following were the first offi- cers : Joseph M. Bacon, president ; Henry F. Bacon, Edward Calhoun, vice-presidents ; Frank P. Casper, secretary ; E. Gwynne, Jr., corresponding secretary ; James A. Eiordan, financial secretary ; P. J. Driscoll, treasurer; William J. Freas, George M. Morris, J. Schwartz, Isaac Z. C. Gosling, Joseph H. Bell, execu- tive committee. The officers in October, 1882, were as follows: Joseph M. Bacon, president; Henry F. Bacon and Edward Calhoun, vice-presidents ; Frank P. Casper, secretary; R. Gwynne, Jr., corresponding secretary; Edward Calhoun, financial secretary ; Isa- dore Schwartz, treasurer; George M. Morris, William J. Freas, Isaac Z. C. Gosling, Joseph H. Bell, Edward H. Dare, executive committee. The Salem Social Club has rooms on East Broad- way, next door to the Nelson House. It was organ- ized March 15, 1877, with I. 0. Acton as president, D. Harris Smith as secretary, and John C. Belden, Jr., as treasurer. The officers for 1882 were I. 0. Acton, president; J. K. Chew, vice-president; R. Gwynne, Jr., secretary and treasurer. Salem Lecture Hall. — A small hall over the store on the "Star Corner,'' another over the court-house, and Eumsey's Hall, on East Broadway, were for many years the best accommodations Salem affijrded to amusement caterers and seekers. The last is a com- modious hall, but was thought to be scarcely in keep- ing with the enterprise and progress of the city. For years previous to 1881 the advisability of erecting a new public hall was advocated, but it was not until April of that year that any measures to that end were actually taken, when four citizens solicited subscrip- tions to build a hall which it was intended should be a credit to the city. April 13, 1881, a stock company was formed under the laws of the State, to be known as " The Salem Lecture Hall Company." Its mem- bers were : Constant M. Eakin. Thomas Sinnickson, Jr. Joseph Bassett. J. C. Belden, Jr. Jonathan Ingham. J. Y. Craven. E. H. Bassett. George Mecum. W. H. Thompson. W. Graham Tyler. I). Harris Smith, F. M. Acton. J. B. Lippincott. B. T. StaiT. William Morris. Bichard Woodnutt. Benjamin Acton. Clayton Wistar. George Hires. M. P. Grey. A. H. Slape. Thomas B. Starr. B. F. Wood. S. W. Dunn. Ellen Mecum. Constant M. Eakin was elected president ; D. Harris Smith, secretary ; F. M. Acton, treasurer; and Con- stant M. Eakin, B. F. Wood, Thomas Sinnickson, Jr., W. H. Thompson, and J. C. Belden, Jr., directors, and all have so served continuously since. The hall, on Walnut Street, is a brick structure fifty feet by eighty, elegant of exterior and interior, and is sup- plied with the conveniences common to all first-class theatres throughout the country. It cost twelve thou- sand dollars, and was opened Dec. 27, 1881. May 26, 1882, the interior was nearly destroyed by fire. It was immediately repaired, and was reopened in August, 1882. Hotels. — The Garwood House, on Market Street, is the oldest public-house in Salem. In 1800 it was kept by James Sherron. It has since been kept by Thomas Parke, P. D. Parke, Calvin Camp, and John G. Garwood. The next in order of age is the Nelson House. Its successive keepers have been William Conrow, Michael Hackett, David Nichols, Ward Wil- son, Isaac Hackett, Benjamin T. Mulford, John Mul- ford, Joseph Davis, Peter Kean, Samuel Kean, Wil- liam H. Nelson, llichard Sailor, Samuel Plummer, and in this house, which occupied the site of the present building, the constituent members gathered and the council of Nov. 12, 1812, convened. Oct. 17, 1818, twenty-six persons from the Salem Baptist Church, and five from the Cohansey Church, aggregating thirty-one, were dismissed to form the nucleus of the new organization. The following are the names of the constituent members: From the Salem Church: Abraham Harris, Joseph Elwell, William Simkins, John Mulford, John Findley, Jere- miah Anderson, Rachel Vanhizle, Elizabeth Sayre, Elizabeth Mulford, Mary Elwell, Mary Slmkins, Phebe Finley, Eleanor Anderson, Orpha Emerson, Mary Harris, Mary Mills, Sarah Boon, Hannah Grif- fith, Hannah Anderson, Rachel Mulford, Hannah Simkins, Naomi Stretch, Hannah Dilks, Ruth Ash- ton, Anna Bowen, Mary Mills. From Cohansey Church : Robert Watson, Charles Mulford, Hannah Watson, Mary Simkins, Hannah Corliess. The council, consisting of Rev. Henry Smalley and Rev. Joseph Sheppard, convened Nov. 12, 1818. Mr. Smalley preached, and it is said "all things were done decently and in order." On the afternoon of the same day, Abraham Harris and John Mulford were chosen deacons, and Charles Mulford was elected clerk. Previous to the constitution of the church there seems to have been an understanding with Thomas J. Kitts, of Wilmington, Del., that he should act as 426 'HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. supply, with a view to the pastorate. Nov. 17, 1818, Rev. Mr. Kitts broup;ht a letter of dismission from the Wilmington Church, and December 8th following he was ordained pastor of the Canton Church. Dur- ing his pastorate a board of trustees was chosen, con- sisting of John Mulford, Joseph Ewell, James Butcher, David Bowen, and Charles Mulford. A communion service and table were presented by the Salem Church. Robert Watson was chosen deacon in place of John Mulford, and Charles Mulford suc- ceeded David Bowen as clerk. Aug. 19, 1819, it was resolved to apply for admission to the New Jersey Baptist Association, and a letter was prepared and delegates were appointed. Rev. Mr. Kitts closed his labors March 11, 1820. , April 8, 1820, Rev. John P. Cooper was called as a supply for one. year. The relation was continued, and he remained three years and ten months. Feb. 24, 1824, Rev. Ebenezer Jayne, of Tuckahoe, became pastor, at a salary of one hundred and twenty dollars for the first year, at the expiration of which time the relation was continued by unanimous vote, and he remained two years and three months, dying in the pastorate. A monument near the church bears this inscription : "Elder Ebenezer Jayne, born Feb. 19, 1754; died while pastor of this church. May 27, 1826, in the seventy-fifth year of his age." April 7, 1827, Rev. John P. Thompson, of the Port Elizabeth Church, became pastor, and remained three years and two months. During his pastorate a spirit of unkindness, which seems to have originated years previous, was fully disclosed, and the council recom- mended by the Association in 1827 to settle this diffi- culty was refused by a resolution passed Feb. 9, 1828, declaring it " against the independence and dignity of the church, and contrary to Scripture and dis- cipline." He having removed from the, immediate vicinity. Rev. Mr. Thompson was granted a letter to Cohansey Church, June 12, 1830. July 10, 1830, Enoch M. Barker, a licentiate of the Woodstown Baptist Church, became supply, and on June 8, 1831, ^ council was called for his ordination. He closed his labors March 9, 1833. During his pastorate it was agreed to rent the pews, and Ephraim Turner was appointed clerk. Rev. John P. Cooper served as supply four months, when Rev. John Miller, of Al- lowaystown, was called as supply for one year, and became pastor, and so served four years and nine months. During this period the church voted to withdraw from the New Jersey Association because it had permitted changes in the articles of faith. Towards the close of Rev. Mr. Miller's pastorate the church became divided in their views and feel- ings concerning him, and a council was unanimously called, by whose decision both parties agreed to abide. The decision was disregarded by the Miller faction, however ; a division occurred, and the mi- nority, with the pastor at their head, left the church. After time had been given these disaffected members for reflection, and an opportunity to return afforded them, by advice of the former council. Rev. John Miller and over thirty others were excluded from the communion and fellowship of the church, Aug. 12, 1837. These and their adherents erected a house of worship near by, adopted the Old School confession of faith. Rev. Mr. Miller became pastor, and services were held regularly for some years. After Mr. Mil- ler's resignation other preachers occupied the pulpit, but the interest subsided, and eventually the building was sold, removed, and devoted to school purposes. For about a year succeeding the separation, Ephraim Turner, a licentiate, already referred to, with John P. Cooper and John Huston, supplied the pulpit, and at the expiration of that time Rev. William Ruddy, of Philadelphia, became pastor, and was instrumental in reuniting the church with the New Jersey Baptist Association. The old frame church gave way to a neat and substantial brick structure, forty feet by sixty, and the asperity and bitterness of the past were greatly al- layed during Mr. Ruddy's four years' pastorate. Rev. William G. Nice, from Philadelphia, was pastor from July 7, 1842, to March 21, 1846. Rev. William Bowen, of Friskville, N. Y., was called as supply for a year, and became and continued pastor until March 25, 1849. Sept. 8, 1849,— the church having in the in- terval been supplied by Rev. Joseph N. Folwell and Ephraim Turner, — Rev. George Sleeper, of Medford, N. J., accepted the pastorate, and served with much success. He resigned March 11, 1855, and died in Vincent, Chester Co., Pa., March 19, 1866. Henry B. Shermer served some months as supply. Oct. 13, 1855, Rev. William Pike, of Balligomingo, Pa., accepted a call, and was pastor until March 25, 1859. May 7th, following. Rev. Samuel C. Dare, a licen- tiate of the Pittsgrove Baptist Church, was received as supply, and was ordained and installed as pastor June 9th, the relation continuing until Sept. 25, 1868. Rev. William C. Cornwell, of Philadelphia, was pas- tor from Nov. 15, 1863, to February, 1866 ; Rev. Jere- miah W. Marsh, of Bloomingdale, N. J., from April 7, 1866, to Dec. 10, 1869. Jan. 10, 1870, Eugene Mans- field Buyrn was called as supply, bringing a letter of dismissal from the Twelfth Baptist Church, Philadel- phia. In 1870 the Association held with the church of Woodstown refused to recognize him as an accred- ited minister, and to place his name as such on the records. Notwithstanding this he was called as pas- tor November 12th, by a large majority ; but, owing to the dissatisfaction of the minority and his unsettled relations with the Association, he resigned, and was dismissed by letter to Newton, Md., Jan. 7, 1871. Rev. Samuel Hughes, of Camden, was pastor from May 13, 1871, to March 9, 1872. Rev. E. M. Barker, of Blackwoodtown, N. J., who had served the church 1830-33, was called, by a unanimous vote, March 24, 1872, and resigned May 4, 1874. During his pastorate a new roof was put on the church and a pulpit recess TOWx\SHIP OF LOWER PENN'S NECK. 427 added. Charles Warwick, a licentiate from Cape May, was a supply for a time. Frank Spencer, a li- centiate of the West Meriden, Conn., Baptist Church, became a supply Dec. 7, 1874. He was ordained and installed as pastor March 18, 1875, and resigned after a successful administration March 10, 1877. The succeeding pastor was Rev. M. Moore Fogg, who was called immediately upon the resignation of Rev. Mr. Spencer. His successor was the present pastor, Rev. Charles P. De Camp. The present membership of this church is nearly four hundred, and besides the " Home" or Canton Sunday-school, there are connected with it schools known as the Hill Neck, Cross-Roads, Harmersville, Harmony, and Stow Creek Sunday-schools ; the prop- erty, consisting of the house of worship, parsonage and sexton's house, and five acres of land, being lo- cated in an agricultural section, with a large ter- ritory surrounding it unoccupied by other Baptist Churches. Methodists. — Formerly there was a Methodist Church at Canton. The society was regularly organ- ized and owned a house of worship. Owing to causes not necessary to name here the society gradually grew weaker and weaker, till its existence was nearly nomi- nal, and a few years ago the church edifice was sold and converted into a store. The Methodists of Hancock's Bridge and Harmers- ville and surrounding country purchased a lot at Har- mersville, of Peter Stretch and wife, in 1833, and built a church thereon. The society purchased a second lot of Richard Medford and wife, at Hancock's Bridge, in 1849, and the present house of worship has been standing since about that date. Industrial Pursuits. — The leading industry of this township has long been agriculture. The soil of the township is measurably productive. Much labor has been expended in reclaiming marshy lands. The inhabitants dwelling on both sides of AUoways Creek, in 1697, obtained a law authorizing the erection of a dam to stop out the creek a few rods above Han- cock's Bridge. It was completed, but, as the result of neglect, broke, and was never afterwards repaired. Since then millions of tons of wood and lumber have passed over the site of this ancient dam, and many vessels have been built farther up the creek and floated down past this place. The canning-factory of Messrs. Garrison & Shep- pard, at Canton, was established in 1881. The prin- cipal product is canned tomatoes. A large and in- creasing business is done, and from fifty to ninety hands are employed during the season for canning, and several in the tin-shop manufacturing cans. Messrs. Starr Brothers, of Salem, in 1882 put in operation a canning establishment at Hancock's Bridge. The factory proper is a building one hun- dred and twenty-two feet by sixty-two. An annex, measuring fifty-two feet by thirty, with twenty-two- feet posts, is used as a packing-room. The enterprise of the proprietors of this establishment and its favor- able location combine to render it one of the leading canning-houses in the county. There was an early tide-mill on Cooper's Creek, in Beasley's Neck. For more than one hundred and fifty years there have been two water-mills in the township for grind- ing grain. The first was erected by John Mason, of Elsinboro. He purchased two hundred and fifty acres of Annie Salter, situated on the upper branch of Stow Creek, and erected a flouring-mill about 1702. His son, Thomas Mason, sold the land and mill to Samuel Wood about 1740. The latter, at the time of his death, willed the property to his eldest son, Jon- athan Wood, who left, it to his son, William Wood. The latter sold the farm to William Bradway, and the mill and pond to his uncle, John Wood, father of the late John Smith Wood. John Wood left it to his grandson, John Wood Maskell, and at the death of the latter it passed to Thomas Maskell. Judge John Brick, who resided on the lower branch of Stow Creek, called Gravelly Run, erected a flour- ing-mill there in the early part of the last century. Some time after the death of Judge Brick, which oc- curred about 1758, his heirs sold the mill to John Wood, son of Samuel Wood, and at the death of John Wood, his son, John Smith Wood, became the owner. In the division of the property of John Smith Wood, the mill and the land adjoining it were set ofi' to Lucy Wood, his daughter, the wife of Dr. Clark, of Woodbury. About 1790, Edward Bradway purchased of Jere- miah Powell the right to a natural pond on Powell's land, and the privilege of cutting a ditch from the pond to the creek, so that flood-tide could fill the former from the latter, the returning water being utilized to run a grist-mill. This establishment was never in favor with the inhabitants, and never did an extensive business, and about the year 1814 it was abandoned, and the site reverted to its former owner. CHAPTER LXVIII. TOWNSHIP OF LOWER PENN'S NEOK.i Situation and Boundaries.— This is the most westerly township in the county, and the larger por- tion of it is virtually an island. It is bounded north by Upper Penn's Neck, east and south by Salem Creek, which separates it from Mannington, Salem, and Elsinboro, and west by the Delaware River. Descriptive. — Lower Penn's Neck contains an area of thirteen thousand five hundred and eighty-one acres, most of which is available, being well adapted to grazing and market gardening. The township con- 1 By M. 0. Bolfe. 428 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. tains one hundred and twenty-one farms, and the soil is rich, and on the margin of the Delaware are large strips of marsh-meadow lands. Some of the finest cattle in the county are raised here, and large quanti- ties of vegetables have long been produced for the Philadelphia markets. The Delaware River flows along the western side of this township, and an artificial canal about two miles long has been cut at the extreme north, connecting the Delaware with Salem Creek, which flows along the eastern and southern borders, saving a circuitous navigation of about twenty-five miles, and surround- ing the township with water, except a few hundred rods at its northwestern corner. Mill Creek and Bal- dridge's Creek and other small streams have theii^ sources in the township, emptying their waters into the Delaware River and Salem Creek. Well-traveled roads traverse the township in all directions, farms and farm buildings have a, thrifty aspect, and Lower Penn's Neck may be regarded as one of the most prosperous townships in Salem County. Its inhabitants, numbering thirteen hun- dred and thirty-four in 1880, are industrious and en- terprising. The assessed valuation of personal property in Lower Penn's Neck in 1881 was $325,387; its real estate was assessed at $626,889 ; its total debt amounted to $213,276 ; its voters numbered 350. Its poll-tax amounted to §238; its school tax, $1868; and its county tax, $1773. Original Purchases and Settlement.' — Lower Penn's Neck was settled by Europeans, probably earlier than any other part of Salem County. Here the Finns and Swedes made a settlement as early as 1638 or 1640. At Finn's Point the Swedes built a fort. That it was primitive in conception and rude in construction may well be imagined. In the vicinity of its site, opposite Fort Delaware, is the present Finn's Point battery. At this place lived, at a later date, Lasse Hendricks, Stephen Yearnans, Erick Yearnans, and Matthias Spackleson, from whom John Fenwick pur- c^iased one thousand acres of land, called Pampian's Hook, where he conceived a project, which was never executed, of laying out a town to be called Finnstown Point. Erick Yearnans Fenwick was appointed bailifi' over the bailiwick of West Fenwick, now Penn's Neck. Among the early comers to this township were several Dutch families, some of whose descendants were conspicuous in after generations. "The Sinnickson family is one of the oldest in South Jersey. Originally they spelled their name Cenca, corrupted to Sinaker. There is no definite account that I know of fixing the year when Anders Seneca left Sweden and settled on the shores of the Delaware, but circumstances convince me that he and 1 Partially from data contributed by Tlioinaa ShourdB. his family came in company with Minuit, the first Governor of New Sweden, in 1638. Anders Seneca had two sons born in Sweden, Broor and Anders. At what period Anders Seneca, Jr., carae and settled on the eastern shore of the Delaware is uncertain, but it is safe to presume that it was soon after their arrival in this country, for Anders Nilson, Jonas Nilson, Michael Nilson, Hans Peterson, Van Nemans (now Vanneman), and several other families were inhab- itants of Penn's Neck as early as 1640, and the Dahlbo family were likewise residing on the eastern shore of the Delaware about that period. . . . Broor Seneca and his family, I think, made a home on the western shore of the Delaware River. . . . Anders Seneca, Jr., . . . bought a large tract of land at Obisquahasit, now known as Penn's Neck, of the natives, and set- tled thereon ; that being about thirty years prior to Fenwick's arrival with his English colony. . . . Wil- liam Gill Johnson bought land in Penn's Neck of William Penn and Michael Lecroa in 1684. . . . Wil- liam Gill Johnson left two sons, who inherited his property, Thomas and John Gill Johnson. Thomas died in 1721, leaving a widow and six daughters. . . . The widow of Thomas Gill Johnson married Thomas Miles about 1723. Thomas and his wife bought of Christina, Rhina, and Alice (sisters of Mrs. Miles) their shares of the lands inherited from their father. Andrew, the son of Sinnick Sinnickson, was the first of the family to write his name Sinnickson. " He and his brother John, in 1734, purchased large tracts of meadow- and wood-land of the heirs of Wil- liam Penn, as the following order, given to Thomas Miles, the deputy surveyor for James Logan, will show : 'An order to Thomas Miles to survey to Sin- nick and John Seneca the marsh called Mud Island, and one hundred acres of land adjoining to their other tracts, and for William Philpot the point of land and marsh between his plantation and Salem Creek, and for Owneifierds Stanley, Mayant Bilder- back, and Thomas Bilderback one hundred acres at a place called Hell Gate. Dated 7th of Fourth Month, 1733. The price of the marsh is five and twenty pounds and one hundred acres of wood-land, thirty pounds for a hundred acres clear. of quit-rents.' An- drew Sinnickson (3d) held important offices in the colonial government in the town and county in which he dwelt. He filled the office of judge of the court and justice under George III., and was an ardent Whig during the American Revolution. He died 20th of Eighth Month, 1790, aged seventy years, leaving to his heirs a large real estate. . . . Thomas Sinnickson, the eldest son of Andrew (3d), took an active part in the Revolutionary war, and commanded a company in the Continental army. On account of his writings and bitter opposition to British tyranny he was outlawed by Lord Howe, and a heavy reward was offered for him dead or alive. At the organiza- tion of this government he warmly approved of Alex- ander Hamilton's views, and hence he became the TOWNSHIP OF LOWER PENN'S NECK. 429 leader of the Federal party in this section of country during the administrations of Washington and the elder Adams. He frequently represented this county in the State Legislature, was a member of the First Congress of the United States, which met in New York City, and also a member of Congress from 1796 to 1798. For a number of years he was a judge and a justice, and likewise county treasurer. Andrew Sinnickson {4th) was an ardent Whig. During the American Kevolution he raised a company of men, and commanded them at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. After the war was over he held a com- mission as judge and justice, and lived to an old age greatly respected.'" The above extracts speak of the settlement of the original Lower Penn's Neck, Sinnickson, and other pioneers, and of later Sinnicksons and others, who were conspicuous in their day and generation, notably during the struggle for American freedom. In all generations to the present Sinnicksons have been among the wealthy and prominent men of the town- ship and county, much of the land purchased by Anders Seneca, Jr., now being in possession of his descendants. The Dunns are an old family in Lower Penn's Neck. Soon after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, by order of Louis XIV., in 1684, many Huguenots emi- grated to this country to avoid persecution. Among them were two brothers, Zaccheus and Thomas Dunn, most probably natives of Alsace or Lorraine. The former settled in Pilesgrove ; the latter located in Penn's Neck, and had numerous descendants. In 1689 he bought one hundred acres of land of Wil- liam Penn, which was surveyed to him by Richard Tindall, and which adjoined lands of Hans Cornelius and Widow Hendricks, near Finn's Point. He was a Calvinist, and some of his descendants, with the Copners and other families, organized the old Pres- byterian Church at Pennsville. Another Huguenot family which became prominent in the township and county were the Jaquetts. Thomas Miles was an eminent surveyor, and be- came conspicuous as early as 1725. He did consid- erable surveying in Penn's Neck, Mannington, and the lower part of Gloucester County, for the heirs of William Penn. He owned and lived on a farm op- posite New Castle, Del. His son, the Francis Miles elsewhere referred to, inherited this farm, and, dying without heirs, left it to the township for the support of public schools. The place is under the supervision of a trustee appointed by township authority. Thomas Lambson was a large owner in Lower Penn's Neck. The Garrison family owned one thou- sand acres, extending from the river to Salem Creek. The family own considerable land bordering on the river at the present day. The first Swedish Church was built on the Garrison property in 1742. Steven 1 History of Fenwick'B Colony, p. 188, et seq. : Thomas Shourds. Baldwin owned one thousand acres, bounded by the river and Salem Creek. It was located near Salem, and was bounded on the northeast by Richard Tin- dall's land. In 1676, John Fenwick gave to his daughter Eliza- beth and her husband, John Adams, all that tract of land located in Penn's Neck, and known at this time as Sapaney. Fenwick Adams, son of John, married, and settled on his father's property in Penn's Neck. The Powers family came into the township a few generations since, and have been influential and well known, having been conspicuous in connection with religious and public affairs. The Copners were an ancient family in Lower Penn's Neck, and, with the Dunn and several other families, were prominent members of the Presby- terian Church near Pennsville, though Samuel, son of Joseph Copner, late in life joined the Friends' So- ciety, and devised one-half of his property to the So- ciety of Friends. The following are the names of conspicuous fami- lies and persons resident in Lower Penn's Neck be- tween 1800 and 1830 : Aplin, Biddle, Brewer, Beaver, Batten, Corson, Congleton, Callahan, Craven, Dunn, Dilmore, Dick- inson, Dauser, Elwell, Findley, Gibbon, Grisoom, Garrison, Humphreys, Johnson, Jenkins, Kasson, Kille, Lloyd, Lambson, Lippincott, Loomis, Matson, Nickerson, Orr, Peterson, Redstrake, Ridgeway, Rork, Sinnickson, Sparks, Steelman, Shourds, Tin- dall, Thompson, Vickers, Vining, Ware, Wright. The names of representatives of the before men- tioned and other families who have been prominent during a later period will be found in the civil lists, and in the accounts of various local interests with which they have been identified. Organization. — The territory now comprising the townships of Upper and Lower Penn's Neck and Oldman's was originally included in one township, called West Fenwick, but the name was changed to Penn's Neck, in honor of William Penn, soon after he became interested in the Proprietary management of a portion of what was at first part of Fenwick's "tenth," or colony. The division of the township was effected some years later, the precise date not being now obtainable, and the township of Lower Penn's Neck was thus erected. Civil List. — The following is as complete a civil list as the historian was able to compile from records in the ofiice of the township clerk. If any of the township minute-books of a date previous to the year 1840 are in existence it is not known where they are to be found. TOWNSHIP CLERKS. 1840-41. Sylvanus B. Sheppard. 1842, 1844-45. Heury W. C. Snit- cher. 1843. Alpheiis Bilderback. 1846. Isaac Lippincott. 1847-60. Jonathan E. Moore. 1861. John M. Powers. 1852-64. John CaspersOQ. 430 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. 1855. William A. Casper. 1856-57. Isaac 0. Griscom. 1868-59. T. G. Dunn. 1860. William K. Snitcher. 1861. Joseph B. Tonker. 1862, 1864. John P. Newcomb. 1863. Samuel Leroy. 1865, 1869. Charles Casperson. 1866, 1870-71. Albert P. Moore. 1867. Samuel N. Elwell. 1872-73. Samuel H Callahan. 187^76. William T. Garrison. 1877. John Elwell. 1878-79, 1881-82. Charles W. Dunn. 1880. Samuel C. Elwell. I 1840-46. Joseph Lippincott. 1847. Henry W. C. Snitcher. 1848-53. James E. Dunham. 1854, 1867, 1873-74. James M. Pow- 1855,1858,1869-72,1877. Jonathan E. Moore. 1856. Jeremiah Davis. ASSBSSOES. 1859-60. Edward Hancock. 1861-62. Thomas G. Dunn. 1863-64, 1866-67. Charles Caspar- son. 1865. Joseph A. Eidd. 1875-76, 1879-82. Samuel Lecroy. 1878. Ephraim Fowler. COLLEOTOKS. 1840-41, 1850-52. John G. Elwell. | 1861-62. Aaron Biddle. 1842-43. William Dunn. 1844-49. Thomas Tortou. 1853. Jonathan E. Moore. 1854. Thomas Brown. 1855-67. Joseph B. Yonker. 1858-69. William Callahan. 1860. Benjamin A. Snitcher. 1863. Thomas Brown. 1864. Jacob H. Mitchell. 1865-67, 1869-74, 1877'-78. Samuel Lecroy. 1876-77. Henry White. 1879. William T. Garrison. 1880-82. Jonathan T. Turner. 1840-41. Thomas F. Lambson. 1840-42, 1849-53, 1856-58. Samuel Lippincott. 1840-41. Benjamin Griscom. 1842. Tobias Casperson. 1842,1868,1873. Martin Patterson. 1843-46. James Newell. 1843-48. William A. Dick. 1847-49, I860. Joseph T. Locuson. 1849. John G. Elwell. 1849-53. William Dunn. 1854. Joseph Wright. 1864. Samuel Dunn. 1854. James Haltou. 1855-58. Jonathan Scattergood. 1869-60, 1866. John T. White. 1859-60, Reuben Hinchman. 1861, 1877-82. James S. Johnson. 1861, 1863-67, 1869-70 William E. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1861. Jonathan E. Moore. 1863-65. John Casperson. 1863-64. William Newell. 1862. Samuel E. Snitcher. 1862. Thomas J. Battin. 1862. Isaac Fowler. 1866-67, 1869-70, 1872-74. Powell Smith. 1867. Edward D. Eedstrake. 1869. Paul Jaqnett. 1870. Joseph Benner. 1871. Henry White. 1871. Edward Busby. 1871-72, 1874. Samuel D. Hewitt. 1872-77. Samuel Urion. 1875-76. Hance Jaqnett. 1876-82. William Newell. 1878-82. William T. Garrison. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1840-42. Mark Stretch. 1840-42. Thomas D. Bradway. 1843. Henry Freas. 1843. John Casperson. 1844-45. William A. Dick. 1844-45, 1861-54. Alpheus Bilder- back. 1846. Joseph T. Locuson. 1847-48. James Newell. 1847. William Dunn. 1848-49. Isaac Lippincott. 1849-63. John V. Hill. I860. Thomas Torten. 1854-55. Samuel Urion. 1856, 1858. William A. Gasper. 1856-57. Aaron Biddle. 1866-57, 1861-62, 1866, 1876-77. P. Jaqnett. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1840-41, 1851-62, 1859. Thackara : 1840-41. Peter Jaqnett. Dunn. I 1840-41. Thomas F. Lambson. 1840-41. Benjamin Lloyd. ' 1842-46, 1864. William A. Dick. 1840-41. Joseph T. Locuson. | 1842-46, 1848-63. James Newell 1 To fill vacancy caused by the death of Henry White. 1868-69. Benjamin Hewitt. 1869-60. Isaac Fowler. 1860-61. William Callahan. 1863-67, 1871. Benj. H. Jenkins. 1863-64, 1867. Firman Carpenter. 1862. John Callahan. 1865. Joseph Davis. 1866. James H. Seagrave. 1869-70. Joseph A. Kidd. I 1869-70. Hance Jaqnett. I 1872, 1878. James S. Johnson. [ 1873. David W. Lloyd. 1874-75. William H. Callahan. j 1879, 1881. Richard D. Battin. I 1880. John V. Tuft. j 1882. William J. Casper. 1842-50. John Casperson. 1843-46, 1851-63. Samuel Lippin- cott. 1842-43. Henry Freas. 1844-46. James P. Fogg. 1846-49. William K. Seagrave. 1846-47. George Hancock. 1847-49. Isaac Lippincott. 1847. George Snitcher. 1848-49. Alpheus Bilderhack. 1850. Hem-y W. C. Snitcher. 1850. Matthias German. 1861-52, 1858, 1861. Jonathan E. Moore. 1861. Isaac Snitcher. 1852, 1864. Paul Jaquett. 1853-54. John Johnson. 1863-54. John G. Elwell. 1853. Joseph Baker. 1864-67. Martin Patterson. 1865-57, 1859. Reuben Hinch- man. 1865. William Patterson. 1866-67. John T. Hill. 1855-56, 1860. John M. Powers. 1856-57. J. Howard Sinnickson. 1858, 1860. Thomas I. Battin. 1858,1866-67,1869-71,1873-82. W. Newell. 1858. Joseph B. Tonker. 1868, 1861, 1863-65. Hance Ja- quett. 1858, 1862. Joseph T. Locuson. 1869. William Powers. 1859-60, 1862-64, 1866-67. John T. White. 1860. Edward Dickinson. 1860. William A. Dick. 1861, 1865. Henry Keen. 1861, 1866-67. James S. Johnson. 1861, 1863-64. Robert T. Seagrave. 1862-64, 1867. Edward D. Red- strake. 1863-64, 1870. John Lindsay. 1862. William Callahan. 1862. Michael Powers. 1865. Joseph W. Cook. 1866-66. John C. Hillman. 1866. Benjamin Jenkins. 1867. Thomas Callahan. 1869-77. Samuel Urion. 1869-71. Henry White. 1869. Charles Lindsay. 1869, 1872. Edward Stout. 1870-72. Theophilus Fox. 1871-72, 1876-79. Charles Casper- son. I 1872-74. Smith B. Siclen. 1873-75. John H. Jenkins. 1873-77, 1881. James S. Johnson. , 1875. Morris B. Elton. i 1876. Edward Stout. ; 1877. John V. Tuft. i 1878. Richard Smith. 1878. Jonathan E. Moore. 1878. William T. Garrison. I 1879-82. Henry Sinnickson. j 1880, 1882. John Callahan. 1840. David Palmer. 1841. William Dunn. 1842-43. Sylvanus B. Sheppard. 1844, 1853. Thomas Brown. 1845. Benjamin Griscom, Jr. 1846. Samuel Callahan. 1847, 1862. Travis Jenkins. 1848. Charles B. Newell. 1849-81. Jacob M. Mitchell. 1862. Henry White. 1854. Joseph Yonker. CONSTABLES. 1855-57, 1860-61. John Casperson. 1868-59. John L. Carpenter. 1859. John Callahan. 1863. William W. Somers. 1862. Elijah Wheaton. 1864. Edward Stout. 1865-66. David S. Patten. 1867. Charles Brown. 1869. John L. Carpenter. 1870-78, 1880-81. Saml. D. Hewitt. 1879,1882. Edmund H. Lawrence. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1859. William A. Dick. 1869, 1864. Reuben Hinchman. 1864. Jonathan E. Moore. 1866, 1869. Samuel Lecroy. 1869, 1879. Samuel Urion. 1870. Hance Jaquett. 1879. Daniel J. Garrison. SCHOOL COMMITTEEMEN. I 1840-46. James Newell. 1842-44. Benjamin Lloyd. 1840-41. William Johnson. 1846-46. John Casperson. I 1840-46. William A. Dick. ' ! SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS. 1847-53. James Newell. 1854^67. Alpheus Bilderhack. 1858. Jonathan Scattergood. 1869-60, 1862. Martin Patterson. 1861, 1863, 1866. Daniel J. Garri- son. 1864, 1867. Wm, H.Gilmore. 1865. Robert 1. Seagrave. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Pennsville. — Pennsville is the principal village in Lower Penn's Neck township. It lies on the bank of the Delaware, directly opposite New Castle, seven miles northwest from Salem, and fifty-eight from Trenton. There is a ferry here, and boats ply fre- quently between Pennsville and New Castle during the summer season, the steamers running between Salem and Philadelphia also touching at this point. TOWNSHIP OF LOWER PENN'S NECK. 431 Here a ferry was established, and crossing to New Castle, Del., was regular as early as 1800. This ferry was kept up, and accommodation to travelers was in- creased by connection with Salem by regular stage crossing the river, and meeting a steamboat at New Castle from Philadelphia, as early as 1822. Richard Craven was the proprietor of the stage-line and the landlord of the hotel at the ferry. Two hotels were supported at this point from 1822 to 1836, and quite an extensive store carried on a grain, produce, and general country trade as early as 1817. In 1839 or- 1840, Jacob Eidgway, of Philadelphia, purchased of the heirs of David Ware, deceased, the tract of about six acres formerly known as Craven's Ferry and built a wharf and erected thereon a large brick grain-house. He also built a large brick dwell- ing with a store attached, and two double frame dwellings for tenant-houses. The brick dwelling was occupied by Thomas Craven, and one of the frame houses by Bloomfield H. Moore, and the two kept the brick store under the firm-name of Craven & Moore. John V. Hill, of Salem, succeeded Craven & Moore, and did quite an extensive mercantile and grain busi- ness for two or three years, and was succeeded by John G. El well in both branches of business, when the aforesaid tract was sold by the heirs of Jacob Eidgway, deceased, to Capt. John Johnston, Thomas D. Bradway, and William A. Dick. The store was then kept by Joseph B. Yonker and Charles 11. Brad- way, under the firm-name of Yonker & Bradway. In 1860 the brick store and dwelling were pur- chased by Aaron Biddle, and the store was kept by him until his decease in February, 1881. Charles Lloyd then occupied the premises from March 25, 1881, to March 25, 1882. In March, 1882, Jonathan Y. Turner, administrator of Aaron Biddle, deceased, sold the premises to William H. H. Wheaton, and they are now occupied by him. Johnson, Bradway, and Dick sold several building lots, and then sold the balance of said tract to Jacob M. Mitchell and Charles B. Newell. Some time there- after the property was divided, each party taking to the middle of the road, and also to the middle of the wharf. Mitchell built a frame grain-store at the end of his side of the wharf, also a frame dwelling with a store attached, and carried on the grain and general store business for some years, and then removed to Salem. William Callahan bought of Mitchell his brick house and store, and half of the wharf and the grain- store, and traded in grain and general merchandise a short time. He failed, and the property passed into the hands of John Mulford, of Salem, and was by him conveyed to B. H. Pitfield, of Philadelphia, by whom it is still held. Mitchell recently sold the dwelling and store and other buildings to Samuel Lecroy, the present occupant. The public -house known as the "Silver Grove House" is owned by the the Franklin Loan and Building Association of Salem, and kept by Charles Brown. An old tavern on its site was long ago kept by Eichard Craven, who gave his name to a ferry formerly in existence here. It was built about sev- enty-flve years ago, by Frank Philpot, one of a family of that name who owned land at " the ferry" then, and it has had numerous successive keepers. About 1865 it came into the ownership of Joseph A. Kidd, who rebuilt and enlarged it, and set out the fine grove adjacent to it. There was for some years, until twenty-five years ago or thereabouts, a tavern about three hundred yards north of the present hotel. Its last keeper was Elisha Wheaton, and it is now a farm-house. On the Kinsey farm, just northeast of the village proper, but usually Included in Pennsville, were early three or four houses known as Kinseyville. The present merchants at Pennsville are Messrs. Samuel H. Ballinger, Samuel Lecroy, W. H. H. Wheaton, and Harry W. D. White. The village con- tains a school-house, a Methodist Episcopal Chapel, the usual variety of small mechanics' shops, a hotel, and a population of one hundred and two. It was named by Jacob Eidgway, its founder. Harrisonville. — Harrisonville, for some unknown reason sometimes called " Pigs-eye," is a small hamlet in the southern part of the township, about two miles from Salem. It contains a school-house, a store, kept by Joshua Davis, the blacksmith-shop of Minor H. Fox, and about half a dozen dwellings, and it is said to have been named in honor of ex-President William Henry Harrison. Public Schools. — Lower Penn's Neck township is divided into five school districts, known and num- bered as follows : Harrisonville District, No. 10 ; Finn's Point District, No. 11 ; Centre District, No. 12 ; Penns- ville District, No. 13 ; and Church District, No. 14. The schools of this township are very good, com- paring more than favorably with those of some of the other townships in the county. One name never to be forgotten among those of the friends of free schools in Salem County is that of Francis Miles, who gave considerable property to be devoted to establishing and maintaining schools for the poor children of the township, and in whose mem- ory the citizens of Lower Penn's Neck erected a monu- ment over his last earthly resting-place in the old Presbyterian burying-ground. OHUBCHES. St, George's Episcopal Church. — This church is the outgrowth of an ancient Swedish Church, the date of the organization of which is unknown. For a number of years the inhabitants of New Sweden on the eastern shore of the Delaware belonged to the Swedes' Church at the mouth of Christiana Creek, on the western shore. At that time the prominent Swe- dish families in Salem County were the Neilsons, Jo- ansons, Sinakers, Ericksons, Hendrickses, Yearnances, 432 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. and others. The Jaquetts and other families of French Protestants also lived in the vicinity, and are thought to have taken an interest in this church. It has been stated that the Swedes' Church, on the site of the present Episcopal Church in Lower Penn's Neck, was erected as early as 1714 on ground deeded to the organization by Hans Jaquett. In that year Abraham Lindenius was appointed pastor, and served until 1724, when Petrus Tauberg and Andreas Win- drufa succeeded him, and divided their labors be- tween the church at Penn's Neck and that at Baccoon, as Swedesboro was then called. Johnson says that Andreas Windrufa died in 1728, and that John Sandin succeeded Petrus Tau- berg in 1748, and died that year, and was followed by Erick Unander, who continued until 1756. Next came John Lindenius, son of Abraham Lindenius, the first pastor. John Wicksell officiated from 1763 to about 1773. His successor was Rev. Nicholas Col- lin, who was the last of the Swedish ministers, and served until about the time of the close of the Revo- lution. In 1789 it is said that Rev. John Wade was officiating and that a vestry was then chosen, and the church was organized and modeled after the present Protestant Episcopal order. Owing to the lack of satisfactory records, it is not possible to follow the history of this church in detail from that time to the present. It came to be known as St. George's Episcopal Church of Penn's Neck. Formerly the congregation was large, now it is small. Having gone to decay, the old wooden building gave place to a brick church in 1808, which has since undergone necessary alterations and repairs. Among early Protestant Episcopal rectors were Revs. Gray and Higby. The names of succeeding ones for many years cannot be obtained. Rev. William B. Otis was appointed in 1879, and was succeeded by the present rector, Rev. William Matthias. Presbyterian Church. — The Penn's Neck Presby- terian Church was founded about 1748. It is not certain whether a minister and other officers were appointed or chosen until 1778, when Rev. Samuel Eaken assumed control of affairs. Some of the early members were Tobias Copner and his family and the Dunn and Lambson families. The Philpots, Nevils, Wrights, Lippincotts, Stanleys, Burdens, Healeya, and Congletons of that section were also identified with it, and tradition says Thomas Miles and his son Francis, and others. Rev. Samuel Eaken was pastor until the close of the Revolutionary war. The church was without a regular pastor until 1797, but was occasionally sup- plied by clergymen from a distance. Rev. Nathaniel Harris was pastor from 1797 to 1800, when he removed to Trenton. His successor was Rev. David Edwards, who resigned and went to Cape May in 1805. The church edifice stood within the present some- what uncertain limits of Pennsville, and its location is indicated pretty accurately by the churchyard which still remains in use, and in which lie the bones of early members and their descendants. It long since disappeared so entirely that not a vestige of it remains. John Copner, the son of Tobias Copner, be- came a member of the Society of Friends in his old age, and many of the large and influential family of Dunn have left the sectarian associations of their an- cestors, most of them identifying themselves with the Methodist Church. Methodist Episcopal Church.— About 1782 or 1783 the first Methodist class was formed in Lower Penn's Neck, by Benjamin Abbott, and it met in an old log house belonging to an aged man named Swan- son, who with his wife, Catharine Casper, Elizabeth Dixon, Sarah Bright, William Bilderback and wife, and a few others constituted the class. Swanson was the class-leader. One of the earliest preachers recollected was Eze- kiel Cooper. Richard Swayne traveled through that part of the country, succeeding Cooper, and being too poor to buy a horse, made his way on foot. Richard Sparks, a principal member of the Presbyterian Church, out of curiosity went to hear the Methodist preachers, and shortly joined the little band. Mr. Swanson dying soon after, Mr. Sparks was made class-leader. As Rev. Mr. Swayne was one day trudging along through • the woods, carrying his saddle-bags on his arm, Mr. Sparks met hira and inquired why he did not get a horse. The reply was that he was " too poor to buy one.'' " I have a horse I will sell," said Sparks. '•' I have no money to pay for it," returned Swayne, "but at home I have a few sheep I could exchange for it.'' " I want some sheep," said Sparks, " and I'll trade with you.'' They soon made the exchange, and Brother Swayne rode off on his horse, and Sparks received the sheep in due time as pay for it. This incident fairly illustrated the inconveniences under which the circuit preachers labored in the pioneer days of Methodism. Some^years afterward the people began the erection of a frame church, which was in an unfinished state for years, but they held quarterly meetings, and Ben- jamin Abbott, a local preacher named Stratton, and others were present from time to time, and revivals were frequent and fruitful for many years. There are no records to be found which throw much light on the history of this organization prior to the re- building of the house of worship in 1844, during the pastorate of Rev. Sedgwick Rusling. The pastors since the close of Mr. Rusling's labors have been the following : Revs. Matthias German, Thomas Christopher, David Duffel, George Hitchen, David Graves, Bar- tholomew Weed, Henry B. Beadle, George F. Downs, William Margerum, Levi Roads, Joseph C. Summerel, William Boyle, Samuel M. Hudson, Samuel C. Chat- ten, Garnet TuUis, Hamilton H. Norris, Jacob T. Price, Calvin C. Eastlack, and the present incumbent, Edwin J. Lippincott. TOWNSHIP OP MANNINGTON. 433 The property of this church, including the house of worship, a large wooden structure, the parsonage and land, is valued at fifteen thousand dollars. The present trustees are William Newell, Edward Q. Powers, Charles Powers, Ephraim Fowler, Samuel Elwell, Harris Wright, and John M. Powers. The stewards are Jonathan Turner, Samuel Lecroy, James T. Baker, Samuel Powers, George Hancock, Elijah Powers, Joseph L. Davis. There are two Sunday-schools connected with this church, one known as the " church school," under thesuperintendency of Ephraim Fowler, which meets in the church, and one known as the " Pennsville School," which is superintended by Samuel Lecroy, its sessions being held in the chapel at Pennsville, which was erected in 1881, and which is occupied for prayer-, class-, and business-meetings, and for other purposes for which it is not deemed advisable to open the church. Burial-Places.— It is probable that the first inter- ments in this township were made by the Swedes, in the vicinity of Finn's Point. In the old Presbyterian burying-ground at Penns- ville are many old monuments, and many are to be seen in the Episcopal churchyard in the north part of the township. Yet in both of these burial-places are graves, unmarked and long forgotten, which were doubtless made from a quarter to half a century be- fore the earliest one which still retains a headstone bearing a decipherable inscription. There have been many buried in the Methodist churchyard, but no ancient headstones are to be seen there. On Finn's Point, opposite Fort Delaware, is a gov- ernment burying-ground, which was opened during the war, and iu which are interred soldiers and polit- ical prisoners who have died at the fort. In the old Presbyterian burying-ground is a mon- ument bearing the following inscriptions : (1) "Francis Miles, Born October 1st, 1727, Died May, 1768, aged 41 years." (2) " By his deeds has he perpetuated his name as the friend of poor children." (3) " Ye who are reaping the fruit of his benevolence, forget not your benefactor.'' (4) " As a Tribute to his memory this monument is erected by the Inhab- itants of Lower Penn's Neck." Industrial Pursuits. — The principal employment of the citizens of Lower Penn's Neck has always been agriculture. The township contains no fac- tories, and its few mechanics' shops are referred to in the sketches of Pennsville and Harrlsonville. A windmill was early in operation at Kiuseyville. In 1840, Jacob Kidgway, of Philadelphia, took steps toward the establishment of a cotton-factory at Pennsville, but died before he had accomplished any- thing worthy of note in an industrial way. Fort Delaware and Finn's Point Battery.— On an island in the Delaware Biver opposite this town- ship,' and belonging to the State of Delaware, is Fort Delaware, which became famous during the late war 28 as a place of detention for political prisoners. Finn's Point Battery is opposite'Fort Delaware, on the west- ern border of Lower Penn's Neck. The works here are in an incomplete state and entirely ungarrisoned. A small tract of land embracing this locality, which is owned by government, also includes the burial- place elsewhere referred to. CHAPTER LXIX. TOWNSHIP OF MANNINGTON.i Situation and Boundaries, — Mannington is-cen- trally distant from Salem six miles, and contains an area of twenty-two thousand four hundred and thirty- nine acres. Its population is two thousand two hun- dred and twenty-nine. It has an average length of about eight miles, and an average width of about five miles. It is located nearly in the centre of the county north and south, though considerably west of a cen- tral position, all points considered, and is bounded north by Upper Penn's Neck and Pilesgrove, east by Pilesgrove, south by Upper Alloways Creek and Quinton, southwest by Salem, and west by Lower Penn's Neck. Descriptive.— Salem Creek, Fenwick Creek, and Manning's Run have their courses fully two-thirds of the distance around this township. Swedes' Bun and Mannington Creek flow centrally across the township from east to west, and Keasbey's Creek cuts oif its southwest corner. Home Run rises northeast of the centre, and flows westwardly to Salem Creek, at a point north of the latter's junction with Mannington Creek. The soil of Mannington is a rich loam, and marl is found in some parts. Grass and wheat and other cereals are raised in goodly quantities. Fruit culture has long been a prominent interest. The surface is generally level, though somewhat undulating in some parts. The highest point is Mannington Hill, south of the centre. Mannington is well provided with good roads, which afiFord communication with surrounding town- ships, villages, and cities, and the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad crosses its southern por- tion. Until recently the terminus was at Claysville, in this township, separated from Salem by Fenwick's Creek. Mannington township was evidently, in the year of Fenwick's arrival (1675), almost exclusively a forest of oak. Here the Proprietor, his daughters, and those who had cast in their Lot with him in his new venture settled. Here his bones lie, his "grave unhonored and unsung," and (shame to the past and present generations !) no headstone or monument has 1 By M. 0. Rolfe. 434 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. been erected to his memory. Mannington became a cleared and fertile land by the industry of the hardy pioneers and the succeeding generations, and by the census of 1830 made the best showing for agricultural productions of any township in the State. Besides wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes, much flax was raised and wool grown. Every farm produced the raw material, and many manufactured their own hemp and woolen goods. The assessed valuation of property in Mannington in 1881 was as follows: Personal property, $700,715; real estate, $1,381,905 ; and its total debt was $457,080. Its voters numbered 539. Its tai was as follows : poll, $489 ; school, $4110 ; county, $3898. The number of farms in 1880 was 207. The Salem County almshouse is located in this township. Early Purchases and Settlement.'— Mannington was named in honor of Maneio, or Manning, a friendly Indian chief, once resident within its borders. Early it was sometimes'referred to as " Manning's Town." In 1676, John Fenwick turned his attention to pro- viding homes for his children, and accordingly di- rected Richard Hancock, his surveyor, to lay out and survey two thousand acres in Upper Mannington for Samuel Hedge, Jr., and his wife Anne, which land came to be known as "Hedgefield." In 1683, John Fenwick left his home in Salem and went to Samuel Hedge's, there to be cared for by his favorite daughter, Anne Hedge, in his last days, for he died shortly afterwards, at the age of sixty-five. At his request he was buried in the Sharp family burying-ground, on the farm of Elmer Reeve. Samuel Hedge, Jr., was a son of Samuel Hedge, a merchant and citizen of London. To be a citizen at that time required a person of wealth and influence to have the privilege of voting for members of Parlia- ment. It was the opinion of some persons that there was an attachment formed between Samuel Hedge, Jr., and Anne Fenwick while they both yet tarried in their native land. They were married in Salem in the spring of the year of their removal to Manning- ton, where they lived until in 1685, when, having been appointed one of the executors of his father-in- law's will, and having been appointed by Fenwick to carry out his plans for laying out streets in Salem and Cohansey, Hedge removed to Salem, and built a brick house on Broadway, where both he and his wife died between 1694 and 1697. In the first half of the last century Jedediah Allen purchased John Rolph's estate in Mannington. It contained five hundred acres, and lay south of Man- nington Creek, adjoining Job Ridgway's land. At his death the property was divided equally between his sons Jedediah and David. John Pledger and Hippolite Lefevre purchased six 1 The data for this sketch was contributed to a considerable extent by Thomas Shourds. thousand acres of John Fenwick in 1675. This land bordered on Fenwick's Creek and Pledger's Creek, one of the branches of Fenwick's Creek, and in- cluded what is known as Quaker Neck. There is but a small part of this fertile land that belongs to the descendants of the first purchaser. Richard Woodnutt became the owner of two hun- dred acres by purchase or by marrying Mary, daugh- ter of John Pledger, as is supposed. Adjoining Woodnutt's land James Whitney bought a tract of the Proprietor. Edmund Weatherby became the owner of a large farm, through his wife, daughter of John Pledger. Bartholomew Wyatt purchased twelve hundred acres adjoining Weatherby's land, which was equally divided by his son Bartholomew between his two children, Bartholomew and Sarah, wife of Richard Wistar, of Philadelphia. The Wyatt property is divided into five or six farms, but not one of them at present belongs to any of the Wyatt family. Adjoining the Wyatt tract was James Sherron's one thousand acres. James Sherron, during the days of the Proprietor, was a high constable. He resided on his farm, and there kept a jail for the confinement of prisoners in his charge. He was killed by one of them with a hatchet, for which the prisoner was tried and executed. East of Sherron's allotment John Vining owned two hundred and fifty acres of land, on which he re- sided until his death. Vining was one of those who assisted in organizing the Episcopal Church in the town of Salem. He was very popular with the in- habitants of the infant colony, and there was a great demonstration of the people at his funeral. He was buried in the Episcopal churchyard in Salem. Mannington Creek was the largest branch of Salem Creek. That part of the township east of it was early called Upper Mannington. " Hedgefield," a tract of two thousand acres, previously referred to, was bounded by Mannington Creek on the west, and a small tributary known as Hedge's Creek on the east. On this land Samuel Hedge and wife located in 1677. In 1685, Samuel and his wife sold one thousand acres, or one-half of the allotment, to John Smith, of Smith- field. The said land remained in the Smith family for five generations. There is none of it belonging to members of the family now. In 1720 Samuel Fen- wick Hedge, the grandson of Samuel Hedge {1st), sold five hundred acres to William Nicholson, of Elsin- boro. In the same year he sold the balance to Thomas Mason. There is no part of the above tracts of land remaining in the first purchasers' families at this date. Near the head of Maunington Creek, Samuel Jen- nings, of Burlington, owned two thousand acres, part of which was in Upper Alloways Creek. Richard Brick, third son of Judge John Brick, owned five hundred acres of the Jennings estate, and resided thereon until his death. He was an ex- TOWNSHIP OP MANNINGTON. 435 tensive farmer, and a tanner and currier. His only son, John Brick, died, leaving no heirs, and the property was purchased by his cousin, Joshua Brick and Isaac Townsend, of Port Elizabeth, and by them conveyed to Jesse Boyd. Samuel Brick, youngest son of John Brick, St., married and left issue. His son Samuel, the father of Joshua Brick, of Upper Penn's Neck, was a tanner and farmer, and lived a number of years on his cousin John's estate. East of Hedge's Branch, William Hall, Jr., son of Judge William Hall, owned two thousand acres of land. He built a large brick dwelling early in the last century, still standing in good repair. No part of this large landed estate is owned now by any of the Hall family, except the old mansion, together with about one hundred acres of land adjoining. Samuel L. J. Miller, of Mannington, is the owner, being of the sixth generation from William Hall, Jr. The following relative to Col. Edward Hall will be found interesting: " Edward Hall, the youngest son of William Hall, Jr., was considered above mediocrity in physical and mental abilities. His affability and pleasing address secured him many friends among a large circle of ac- quaintances. His first wife was a Willis, and by her he had one son, named Howell. At the commence- ment of the Revolutionary war he abandoned the re- ligious society of which he and his ancestors were members and enlisted in the army. There are many anecdotes of his sayings and doings while he was in the service of his country. I will mention two which are well authenticated by tradition. "The army under Col. Hand was at Cohansey Bridge, which is now Bridgeton. Edward, on his way down to join it, met his intimate friend, John Reeve, about his own age, who was a public minister, on his way to attend Salem Quarterly Meeting. After the usual salutation, John remarked, — " ' Edward, I notice thee is dressed in soldier's clothes.' " ' I am,' replied Hall, after consideration. ' I came to the conclusion it would be right for me to fight for my country.' " John then replied, — " ' If thee thinks it is right, it may then be thy duty. I hope God will be with thee. I bid thee good-by.' "They then separated, and did not meet again until the war was ended. "Soon after he went to the army he was made a colonel in the West Jersey militia. It was the prac- tice in those days among some of the tanners, when they had a quantity of leather on hand, to take a load ■down among the inhabitants of the sea-shore, and trade it for raw-hides. Samuel Austin told of one of his adventures during the war. He left his home in Mannington with a load of leather, which he had fre- quently done before, and proceeded to Egg Harbor with it. There were at that time several vessels be- longing to England anchored in the bay, one of them having a quantity of boxes of tea aboard. The ofii- cer told him he would exchange a few boxes of tea for leather. The love of great gain which is predomi- nant in the human family made him yield to the temp- tation. Thinking he could evade the authorities, he covered up the tea with some hides he purchased, and started for home. Inadvertently he came by the way of Bridgeton, where the American army was quar- tered, and was soon stopped by some of the soldiers to search his load. He declared his innocence, but they told him their orders were to search all wagons that came' from the sea-shore, and began to throw off his hides. At this juncture Col. Hall came out of the tavern and saw Austin, and then told the men to put his load on again, and said, — " ' He is a neighbor of mine and a true patriot.' " He then called Austin in to take a drink with him before he proceeded on his journey. Samuel said it was the first and last time he ever undertook to traffic in contraband goods, and he always felt grate- to Col. Hall, although he did it ignorantly, for his timely interference, as it prevented him from losing his team and load, and likely his life."' Adjoining the Hall land on the east, Anthony Sharp, who lived near Bristol, England, purchased five thousand acres, about one thousand acres of which lay in Mannington, the balance in Pilesgrove. The almshouse of the county of Salem, and about two hundred and forty acres attached to the institu- tion, formerly belonged to the Sharp family. Near the almshouse is the Sharp family graveyard, in which John Fenwick was buried in 1683. In the southeast part of Sharp's allotment Anthony deeded one thousand acres to his nephews, Thomas and Isaac Sharp, most of which was located in Mannington. Edward Wade's land was located west of Hedge- field, and bounded by Fenwick Grove on the south- west. Thomas Mason married Prudence, the only child of Edward and Prudence Wade. After their death Thomas and Prudence Mason became the owners of much excellent land. They had several children. The oldest son was James Mason, who inherited a large portion of his parents' property. He married Ann, the daughter of Abel and Mary Nicholson, of Elsinboro. James Mason and wife had no issue. James left the largest portion of his landed estate to his nephew, James Mason Woodnutt. At present no part of the Mason or Woodnutt property belongs to the family. Fenwick's Grove, the favorite country-seat of John Fenwick, contained six thousand acres. It was a point of land that lay between Salem and Manning- ton Creeks. William Griscom and Rachel, daughter of John Denn, were married in 1773. For a time William 1 History of FeDwick^s Colony, p. 100 : Thomas Shourds. 436 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. Griscom was a saddler at Hancock's Bridge, in Lower Alloways Creek, but after a few years he purchased a farm in Mannington, and there he and hia wife lived until their death. "' Their oldest son, John Griscom," says Shourds, " commenced teaching school in early life, and subsequently married a young woman by the name of Haskins, and had several children. After her death, and in his old age, he married Eachel Denn, of Salem, daughter of John and Ehoda Denn, who is still living. Many years of his life he taught school in the city of New York, and was considered one of the best scholars in that city. He was elected a Professor in Chemistry. When he was past middle age he went to Europe, where his reputation as a scholar preceded him. On his arrival in England he. was at once introduced among the literary people of that kingdom, also on the Continent, — France, Bel- gium, Germany, and the Netherlands. Wlien he re- turned home he published an account of his travels, called his ' Tour in Europe,' which was much read at the time, and greatly admired for its easy and beautiful language. . . . Soon afterwards he traveled through moat of the cities and towns of the Eastern and Middle States, lecturing on Joseph Lancaster's system of education in common schools. The plan was gener- ally adopted. He might be considered the father of that system in this country, as Joseph Lancaster was in England. His letters addressed to his mother during her last illness, while she was suffering with that loathsome disease, cancer, will always reflect great credit on his memory for the kind and sympa- thetic feeling they expressed to a kind and affectionate parent in her great affliction." Whitten Cripps was an early property - owner in Mannington. John Denn, who had been a hatter at Hancock's Bridge and Salem, bought the Cripps estate and removed there. His son John succeeded him as its owner. He died past eighty, having had a successful career. About two thousand acres of the Pledger and Le- fevre allotment of six thousand acres, now known as Quaker Neck, came into the possession of Benjamin Wyncoop, an Englishman, who is thought to have purchased it of the heirs of Hypolite Lefevre. A house built by one of the family at the beginning of the last century is still standing on the property now of George Griscom. At the time of the Revolution all the land between Stone Bridge and the Salem line, then called " the Neck,'' was covered with heavy tim- ber, and was long after referred to as " Wyncoop's Woods." Wyncoop sympathized with the British cause, and through fear that his property might be confiscated offered it for sale. Ebenezer Miller, Jr., purchased a farm of Wyn- coop. Richard Ware, of Alloways Creek, bought and lived to the close of his life on the Josiah Wistar farm. Mark Miller, his brother, bought the David E. Davis place. William Abbott, from Elsinboro, bought the farm and ended his days where Samuel Abbott, his grandson, now lives. Benjamin Wright bought the Joseph Waddington farm, and devised it to Benjamin Wright, his grandson. The Millers came from Cumberland County, and lived on the farms purchased as above mentioned. Josiah Miller, the second son of Ebenezer, about 1774 purchased a large tract of land in Lower Mannington, the south- ern portion of James Sherron's one-thousand-acre allotment, which at his death was divided between his sons, Josiah and Richard. William, the son of Abel and Mary Nicholson, of. Elsinboro, who was born in 1703, became the owner of five hundred acres of " Hedgefield," where he built a brick mansion which is still standing. Some old houses in Mannipgton have been referred to. The following on this subject is appended: " There are a number of ancient dwellings stand- ing in Mannington. About a mile from the city of Salem is a large brick house with a double roof, built by John Pledger, Jr., in 1727. In Upper Manning- ton, on the property which is now owned by James J. Pettit, is an ancient brick dwelling, built in 1722 by Samuel Mason, son of Thomas Mason, who bought the property of Samuel Hedge (4th) in 1720, being a part of Hedgefield. Farther up the Mannington Creek there is another brick mansion, built by Wil- liam Nicholson, son of Abel Nicholson, about 1730. Near this ancient dwelling once stood the property of Samuel Hedge, and the place where the build- ing formerly stood is quite visible at the present day. It is a venerated spot, because there, in the autumn of 1683, John Fenwick left this world of care and per- plexities. The property is now owned by Dr. Thomas and his wife, Joan Dickinson. Not far from the Nicholson house stands a large brick house on the southern part of Hedgefield, built by Samuel Smith, son of John Smith, of Smithfield, about 1718. The said house stands near the King's Highway, laid out from Salem to Burlington. Near the straight road from Mannington Hill to Woodstown, about five miles from Salem, stands a large brick dwelling, built by William Hall, Jr., in the year 1724. According to the record in the family Bible of the Halls, John Smith, of Amblebury, died in that house. Elizabeth, the wife of William Hall, Jr., was his great-grand- daughter. He was one hundred and six years old and a few days over at the time of his death, which event took place in the beginning of 1731. He was born in the county of Norfolk, England, 20th of Third Month, 1623, and lived in his adopted country nearly fifty years." ' Prominent families in Mannington from 1800 to 1830: Allen, Austin,- Abbott, Anderson, Ale, Aplin, Armstrong, Bassett, Barber, Bilderback, Baker, Brick, Black, Bell, Bennett, Ballinger, Benner, Carpenter, Denn, Dickinson, EUet, Elliott, Emley, English, Friedland, Freas, Franklin, Fox, Githens, Hall, 1 HiBtory of Kenwick*8 Colonv : Shourds. TOWNSHIP OF MANNINGTON. 437 Haines, Harris, Hilliard, Hillman, Johnson, James, Jaquett, Kidd, Kean, Kigor, Lawrence, Murray, Morrison, Miller, Mitchell, Pettit, Peterson, Eobin- son, Eidgway, Sheppard, Seagrave, Shreve, Stanley, Smith, Stephenson, Tyler, Thompson, Treadway, Townsend, Woodnutt, Wright, Welsh, Woodsides, Wood, Wister, Wyatt, Webber. Organization. — Mannington Precinct originally contained twenty-eight thousand acres. The town- ship was at first called East Fenwick, and received its present appellation, Anglicized from the Indian word " Maneto,'' at an unknown date. It was one of the constituent townships of the county. Civil List. — Below is as complete a civil list as the records of Mannington contain the data for, showing the result of the annual township elections from 1820 to 1882, inclusive : TOWNSHIP 1820-21. 1823. Maurice Hall. 1820-2R, 1831-32. Clayton Wistar. 1820-22,1824-26. Joseph Baaaett 1820. Samuel Austin. 1820, 1822. Nathan Wright. 1821-23. William F. Miner. 1821. Furman Mulford. 1822-23,1831-41. Samuel Allen. 1823-26. James Peterson. 1824-29. Joeeph Hanccick. 1824-26. Jedediah T. Allen. 1327-30. Beuben Bubinson. 1827-30. Woodnut Pettit. 1827-29. William Peterson. 1827-31. James Newell. 1830-36. George Hall. 1830. Henry Kiger. 1831. John Armstrong. 1831. James Lippincott. 1832-42, 1857. David Bassett 1832. Benjamin Tyler. 1832. Charles Bennett. 1833-45. Casper Wistar. 1833. Robert B. Sheppard. 1833. William Seagraves, Sr. 1834-37, 1839-41. Eobert P. Rob- inson. 1837. Thomas Dunn. 1838, 1846-49. Th >mas J. Casper. 1838-41, Isaac B. Lawrence. 1842-45. William Carpenter. 1842-44. John Armstrong. 1842-56, 1860-62. Samuel P. Car- penter. 1843. Elisha Bassett. 1844-66, 1869-70, 1877-78. Samuel Abbott.. 1845-54. Jnhn Fowler. 1846-47. Thomaa Dickinson, Jr. COMMITTEE. 1848-49. Samuel Hall. 1851-56, 1862-64. Edward Bilder- back. 1851, 1856-57. Champion Atkin- son. 1852-53, 1855-56, 1864-67. Edward H. Bassett. 1854-55. Thomas B. Jones. 1857-59, 1865, 1867. Aaron A. Fogg. 1857, 1864-65. John Layton. 1857. Joseph B. Chew. 1858-60, 1863. S. Bacon Sheppard. 18.i9. Henry Bichman. 1859. David Pettit. 1859-60, 1878-80. C. W. Acton. 1860-64, 1873, 1879-81. Josiah Wistar. 1860-63, 1871-73. Jonathan B. Grler. 1861-62. John H. Morris. 1863. William Webber. 1864-66. Richard Wislar. 1865-66. Elisha Bassett. 1866-69, 1880-81. Collins Allen. 1867-70. William C. Sheppard. 1867-70. John B. Zerns. 1868-70. Samuel P. Allen. 1868. George C. Mulford. 1870-74. Thompson Hinchman. 1871-79. George A. Peterson. 1871-77. Samuel T. Lippincott. 1871-72. David E. Davis. 1874r-75. A. M. P. V. H. Diokeson. 1874-75. Benjamin Griscom. 1875-76. Empaon Atkinson. 1876. David F. Grler. 1876-78, 1882. John T. Baasett. 1877-78. Aaron Lippincott. 1882. Bobert J. Summerill. 1820-21. John Denn. 1820-22. Joseph Bassett. 1822-24. William Hall. 1823-24,1827-28,1830. LottHinch- man. 1825-26. Jonathan Bilderback. 1825-29. Joseph Hancock. 1829-30. Josinh Miller. 1831. James Newell. 1831. James Peterson. 1832-38. Woodnut Petit. 1832-35. Joseph Bassett, Jr. CHOSEN FREEHOLDEKS. 1836-39. Dr. Charles Swing. 1839-44. James Bobinson. 1840-41. Robert P. Eobinson. 1842-43. David Stretch. 1844-45. Henry Webber. 1845-61. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1846^7. Thomas J. Casper. 1848-53. John Fowler. 1852-56. Richard Wistar. 1864-56. Thomas B. Jones. 1856-57. William Lawrence. 1857-59. William A. Baker. 1858-60. John H. Morris. 1860-61. Samuel P. Allen. 1861-63. John T. Bassett. 1862-64 Richard T. Fogg. 1864-67. Barclay Griscom. 1866-70. Casper W. Acton. 1868-70. James J. Pettit. 1872-73. David F. Grier. 1874. Edward H. Bassett. 1876-77. Collins Allen. 1878-81. Richard Bassett. 1882. Henry B. Richman. ASSESSORS. 1820. Samuel Austin. 1821-23. Morris Hall. 1824-34,1845-49. John Armstrong. 1835-37. Thomas J. Casper. 1838-42, 1850-62. Samuel Hall. 1843-44. Thomas Dickinson, Jr. 1865. John W. Wright. 1863-54, 1856, 1866-72. Jonathan B. Grier. 1857. John S. Armstrong. 1858-62, 1873. James J. Pettit, 1863-61. Edward Hall. 1874-76. James H. White. 1877-82. David F. Grier. COLLECTORS. 1820-21. William J. Shinn. 1822-31. David Bassett. 1832-34. Jonathan Freedland. 1835-.36. Woodnutt Pettit. 1837-40. Bobert Newell. 1841-54, 1866. Joseph B. Chew. 1856. John Layton. 1857-58. Peter Smith. 1859,1861-62. William Summerill. 1803-65. William Stratton. 1866-73. Benjamin Bowen. 1874-82. Woodnutt Pettit. CLERKS. 1820-21. William Shourds. 1822-26. Jedediah T. Allen. 1827-37. Samuel Hall. 1838-40. James M. Woodnutt. 1841-47. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1848-61, 1853. Joseph C. Sheppard. 1854-62. William C. Sheppard. 1863. Joseph B. Wislar. 1864-70. Woodnutt Pettit. 1872-75. Clarkson Pettit. 1876-82. Ebenezer S. Mulford. CONSTABLES. 1820-22, 1824. John Armstrong. 1820. Joseph Nichols. 1821. Job Shreve. 1822. Artis Seagraves. 1823. William Taylor. 1823. Samuel Jones. 1824. David Smith. 1826. Josiah Miller. 1825. Joseph Hancock. 1826. Elisha Bassett. 1826. Jacob Stanger. 1827. James Peterson. 1827. Jedediah T. Allen. 1828-29. Samuel Seagraves. 1828-29. James Stanger. 18:i0-32, 1834-37, 1839-41. David Stanger. 1830-37. Thomas J. Casper. 1833. James Bright. 1838. Robert Newell. 1839. Charles Banner. 1812, 1S47-48. David F. Stanger. 1813-46. Joseph Benner. 1843-50, 1876, 1877, 1879. John Noble. 1849. Thomas Fonsbury. 1851, 1858. Charles B. Robinson. 1852-53. Noah Robinson. 1854. John Casper. 1856. John W. Wright. 1856. Nathaniel C. Stanger. 1859-62. .loshoa W. Wible. 1860-68. William Stratton. 1863. Maurice B. BItun. 1863. Benjamin Stratton. 1863. Samuel Rogers. 1869, 1877-78. Thomas Lippincott. 1870-73. Edward Hall. 1872-74, 1876. Joseph H. Webber. 1876. Benjamin Bowen. 1878-80. David P. Elwell. 1880-81. Thomas R. Johnson. 1881. William Pox. 1882. Josiah Miller. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1820. Maurice Hall. 1820. Joseph Bassett. 1820. Jedediah T. Allen. 1821-11. Elisha Bassett. 1821-25. Casper Wistar. 1821. William Hall. 1822. Joseph Hancock. 1823-33. Josiah Miller. 1826-45. James Robinson. 1834-39. Clayton Wistar. 1840-41. Isaac B. Lawrence. 1842-46, 1860. William A. Baker. ] 812-64. Joseph Bassett, Jr. 1816-53. Joseph C. Sheppard. 1817, 1819-51. Joseph R. Chew. 1861-56, 1871-78. Wm. C. Sheppard. 1865-57. Joseph Lippincott. 1855-57. John Layton. 1857-68. Peter Smith. 1867. David Bassett. 1858-59, 1860-64. J. B. Grier. 1868-59, 1876-79. Casper W. Acton. 1869-62,1866. William Summerill. 1863-66. William Stratton. 1864. Thomas H. Wright. 1865-66. David Pettit. 1867. Aaron Lippincott. 1867-70. Benjamin Bowen. 1868, 1877-78. Josiah Wistar. 1868-69. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1869-70. Thomas P. Bond. 1870-74. Wyatt W. Miller. 1872-73. Joshua Thompson. 1872-74. Thomas B. Jones. 1875-76. Barclay Griscom. 1876. Joseph R. Hackett. 1879. Josiah Wistar. 1879-81. John T. Bassett. 1880-82. William H. Acton. 1880-82. Samuel T. Lippincott. 1882. Walter D. Griscom. 438 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. SURVEYORS 1820. Thomas Lippincott. 1820-22, 1836-36. George Hall. 1821-23. Isaac McAllister. 1823-24. Joseph Hancock. 1824, 1833-34. Caspar Wistar. 1826-28, 1832. Josiah Miller. 1825-34. John Armstrong. 1829-31. Woodnutt Pettit. 1836-37. Charles Bennett. 1837-38. Thomas Dunn. 1838-39. Joseph Bassett, Jr. 1839-41. AsherBuzby. 1840-41. Elisha Bassett. 1842-46. Caleb Lippincott. 1842-46. William Carpenter. 1843. William A. Baker. 1846-61. Richard Wistar. or HIGHWAYS. 1846-47. David Vanneman. 1848-50, 1862, Samuel Hall. 1852-66. Samuel Abbott. 1863-66, 1860-62. E. H. Bassett. 1857. Charles Benner. 1867-59. Joshua Tliompson. 1858-62. William C. Sheppard. 1863. James J. Pettit. 1863. Samuel P. Alleu. 1864-67. Richard Bond. 1864-72. Morris R. Elwell. 1868-73, 1875-82. T. H. Wright. 1873-74. Woodnutt Pettit. 1874. David S. Kiger. 1875-80. Thompson Hinchman. 1881-82. Robert J. Summerill. JUDGES OF 1820-24. William Hall. 1821-23, 1825-27. Tarman Mulford. 1828- j9. Joseph Hancock. 1830-31. Henry Freas. 1832-36. George Ball. 1837-40. John Armstrong. i 1841-43. David Bassett. ! 1842. Thomas Dickinson, Jr. 1844-49. AsherBuzby. 1860-51. Richard Wislar. i ELECTION. 1852-56. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1857-61, 1863-66. John H. Zorns. 1869-70. James J. Pettit. 1873. Jonathan B Grier. 1874. Edward H. Bassett. 1874-77. Wyatt W.Miller. 1876. David F. Grier. 1878-79. Jonathan B. Grier, Jr. 1880. Robert J. Summerill. 1881-82. Joshua Thompson. SCHOOL 1830-31. James Newell. 1830-37. William F. Miller. 1830-32. Jonathan Bilderback, 1831-37. Woodnutt Pettit. 1831-33 Charles Bennett. 1832. Henry Freas. 1833-37. Clayton Wistar. 1833-37. Nathan Wright. 1833-38. Dr. Charles Swing. COMMITTEEMEN. 1838. Robert Newell. 1838-46. Samuel Hall. 1839-44. Thomas Dickinson, Jr. 1839-43. Samuel P. Carpenter. 1842-47. Samuel Abbott. 1842-44. David Allen. 1844. Samuel Prior. 1846-17. Joseph Bassett, Jr. 1848-47. Harrison Wright. 1818. David Allen. 1849-50, 1853-54. S. P. Carpenter. 1851-52. Edward Allen. 1855-66. John J. Bassett. TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS. 1857. Thomas Sparks. 1858-59. David Pettit. 1860-64. Joseph R. Hackett. 1866-67. George 0. Mulford. Industrial. — -The leading industry of Mannington is agriculture. Much of the soil is of excellent quality, well adapted for raising all kinds of cereals. English grapes have been cultivated somewhat ex- tensively. The land in Mannington is said to yield larger crops to the acre than are grown generally in any other township in Salem County. The nearness of Salem affords a ready market. Formerly the manufacture of liquors from apple- cider was a prominent interest, and it is said there were seven or eight distilleries in operation at once. Among the distillers were William Anderson, Samuel Hall, William A. Baker, and others. The only such enterprise at this time is that of Elton Rogers, near Halltown. Some of the other distilleries referred to were located in the same vicinity. A windmill was erected in this township before the Revolution. It stood on the hill at what is now known as " Claysville," and did all the work of man- ufacturing flour, feed, etc., for ten miles around. This building was taken down in 1826. The first water-power grist-mill in the county was erected at Mill Hollow, on one of the branches of Pledger's Creek, by William Forest, in 1692. It was abandoned more than a hundred years ago. Thomas Mason built a grist-mill, supplied with power by a branch of Pledger's Creek, which did a good business during his life, and was kept in repair and operated by his son, James Mason, until the death of the latter, who left it to his wife's niece, Ann Nicholson. This lady married Hill Smith, of Elsinboro, who kept the mill in running order during his life. The head of Pledger's Creek filled up so rapidly that the water-power was destroyed and the mill abandoned about sixty years ago. Situated in a grain-producing section, it had long enjoyed a good patronage. Fertilizers. — A new enterprise for Salem County is the manufacture of phosphate, an industry of this character now being in progress in Quaker Neck, under the management of Joseph Waddington & Son. A building for the purpose has recently been erected on Mr. Waddington's farm, and the necessary ma- chinery put in for the manufacture of what is known as "Smith's Phosphate." An important trade has been long had in marl, with which the northern portion of Mannington abounds. It was discovered in 1836 by Joseph Bas- sett, who began to dig and sell it to the farmers around about. His trade kept pace with the increase in confidence with which the marl was regarded by those who used it, gradually growing to important proportions, and the marl-pits, now the property of Mr. Bassett's heirs, constitute one of the most valua- ble business interests in this section. Another marl- bed is located on the Richard Hiles property, and is owned by William Slape. A limekiln, now the property of Clarkson Lippin- cott, has been some years in operation on Fenwick's Creek, near the bridge connecting Mannington with Salem. Here is also a landing and a coal-wharf be- longing to Dunn & Zerns. Henry B. Richman has a second limekiln and landing, established a few years ago on Salem Creek, and known as Webber's Hill landing. Two steam-barges stop there daily during the season of navigation. Mannington has long been noted for its fruit, which grows luxuriantly, and for the fine varieties of bearing and ornamental trees cultivated there. Sam- uel Reeves had an early nursery near Mannington Hill, from which fifteen thousand peach-trees were sold in one season as long ago as 1832. The cele- brated " Centreton Nurseries" of Mr. Clark Pettit were established by David Pettit in 1837, and by him owned and cultivated successfully most of the time until 1867. Frank Pettit became the proprietor about ten years ago, and soon sold them to the present owner. These nurseries are very extensive and of wide-spreald reputation, and Mr. Pettit is also well known as a breeder of " Jersey Red" hogs and fancy poultry, which he ships to all sections of the TOWNSHIP OF MANNINGTON. 439 United States and Canada. H. T. Shoemaker, of this townsliip, is also a prominent nurseryman, his business being of recent establishment. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Mannington Hill.— The principal village in Man- nington in point of historic interest is Mannington Hill, which is situated on a slight elevation near the centre of the township. It contains within its some- what uncertain boundaries a goodly settlement, com- prising among its inhabitants many persons of thrift and enterprise. The most prominent and interesting feature in the history of the village is an episode which occurred during the Revolutionary war, and which is thus re- lated in the "Historical Collections" of Messrs. Bar- ber and Howe : " During the American Revolution, a small party of the enemy, at night, broke into a house occupied by a Mr. Ambler, in this village. The family con- sisted of the old gentleman and wife and two daugh- ters. The party, on entering, commanded them to keep perfectly quiet, and not to lift their hands from under the bed-clothes on pain of being murdered. After rifling the rooms of the valuables and such articles as they could conveniently carry, they de- camped." This house was rebuilt, and was afterwards long Joseph Sheppard's residence. Vessels early landed at Mannington Hill, and there was a store-house, probably two hundred years ago, on the farm now owned by the heirs of David Pettit. On the James J. Pettit farm the Bines sisters, four maiden ladies, kept a store for many years, as is sup- posed, until 1826. They are said to have dealt in a great variety of merchandise, including about every- thing demanded by the people of those days, and to have dispensed whiskey wholesale and retail in such quantities as paid them right royally. Later mer- chants at " the hill" were Joseph Nicholson, 'John Lawrence, and Mrs. David Bassett. From time immemorial Mannington Hill has been the scene of the labors of the blacksmith and the wheelwright. Among local blacksmiths during the past sixty years may be mentioned Jacob Freas, Ebenezer Lott, David S. English, Furman Wood- sides, Richard Robinson, Joseph K. Chew, and the i Foxes, Mark, Minor, and Elwood, the latter being the present blacksmith. Enoch Allen, Isaac Wood, David Peterson, Howell HoflFman, Samuel Barnet, George Sheppard, and George Fox, the latter now carrying on business, are mentioned as among the most prominent wheelwrights during a like period. Up to twenty years ago several shoemakers succes- .sively located at Mannington Hill, remaining for a greater or less time respectively. The last of these was Samuel Snellbaker. His predecessor was Jacob Curlin. There was long ago a tavern where Elwood Fox now lives. It closed its doors upon the public in 1824. Welchville. — This is a hamlet southwest of Man- nington Hill, on the road to Claysville, containing a store, a blacksmith-shop, and a wheelwright-shop, .i few dwellings, and a building known as "the town hall." Welchville was named in honor of Morris Welch, who opened a store there about 1846. Six years later he was succeeded by Wood Van Meter, who died about 1854, and whose widow sold the store to Richard Du- bois, who was succeeded, in 1880, by Benjamin Bowen, who sold out to J. Harvey- Robinson in 1881. The building occupied by the wheelwright- and blacksmith-shops was erected by Joseph C. Sheppard in 1848. About 1849 he sold the wheelwright-shop to Samuel Barnett, and the blacksmith-shop to Charles Seagrave. Both shops had other occupants later, and about twenty-five years ago were purchased of John Armstrong, the then occupant, by William Fox, the present owner. Halltown. — This is an old hamlet, in the north part of the township, and it was the locality of the residence of the Hall family, of Mannington, a well- remembered representative of which was John Hall. It was formerly known as " Hall's Corners." One of the early residents there was a Dr. Dixon, who built a house, which is still standing, at a date too remote to be named by the best-informed inhab- itants. The school-house lot is a part of the prop- erty once owned by him. A store was built there in 1840 by Jeremiah Fox, who kept it until 1843. He was succeeded by Thomas J. Casper, Holmes Wright, Samuel Benner, John Casper, Lynn & Patterson, and John Layton, who became proprietor in March, 1856, and not long thereafter the building was burned. Mr. Layton re- built the store, and kept it until his death. Dayton Riley then purchased the property and for a time kept the store, but it soon passed into the possession of Samuel P. and Collins Allen, who were his backers in what proved to him an unsuccessful enterprise. William and Furman Mattson later kept the store. The present proprietor is William Payton. In 1840, Thomas Fousburg built and opened a wheelwright-shop. Thomas Wright removed to Hall- town in 1851, and in 1853 built a wheelwright-shop, and in 1855 bought the Fousburg property, leasing a blackamith-shop belonging to the "store property," then owned by Thomas J. Casper, which he occupied until 1875, when he erected his present shop. Prom 1875 to 1878 John Ballinger and William Wilson successively occupied the blacksmith-shop vacated by Mr. Wright. Marlboro. — Marlboro is a hamlet largely popu- lated by colored people, which grew up near the marl- pits in the northwest part of the township as the result of the trade there established in marl, as else- where stated. Thomas Marshall, a colored man. 440 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. opened a small store there in 1839, and upon his death was succeeded by one Scott, also colored. Samuel J. Moore, a colored man, succeeded Scott, and continued business there until 1880. Benjamin Abbott became proprietor of this stand in 1880, and sold out to Edward Kiger in 1881. A post-office was established in 1880, with Abbott in charge. Edward Kiger is the present postmaster. Another store was established by Thomas F. Lippin- cott in 1878. Marlboro is scattered over considerable territory, and contains two colored Methodist Episcopal Churches, the two stores referred to, and several dwellings, most of them small and all of them un- pretentious. This place was formerly known a^ Marshallville, in honor of Thomas Marshall. Claysville. — Claysville is an unimportant hamlet, across Fenwick Creek from Salem, and until 1882 de- rived some distinction from the fact of its being the terminus of the Salem Railroad, recently extended into the city. It is inhabited chiefly by colored people, though several respectable white families also reside and own property there. It contains three stores, a blacksmith-shop, a wheel- wright-shop, a school-house, a Methodist Church (col- ored), and about twenty-five dwellings. One store was opened, about 1852, by Lizzie Nickens (colored), who still keeps it. The store of John Noble was opened by the present proprietor about 1 856. The building which has been occupied since 1870 by Daniel Burton (colored) as a store was built about that time by Burton & Reynolds (colored), with a view to open- ing it as a hotel ; but failing to obtain a license, Rey- nolds withdrew from the enterprise and Burton estab- lished the store he has since kept. The blacksmith-shop was established by Furman Woodsides about 1832. Richard Ernest took pos- session in the spring of 1882. The wheelwright-shop was opened many years ago by Joseph R. Chew, and has been occupied by Joseph Harrison since the spring of 1882. Acton Station. — By this name is known a flag- station on the Salem Railroad, in the southern part of this township, whence much milk is shipped by farmers to Camden and Philadelphia. Public Schools. — The earliest schools in this town- ship were established at Mannington Hill and at Hall- town. They and some of those established later in other neighborhoods were " pay-schools," organized on the basis of a stated tuition per scholar, payable by parents to teachers. Under the public school laws of New Jersey, Man- nington is divided into nine school districts, known and numbered thus: Claysville, No. 15; Wyncoop, No. 16; Red School, No. 17; Haines' Neck, No. 18; Halltown, No. 19; Concord, No. 20; Centreton, No. 21; Swedes' Bridge, No. 22; Mount Zion, No. 23. The number of children of the school age in the township is six hundred and eighty-one, and four male and seven female teachers are usually employed. A Well-Remembered Murder.— A most diaboli- cal and brutal murder was perpetrated near Halltown, in this township, on Nov. 11, 1852. A woman named Mary Treadway, about thirty-two years of age, was the victim, and upon circumstantial evidence of a strong character, her husband, Samuel Treadway, was charged with the murder. She had been living about two months previous to her death in the family of Edward Bilderbaok as a servant, having separated from her husband, owing to his bad temper and vio- lent treatment. He had been convicted and sen- tenced to a short term of imprisonment, some time previous to the murder, on the charge of assault and battery and threatening the life of his wife. His sentence expired about two weeks previous to the murder. On the evening of the day mentioned, she was standing at a kitchen window at Mr. Bilder- back's, washing dishes, when a shot was fired from without, which took effect principally in her left breast. She immediately exclaimed, " Oh, I am shot!" and staggered through the sitting-room into the parlor, where she died in about twenty minutes. A coroner's jury was summoned, and a, post-mortem examination was made. Forty-four large shot were found in and on the body, one of which had penetrated the right ventricle of the heart, and was the imme- diate cause of death, although sufficient other inju- ries were made to have produced that result. The deceased was enceinte at the time of death. The jury rendered their verdict that the deceased came to her death by gunshot-wounds, believed to have been in- flicted by her husband, Samuel Treadway. In the mean time the husband was arrested and lodged in prison. He was fully committed for trial, and was tried in December following, condemned, and sentenced Jan. 1, 1853, to be hanged March 1st ensu- ing. He made a confession of his crime January 11th, which was published soon afterwards, and he was hanged as sentenced, after making a statement of the circumstances which led him to the commission of the crime. A Mastodon Unearthed. — In August, 1869, while Mr. .Joseph R. Hackett was digging marl near Swedes' Bridge, in Mannington township, on what was for- merly the Lewis Bradway farm, he unearthed part of the skeleton of a mastodon, the head alone of which weighed over four hundred pounds, and measured across two feet ten inches, and in length six feet. The other parts found were in proportion. The following fall Mr. Hackett exhibited the remains at several agri- cultural fairs, and subsequently sold them to the State of New Jersey. Burial-Flaces. — Mannington enjoys onedistinction which must long make it a point of great interest in West Jersey, and especially to all thoughtful residents within the borders of Fenwick's colony : it contains the last earthly resting-place of the great Proprietor. CASPAE WISTAK. TOWNSHIP OP MANNINGTON. 441 John Fenwick died at his son-in-law, Samuel Hedge's, in Upper Mannington, late in 1683, and at his own request his body was interred in the Sharp family burying-ground, now included in the Elmer Reeve farm, near the county almshouse. The grave is un- marked by any monument, and is known to but few persons. Early interments were made here and there on farms. Many interments, especially among Friends, are made at Salem. There are small burying-grounds in Haines' Neck and at Marlboro, in the yards of the colored churches, and at the almshouse is a lot where paupers are buried. There is no cemetery of note or importance as such in the township. Religious. — Mannington depends on Salem and other points outside of its limits almo.st entirely for church privileges, there being no place of worship in the township belonging to white residents. This township was the first point of settlement in the county for free negroes, and in the early days almost every farmer had black servants or slaves. The col- ored race in Maqnington has been as prolific as it is found to be elsewhere, and at this time it is not an in- significant portion of the population, numerically. In different sections several colored churches have grown up, and have been sustained through varying fortunes. The members belong to different sects of colored Methodists. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CASPAR WISTAR. Among the early emigrants to the province of Pennsylvania was Caspar Wistar, the ancestor of the present Wistar family. He was born in the Elector- ate of Heidelberg, Germany, in the year 1696, and arrived in Philadelphia in 1717, where he married Katharine Johnson, of Germantown, in 1726. He carried on the business of button-maker, and some specimens of his handiwork are still preserved by his descendants. His surplus profits were judiciously in- vested in real estate, on what is now North Broad Street, Ridge Avenue, etc., Philadelphia, which with the extension of the city rapidly increased in value. Some of these lots still remain in possession of the family. Their son Richard, who was the oldest of seven children, was born 1727, and married Sarah, daughter of Bartholomew Wyatt, a resident of Mannington township, Salem Co., N. J., in 1751. Richard resided in Philadelphia, but purchased numerous tracts of land in the township of Upper Alloways Creek, Salem Co., amounting in all to between two thousand and three thousand acres. Some of these old deeds are quite curious, being, in most cases, accompanied with a regularly-executed lease for the tract pur- chased, dated one day previous to the deed. He es- tablished a glass-factory about one and a half miles above the present village of AUowaystown, which was one of the first, if not the first in the country, and was successfully carried on for many years, having an abundance of timber and excellent sand in the imaiediate neighborhood. The children of Richard and Sarah Wyatt Wistar were Caspar, Bartholomew, Richard, John, Caspar (a second son), who became a very eminent physician in the city of Philadelphia; Thomas, Elizabeth, and Catharine. John, who was born in 1759, married Charlotte, daughter of Cleayton and Mary Newbold, of Mansfield, Burlington Co., N. J., and settled on the farm in Mannington township recently owned by the late Thomas S. Bacon, and which was a por- tion of a large tract owned by his grandfather, Bar- tholomew Wyatt. He was a man of sterling integrity and uprightness of character, and very useful in his neighborhood. He had eight children who lived to maturity and married, — ^Mary, who married Isaac Davis, of Philadelphia; Bartholomew, whose wife was Susan Lawrie, and who resided in Philadelphia, where he became a successful merchant ; Cleayton, whose first wife was Mary Stevenson, and who after- ward married Martha Reeve; Caspar, our subject, who married Rebecca Bassett; Hannah, who married Dr. Theophilus E. Beesley, who afterward removed to Philadelphia ; Charlotte, who married Jonathan Freedland ; Catherine, who married Thomas Evans, of Philadelphia ; and John, whose wife was Margaret Newbold. Several of the children of Caspar and Rebecca Wistar died young, five of them living to maturity, viz. : Sarah, who married Samuel Abbott, and now living In Salem, N. J. ; Mary, who married Caspar W. Thompson, of Salem, N. J. ; Katharine, who is the wife of Job Bacon, of Greenwich, Cumberland Co., N. J. ; Caspar, who married M. Emma, daughter of Aaron A. Fogg, and who now resides in Philadel- phia ; and Joseph B., who married Annie, daughter of James Brown, formerly a resident of Salem. Caspar Wistar was born in Mannington township, on the farm now occupied by George Acton, on Feb. 4, 1795. He received an ordinary English education, and after the death of his father succeeded him on the old Wyatt homestead. About 1825 he built the house now occupied by Andrew Griscom, where he resided until his removal to the city of Salem in 1861, successfully pursuing the business of a farmer, his place being a pattern of neatness and: comfort. He was a man of decided convictions, a warm and sym- pathetic friend, exerting a strong influence in the locality in which he passed a long, useful, and exem- plary life ; plain in his habits and tastes, and an earnest and consistent member of the Orthodox branch of the Society of Friends. The remainder of his days were spent in Salem in peaceful retirement, dying in the fullness of years, and amid the general regrets of his friends, Jan. 31, 1872. His widow is still living in 1883. 442 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. SAMUEL ABBOTT. George Abbott, with his two brothers and sister Mary, emigrated from England to New England, and after a short sojourn there, with his wife Mary and sister Mary, took up a residence J n the township of Elsinboro, Salem Co., N. J., in the year 1690. In the year 1696 he purchased of Joseph Nicholson one hundred and thirty-six acres of land, lying on the north side of Monmouth River, now known as Alloways Creek, it being the lowest farm situate on the north side, to which were added various pieces and parcels of land in succeeding years. In 1704 he erected a brick house, and in 1724 an addition also of brick. This house is still standing in good repair. It re- mained in the Abbott family to the fifth generation,^ a period of one hundred and fifty years. The children of George and Mary Abbott were Benjamin, Hannah, George, Sarah, Rebecca, Samuel, and Mary. The will of George Abbott, which was admitted to probate in 1729, devised his real estate to his son, Samuel Abbott, and divides his personal property between his two daughters, Hannah and Rebecca Abbott, the other children having died be- fore their father. Mary, his widow, survived him eighteen years, and died in 1747. Rebecca married into the Howell family of Gloucester County. Han- nah died before her mother. Mary Abbott, sister of George, the emigrant, mar- ried William Tyler, Jr., whose father emigrated from England in 1685, and had a family of six children. Samuel Abbott, sixth child of George, the emigrant, born 1712, and the only male descendant, married in 1733, Hannah Foster, born Oct. 21, 1715, daughter of Josiah and Amy Foster, of Burlington County, N. J., and had three children, — George, William, and Re- becca. He died Nov. 25, 1760. He was a minister in the Society of Friends, whose exemplary and Christian life gained him a good report among men. Hannah, his widow, married Samuel Nicholson, of Elsinboro, and died in 1793. William Abbott, second child of Samuel Abbott, born April 4, 1737, married Rebecca, daughter of William and Elizabeth Tyler, of Salem County, N. J., and had three children, — Samuel, George, and Josiah. William, their father, after an active life as a farmer, died in January, 1800, aged sixty-three years. Re- becca, widow of William Abbott, died July 28, 1806, aged sixty-four years. Samuel Abbott {2d), eldest son of William and Re- becca Abbott, born Nov. 27, 1763, married Marcia Gill, daughter of John and Amy Gill, of Haddonfield, N. J., and had four children, — William, Rebecca, Hannah, and Sarah. His wife died Jan. 2, 1798. On Jan. 10, 1809, he married his second wife, Martha, daughter of Samuel and Mary Ann Ogden, of Pitts- grove township, Salem Co. Of this union were born five children, — Mary Ann, Lydia, Samuel (3d), George, and Martha, who became the wife of Samuel S. Willetts, of Haddonfield, N. J. Samuel Abbott (2d) was a successful business man, a consistent mem- ber of the Society of Friends, identifying himself firmly with its interests. He died April 14, 1835, aged seventy-two years. His widow died May 4, 1848. Samuel Abbott (3d), whose portrait appears in this work, was born on the 14th of March, 1815. He was brought up on the home farm, obtaining much of his education at the Salem Academy, and afterwards at Westtown BoardingSchool, Chester County, Pa. ; also at a school taught by John Bul- lock at Wilmington, Del. After the death of his father, in 1835, he assumed the responsibilities of the business of the farm, and for a period of near fifty years made agriculture the main business of his life. In May, 1879, he removed to Salem, N. J., and re- tired from business. When the construction of the Salem Railroad, to connect with the West Jersey, was agitated in 1857, he took an interest in its accom- plishment, and upon the organization of the company was elected a director, and in 1881, after the death of Benjamin Acton, was chosen president. He married. May 6, 1846, Sarah, eldest daughter of Caspar and Rebecca Wistar, and has four children, viz. : Mary A.nn, wife of Josiah Wistar; Samuel, who is now re- siding in Florida; Rebecca W., wife of Charles W. Warrington, of Philadelphia; and Katharine W. Abbott. CHAPTER LXX. TOWNSHIP OF OLDMAN'S.i Situation and Boundaries. — Oldman's is the most northerly township in Salem County, and the latest organized. It is bounded north and northeast by Woolwich (Gloucester County), east by Pilesgrove, south by Upper Penn's Neck, and west by the Dela- ware River. Descriptive and Statistical. — Oldman's contains eleven thousand seven hundred and eighty-two acres. The surface is level. The soil is a dry sandy loam, which yields good results if properly cultivated. The principal products are rye and Indian corn, though all the cereals grow profusely, and fruits and vegeta- bles abundantly. There is very little unimproved land, and none not susceptible to redemption. The statistics of property valuation, indebtedness, and taxation, as returned by the assessor in 1881, are here presented : Valuation of real estate, $584,755 ; valuation of personal property, $354,200 ; total debt, $248,410 ; number of voters, 375 ; amount of poll-tax, $339 ; school tax, $1746 ; county tax, $1657. Near Pedricktown, in this township, is a valuable bed of shell-marl, which has yielded large quantities of that excellent fertilizer. It has been employed ad- vantageously in neighboring townships, having been 1 By M. 0. Kolfe. TOWNSHIP OF OLDMAN'S. 443 found most beneficial to light and sandy soil, in the culture of grass and grain, when applied in quanti- ties of about ten two-horse wagon-loads to the acre. In opening the pits, a bed of oyster and other shells at irregular distances from the surface (varying from three to twenty feet) presented itself, measuring about three feet in thickness. Beneath it is a considerable mass, composed of black earth and shells, known as gunpowder marl, which is not in as high repute as the stratum before alluded to, which when exposed to the air disintegrates rapidly, and is considered in its pul- verized form nearly equal to guano for the purposes of artificial fertilization. , The Delaware River washes the township on the west, receiving several tributaries which rise in the central part. Oldman's Creek flows along the north- eastern, northern, and northwestern borders, from the eastern extremity of the township to the point where the stream is lost in the Delaware. Ash Creek is a tributary in the northern part, which has its source in some small streams rising north and west of Ped- ricktown. The Delaware Shore Railroad crosses Oldman's southwesterly, terminating at Penn's Grove, in Upper Penn's Neck, and the various portions of the town- ship are connected with each other and points be- yond by a convenient number of good wagon-roads. Settlement.' — That portion of Oldman's lying con- tiguous to the boundary between it and Upper Penn's Neck was early settled by the Swedes. Those por- tions bordering the Delaware River and Oldman's Creek, and extending inland, were purchased by early English landholders and emigrants. John Haddon, a Friend, resident in England, bought four thousand acres of John Fenwick, ex- tending from Salem Creek to Oldman's Creek, and lying partially within the present township limits, bordering on Pilesgrove. Haddon never came to America, but empowered John Estaugh, who married Elizabeth Haddon, to have this property resurveyed in 1733. Estaugh sold fourteen hundred and fifty acres to Harman Richman about that time, and the balance of the tract was dis- posed of a short time afterwards, and the whole was subsequently transferred to different later comers, from whom it has passed to present owners. Roger Pedrick, the progenitor of the numerous Pedrick family of Oldman's and other portions of Salem County and New Jersey, came from St. Paul's Parish, England, in 1662, and located near Salem. The Indians burned his cabin, and, in 1675, he pur- chased of John Eldrige one thousand acres of land on Oldman's Creek, in the present township of Old- man's. The consideration was only five pounds, or two and a half cents per acre. The tract embraced the present site of the village of Pedricktown. 1 Soma of the dnta for this article was contributed by William H. Ped- rick and Tbomas ShourdB, Esqs. The only son of Roger Pedrick was named John, and he inherited the entire purchase, which was yet unbroken at the time of the death of the pioneer, leaving it to be divided between six sons and two daughters. Elihu Pedrick, grandson of John and William Somers, the paternal and maternal grand- fathers of William H. Pedrick, Esq., of Pedricktown, became the owners of as much of the tract as had not been sold at the time they assumed possession. By them and their heirs much of the land has been sold, but William H. Pedrick, Esq., now owns one hundred and thirty acres of the original purchase of Roger Pedrick, it having been owned in the family two hundred and seven years. The Somers family were comparatively early set- tlers, and some members of it have been prominent citizens. Edward Mecum, Cornelius Copner, Thomas Lamb- son, Thomas Baldwin, and William Hewes were among the first English emigrants who purchased lands, in the upper district bordering on Oldman's Creek. Hewes purchased a large tract direct from Penn in 1689. It was surveyed by Richard Tindall, in accordance with an order of James Nevill, of Salem. His great-grandson, Hezekiah Hewes, was a cabinet-maker and undertaker in Salem as early as 1780, and he continued in business as much as twenty years. George Clark's ancestors probably first located in Gloucester County, but he became a large landholder in the vicinity of Auburn. Thomas, his son, was born in 1742, and married Deborah, daughter of Thomas Denny. George, one of their sons, located on his father's property near Auburn. John Scull is supposed to have emigrated from Holland to America about 1660, and located on Long Island, N. Y. His son, John Scull, located at Great Egg Harbor as early as 1690. Gideon Scull, Jr., his grandson, came to the site of Auburn, which was for more than sixty years known as ScuUtpwn, where he engaged in mercantile pur- suits, dying in 1825. He had nine children, most of whom became useful and influential in different walks of life, some of the sons making their marks as men of business, and some of the daughters marrying into well-known and respectable families. Sarah James Scull was born in 1759, and died in 1836. She was a recommended minister of the Society of Friends. The family belonged to Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting. Thomas Lambson and Thomas Baldwin have been referred to as among the pioneers. Thomas and Ann Lambson came to America in 1690, and are supposed to have located near Salem Creek, in what is now Upper Penn's Neck. They had numerous children, many of whom became well known in what is now Oldman's township, and had their residence within its borders. Thomas Baldwin did not long remain in Salem County, soon removing to Chester County, Pa. The last of the race of red men who inhabited the 444 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. wilds of what is now Salem County died in this town- ship in 1828 or 1829. He was known as Indian Tom, and lived in a cabin at the north end of Bradford's Swamp. Samuel Lynch and his neighbor, S. Ped- rick, both of whom were boys in 1776, believed that Indian Tom was unintentionally left, when a child, upon the removal of his tribe from this section. Organization. — The following is a copy of the more important portions of " An Act for the division of the township of Upper Penn's Neck, county of Salem, and to create a new township of the same, to be known as Oldman's township," approved Feb. 7, 1881: "1. Be it encKted by the Senate and Genial Awembly of (he State of New Jersey^ That all that part of the towDship of Upper Penn's Neck, in tl^ county of Salem, lying within the following boundariee, to wit: Begin- ning at the middle of Oldman^s Creek, being the east corner of said town- ship, and corner of Fileagrove township, and running along said town- ship line until it intersects the middle of the Courses Landing road; thence down the middle thereof to a public road from the Pilesgrove line, near Atwood*s house; thence down the middle thereof (1) north fifty-two and three-quarters degrees west thirty-seven chains, seventy- five links ; (2) north twenty-three degrees, forty minutes west thirty- seven chains, twenty-five links; (3) north thirty and one-half degrees west seventy-one chains, seventy-five links; (4) north thirty-nine de- grees, forty minutes west seven chains, twelve links; (5) north thirty- three and one-half degrees west nine chains to a public road leading from Perkintown to the forked hickory ; thence north fifteen degrees west about one and a half mites to the Delaware River Railroad, where it intersects Weps Hook Bun, and from thence rtinniug down the middle of the main stream thereof, along its general windings, to the Delaware River, being about one mile ; thence Bqn»re out in the Delaware Biver to the ship-channel; thence up the main ship-channel to opposite the mouth of Oldman's Creek ; thence square in until it intersects the Salem and Gloucester Counties^ line in the middle of said creek, and from thence running up the middle of the main stream thereof, along its gen- eral windings, about twenty-one miles to the place of beginning, shall be and hereby is set off from the township of Upper Penn's Neck, in the county of Salem, and made a separate township, to be known by the name of 'The Township of Oldman^s.' " Civil List. — The following were the officers elected for 1881-82 : TowDship Clerk, Asa G. Turner; Judge of Election, John S. Hampton ; Inepectora of Election, Robert 0. Pedrick, Joseph L. Horner; As- Besaors, James Sweeten (1881), Benjamin F. Straughn (1882J ; Col- lector, Samuel M. Hunt; Commissioners of Appeal, Thomas S. Weatherby, William H. Pedrick, David Taylor; Chosen Freeholder, Edward H. Green ; Surveyors of Highways, William H. Mattson, Denman Layman; Consrables, John Hewitt, William P. Titus; Township Committee, Alexander L. Justice, Jacob Stiles, Benjamin W. Cheesenian ; Overseers of Poor, John Hewitt, William p. Titus; Found-keepers, Silas Pedrick, Abraham Ourry. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Fedricktown. — Pedricktown, the largest village in this township, was named in honor of the pioneer, Roger Pedrick, whose extensive possessions embraced its site. It is located northeast of the centre of the township, in the midst of a good agricultural country, near the Delaware Shore Railroad, enjoys a good local trade and a fine shipping trade in dairy and garden products, and has a population of four hun- dred and iive. The first store was kept by Hudson Springer from early in the present century until about 1838. He was succeeded by Ira Bradshaw. In 1844, Bradshaw was succeeded by Samuel Bassett, he by William Gregory, in 1846, and Gregory by Daniel Lamplugh in 1852. In 1860) Lamplugh built a new store oppo- site Odd Fellows' Hall. His successors there have been William Biddle, Charles S. Plummer, and James Pedrick, who keeps a restaurant. Benjamin Pedrick occupied the old store after Lamplugh's re- moval, and was succeeded by Stephen Straughn, William Allen, and others, until the establishment passed into the ownership of James Sweeten, ten years ago, and so remained until 1882, when Sweeten was succeeded by G. Spitzer. After removing from the Lan^lugh store, Charles S. Plummer built a store, which he has since occupied. The first blacksmith was John Dennis, who was succeeded by Reuben S. Pedrick, and the latter by Alfred Stetsler, blacksmith and wheelwright. Thomas Pedrick and Charles Saxton were early wheelwrights ; Joseph E. Pedrick is a present well-known represen- tative of that trade. Joel Haines was an early tavern-keeper. Among his successors, Samuel Lynch, John Somers, John Sooy, and Samuel Bond are well" remembered. There has been no liquor license granted in Pedricktown for any length of time since previous to the war, and consequently tavern-keeping there was found unprof- itable, and has been long abandoned. The old building has been destroyed by fire. Pedricktown contains about one hundred dwell- ings, a school-house and hall, two churches, several stores, shops, and business-places, and a flouring-mill doing a large business. Much .produce is shipped to Philadelphia. Auburn. — Auburn is located on Oldman's Creek, in the extreme southeast part of the township. It was formerly known as Sculltown, in honor of the Scull family, who were formerly large property- owners and leading citizens there. It contains one store, a coal-yard, one church, a school-house, and about fifty dwellings, and has a population of a little over two hundred. The first store was opened at an early date by Gideon Scull, who was succeeded, about 1825, by his son David. Among the best-remembered of subse- quent comparatively early merchants at the old stand have been Samuel Bolton, who kept a lumber-yard in connection with the store, William Grofi', Winfield S. Love, French & Morgan, James Morgan, and John Leap. Since Leap ceased business the store has changed hands quite frequently. It is now kept by Samuel Taylor. Formerly there was a store at the upper end of the village, which was kept by Mark Mayhew and others. The Sculls early built a blacksmith-shop, which was rented to various occupants, well remembered among whom were James Hoffman and Samuel Lott. The present blacksmith at the old forge is Robert Al- corn. Joseph Poulson occupies another blacksmith- shop of later erection. TOWNSHIP OF OLDMAN'S. 445 A coal-yard is kept by John Sivel, who contem- plates the early establishment of a brick-kiln. Dur- ing the season two tugs ply between Auburn and Philadelphia, employed in the shipment of produce. Fedricktown Station. — This is a hamlet near Ped- ricktown, on the Delaware Shore Railroad, which has grown to its present proportions since the construc- tion of the railway mentioned. It contains a depot, a store and restaurant, kept by Samuel L. Pedrick, and the grain and sweet potato warehouse of John Burk, who does an extensive business. Ferkintown. — Perkintown is a hamlet lying south of Fedricktown, and contains only a few houses. For- merly there was a church here, which was converted into a school-house. The residents are farmers. Five Foints. — This is the name of a hamlet at the intersection of several roscds just beyond the western limits of Pedricktown. It contains a church, a school- house, and several dwellings. Industrial, — The energies and capital of the citi- zens of Oldman's are mostly invested in the cultiva- tion of grain, fruit, and garden produce, and as an agricultural township it takes high rank. In various parts of the township are sundry black- smiths' and wheelwrights' shops, mentioned else- where. Formerly lumbering and a trade in wood was carried on to some little extent. The most extensive business conducted within the township borders is that of Messrs. William Justice & Sons, of Pedricktown, manufacturers of flour and feed, dealers in grain, coal, lumber, and hardware, shippers of sweet potatoes and other produce, and agents for the sale of guanos, super-phosphate, and crude fish. This firm handles about twenty-two thou- sand barrels of sweet potatoes, and grinds about twelve thousand five hundred bushels of wheat and about the same amount of corn yearly, doing an an- nual business of one hundred and forty thousand dol- lars. The grist-mill now the property of this firm was built by William H. Pedrick in 1849, and owned by William H. Pedrick and by Justice & Pedrick until 1860. It has since been owned by William Justice & Co., 1860-64 ; Justice, Diament & Co., 1864^65 ; J. H. Diament & Co, 1865-66; Justice & Vanderbilt, 1866-67 ; William Justice, 1867-71 ; William Justice & Son, 1871-79; William Justice & Sons, 1879-82. A change of the mill by the introduction of rollers, now contracted for, will increase its capacity to one hundred barrels of flour and feed each per diem. CHUEOH HISTORY.! Friends' Meeting.— The Friends early worshiped at Pedricktown, in the school-house, which was re- moved, and the present frame meeting-house built about 1812. The upper part of the building was added about 1859. • For reference to early Baptist interests in Oldman's, see history of the PittsgroTe Baptist Church. This society is connected with the Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting. Priscilla Lippincott, of Auburn, preaches every First Day, and a Monthly Meeting is held on the first Sunday of each month. Among the early Quaker families in this vicinity the Pedricks, Somerses, Eidgways, Erwins, Hahnses, Greens, Goodwins, Snodens, Kirbys, Perkinses, and others were prominent, and the Hugheses and Owenses, from Gloucester County, were early attendants. The Former Church at Ferkintown. — The his- tory of Methodism in Perkintown is the history of what a single earnest effort may do. In 1792, Ben- jamin Abbott and David Bartine traveled Salem Cir- cuit. Mr. Abbott was invited to preach in a log house, the home of John Strimple, about half a mile from the present school-house. In the " Life of the Rev. Benjamin Abbott" we find the following: "An appointment had been made in Upper Penn's Neck by John Ffirth, at the house of John Strimple, a neighborhood famous for vice and immorality, where they had no regular preach- ing nearer than ten or twelve miles. I was informed that when this appointment was made there were some persons present who were nearly men and women grown who had never heard a gospel sermon. When the day came John Ffirth met me at Murphey's Church. We set ofi', and on my way thither my mind was solemnly impressed with these words, ' I have a message from God unto thee' (Judges iii. 20). We went to William Barber's, where we dined. When we arrived at the place we found a large con- gregation assembled; for, in consequence of the nov- elty of a Methodist meeting, and the talk of an in- tended interruption by dissolute persona, the people had generally got together." The leader of a rude band had anchored his vessel in the Delaware, in order to attend this meeting, and had sworn that he never meant to weigh anchor again until he had driven every Methodist out of the Neck. He was there with his company prepared for fight. Mrs. Hews, an old Quaker woman, encouraged Mr. Abbott not to be afraid. He poured out the terrors of the law upon him, until he was glad to get out of the house. As he passed out a Quaker gentleman said to him, "Thou hast met with thy match." Mr. Ab- bott says, " While I was praying for him God con- vinced a woman of sin, and with her husband joined society. Blessed be God, notwithstanding all the malice of men and devils, we had a solemn and prof- itable time. Soon after a society was formed, and they became a precious people." Some years after the organization of the society a frame building was erected to accommodate the people. In 1832 the present brick building was built. Perkintown was once the centre of Methodism for miles around, as there was no Methodist Church near. Churches springing up at the surrounding, centres of population — Auburn, Penn's Grove, and Pedricktown — drew so heavily upon this society as 446 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. to completely exhaust it, and in 1866 it ceased to be a regular preaching-place, and the church was con- verted into a school-house. Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Clinrcli, Auburn. — The present building, called New Ebenezer Church, was built in 1842. The old Ebenezer Church stood just over Oldman's Creek, in Gloucester County, and had stood there and was used as a house of worship for nearly half a century, but was demolished when the present one was built. The society at Auburn was organized nearly eighty years ago. This and " Old Pilesgrove," three miles below, were the only preaching-places in all this sec- tion of country. Auburn was originally an appointment on what was called Bridgeport Circuit of the New Jersey Con- ference, and was supplied with preachers from the Methodist Episcopal Conference General. Two mar- ried men were sent, one living at Bridgeport and the other at Auburn. Among early pastors were 8. Y. Monroe, D.D., afterwards a presiding elder and secretary of the Church Extension Society of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, who was killed on the cars between New- ark and Jersey City in 1866 ; Rev. 8. E. Post, who was presiding elder on the Camden District, 1877-81 ; Rev. J. S. Heisler, who was presiding elder on the Bridgeport District, 1874r-78 ; Rev. J. I. Corson, Rev. J. C. Summerell (deceased), Rev. G. H. TuUis, Rev. S. M. Hudson, Rev. James Vansant, and Rev. Edwin Waters. In 1864 Auburn was made an independent station, with Rev. Joseph L. Roe as pastor. His successors have been Revs. P. Y. Calder, G. W. Dobbins, 8. 8. Bellville, N. MacNichol, 8. H. Asay, Firman Robbins, and the present pastor, J. P. Connelly. 8ome of the original members were Elias Jester and wife, James and 8arah Hoffman, John and Eliza- beth Butcher, Malachi Horner, Sr., and wife, Joseph Humphreys, Sr., Benjamin Heritage, and Jonathan Matson, all deceased. Rev. Jonas, for several years a traveling preacher, but now dead, was a member and local preacher here ; also Rev. Jesse T. Humphreys, now a traveling preacher in New York. S. T. Horner, now a travel- ing preacher in Minnesota, was a member of this so- ciety also. Some of its early members still living are Elisha Horner, Joseph E. Roberts, of Camden, and Malachi Horner and wife. The present officers are Enoch Shinn, local preacher ; trustees, Malachi Horner, Joseph L. Horner, Elias Horner, J. M. Given, S. H. Given, A. N. Curry, B. W. Cheesman ; class-leaders, John M. Given and Malachi Horner, Sr. The membership is eighty. The Sunday-school has thirteen officers and teachers, and seventy-five scholars. Jonathan Matson was superintendent many years, and latterly Rev. E. Shinn, but at present Elias Horner is in charge of the school. Fedricktown Methodist Episcopal Church.— The house of worship of this society was built in 1860. There had been services in the school-house twenty-five or thirty years previous to this time. Ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church came and preached once in two weeks. The people gen- erally went to worship at the Methodist Episcopal Churches at Perkintown and Centre Square. Up to the year 1865 the Methodist Episcopal Church of Pedricktown formed a part of Auburn Circuit. In the same year Pedricktown and Centre Square were organ- ized into a charge, and they continue thus. At the time of the creation of the church Rev. Samuel Hud- son was pastor. His successors have been as follows: Revs. M. C. Stokes, 1865-67; J. J. Graw, 1868-69; Noah Edwards, 1870-72 ; James Moore, 1873 ; Jacob Price, 1874r-76 ; George Hitchens, 1877 ; James Van- sant, 1878-79; John Morris, 1880-81; John Wagg, 1882. During the pastorate of Rev. M. C. Stokes the parsonage was built, which has been occupied by the successive pastors since. First German Baptist Church of Fedricktown. — A Sunday-school was organized among the German residents at and near Pedricktown in 1856, and in 1859 a church under the above name was formed, and a small frame house of worship was erected at Five Points, all under the ministrations of Rev. Casper Schlag. The constituent members of the society were Caspar Schlag, Barbara Schlag, Jacob Hees, Matteus Schneider, Eseiptina Schneider, John Herti, Jacob Schleich, Dorothe Schleich, and John Schafer. The first trustees were Caspar Schlag, John Herti, John Schafer, Jacob Schleich, and Jacob Hees. Rev. Mr. Schlag has been pastor since the organization of the church. The present membership is thirty-one. Methodist Frotestant Church, Fedricktown.— A Methodist Protestant Society was organized at Pedricktown, and twenty years or longer ago a house of worship was built, which was dedicated by Rev. Thomas H. Stockton. This is a station on the Bridge- port and Pedricktown charge, which formerly in- cluded Penn's Grove. Among pastors of a compara- tively recent date have been Revs. J. W. Laughlin and Isaac McDowell. During the past year the pul- pit has not been regularly filled. Fublic Schools, — This township is divided into five school districts known as Districts Nos. 44, Auburn ; 45, Pedricktown ; 46, Literary ; 47, Brick ; 53, Per- kintown. The schools are well kept and fairly attended, and take rank with the best in other similar townships. Burial-Flaces. — The earliest burials in this town- ship were made on the farms of the settlers. There are two public burying-grounds. One of these is the Methodist churchyard at Pedricktown ; the other is located in the southern part of the township. That at Pedricktown contains some early graves. The other is not large, but holds the remains of some who died in that section years ago. TOWNSHIP OF PILESGKOVE. 447 SOOIBTIES. Winona Lodge, No. 131, 1. 0. 0. F., of Pedrick- town, was instituted Sept. 29, 1868, with the follow- ing-named charter members: Benjamin F. Straughn, Jonathan H. Bradway, James P. Stanton, Charles O. Pedrick, David Kille, and Thomas H. Robinson. The first officers were Benjamin F. Straughn, N. G. ; T. H. Robinson, V. G. ; Charles O. Pedrick, Sec. ; J. H. Bradway, Treas. The successive Noble Grands have been as follows: T. H. Robinson, R. S. Pedrick, Edward Urion, J. H. Bradway, Charles O. Pedrick, S. M. Layman, David Kille, W. L. Justice, S. M. Hunt, C. C. Barber, Joseph E. Pedrick, George R. Myers, W. Hewett, H. C. Springer, S. Sparks, J. Cor- son, J. W. Norton, J. K. Justice, William F. Hunt, S. M. Hunt, N. N. Jordan, J. B. Ware, A. Stetser, James Sweeten, Martin Carney. In September, 1882, the officers were as follows : .T. B. Ware, N. G. ; C. P. Corson, V. G. ; T. H. Robinson, Sec. ; E. Urion, Treas. Meetings are held on Tuesday evenings each week. Logan Tribe, No. 37, 1. 0. R. M., was instituted at Pedricktown, Feb. 28, 1873, with the following charter members : C. O. Pedrick, David Kille, C. T. Shinn, J. W. Norton, William H. Park, Charles Pedrick, C. Munion, Asa Pedrick, O. T. Justice, S. R. Justice, S. M. Layman. C. O. Pedrick was chosen Sachem ; S. R. Justice, S. S. ; O. T. Justice, T. S. ; C. F. Shinn, C. of R. ; N. N. Jordan, K. of W. ; and J. W. Norton, P. The successive presiding officers have been 0. T. Justice, William H. Park, S. M. Layman, C. C. Bar- ber, C. F. Shinn, David Kille, G. W. Jordan, H. T. Gruff, I. Harbert, Thomas Roberts, E. L. James, M. Gaventa, and R. C. Troll. The tribe numbered thirty- three members in the fall of 1882, and meetings were held regularly, Thursday evenings, in Odd-Fellows' Hall. CHAPTER LXXL TOWNSHIP OF PILESGROVE.' Situation and Boundaries. — Pilesgrove is one of the northern tier of townships in Salem County, and is bounded on the north by parts of Woolwich and Harrison townships (Gloucester Co.), on the east by Upper Pittsgrove, on the south by Upper Alloways and Mannington, and on the west by Upper Penn's Neck and Oldman's. Descriptive. — This township is centrally distant northeast from Salem ten miles. It is about eight miles long and about five miles broad, containing an area of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four acres. The surface is level, the soil a rich, clayey loam, is very productive of wheat, oats, I By M. 0. Bolfe. corn, and rye. Here and there are valuable deposits of marl, which is extensively employed as a fertilizer in various parts of the county. There is probably less than a thousand acres of unimproved land in the township. The farms number two hundred and forty. Oldman's Creek flows along the northern border of Pilesgrove, dividing it from Gloucester County, and Salem Creek has its source in the eastern part, where it is formed by the confluence of several small streams, and pursues a southwesterly course through Woods- town and Sharptown, affording good water-power at those and other localities, receiving Nekomis Run and other minor streams from the south and north. Pilesgrove has a population of three thousand four hundred and ninety-eight. Its people are thrifty and enterprising, education and religion are well advanced, and, socially and politically, this is one of the most im- portant townships in the county. The township is abundantly provided with well- kept and much-traveled roads, and the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad crosses its southeast corner, with a station at Yorketown, affording a con- venient shipping-point for produce, and placing Piles- grove and contiguous townships in more direct com- munication with the outside world than many other portions of the county. In 1881 the assessed valuation of real estate in Pilesgrove was $1,824,750, and the personal property was assessed at $1,195,050, showing it to be the wealthiest township in the county, the city of Salem only surpassing it in its property valuation. Its total indebtedness was $684,200, the number of its voters 873, its poll-tax $761, its school tax $5905, and its county tax $5601. Settlement.^ — Pilesgrove originally contained eighty-four thousand acres, and it was reduced in area by the formation of Pittsgrove, about the time of the Revolution. It derived its name from Thomas Pile, an eminent Friend, who purchased ten thousand acres there, as early as 1676, through his friend, Rich- ard Guy, a pioneer in Elsinboro. The following is the receipt of John Fenwick, given in this transaction. It is quaint and curious and of much historical interest: "Received, the one and thirtieth day of the month, called May, One thousand, six hundred and seventy-five, of and from Richard Guy, of the Parish of Stepney, alias Stebunheath, in the county of Middlesex, Cheesemonger, the full sum of fifty pounds Sterling, wliich is the same sum of fifty pounds mentioned and expressed in a certain Deed Poll bearing even date herewith, and made from me, John Fenwick, late of Binfield, in the county of Berks, within the kingdom of England, Es- quire, and chief proprietor of the one moyetie or halfe parts of the Ti-act of Land within the Province of New Ca^aria, or New Jersey, in America, to the said Richard Guy. "By me, Fenwick. Witnesseth present, " Peter Hoff. Edward Wade. Samuel Nicholson. Thomas Anderson. Richard Morgan. Edmund Warner. John Smith. Richard Noble. Edward Champney. James Garfiidser." 2 Portions of this sketch were contributed by Thomas Shourds, Esq. 448 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. This land was surveyed by Eichard Noble in 1676. Thomas Pile is described as " a citizen and up- holsterer of the city of London." He soon came to America and located upon his purchase. It does not appear that he had any sons, but he had three daugh- ters, one of whom, Elizabeth, married Judge William Hall, of Salem, in 1688. It is thought he died before 1690, his name not being mentioned in the records of any transaction after that .date. It is believed Wil- liam Hall came into possession of considerable prop- erty by his wife, some of it, doubtless, lying in Piles- grove. About 1730, Isaac Sharp emigrated from Ireland to America, and took possession of six hundred acres of land at Blessington, now called Sharpstown, which had been settled on him by his father. He brought the frame of his house from Ireland. The site where he erected it is known to this day among old residents of the township as " The Park," and is located on the farm of Joseph Kobinson. He had a birthright in the Society of Friends, and was a member as long as he lived. He is thought to have died prior to 1770. In 1741 he was appointed judge of the court of Salem County by George II. The following is a copy of his commission : " George the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, and to our trusty and well- beloved Isaac Sharp, Esq., Greeting: We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your integrity, prudence, and ability, have assigned, con- stituted, and appointed, and we do by these presents assign, constitute, and appoint you, the said Isaac Sharp, to be our oiScer, Judge of Infe- rior Court of Common Fleas, to be held in and for our county of Salem, in our Province of New Jersey, giving and hereby granting to you, the said Isaac Sharp, lull power and authority to exercise all power and jurisdiction belonging to the said Court, and to hear, try, and deter- mine all causes and quarrels which is recognizable in our said Court, and to award execution thereon accordingly. In testimony whereof we have caused the Great Seal of our Province of New Jersey to be here- unto affixed. Witness our trusty and well-beloved Lewis Morris, Esq., Captain General and Governor-in-Chief over our said Province of Nova Ces'area, or New Jersey, and the territories thereon depending in America, and Vice Admiral in the same, and at our city of Perth Amboy, the sixteenth day of August, in the eighteenth year of our r6ign, Anno Domini 1741. " Holme." "Anthony, the youngest son of Isaac Sharp, of Sharptown, espoused the part of the patriots during the Revolutionary struggle. He lay concealed in the barn while the British were in the neighborhood of his house, and Samuel Humphreysj the progenitor of the present family of Humphreys, then a small boy, carried provisions to him in his place of refuge. He, however, emerged from his retreat, and went with Dr. Ebenezer Elmer (the father of Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, of Bridgeton) to Fort Ticonderoga, to partici- pate in the engagements on the frontier. It was here that, although a Quaker, he attained the rank of col- onel in the army ; and his name now stands coupled with the above grade on the roster of the officers of the American forces. When driven from their home, the silver plate and other valuables of the Sharps of Sharptown were conveyed across the Delaware Eiver to their relatives, the Delaneys, who resided at Wilmington, Del. The man who rowed the boat was named Jonas Keen, and he related the circumstance on his death-bed as one that had made a deep impres- sion on his memory. He lived to the very advanced age of ninety years, and has descendants now re- siding in Salem."' Edward Sharp, Isaac the emigrant's second son, married Martha, daughter of Col. Mark Thompson, of Gloucester County, of Revolutionary memory. The family of Jacob Thompson Sharp, M.D., formerly of Salem, are the only surviving representatives of the family of Isaac Sharp, all of whose children, except Edward, Dr. Sharp's father, died without issue. Dr. Edward S. Sharp, of Salem, is a son of Dr. Jacob Thompson Sharp. Isaac Sharp's younger brother, Joseph, also lived at Sharptown, and perhaps came to America with or soon after his brother. By his will, made in 1734, Isaac Sharp first gave to his sons, Isaac and Joseph, all his remaining lands in West Jersey. William Sharp, the younger brother of Anthony Sharp, father of Isaac, was born in Gloucester, Eng- land, and married a woman named Covert, and had a son Thomas, who came to America. To this nephew, in consideration of the latter looking after his estate in New Jersey, Anthony granted one thousand acres of land, of which the Salem County almshouse farm is a part, some years before the opening of the eigh- teenth century. Isaac Sharp, son of Thomas, built, early in the last century, a large brick dwelling, which is still to be seen in good repair on the farm of Wil- liam Austin. The remains of a large deer park, simi- lar to that of Isaac Sharp, of Sharptown, is visible in the vicinity of the old mansion mentioned. This Isaac Sharp was an active member of the Salem Friends' Meeting, and one of the justices of the Salem Court, 1709-39. His descendants are not numerous, and it is a fact worthy of note that no part of the large landed property of the Sharps is at this time owned by any of their descendants. Jacob, son of Restore and Hannah Lippincott, lo- cated in Pilesgrove,- where many of their descendants are now living. In this township live also many de- scendants of Samuel Lippincott, a " public Friend," a son of Freedom and a grandson of Richard Lippin- cott, who is thought to have been the pioneer in America of that family. Samuel Lippincott was a well-known citizen as early as 1725. Joseph Coles settled on a farm near Richman's Mills, lived there, and reared a family, which has grown to be very numerous in the township. John Davis emigrated from Wales, and settled on Long Island. He belonged to the sect called " Sing- ing Quakers," worshiped daily on a stump, and was very pious and consistent. He lived to the age of one hundred years. About 1705, some years before his death, he moved with his family to Pilesgrove 1 History of Fenwick's Colony, pp. 246, 247 : Shourds. TOWNSHIP OF PILESGROVE. 449 township, where Woodstown now is. His eldest son, Isaac, came to New Jersey first, John soon after with his family. David, the son of Isaac, became promi- nent, and his descendants are the most numerous. He was appointed by the Legislature a justice of the peace, and subsequently was judge of the Salem County courts. He was one of the four Friends who assisted in organizing the Pilesgrove Meeting, about 1724 or 1725, previous to which time Friends in Pilesgrove were members of the Salem Meeting. At the time of his death he was sixty years old. His residence was in Pilesgrove, where he owned consid- erable property. Samuel Carpenter, of Philadelphia, bought one thousand acres of land in Pilesgrove, and sold a por- tion of it to John Wood, of Woodbury, who left it to his son, Jaconias Wood, the reputed founder of Woodstown, where it is said he built the first house. The Barnes family was an ancient one, and it num- bers extensive landholders in Pilesgrove. Elisha Bassett, son of William Bassett, came with his father from Boston in 1691, and bought a farm near Woodstown, on which he lived until his death, at the advanced age of one hundred and one. Samuel Ogden purchased a farm near Woodstown, on which he and his wife ended their days, she in 1819, aged sixty-six, he in 1821, aged about seventy- six. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in 1684, two brothers, named Zaccheus and Thomas Dunn, thought to have been natives of Alsace or Lorraine, came to America with other Huguenots, seeking protection in fiight from religious persecu- tion, and Zaccheus Dunn settled in the upper part of Pilesgrove. He had a son Zaccheus, who was born in 1698. Seven of his children married and reared families. ^ David Bacon, a bachelor, and formerly a merchant in Salem, was a son of John and Elizabeth Bacon, of Cohansey, and was born in the first third of the last century. He removed to Woodstown, and ended his days there, leaving a legacy to Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting with which to erect the school-house now known by his name. One of the most prominent families that have fig- ured in the history of the northern part of Salem County during the past one hundred and fifty years or more is that of the Richmana, now very numer- ous, and for the most part well-to-do and highly re- spected. The progenitor was John Richman, a native of Germany, who emigrated to this country at an early day. He located in Pilesgrove township, and followed the milling business during his lifetime, leaving his property to his sons, Isaac and Abraham, the grandfathers of the older Richmans now living. Abraham and John Richman were long prominently identified with the leading interests of the township, especially that portion contiguous to Richman's mills, which were erected by them in 1833. 29 During the period from 1800 to 1830 the following- named families were prominent in Pilesgrove: Autrim. Allen. Alston. Ale. Alderman. Avis. Bortou. Bishop. Biick. Bilderback. Bnllinger. Barnes. Borden. Cailhopper. Caw ley. Cook. Conover. Carey. Casper. Cole. Clark. Coots, Conklin. Davis. Dickinson. Dare. Duell. Dickson. Dean. Engle. Evans. Elwell. Fithian. Gordon. Gray. Gardiner. Humphreys. Horner. Hewitt. Hunt Ivins. Johnson. Kniaell. Kiger, Lippincott, Lowrie. McCallister. Morgan. Moore. May hew. Miller. Null. Nixon. Pierson. Peterson. Pyle. Prickett. Fissant. Peak. Fancoast. Riley. Bisley. Richman. Robbins. Root. Ridge way . ShuU. Scull. Smith. Taylor. Torton. Tits worth. Titemary. Vernon. U lings. Yarrow. Yard ley. Woolman. Waters. Wood. White. The following will be found interesting as showing who were the male adult citizens of Pilesgrove thirty- six years ago : " Names of voters at an election held in the township of PilesgroTe, in the county of Salem, on the 3d day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, for a Member of Con- gress, Member of the General Assembly, Sheriff, and three Coroners : John D. Smith. L. D. Love. Morris Elwell. Richard Turner. William McAltioner. Israel R. Clawson. Samuel Headley. Benjamin Wright. Jarvis Lewis. Joshua Madara. Hosea Fithian, M.D. James M. Reed. George Davis. John Dickinson, Esq. John H. Lippincott. Israel Hewitt. Robert Hewitt. Job Kirby. John J. Dickinson. John T. Allen. John Harris, Sr. David Jess. Lemuel Daugherty. Samnel Somers. Abb Birdsal. George R. Watson. William Richman. Clark Pierce. N. H. Brown. Jonathan Riley. Smith Dare. Charles T. Haines. James Paucoast. John Buran William L. Hampton. Stacy Peterson. Samuel Jaquetto. George Peterson. James P. Price. Henry H. Hewitt. Lewis Mulford. Eoblhson Conklin. Matthew Bipper. Joseph L. Risley. Charles Jordan. James R. Thompson. 450 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. John Costill. John Wallace, Jr. David S. Austin. John Butcher. David Banks, Thomas Lippincott. Joseph Hofl'man. William M. Oawley. Joseph Ezmore. Winlock C. Latchem. W. S.ClawBon. Eval Bichman. Thomas Dolbow. William Riley. Thomas Lamb. Joseph B. Smith. Samuel Humphreys. Samuel Seagraves, Joseph UriOD, Sr. Ephraim Moore. David Gosling. Allen Wallace. Thomas Edwards. Samuel Headly, Jr. R. Davis. Ephraim S. Coles. Smith Hewitt. John P. Adams. Monies Rich man. Samuel Dickinson. Martin Carney. Job Ridgway. Thomas Eao£h. Silah High. Joseph Urion, Jr. James Matlock. Robert C. Pedrick. David Daviti. Edward Clark. Jonathan Dickinson. Joseph Robinson. Abram Woolman, Joseph Bai'nes. John Carter. Andrew Peck. James Jess. Nathan Taylor. Moses Keen. A. B. Wood. G. W. Barton. William Nelson, Jr. Elias Stiles. Josiah Davis. Joseph K. Riley, Jacob C. Davis. William Nelson, Sr. James H. White. Samuel Lippincott, Nathaniel Bobbins. Samuel Madara. William Harmer. Amasa Gamble. Joseph Morgan. James Lowrie. Josiah Fox. Joseph Matlock, Jr. Isaiah R. Flltcraft. Oliver Riley. Henry Gardiner. Henry Riley. Samuel Mayhew. Jacob Davis. Setli Holston, Charles Swing. Albirlus Somers. Philip Haines. Edward Fisher, John Bacon. Ira Ale. Isaac Abbott. Samuel Morris. D. Baker. ' John Cook. Morris Peak. David Brooks. William H. Murphy. John A. Carman. Nicholas Hiles. William C. Nicholas. John P. Harker. Samuel M. Coles. Samuel Morgan. Andrew Dixon. Charles Clark. James Titus. William Coles. Thomas Coles. Samuel C. Stratton. Thomas Stratton. Isaac Shute. Richard Matlock. Mark Scull. William Stratton, Jr. William Sickler. David Hannahs. Daniel Keen. Jacob Banks. Jacob Nelson. Daniel Ware. Richard Gordon. Moses Ale. Benjamin Abbott. Samuel Duell. J. W. Richman. Michael Mull. John Hewitt. Joseph Heritage. Richard Barnes. H. McAllister. John Hiles. John T. Richman. Malacha Horner. Joseph Cawley. Israel Applegate. John Crispin. Bartholomew Coles. John P. Porch, Clement Willitts. Joshua Lippincott. Amos Peterson. Josiah Duflfold. Joseph Horner. Samuel Goforth. M. D. Dickinson. John Jess. John S. Fry, Stephen Murphy. Allen Moore. Joseph Turner, Geoi'ge Coats. John Keeper. Eli Kirby. Charles String. Josiah Crispin. William Miller. William Prickett. John Carney. Samuel Carney. Page Crispin. Chaius Haines. Joseph Coles, Jr. Uz Coles. Ananias Keen, Samuel H. White. ^Richard Mulford. Smith Tomlinson. Thomas Mullica. Lemuel Butler. William H. Reed. Samuel Timberman. George Null. Joseph B. Hunt. John Hunt. Ephraim Waters. Isaiah D. Clawson. Lorenzo C. Keen. James Curry. James McAllister. J. Matthias Moore. Job Prickett. Charles Sealey. Joseph Matlock, Sr. Ezekiel Rose, Sr. John Powner. John Winsor. James Abbott. H. Whitaker. John Fox. John Riley. James Banks. Jeeae Winsor, Samuel Hillmau. James Sayers. Adam Moncriff. David Paulin. Reeves S. S. Dyer. Joseph Peterson. R. Dickinson. Barkley Edwards. Joseph L. Duel]. Robert Hewitt, Jr. Samuel Borton. William Lippincott. William Sanford. Samuel Wible. William Morris. David C. Pancoast. Joseph J. Rowe. Levi Eldridge, Samuel Ernest. James W. Wiess. Henry Wiley. Charles McAllister. Samuel White (2d). Nathaniel Serrance. Joseph Humphreys. Thomas McAllister, John D. Price. Isaac Hurf, David Applegate. Isaiah W. Richman. Bartholomew Cole. Aaron Edwards. Chalkley Coles. Milton Mattson. Robert Mount. John Dure. Josiah Engle. James Tufrey. Jacob T.ay!or. Enoch Boon. Abram Lawrence, Daniel Lawrence. James Grinor. John Gosling. Benjamin Hiles. Richard Kirby. Charles Loudenslager. Jacob H. Davis. Thomas Bend. Thomas L. Petereou. David Fries. Eliaha Conover. Joseph P. Armstrong. Edward Haines. John Fogg, Samuel Moore. Silas D. Tinker, 3. M, Lippincott, S, H. Bradway, Charles Costill. James Brooks. Edward Pancoast, Matthew Morrison. A. C. Richman. Benjamin Vincent. Hugh Grimsbaw, Matthias R. Miller. Charles Baker. Willard Jones. Thomas McAllister, Jr. James Shinn. Joseph Madara. Anderson Seagraves. John Layton. Isaac Scull. Charles Pancoast. Jacob Keeper. John L. Johnson. George Clark, Amos Busby. Aaron Luallen. Elijah Horner. Jehu Allen. John Ogden. Joseph Engle. Clement Padgeth. Ben Morgan, N. Y. Lippincott. William Pancoast. Bolt Butes. William Harker. Michael Allen. William Parker. Thompson R. Allen. Abner LaOroy, Elias Mattson. John Hubs. Charles Cailhopper. William Austin. Isaac White. Michael Jenkins. E. K. Cole. Richard Gosling. Samuel Rose. William Borton, Isaac Flitcraft. James Robins. Isaac Richman, Thomas Keen. Joshua Lippincott. Samuel Plummer. Thomas Ale. Joseph Coles, Sr. Norton Moore. Charles Kirby. John W. Clark. William G. Lacy. Matthew Elwell. Isaac Ballinger. Jeremiah Sayres. S. P. Paul, Thomas Haines. Elisha Wallace. Isaac James. James B, Heritage, Noah Uriun. Josiah Shute. TOWNSHIP OF PILESGKOVE. 451 Jacob Hunt, M.D. Edward B. Knight. William Blaclc. Daniel Adams. Stephen Jess. Charles Green. William W. Redrow. Anthony Beeves. BeDJamin Stinger. John Riden. Samnel Ayers. Peter Conover. William M. Earnest. Joseph Barker. Richard Vinson. Cooper Fisher. Clarence D. Mayhew. William Bradway. Albert Yanmeter. Jacob Hooven. Elam Hitchner. James Woolman. Oakford Nixon. Asahel Borton. Richard Lacy. Thomas R. Adams. Edwin Royal. John Cawley. James T. Grenilds. Thomas Barber, Jr. Joseph Dare. John Woolman. Joseph T. Coles. James Davis. Samuel Dickinson. William Moore. Denns Peterson. Smith Simkins. John Stanlcup. Samuel Pancoast. Thomas Morris. Israel Kirkbride. Samuel White. Samuel Brooks. Ezekiel Rose, Jr. Joseph Reeves. Thomas Brown. Reuben Mi riot. William Peterson. Eben Reeves. David Edwards. Maxon Sims. EnOB Davis. Joseph I. Clark. Andrew Thompson. Jones Hiles. William Hall. Gideon Largfry. E, R. Bullock. Joseph L. Richman. John McAltioner. Benjamin Fish. Samuel Ballinger. James Robinson. Robert P. Robinson. Henry Kiger. Hedge Sims. Maskell Reed. Josiah Ballinger. A. W. Wood. William Pedrick. J. C. Weatherby. Benjamin Elwell. William English. Francis Dimon. E. I. Bennett. Newcomb Daniels. Samuel Johnson, Sr. Joseph B. Hiles. William Rambo. David Carney. William White, Jr. Albert Mattson. P. D. Park. " The poll closed precisely at 7 o'clock p.m., and the whole number of votes polled is four hundred and thirty-eight votes. (Signed) "Jonathan Cawley, Judge. "Thomas Lippincott. " John Woolman. " Attest : James T. Grenilds, Clerk. " Of the above list of voters one hundred and ninety-six are now deceased." Organization. — Pilesgrove was one of the original townships of Salem County, and was named, as be- fore stated, in honor of Thomas Pile (or Pyle). Its area was early greatly reduced by the organization of Pittsgrove from its territory. Civil List.— Owing to the absence of early records the historian is not able to compile a civil list of this township for years previous to 1848. The following is as complete as it has been found possible to make it since the year mentioned : 1850,1862-57,1865-71. William M. Cawley. 1861. William S. Clawson. 1868-64. Mahlon D. Dickinson. CLERKS. 1872-76. James R. Riley. 1876-79. John W. Lippincott. 1880. J. M, C. Richman. 1881-82. Charles F. Pancoast. 1848-50. W.D. Clawson. 1848-51. Robert P. Robinson. 1851. Isaiah D. Clawson. ^852. Henry Richman. CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. 1852-54. Bwalt Richman. 1863-67. Samuel Morris. 1855-56. Joseph Reeves. 1867. Allen Wallace. 1868-60. Ephraim S. Coles. 1858-69. James C. Pancoast. 1800-64. Robert P. Robinson. 1861-63. Samuel Borton. 1862. John Hunt. 1864, 1866. Barclay Edwards. 1866. Paul Jaquette. 1866. James M. Seagreave. 1866-68. John H. Lippincott. 1867-70. Richman Coles. 1869-73. Samuel M. Lippincott. 1874-80. Horatio J. Stow. 1881-82. Charles B. Humphreys. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1850. R. C. Pedrick. 1860. Joseph Harker. 1850. David M. Baker. 1860. Isaac Shute. 1854. Abraham E. Richman. 1870-75. John Holmes. 1870-75. Samuel Humphreys. 1870. Asa Beeves. 1874. Richard F. Turner. 1876. James A. Riley. 1876-76. Edmund Royal. 1879. Jonathan P. Cawley. 1880. John Holmes. 1881. Hughes Crispin. 1881. John W. Goforth. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1850. Joseph Turner. 1850-62. Edward Haines. 1850. Richman Dickinson. 1861-54,1867,1872-73. Jonathan P. Cawley. 1861-62. William Austin. 1866-58. Joseph Reeve. 1859-62. Thomas R. Coles. 1863-64, 1866, 1876-82. Samuel M. Lippincott 1863-64, 1866-70, 1872. Robert Hew- itt, Jr. 1864, 1866-70, 1872. Ephraim S. Coles. 1866. William R. Freas. 1865. Powell Smith. 1865. John Casperson. 1869-70, 1872-74. Samuel Borton. 1873-74. Henry Richman. 1875-78. Barclay Edwards. 1879-82. Theodore Helton. 1860-.51. William Nelson. 1860. James M. Reed. 1862-56. Thomas Long. 1867-58. George Watson. 1S59. Benjamin Abbott. 1860. John H. Brandiff. CONSTABLES. 1862-74. Charles F. Groft. 1872. Thomas B. Parker. 1873-81. Isaac Conover. 1875-78. George W. Barton. 1879. Henry Gardner. 1880. Charles Avis. 1861. William B. Boultinghouse. 1881. Charles B. Robinson TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1850. Joseph Barnes. 1860. James Woolman. 1850-61. Joseph Harker. 1860-51. Henry Richman. 1860-61. William Sandford. 1851-65. James Lawrie. 1851. John R. Lippincott. 1852-56. Jonathan Cawley. 1852. Michael Null. 1862-68. William S. Clawson. 1852-66. Ephraim S.Coles. 1853. A. Hillman. 1864-56. Alward W. Hillman. 1866. Charles Cailhopper. 1856-58, 1863. Charles Clark. 1866-68. William Austin. 1856. Edward B. Humphreys. 1867-68. David Colson. 1867-59. Joseph K. Riley. 1869-60, 1876-82. R. Hewitt, Jr. 1869, 1864. Eli Kirby. 1869. William M. Cawley. 1861-62. Amos Strang. 1859. Oliver Riley. 1860-62. John W. Dickinson. 1861-67,1869-75. Wm. Coles, Jr. 1860. David M. Davis. 1860. Thomas E. Coles. 1860-61. Josiah M. Humphreys. 1862-63, 1865. William Hewitt. 1862. Uz Coles. 1863-64. D. C. Pancoast. 1853, 1864, 1866. Thos. Lippincott. 1864. Charles.B. Robinson. 1866-66. James D. Lawson. 1866, 1867-74. Isaac Scull. 1865-66. Asa Reeves. 1866-67. David M. Baker. 1867. Israel A. Hewitt. 1867. Isaac McAllister. 1868. William Moore. 1868. Ira Reeves. 1868, 1876-82. Samuel Borton. 1868. Lewis K. Van Hyst. 1869-72, 1874-76. James Abbott. 1869. Amos Buzby. 18G9. Gideon Layton. 1870. EncB Davis. 1870. Charles L. Spiinger. 1871-73. Lippincott Coles. 1871-73. Stacy F. Deacon. 1871-73. Charles P. Swing. 1873. Richard Kirby. 1874-77. Theodore Holton. 1875. William Clark. 1870-78. William Coles. 1876-78. Isaac J. Richman. 1878-80, Charles B. Humphreys. 1881-82. Charles Richman. JUDGES OP ELECTION. 1851-53, 1865-63. E. C. Pedrick. 1864. Peter Beckett. 1864-66, 1868-74. Isaac Scull. 1876-82. William H. Reed. 1877-82. Barclay Edwards. 452 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. SUEVEYORS OF HIGHWAYS. 1860. P. D. Park. ' 1860-66. Samuel S. Dean. 1850-59. William M. Oawley. j 1867-72. Kobert Hewitt, Jr. 1861-74. Morris Peak. i 1873-82. Jolin H. Wriggins. 1856. Josepli Reeve. i 1876-83. Hughes Crispin. 1860. John White. 1861-63, 1866-57. Mahlon D. Dick- inson. 1854-55. James M. Keed. 1868-60,1866-67. John W.Goforth. 1861-62. John Cook. COLLBOTORS. 1863-64. Charles G. Dickinson, 1868-70. John Borton. 1871-73. Isaac McAllister. 1874-77. Charles D. Coles. 1878-80. John H. Turner. 1881-82. George B. Grier. 1850-52. Kobert Vannenian. 1853-66, 1868. Thomas Long. 1857, 1859. Bphraim S. Coles. 1860-64. Smith Hewitt. ASSESSORS. 1866-66, 1868, 1872-78. Malllon D. Dickinson. 1869-71. Edward S. Davis. 1879-80. James S. Engles. 1881-82. J. M. C. Richman. ♦ TOWNSHIP SUPERINTENDENTS. 1860-65. James Lawrie. | 1860. David M. Davis. 1866-59. Joseph K. Riley. 1862-67. James Woolman. Public Schools. — The educational history of Piles- grove dates back to nearly the time of its settlement. Schools of a primitive kind were established by the pioneers soon after their arrival. They were taught in log houses, sometimes in residences, by the old- fashioned itinerant pedagogues, and if they were not as thorough and as systematic as the schools of today, they were of a character well calculated to sow the seeds of educational progress, which have since borne abundant fruitage. The " pay-school" system was early introduced as a means of general education, and in time, through the fostering influence of the school law of the State, the public school system of the present day developed itself. Districts were formed from time to time, each under the care of competent and duly-elected com- mitteemen, who in time gave place to the township superintendent, an office now some years extinct. The districts now number seven, known and num- bered as follows : 24, Laurel Hill ; 25, Sharptown ; 26, Woodstown ; 27, Eldridge's Hill ; 28, Friendship ; 29, Union Grove; 30, Morgan. Industrial. — The soil of Pilesgrove is of the first quality, and is cultivated by as progressive and intel- ligent, a class of farmers as are to be found in any section of New Jersey. This township was early noted for its productiveness in wheat, corn, oats, flax- seed, hay, and potatoes. All kinds of farm and gar- den produce are raised, and meet with ready and remunerative sale in the markets of South Jersey and Philadelphia. Lumbering was an early industry, and several saw- mills were built in various parts of the township. One of the earliest of these was that of Moses Rich- man, at Eichmanville, which was burned about sixty years ago. About 1829 a fulling-mill was built at Eichman- ville by Moses Richman. It was converted into a foundry about 1859, having been idle for about ten years previously, and the property having been sold to Iredell Butcher. The foundry went into disuse about twelve years ago. Abraham and John Richman built a grist-mill in 1836, which is known as "the Richman Mills." It is located near Eichmanville, and is owned by Abra- ham Richman, who has long leased it to different parties, among them Francis Diament, Isaac Dia- ment, and Jonathan Webster. The latter has oper- ated it during the past six years. Dickinson's mills, built by Dr. Thomas P. Dickin- son in 1852, and first run by Ephraim Cole, who has been in possession since that time, except during ten years, in the course of which it was at different times in the occupancy of William Filer, Barzillai Smith, and Albert Mounce. In 1873, Mr. Cole admitted a son to a partnership in the enterprise, and since that date the mill has been run by Ephraim Cole & Son. It is now owned by Joanna Dickinson, widow of the late Dr. Thomas P. Dickinson. By the side of this mill formerly stood a saw-mill, which was built long previously to the erection of the grist-mill, and was taken down nearly thirty years ago. On the same site was formerly a mill known as Davenport's mill, in honor of an owner of long ago. Asa Antrum and Samuel Dickinson later owned it, until the property passed into the hands of the late Dr. Thomas P. Dick- inson. The Oliphant mill, at Sharptown, was built by Dr. Sharp in 1847, and was first run by Smith Hewitt. Thomas Sparks, Richard Sutton, and Parvin Lloyd successively had possession until 1862, when Samuel Oliphant assumed control. In 1872 his son, Aaron M. Oliphant, became a partner in the business, which has since been conducted by S. & A. M. Oliphant. A foundry was early established at Eldredge's Hill by Edward Hanes, who was succeeded by his son, Thomas Hanes. During the past twenty-five years the business has been conducted by John Hanes, another son of its founder. Agricultural and mill machinery are manufactured here, and some engines have been made. A number of sloops for carrying cordwood were built at Sharptown between 1815 and 1830. Marl was discovered in the township about Woodstown and elsewhere and used as a fertilizer as early as 1820. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. The Borough of Woodstown. — Woodstown bor- ough is pleasantly located near the head-waters of Salem Creek, nine miles from Salem, about twenty- five miles from Philadelphia, and fifty-five miles from Trenton, and has only recently been separated from Pilesgrove. Around about it lies the richest agricul- tural section of Salem County. Its business is large, and is drawn mostly from the upper portion of Salem and the lower section of Gloucester Counties, and is chiefly limited to mercantile trade. Few towns are more invitingly built, the residences being, as a rule, attractive, and many of them surrounded by large TOWNSHIP OF PILESGROVE. 453 lawns. During the past few years this place has been brought into considerable prominence through the excellent and interesting fairs held there by the " West Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Asso- ciation of the Counties of Salem and Gloucester, N. J.," during the continuance of which the town is a scene of much bustle, activity, and animation. There stood until recently a large tree in the vicinity of the Hicksite Friends' meeting-house, around which, tradition says, the British soldiers stacked their arms while pausing in their passage through the village on one memorable day of the Revolutionary period. This spot is pointed out as one of considerable his- torical interest. The village is quite ancient, and derived its name from Jackanias Wood, an early settler, who built the three-story brick house, now standing and in good condition, owned and occupied by William H. Reed. Other early settlers were David Davis, Zaccheus Ray, Bateman Lloyd, Gen. Isaiah Shinn, James Eisley, and John Pym. The following notice of Woodstown appeared in "Gordon's Gazetteer," 1834: "Woodstown, p.-t., and village, of Pilesgrove t-ship, Salem Co., upon the Salem Creek, 10 miles E. of the town of Salem, 161 N. E. from W. 0., and 65 S. of Trenton. The town contains about 150 dwellings, 2 taverns, and 6 stores, 3 schools, 1 Friends' meeting, 1 Baptist, and 1 African Meth- odist Church. In the neighborhood of the town there are some valuable marl-beds, and the use of marl has much improved the agriculture of the t-ship." Manufactures. — A flour-mill was early built by John Groff, and it is still standing, owned and operated by Charles B. Clark. A few years after the building of this mill, Abraham McAltioner erected a woolen-mill on Chestnut Run, near Lippincott Weatherby & Co.'s lumber-yard. About 1830, shortly after the death of Mr. McAltioner, it was removed and converted into a dwelling, which is yet in good repair. Traces of the old dam across the run are still to be seen. The abandonment of this enterprise was due to the failure of the stream to supply adequate water-power. Alexander Dean, who was a resident of Woods- town about ninety years ago, manufactured nails by hand in a shop on Main Street, on the site of a house owned by Mrs. Allen Hires, and standing nearly opposite the re.sidence of his son, Samuel S. Dean. Seventy years ago George Hollinshead had a watch- maker's ^hop on Main Street, where Isaac Ballinger now lives. About the same time a tannery stood on the Samuel C. Dickinson lot. It was for many years the property of Samuel Dickinson, by whom it was torn down. A man named Wallace is said to have been a former owner. Jonathan Riley had a black- smith-shop on Main Street, on the lot now owned by Dr. Jaquett, who lives in the residence, since remod- eled, formerly occupied by Mr. Riley. During the active years of his life he carried on an extensive business, often employing several helpers and appren- tices. A wheelwright-shop was kept sixty years ago near the site of the residence of Mrs. Flitcraft, almost opposite Riley's shop, by Anthony Waters, who followed his trade there many years. As early as 1816 there was a wheelwright-shop on the site of the house of Deanius Peterson, on Main Street. It was occupied by Francis Cassidy until his death, about ten years later. Samuel Somers was probably the earliest regular cabinet-maker in the village, and for many years occupied a shop near the junction of Marlton and Main Streets. After the death of Cassidy, the wagon-maker, about 1826, he occupied the shop where he had formerly carried on business. Deanius Peterson became his partner in 1837, and succeeded him in business in 1839, continuing until 1856. About 1850, Francis Armstrong opened a shop on the Salem road (now Commerce Street), near Main Street, and continued business there until the estab- lishment burned, a few years later. Henry N. Mul- ford was a later cabinet-maker, from about 1860 to 1873, part of the time occupying a building now the residence of C. S. Scott, on Main Street. He was succeeded by John Turner, who has since been in the business, his shop being on Main Street. The well-known foundry of Edward Hanes was established by its present proprietor about eight years since. It is well located and liberally patronized, and does a general foundry business. Mr. Hanes is a man of great ingenuity and fine mechanical ac- quirements, and his inventive mind has conceived a number of curious and useful contrivances which have excited the wonder and admiration of persons who have seen them. Woodstown contains two canneries. The older of these, that of Grier & Wallace, was established in 1881, and has so far done a large and successful busi- ness. The second was opened in 1882, by Dickinson & Lippincott, and has begun what promises to be a career of success. Merchants. — The earliest merchants were David Davis and Gen. Isaiah Shinn. John Pyne and James Risley also had early stores. Davis' store was in the western part of the village. Gen. Shinn kept a, store on Main Street, in a building now owned by Miss Emeline Shinn, continuing in trade until his death. The store was later leased by Jacob Madara, Israel Reed, and David Bacon. James Ris- ley's store was at the junction of Salem and Bullitt Streets, near the present store of James D. Lawson. After his death he was succeeded by his son, Joseph L. Risley, who kept the store until his death, when it passed into the possession of Joseph K. Riley, who tore down the building and erected a new one on its site, and at the same time other contiguous ones oc- cupied by several of the leading merchants of Woods- town in their several lines of trade. On the site of the Hunt Block Joshua Madara kept a general store, and was succeeded by Joseph Heritage and others. Later the establishment was converted into a hard- 454 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. ware-store by John and Charles Dickinson, who sold out to John Hunt. In 1869 the building was burned. In its place Mr. Hunt immediately built the large brick block which has since borne his name, a por- tion of which he rented, occupying the corner store with a large stock of hardware. He died in 1879, and since 1880 the store has been occupied by Lippincott & Pancoast. The first occupants of the other store in this building were Peterson & HoUinshead, who were succeeded by Lippincott & HoUinshead. Fifty or sixty years ago there was a small store where Nathan Thomas' general store now is, which was kept by a Mrs. White. Other merchants of the past and pres- ent may be named as follows : Jacob Davis, Thomas Davis, David M. Davis, James Lawrie, Hopkins & Clement, David Bacon, John Bacon, Jacob Urion, Thorn & Moore, and Grier & Wallace. The present druggists are Messrs. Foster and Borton & Andrews. The last-mentioned firm succeeded Omar Borton. The shoe trade is represented by Joseph K. Riley, Edward Davis, and Thomas Ruff. Fublic-Houses. — The oldest public-housein Woods- town for a long time was the Washington Hotel. It had many owners and occupants during the many years of its existence, one of the later of whom was Joseph G. French, who sold it to C. C. Ford in 1868. Mr. Ford kept it until 1881, and in the spring of that year converted it into three stores. A public-house, known as the Farmers' and Drovers' Hotel, long stood opposite the Washington House. In the summer of 1868 it gave place to the hotel at present owned and kept by Samuel French, which was built by Jacob B. Keeley, and kept by him about five years. He was succeeded by F. B. El kin- ton & Brother, and they by F. B. Elkinton, who was succeeded by Samuel French, the present owner. Stage-Lines. — Railroads. — This was a prominent stopping-place for the stages between Salem and Philadelphia. About 1835, Joseph Cook established a stage-line from Woodstown to Penn's Grove, connect- ing at the latter place with the boats plying between Salem and Philadelphia. About the same time a stage-line was established between Greenwich, Cum- berland Co., and Philadelphia, through Woodstown. Henry Graham was the owner. The stages made two trips weekly. About 1849, Jackson Briant es- tablished a daily line of stages between Woodstown and Philadelphia, leaving Woodstown in the morn- ing, and returning in the evening. Since the opening of the Salem Railroad stages were run in connection with the trains at Yorktown Station, three miles dis- tant. W. B. Hitchner was proprietor of this line. After the opening of the railroad from Woodbury to Swedesboro a daily line of stages was run from Woods- town to Swedesboro, six miles distant. The completion of the railroad from Swedesboro through Woodstown to Salem has placed Woodstown in direct railway communication with Philadelphia and points beyond, an advantage it should have had twenty years ago, and it will doubtless add much to the growth, prosperity, and wealth of the place, and bring into market for building purposes the available land adjacent to the present built-up portions. Educational. — The public schools of Woodstown are elsewhere referred to. The place has two private educational enterprises which are worthy of especial mention. One of these, the Woodstown Academy, a boarding- and day-school for both sexes, is under the care of A. C. Norris, A.M., one of the best educators in the State, and has a wide reputation. During the summer vacations Professor Norris usually prepares a large class for teaching. The other is the private school of William H. Reed, who has been long and successfully engaged in teaching, and is the present mayor of the borough. Incorporation. — In 1878 petitions were circulated and a private bill presented to the State Legislature to incorporate the village of Woodstown as a borough. This bill failed to pass on account of a decision of the Supreme Court, pronounced that winter, to the eifect that under the amendments to the Constitution special legislation of that nature was unconstitutional. The bill was revised so as to be general in its features, and in that shape was passed by the Legislature, and ap- proved by the Governor, April 5, 1878. An election under the provisions of the act was held in Septem- ber, 1878, and the people voted against incorporation by a majority of thirty-five, on a total vote of two hundred and sixty-three. The project was aban- doned until 1882, when a petition was presented to the Board of Freeholders asking for the appointment of an election to determine the question of incorpora- tion with the following boundaries: " Beginning at a walnut-tree on the northerly side of the Woodstown and Mullica Hill turnpike, near the farm-house of late Samuel Pan- coast; thence a straight course to the bridge over a water-course on the Woodstown and Swedesboro turnpike, near the house of John Quirk; thence a straight course to the bridge over the same water-course where it crosses the Woodstown and Auburn road, near the farm-bouse, late Joseph Peterson's; thence a straight cour( Jonathan Brooks' and Frank Beckett's meat- markets, the dairy of James B. Anthony, Charles Surran's livery-stable, a harber-shop, and lesser en- terprises. A canning-factory was formerly in opera- tion here. Elmer is situated in the midst of a very fine farm- ing country. It is rendered attractive by its neat dwellings, well-graded streets, and an abundance of shade-trees and shrubbery. The beautiful lake- on the eastern boundary has a bold shore, and affords good angling, boating, etc. The village is a growing one, the citizens being enterprising, and having al- ready formed a Board of Trade, that offers, free of rents, desirable locations near the station to parties starting manufacturing purposes. Rent and taxes are reasonable, and labor plenty ; churches, schools, and society are upheld strictly. The many trains north and south give the village considerable ac- tivity, and provide facilities to reach the prominent points of the country with but little delay. This vil- lage was named in honor of Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, of Bridgeton, who was instrumental in securing the establishment of its post-office. Centreton, sometimes called Centreville, is a small village on Muddy Run, at its confluence with Indian Brook, seventeen miles southeast from Salem. It contains one store, a hotel, a school-house, a former church edifice, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a wagon-sbop, and a blacksmith-shop, and has a population esti- mated at two hundred and fifty. A tavern was kept in Centreton early by a man named Cox. Some of his successors have been Abra- ham Stull, Thomas Whittaker, Daniel Bowen, John W. Husted, Frederick Fritz, and the present occu- pant, Samuel F. Pancoast. An early merchant was Isaac Abbott. George Carpenter built, and for many years kept, a store. Thomas Whittaker opened a store, and after a time James H. Trenchard became his partner. After the death of Mr. Whittaker, John Couch engaged in trade at the old stand. His successors have been Charles & Brooks, Clark Iredell, and Richard R. Miller, the present merchant. Of blacksmiths and wheelwrights there have been several. For some time these crafts have been rep- resented in the Golder family, the present blacksmith being William Golder, Esq., and the present wheel- wright, J. W. Golder. The grist-mill and saw-mill elsewhere referred to are the property of Charles D. Moore. Formerly considerable business was done at Cen- treton, and it was a point of more than its present importance. TOWNSHIP OF PITTSGROVB. 469 Palatine is a station on the Bridgeton Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, in the southwestern part of the township. It contains a depot, a small store, and a few dwellings, the population not exceeding fifty, all told. Bradway. — By this name is known a hamlet in the southeastern part of the township, the chief claim of which to distinction is that it is a station on the New Jersey Southern Bailroad. Willow Grove is a country neighborhood on Mau- rice Eiver, on the eastern border of the township, containing a church, a school-house, and a few dwell- ings. Industrial. — The earliest industrial enterprises were the first of the numerous grist- and saw-mills which have been erected in this township. The grist-mill at the lower end of Elmer, formerly called Lower Pittstown, was built at an early date by a man whose name cannot now be ascertained. It was originally constructed of cedar logs, but it was rebuilt, more than half a century ago, by John Pym, who erectted the long-familiar frame building. It has since been owned successively by Johnson & Adcock, Isaac Johnson, John Johnson, and the present pro- prietor, William Johnson, grandson of Isaac and son of John Johnson. It has been several times reno- vated and reconstructed, is provided with three runs of stones, and has steam-power, which is used only during times of low water. The Centreton grist-mill was built some time in the last century by Jeremiah Stowell, who also built a saw-mill, and for a time had a carding- and woolen- mill, which he ran in connection with the other mills. The carding- and woolen-mill disappeared long since. The grist-mill, and saw-mill have been several times repaired and remodeled. The property passed into possessioh of James H. Trenchard, who was suc- ceeded in its ownership by Thomas Elwell, and the latter, in 1880, by Charles D. Moore. The grist-mill has three runs of stones, and does a good business. The Dealtown mill, at Dealtown, a neighborhood between Centreton and Palatine, was built a few years ago by James L. DufBeld, its present operator. It has three runs of stones, and is fairly patronized by the surrounding farmers, besides doing a good mer- chant business. A former mill on this site was built by Benjamin Haywood, and by him converted into a husk-grinding mill, which was abandoned before the erection of the present grist-mill. A stock company, organized at Elmer, erected and put in operation, some years since, a canning-factory. For reasons not necessary to mention the enterprise was not successful, and in 1878 the building was sold to John Ackley, who converted it into a steam grist- mill of good capacity, adding a steam saw-mill in 1882. A saw-mill was built on Muddy Run, about 1847, by Lemuel Parvin, and was long since abandoned. Another early saw-mill was known as Creamer's mill. On its site Enoch and Joel Garrison built a mill about ten years ago. The following saw-mills are now in constant or periodical operation in various parts of the township : John Ackley's, Coombs Ackley's, Ackley & Garrison's, George Leach's, William Ward's, James L. Dufiield's, and J. Stevenson's. Many years ago Joseph Jones had an establishment at Elmer, where he prepared sumach for market. A somewhat extensive factory, now in course of erection at Elmer, is the spindle-factory of Messrs. Hitchner & Cotting, about to be removed from Upper Alloways township to that village on account of the shipping facilities it affords. This enterprise will give employment to numerous skilled workmen, and cannot but add to the importance and population of Elmer, and increase the prosperity of the entire town- ship, through the increased market which it will create for produce of various kinds. The buildings of Messrs. Hitchner & Cotting will be large and sub- stantial, and work upon them is progressing rapidly. About 1812 an oil-mill was established in this town- ship. The raising of flax, both for the fibre and oil, was for many years carried on extensively in this and adjacent townships. LODGES AND SOCIETIES. Grotto Lodge, Xo. 69, 1. 0. 0. F., of Centreton. — This lodge was instituted Dec. 30, 1847, with the following charter members : J. Sheppard Whittaker, James H. Trenchard, James Johnson, George W. Husted, and Simon Hawthorn. The first officers were J. Sheppard Whittaker, N. G. ; James H. Trenchard, V. G. ; James Johnson, Sec. ; George W. Husted, A. Sec. ; Simon Hawthorn, Treas. The following have been the successive Noble Grands : H. Trenchard. Simon Hawthorn. Edmund Duhois. Samuel Golder. Ethan Trenchard, John W. Husted. Elwell Nichols. Ephraim Garrison. George N. Rogers. Theodore Bogers. Frederick Fox. James S. Simkins. Hiram Hughes. H. 0. Allen. Jacob R. Shimp. Gideon B. Carman. Robert Elwell. Daniel B. Mayhew; William B. TrenohardT Clark Iredell. William H. Iszard. Albert J. Harker. Allen S. Carman. Israel Brown. Thomas Murphy. ■William W. Golder. John H. Thorp. Robert Golway. Jacob Ballinger. James Burroughs. Adam Kandle. George H. Deal. Thomas W. Husted. James Craig. Joseph P. Simkins. Julius Wilcox. David N. Creamer. R. R. Miller. Peter Nichols. Thomas Reeve, Jr. Luke Sooy. Thomas M. Barracliif. George C. Shull. John H. Davis. Isaac Sigars. William M. Ott. The oflBcers in September, 1882, were Samuel Cal- kin, N. G. ; Frank Seabrook, V. G. ; J. W. Golder, Sec. ; Frederick Fox, Treas. Elmer Lodge, K. of P. — This lodge was instituted Feb. 16, 1875. The first officers were Seth Loper, 470 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. C. C; Andrews Eidgway, V. C; Dr. William H. Iszard, P. 0. ; John Thorp, Sec. ; Abraham Cothern, M. of F. The present officers (September, 1882) are Henry Ackley, C. C. ; Adam Kandle, V. C. ; Thomas C. Curry, P. C. ; Joseph M. Hitchner, Sec. Union Grove Division, No. 74, S. of T.— Union Grove Division of the Sons of Temperance was or- ganized at Elmer, Aug. 28, 1847, with the following charter members : Joseph Newkirk, Moses Eichman, Jr., Joseph Jones, J. F. Langley, William Becket, Eichard B. Heward, Charles H. Greg, Samuel D. Hitchner, David Sithens, John Mayhew, Joseph A. Swing, and Jeremiah M. Everingham. The follow- ing officers were serving in September, 1882 : Julia Woolman, W. P. ; Susan Peachy, W. A. ; Louisa Garwood, E. S. ; Edmund Newkirk, F. S. ; Eandolph McFarland, Treas. Zelo Lodge, TSo, 149, I. 0. 0. F.— This lodge was instituted Aug. 25, 1870, with the following charter members and officers : H. S. Dubois, N. G. ; William S. Cassady, V. G. ; William H. Iszard, Sec. ; Henry Coombs, Asst. Sec. ; E. M. Hitchner, Treas. The present officers are T. G. Stephenson, N. G. ; A. L. Steer, V. G. ; William H. Kirby, Sec. ; A. Cochran, Treas. A Sad Tragedy.— On Jan. 7, 1858, in Pittsgrove, a most distressing casualty occurred in the family of Mr. Elam Foster. While talking about the ap- proaching execution of Treadway at Salem, a little son inquired of his father how people were hanged. The father took a handkerchief and putting it around his son's neck showed him. Some time afterwards, in the absence of his parents, the boy took a handker- chief and proceeded to experiment with an infant sis- ter lying in the cradle, and suspended her until she was dead. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. REUBEN WOOLMAN. Eeuben Woolman, the subject of this biographical sketch, is the son of a tanner, and of English ances- try. His grandfather came to Salem from Burling- ton County in 1805. He was born in the village of Woodstown, N. J., Oct. 16, 1887, and received his educational training at home, with the exception of a term at Swain's boarding-school, in Chester County, Pa. In 1857 he began active life ^ a teacher in Salem County, and continued thus employed for a period of two years. He was, in 1862, married to Miss Eebecca W., daughter of Eichard Matlack, of Eldridge's Hill, Salem Co. Their children are Maribell, Julia T., Hamlin, Alexis E., John M., Joseph, and Abbie. Mr. Woolman in his religious predilection adheres to the creed and worship of the Society of Friends. He was for four years clerk of the Preparative Friends' Meeting, and for six years of the Monthly Meeting, and for many years superintendent of First Day Meet- ing at Woodstown. He is a trustee of the Walnut Grove School, in Upper Pittsgrove township, as also of the Bacon Academy, of Woodstown, whicji posi- tion has been held for several years. Mr. Woolman was a faithful supporter of the Re- publican party until 1878. An honest, earnest lover of the human race, his maiden ballot was cast against slavery, and while a vestige of that institution re- mained he never failed by voice or vote to oppose it. When, however, that contest was over he did not lay down his armor, but enlisted in the warfare against the rum traffic. For a long time Mr. Woolman labored on in the belief thai the party of his choice would array itself against the "gigantic crime of crimes." Finding himself again and again disappointed, he severed his allegiance from his party in 1878, and, with a few others, became the nucleus of the Prohibition party in his county. A ticket was nominated that fall, and Mr. Woolman was chosen as their candidate for As- sembly in the First District of the county. The next year, contrary to his wishes, he was again nominated for the same office, and the greatly increased vote proved the confidence of the people in his ability and integrity. In the following year, 1880, he was made the nom- inee of his party for Congress. Two years later he again served the cause of temperance by permitting himself to be renominated. He received at that elec- tion nearly six times as many ballots as were cast for him two years before. During the five years that he has labored with the Temperance party in his State and county he has always proved mild and conser- vative in counsel, but positive and unswerving in action. MICHAEL POTTER. Mr. Potter is the son of Henry Oxinboker, who emigrated from Germany to America, and his wife, Christine Mooney, who was a resident of the northern part of New Jersey. The former was a potter by trade and known as " Henry the Potter,'' from which his later name was derived. Their son Michael was born in 1784, and is consequently in his one hun- dredth year. He erected his present home in 1811, and has since that date resided on the same spot. During that year he was married to his wife, Lydia, who died June 25, 1863. To this marriage were born the following children: John W. Potter (deceased), Matthias E. Potter, Jacob Potter, Henry Potter, Emeline Pancoast, Hannah Kandle (deceased), Ephraim K. Potter (deceased), Charlotte Sharp, Lydia A. Clark, Michael Potter, Jr., and Jjames K. Potter. The ensuing table, computed by one of his friends, perpetuates some most interesting facts regarding his family and descendants. nJl^^x/ ^^2^ E. M. HITCHNEK, L/t't/«^4:«H.'t_Ji TOWNSHIP OF QUINTON. 471 OUildren. g. c. g. g. „, Living. Dead. Michael Potter, Sr „. i Lydia Potior "" '" "" "{ ii'^-5°J!" " ^8 "i 39 M.K. Potter n 16 1 30 3 Jacob Potter 3 3 _ _ g g Hannah Kandle n 13 "" 35 5 Henry Potter 6 4 '". u 5 Emeline Pancoast 11 ^ in q E. K.Potter 3 2 "! 6 4 Charlotte Sharp 10 5 .. 17 6 Lydia A. Clark 8 2 12 1 M. Potter, Jr 12 5 ..; 19 1 J.K.Potter 5 7 90 81 191 44 Of his living representatives there are himself. 1 Sons and danghters 8 Sons-in-law and daughtere-in-Iavr q Grandchildren .......".."*."!.'.'.'.'.' 90 Great-grandchildren 81 Oreat-great-grandchildren """'."'". 2 Total living 191 Total dead !.!.!..*.'.".'...'."."![!!!!!! 44 Grand total descendants 235 Mr. Potter for forty years followed the business of floating lumber, an occupation which developed ex- traordinary powers of endurance, and conferred upon him a reputation as the most agile and skillful wrest- ler of his day. He was a militia officer in the Third Company of the Salem Brigade during the war of 1812, but not called into active service. He has lived through the term of every President of the United States with the exception of the present one, and has seen the administration of twenty-one Presidents. He was born three years and two months before the adoption of the Constitution, and has handled many dollars of the Continental money, some of which he has retained. Mr. Potter is in his political creed a thorough Democrat, and as firm an exponent of the principles of the party as when he first voted the ticket. He is in his religious belief a Methodist, and was for more than sixty years sexton of the church of which he is still a member. He has been accustomed to wel- come his numerous family on the anniversary of his birth, and on these occasions exhibits unusual vigor of mind and body. RORERT M. HITCHNER. Squire Hitchner is the son of David Hitchner, a farmer, whose ancestors were of German descent, and was born at Elmer (formerly Pittstown), Salem Co., Feb. 20, 1828. His education was derived from the common schools of the neighborhood, after which he engaged in the labor of the farm. At the age of nineteen he became a teacher, and for six successive years followed this pursuit during the winter months. He was in 1850 married to Miss Elizabeth A., daugh ter of Samuel Garrison, and is the father of children, — Joseph M., who was educated at the South Jersey Institute, in Bridgeton, and has been for ten years telegraph operator and agent of the West Jersey Railroad Company at Elmer Station; John F., a farmer, married to Miss Rebecca Garwood, whose children are Elsie and Blanche ; and Phebe C, mar- ried to Omer H. Newkirk. Squire Hitchner, wio is in his political faith a strong Democrat, has found time, aside from his farming employments, to devote to the public service, and has in his various official positions acquitted himself with ability. He has served as notary public, commissioner of deeds, jus- tice of the peace for a period of twenty consecutive years, and held various township offices. He has also been surveyor and conveyancer since his twenty- first year. His business capacity and legal knowl- edge are frequently called into requisition in the ad- justment of estates. Squire Hitchner has not only witnessed, but participated in the growth and devel- opment of his native town, and been an extensive dealer in real estate. His enterprise and business capacity have placed him among the foremost citi- zens of his township. CHARLES P. ATKINSON. Charles P. Atkinson, son of Abbot and Mary At- kinson, was born in Deerfield, Cumberland Co., Jan. 29, 1827. His ancestors belonged to the Society of Friends. His father was of English descent, and by occupation a farmer. His education, previous to en- tering upon his medical studies, was obtained in the schools of his neighborhood. In the spring of 1865 he graduated from the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery. He immediately began, and still continues, the practice of his profession. In 1850 he married Phoebe, daughter of David and Ruth Van Meter, of Pittsgrove township. They have three children, — Ruth Anna, Charles Summer- field, and Frank T. Charles S. married Mary E., daughter of Thompson N. Garton, by whom he has one daughter named Reginia. In the spring of 1878, Dr. Atkinson became inter- ested in the study of politics. A convert to the prin- ciples of the Greenback party, he was by them nominated the next fall for the Assembly. In 1881 he was their candidate for the State Senate, and for four years has been chairman of their county organi- zation. Both as a worker and as a writer in the Greenback cause, he has proved himself a man of spirit and ability. He has been for forty-one years a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His family at the present time are all re- siding with him at Palatine, Salem Co. CHAPTER LXXIII. TOWNSHIP OF QUINTON.i Statistical. — Quinton contains 13,523 acres, and its farms number 127. In 1880 it had a population of 1392. Its financial statistics in 1881 were as follows : 1 By M.'O. Rolfo. 472 HISTOEY OF SALEM COUNTY. Valuation of real estate. $568,677 ; valuation of per- sonal property, $226,222 ; total debt, $146,699 ; voters, 361; poll tax, $333 ; school tax, $1689; county tax, $1556. Oeogpraphical and Descriptive. — Quinton is situ- ated in the southern part of the county, and is bounded north by Mannington, northeast by Upper Alloways Creek, southeast by Stow Creek (Cumber- land County), and southwest and west by Lower Alloways Creek. The length of Quinton from northwest to south- east is about eight miles ; its breadth is about three miles and a half. The soil is of the clayey and sandy loam common to this section of the county, and a variety of vegetables, cereals, and fruits are success- fully grown. In various localities are sand- and gravel-pits and marl-beds. The surface is generally level, but is marked in the centre by slight eminences, known as Borden's and Turnip Hills. Alloways Creek crosses the northern part, and Stow Creek is formed on its southern border by the junction of Horse and Sarah Runs with the stream which is its source proper. Deep Run just cuts its eastern border, north of its centre, and other small streams aid in its drainage. Settlement.^ — Tobias Quinton, in honor of whom this township was named, was one of the early emi- grants to Fenwick's colony. He purchased a large tractof land, embracing the present village of Quinton south of Alloways Creek, and another extensive tract adjoining. He died in 1705, leaving a son, Edward. Farther down the stream Richard Johnson bought five hundred acres, and he owned other considerable tracts at Salem and elsewhere in the county. When a young man, in 1675, he landed at Fort Elsborg (in Elsinboro) from the ship "Joseph and Benjamin." He was a man of ability, and at different times ren- dered great assistance to the Proprietor. In 1682 he married Mary Grover, at Salem. They had three children. Mr. Johnson died in 1719, and his property passed to his son, Robert Johnson. It has passed out of the possession of the family, and is now mostly owned by Thomas Yorke, Samuel Kelty, and Hires &Co. Adjoining the Johnson tract John Chandler owned two hundred and' fifty acres, which he obtained by purchase from Fenwick. South of the Chandler tract, and extending to the Cumberland County line, Nathaniel C. Hancock owned one thousand acres. East of Quinton's Bridge, one or more members of the Walker family bought a goodly tract, part of which is in the possession of one branch of the family at this time. South of the village, in the latter part of the last century, Capt. William Smith possessed considerable 1 Much valuablB material in tliis article waa contributed liy Tliomas Shourds. land, which he had inherited from his father, a good share of which is now owned by his descendants. Capt. William Smith commanded a company of the American militia which led the advance when the British troops quartered at Judge Smith's house, on the north side of Quinton's Bridge, were attacked by order of Cols. Hand and Holme. He was forced to retreat, however, there being a greater number of the enemy's troops in ambuscade than his commander anticipated, but he accomplished his retreat with credit, and to the satisfaction of his superior officers. His horse was shot and killed under him during the engagement. Among those owning land on the north side of the creek, bordering on the line between Quinton and Lower Alloways Creek townships, was William Tyler, who, as early as 1684, purchased seven hundred and fifty acres of Edward and Priscilla Fenwick Champ- ney, which remained in possession of the Tyler family for five generations. Tyler was a native of England. He brought with him the following certificate of character and stand- ing : " Whereas William Tyler, of Walton, in the county of Somerset, yeoman, intends to transport himself and family into the province of Pennsylva- nia, in America, if the Lord will, and has desired a certificate on his behalf. We, therefore, whose names are subscribed, do hereby certify that the said Wil- liam Tyler hath professed the truth for several years past, and that we do not know but that his conversa- tion hath been answerable to his profession, and that we do know that he hath been ready and willing to contribute to the service of truth, as opportunity hath offered and occasion required, and that as to his dealings with the world he has been punctual and of good report as far as any of us know or have heard, and we know nothing of debts or other entangle- ments on his part, but that he may with clearness prosecute his intended voyage. In testimony whereof we have hereunto subscribed our hands. Dated the eleventh day of the Seventh month, called September, in the year 1685. Signed by Edward Chanyles, Wil- liam Lidden, Thomas Howell, John W. Ridder, and ten others." He was a farmer and tanner, and is thought to have died in 1701, his will having been made early in 1700, and witnessed by William Hall and John Firth. His descendants became well-known citizens of Quinton and adjoining townships. East of the Tyler purchase, bordering on the creek, Daniel, son of John Smith, of Amblebury, bought one thousand acres. He built and lived 'on the property that was owned by the late Ann Simp- son. He had three sons. John, the eldest, inherited the homestead. Daniel Smith, Jr., owned a large farm adjoining. He was one of the followers of George Keith, and afterwards became a Baptist. None of the name now owns any portion of the orig- inal purchase. TOWNSHIP OF QUINTON. 473 One of the early English immigrants was Abner Penton, who bought one thousand acres of the Pro- prietor. In the south part of the township, bordering on Cumberland County, was a small and scattering settle- ment of the Seventh-Day Baptists. Prominent among these families were the Ayreses, who were perhaps entitled to the credit of leadership among their pe- culiar sect. The Davis family has also been promi- nent in that section during several generations. Organization. — The following is the first section of " An Afit to set off a new Township in the County of Salem, to be called the Township of Quinton :" "1. Beit enacted by the Senate and General Aaitemhly of the State of New Jeney, That all that part of the township of Upper Alloways Creek, in the county of Salem, lying within the boundaries and description fol- lowing, to wit : Beginning at a corner where the lines of Upper Alio- ways Creek township and Lower AUoways Creek township meet on the north side of Alloways Creek, near the farm of Thomas J. Hancock, running thence northwardly along the present division line between the said townships to the corner where the four townshiiw of Upper Al- loways Creek, Lower Alloways Creek, and Elsinboro, and the city of Salem meet; thence eastwardly and northeastwardly, following on the present dividing line between the townships of 'Upper Alloways Creek and Mannington, crossing the road leading from Salem to Quinton, and to the Quaker Neck road to the middle of the road leading from Salem to AUowaystown, at or near the village of Middletown ; thence in a southeaatwardly course parallel with the longboundary line between the townships of Upper Alloways Creek and Lower Alloways Creek in a straight line to the division line between Salem and Cumberland Coun- ties ; thence southwardly and westwardly along the said division line of said counties to the corner of the townships of Upper Alloways Creek and Lower Alloways Creek and the county of Cumberland; thence northwestwardly iu a straight line on the long boundary line between the said townships of Upper Alloways Creek and Lower Allo- ways Creek to the north side of Alloways Creek; thence down said creek along the north side thereof, following the several courses-of the same, to the place of beginning, shall be and hereby is set off fi-om the township of Upper Alloways Creek and made a separate township to be called and known by the name of *The Township of Quinton,' " This act was approved Feb. 18, 1873. Civil List. — The first annual township meeting in Quinton was held March 14, 1873. The following civil list, embracing the period since that date, is nearly complete, and embodies all the data to be found in the township records : TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1873-V4. John G. Hummell. 1873-75. Stephen Smith. 1873-74. Stephen E. Allen. 1873-74. Samuel Hackett. 1873-74. Samuel Patrick. 1875-76. Lewis Scbeible. 1875-77. John Mullica. 1875. Phineas Smith. 1876-79. Charles L. Smith. 1876-78. Robert Griscom. 1876-77. Charles H. Walker. 1877-80. Isaac Davis. 1878, 1880-82. Dr. A. G. McPher- son. 1878. P. A. Hannah. 1879-82, John G. Fowser. 1871, 1882. Gilbert Ayres. 1873-78, Josiah T. Harris. 1873. Charles Hires. 1871-76. William Patrick. ASSESSORS. I 1879-82. Lewis Sylvester. COLLECTORS, I 1877-78. Stephen Smith. I 1879-82. Robert B. Griscom. CONSTABLES, 1873-75. Jonathan Platts. 1876-77, 1879. Jonas Lounsbury. 1878. Daniel Whitney. 1880. George Plerpont. 1881. John H. Trade. 1882. Theodore M, Birchmiere, CHOSEN FRBBHOLDEBS, 1873. John Anderson. I 1876-79. Phineas Smith, Sr. 1874-75. William Shimp. I 1880-82. Lewis Pox, Sr. JUDGES OF ELECTION. 1873-76. David P. Smith. 1876. John 6, Hummell, 1877-78. Lewis Sylvester. 1879-81. James E. Fox. 1882. Leonard Murphy. OVERSEERS OF THE POOR. 1873-76. Jonathan Platts, 1876-77, 1879. Jonas Lounsbury, 1878, Daniel Whitney. 1880. George Plerpont. 1881. John H. Trude, 1882. Theodore M, Birchmiere, TOWNSHIP CLERKS, 1876-79, Abner P, Fox, I 1881-82. Henry L. Davis, 1880. E, H, Byrn, I COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL, 1878-82. Charles B. Beeves, 1879-81. William B. McPherson, 1882, Eli Hitchner. 1876. Isaac Davis. 1876-77. Evan Jenkins. 1876-82. John Anderson. 1877-78. Uz Ayres. Public Schools. — Under the operations of the public-school system of New Jersey, Quinton town- ship is divided into four school districts, known as Independent District, No. 40 ; Harmony District, No. 41; Union District, No. 42; and Quinton District, No. 43. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS, Quinton's Bridge. — The only village in this town- ship is Quinton's Bridge, located on Alloways Creek, in the northern part. This is an ancient settlement, which was made famous in the days of the Revolution by events else- where narrated. An early merchant was Benjamin Allen, who sold his stock at auction about 1815, and who had been in trade there some years, as is supposed. His suc- cessor was Francis Brewster, father of Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster, who was born in the village during his father's business career there. A man named Norman became the village merchant about 1824, and about 1825 was succeeded by John H. Lambert and Sinnickson Tuft. Their successors have been as follows, at about the dates mentioned: David English, 1828; Hezekiah Wright, 1832; Jeremiah Dubois and Edward Van Meter, 1836 ; Ephraim C. Harris, 1839 ; Ephraim C. Harris and Stephen Smith, 1840 ; Stephen and David P. Smith, 1844 ; David P. Smith, 1849; David P. Smith and George Hires, Jr., 1851 ; George Hires, Jr., 1860. This store has since been owned and managed by the proprietors of the Quinton Glass- Works, or members of that firm. On the west side of the main street James E. Newell kept a store sixty-five years ago or earlier. In 1871, Mr. S. C. Sheppard built, and lias since occupied, his store on the west side of the street. A tavern was early kept on the west side of the street by Jeremiah Davis, which one or two old resi- dents remember to have seen illuminated in 1814, in celebration of the declaration of peace between the United States and Great Britain, after the close of the war of 1812-14. On the east side of the street. 474 HISTOEY OF gALEM COUNTY. Stephen Smith was an early tavern-keeper. His suc- cessors were Charles O'Hara, Jeremiah Davis, Ercu- riua Davis, and others about the years following: William Young, 1829; Ruel Bonham, 1831; Isaac Wilson, 1834; Samuel Paulin, 1835; Benjamin Remp- ton, 1836; Joseph Dowell, 1839; John D. Davis, 1841 ; George Bee, 1840 ; William Smith, 1846 ; Washington Smith, 1850; William Shimp,1852; Lewis Fox, 1854; Daniel Keen, 1856; Philip Keen, 1861; and Daniel Keen from 1864 until the abolition of license, a few years since. It is now kept as a temperance house by Sylvanus Murphy. Quiuton now contains two general stores, the an- cient hostelry above referred to, a wheelwright- and blacksmith-shop, a Methodist Church, a good public school, and the extensive glass-factory of Messrs. Hires &Co. The population is estimated at nearly five hundred, and is largely made up of the operatives in the glass- works and their families. The village has a cleanly, thrifty, well-to-do appearance, and it is the boast of some of its leading citizens that not a loafer nor idle man resides within its limits. CHUBCHBS. The Old Baptist Church at Mill Hollow.— Of this ancient and long-extinct church Thomas Shourds wrote as follows : " The Baptists of this section were connected with the church at Cohansey. Timothy Brooks, pastor of the Cohansey Church, preached occasionally for them up to the time of his death, in 1716. Their meetings were frequently held at the house of Edward Quinton. After the death of most of the old members the new converts united with the Cohansey Church, and at- tended the mother-church until about the year 1741. After the membership from the vicinity of Alloways Creek and Salem became more nupierous they pre- vailed upon Nathaniel Jenkins, pastor of the Cohan- sey Church, to come and assist them occasionally. About this time three of the younger members of the church, who lived at Cohansey, Abraham Garrison, Robert Kelsey, and Job Sheppard, were called to the ministry, and were permitted to visit and preach to the branches of the church. About this time, the Baptists turned their attention towards building a meeting-house. A quarter of an acre of land was given them by Daniel Smith, Jr., lying between Salem and Quinton's Bridge, near the King's High- way that led to Maurice River. The place was called Mill Hollow, and a meeting-house was built there in 1748. In the Twelfth month, 1748, by the urgent request of the congregation of the new church. Job Sheppard, their minister, moved his family from Cohansey to what is known at this time as the township of Quin- ton. They held regular meetings every week. It was not until sixty-five years after the commencement of Baptist meetings in and around Salem, and twelve years after they had built their church at Mill Hollow, that the church was constituted. It appears that in 1754 the question of separation from the Cohansey Church and organizing a new church at Mill Hollow came up for serious consideration. The members of the church made an appeal to the mother-church to that effect. Their brethren at Cohansey, after some time for consideration, sent the following answer: " * To our dear brothers in and near Alloways Greek, being in church membership with Us : "We, the Church of Christ, and Cohansey, baptized upon professiopof our faith, holding and maintaining the baptism of believers by inimersion, the laying on of hands, the resurrection of the body, and eternal judgment, return this to you as our answer.' a "Then followed the consent that the Baptists of Salem and Alloways Creek, who met at Mill Hollow, should form a distinct gospel church. The names of the following constituent members are signed to the church covenant : Job Sheppard (pastor), Catharine Sheppard, Edward Quinton, Temperance Quinton, Edward Keaabey, Prudence Keafebey, Abner Sims, Sarah Sims, John Holme, Daniel Smith, Jr., Seth Smith, Samuel Sims, Joseph Sneathen, John Whit- tall, Sarah Smith, Phebe Smith, Rachel Sneathen, Patience James, and Kerenhappuch Blackwood. This was the flrst Baptist Church constituted within the present limits of Salem County. The Baptists continued to hold their meetings at Mill Hollow until about 1790, when the old meeting-house was sold and moved into Salem, and used as a barn for several years. The colored Methodists bought it finally, and removed it to their lot on Fenwick Street, where they used it as a place of worship until recently. It stands now in the rear of their new brick church, and is used at this time as a school for colored children."' Seventh-Day Baptists.— In the latter part of the eighteenth century a few families who believed that the seventh day was the Sabbath, and therefore " kept it holy/' settled in the lower part of this town- ship, and soon erected a frame church, on a lot pur- chased off a farm owned by a Mr. Ayars, half a mile east of the Quinton and Bridgeton turnpike. A second generation grew up, married, and settled farther south in Quinton, and in contiguous portions of Cumberland County, and the building was removed to a lot near the county line; and about thirty-flve years ago it gave place to the present frame structure, with a brick basement, which stands about a hundred yards southeast of the former site. Successive pastors of this church have been Revs. Davis, Clawson, Crandall, Wheeler, Walter B. Gil- lett (supply), Joseph Morton, Randolph, Joseph Mor- ton (a second time) ; and the church, now without a pastor, contemplates soon calling a young graduate ot the Alfred (New York) University. The Sabbath-school numbers eighty scholars. Methodist Episcopal Church of ftuinton. — A Methodist class was organized in Quinton's Bridge 1 History of Fenwick's Colony, pp. 408-10 : Shourda, 1876. TOWNSHIP OP QUINTON. 475 in 1864, by Rev. J. B. Graw, then pastor of the South Street Methodist Church of Salem. Later Rev. C. H. Brown held special meetings in the school-house, which resulted in the addition of a number of mem- bers to the class. In 1869 a church was built under the management of Rev. John S. Gaskill, who supplied the pulpit three years, and was followed by Rev. C. W. Corson, who, after remaining a year and a half, was trans- ferred to the New York Conference. During the succeeding six months the church was without a regular preacher, but the pulpit was sup- plied by local preachers, and a series of meetings was conducted by Benjamin Jones, of 3ridgeton. The pastor of the Allowaystown Church, Rev. John B. Westcoat, filled the pulpit one year. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. C. W. Malsbuary, who served one year. The next pastor was Rev. C. P. Cassaboon, who remained three years. Revs. N. J. Wright, J. L. Nelson, and William Burley followed, each re- maining one year ; Rev. C. R. Smith, two years ; and the present pastor. Rev. D. Stewart. The house of worship thus far in use has recently been torn down, and a new one is in course of erec- tion, which will be larger and more convenient. This organization numbers one hundred and four- teen members, and the Sunday-school in connection therewith has an average attendance of one hundred scholars. Berry's Chapel. — By this name is known a small chapel in this township, where a scattering colored population hold occasional meetings. Quinton Glass-Works. — The above mentioned is the principal and nearly the only noteworthy indus- trial interest in the township. It was established in 1863 by Messrs. D. P. Smith, George Hires, Jr., John Lambert, and Charles Hires. The firm continued as originally organized only one year, Mr. Smith retiring from the concern in 1864. In 1868 Charles Hires sold his interest to George R. Morrison. In the next year Mr. Lambert also retired, followed by Mr. Morrison in 1870, Mr. George Hires pur- chasing the interest of the latter. In 1871, Mr. Charles Hires again became a member of the firm, which then became known as Hires & Brother. In March, 1874, the firm-name was changed to Hires, Prentiss & Co. In 1876, William Plummer, Jr., was admitted to membership, and the firm has since been styled Hires & Co. The Quinton Glass-Works, with the dwelling- houses occupied by employes, cover an area of about seven acres, and are conveniently situated on the south bank of Alloways Creek, thus enjoying un- surpassed facilities for the transportation of products and material ; and the company own a steamer, which plies between Philadelphia and Baltimore and Philadelphia and New York, as the exigencies of their- business may demand. Window-, coach-, and picture-glass are made, and the works have an annual capacity of three million feet of glass. One of the most proftiinent features of the establishment is a Belgium oven, the entire cast- ings of which were imported from Europe, and which producesaquality of glass nearly equal to the French plate, and certainly superior to any other of Ameri- can manufacture. Throughout the works are ad- mirably arranged, and every detail of the business is under the supervision of members of the firm, who are well versed in the intricate and multiform pro- cesses attendant upon glass-making ; and the products of the Quinton Glass-Works find a ready market in nearly every State in the Union, the California trade being particularly extensive. The company fur^ nished much glass for use in the erection of the Centennial buildings in Philadelphia in 1876. About one hundred and fifty hands are employed, most of whom live in neat cottages belonging to the company. In addition to the glass-works proper, Messrs. Hires & Co. liave a steam grist-mill, an ex- tensive general store, and other convenient auxilia- ries to their immense business. The different de- partments of the factory are two melting-furnaces, flattening-houses, a " pot-room'' (where the pots for blowing purposes are manufactured of imported clay), an engine-housei containing a twenty horse-power engine, which propels the blowing apparatus, and a packing-box manufactory. The proprietors are gentlemen well and favorably known in Salem and neighboring counties. Hon. George Hires, Jr., was sheriff" of Salem County, and he is the present State senator from his district. Other Industries. — As early as 1740 one of John Chandler's sons built a grist-mill, which was later long known as John Wood's upper mill. The mill now leased by Phineas Smith, located nearly on the line between Quinton and Upper Alloways Creek, has long been owned by Stephen and Josiah Reeves, father and son. Formerly ship-building was carried on quite ex- tensively in that part of the township bordering on Alloways Creek. The agricultural interests of Quinton are not so far advanced as those of some of her sister townships, yet it contains some good farms and a portion of it is considered quite productive. Considerable market- gardening is done, and the extensive canneries at Canton, Hancock's Bridge, and Salem, all within easy access to the farmers of Quinton, have created a demand for tomatoes and other canriable goods, which are cultivated more and more extensively every year. Hay and the cereals are grown. Farms are being improved by the enrichment of the soil and the rota- tion of crops. Burial-Flaces. — The oldest burial-place in Quin- ton is on the site of the former Seventh-Day Baptist churchyard, a little more than a mile north of the southern boundary of the township. The only other public burying-ground is the present Seventh-Day 476 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. Baptist churchyard, near the county line. Some graves were made at a very early date on farms, but most of them have been obliterated, and their loca- tions forgotten. -CHAPTER LXXIV. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER ALLOWAYS OREBK.i OeograpMcal. — Upper Alloways Creek township is situated in the south part of the county, bordering on Cumberland County, and is bounded northwest by Mannington, northeast by Pilesgrove and Upper Pittsgrove, southeast by Deerfield and Hopewell (Cumberland County), and southwest by Quinton. It has an area of eighteen thousand nine hundred and thirty-four acres, and contains two hundred and four farms, mostly well cultivated. Topographical and Statistical. — The surface of this township is generally level, though in the south- east somewhat rolling. The soil in the northeast is a stiff clayey loam, and soil of this character pre- dominates throughout the township, except in the southeast, where it gives place to sand and gravelly loam. The fine timber and wood produced by Upper Alloways Creek township was thus written of by Gordon, in his " Historical Gazetteer," in 1832 : " The forest known as 'the Barrens' runs through this township, producing much white-oak and pine-wood for market, which finds its way to Philadelphia by Alloways Creek." North, Middle, and South Branches flow together in the northern part, forming Alloways Creek, which runs northwestwardly, receiving Carlisle Run be- tween Remsterville and Allowaystown, and Deep Run below the latter place. These, with some small tributaries and some creeks flowing south into Cum- berland County, provide ample drainage and suffi- cient water-power for local demands. The township has a convenient number of roads in good condition, and is traversed from east to west, nearly parallel with its northeastern boundary, by the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, on the line of which, within the township, are stations known as Oakland, Mower's, and Alloways Sta- tions. Evidences of thrift abound on every hand. The population of the township was nineteen hundred and seventeen in 1880, and in 1881 its financial sta- tistics were as follows : Valuation of real estate, $628,300; amount of personal property, $405,300; total debt, $300,500 ; total taxable valuation, $733,- 100 ; number of voters, 472 ; amount of poll-tax, $428 ; of school tax, $1853 ; of county tax, $1758. 1 By M. 0. Rolfe. Original Purchases and Settlement.^ — Upper Alloways Creek was first settled by members of the Society of Friends. William Thompson, son of Andrew Thompson, of Elsinboro, purchased a large tract of land on the south side of Alloways Creek, and there he settled. There was a bridge erected across the creek at an early date, and the village that was built on William Thomp- son's land was known as Thompson's Bridge until about fifty years ago, when the name was changed to Allowaystown. William Thompson had four sons, — Thomas, Ben- jamin, Joseph, and William Thompson. All of them were active business men ; each of them owned a farm at Allowaystown, inherited from their father, and many of their descendants were among the most re- spectable citizens of Salem County. Richard Wistar, son of Casper Wistar, of Philadel- phia, who came from Germany, was the progenitor of the Wistar family in this country. His eldest son, Richard, purchased of Hall and Cox several thousand acres of timbered land about two miles above Allo- waystown. He built a glass-house on this land and manufactured window-glass. He resided in Phila- delphia, but he engaged Benjamin Thompson to over- see and carry on the business for him, employing Ger- man glass-blowers, from whom are descended many of the inhabitants of the township. The glass-works have been abandoned more than a century, and the greater part of the Wistar lands have been sold to other parties. The family of the Wistars still own several hundred acres of the original tract, principally woodland. Wade Oakford, one of the first emigrants, purchased five thousand acres of land lying south of the Thomp- son land, except that part near Alloways belonging to Jonathan House, who is a lineal descendant of Wade Oakford, and who owned several hundred acres of the original purchase. All the rest of the large tract of land has been sold to other persons. On the north side of the creek, one mile below Allo- ways, Joseph Fogg, one of the early emigrants, and the progenitor of the large family by that name in this county, purchased and located on a large tract of land. He had three sons, — Joseph, Daniel, and Samuel Fogg. The place where Joseph first located on the creek has gone under the name of Fogg's Land- ing for more than one hundred and fifty years. Adjoining the Fogg property John Holme, from Philadelphia, took up two thousand acres of land. The Holme family became conspicuous in the early annals of Salem County. The Freas family have long been prominent in Upper Alloways Creek. Their progenitor was Jacob Freas, who emigrated from Germany, and purchased considerable land, embracing the locality now known as Freasburg, and settled thereon in the early part of 3 Contributed by Thomas ShourdB, Esq. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER ALLOW AYS CREEK. 477 the eighteenth century. Henry Freas and other de- scendants have taken a leading part in township affairs, and have been identified with important pub- lic and private interests. Lewis Dubois, from Ulster County, N. Y., came to West Jersey and purchased one thousand and ninety- one acres of land in Upper Alloways Creek township and elsewhere. His first purchase was three hundred and fifty acres, in 1726, of Joshua Wright, part of the Wasse tract of five thousand acres on the borders of the head-waters of Alloways Creek, which tract had been bought by William Hall, of James Wasse, of London, in 1706. Solomon Dubois, youngest son of Jacob Dubois, and a native of Pittsgrove, purchased lands in Alloways Creek township. The above paragraphs are believed to contain men- tion of all of the early settlers in this township. Their family names are, most of them, well known through- out the county at this time, and their descendants have, many of them, been useful, influential, and reputable citizens. As has been seen, a great impetus was given to set- tlement and the development of local interests by the early planting of an important manufacturing enter- prise in the township, which was long ago swallowed up in the past. Though several enterprises of local importance have had a more or less successful exist- ence at different periods, the township has not since been distinctly a i lanufacturing one, agriculture being the leading interest. The following are the family names of prominent residents of Upper Alloways Creek township from 1800 to 1830: Allen, Ayres, Applegate, Blackwood, Bee, Burroughs, Ballenger, Conklyn, Camp, Caruthers, Eft, English, Evans, Emmel, Frazier, Fowser, Fries, Fogg, Fox, Garton, Gosling, Hitchner, House, Harker, Hannah, Hopkins, Ivins, Joslyn, Jarman, Johnson, Jenny, Kerlin, Keen, Lloyd, Lambert, Mickle, Mowers, Miller, Mason, Nelson, Norton, Ott, Paden, Penton, Purnell, Remster, Ray, Reeves, Senders, Smith, Sickler, Shough, Scott, Sheppard, Simpkins, Stretch, Sigers, Smalley, Stockton, Tim- merman, Thompson, Wentzell, Walker, Wright, and Watson. Organization. — Upper Alloways Creek township was set off from Alloways Creek by Commissioners Benjamin Thompson, John Stewart, and Elnathan Davis, under the provisions of an act passed in 1760, authorizing the division of the last-named township. The township of Quinton was erected from the terri- tory of Upper Alloways Creek in 1873. Civil List. — As complete a civil list is presented below as can be compiled from the records of the township, all records of annual township elections prior to ] 817 being missing : 1817, 1822. James Melear. 1818. BeDJamin Thompson. 1819-21. Zaccheus Bay. 1823-24. William H. Duniiam. 1 1825-27, 1832. Ellis Ayres. i 1828-31, 1833, 1835-36. Charles I Hogbin. I 1834. Thomas B. Wood. 1837. John Gosling. 1838^1, 1844-52. Philip Bemster. 1842-43. William C. Lambert. 1853-54. Ephraini C. Harris. 1855-57. William House. 1858-59. George Bemster. 1860-62. James F. Watson. 1863-66. Smith Bemster. 1866-67. David Harris, Jr. 1868-70. Jacob House. 1871-7.1, 1878-82. Charles Johnson . 1874-76. Hiram Sweatnam. 1877. John 0. English. COLLECTORS. 1817-23. Howell Powell. 1824-29. David Siving. 1830-31. Thomas B. Wood. 1832-38. Stacy Lloyd. 1839-41, 1845-46. Charles Hogbin. 1842-43. John Shimp. 1844. Samuel W. Miller. 1847-49. Smith Bilderback. 1850-63. Charles V. Moore. 1864-56, 1870-72. Turman Went- zell. 1857-59. Jonathan L. Brown. 1860-62. Joseph C. Lambert. 1863, 1887-69. Edwin Stretch. 1864-66. Aaron Wentzell. 1873-74. Charles HitchneiT 1876-77. James E. Barker. 1879-82, Gould S. Hitchner. TOWNSHIP CLBBKS. 1817. Charles Hogbin. 1818-19. George W. Ballinger. ■1820. James Thompson. 1821. Empsun Haines. 1822. Ziba Bay. 1823-26. John G. Ballinger. 1827-28, 1831-.32. Wm. W. Wood. 1829-30. Zaccheus Bay. 1833-37. Philip Bemster. 1838-40, 1844-45. William C. Lam- bert. 1841. John Gosling. 1842-43. Smith Bilderback. 1846-49. William House. 1860-52. George Bemster, Jr. 1853-62,1868-71. William B.Wills. 1863-66. William F. Elkinton. 1866-67. Jacob House. 1872-73. Joseph Stretch. 1874-75. J. W. Cobb. 1876. Jacob House. 1877-S2. Enoch A. Wentzell. CHOSEN FBEEHOLDEES 1817-19. James Bay. 1817-28, 1830-31, 1839-41. Stacy Lloyd. 1820-21, 1832-37. Stephen Beeves. 1322-30, 1838. Josiah M. Beeves. 1829, 1831. Burroughs Vanmeter. 1832-33. Thomas B. Wood. 1834-43, 1845-48, 1852, 1866-67. John H. Lambert. 1842-61. George Bemster. 1844. Josiah Cortelyou. 1849, 1864-t6. Jonathan House. 1850-52. Smith Bilderback. 1853. Thomas Bilderback. 1863. John Blackwood. 1854. Maskull Moore. 1855-57. Zaccheus Timberman. 1857. Jeremiah N. Watson, 1858-60. William P, Hitchner. 1858-60, Charles Applegate, 1861-63. William Shimp. 1861-63. David Garton. 1864-66, 1876-78. William House. 1864-66. David Harris. 1866-69. Fiirmah Wentzell. 1868-70. William Bobinson. 1870-72. John Hitchner, Jr. 1873-75. Joseph Bemster. 1879. Jacob P. Beeves. 1880-82. Jeremiah N. Watson. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEE. 1817-18. Zaccheus Bay. 1817-19, 1823-26. John Freas, 1817-21. Philip Fries. 1817-18, 1820. Oliver Smith. 1817-19. Stephen Beeves, 1819, James Newell. 1819, Ziba Bay. 1820-21, 1828. John G. Ballinger. 1820-22. Samuel Peterson. 1820-25. Sheppard Blackwood. 1821-23, 1833. James Campbell. 1822-23, 1830-31. Ellis Ayres. 1822. James Bay. 1823-26,1828. James Patterson. 1824-25,1827. George Freas. 1824. William Young. 1826-26. Judah Heritage. 1826-27,1831-35. William Walker. 1826. Charles Hogbin. 1826. Burroughs Van Meter. 1827-58. George Bemster. 1827. James Mason. 1827. James H. Young. 1828-30. John Nelson. 1828. Isaac English, 1829. John A, Watson, 1829, Samuel Paulin. 1829, 1839-78. Jonathan House, 1830-32. William W. Wood. 1830. George Jarman. 1831-38. Henry J. Fries. 1832, 1842-44, 1847-64. Oliver Smith. 1833. John Shimp. 1834-61. Isaac B. Van Meter. 1834-38, 1855, 1869-flO. William Bobinson. 1836-43, 1845-46. Adam H. Sickler. 1839-41. Andrew Bemster, 1844, John P. Smith, 1846, 1852-62. Johnson Hitchner. 1846-49. Joseph 0. Lambert. 1860-61. Bnos P. Beeves. 1862. John Blackwood. 1863-54. Chamhless Agglegate. 1856-57. William P. Hitchner, 1856. Eichard G. Hadley. 1867. James F. Watson. 1858-60, 1863-64. John Sickler. 1868-60. Charles H. Powell. 1861-62. William B. Willis. 1861-62. John H, McKeever. 1861-64. John H. Lambert. 1863-64, 1876-78, J. Hitchner, Jr. 478 HISTOKY OF SALEM COUNTY. 1863-64, 1866-69. ZaccheuB Tim- berman. 1865-69. David H. Dare. 1865-71. David Shimp. 1865. Thomas Simpkins. 1865-67. James J. Tyler. 1868-72. Stephen B. Allen. 1870-72. George K. Morrison. 1870-72. Hiram Sweatman. 1872-74. William A. Miller. 1873-75. Joshua D. Mickle. 1873-78. John Siokler, Jr. 1873-78. Richard Banks. 1876-77. David B. Ackley. 1878. Daniel McD. Hitchner. 1879. Epbraim Garrison. 1879-81. Joel E. Coleman. 1879-81. William P. Hitchner. 1880-82. Joseph Remster. 1832. David A. Halter. 1882. Samuel T. Jones. CONSTABLES. 1817. Benjamin Bay. 1817-22,1825-28,1831. George Gos- ling. 1818-22. Benjamin Kelly. 1823. Elijah Davis. 1823-24, 1827, 1829. Philip Rem- ster. 1824. Ziba Kay. 1825-26. Samuel King. 1828. Isiinc Stretch. 1830-32. William P. Smith. 1830. Matthias Hepner. 1831. Mark Ayres. 1833-36, 1842-43. Isaiah Conklin. 1833-34. Jarvis Simms, 1833-34, 1836. Thomas Evans. 1835-37. Lenian Loper. 1835. Charles G. Garrison. 1837-3a. John Shimp. 1838. William S. Young. 1839. Edward Van Meter. 1840. William Fries. 1840-50. Elkannah Powell. 1841. Charles Jinny. 1844-46. Smith Bilderback. 1846-60. Joseph S. Jacobs. 1851-62. William Shimp. 1851-56. Horatio J. Stow. 1851. Joseph S. Cake. ^ 1853-56. David Ewens. 1857-69. Benjamin M. Ferguson. 1860-62. Isaac Moore. 1860-61, 1863-67. Daniel Kean. 1862-64, 1870-72, 1878-82. Furman Wentzell. 1865. Thomas Simpkins. 1868-69. Edward Stretch. 1869-72. Benjamin 0. Robinson. 1873. Henry F. Jarman. 1874. Charles Hitchner. 1876-77. James R. Barker. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1817. James Sims. 1817, 1819, 1829-31. Burroughs Van Meter. 1817, 1822, 1827-28. John Black- wood. 1818. Adam Couch. 1818. William Smith. 1818. Thomas Guest. 1819. Daniel Penton. 1819. Sheppard Blackwood. 1820-21. Ellis Ayres. 1820-21. EnosPaulin. 1820. David Fogg. 1821. Benjamin Thompson. 1822-34. Stephen Rewes. 1822-23. John G. Ballinger. 1823-24. William Walker. 1824. George Remster. 1825-26. Philip Fries. 1826, 1828. Zaccheus Ray. 1826. Frederick Miller. 1827. James Patterson. 1829. Benjamin Wood 1830-36. Henry J. Fries. 1835-36, John A. Watson. 1836-61. Isaac B. Van Meter. 1837. Philip Remster. 1837-38. Daniel Vanneman. 1838-41. John Gosling. 1839-41, 1839-62. John H. Lam- bert. 1842-46. Adam H. Sickler. 1842. Joseph Camp. 1843. Ellis Ayres. 1844. Maskell Ware, Jr. 1845-61, 1866-78. Chas. H. Powell. 1847-54. Oliver Smith. 1852-67. John Sickler. 1852-63. John Blackwood. 1864. Johnson Hitchner. 1866-69, 1861-62. Smith Remster. 1866-60, 1863-64. Andrew Johnson. 1868, 1862, 1880-82. Zaccheus Tim- berman. 1860. David Miller. 1861. John Hitchner. 1863-65. Zaccheus Ray. 1863-66. Joseph Remster. 1865-78. John B. Dunham. 1866-79. Joseph C. Lambert. 1879-82. William Simpkins. 1879-82. Joseph Stretch. SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. 1829-40. Isaac English. 1829-33. Josiah M. Reeve. 1829-34. Nicholas Olmstead. 1833-35. Judah Herritage. 1833-35. Phiucas Smith. 1S33-.35. Daniel Penton. 1833-36, 1840. George Jarman 1833-36, 1839. Henry J. Fries. 1834-36, 1838. William F. 1836-37. John Watson. 1836. Samuel Vanlear. 1836-37. Thomas J. Tarrow. 1836-37, 1841-44. Ellis Ayres. 1836-37. William Bowen. 1836. Thomas MuUica. 1837. Nathaniel Lawrence. ' 1837. Thomas Evans. 1838-39. John H. Lambert. 1839. Adam H. Sickler. 1839. John Gosling. 1840, 1842-44. Stacy Lloyd. 1841-46. Epbraim S. Harris. 1841. William Brown. 1846. Albert J. Harker. 1846-46. Joseph C. Lambert. 1845-46. William C. Lambert. 1846. Providence Ludlam. TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS. 1847-49. Joseph C. Lambert. 1850-62. William House. 1863-57. George Remster. 1868-60. David Shimp, Jr. ' 1864. Joseph H. McKarson. 1865-66. John Lambert. 1867. Aaron Wentzell. Emanuel's Church, Freasburg. — This is the only Lutheran Church in this section, and it was estab- lished in 1748. The constituent members were families named Freas, Frollinger, Meyer, Hayn, Born, Wentzell, Mackassan, Heppel, Bidman, Dillsshoever, Souder, Kneist, Tobal, and others. Jacob Freas, the emi- grant, is said to have been very prominent in eflfecting the organization. These people were mostly employed at Wistar's glass-works, near Alloway, and were among the earliest residents in the township. The- church records were kept in German until 1832, when Rev. Mr. Harpel took the oversight of them. In 1886 he was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Rey- nolds. Revs. Duy and Town followed. The present pastor is Rev. A. W. Lentz. Friends. — Friends early worshiped in this town- ship, and had a meeting-house opposite the village of Alloway, which was abandoned about seventy years ago. Union Chapel, Pentonville.— At Pentonville a small brick chapel was built, and dedicated in 1882. It is known as the " Union Chapel," and is occupied by Christians of all denominations as occasion pre- sents itself. Baptist Church of AUoway.— It is nearly or quite three-quarters of a century since the initial efforts were made towards the establishment of Baptist worship in Allowaystown, as the village was then and until re- cently called. During a period of about twenty years the First Baptist Church of Salem occupied Alloways- town as an " out-station." The first meeting-house was built in 1821, the clay being dug and the bricks of which it was constructed burnt upon the lower end of the lot upon which it stood. The size of the edifice was forty feet by thirty- five. It was of the old-fashioned style of church archi- tecture, consisting of only one room, having galleries on the sides and in front. Revs. Joseph Shepherd, John Cooper, and Charles J. Hopkins were the earliest preachers there, and it was as the result of their labors that the church was built and a regular organization effected, May 4, 1830, with twei)ty-six members, twenty-five of whom were dismissed from the First Baptist Church of Salem. For some months after this date Rev. Charles J. Hopkins supplied the pulpit, adding twenty-two to the membership of the church by baptism, and organ- izing the Sunday-school, which has had an uninter- rupted existence since. The first call to the pastorate was given to Rev E. M. Barker, in 1832. He served one year, during which five members were baptized into the church. Rev. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER ALLOWAYS CREEK. 479 John Miller was the second pastor, coming in 1833, arid resigning in 1834, adding four members by bap- tism. During his pastorate eleven members seceded to identify themselves with the long-extinct " Old School" or "Anti-Mission" church of Canton. Bev. Charles J. Hopkins again supplied the pulpit for a time, baptizing five. In 1835, Rev. Mr. Ferguson was called for six months, accepted, and remained a year, during which five were added by baptism. After an inter- regnum, in 1838, Rev. N. Stetson held special meet- ings and acted as supply, after which he was pastor one year. So marked were the results of his labors that there was an accession of eighty-three to the membership. In 1839, Rev. Ezekiel Sexton accepted a call to the pastorate, remaining three years, and adding sixty-eight to the membership. Rev. Charles Eain supplied the church for a time, during which twenty-two were baptized, and later thirteen more were added, under the temporary ministration of Rev. W. A. Ray. Rev. Levi J. Beck was pastor for a few months in 1843, during which year Rev. Wil- liam Maul began a three years' pastorate, adding three by baptism. In 1847, Rev. F. T. Cailhopper was ordained in Allowaystown and installed as pas- tor. During his seven years' service forty-eight were added by baptism. Rev. William A. Roney became pastor in 1854, but resigned in a year on account of ill health. In 1856, Rev. James Trickett, of Pennsylvania, ac- cepted a call to the pastorate. Under his adminis- tration plans for remodeling the meeting-house were formed and means provided for carrying them out, but the memorable panic of 1857 prevented their consummation, at that time. He remained four years, during which the church received an acces- sion of sixty-three members by baptism. After his departure. Rev. G. M. Conderon supplied the pulpit for a few months. Rev. Charles Cox was the twelfth pastor, coming in 1861 and remaining four years, adding twenty-one members. In 1865, Rev. A. H. Bliss was called to the pastorate. During his service sixty-seven were baptized, and the remodeling of the meeting-house was again agitated and accomplished at a cost of six thousand dollars. The old house was torn down, except a portion of the walls, which were raised to admit of a basement above ground. The size of this edifice is sixty by thirty-five feet. Rev. J. E. Bradley was next called, settling as pas- tor in 1873, serving two years and eight months, and baptizing thirteen. In March, 1876, Rev. Matthew M. Finch was called, and remained one year. June 24, 1877, Rev. James Wal den became his successor, and resigned, after baptizing seven, in February, 1880. The present pastor. Rev. James Trickett, was recalled to the church in 1880, after an absence of twenty years. Former deacons of this church were William Walker, J. D. Sithens, J. D. Sirapkins, John Lambert, W. W. Harwood, Thomas Bilderback, David Bowen, Henry Powell, James Freas, and James Burch. The present deacons are James Arm- strong, Samuel Wright, Joseph Plummer, and James English. During a portion of its existence the church was aided by the State Convention, having received $180.10 from its funds. It has returned to the same fund $365.51, and has given $1220.13 to missionary objects. The total number of baptisms has been 447 ; highest number reported to the Association was 214, in 1843. The present membership is 197. Methodist Episcopal Church of AUoway.— This society was incorporated on the 12th day of February, 1820, with David String, Samuel Keane, Thomas El- dridge, John Tracy, Zaccheus Ray, trustees. In 1821 a brick church was erected on the site of the present one, which was remodeled in 1869. Fol- lowing are the names of those who contributed to- wards the original edifice, spelled as they appear upon a record made in 1820 : Thomas Eldridge. Georgo Jarman. Zaccheus Kay. William N. Jefferous. Samuel Keane. Charles J. Reed. ■ David StriDg. Henry Sheppard. Edward B. Gibbs. John Johnson. John Tracy. Frederick Miller. Enos Woodruff. Jacob Mulford. John Coleman. Patrick Fields. Peter String. Thomas W. Cattell. John Eldridge. Daniel Coleman. James Armstrong. William Van Hart. Daniel Shougb. David Johnson. Thomas Fox. John Aborn. Jacob Hews. William R. Fithen. Joel Tapp. Anthony Nelson. .Tacob Fox (blacksmith). Jacob Fox (farmer). Isaac Bunn. Aaron 0. Dayton. Joseph Gibbs. Bichard Stockton. Jacob Hitchner. MulUca Horner. William Erwn. John Armstrong. Jacob Walter. Edward Waddington. Peter Errinkson. Jonathan Sichman. Bichard Gibbs. Joseph Lippincott. Matthew Morrison, Jr. James Butcher. Philip Sepps. Jonathan Belten. Jesse Early. Aaron Waddington. William Adams. Michael Hackett. Elijah Adams. John Hackett. John G. Ballinger. William J. Shinn. Samuel King. Joseph McLvane. Benjamin Timberman. HedgeThompson. John Hews. David Cairl. Benjamin Kelly. Morris Hall. John Sparks. William Swing. Howel Powel. James Biddle. John Gosling. John Holmes. Amasa Ayars, James Jessup. George Liemster. Empson Haines. Thomas Kelly. Benjamin Archer. Phebe Gibbs. George Freas. Mary Gibbs. Joseph Newkirk. Philip Freas. William Waddington. Josiah M. Beeves. Jeremiah Stull. John Gruff, Jr. Daniel Garrison. Judah Herritage. Obadiah Bobbins. Clement Willis. William Harris. John Camp. Stacy Lloyd. Benjamin Allen. John Elwell. James Stanger. Andrew Minoh, Sr. Daniel Cartey. Chambliss Allen. Joseph Elwell. William Porch. John S. Wood. John Davis. 480 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. MatthiiiB Bichman. James Einaey. John Gruff. Daniel Shimp. JameB Stephenson. John Easier. James Harris. Groome Arey. Peter Hitchler. Sbeppard Blackwood. Jonathan House, Yinning Hill. Andrew Alsten. Joseph Jaquett. Edmund Wright. Samuel Ifilmore. Moses liambson. Oliver Smith. Israel B. Clawson. James Bay. Jonah Garrison, William S. Stockton. John Creamer. William Lummis. Jerediah Dubois. John Waters. Jonathan Woodnutt. Joseph Collins. John Sinnickson. Thomas Sinnickson. Allen Smith. James Bedrow. Burbanks Staughton. James McGill. Luther Gamble, Frances S. Wiggins. William Kossell (chief judge), Edward Stout. Bichard Petherbridge. John Blackwood. Rev. Thomas Neal preached at AUowaystown in 1819, and Rev. Thomas Ware in 1820 and 1821. The latter was the first regular pastor. His successors have been as follows : 1822. Albert White. 1823-24, 1836. Edward Stout. 1825-26. Solomon Sharp. 1827-28. John Walker. 1829. William Williams. 1830. Jacob Gruber. 1831. Jesse Thompson. 1832. W. Burroughs. 1833-34. William Folk. 1836. Nathaniel Chew. 1837-38. Charles T. Ford. 1839-4U. Jacob Loudenslager. 1841-42. Thomas G. Stewart. 1843-44. Noah Edwards. 1845-46. Socrates Xownsend. 1847. Matthias German. 1848^0. Abraham Gearhart. Prior to 1853 this station was one on a circuit so large as to necessitate the employment of assistant pastors. Below are the names of those so employed. They were most of them young in the ministry at the time of their service, and some of them have since attained prominence in the church : 1850. James Long. 1861-52. Charles S. Downs. 1853-54. Joseph Atwood. 1857-58. John McDougall. 1861-62. Samuel F. Wheeler. 1863-64. James Tansant. 1866-66. Thomas B. Sleeper. 1867-69. Willis EeeTes. 1870. William Margarum. 1871. Furman Bobbins. 1872-74. John B. Westcoat. 1875-76. Dickinson Moore. 1877. Samuel P. Cassaboon. 1878-80. John S. Price. 1881. Charles W. Livezey. 1882. John W. Morris. 1819-20. Edward Page. 1821. Samuel Cox. 1822. James Adkins. 1823. Bichard Petherbridge. 1824. Anthony Atwood. 1825. McOlorm. 1826. Thomas Davis. 1827. James Moore. 1828. Thomas Sovereign. 1829-30. Sedgwick Eusling. 1831. W. Burroughs. 1833. J. Bizey. 1834. JohnL. Talft. 1835. Thomas Christopher. 1836. William Loomis. ' Nazareth Methodist Episcopal Church of Wat- son's Corners.— The leading early members of this organization were Jacob Loudenslager, Thomas Stew- art, the McKeevers, Keans, Fraziers, Watsons, and others, and Rev, Messrs. Loudenslager and Stewart were the early preachers and among the earlier pastors. 1837, 1845. William Sogers. 1838. William A. Brooks. 1839-40. Joseph B. McKeever. 1841. George A. Eeybold. 1342. Abram Owen. 1843. Elwood H. Stokes. 1844. Samuel Yausant. 1846. Samuel Parker. 1847. Caleb Fleming. 1848. James B. Bryan. 1849. Thomas H. Wilson. 1850. Dayton F. Beed. 1861. William V. Darrow. 1852. John C. Atkinson. A brick church edifice was erected in 1841, about forty feet south of the site of the present brick struc- ture, which was built in 1868, and, with the ground and other church property, is valued at ten thousand dollars. The church has a membership of about sixty, and the attendance at stated meetings is good. The present pastor is Rev. Joseph E. Willey. The Sun- day-school, under the superintendency of Lewis Sayre, is in a flourishing condition. The present trustees are John M. Smith, Aaron D. Harris, Samuel D. Kean, William Simkins, Azariah Dickson, Amos Heritage, Joshua D. Mickle, Jere- miah S. Watson, and Samuel V. Jones. Educational. — The early schools in Upper AUo- ways Creek township were supported by the volun- tary payment of tuition by parents, and were called " pay-schools." These gave way to the public schools under the operation of the public school law of the State. The township is divided into seven districts, which are named and numbered as below : 32, Horse Branch ; 33, Friesburg; 34, Franklin; 35, Washington; 37, Alloway ; 38, Pentonville ; 39, Fisher. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Alloway. — The principal village in Upper Allo- ways Creek township is Alloway, situated on Alloways Creek, in the western part. The original name of this locality was Thompson's Bridge, an appellation which it received in honor of Benjamin Thompson, who at one time owned most of the land in the vicinity. It later came to b& known as AUowaystown, a name it bore until June 1, 1882, when it was contracted to Alloway. The first three houses in the village were built by the Oakford family, and were of the style of archi- tecture, examples of which are referred to as " hip- roofed brick" buildings. They were some time since torn down to make room for more modern structures. Among the early store-keepers, Samuel Keen and Thomas Guest were prominent. Their old stores have disappeared. The name of the first keeper of the frame tavern is not known. James Ray first did the honors of the brick hotel. Henry Freas, a descendant of Jacob Freas, kept the other many years, and he is the ear- liest remembered landlord. The first resident physician was William Bacon, M.D., who relinquished his practice in 1830. He was succeeded by the well-known Dr. Thomas J. Yarrow, who continued to practice until his death in July, 1882. The present practitioners are Drs. Lemuel Wallace and W. Lloyd Ewen. Alloway, which is one of the most enterprising towns of its size in Salem County, now contains one hundred and forty-six dwellings, two churches, a school-house, and various buildings, in which different branches of trade and manufacture are carried on, and has a pop- TOWNSHIP OF UPPER ALLOW AYS CREEK. 481 Illation of six hundred and two. Its business inter- ests may be summed up as follows : Three general stores, two groceries, one hardware- store and depot for agricultural implements, one tin- and hardware-store, three butchers, four blacksmiths, two wheelwright-shops, one shoe-store, three shoe- shops, two harness-stores, two restaurants, one milli- ner, one hotel, one conveyancer (master in chancery) and notary public, two physicians, two carpenters and contractors, one grist-mill, one canning-factory, one chair manufacturer, one brush manufacturer, and one lumber-yard. Watson's Corners.— Watson's Corners is a hamlet containing a church, a store, a blacksmith- and wheel- wright-shop, a shoe-shop, and cigar-store, and a dozen dwellings, more or less. The population is estimated at fifty-six. John F. Watson settled on the Dayton E. Kean farm in 1825, and about 1832 moved thence to prop- erty he owned at the "Corners." Here James F. Watson built and opened a store in 1838. It has since had several occupants, the present one being Samuel V. Jones. William Simpkins, the present blacksmith, began business here about 1840. For a place of its size and surroundings, Watson's Corners is in a flourishing and progressive condition. Freasburg^, — This hamlet is named in honor of Jacob Freas, the German emigrant, who settled there, and it contains a church, which he was prominent in founding, and about half a dozen dwellings. It is situated in the east part of the township, south of Watson's Corners, and about four miles from Alloway. Stockingtown. — This is a country neighborhood a little north of the centre of the township, extending for some distance along several roads. Remsterville. — By this name is known a hamlet, including a grist-mill and a few dwellings, which is sometimes called Remster's Mills. It is located be- tween Stockingtown and Alloway. Pentonville. — Pentonville, a small hamlet in the western part of the township, contairis a brick-yard, a few dwellings, and a Union chapel. It was named in honor of Daniel Penton, a former well-known resi- dent. William Hitchner, his son-in-law, now owns and lives on a portion of his former possessions, much of which, after passing through the hands of different parties, is now owned by Joshua Scott, the proprie- tor of the brick-yard. Stores here were formerly kept by John Bidgway, Jonathan Butcher, Charles Crispin, Jesse McKee, and William Hitchner. Industrial History.— In 1742 or 1748, Richard Wistar, of Philadelphia, the owner of considerable land in Upper Alloways Creek, constructed and put in successful operation, about two miles above Allo- way, the second glass-works in the United States, the first one, in Massachusetts, having been running there about four months. Mr. Wistar's time being very fully occupied in looking after his extensive 31 estate in Philadelphia, he employed Benjamin Thompson, son of William Thompson, of Alloway, and a young man of great business capacity, to be the superintendent of the glass-factory, a position which Thompson filled creditably and successfully until the establishment was abandoned, more than a hundred years ago. The only visible relic of this business is a portion of a house standing near the old site, which house was built at the time the busi- ness was being prosecuted. Alloways Creek and its several branches having always afforded a good water-power, there have long been saw-mills and grist-mills in the township. A grist-mill was early erected near Allowaystown by John Holme, from whom it passed, by purchase, to Josiah M. Reeves & Brothers, who built a new dam farther down stream, and dug a long water- course to enable them to build a grist-mill and a saw-mill in Alloway village, which they accomplished in 1822. This property was owned later by Dallas Reeves and others, passing to the ownership of Francis Diament. It is now owned and operated by Diament & Son. It contains six runs of burrs and does an extensive business. At Remsterville a grist-mill was early built by Richard Wistar, who sold it to William Craig, who was in possession of it many years, during which it was known as Craig's Mill. After Craig's death the property was sold, and at length passed into the hands of George Eemster, who rebuilt it about 1856. It was owned by George Remster, Jr., after the death of George Remster, Sr., till the death of the former. It was bought of the executors of George Remster, Jr., about 1866 by John Hitchner, the present owner, who repaired it and increased its manufacturing capacity. Stephen Reeves was an early owner of the Ballin- ger flouring-mill. It came into possession of John G. Ballinger, who was succeeded by Stephen Ballinger, the present owner, who rebuilt it. On a branch that empties into the main stream below Alloways is a flouring-mill long known as the Stephen Reeves mill. It was built by one of the Oakfords. John Van Culin married his daughter and became the owner. Almost from the beginning of settlement there have been saw-mills in the township. At this time there are four, owned by John Hitchner, Diament & Son, Jeremiah N. Watson, and Aaron Haines, all of moderate capacity, which have been operated succes- sively by changing proprietors. The extensive canning-factory of John H. Davis, at Alloway, was established by the present proprie- tor in 1871. The business has grown to such propor- tions that two hundred thousand cans of fruit and vegetables are put up in a season. A factory for the manufacture of spindles for use in cotton-mills, which has been an industrial feature in this township, has recently been removed beyond its limits. 482 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. Jacob Thackra established a brick-yard at Penton- ville about 1844. Later John Bee opened another near by. After a time Thackra ceased business. Bee sold out to James Fogg, and the latter to Joshua Scott. Another brick-yard was established by Smith B. Sick- ler, and sold to Mason M. Bennett, from whom it passed to Joshua Scott in 1882. Mr. Scott now con- trols the entire brick manufacture of Pentonville, and does a large and increasing business. The brick and tile manufactory of Aaron Haines & Sons, in the northern extremity of the township, is virtually in the somewhat uncertain boundaries of Yorketown, in Pilesgrove, and is often referred to as one of the industries of that village. It was estab- lished by an Englishman whose name is not now re- called, some twenty-five or thirty years ago. Even*H ually it became the property of Asa Eeeves, on whose farm the yard was located. Aaron Haines be- came a part owner, and in 1867 sole owner, admitting his son, David F. Eeeves, to a partnership in the con- cern a few years ago. The large steamship " Columbus,'' which plied be- tween Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C, and the " Stephen Baldwin" and many larger schooners, werg built near Alloway by the Messrs. Reeve in the early part of this century. Burial-Flaces. — The oldest public burial-places in this township are the Lutheran churchyard at Freasburg and the old Friends' graveyard near Allo- way. The next in point of antiquity is the grave- yard in Alloway belonging to the First Baptist Church of Salem, in which are buried Baptists who died in the township prior to the organization of the Alloway Baptist Church, and in which many interments have since been made. The churchyards of the Methodist and Baptist Churches of Alloway are next in order of age. Another, opened later, is the churchyard of the Methodist Church at Watson's Corners. Many of the early residents are said to have buried their dead on their farms, and a number of such primitive burial- places have long since disappeared. LODGES. There was formerly a lodge of Freemasons at Allo- way. It has been extinct fifty years or more. A lodge of United American Mechanics flourished for a time, and a lodge of Good Templars also had a somewhat brief existence there. A division of vSons of Tem- perance, formerly large and influential, is still under organization in that village. Alloway Lodge, No. 187, I. 0. 0. F., was insti- tuted at Alloway July 7, 1875, with A. M. P. H. Dickinson, Jacob House, Jonathan House, Jr., Rich- ard Trenchard, James R. Barker, Samuel Ray, and Gould S. Hitchner as charter members. The first oflScers were A. M. P. H. Dickinson, N. G. ; Richard Trenchard, V; G. ; Gould S. Hitchner, T. ; Jonathan House, Jr., W. ; Jacob House, P. S. The following are the present ofiicers : Joseph Donnell, N. G. ; George W. Pearson, V. G. ; John Hitchner, T. ; Charles Johnson, W. ; Jacob House, P. S. Franklin Grange. — A grange bearing the above designation was organized at Watson's Corner some time since. The grange numbers thirty members, and the number is constantly receiving additions. The following persons were chosen oflScers : M., H. Lawrence ; O., E. Garrison ; L., William Miller ; S., H. Sweatman ; A. S., G. Garrison ; C, A. Dickinson; T., A. Garrison ; T., N. R. N. Emmell ; G. R., C. Shimp ; C, Mrs. E. Sweatman ; P., Mrs. A. Garrison ; F., Mrs. E. Mickle; L. A. S., Mrs. R. Garrison. CHAPTER LXXV. TOWNSHIP OP UPPER PBNN'S NECK.' Situation and Boundaries.— Upper Penn's Neck township is situated in the northwest part of the county, and is bounded on the north by Oldman's, on the east by Pilesgrove, on the south by Mannington and Lower Penn's Neck, and on the west by the Delaware River. Descriptive and Statistical. — The area of Upper Penn's Neck is ten thousand eight hundred and thirty- one acres. The surface is generally level. The soil is a light sandy loam, productive of the variety of grains and fruits common to this portion of New Jersey, the leading cereals being corn, wheat, and rye. On the northwest the township is watered by the Delaware River and some inlets and small tributary brooks, along its southern border by Salem Creek, and centrally by Game Creek and Two-Penny Run and confluent tributaries to the latter two. In 1880 the population of Upper Penn's Neck, including what is now Oldman's, was 3362. The as- sessed valuation of real estate in the township, as now bounded, was $645,804 in 1881 ; the valuation of per- sonal property was $349,454; its total indebtedness was $200,514. It had 580 voters; its poll tax was $523, its school tax $2009, and its county tax $1906. It contained 254 farms in 1880. Good wagon-roads traverse the township in all directions. Settlement.' — In common with Lower Penn's Neck, Upper Penn's Neck was largely settled in the pioneer period of its history by the Swedes. The Swedish family of Neilson were large land- holders. Henry Neilson, the progenitor of the family, owned sixteen hundred acres, extending from the Del- aware River to Salem Creek. Another ancient family of Swedish descent are the Dolbows, who once possessed large tracts of land. There are a number of persons of the name still resi- dents of the township. 1 By M. 0. Rolfe. ' The historian is indebted to Thomas Shourds, Esq., for assistance in the preparation of this chapter. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PENN'S NECK. 483 Lucas Peterson, sou of Erick Peterson, was the owner of much land in Upper Penn's Neck. He was also a Swede, and many members of his family have become well known and influential in various walks of life. Thomas Carney was born in Ireland in 1709, and emigrated about 1725, with William Summerill, to America, marrying Hannah, daughter of John Proc- tor, of Penn's Neck. He was a large landholder, his possessions, located along the Delaware, extending to Game Creek. Thomas Carney died in 1784, and Han- nah, his wife, in 1778. Both are buried in the Epis- copal churchyard in Lower Penn's Neck. "When quite young," wrote Thomas Shourds, " I heard sev- eral aged people speak of the benevolence of Hannah Carney. By tradition she was in the practice of getting her husband to slaughter a fattening bullock occa- sionally in the winter. Then she, with a boy to drive for her, with a pair of oxen and a cart filled with meat and flour (there were no spring-wagons in Salem Tenth in those days), would go into the woods of Obisquahas- set, among the poor and laboring classes, who lived in small log dwellings, and there, on a cold North American winter day, she would dispense to them both flour and meat according to their necessities. And, above all, she was enabled, by the kindness of her manner and expressions, to encourage the de- spondent and administer by kind words to the sick and afliicted among them." ' At the death of Thomas Carney (1st) he left two sons, Thomas and Peter Carney, and two or three daughters. He devised his property to his sons. Thomas Carney, Jr., left one daughter to inherit his large estate, who married Eobert G. Johnson, of Salem. Peter Carney, the brother of Thomas, left two daughters, one of whom married Benjamin Cripps, of Mannington, the other John Tuft, of Salem. Naomi, the eldest daughter of Thomas Car- ney (1st), who married John Summerill (1st), did not inherit any of her father's property ; but her descendants now, after a lapse of nearly a century, own the larger part of the landed estate once belong- ing to her two brothers, Thomas and Peter, including several large and valuable farms. The Summerills are an ancient, well known, and numerous family of Upper Penn's Neck. The most reliable account of this family states that William Summerill, in company with Thomas Carney, emi- grated from Ireland about 1725, locating in Penn's Neck. Soon after his arrival he bought a large tract of land, extending from Game Creek, near its source, to Salem Creek, much of which is to this day owned by his descendants. He and Mary, his wife, resided on the property now owned by Eebecca Summerill Black and Benjamin Black, her husband, which the former inherited from her father. The old mansion- house was burned during the Eevolution by a ma- ' History of Fenwick's Colony, p. 108. rauding party from the British fleet lying in the Delaware, opposite Helm's Cove. In the possession of a member of the Summerill family is a large iron pot which passed through the fire on that occasion. John Summerill married Naomi, daughter of Thomas and Mary Carney, of Carney's Point, and owned and lived on the homestead property pre- viously referred to, dying comparatively young. John Summerill (2d) married Christiana Holton and had nine children. He was a successful farmer, and left much excellent land in Upper Penn's Neck at his death, in 1854, aged nearly eighty. John Summerill (3d), son of John (2d), was a man of fine abilities and a well-known politician. He was elected to the State Legislature when quite young, and later to the State Senate. He married Emily Parker, and died in 1865, aged sixty-two. William, the third son of John (3d), married Hannah Vanne- man, and resides at South Penn's Grove, formerly Helm's Cove. He is a man of worth and prominence, and has long been identified with important public and private interests, holding the offices of judge of the Salem County courts and director of the Canal Meadow Company. John Stephenson, the great - grandson of Samuel Jennings, emigrated from Burlington County to Upper Penn's Neck, but after a few years' residence there removed to Mannington. The Lambson family is an ancient one in Upper Penn's Neck. Thomas and his wife. Ann Lambson, came to America in 1690, locating in this township. Matthias Lambson of the present century owned and lived in the ancient brick dwelling near Salem Creek, built by his ancestors in 1730. In 1800, Upper Penn's Neck township, though im- mediately on the Delaware, was very sparsely settled. Still a public-house was licensed. This was located at the " Cove." Subsequently, previous to 1830, pub- lic-houses were licensed at Pedricktown, Sculltown, and " Biddle's," and there were stores at the three first-named places. The prominent families in this township, then including Oldman's, from 1800 to 1830, were the following : Adams, Allen, Bevis, Biddle, Barber, Black, Bar- ton, Batten, Borden, Corson, Carney, Cook, Diver, Doughton, Danser, Dawson, Davenport, Dolbow, El- well, English, Fisher, Flanagin, Franklin, Guest, Green, Goodwin, Hunt, Harris, Holton, Humphreys, Helms, Johnson, Jaquett, Kean, Kiger, Kidd, Kirby, Lynch, Layman, Lamplugh, Leap, Moore, Nichols, Orr, Peterson, Patterson, Pyle, Pedrick, Pitman, Richards, Ridgway, Summerill, Springer, Simpkins, Sayres, Somers, Sparks, Scull, Taylor, Urinson, Vickery, Wright, White, and Williams. Organization. — This township was erected by the division of the former township of Penn's Neck,' at ii ^ See chapter on the organization of Lower Pean'a Neck. 48Jt HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. date not known. Its territory was reduced by the organization from its area of Oldman's township in 1881. Civil List. — The records of the annual town-meet- ings in Upper Penn's Neck prior to 1842 are not in possession of the clerk, and are not known to be in existence. Following is a civil list from 1842 to 1882, inclusive: CHOSEN FREEHOLDBES. 1842-54. Thomas FlaDsgiu. 1842-15. William Mnlford. 1846-48. William Summerill, Jr. 1819-66, 1861, 1886-68. Kobert Walker. 1865-56. Stacy D. Layton. 186T-69, 1866. Jacob Sailor. 1857-58. Joseph Cooper. 1859-60. Isaac Wright. 1360-61. John Peterson. 1862. Moses Wright. 1862. Howard Green. 1863-64. George W. Bevis. 1863-64. Henry White. 1867-68, 1870. William Lawrence. 1870-71, 1874-78. Henry Barber. 1872-73. John Summerill. 1879-80. Charles G. Alborn. 1881. A. F. Layton. * 1882. William S. AtIs. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1862. Alfred T. Jester. 1862, 1867, 1877. John K. Louder- back. 1862. Jonathan H. Bradway. 1865, 1870, 1880. H. H. De Grotft. 1870. Malachi Horner. 1870, 1875, 1880. William H. rick. 1875. James S. Hannah. TOWNSHIP CLERKS. 1842-44. William Summerill, Jr. 1845-46. Da-vid Guest. 1847-50. Benjamin F. McCoUister. 1851-55. John M. Springer, 1854. Josiah Dolbow. 1866-61. William Tussey. 1862. Joseph R. Elkinton. 1863. Charles D. Heritage. 1864-68. K. H. De Grofft. TOWNSHIP 1842-46. John Summerill, Sr. 1842-67. George Peterson. 1842-43. Job Bevis. 1842-46. David Wiley. 1842-45. Hudson A. Springer. 1844-47. Daniel Vanneman. 1844, 1848-54. Thomas Flanagin. 1845-51. Gabriel Dolbow. 1847, 1856-64. James Hoffman. 1847-55. John Summerill, Jr. 1848-52, 1867-68. Richard Somers. 1852-61, 1864r-72, 1878-«2. William Summerill, Jr. 1855, 1866-68, 1870-71. Joseph H. Clark. 1866-68. John Diver. 1866. Thomas C. Holton. 1857-61, 1863-68, 1870-71. Charles Slape, Sr. 1869-60. David Gnest. 1869-62, 1873. J. M. Springer. 1861-62. Isaac Wright. 1862, 1873. Josiah A. Brick. 1862. Jacob Stiles. 1870-71,1874. James Cunningham. 1872. Engene E. De Grofft. 1873. Walter S. Springer. 1875-76. Benjamin F. Straughn. 1877. William V. Layton. 1878-79. John W. Trumbull. 1880-81. Job Bevis. 1882. William F. Teager. COMMITTEE. 1862. Samuel S. Thompson. 1863. Stacy D. Layton. 1863-64. John C. Peterson. 1863. William Tussey. 1864-68, 1870-75. Joseph Cooper. 1865. Charles Humphrey, Sr. 1866-71. E. B. Horner. 1872-76. H. H. De Grofft. 1872. Thomas Weatherby. 1872. D. D. Diver. 1873-76. Robert Walker. 1873-78. J. R. Justus. 1874-76. Jonathan Mattson. 1874. Joseph -K: Weatherby. 1875-78. John A. Featherer. 1877. John Perry. 1877-78. Gideon Allen. 1877. Jacob Featherer. 1878. Stacy D. Layton. 1879. Samuel Given. 1879-80. William Lawrence. 1880. William Tussey. 1881-82. George W. Bevis. 1881-82. George W. Hewitt. ASSESSORS. 1842, 1844, 1850, 1864-65, 1867-68. ' 1862. S. R. Leap. Thomas C. Price. 1843, 1846. David Smith. 1846-47, 1849. William F. Walker. 1848. Matthew N. Dubois. 1851. Woodburn Mnlford. 1862-63. J. K. Louderback. 1366-67. Samuel Rain, 1858-69. Thomas C. Holton. 1860-61. John S. Locke. 1863-64. Alfred T. Jester. 1866-66. William Tussey. 1870-71. H. H, De Grofft. 1872, 1876-76. William Lawrence. 1873-74. Charles D. Heritage. 1877-78. Jacob Sailor. 1879-80 George W. Hewitt. 1880-82. George S. Kille. 1842-44. Gabriel Dolbow. 1846-47. Thomas Flanigan. 1848-49. William Summerill, Jr. 1850-51, 1863-64. Jas. H. Clark. 1852-53. Charles Slape. 1864-66. Isaac Wright. 1866-57. Alfred Simpkins. 1858-59. George Dolbow. COLLECTORS. 186"-61. William P. Somers. 1862. Borden Danser. 1865. Samuel C. Springer. 1866-67. Samuel Rain. 1868. Joseph L. Horner. 1870-71. Daniel V. Summerill . 1872-74. E. A. Vanneman. 1875-82. Josiah Summerill. CONSTABLES. 1842-62, 1854, 1856, 1860-63, 1873- 74. Shadrach Pedrick. 1842. Thomas Bobbins. 1843-44. Matthew N. Dubois. 1846-46. Robert Simpkins. 1847. James S. Stratton. 1848, 18.55-58. William Holton. 1851. Alfred Simpkins. 1863-54. Thomas D. C. Smith. 1863. Shedlock I'ancoast. 1865. William F. Hunt. 1867-59. David Hillmao. 1860-64. George Dolbow. 1865-74, 1876-77, 1882. Josiah A. Kidd. 1875. Daniel Bourn. 1877. William P. Titns. 1878-80. Alfred Layton. 1878. Samuel Stanley. 1879. Bartine Flanagin. 1880. Albert Stetser. 1881. Uriah Biddle. SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS. 1847-49, 1854r^7, 1859-61, 1863-67. J. K. Louderback. 1850-63. Thomas Reeves. 1868. Maybew Johnson. 1862. John S. Locke. SCHOOL COMMITTEE. 1842-46. William F. Hunt. 1842-43. .Tames E. Dunham. 1842-45. William C. Mnlford. 1844-46. Benjamin F. McAllister. 1846. William Summerill. Public Schools. — The earliest schools in Upper Penn's Neck were held at Penn's Grove and vicinity, and were conducted upon the well-understood pio- neer " pay-school" system. School commissioners were elected for many years prior to 1847, and school superintendents from that date until 1862. Under the system at present in vogue throughout New Jer- sey, this township is divided into five school districts, known as Central District, No. 48 ; Cove District, No. 49 ; Wright District, No. 50 ; Wiley District, No. 61 ; Penn's Grove District, No. 52. The schools of Upper Penn's Neck are well con- ducted and kept in comfortable buildings, and com- pare favorably with the other public schools through- out Salem County. Methodism in Penn's Grove. — The only religious worship in Upper Penn's Neck is held by two Meth- odist organizations, known as the Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant Churches of Penn's Grove. The first mentioned dates back to the beginning of the religious history of the township. The Methodist Episcopal Church.— Many years before Methodism in Penn's Grove assumed an or- ganic form prayer- and class-meetings were occasion- ally held in private houses by the few Methodists scattered through the country, holding their member- ship either at Perkintown or Pilesgrove, appointments on the Swedesboro Circuit that have long since been absorbed by the surrounding centres of population. The Swedesboro Circuit was formed in 1833, with Eev. Richard Petherbridge as presiding elder, and Revs. John Walker and William H. Stephens as preachers in charge. Within a circuit of three miles from Penn's Grove TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PENN'8 NECK. 485 only the following Methodist families lived at that time : John Holton's, John Summerill's, Daniel Van- neman's, Bartholomew Stiles', John Boqua's, and James S. Springer's. In 1834 the Helm's Oove school-house was built, and religious services were held therein. John Boqua, a local deacon, who lived about a mile away, and was a member of the Piles- grove Church, with other local preachers and ex- horters, held regular religious services on Sunday afternoons. Rev. William H. Stephens died in the fall of 1833, and was succeeded by Rev. Robert Lutton. In 1835, Revs. William Williams and Josiah F. Canfield came on the circuit, and the Cove school-house was placed on the list of appointments. The traveling preachers each held services once in four weeks on Monday evenings. In January, 1836, the first class was formed, consisting of John Boqua, Martha Boqua, his wife, Hannah, Catharine, and Ann Boqua, his daughters, and Daniel Vanneman, Hannah, his wife, Mary Flanagan, and Rebecca Sack, with John Boqua as leader. About this time Rev. R. E. Morrison was appointed to the circuit, and Rev. Josiah F. Canfield was reappointed. In 1837, Rev. R. E. Morrison was reappointed to the circuit, with Rev. George Jennings as his col- league. Revs. John K. Shaw and Edward Stout came on the circuit in 1838. In May the Sunday-school was organized, with James Denny as superintendent. He met with strong opposition, but with the help of a few earnest workers succeeded in establishing the school. Among the teachers were Ann Boqua, Re- becca Sack, Thomas Holton. and Ann Summerill. The following year Revs. John K. Shaw and Abra- ham I. Truitt served the circuit. In 1840, Rev. George A. Reybold was appointed, and Rev. Abraham I. Truitt reappointed to the charge. Revs. Sedgwick Rusling and J. W. McDougall were appointed to the circuit in 1841. This year the Harmony school-house was built, on ground given by Joseph Guest, near the site of the present Penn's Grove public school building, and a second Sunday- school was organized to meet in the new building, which was more convenient for a number of children than the Cove school-house.had been. In 1842, Rev. Sedgwick Rusling was reappointed, with Rev. Noah Edwards as his colleague. The appointments to the circuit in 1843 were Revs. Thomas G. Stewart and S. Y. Monroe. On the 26th of August, 1843, James Denny, Robert Walker, William Lock, David Smith, and James D. Simpkins were elected trustees. In November, at the Cove school-house, Daniel Vanneman and William Summerill were chosen additional trustees. The board immediately organized, with William Sum- merill as president, and Daniel Vanneman as treas- urer, and assumed the name of Emmanuel Methodist Episcopal Church of Penn's Grove, filing a certificate of incorporation. Feb. 22, 1846, on a lot purchased of John Smith, a brick church, forty-five feet by thirty- seven, was completed, at a cost of about two thousand two hundred dollars, by James D. Simpkins, builder, and Clement A. Borden, mason. In 1845, Revs. Joseph Atwood and John S. Beeglo were appointed to the circuit, and were returned in 1846. The two Sunday-schools were united, chiefly through the instrumentality of Augustus Cann, who was the first superintendent of the school thus formed. His successors have been John Daniels, Jacob Stan- ton, .T. K. Louderback, J. H. Clark, J. P. Bennett, and W. H. Bilderback. In 1847 and 1848, Revs. Mulford Day and James Long were appointed to the circuit. They were succeeded in 1849 by Revs. A. K. Street and Joseph Gaskill. In 1850, Penn's Grove and Pennsville were detached from the circuit and be- came a separate charge, known as Penn's Neck, where the parsonage was located. Rev. George Hitchens was the first pastor, and served two years. In 1852 and 1853, Rev. David Graves was appointed to the charge. He was a radical and, some thought, a violent temperance advocate, and he created a great sensation upon that question. Rev. Bartnolomew Need was pastor in 1854 and 1855. In 1856 and 1857, during the pastorate of Rev. H. B. Beegle, there were numerous accessions by conver- sion. In 1858 and 1859, Revs. C. S. Downs and Levi Herr were on the charge. In 1860 Penn's Grove was detached from Penn's Neck, and became a separate charge, with Rev. George Hitchens as pastor. He was reappointed in 1861. Rev. Hamilton S. Norris was pastor in 1862 and 1863, and enjoyed a prosperous pastorate. In 1864 and 1865, Rev. James F. Morell was pastor. In 1866, Rev. Joseph Ashbrook came on the charge, and was the first pastor who remained three years. Rev. Jo- seph G. Crate became pastor in 1869, and also re- mained three years. Rev. S. Townsend was pastor in 1872 and 1873. The Harmony school-house, where prayer- and class-meetings had long been held, was now sold, subjecting the society to the expense and inconvenience of renting a suitable place for such meetings. In 1877, Rev. J. H. Payran became pastor. Rev. J. B. Turpin succeeded Rev. Mr. Payran in 1880, and he is the present pastor. The affairs of the church have prospered under his management. The present mem- bership is 456, and the combined Sunday-schools in- clude 65 oflScers and teachers and 555 scholars. The church property is valued at $3000. Methodist Protestant Church.— In 1860, Joseph Guest and a number of others withdrew from the Methodist Episcopal Church of Penn's Grove and formed a Methodist Protestant Society, which wor- ships in the " Mariners' Bethel," at the corner of Harmony and Penn Streets, which was built in 1861 by Mr. Guest, and purchased by this organization in 1873. 486 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. This society has been signally active and persever- ing, and has fairly won such success as it has had. From the first it has had an eflBcient Sunday-school, and through it has raised considerable sums of money, which has been used for the advancement of its spiritual and material interests. Formerly this was a station on the Bridgeport, Penn's Grove, and Pedricktown Circuit, and was served by the pastors of that circuit. Since it be- came a charge the following pastors have served it in the order named : Revs. J. W. Laughlin, 1872-73 ; W. Irvine, 1873-74; Jacob M. Freed, 1874-76; George S. Robinson, 1876-78; J. W. Laughlin, 1878-79; John L. Watson, 1879-82. Fenn's Grove. — The only village in Upper Penn's Neck is Penn's Grove, which includes the old village so called and Helm's Cove, or South Penn's Grove, as it is now known. Previous to the year 1829, Penn's Grove contained only one house, and that is now a part of the store-house on Main Street occupied and owned by S. R. Leap. There was a frame house on what was known as Pogue's fishery, on the Pogue farm, at the upper end of Penn's Grove, now owned by Joseph Guest, and also a small cabin was situated near where Layton's slaughter-house now stands. There was a landing about where the present bridge or pier stands, whence cordwood and other produce was shipped. The river-front above and below the landing was grown up with briers and bushes at high- water mark. There was also a public landing for the purpose of loading and shipping cordwood on Pogue's farm. During the winter of 1828 and 1829 a company was organized, called the Wilmington and New Jersey Steamboat Company, of which Joseph Bailey, of Wil- mington, Del., was the president. This company, the members of which were citizens of Wilmington and New Jersey, purchased a piece of land of Andrew Dolbow and others, on which they erected a bridge, by driving posts and planking them over, to enable steamboats to land, and the same year they built a steamboat called the " New Jersey," a small side- wheel boat, which ran from Wilmington to Penn's Grove a number of years. The first captain of the boat was Josiah Abbot, of Wilmington, who built the bridge for the company. The company erected the brick tavern-house now owned by C. Elkinton, and had it licensed as a hotel the same year, and Mr. Wolf, of Wilmington, was the first landlord. About the same time a public road was laid out from the foot of the bridge to the Ped- ricktown and Cove road. The bridge was a frail structure, and the ice car- ried the greater part of it away the first or second winter after it was built. After rebuilding it, the company in a few years sold the bridge and house to Isaac Hurflf, and in 1848 Charles Elkinton purchased them both, and improved the bridge by sinking piers and building a solid stone wall a part of the distance from the shore ; but during the winter of 1854 the ice swept away all of the structure except the piers and stone wall. Mr. Elkinton declining to rebuild the bridge, a stock company was formed, for the benefit of the community, known as the "Penn's Grove Pier Com- pany,'' which bought the bridge of Mr. Elkinton, Oct. 6, 1855, and it is still in possession of the same. From the time of the foundation of the Wilming- ton and New Jersey Steamboat Company the village began slowly to improve. The land where the prin- cipal part of the village now stands was owned by Isaac Hurfl" and Joseph Guest, and at the death of Mr. Hurff" his heirs sold all the property belonging to them in building lots to difierent individuals at a pub- lic vendue. There has been for a long time one licensed hotel in the place, and for a short period there were two. French's Hotel is a well-kept and popular house, and is well filled with boarders in the summer sea- son. It is a noted place for excursions from Phila- delphia, Wilmington, and other places during the summer, there being a fine grove in connection with it. Joseph G. French, the present proprietor, took possession in 1869. The travel by steamboats to and from the place is very great. One boat runs regu- larly from Wilmington, and makes from one to four trips a day. Two boats usually make daily trips from Salem to Philadelphia, stopping at Penn's Grove each way, and frequently there are several boats at a time landing excursionists upon the pier. Four freight-boats are engaged in carrying truck and difierent kinds of marketing from Penn's Grove to Philadelphia. A railroad was built from Woodbury to Penn's Grove in 1876, and there are four daily trains each way, carrying the mails each way twice. There has been a stage-line from Woods- town to meet the boats ever since the Salem boats have been stopping at Penn's Grove. The fishing interest is a business of considerable importance, and brings a large amount of money into the place, and furnishes employment for quite a number of .persons. The fishing is not confined to shad and herring, for quite a business is carried on in sturgeon-catching, for which purpose a large house or factory has been erected, where the sturgeon are prepared in a marketable form, frozen, and kept in a proper condition until shipped to the Philadelphia and New York markets. Most prominent among those identified with the fisheries are Brukens & Dikeman, William A. Sack, Torton & Blohm, and Charles A. Dolbow. The place contains several general stores, a hard- ware-store, two carriage- and wheelwright-shops, two blacksmith-shops, two shoe-shops, one bakery, two barber-shops, one tobacco-store, four saloons, two coal-yards, one limekiln, two livery-stables, one butcher, and, in the fall and winter, two meat-stands, two pool-rooms, a ship-yard, and two millinery-shops. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PENN'S NECK. 487 The Odd-Fellows own a large hall, in which is a large lecture- room. There are two churches, one Methodist Episcopal and the other Protestant Meth- odist, and one public school, in which three teachers are employed. Among the best-known business men not mentioned elsewhere are S. R. Leap & Brother, William Denny & Brother, George S. Shannon, merchants ; William H. Bilderback, dealer in hardware; Theophilus Paul-, lin, William Denny, wheelwrights; Samuel Cothern, James Cunningham, blacksmiths ; John Hennen- meyer, George Stanton, shoemakers ; Dr. M. Johnson, Alfred Robbins, druggists ; James W. Loughlan, editor and publisher; Henry Barker, proprietor of a limekiln and coal-yard ; James S. Hannah. A few years ago a newspaper was started, called The Penn'i Orove Record. It aims to give the local news, and is published weekly by James W. Laughlan. South Penn's Grove, formerly "Helm's Cove," about a half-mile down the river, is a much older business place than Penn's Grove. The land was formerly owned by one Helms, from whom the place took its name. There have been four licensed hotels in the place, but not over two at one time. The names of the dif- ferent landlords who kept inns are Edmund Adams, James McCollister, William Lawrence, Furman Fen- ton, Charles Dolbow, Charles Bilderback, John Diver, and Catharine Diver & Sons, who, in 1837, closed the hotel and invited their neighbors to help take down the sign-post. Theirs was the last hotel in the place. South Penn's Grove contains at this time one store. The old store-house was built by Adam Harbeson near a century ago, and kept by him for some time. Samuel Borden succeeded him, and after him Michael AValker and Daniel Vanneman. James Sherron pur- chased the property and kept a store for some time, and in 1829 sold it to John Summerill, Sr., who, with his son, John Summerill, Jr., commenced business under the name of Summerill & Son. The firm con- tinued for some time, when the elder Summerill with- drew his name, and the business was conducted by John Summerill, Jr., who about this time enlarged the business. Previously it had been a small country store. He now added grain, lumber, coal, cordwood to his other business, and became interested in vessel property, and continued up to the time of his death, which occurred in 1865. After his death his son, John Sum- merill, and Samuel B. Holton conducted the business four years, when the latter withdrew from the firm, and Joseph C. Summerill and John Summerill, sons of John Summerill, went into business under the firm- name of John Summerill & Brother. There has been a ship-yard upon the Catharine Diver property, along the shore, as long as the oldest inhabitants have any recollection. The place in former years had a public landing, where hundreds of cords of wood were piled for shipment to Philadelphia. There is now a wharf at the foot of the main street, whence packets run during the season to Philadel- phia with all kinds of produce, and from which are landed lumber, coal, and other merchandise. There has been a blacksmith-shop in the village for some thirty years. It was established by William S. Dayton, and after his death Thomas Norcross oc- cupied it for two or three years, since which Albert Fox has conducted the business. A wheelwright- shop was established in the place by Theophilus Paulin, about the same time the smithery was started, and has been occupied at different times by Augustus Jacobi, Chester Dilks, and others. The business of gill-fishing in Helm's Cove is car- ried on quite extensively. Some eighteen nets are fished by the inhabitants. The cost of each net and boat is about two hundred and fifty dollars. They earn from three hundred dollars to one thousand dol- lars each yearly, and each net furnishes employment to two, sometimes three, men. There are about thirty- five houses in the village of South Penn's Grove, and about two hundred inhabitants. Industrial and Commercial. — The principal in- dustry of the township at large is agriculture. The soil is well adapted to raising sweet potatoes, melons, and other truck, all of which are produced in abun- dance and shipped to market daily through the season. Wheat, rye, and corn are grown in large quantities for export. Many tomatoes are raised. There was from a comparatively early period a small ship-yard at Penn's Grove. It has not been in existence for many years. Occasionally, however, a shallop or other small boat is built there. From time immemorial there has been a ship-yard on the Cath- arine Diver property, at South Penn's Grove. Major Denny was the first builder there, and continued the business while he lived, in connection with his sons, David and James, and after the death of the elder Denny, about 1825, James conducted the business until 1845, when John Fawcett and James Lock oc- cupied the yard for some time, after which the firm of John and Peter Fawcett took and retained pos- session of the yard until the death of the latter, in 1878. Since that time John Fawcett and Joseph Dougherty have conducted the business. Ever since the beginning of improvements in this township measures have been frequently adopted to drain marshy lands and to improve navigation. As early as 1783 an act was passed to enable owners of swamp and marsh-meadow lands to repair banks, and since that day much money has been expended, with considerable success, both in a private and a public manner, to reclaim submerged or marshy territory. The canal from Salem Creek to the Delaware, across the southern extremity of Upper Penn's Neck and the northern part of Lower Penn's Neck, was pro- jected in 1801, and completed in its present prac- ticable form, after several failures, about thirteen or fourteen years ago. It serves the double purpose of 488 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. draining low lands and shortening the navigation to the Delaware. The firm of John Summerill & Brother are heavy dealers in lumber and shingles. Their coal trade is also very large. Nearly all the grain produced in this section of the country is put on the market by this firm, who have handled one hundred and thirty thousand bushels of corn in a season, that being the surplus product of this vicinity. Gilling-twine forms an important part of their business, the firm being im- porters of the golden Irish gill-thread. They sell an- nually several thousand pounds. The office of Sum- merill & Hires, importers of Orchilla guano, is at South Penn's Grove. The firm is composed of the firms of John Summerill & Brother, of Penn's Grove, and Hires & Co., of Quinton. * Few towns are more desirably situated for the suc- cessful prosecution of the canning business than Penn's Grove. It is surrounded by an abundance of land admirably adapted for the growth of fruits and vegetables, while the peculiar composition of the soil imparts to them a rare richness. Especially is this so of the tomato, which here gains a rich flavor that heavier land does not bestow. And then the town itself is sufficiently populous to provide the large number of hands the industry requires, while the river and railroad affiard easy access to markets. Acting upon these facts, in 1879, D. Peterson and F. W. Tussey, under the firm-name of Peterson & Tussey, started a small factory for the canning of to- matoes, more as an experiment than as a permanent business, though with the idea of continuing and en- larging the enterprise should the patronage of the farmers and the laborers warrant it. The first year the pack did not exceed five thousand cans. The name of the brand was " Standard." In 1880 the firm was enlarged by the admission of John Summerill & Brother and Josiah Summerill, the firm- name changed to Summerill & Co., and the brand was changed to " Jersey's Favorite." New buildings were erected and every facility introduced for a larger pack, which reached sixty thousand cans. In 1881, J. C. Summerill, Sr., purchased the interests of Peter- son & Tussey, the original firm. More buildings were erected, a new boiler of fifty horse-power put in, the best canning-machinery purchased, and every facility for the prompt handling of the goods and the safety and general comfort of the laborers intro- duced. That year the pack exceeded one hundred and sixty thousand cans, for which a market was readily found. In 1882, at the decease of J. C. Sum- merill, Sr., his interest was taken by Joseph J. Sum- merill. During this year everything that experience has shown to be necessary has been added, so that this now ranks as one of the most complete canning establishments in the State. The interior of the works is conveniently arranged for the difiereut processes of manufacture, and is light and well ventilated, and provided with the most efficient machinery for the prompt doing of work in every department. This firm packs nothing but " cold hand-packed" tomatoes, and warrant every can for one year after being packed, so that their trade-mark is a sufficient guarantee to the consumer that he is receiving the best in the market. They contract with the farmers to grow tomatoes for them, picking nothing but the best and that of uniform quality. During the canning season from seventy-five to one hundred hands are employed. Quality is always packed in preference to quantity, and so good is the reputation of the brand that "Jer- sey's Favorites" are eagerly sought after in Philadel- phia, New York, Baltimore, London, and other large markets. The fisheries, which form no inconsiderable part of the industrial interest in Upper Penn's Neck, are referred to elsewhere. A Remarkable Incident.— The history of Upper Penn's Neck would be incomplete without a narra- tion of the following wonderful event : In the fall of 1837 a menagerie was being conveyed from Wilming- ton to Penn's Grove by the steamboat "New Jersey," en route for Salem. The boat had to make two trips to bring the entire show across. It was dark. A large elephant was brought over the first trip. The custom of the showmen was to drive the elephants, after land- ing, up the road, there to wait until the whole caravan was ready to move forward. On this occasion the ele- phant, instead of waiting, started on and took the up- river road, and after continuing a short distance turned pflf in a by-road through the woods, crossing the property of John Holton and the Biddle farm, to the Pedricktown road, thence making his way up that road a short distance to a gate opening upon a pri- vate way across the farm of Rinear Latchem. This led into the woods and swamps known as Quillytown, a wild region of country with few inhabitants. The elephant stayed in the woods that night and the next day. The following night he came back by the way he had gone the night before, when he had broken all obstructing gates and fences in his pas- sage. When he arrived at Penn's Grove, not having had his regular meals, it is supposed he had a good appetite. Noah Humphreys, the hotel-keeper, had a small building for the storage of feed. The elephant knocked in one side of this building and ate what oats he wanted, then went along the shore above the pier, where lay a small bateau above high-water mark. Whether the anchor was in the boat or not is not known, but the elephant took the boat from the shore and half-way across the river, where it was found anchored the next morning. The elephant having left it, he struck out alone for the Delaware shore, and landed at Quarryville about sunrise. The workmen at the quarry had just come to their work, when an Irishman saw him coming ashore. He exclaimed, " Be jabers, there comes a sea-hoss !" The elephant had a short piece of chain around his <^'^^*^^^^ TOWNSHIP OP UPPER PENN'S NECK. 489 leg, with which the workmen fastened him to a small tree when he came out of the water, and claimed him as a prize, and refused to let the owner have him un- less he paid them fifty dollars, which he refused to do, but offered a barrel of whiskey instead. The workmen refused the whiskey, and the owner had to go to New Castle and get the sheriff in order to obtain possession of his property. The quarrymen received nothing. The elephant was brought over on the boat and taken to Woodstown, where the show was on ex- hibition that day. LODGES. Mural Lodge, No. 86, 1. 0. 0. F., of Penn's Grove, was instituted Dec. 14, 1848, with the following char- ter members : Woodburn Mulford, P. G. ; James M. Saunders, Thomas Reeves, Benjamin F. McCallister, Frank D. Mulford, P. G. The first officers installed were Thomas Reeves, N. G. ; J. M. Saunders, V. G. ; B. F. McCallister, Sec. ; Woodburn Mulford, Treas. The officers serving in September, 1882, wfire R. M. Featherer, N. G. ; John D. Harris, V. G. ; H. M. Flanagin, Rec. Sec. ; E. P. Barnart, Per. Sec. ; Sedg- wick R. Leap, Treas. The lodge numbers eighty-five members, and meets every Thursday evening. Paradise Encampment, No. 41, I. 0. 0. F., of Penn's Grove. — This encampment was instituted Nov. 16, 1869. In September, 1882, the principal officers were as follows : C. P., John W. Trumbull ; S. W., U. B. Biddle; J. W., H. M. Flanagin; Scribe, C. G. Aborn; Treas., J. Featherer; H. P., J. F. Layton. Union Lodge, No. 38, K. of P. — This society was organized under a charter dated Jan. 12, 1870, with the following-named charter members : S. B. Leap. J. Q A. Denny. John B, Lloyd. William Lawrence. Benjamin Shivera. Charles Bowen. Samuel B. Holton, Edward Robinson. David B. Leap. John P. Burnett. Alfred Simpkins. Thomas Norton. Jacob Cable. Jeremiah S. Hagen. Henry Barber. John Simpkins. Joseph G. French. Joseph B. Elkinton. John G. Peterson. Joseph B. Yonker. George Elkinton. James E. Smith. Parker Fenemore, John W. Thompson, James A. Denny. S. D. Stultz. Following are the names of the principal officers serving in September, 1882: C. C, Joseph Whitaker; V. C, Joseph Robbins; K. of R. and S., George W. Bevis ; M. of F., James Cunningham. Viola Council, No, 20, Jun. 0. U. A. M.— Viola Council of the Junior Order of United American Mechanics was instituted June 11, 1873. The charter members were the following : Willard Shriner. Ernest Bright. Burroughs Smith. Kichard Layton. Joseph DiTer. Frank Featherer. WiUiam Smith. Howard Hewitt. Joseph T Cross. William Higgins. Elwood PuBsey, The principal officers in service in September, 1882, were : C, Joseph Paulin ; V. C, Nerval Leap ; Rec. Sec, Job Bevis. Acton Post, No. 33, G. A. R.— Acton Post, No. 33, Grand Army of the Republic, was instituted Nov. 8, 1879, with charter members as follows : H. H, De Grofft, Isaac P. Simpson. George Cook, James Holter. George M. Pyle. John 8. Lloyd. John E. Wilson. William H. Harris, H, B. Biddle. James P. Butler, Pembei'ton Pierce. Samuel P, Ward, Elias Black, John M, Walker, Henry M, Flanigan, James F. Layton, Jeremiah S. Biddle, Thomas J, White, Charles English. Philip Dink. Charles Somers. Alfred Simpkins, James Armstrong, Adam Jess, Jesse Holton, Joseph Murphy, James Murphy, John Moore, William Borden, Daniel Myers, James Moore, The more prominent officers were as follows in the fall of 1882 : C, H. H. De Grofft ; S. V. C, Charles Pierson; J. V. C, S. P. Ward; Q. M., D. C. Simp- kins ; Adjt., J. S. Biddle. Samaria Lodge, No. 14, Masonic Ladies, of Penn's Grove. — Samaria Lodge was instituted Aug. 12, 1870, with the following charter members : Bhoda H. Davis. Keziah Somers. Caroline D. Burden. Anna M, Jordan, Mary E, Louderback, Kate Justice. Mary A. Layton. Caroline V. Fawcet. Bachel Ballinger. Hannah M. Norton, Anna T, Hannah, Sarah Morris. Mary C. Vanneman. Elizabeth Davis. Mary 8. Cable. Mary Locke. Mary J. Dolbow. Margaret De Grofft. Elma A, Cunningham. Mary Smith. Sarah Hogan. Maria Biddle. Margaret Robinson. Susan W. McCombs. Penn's Grove Conclave, No, 34, 1. 0. H.— Penn's Grove Conclave of the Improved Order of Heptasophs was organized Sept. 23, 1881, with the following constituted members : J, W. Laughlin, J. B. Elkinton. John GrofT, G, H, Elkinton, Moses Hughes. William F. Yeager, Samuel Denny. W. H. Denny. A. F. Layton. J, Q, A, Denny, Jacob Smith, Joseph G, French, B, Blohm, Jr, P, Pierce, Wilmer Clark. S. H, Leap, In September, 1882, its officers were the following : S. H. Leap, Arch.; W. H. Denny, Prov. ; Samuel Denny, Sec. ; William F. Yeager, Chan. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. HON. HENRY BAKBBR. The subject of this sketch is the son of Samuel and Hannah Barber. He was born in the township of Upper Penn's Neck, Salem Co., July 12, 1820. His 490 HISTOEY OF SALEM COUNTY. father was of English descent, and by occupation a tailor. His ancestors on his mother's side were Ger- man. When he was twelve years old his father died, leaving his widowed mother with ten small children. His educational advantages were limited to the schools of his neighborhood. In 1843 he married Charlotte, daughter of Eev. William Smith. He had by her only one child, Charles S., who died in his nineteenth year. On March 3, 1852, he married Sarah Jane, daughter of John and Elizabeth Boyd, of Wilmington, Del. His second wife is still living, by whom he has had two children, Frank P. and John S. John died in June, 1877. On March 30, 1875, Frank married Mary C, daughter of Franklin and Ellen Beckett. He died three years later, leaving one child, Harry's., who, with his mother, resides in the family of Mr. Barber. In the early part of his life Mr. Barber was a farmer, but subsequently turned his attention to the lumber business and contracting. In 1848 he re- moved to Wilmington, Del., and engaged in the ice business, but in a few years returned to Penn's Grove, in his native township, and entered into the coal and lime business. He has also continued his interest in agriculture, and still owns near the village a fine farm which is in a high state of cultivation. His fellow-citizens have proved their esteem for him by often calling him to fill places of honor and respon- sibility. In 1868 he was elected a member of the board of freeholders for the township of Upper Penn's Neck, and continued to occupy the position for several years. In 1879 he represented the First District of Salem County in the Assembly. He was re-elected to the sessions of 1880 and 1881. In the latter ses- sion he served on the Committee on Riparian Eights and joint Committees on Treasurer's Accounts and Printing. During his service of three terms in the Legislature, such was the consistent determination expressed by Mr. Barber to promote the common good of the State by advocating the passage of just and equitable laws, that he has been again unani- mously nominated by the Democratic party a can- didate for the Assembly. CHAPTER LXXVI. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PITTSGROVB.' Situation and Boundaries. — Upper Pittsgrove is situated on the northern border of the county, east of the centre, and is bounded as follows : North by Har- rison and Clayton townships (Gloucester Co.), east by Pittsgrove, south by Deerfield (Cumberland Co.) and Upper Alloways Creek, and west by Pilesgrove. I By M. 0. Kolfe. Its area is 21,422 acres, and its population in 1880 was 2100. Topographical and Statistical.— Like most New Jersey townships, Upper Pittsgrove is irregular in form. The surface of the land is generally level, but in some portions slightly undulating. The soil is a light gravelly loam, susceptible of a high degree of cultivation if treated artificially. Many thousand acres of formerly useless land have been redeemed, and now take rank among the most productive lauds of the county. Oldman's Creek flows along a portion of the north- ern border, and several small streams have their sources in the township, radiating irregularly from near the centre, aiding in the drainage of the land, and affording small water-powers here and there. The township is traversed in all directions by well-kept roads, connecting it with various points in Salem, Gloucester, and Cumberland Counties and beyond. The Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, in its course from Elmer to Salem, crosses the township, with a station at Daretown. The financial statistics of Upper Pittsgrove for the year 1881 were as follows : Valuation of real estate, $1,063,300; valuation of personal property, $627,570; total indebtedness, $422,825 ; polls, 559; poll tax, $510; school tax, $3206 ; county tax, $3041. Early Land Purchases and Settlement.^— Most of the land lying within the bounds of the two Pitts- grove townships was taken up by land speculators. Daniel Coxa, of Burlington, and Judge William Hall, of Salem, were the principal purchasers. In 1714, Messrs. Coxe and Hall extended an invi- tation to a colony who had lately arrived in the State of New York, and had located temporarily in Ulster County, to come on their lands in Salem County, rep- resenting the excellent quality of the soil and its adaptability and the local conveniences and sur- roundings, and offering favorable terms to all who would become land-owners and settlers on the tract. The colony sent some of their number to view the land and take careful account of the advantages and disadvantages of the locality, as well as to confer with the proprietors concerning prices and credits, with instructions to accept the offer of Messrs. Coxe and Hall, on behalf of the colony, if the committee should be satisfied that the proposed measure was likely to prove of benefit to the expectant settlers. Large tracts were purchased by the committee, in pursuance of further instructions of the colonists, and several families moved on their new possession in 1714 or in the spring of 1715. Prominent among these settlers were the Van Meter and the Dubois families, who took up three thousand acres, and the Newkirks, Garrisons, Barnetts, Craigs, Dunlaps, Aldermans, and 3 Some valuable data embodied in tbia chapter was furnished by Thomas Shourds, Esq. TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PITTSGROVE. 491 Mayhews, all of whom were liberal purchasers. The Coombs and other families soon followed. It is a fact somewhat remarkable that a majority of the residents of Upper Pittsgrove at this time are descendants of those colonists who first made openings in the forests of the township nearly one hundred and seventy years ago, the different families having intermarried during successive generations, until the outgrowth has been a relationship so complicated as to defy the most ex- pert genealogist. A few of the colonists had been residents of Ulster County, N. Y., for some time; most of them had but quite recently arrived in America when they removed from Ulster County to Salem County. Among the former class was the Van Meter family, who had emi- grated from Holland between 1650 and 1660. There vfere three brothers Van Meter among the emigrants from New York. Joseph settled in Monmouth County, and John and Isaac came on to Upper Pittsgrove. The earliest record of the name to be seen in the county clerk's office in Salem is dated 1714, and is evidence of the purchase of three thousand acres of land by the Van Meters and Duboises from Daniel Coxe, of Burlington. These parties divided their lands by the compass, the Van Meters taking a tract lying to the south of a certain line, and the Duboises the balance of the joint purchase, lying to the north of said line. The Van Meters were noted for their de- sire to extend their landed possessions, and they con- tinued to purchase until they owned a large portion of the land, extending from the " overshot mill," in Upper Alloways Creek, near Daretown, southerly to Fork Bridge, about six thousand acres in all ; and most of the titles of the present owners go back to those held by the Van Meters. Isaac Van Meter had a son Garrett, who married a daughter of Judge John Holme in 1774. He emi- grated to Virginia with his family, and some of his descendants live there still. John Van Meter left a son Henry, who was the ancestor of all, or nearly all, of the Van Meters now living in Salem County. He was married four times. The following-named chil- dren are mentioned in his will : Joseph, Ephraim, John, David, Elizabeth, Eebecca, Jacob, and Benja- min. Of these, Jacob Van Meter removed to Genesee County, N. Y., and died, leaving a family, and Ben- jamin Van Meter settled early in life on his ancestral estate, and was a useful man in his time. He mar- ried Bathsheba, daughter of Capt. James Dunlap, of Upper Pittsgrove. He died in 1826 ; his wife in 1831. Their children were James, Mary, Ann, Sarah, Eras- mus F., Robert H., and Bathsheba. James became a physician, began practicing his profession at Allo- waystown, and soon removed to Salem, where he had a very extensive practice, especially among Friends, dying in 1847, aged eighty. His son, Thomas Jones Van Meter, also graduated as a physician, but never practiced to any extent. Benjamin Van Meter was the owner of several slaves, but becoming convinced of the unholiness of human bondage, he liberated them all a few years prior to his death ; but he had been so gentle and considerate a master that some of them refused to leave him, and lived out the remain- der of their lives on his homestead. The other parties to the purchase of John and Isaac Van Meter in 1714 were Jacob Dubois and his sister. The latter and the Van Meters conveyed twelve hundred acres to Jacob Dubois, as his por- tion, in 1716. Barrett Dubois, his son, settled in Upper Pittsgrove, having previously been married in New York State. Catharine, his daughter, was born in 1716 ; Jacob, in 1719, and he married Janette Newkirk in 1747. He was a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church, and a deacon, and one of the trustees to whom the deed was given for the ground to erect a church on. Lewis, third son of Jacob, was born at Hurley, Ulster. Co., N. Y., in 1695, and married Margaret Janson in 1720. He came to West Jersey in company with his brother Barrett, and soon owned one thousand and ninety-one acres of land in Upper Alloways Creek. He and his wife were among the first members of the Presbyte- rian Church of Pittsgrove when it was organized in 1741, when, for forty shillings, he sold the trustees two acres of land on which to build a church ; and in 1761 he sold fifty acres for a parsonage, for seventy- five pounds proclamation money, in addition to the fifty acres the church purchased of Abraham New- kirk in 1744. The Elwell family of Upper Pittsgrove have had a large influence both in religious and civil society. Jacob Elwell, the emigrant, was born in England in 1700, and located in Pilesgrove soon after his arrival in this country. Jacob Elwell died in Pittsgrove at the age of seventy-three, leaving numerous de- scendants. Capt. James Dunlap, of Upper Pittsgrove, was the son of Capt. James Dunlap, Sr., of Penn's Neck, whence the Dunlaps came from Delaware. The family are supposed to be of Irish descent. James Dunlap died in 1758. The names of early members of some of these and other families who were identified with churches at their organization in Upper Pittsgrove, and are most of them reasonably supposed to have been residents of the township, are as follows: Baptist (1771), John Mayhew, Sr., William Brick, Jacob Elwell, John Dickinson, Cornelius Austin, Samuel Brick, Johanna Mayhew, Eleanor Nelson, Esther Hewes, Hannah Elwell, Matthew Aarons, Pamannah Garton, Fulida Hudson, Matthias Dickinson, Phebe Nelson, Reu- hama Austin, and Rachel Brick. Presbyterian (1741), Rev. David Evans and the families Dubois, Van Meter, Newkirk, and Mayhew. Later the Coombs and other families united with the last-named society. Judge David Davis, third son of John Davis, a prominent early resident of Pilesgrove, and one who left the impress of his character on the township and 492 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. county, owned a large tract of land near the Presby- terian Church in Pittsgrove, on which he built a roomy and substantial brick house, which is still standing, and in which he lived until his death, at the age of sixty. His wife, Dorothea Cousins, an Englishwoman, lived to the age of ninety-six. Thomas Chalkley wrote that in 1740 he had a religious meet- ing at the house of David Davis, and benches were brought from a neighboring meeting-house, which is presumed to have been the old log Presbyterian Church, which stood near by. He further stated that the meeting was large, and the people were orderly. Organization. — Upper Pittsgrove was set oflf from Pittsgrove by an act of the Legislature approved March 6, 1846. Civil List. * CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS. SURVEYORS OF HIGHWAYS. 1846, 1849. Judah Foster. 1847. Jonathan Burroughs. 1846-48. Isaac Johnson (2d). 1848. Charles Brown. 1849-50. James Van Meter (2d). 1890-51. Samuel S. Dean. 1850-52. Harman Richman. 1852-53. Joseph Cook. 1853-54. Benjamin F. Johnson. 1854-55. Ananias G, Richer. 1855-56. Samuel Dubois. 1SS6, 1858. Benjamin F. Dean. 1857. Isaac Johnson. 1857. James Hurst. 1858, Cornelius Nowkirk. 1849. Israel Conorer. 1849. William Loper. 1860. Leonard Swing. 1846-48, 1870-71. Clement New- | kirk. I 1860. James A. Dare. 1861. Robert P. Robinson. 1861. Samuel Borton. 1862, 1866-67. John W. Janvier. 1862, 1864-65. Isaac J. Newkirk. 1863. Francis A. Campbell. 1863. William Beckett. 186t, 1876. Charles F. H. Gray. 1865. Henry H. Richman. 1866-67. James Coombs. 1868-69. William A. Coombs. 1868-70. John Bishop. 1871-72. Allen Moore. 1873-74. William A. Wood. 1876-78. Hiram Strang. 1879. William Newkirk. 1880-81. M. F. Riley. 1882. Hiram W. Smith. COMMISSIONERS OF APPEAL. 1846, 1850. Thomas Harding, Jr. 1846-4'^, 1849. Samuel Dean. 1846-47, 1849, 1856-56, 1860, 1880. William A. Coombs. 1847. Thomas Peacock. 1848. John Martin. 1848. George Dickinson. 1848. 1858, 1866, David Dean. 1849. John Yanmeter. 1860-62, 1863-65. Joseph C. Nelson. 1850-62. William Loper. 1850. Joseph Newkirk. 1850. Charles Brown, 1860, 1867. Garrett Dubois. 1861-53, 1865-66. Joseph Foster. 1853-64. John C. Richman. 1853, 1868-74, 1876, 1879. James Coombs. 1854-56. Isaac Johnson. 1854. Samuel Dubois. 1857. Jeptha Hampton. 1867-58. Robert Patterson. 1857-58. Leonard Swing, 1859. ZaccheuB Bassett. 1859. Benjamin C. Slthen. 1859. John B. Alderman. 1860-61. John Bishop. 1860-61. Benjamin Elwell. 1861-62. Jonathan Dubois. 1862. Isaiah A. Dare. 1862. Rollins L. Foster. 1863-64, 1876-78,1880-81. Harman Richman. 1863, 1876-78, 1880-81. Jas. Hurst. 1864-65. John Baldwin. 1866. John B. Harris. 1866. John Gaunt. 1866. John Dilks, 1867. Bartholomew Coles. 1868-74. Enoch Mayhew. 1868-73. Samuel Martin. 1874. Elmer Gaunt. 1875. John B. Dunham. 1875. Joseph C. Lambert. 1876. Charles H. Powell. 1877-78. Ebenezer L. Sheppard. 1879. Samuel M. Johnson. 1879. Charles Hitohner. 1880. Adam S.Graff. 1881-82. Ambrose Whitaker. 1882. James McFarland. 1882. Edward Buzby. SCHOOL COMMITTEE. 1846. Jerediah Dubois. i 1846. Wallace Taylor. 1846. Jeremiah Foster. i 1846-48,1860,1856,1856. Ambrose Whitaker. 1846-47, 1857-58, 1861-62. Henry Harding 1848-50. Garrett Prickett. 1849. Seth Loper. 1860-51, 1803. John Pinyard. 1851. Martin Nixon, 1862. Harman Richman, Jr. 1862-63. William G. Kelly. 1863-54, 1859. William B. Brown. 1854. Damon T. Dickinson. 1855-56. Andrew Serran. 1857-58. William A. Coombs. 1859. Francis B. Harris. 1867-88, 1873-75, 1879-81. Henry Coombs. 1867. John A, Newkirk. 1867, 1872. Francis B. Harris. 1868, 1882. Jerediah Dubois. 1868,1870-71. Adam S.Graff. 1868-69, 1871. Charles Campbell. 1869. Charles C. Garrison. 1869-71. Furman Wentzell. TOWNSHIP 1846-47. Leonard Swing. 1846. Thomas R. Clement. 1846,1851. Jonathan Burroughs. 1846, 1865-56, 1868. Garrett Prick- ett. 1846-47, 1849, 1859. Matthew N. Foster. 1847, 1850. Jeptha Hampton. 1847. Charles Brown. 1847, 1859. Cornelius D. Newkirk. 1848-49, 1869. Jonathan L. Swing. 1848. Jeremiah Foster. 1848, 1861-62. John R. Alderman. 1848. Harman Richman. 1848, 1861-62. Cornelius Dubois. 1849-60, 18.57-58, 1862. James A. Dare, Jr. 1849-60. Edward Dubois. 1849, 1851, 1857. David S. Dean. 1850. Isaac Johnson (2d). 1860, 1854r-66. William Loper. 1850, 1852-63. William Beckett. 1860. George Dickinson. 1860, 1852. John Dilks. 1850. George B. Martin. 1850. George W. Janvier. 1851-52. William M. Newkirk. 1861-52. Samuel Garrison. 1852. Ananias G. Richer. 1853. Henry P. Ketchum. 1853-54, 1864-66. Abijah Dubois. 1863. Clement B. Richman. 1854-56, 1857-69, 1861. J. W. Jan- vier. 1853-56, 1857-58. Samuel R. Riley 1854. John Wilson. 1856. Peter Beckett. 1856. Robert Patterson. 1856. William tlrion. 1369,1871. John Mayhew. 1870. 1876. William Sayres. 1870. David Hewitt. 1872-74. James McFarland. 1872. Isaac Newkirk. 1872-73. George Coombs. 1873-74. Allen Moore. 1874. Bennett G. Pancoast. 1874. Robert J. Summerill. 1875. 1877. Charles F. Newkirk. 1875-76, 1878. Wm. M. Newkirk. 1876. Clement Newkirk. 1876-78. Joseph L. Richman. 1876 Charles R.Burt. 1876. Jacob Sarish. 1877-78. Charles Hitchner. 1878. James T. Mayhew. 1877. Joseph Ackley. 1879. David B. Elwell. 1879. Millard F. Riley. 1880-82. Benjamin D. Brooks. 1880-81. Hiram W. Smith. 1882. Henry J. Dubois. COMMITTEE. 1856. William Cooper. 1856,1858,1860. Thomas B.Moore. 1857-58. Benjamin C. Sithen. 1859. Samuel Johnson. 1860-61. Garrett Dubois. 1860-61, 1866. Clarence M. Streeper. 1861. Benjamin F. Dean. 1862. Samuel Edwards. 1862. Benjamin Elwell. 1863. Matthias Kandle. 1863-65. Damon T. Dickinson. 1863-64. Helon Foster. 1863-66. Moses T.M. Garrison. 1863. Elijah Dubois. 1864. Josiah Garwood. 1864. Isaac J. Newkirk. 1866. Benjamin F. Burt. 1865. Benjamin Robinson. 1866. Francis M. Swing. 1866-67. Enoch Mayhew. 1866, 1876-78. Jacob H. Mean. 1866. Abraham R. Swing. 1867, 1871-73. John B. Mounoe. 1849-50, 186'3-54. Henry Newkirk. 1851-52. Benjamin C. Sithens. 1856. William Richman. 1857-69. Moses Thomas, Jr. 1860-61. Albeit Coombs. 1862. George Coombs. 1863-64. William B. Tinker. 1865. Charles S. Elwell. 1866-67. Jerediah Dubois. 1868-69, 1873. David B. Elwell. 1872. Charles B. Burt. 1874-76, 1884. Joseph N. Gray. 1876. Oliver Alderman. 1877-80. A. D. Richman. 1882. T. C. Avis. ASSESSORS. 1846-47. James Coombs. 1848, 1853-64. WilUam Richman. 1849. Wallace Taylor. 1860-61. Matthew N. Foster. 1862. Edmond Dubois. 1855-66, 1862-63. C. D. Newkirk. 1857-58. Garrett Dubois. 1859-60. David Sithens. 1861. Moses Thomas, Jr. 1864t6S. Joseph L. Richman. 1866-67. Joseph Newkirk. 1868-73 Abram Cochran. 1874r-76. David B. Elwell. 1877-80. Charles E. Burt. 1881-82. Omar H. Newkirk. TOWNSHIP OF UPPEK PITTSGROVE. 493 TOWN SUPERINTENDENTS. 1848. Tbomas R. Clement. 1849-62, 1883-64. Nathaniel G. Swing. 1860, 1858-62. JameB Coomba. JUDGES OP 1846, 1849. Charles Brown. 1847, Jeremiah Foster. 1848, 1869-60. Isaac Johnson (23). 1850. Joseph C. Nelson. 1860, 1867-68. Judah Foster. 1861. George Dickinson. 1862. Daniel R. Ackley. 1853-54. Peter Beckett. 1855-56. Barman Richman. 1861. Edward Loper. 1862. Leonard Swing. 1853-64. William A. Wood. 1866-66. Ebeuezer L. Sheppard. 1865-66. Henry H. Elwell. 1867. Abram Cochran. ELECTION. 1863-65. William Richman. 1866. Samuel Edwards. 1869, 1871. Francis B. Harris. 1869-70. John B. Monnce. 1869-70. Samuel D. Hitchner. 1870. William Curry. 1872. Benjamin F. Dean. 1873-74. David Dean. 1875-76, 1878-80. D. V. Cochran. 1881. Joseph L. Richman. 1882. Adam S. Gra£f. COLLECTORS. 1846. Nathaniel G. Swing. 1847, 1862. Garrett Dubois. 1848-49. Joseph Foster. 1850-51, 1856-67. Wallace Taylor. 1852. Samuel D. Hitdhner. 1863-54. Garrett Pickett. 1855. John C. Richman. 1858. Joshua Lippincott. 1860-61. Cornelius D. Newkirk. I 1863. William Stratlon. 1864. Benjamin F. Burt. 1866-66. Francis A. Campbell. 1867-68. Moses T. M. Garrison. 1869-73. John M. Krom. 1874-75. George M. Elwell. 1876-81. George W. Richman. 1882. William M. Avis. 1864, 1877-78. David Danelsbeck. 1866-66. James J. Mead. 1867-70. Daniel S. Clark. 1873-74. David P. Cochran. 1876-76,1879-80. Thomas Munyon. 1881. Lewis S. Vanlear. 1882. J. H. Mayhew. CONSTABLES. 1846-47. Joseph Jones. 1848-50. Ananias G. Richer. 1862. David V. M. Smith. 1853. John Wiltsie. 1864, 1871-72. Aaron Shoulders. 1865, 1862-63. Franklin Beckett. 1866. John G. Ayres. 1857-61. John B. Monnce. Schools. — That the emigrants who first settled Upper Pittsgrove were families of advanced thought and much intelligence is evidenced by the educational advantages which they early introduced, by the es- tablishment of a good school, which afforded a thor- ough and full course of instruction for that time, and was in charge of competent and zealous instructors. Parents from long distances sent their children to this school, and men who became distinguished in the State were proud of the learning they acquired at the "Pittsgrove College," as it was called. The primitive public schools were " pay-schools," sup- ported by the contribution of stated tuition from parents. The early school-houses were built of logs. Improvements were introduced one after another, and in time the public school system of New Jersey was adopted throughout the township. Under this system Upper Pittsgrove is divided into ten districts, known and numbered as follows : Whig Lane District, No. 54; Centre District, No. 55 ; Independence District, No. 56 ; Washington Dis- trict, No. 57 ; Jefferson District, No. 58 ; Friendship District, No. 59; New Freedom District, No. 60; Walnut Grove District, No. 61 ; Monroe District, No. 62 ; and Union District, No. 63. The schools of Upper Pittsgrove are provided with good accommodations, are well conducted and well attended, and take high rank among the public schools of Salem County. Burial-FIaces. — It is said some few early burials in this township were made in private graveyards, which have long since disappeared. There are three public burying-grounds in Upper Pittsgrove, all of which were opened early, though the Presbyterian churchyard at Daretown doubtless antedates the two others, — the Pittsgrove Baptist churchyard near Daretown, and Friendship (Meth- odist) churchyard, in the northeast part of the town- ship. All of them contain old head-stones, and many early graves entirely unmarked. VILLAGES AND HAMLETS. Daretown, — This is an ancient settlement and post-town, located in Upper Pittsgrove, near the Pilesgrove line. It is principally noted as contain- ing the site of the old Pittsgrove Presbyterian Church, which was constituted April 30, 1741. It enjoys the advantage of being on the line of the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, thirteen miles northeast of the county-seat. There was little suggestive of a village here prior to the completion of the railroad, though a store had been built by James Richman in 1857. Mr. Rich- man was succeeded by Joshua Lippincott in 1865, and the latter by James R. Robinson in 1868. Sam- uel Allen, the present proprietor, bought the business of Mr. Robinson in 1871, and built an addition to the building in 1879, by arrangement with Mrs. Eliza D. Richman, widow of James Richman, who owns the premises. Isaac Pedrick was proprietor of the first blacksmith- shop. Eli Harris opened a blacksmith-shop in 1866, and in 1868 sold out to Asa D. Long. In 1873 the latter was succeeded by Alfred Riger, the present blacksmith, who built and opened his wheelwright- shop in connection in 1875. The village also contains the machine-shop of Dr. Joseph Cook and the distillery of Jacob Wies. Whig Lane. — Whig Lane is a hamlet in the north- west part of the township, and is so known from the fact that during the Revolution the owners of land thereabout were almost unanimously outspoken Whigs. The name was early applied to consid- erably more territory than is embraced within the settlement now so called, the patriot residents living for a mile or so along the road running nearly east and west through the hamlet. ' Benjamin Pedrick opened a wheelwright-shop here in 1830. His successors were M. Shaw, John Bald- win, Yost Elwell, Joseph Redrae, and Washington Wright until the shop was closed in 1880. The blacksmith-shop at Whig Lane was built by Harmon Richman, and by him occupied until his death in 1875, when it became the property of William Richman, who leased it from 1875 to 1879 to Thomas Mills, who was succeeded by Oliver J. Ziegler, the present occupant. The first store was established in 1852, by William 494 HISTORY OF SALEM COUNTY. A. Wood, and at his death, in 1877, passed into the ownership of his son, Charles Wood, the present pro- prietor. A second store was opened in 1855, by Jo- siah Richman, who owned and managed it till 1863. Thomas Richman was proprietor from 1863 to 1868, after which the building was closed until 1870, when William Richman, Jr., the present proprietor, took possession. Pole Tavern. — -By this name is known a hamlet located a little easterly from and about midway be- tween Daretown and Whig Lane. It derives its name from the fact that a liberty-pole has long stood in the central part of the settlement, before the old tavern, which is traditionally claimed to mark the site of the first liberty-pole ever erected in New Jersey. The name of the post-oflBce here is Pittsgrove. • The tavern, the fame of which is, by local nomen- clature, linked with that of the pole just referred to, is thought to have been part of it standing at least a century, but its early history is lost in the past, and traditions concerning it are shadowy and uncertain. It had numerous successive landlords years ago, among whom were Peter Ludlow, Jacob Smith, and William Middleton. Joseph M. Downan, the pres- ent " mine host" of the ancient hostelry, took pos- session in 1869. This place contains two stores. One of them was established by Jacob Hitchner, who sold out to George M. Elwell a few years ago. In 1876 it was purchased by the present proprietor, Samuel Martin. Mr. Martin is postmaster. The other store was for- merly occupied by Henry H. Richman and H. C. Sweatman. The present owner is Charles K. Rich- man. A blacksmith-shop was built by Joseph Fox in 1876, and is now occupied by him. Another, and the older of the two, has been in possession of Frank Seibert since 1864. In 1872, Mr. Seibert purchased a wheelwright's business of Edward Loper, who had established it in 1867. Besides the interests mentioned, a prominent one is the tannery of Gottlieb Kress, elsewhere referred to. Monroeville. — This settlement, sometimes referred to as Monroe Station, is a flag-station on the West Jersey Railroad, in the northeastern part of the town- ship. It contains a few dwellings and the store of James McFarland, who has been trading there for some years, and has been a resident since 1845. The station here is a great convenience to adjacent parts of this and adjoining townships. Swing's Corners.— Swing's Comers, named in honor of the Swing family, of whom N. G. Swing has been long a well-known local representative, is a ham- let situated at the crossing of two roads, near the south- ern line of the township. It contains several dwell- ings and a small store. Wheelwrights and black- smiths have plied their trades there from time to time. Pittsgrove Presbyterian Church' was constituted April 80, 1741. This is the oldest Presbyterian or- ganization in Salem County, and was originally called Pilesgrove. The following are the original members as they appear in the old church records : Isaac Van Meter. Hannah Tan Meter (hiB wife). Henry Van Meter (their son). Sarah Van Meter (their daughter). Cornelius Newkirk. Eacbel Newkirk (his wife). Abraham Newkirk (their son). Barnet Dubois. Dubois (his wife). Lewis Dubois. Margaret Dubois (his wife). Anna Dubois (their daughter). Garret Dubois. Margaret Dubois (his wife). John Miller. Mary Moore. Francis Tully. Hannah Tully (his wife), Eleazer Smith. Mary Smith (his wife). William Alderman. Abagail Alderman (his wife). Jeremiah Garrison. Mary Garrison (his wife). John Bose. Mary Rose (bis wife). Simeon Sparks. Jane Sparks (his wife). Thomas Sparks (their son). Elizabeth Sparks (their daughter). Bichard Sparks. Elizabeth Sparks (his wife). John Craig. Mary Craig (his wife). Sarah Carr. William Millar. Mary Sherry. Nathan Tarbel. Filscilla Tnlly. Hugh Moore. Hannah Moore (his wife). Phoebe Conklin, Peter Haws. James Dunlap, Elizabeth Dunlap (his wife). Jacob Dubois, Jr. Joshua Garrison. Sarah Garrison (his wife). Joast Millar. The membership of the church at the present time is three hundred and three, composed chiefly of the descendants of the original members. The first church building was a log structure, like most of those erected in those early days. It stood near the middle of the old graveyard, but there are no records to show either the date or cost of its erection. The second building was of brick, erected in the year 1767, and it is still standing in a good state of preservation. This house was built during the pas- torate of the Rev. Nehemiah Greenman. The third church building, in which the congrega- tion now worships, was completed in 1867, during the pastorate of Rev. E. P. Shields. It is a large and imposing brick edifice, and cost, including furniture, about twenty-five thousand dollars. The following persons composed the buildidg committee : Charles Wood, Enoch Mayhew, John R. Alderman, John W. Janvier, and George Coombs. The trustees of the congregation at the present time (November, 1882) are John Sweatman, William T. Richman, John Campbell, Ephraim Garrison, Charles Hitchner, Oliver Alderman, and Samuel Allen. The congregation owns a large and convenient parsonage with ample grounds attached, which is most eligibly located near the church. There are good reasons for believing that this lo- cality enjoyed preaching by Presbyterian ministers for some time before the organization of the church. The first settled pastor was the Rev. David Evans, 1 By Bev. J. D. Randolph, pastor. TOWNSHIP OP UPPER PITTSGROVE. 495 a native of Wales, who organized the church and ministered to it till his death, in 1751. The second pastor was the Rev. Nehemiah Green- man, who was ordained and installed in 1753, and labored here till his death, in 1779, a period of twenty- six years. During the thirty-two years following the congregation was ministered to by Rev. William Schenck, Rev. Mr. Glassbrook, Rev. Isaac Foster, Rev. Mr. Laycock, Rev. Buckley Carle, and Rev. John Clark, though there are no records to show how long they respectively labored. The Rev. George W. Janvier was ordained and in- stalled pastor May 13, 1812, and labored here till laid aside by .the infirmities of age in the year 1858, a period of forty-six years. This was the longest pas- torate in the history of the church, and produced the deepest impression upon its life. There was steady growth and prosperity throughout his entire ministry, and the records show the remarkable fact that during the six months immediately following his resignation, and while he was still consenting to supply the pulpit until a suitable successor could be found, there were added to the church on profession of their faith sev- enty persons, many of whom are among the active members of the church at the present day. Another special work of grace was enjoyed during Mr. Jan- vier's ministry in the year 1842, when seventy-eight persons united with the church. Mr. Janvier was succeeded in 1858 by the Rev. E. P. Shields, who labored here till 1870, a period of twelve years. His successor was the Rev. William A. Ferguson, whose pastorate extended from 1871 till 1881. During both these pastorates the church enjoyed steady growth and prosperity and several seasons of special reviving. The present pastor, Rev. J. Davidson Randolph, has just entered upon his labors, having been installed on the 15th of June last (1882). It is a remarkable fact that five of the pastors who have served this church, viz., David Evans, N. Green- man, Isaac Foster, Buckley Carle, and George W. Janvier, are buried side by side in the old grave- yard ; they sleep in the midst of those to whom they preached. But few congregations enjoy the privilege of having the graves of so many pastors in their midst. The following persons have filled the office of ruling elder in this church from its organization till the present time : Xeaac Van Meter. Bamet Dubois. William Aldermati. Bleazer Smith. Gideon Conklyn. Matthew Dubois. David Dubois. Jacob Dubois, Jr. James McGluog. Joseph Van Meter. Hosea Lawrence. Isaac Harris Abraham Dubois. Kleazer Mayhew. Benjamin Van Meter. Jeremiah Dubois. John Stratton. John Mayhew. Jeremiah Foster. Abraham Swing. Erasmus Van Meter. Jonathan L. Swing. Moses Bichman. Gilbert H. Craig. Leonard Swing. Ebenezer Harris. Richard Burt. Thomas Harding. Samuel D. Krom. Garret Dubois. Enoch Mayhew. Joseph L. Kichman. Benjamin F. Burt. Adam S. Graff. Richard B. Ware. There are at present three Sabbath-schools main- tained in the bounds of the congregation, the aggre- gate membership of which is about two hundred and fifty. There is a Ladies' Missionary Society and also a Ladies' Mite Society, both of which are vigorous and efficient organizations. Pittsgrove Baptist Church. — Rev. Robert Kelsay began his labors in Pittsgrove about 1741, and a good, substantial meeting-house was built in 1743. In 1771, when the record of the Pittsgrove Branch began, seventeen members of the Oohansey Church applied for letters of dismission, to become united with the Pittsgrove Baptist Church. Their names were John Mayhew, Sr., William Brick, Jacob Elwell, John Dickison, Cornelius Austin, Samuel Brick, Jo- hannah Mayhew, Eleanor Nelson, Esther Hewes, Hannah Elwell, Matthew Arons, Pamannah Garton, Fulida Hudson, Matthias Dickinson, Phebe Nelson, Reuhama Austin, Rachel Brick. They were consti- tuted into a regular gospel church on the 15th day of May, 1771. " Then is recorded their church covenant, consist- ing of ten articles, prepared for them by Mr Kelsay, and which continued to be used as such until 1867, when, to be in conformity with sister churches, the manual by J. Newton Brown was adopted." The church takes its name from the township in which it is situated. Its location is on the road run- ning from Daretown to Woodstown, and half a mile distant from the former place. An act of incorporation was secured for the church on the 6th of March, 1786, and John Mayhew, Wil- liam Brick, William Dickson, John Kelly, Samuel Rose, David Nichols, and Jacob Wright were made the trustees. The first house used for worship was made of logs and stood in the graveyard, on the same spot where, in 1743, the frame meeting-house was built, during the pastoral labors of Rev. Robert Kelsay. It was of quite moderate size, but a very substantial struc- ture, and after serving this church for over a century, in 1844 was sold to and used by the colored people for a house of worship. The present brick house was built during the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Kain, in 1844, at a cost of two thousand two hundred dollars. In 1771 a comfortable dwelling-house and other buildings were built on the parsonage lot of sixty acres. At some subsequent period a part of the land was sold, leaving about thirty acres, which continues to be the Baptist parsonage of Pittsgrove. It is situ- ated about two miles from the meeting-house, near Pole Tavern. Rev. William Worth was ordained pastor May 16, 496 HISTORY OP SALEM COUNTY. 1771. This relation he held until 1796. In 1803 he was excluded for heresy, having long been a Univer- salis t. The names of the members of the church adhering to the Baptist confession of faith in 1803 were Su- sannah Elwell, Catherine Harris, Eeuhama Austin, Anna Robinson, Tabitha Mayhew, Mary Nichols, Susannah Garrison, Lovica Elwell, Elizabeth Atkin- son, Priscilla Blue, Abigail Joslin, Reuhama Moore, and Rachel Robinson. Rachel Brick, about this time, declared her adherence to them. Reuhama Austin and Rachel Brick are the only constituent members surviving. During the time from 1803 until 1827 they were dependent on the occasional services of visiting brethren for the preaching of the gospel ; nor fr*m the scanty records can it be told how often these visits were made. In 1818 they petitioned the Association to aid them with supplies, that they might celebrate the Lord's Supper at least three times a year. In compliance with this request, Messrs. Smalley, Thompson, May- Ion, Clark, and Mulford preached for them at stated intervals. The second pastor, Rev. William Bacon, united with the church by letter from Salem in May, 1827, and was at once called to the ministry. He was or- dained in August, 1829. On April 9, 1831, Mr. Bacon divided his labors between the churches at Pittsgrove and Woodstown, and preached for both until 1833, when he assumed charge of the Woodstown Church alone. The third pastor. Rev. William Pollard, was called to the pastorate of the church June 7, 1833. He retained his connection with the church two years. John S. Eisenbrey, the fourth pastor, commenced his pastorate in October, 1837, and continued until March, 1842. He preached statedly twice on the Sabbath in the meeting-house, morning and evening, while on Sabbath afternoons he preached alternately at Deerfield, Pennytown, Washington school-house, near Allovvaystown, and at the parsonage, and sometimes he went out in the pine woods to a dis- tance of twenty miles to preach. He was a faithful, energetic pastor, and a zealous advocate of temper- ance. Conjointly with his pastoral labors he farmed the parsonage, taught the district school and a class in music. In the spring of 1842 the church extended a call to Charles Kain, Jr., a licentiate of the Moorestown Baptist Church, to become their pastor. His pastor- ate was very successful. The present house of worship was erected and sixty-one persons baptized into the fellowship of the church during the pastorate of Mr. Kain. After having visited the church. Rev. William F. Brown was called to take pastoral charge of it in March, 1847, and was ordained pastor in August of the same year. While he was their pastor the church built a new dwelling-house on the parsonage and repaired the other buildings. He closed his labors with the church in March, 1850. The seventh pastor, Rev. Abel Philbrook, began his pastoral labors in February, 1851, and closed them in February, 1854. In May, 1854, Rev. Daniel Kelsay began his labors with this church, and continued to be their pastor for the ten succeeding years. He was born in Green- wich, Cumberland Co., and was grandson of the Rev. Robert Kelsay, so closely identified with the history of the older Baptist Churches of West Jersey, and particularly with that of Pittsgrove. Rev. A. B. Still, the ninth, united with the church and began his pastoral labors on Oct. 1, 1864. After a pastorate of nearly three years he closed his labors and removed to Danville, Pa. Rev. Levi Morse, from Newton, N. J., Was settled as pastor from Nov. 18, 1867, to April 2, 1871. To Rev. Charles A. Mott the church gave a call in July, 1871. It being accepted, he at once began his pastoral labors, and was ordained on the 15th of August, following. He resigned his charge in Janu- ary, 1874, which became effective on the 1st of April, 1874, following. On the third Sabbath of July, in compliance with an invitation from the church, the twelfth pastor. Rev. Morgan Edwards, began his pastoral labors with the Pittsgrove Church. On Aug. 1, 1874, the church extended to Mr. Edwards a 'call to become pastor. He accepted, and remained until December, 1874. Rev. Levi Morse again became pastor in 1875, and continued the relation until the spring of 1878. July 16, 1878, Rev. John J. Reeder became pastor, serving the church until November, 1880. Rev. T. G. Deuch- field acted as supply in 1880 and 1881. For a year past the church has been without a pastor. The present deacons of this organization are C. F. H. Gray, S. D. Hitchner, Thomas R. Coles, and E. L. Sheppard. Friendship Methodist Episcopal Church.— Ben- jamin Abbott was the father of Methodism in Salem County, and was certainly one of the most remarkable men of his generation. He married in early life and located in Pittsgrove township. His wife was a member of the Presbyterian organization centering at Daretown, and he occasionally went with her to church. In the fall of 1772, in the fortieth year of his age, he was converted, under the preaching of Abraham Whiteworth. At that time he was a hired laborer for Benjamin Van Meter, a prominent farmer in the neighborhood, who, according to tradition, employed him solely on account of his muscular strength, for otherwise he was objectionable, being at times intemperate, and while so quarrelsome. There lived in the same neighbor- hood John Murphy, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a man of considerable intellect and ex- tensive reading, whose house appears to have been a TOWNSHIP OF UPPER PITTSGROVE. 497 home for the Methodist itinerants, and one of their earliest preaching-places in the county. After a time Mr. Murphy united with the Meth- odist Society, which was formed at his house anterior to that of any other Methodist organization in the county. His friends opposed this action strongly, but he appears to have taken it solely on account of a conviction that he would be more useful as a Methodist than as a Presbyterian. Returning from a meeting at Murphy's, Abbott's wife is said to have been converted, subsequently leaving her Presbyte- rian alliance and becoming a Methodist. Others took similar action. Converts were made among those who had previously not been professors of re- ligion, and from year to year the organization gained in strength, spiritual, financial, and numerical. About the beginning of this century a small one-story log church was built, which later gave place to better accommodations. On the site of Murphy's house was erected, in 1862 and 1863, a comfortable church, which was dedicated Jan. 22, 1863. This station had been for many years connected with the several circuits which from time to time in- cluded it, and was ministered to by many of the cir- cuit preachers, mentioned elsewhere in connection with other early societies in other townships. In 1863 it was on the Pittsgrove and Woodruff charge. At this time it is connected with the Elmer and Olivet Churches, a similar relation having been sus- tained years ago, prior to its connection with the Woodruff Church. In 1843 the first regular pastor was appointed to the Friendship, Elmer, and Olivet Churches in conjunction. This was Rev. Matthias German. The following-mentioned pastors have suc- ceeded him in the order named : Revs. Noah Ed- wards, Joseph Atwood, John W. McDougall, Joseph Gaskell, Abraham Gearhart, Levi J. Roads, Charles W. Heisley, Samuel Hudson, Joseph Summerill, James Merell, Samuel Johnson, Charles W. Heisley, H. S. Norris, M. C. Stokes, Edward H. Deurelle, J. B. Turpin, and J. H. Heilenman. Industrial, — George M. Elwell established a dis- tillery at Daretown a number of years ago, which, since his decease in 1873, has been owned by his widow, and operated by Jacob Wies. In 1879, William Cook established a small ma- chine-shop at Daretown and operated it about eigh- 32 teen months, since the expiration of which it has been closed. It is now owned by Dr. Joseph Cook. Steam- engines and saw-mills were manufactured, and two ice-machines, one of which has been operated at Selma, Ala., by Clayton & Cook. Eighty or one hundred years ago a tannery was es- tablished at Pole Tavern. The first occupant of whom any present resident has any knowledge was Joseph Cook, who was succeeded by Joseph Ketcham. Elisha Heritage was proprietor from" about 1849 to about 1855, and Henry Rouser later until 1857, when the present proprietor, Gottlieb Kress, took posses- sion. The several blacksmiths and wheelwrights now fol- lowing their avocations in this township, as well as many of their predecessors, have been mentioned. The agricultural interests of Upper Pittsgrove are well advanced, and in most parts of the township are to be seen farms vying in beauty of location, neat appearance, and productiveness with any in the county. Fruits, vegetables, melons, tomatoes, and the various cereals are raised in abundance. The land in Upper Pittsgrove was heavily timbered for some time after settlement began, and much labor was expended in the early days in subduing the for- ests and clearing the soil of obstructions to tillage,. When placed under cultivation the land yielded large crops of wheat, rye, and Indian corn, but for lack of proper rotation of crops, after a time, became ex- hausted and measurably worthless. At this unfavor- able period in the agricultural history of the town- ship, many of the earlier farmers became dissatisfied, sold their " worn-out" lands, and removed to more inviting fields of labor. Those who purchased of them did so with the full knowledge that the land was greatly deteriorated, and at a price which was probably fixed in accordance with this fact. But they and the older settlers who stuck to the old ground where their forefathers had lived and flour- ished, were soon rewarded by the discovery of marl in Pilesgrove, in quantities sufficient for its needs and those of Upper Pittsgrove and portions of other adja- cent townships. The free use of this, and the frequent growth of clover, that great restorer of deteriorated soil, eventually brought Pittsgrove to its present status as one of the finest cereal-producing townships in the county. A larger yield of English grapes is obtained here than in any other part of South Jersey. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER LXXVII. DESCRIPTION. CuMBEKLAND CouNTY is the most southern county, excepting Cape May, in the State. It 4s bounded on the northwest and north by Salem County, on the northeast by Gloucester and Atlantic, on the southeast by Cape May, and on the southwest by Delaware Bay. It is about thirty miles long, east and west, and about twenty-eight miles in its greatest breadth, north and south. Its surface is generally level, sloping gradually to the different streams which pass through it. Streams. — The principal of these are Maurice and Cobansey Rivers. Maurice River has its rise in Gloucester County, and passing out of that county becomes the boundary line between Pittsgrove town- ship, Salem Co., on the west, and Landis township, in this county, on the east, and then crosses through the eastern portion of Cumberland to the Delaware Bay. Its general course is almost directly south, and its whole length is about forty-five miles, and with its branches it drains a basin of about three hundred and sixty square miles. The Cohansey has its rise in Salem County, and flowing a southerly course into Cumberland, becomes the dividing line between the townships of Deerfield and Hopewell, flows through the city of Bridgeton, separating the Third Ward from the First and Second, then becomes the bound- ary line between Fairfield on the east and south, and Hopewell and Greenwich on the west and north. At Fairton, four miles below the city of Bridgeton, it makes a turn at a right angle to the west, and follows that general course to the town of Greenwich, from which its remaining course is south by southwest. Its length is thirty-one miles, and it drains a basin of about one hundred square miles. Stow Creek, on the northwest, forms part of the boundary line with Salem County ; West Creek, on the southeast, partly the boundary with Cape May. Back, Cedar, Autuxit, and Dividing Creeks, all emptying into Delaware Bay, are the next largest streams. Marsh.es. — Along the whole shore of the bay ex- tends a strip of marshy land, in breadth from half a mile to one and two miles. Its surface is usually covered with different varieties of salt grass and sod, and is near the level of ordinary high water, while extra high tides frequently cover it. These marshes 498 are generally of soft mud underneath the sod, and frequently so miry that horses or cattle cannot walk over them. The mud varies from a few inches to thirty feet in depth, and is underlaid by firm gravelly or sandy soil. These marshes also extend up the dif- ferent streams for several miles. Considerable por- tions of them, mostly along the Cohansey and Mau- rice Rivers, have been ditched and banked in from the tides, and are now fresh meadows, producing large crops of fresh hay and of grain and vegetables. Be- tween the different streams necks of upland project into the salt marsh almost to the shore of the bay. Soil and Productions.— The soil of the county is of alluvial formation, and is in general a sandy loam. West of the Cohansey it is heavier, being more inter- mixed with clay, and on it large crops of wheat, oats, and corn are grown. Between the Cohansey and Maurice Rivers it is somewhat lighter, and while pro- ducing good crops of grain, it is better adapted to the growth of fruits and vegetables, immense quantities of which are annually raised. East of the latter river are large tracts of quite sandy soil, formerly thought to be entirely useless for agricultural pur- poses, but which, under the increasing knowledge and resources of agricultural science, have been made, during the last twenty years, to produce large crops of fruits and vegetables. The western portion of the county is mostly under cultivation, the timber remaining consisting of white, black, and red oak, hickory and pine, but in the eastern portion there are still large tracts of unim- proved land, pine constituting a much larger propor- tion of the timber than in the western. Most of this has been cut off for lumber and firewood several times since the settlement of the county. Along the upper portions of the different streams, above the salt marsh, were formerly tracts of cedar swamp, many of them quite extensive and of great value; most of these have been cut off and the cedar timber converted into shingles, siding, rails, etc. The elevated ridges between the streams are under- laid in many places with a brown sandstone and con- glomerate, which consists of a sand or fine gravel cemented by oxide of iron. This stone is quarried as a building material in many places. When freshly quarried it is frequently soft and crumbling, but on exposure to the air becomes hard and firm enough for use, and is in general use in the construction of cellar walls and foundations. It is sometimes used for the GENERAL HISTORY. 499 walls of buildings, but is not generally employed for that purpose. On both sides of Stow Creek the soil is underlaid with marl in beds from six to fifteen feet thick, covered with from three to fifteen feet of dirt. These beds outcrop along the stream for a distance of about three miles, along which distance are numerous openings or pits where it is dug. A bed of white sand, known as glass-sand, underlies the surface gravel throughout the whole of the south- ern end of the State, and has its outcroppings in dif- ferent portions of this county, but principally in the vicinity and to the eastward of Maurice River. The action of rains and the different streams in carrying off the surface gravel which formerly overlaid this bed has given origin to the sandy tracts which cover a large portion of the county east of Maurice River. Numerous openings have been made into this bed, and immense quantities of it are used every year in glass- making in this county, and shipped to other points for the same purpose. The area of the county, as given in the Geological Survey of the State, which was made before Com- mercial township was formed from Downe, and before the small portion of Maurice River township was set off to Cape May County in 1878, is as follows : Brtdgeton Deerfleld Downe Fairfield Greenwich Hopewell Landis Maurice River MillTille , Stow Creek Total Area of New Jersey. Sq.M. S3.6'i 22.IS 6.89 2.93 11.21 1.81 1.20 21,617 14,176 4,410 1,875 "7,174 1,158 768 Sq.M. j 15.39 I 41.65 I 89.13 75.30 17.75 30.00 72.69 105.56 60.35 17.93 Acrejt. 9,849 26,656 57,043 48,192 11,360 19,200 46,522 67,559 32,224 11,476 516.75 330,080 7576.68 ; 4,849,069 LAND TITLES. Titles to land in New Jersey are derived from the British Crown. Among the nations of Europe it was a settled principle that all uninhabited countries, and also those inhabited by savage tribes, became the property of the nation who first took possession of them. In the case of an inhabited country, no justi- fication of this principle of law can be found except that " might makes right." The rights of the Indians as possessors of the soil for ages past were made sub- ordinate to that of the sovereign who claimed that he had taken possession of the land by some of his subjects sailing along its shores and exploring its rivers and harbors. All the rights of property, and the principles which arise from occupation and use of property, although well defined in all civilized nations, and recognized to some extent even among savage tribes, and without which society, even in its simplest forms, cannot exist, were held as of no binding force. The one well-recognized principle among all people has been that discovery of a new land has vested the right to the soil in the nation making the discovery, and taking even a theoretical, although not a practical, possession of it. It is true that the rights of the Indians to the soil of New Jersey were bought by the first Proprietors. Although they claimed a legal title from the Crown, both policy and the inherent sense of right, which could not be entirely set aside by the teachings of centuries or the desires of avarice, prompted them to make some compensation to those whom they found in the actual possession of the land they wished to occupy. The friendship of the savages was worth a great deal to the few and scattered settlers. Their own safety was a powerful adjunct to that inborn feeling that the natives had some rights, however slight they might be. To these incentives to pur- chase the rights of the Indians was added the chance to buy those rights cheaply. Large portions of the lands were only used for hunting, and the goods and trinkets offered them by the new-comers were of wonderful value to them, although costing the set- tlers little. Immense tracts of land, the most fer- tile and valuable to the settlers, although no more valuable to the Indians than the poorer portions, were sold for a few baubles. Their rights were in- deed bought, but the compensation was grossly inad- equate. But however small was the price paid, and however much the ignorance and vanity of the In- dians was taken advantage of, yet no part of New Jersey was ever taken from them by force, but all was acquired by voluntary sale. In these sales rights of hunting and fishing on uninclosed lands were often reserved, but even those rights were extinguished by the State in 1832, by the payment of two thousand dollars, although the last of the Indians had removed from the State and abandoned those rights many years before. The right of individuals to purchase directly from the Indians without the consent of the Proprietors was not recognized, and laws were early passed for- bidding it. The right to extinguish the Indian claims was exercised only by the Proprietors, under their grants from the Crown, and from them alone could a legal title be obtained. Deeds from the Indians were, however, obtained by some of the settlers for the lands in their possession, but unless surveys were also obtained their legal title rests upon possession, and not upon the deeds. We give below a copy of one of these old Indian deeds for a tract of land in Greenwich township. The deed is well written and in good preservation. The signatures of the Indians are by their marks, one of them being evidently an imitation of a bow. The old style of capital letters and spelling is given : '* Know All m&n by these present, that we Shawk-a-num and Gt*hoe Brethren and Indian Proprietors of that parcel of laud called 500 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. knownetothe ludiun Natives by the name of Oa-ta-nuti-gut, lying near Oohauzey on Delaware-river, For and in Consideration of one Blanket —one double handful of powder, two Bavrs of Lead, two knives, three penny-worth of paint, one Hoe, one Axe, one looking glass, one pair of Sizi'rs, one Shirt and one Breech-cloth, to us in handpaid by John Nioholls of NicholU Hartford neere Oohanzey aforesaid Planter, at and before the ensealing & delivery hereof, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, aliened, enfeoffed and con- firmed — unto the said John Nicholls his heirs and assigns for ever, a parcel of land couteyning esteemacon one hundred acres (be it more or less) Butted and bounded as foUoweth, Beginning at Henry Jenings bounded tree standing neere the little Creeke, called the Great-tree Creek mark't with H. J. from thence Running West to the said Henry Jenings his bounded tree markt with the letter H. J. 124 pearches from thence North North- West 86 pearches, to a little Hickory-treebeing the Bounds of George Haslewoods, Henry Jenings & Samuell Bacon & neere the bounded tree marked with the letters G. H., H. J., S. B. & J. N., from thence running on Samuell Bacons line South & by West 99 pearches to a Red-oake-tree being the bounded tree of Samuell Bacon & the said John Nicholls mark't with the letters S. B. & J. N. from thence East tq^. the ijrst menconed tree 201 pearches, to the Creeke called the Great-tree Creeke and running by the said Creeke South East to Cohanzey River 60 pearches, from thence downe by Cohanzey River South South- West to Samuell Bacons bounded tree standing by the landing, mark't wth the letters S. B. & J. N. 45 pearches, from thence to a Red-Oake-tree .mark't with three notches in Samuel Bacons lyne running West 90 perches — Then Beginning at Samuell Bacons lyne in the Marish, at a post set there mark't with the letter J. running South East by Cohan- zey-river 30 pearches, from thence South-West to another post 22 pearches marked with the letter J., from thence North-West to a post 30 pearches mark't with the letter J,, from thence North- Bast to the first menconed post, 22 pearches. To have and to hold all the said one hundred acres of land and marish, together with the Oreekes, Woods, profits, Commodities & hereditaments whatsoever thereunto belonging to him the sd John Nicholls his heirs and assigns forever, to bis and their own proper use and behoof forever without the disturbance of us Shawk-a-nun & Et-hoe Brethren or either of us our heirs or assigns, or any other person or persons clayming lawfully to have any Indian right, title or interest therein, and thereto we bind ourselves, and our heirs, JoyofuUy and severally in the penalty of Sixty Buckskinnes to be paid by us our heirs or t\«signes sd John Nicholls his heirs or assignes In Witnesse whereof wee the parties above sd have Interchangeably put our hands and Seales this 25th day of the fourth month in ye yeare according to the English acct. 1683. the marke of the marke of [bis markj [his mark] Shawk-'a-nun Et-hoe " Signed, Sealed & Delivered in ye presence of Richard Guy 1 -, , ■' I Com'r. James NeviH J '* Recorded the 14th day of July Anno Dominy by meSamll Hedge " Recordr." By a royal patent, dated March 12, 166f, King Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King James II., the country between the western side of the Connecticut River and the east side of Delaware Bay, together with Long Island, the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, and also a large tract, including what is now the eastern part of Maine.' This grant conferred upon the duke rights of government as well as rights of soil. By deeds of lease and release, dated June 23 and 24, 1664, the duke conveyed to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret all that portion of his grant from the king included in this State, and gave it the name of Nova Csesarea, or New Jersey,^ in honor of Carteret, who was born on the island of Jersey, and who also, as royal Governor, defended that island 1 New Jersey Archiyes, vol. i. pp. 3-8. 2 Ibid., pp. 8-14. against the forces of Parliament, it being the last place to lower the royal banner after the execution of Charles I. _ In this grant all the rights of government which the duke held were also transferred to Berkeley and Carteret. Lord Berkeley, by deed of bargain and sale, dated March 18, 167|, conveyed all his undivided half of New Jersey to John Fenwick.' This deed, upon its face, conveyed an absolute estate in fee-simple, but it was really purchased with funds belonging in large part to Edward Byllinge, and Fenwick was in equity a trustee for him. Fenwick claimed the whole as his absolute estate, but it was finally submitted to William Penn as arbitrator, who decided that Fen- wick was entitled to one-tenth of the moiety or half part of New Jersey, and that the other nine-tenths belonged to Byllinge. In submission to this arbitra- tion, Fenwick and Byllinge, by deeds of lease and release, dated Feb. 9 and 10, 167f, conveyed to William Penn, Gauen Laurie, and Nicholas Lucas the undivided half part of New Jersey.* Laurie and Lucas were among the principal creditors of Byl- linge. This deed also was absolute in its terms, but it was agreed by all the parties thereto that they held ninety parts, the whole moiety being divided into one hundred parts, as trustees of Byllinge, for the purpose of paying his creditors. A memorandum on the back of the deed, dated 7th of 3d month (May), 1675, set forth that the remaining ten parts had been drawn by John Fenwick as his proportion of the moiety, and that he had accepted of the same, and the trustees for the other lots were satisfied therein.^ Fenwick, from the time when Lord Berkeley con- veyed to him an interest in the province, had been making exertions to plant a colony in his domains, and was now about ready to embark. But he, like Byllinge, was in debt, and to secure his creditors he executed a deed, in the nature of a mortgage, dated July 17, 1675, to two of his principal creditors, John Edridge and Edmund Warner, to secure the payment of his debts. By this deed they had a right to sell lands in Fenwick's ten parts until their claims and those of the other creditors were paid, and a list of the debts was annexed to the deed. All the lands previously sold by Fenwick were excepted in this deed.^ By what is called the Quintipartite Deed,' dated July 1, 1676, a division of New Jersey between the owners was made, by a division line running from Little Egg Harbor to the Delaware River, in latitude forty-one degrees. To Sir George Carteret was as- signed all that portion of New Jersey lying to the eastward of the line, and he in return quit-claimed all that portion to the westward of the line to Penn, Laurie, and Lucas. Byllinge also joined in the deed, = Ibid,, p. 209. 4 Ibid., p. 210. ^ Life of John Fenwick, by John Clements, pp. 21, 22. Ibid., pp. 25, 26. ' N. J. Archives, i. pp. 205-219. GENERAL HISTORY. 501 to show his assent to the making of a partition by his trustees. In the mean time war had broken out between the English and Dutch, in 1672, and a Dutch expedition had retaken New York from the English, but at the conclusion of peace in 1673 it was restored. Doubts being raised whether the former grants were not ab- rogated by the conquest by the Dutch, the king made a new grant to the Duke of York June 29, 1674. The duke delayed confirming his former grants, and through the efforts of Sir Edmund Andros, in whose commission as Governor of New York the duke had also included New Jersey, he endeavored to retain the right of government in New Jersey in himself. But finally the duke entirely relinquished his claim, and Aug. 6, 1680, he executed a new grant to Edward Byllinge, William Penn, Gauen Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, John Edridge, and Edmund Warner (the last two the mortgagees of Fenwick) for the one-half of New Jersey as divided by the Quintipartite Deed, and which was now named West New Jersey. This grant gave the right of property in ten equal un- divided hundred parts to the use of John Edridge and Edmund Warner, and in ninety undivided hun- dred parts to Penn, Laurie, and Lucas, in trust for Byllinge, and vested all the rights of government in Byllinge alone.' The settling of the province had meanwhile been progressing. Fenwick, in about a month after exe- cuting the conveyance by way of a mortgage to Edridge and Warner, had sailed with a number of emigrants and commenced a settlement at Salem. In the fall of 1677 the Yorkshire and London Friends commenced their settlement at Burlington, under titles derived from Penn, Laurie, and Lucas. By the arbitration between Fenwick and Byllinge, and the subsequent conveyances, it appears that West Jersey was to be divided into one hundred parts or shares, each part constituting a full proprietary in- terest, of which Fenwick was to have ten. Sales of a considerable number of these undivided shares were made by Penn, Laurie, and Lucas, the trustees of Byllinge, and the purchasers thereby became pro- prietors in common with them. These shares were set forth in the deeds as the ninetieth parts of ninety- hundredth parts. Sales of portions of shares and of specific quantities of land were made by the owners of proprietary shares. The former carried with them their due proportion of proprietary rights, the latter only the property in the soil of the land granted. The original intention of the division into one hun- dred parts was to have the land run out into one hun- dred lots, and each proprietor to have a specific lot for each share he held, which he could then dispose of as he pleased. The choice of these lots was to be by casting lots for them, and in pursuance of this Fenwick, soon after the execution of his and Byl- 1 N. J. Archives, i. pp. 324^332. linge's deed to Penn, Laurie, and Lucas, drew for his ten lots Nos. 20, 21, 26, 27, 36, 47, 50, 57, 63, and 72. This transaction took place in England, and whether any map of West Jersey showing the loca- tion of the lots was ever made is unknown, but it is probable that there was not. The drawing had refer- ence to a future actual division of the ground to be made by the surveyors. By the " Concessions an^ Agreements" it was directed that the land should be divided into one hundred parts, as occasion should require. First, for expedition, it was to be divided into ten parts, and then the tenths to be divided into ten " proprieties'' ; and provision was also made for the election of one proprietor or freeholder for each propriety as a member of Assembly. Fenwick, without any regular survey or allotment, claimed and held the land where he settled as his ten lots, and granted to those who purchased from him deeds for specific numbers of acres out of it. The titles held under him were thus acquired very nearly in accordance with the original intention of the Pro- prietors. By the Concessions and Agreements, land was given to every settler, for himself and his servants, a defi- nite number of acres for each one, if they came within one, two, or three years, subject to an annual quit-rent, which was very small ; these were called " head-lands." Owing to the diificulty of getting the Proprietors together to transact their business, they in 1678 re- solved to appoint a Proprietary Council, elected yearly from among themselves. This practice is still kept up, their meetings being held at Burlington. Owners of a thirty-second part of a hundredth have the right of voting and being elected. Only about twenty persons are now known to be Proprietors, who sever- ally own from the thirty-second part of a hundredth to several hundredths. Dividends were declared to each Proprietor, the first one being for five thousand two hundred acres, and in all dividends for thirty-five thousand acres have been made to each share. " These dividends include much more land than is found within the limits of West Jersey, but a large number have never been claimed, and it is not known who are entitled to them."^ After the rights to head-lands ceased, and excepting lands the title to which proceed from Fenwick, and some few tracts sold by some of the Proprietors within two or three years of the first settlement, titles to land were and are now acquired as follows : The dividends made to each Proprietor entitled him to take up the quantity of land called for, or so much as he had not as yet appropriated, in any part of the province where he could find land not taken up by any other survey. Deeds for specified number of acres entitled the grantee of any 'Proprietor to take 2 Elmer's BeminiscenceB of New Jersey, appendix. 502 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. up the land in like manner. Upon due proof of the title, the Proprietary Council issued a warrant to the surveyor-general or his deputy, directing him to sur- vey the number of acres mentioned out of any lands not covered by other surveys. The surveyor, after making the survey In such place as the person en- titled chose to have it, made a return to the sur- veyor-general, and he to the Council, and when ap- proved by them it was then recorded. This made a complete title to the specific tract, his deed giving the owner title, and the survey specifying the particular tract. No surveys were allowed to extend to both sides of a navigable stream. For every one hundred acres called for the owner received a survey for one hundred and five, the five acres being an allowance for roads. For this reason lands for roads were taken for many years without compensation to the owner. After the death of Byllinge his heirs sold all his rights, both in the land and government, to Daniel Coxe, who was one of the chief Proprietors, and he by two separate instruments, dated March 4, 169J, conveyed all his interest in the soil and government to the West Jersey Society. Fenwick conveyed all his interest in West Jersey, excepting thereout one hundred and fifty thousand acres, to William Penn, March 23, 1682. Although Edridge and Warner claimed that, by neglect to pay the mortgage given to them by Fenwick, all his rights were forfeited to them, and although this claim was apparently held good by the second grant from the Duke of York in August, 1680, wherein he conveyed to Edridge and Warner, and not to Fenwick, the right to the ten undivided parts of West Jersey, yet Fenwick strenuously upheld his rights, and was sup- ported therein by eminent legal counsel in London. He continued to dispose of lands during his life, and after his death, in December, 1683, his executors, as authorized by his will, also sold large tracts. CHAPTER LXXVIIL SURVEYS. Befobe leaving England, Fenwick conveyed to John Edridge, in May, 1675, ten thousand acres, and to Edmund Warner, in June, 1675, ten thousand acres, in part payment of the money advanced by them. By virtue of the deed, in the nature of a mortgage, made to them by Fenwick, they also sold considerable quantities of land. Warner sold five thousand acres to John Mason, June 10, 1675, which at his death descended to his oldest son and heir-at-law, Cornelius Mason. He had the five thousand acres located and surveyed May 30,. 1689, and gave it the name of Winchcomb Manor. This survey began "at the bound tree of Robert Hutchinson, standing in a valley by the west-northwest side of the north branch of the river Cohanzick," and ran up the river to a white-oak tree standing upon the brow of the hill on the south side of a branch afterwards called the Upper Clearing Branch, and now West Branch ; then along the south side of the Branch W.N.W. 800 perches to a white-oak tree ; then south by east 1236 perches to a corner; and then E.S.E. 800 perches to the beginning. The west line of the survey ran to the east of a south course about where the road now is that crosses the Shiloh turnpike at Barret's Run, and runs northward by the farms of Adam Minch, where he lived a few years ago, Lawrence Harris, and others. The large hickory -tree, about three feet in diameter, and supposed to be at least one hundred and fifty years old, which stood in front of the upper house on the Lawrence Harris place, and which was blown down in the September gale in 1876, was in the west line of this survey. Cornelius Mason seems to have been ambitious to establish a manor, and retained the title to the whole tract, or if he sold any he re- served quit-rents. At his death it descended to his son, Cornelius Mason, Jr., of London, a merchant dealing in hides, pelts, etc., who willed it to his cousin and heir-at-law, Joseph Mason, of Newington Butts, in the county of Surrey, and others ; and they by deed dated Nov. 24, 1762, sold the same to Israel Pember- ton, a prominent member of the Society of Friends in Philadelphia. This survey, having been made under Fenwick's title and by John Worledge, the deputy-surveyor of the Salem Tenth, was not re- corded in the surveyor-general's office at Burlington until 1764, after Pemberton became the owner of the land. He then laid it before the Council of Propri- etors, who, "being satisfied that it had been made agreeably to the custom of the Salem Tenth," ap- proved it and ordered it to be recorded. As will be seen, this survey covered what are now among the most valuable lands in the county, nearly all the Third Ward of Bridgeton and a large part of Upper Hopewell being included in its bounds. In a few years after Fenwick's death surveys ceased to be made by surveyors authorized by the Salem au- thorities and recorded there, but all purchasers took their titles to the Council of Proprietors at Burling- ton, by whom warrants for surveys were issued, and were returned and recorded there. The Mason sur- vey having been sent to England without being re- corded, other persons laid claim to some of the land. On that part of it which is now the farm of the Cum- berland Nail and Iron Company, on the north side of Jeddy's Pond, "as early as 1697 one John Garrison settled and built a house, and about 1715 built a house of cedar logs near the bridge, in which Benja- min Seeley lived.'" Garrison perhaps had some claim to the land under the arrangements of Mason to es- tablish the manor. About 1735, Silas Parvin ob- I Elmer's History of Cumberland County. GENERAL HISTORY. 503 tained possession of the land that had been occupied by Garrison, probably by purchase from him. In 1741 a suit was commenced involving the location of this survey, a jury of view was summoned, and Thomas Miles, of Penn's Neck, the leading surveyor of Salem County, resurveyed the whole Mason tract for this jury of view on Oct. 13 and 14, 1741. By the original survey the Mason tract began at the upper corner tree of the Hutchinson survey, on the west bank of the Cohansey, and the south line of the Mason and north line of the Hutchinson survey were the same. Where the true corner was seems to have been unknown, and this jury of view fixed the corner of the Mason tract on the west side of the Co- hansey, twenty perches below the bridge over that river, from which the south line of the tract runs westward about where Oak Street now is. Silas Parvin, in order to strengthen his claim, bought of Joseph Goldin, Feb. 8, 1746, forty-five acres of un- located land, part of two hundred acres Goldin has bought of John Ogden, who owned one-eighth of a proprietary right, which he bought from William Biles, of Bucks County, Pa., in 1709. Under this right Parvin laid a survey on the land he was in pos- session of, and set up a title in opposition to that of Mason. He built a two-story hip-roofed house on this land, which stood south of Commerce Street and a little east of Atlantic, about where the back part of the hardware-store of D. Bacon & Son now is, and faced the river and the road, the latter then running from the foot of the bridge southwesterly, between the river and the house, up the side of the hill to Broad Street, near the present corner of Franklin Street. Parvin died in February, 1779, and the property claimed by him descended to his son Clarence as heir-at-law. Pemberton, soon after he became possessed of the Mason title, began to sell off tracts to different per- sons, most of whom cleared the land and built upon it. Dr. Jonathan Elmer, in some way not now known, but probably by conveyance from Clarence Parvin, came into possession of part of the Parvin claim, and in 1783 they made a division between them. Pem- berton brought suit against Parvin in 1783, but it was dropped. Clarence Parvin died about 1788, and Pem- berton also about the same time. The land below Ireland's mill-pond was sold by Sherifi" Joseph Buck, and bought by Jonathan Bowen. Dr. Jonathan Elmer obtained (probably from Jona- than Bowen) all that portion of the property in Bridge- ton west of Franklin Street and south of Jeddy's Pond, while the present titles to the remainder are held under Bowen. Among the earliest surveys for lands in this county was one for Robert Hutchinson, who had a survey laid for nine hundred and fifty acres May 27, 1686. The upper corner of it was a " white-oak on the west side of the Cohansey River marked with the letter H, and standing in the hollow near the river, above the place of going over to Richard Hancock's mill," and the north line of the tract ran west-northwest from that corner. This corner tree stood near where now is the brick building used as a machine-shop by Cox & Sons, near the foot of Hampton Street in the city of Bridgeton, and all that part of the Third Ward of Bridgeton south of that line, and the adjoining portion of Hopewell township on the west, are in- cluded within its boundaries. The south line of this survey ran westward up Island Branch .Creek, as Cubby's Hollow stream was then called. This tract was sold after his death by his two daughters and their husbands to Elias Cotting, who sold it off in smaller tracts. Through some unex- plained error the corner of this survey, and, as a consequence, that of the Mason survey, which joined it on the north, was supposed to be farther up the river, and Cotting conveyed portions of the land north of the true line to purchasers, and himself built a good-sized house near where the line was sup- posed to be. After the corner of the Mason tract had been fixed at the supposed location of it, twenty rods below the bridge, the true corner was found, thus leaving a vacancy between this and the Mason - Pemberton tract. Ebenezer Miller, who was one of the leading citi- zens of the county, residing at Greenwich, and a sur- veyor, bought of Thomas and Richard Penn, Nov. 5, 1748, five thousand acres of unlocated land. He had a survey made for him by George Trenchard, a deputy surveyor, on the same date, which covered this inter- vening land between the Hutchinson and Mason surveys, and contained four hundred and twenty acres. The land included in this survey, extending from Oak Street to the neighborhood of Hampton Street, and running from the river westward between five hundred and six hundred rods, is among the most valuable in the city. Miller quit-claimed to purchasers under Cotting and sold off parts of the tract, and Dec. 14, 1759, deeded the remaining por- tions within the built-up limits of the city to his son, Josiah Miller, under whom the titles are now held. Robert Hutchinson originally purchased two thou- sand acres of Job Nettleship, son and heir to Vices- siraus Nettleship, April 22, 1685, who bought the same of Fenwick in June, 1675. He sold one thou- sand acres, June 13, 1687, to George Hazlewood. This tract includes some of the best land in the county, and lay west of Hutchinson's survey, cover- ing that portion of Hopewell township about Bowen- town, the southerly line of the farm of John S. Holmes being the south line of this tract. Joshua Barkstead's survey covered that portion of Hopewell township south of Hutchinson's and Hazle- wood's surveys, and running from the Cohansey west- ward to Bowentown. He gave to this tract the name of Arcadia, doubtless hoping, although it might be lacking in the mountains and lovely scenery of its Grecian prototype, yet that those who should be in- 504 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. duced to locate there might find the rural delights and abounding plenty of which that name has become a synonyme. On June 7, 1675, before leaving England, Fen wick sold to Edmund Duke and Thomas Duke six thousand acres of land, which they conveyed to Edmund Gib- bon, a merchant, then of New York, but formerly of Bennendon, in the county of Kent, England. He had a survey made for him by Eichard Hancock, who had been. Fenwick's surveyor-general, Nov. 9, 1682, in two tracts. The larger one, containing four thou- sand five hundred acres, covered nearly all that por- tion of Greenwich township north of the New Jersey Southern Railroad, excepting the upper end of the town of Greenwich, and also included a small corner of Hopewell and a considerable portion of the lower* end of Stow Creek township. The east line ran from Barnegat Hill, a corner in the present division line between the townships of Greenwich and Hopewell, near the head of the stream on which is Sheppard's mill-pond, through Roadstown, between the Baptist meeting-house and the cross-roads, to a corner from which the northerly line ran, first west along the north line of the farm of David Cook, and then west- southwest through about the middle of the lower part of the township of Stow Creek into the marsh lying on Stow Creek. The smaller tract, containing fifteen hundred acres, was laid out opposite to this one, on the west side of Stow Creek, in Salem County. Owing to disputes with adjoining owners the tract was resurveyed by Richard Tindall, who succeeded Hancock as surveyor-general for Fenwick and his executors, on March 29, 1686, and again on May 8, 1708, by Benjamin Acton, who was the principal surveyor in Salem County after the death of Tindall, in December, 1697, or January, 1698. Edmund Gibbon, by his will, left this property to his brother George for his life, and then to Ed- mund Gibbon, younger son of George, who conveyed it, July 26, 1700, to Francis Gibbon. Francis, by his will, dated Oct. 3, 1727, gave it to his kinsmen, Leon- ard Gibbon and his brother, Nicholas Gibbon, wheel- wright, both of Gravesend, in Kent, sons of Arthur Gibbon, describing it as "all that tract of land called Mount Gibbon, upon the branches of an unknown creek (Stow Creek) near Cohansey, in the province of West New Jersey, in America, to them and their heirs forever; provided they go and settle upon it. If they do not in three years then to revert to Francis Gibbon, my executor, and his heirs forever." Leon- ard and Nicholas both settled on the tract, and built the mill on Newport Creek known as Seeley's mill, which remained in the possession of the family until November, 1880, when Isaac M. Smalley became its owner. They made a division of the tract between them, Oct. 2, 1730. Leonard took the upper part, on which he built a stone house on the north side of the mill-pond in Stow Creek township. It is still stand- ing, and was late the residence of Asa R. Horner, de- ceased, and now of his son-in-law, Edward H. Shep- pard, of whom a sketch is given in this work. Leonard died June 19, 1744, aged forty years, and was buried at Greenwich. Nicholas engaged in the mercantile business in the town of Greenwich, in partnership with Samuel F. Hedge, a great-grand' son of Fenwick. He built a brick house there, which still stands. After the death of his partner, about 1733, Nicholas Gibbon married bis widow, Ann Hedge, and about 1740 removed to Salem, upon the property left to his wife by her father, Alexander Grant. He held the offices of sheriff of the county, surrogate, collector of the port, and colonel of the militia, and died Feb. 2, 1758, aged fifty-five years and three months. Dr. James Wass, a London physician, bought of Fenwick, while still in England, July 12, 1675, five thousand acres of land, and in 1694 it was located and surveyed for him by John Worledge, a deputy surveyor, and was resurveyed Oct. 15-18, 1705, by Joshua Barkstead. This survey covered a large por- tion of the upper part of Stow Creek township, and that portion of Hopewell west of the Mason survey and north of the farm lately belonging to the estate of Elisha Bonham, deceased, on the road, leading from where the old Seventh - Day Baptist ineeting- house at Shiloh stood, in a southerly directi&n to the Bridgeton and Roadstown road, the southeast corner of that farm on the south side of the northwest branch of the Cohansey (Barrett's Run), being the southeast corner of the survey. Two thousand two hundred acres of this survey, covering the present site of the village of Shiloh, Wass conveyed, Nov. 21, 1705, to Robert Ayres, late of Rhode Island, gen- tleman, one of the early Baptist settlers, the most of whose descendants adhered to that branch of the Baptist denomination which keeps the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath. The titles to that por- tion of the survey are held under Ayres. The re- maining portion was disposed of in smaller tracts. John Brick bought of Samuel Deeming, of Mary- land, one thousand acres of land, which he bought of Fenwick in 1679. It was laid off to him on the south side of Gravelly Run (Stow Creek), covering the land where is now the village of Jericho and the sur- rounding country. He put up the dam and erected the mills long known as Brick's mills, afterwards John S. Wood's, and now the Jericho Mills. On the east of the Cohansey the West New Jersey Society, as the association of the Proprietors was called, had a ten thousand acre survey run out by John Worledge and John Budd, but the return being lost, it was resurveyed in October and Novem- ber, 1716, and found to contain 'eleven thousand acres. This was called the society's Pamphilia tract. It began at a pine-tree " on the east side of Cohansey River, in the bottom of a little Cove of Marsh, on the South side of a Neck of Land made by the said Marsh, the River, and the Creek called Puller's GENEEAL HISTORY. '505 Creek, near two Miles below Cohansey Bridge," and ran east thirteen hundred and four perches, then north thirteen hundred and eighty-four perches, and then west fifteen hundred and thirty perches, to the Co- hansey, and then down the river to the beginning. This beginning-point is near where Pamphilia Spring is, in the cove below Eocap's Run, as Fuller's Creek is now called. The upper line crosses the Deerfield turnpike above Cornwall's Branch, and crosses the Centreville road near Carll's Corner. It included in its bounds the whole of the Second Ward of the city of Bridgeton, all of the First Ward except the ex- treme eastern end, and a portion of Fairfield and Deerfield townships. Eichard Hancock took up a portion of this tract on Mill Creek, the branch of the Cohansey emptying into the river near the Cohansey Glass Company's property, now called Indian Fields Run, and put up a dam and built a saw-mill on the stream before 1686. Governor Daniel Coxe released to the West New Jersey Society, March 4, 1692, all the rights of gov- ernment which he claimed, and the most of his rights in the soil, but he retained a strong interest in the prosperity of the province, of which he had just ceased to be Governor. The early settlers of New Jersey were mostly re- ligious persons, desiring to have the preaching of the word, but in many cases unable to obtain a minister. Governor Coxe and Rev. Thomas Bridge were ac- quaintances, keeping up a correspondence between them, in which Bridge had expressed an inclination to remove from his then residence in the Bermuda Islands to West Jersey. Coxe informed the members of the West Jersey Society of this. They wrote him the following letter, inviting him to West Jersey, and agreeing to provide for him as follows : ' "A L« from ye West Jersey Society in England to Mr Bridges. " London ye 29" July 1692. "S' Wee are informed by D' Coxe that yo" declare yorselfe inclyned togeatber with divers other Inhabitants of the Bermudas to remove unto & reside in West Jersey. Wee are very glad a Person of yo' Principles & pfession should entertaine such thoughts ffor having received an Hono^ie Character of you from diverse wee expect not onely benefitt should accrue unto the Inhabitants by yo' Pious Instructions accom- panied with an Exemplary life But also by yo' Prudentiall Ouuncil in reference to Civill & Secular afTairs wherein yo« have been Providen- tially necessitated to Exercise ycselfe And as wee have been assured very successfnlly : S' if yo* are confirmed in yo' resolution wee shall give you all y Encouragem* Countenance & Authority wee are capable of, Many Persons in diverse Parts of y Country have frequently exprest their desires of a Minister & assure us they will Contribute towards his Comfortable subsistence & pay him all that duty respect & deference his worke deserves And for that D' Coxe hath Conveyed unto us y" Gov- ernment of the Country with great part of his Lands ffor your Encour- agem^ upon your Arrival wee will give order that you may in what Scituation you please take up Two Thousand Acres one Thousand to be yo' owns in ffee forever The other to be annexed unto y office & descend unto him who shall Succeed you Whenever it shall please God by your death or otherwise to cause a vacancy. Wee are besides contriveing some other Methods wliereby to render your station more comfortable Honourable & Profittable and doubt not but wee shall Conclude to your ' N. J. Archives, vol. ii. p. 94. fun satisfaction and all those who accompany you shall liud fair dealing Encouragem^ Protection and assistance from " S"^ Tour affectionate ffriends and Servants " Tho; Lane: Edm; Harrison " E; Richer W" Wightman "James Baddington: Bob: Michell " John Jurin. James S^ John-" Coxe also wrote him a letter Aug. 5, 1692, promising to give him, in addition to the offer of the society, a considerable annual allowance, to be paid in money during Coxe's life, if Bridge so long continued in the province. As a result of these offers Mr. Bridge came to West Jersey, and became the first pastor of the Fairfield Presbyterian Church in this county. He arrived sometime previous to June 24, 1695, on which date he and John Green, of Cohansey, blacksmith, obtained from George Hutchinson, of Burlington, a deed for nine hundred and twelve acres adjoining Bellers' survey and the south side of the Cohansey, — six hundred and eight for Bridge and three hundred and four for Green. But it was not until May 17, 1697, that Thomas Revell made a deed to Bridge for the one thousand acres in fee, reciting that it was done in pursuance of the letter above quoted. Revell held four thousand acres, which had been deeded to him by Jeremiah Basse, the agent of the Proprietors, in trust for them. A survey was made on the same date of the one thou- sand acres by Joshua Barkstead, on the east side of Cohansey River, " Beginning at a Pine tree standing on the North side of the Saw Mill creek, about half way between the Saw Mill and the going over X the Run into the Indian Fields," then running north three hundred and thirty-six perches, then east five hundred and twenty-five perches, then south three hundred and thirty-six perches, and then west five hundred and twenty-five perches to beginning, con- taining one thousand and fifty acres. This beginning corner was back of the Commerce Street Methodist Episcopal Church, along the run ; and the fence be- tween the graveyard and the parsonage of this church as it stood several years ago, before it was moved about eight or ten feet westward for the purpose of making a drive-way into the graveyard, was in the west line of the survey. The bend in the east side of Laurel Street, south of North Street, is also in this west line, and the north- west corner was in the vicinity of the glass-works of J. A. Clark & Co. ; the east line separates the farms of Robert C. Nichols and Dr. J. Barron Potter, on the north side of the Indian Fields road, east of Burling- ton Avenue. It was a part of the society's Pamphilia survey, and has since been known as the Indian Fields tract, the Indians having had a settlement on the land covered by the survey, a portion of which they had cleared. Bridge divided the tract by an east-and-west line through the middle of the tract, and by north-and-south lines twenty-five perches apart, thus dividing the whole tract into twenty-five acre lots, and'soon sold them out to settlers. Bridge 506 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. had another survey made for him on the same date, containing two hundred and twenty acres, which bounded on the Cohansey, Fuller's Creek, and the "line of the township of Pamphilia." No such township was ever formed, but it is probable that the Proprietors, in having the Pamphilia survey laid off, contemplated erecting it into a township, their gov- ernmental powers allowing them so to do if they chose. The West Jersey Society did not sell any portion of the Pamphilia survey, except the one thousand acres conveyed to Bridge, until after the county was erected and the people had selected Cohansey Bridge as the county-seati Why that portion of the tract lying ad- joining the bridge over the Cohansey, on the opposite side of which was the settlement of Cohansey Bridge, should have remained unsold so long it is difficult at this day to understand. It may have been owing to a doubt concerning the title, as Jeremiah Basse, who owned large quantities of land in all parts of Southern New Jersey, and who at one time resided at Cohansey, seems to have had some claim upon two hundred acres of the tract, comprising its most valuable por- tion, extending from the Saw-Mill Creek (Indian Fields Eun) to the north line of the Indian Fields survey, and from that survey westward as far as the river. This claim probably originated through the four thousand acre tract at Cohansey, which Basse had taken up for Governor Daniel Coxe, and which, upon Coxe's sale to the society, Basse held for them. Bridge's one thousand acres being a part of this tract. At his death, in 1725, Basse left all his property to his two daughters and son, Burchfield Basse, and the latter dying without issue, it descended to his two daughters, Catherine Pierce and Ann Pidgeon, both of whom joined in conveying to William Pidgeon, the son of Ann, March 10, 1762, and he released to Alexander Moore, Oct. 10, 1765, all his interest in the two hundred acres. The fixing of the county-seat at Cohansey Bridge brought this laud into demand, despite any doubt concerning the title, and Oct. 7, 1752, the West Jer- sey Society, in consideration of £247, conveyed to Alexander Moore nine hundred and ninety acres of land adjoining the bridge. The beginning corner was on the Cohansey, about half a mile above Fuller's Creek (or Eocap's Eun), and the line ran north of east about two hundred and twenty-five perches, then general northerly courses to the line of the Indian Fields tract, then bounded thereon to its upper line, then several courses northerly to the upper line of the Pamphilia survey, and along that line to the Co- hansey. It covers all the built-up portions of the First and Second Wards of the city of Bridgeton, west of the Indian Fields line. The price paid, £247 in New Jersey proclamation money, would be $658,661; the value of a dollar being fixed at 7«. 6d., a pound would be worth |2.66f . Moore was of Irish descent, and his grandson. Judge John Moore White, thought he settled at Co- hansey Bridge about 1730, where he kept a store and did a thriving business, accumulating a large amount of property. He carried on his business in a building built of cedar logs, which stood on the north side of Commerce Street, between the Davis House hotel and Cohansey Street. It was removed about 1791 or 1792, after John Moore White came of age. Moore also built a large frame dwelling-house just west of Co- hansey Street. It was used for many years as a tavern after Moore's death, and was torn down to make way for the brick stores now standing. Moore, in 1754, had a plan of a town on the east side of the Cohansey, to be called Cumberland, laid off and surveyed for him by Daniel Elmer, Jr., son of Eev. Daniel Elmer, the pastor of the Fairfield Presbyterian Church. The streets were laid off at right angles with each other, and were all two rods ■wide excepting Market Street, which ran where Com- merce Street now is, and which was three rods wide; the squares were eighteen and a half perches each way. Jefferson Street as it now exists, thirty-three feet wide, is the only one of the streets that exists as Moore planned them, and that only for part of its length ; Commerce and Warren Streets also occupy the positions he designed for streets, but the first is wider and the second is narrower and shorter than by his plan. The whole plan of the town only covered from about Orange Street to the river, and from Jef- ferson Street to a short distance above Washington Street. He sold a few lots by this plan, but it was soon abandoned, and the town of Cumberland disap- peared. Moore, however, sold off lots mostly south of Com- merce Street, and before his death, Sept. 5, 1786, he had disposed of all that part of his survey lying south of that street. In his will he devised the unsold part of the Bridgeton property to his three grandsons, Alexander, William, and John Moore White. Alex- ander White became quite dissipated and in debt, and his one-third interest was sold by Sheriff Joseph Buck in July, 1790, and conveyed to his brother, John Moore White, by deed dated Feb. 26, 1791, who also obtained the one-third interest of his brother Wil- liam by deed of March 5, 1791. Both of these brothers died in 1794, without issue. John Moore White, having come into possession of the whole of the Bridgeton property, soon com- menced selling lots. He had the road to Deerfield altered, and laid on what is now North Laurel Street, from Commerce to the bend just south of North Street, and in August, 1792, Pearl Street, from Com- merce to Irving, and Irving from Laurel Street to Keen's Eun, as the stream since known as the Slash was then called. He also had a plan made about 1798 by James Trueland, who taught school in the old academy on Bank Street, for laying out streets across the whole of his tract, but only a part of them were GENERAL HISTORY. 507 ever opened. The part of the town north of the main street now grew rapidly, and Moore sold nearly all the lots on Main (now Commerce), Front (now Laurel), and the west side of Middle (now Pearl) Streets. Ahout 1791 or 1792 he built a large dwell- ing, now a part of the hotel on the northwest corner of Commerce and Laurel Streets, and had a large gar- den, which is now the hotel yards. His stables occu- pied the present location of the livery-stables on Cohansey Street. He resided here until about 1808, when he removed to Woodbury, where he died in 1862, at the age of nearly ninety-two years. May 1, 1810, he conveyed all the unsold portions of his tract, including his late residence and the grounds adjoining, to Jeremiah Buck and William Potter, for seven thousand dollars, and in November of the same year they made a division, Potter taking the dwelling, which had been changed into a hotel, and the adjoining lot, and Buck obtaining all the residue. Other portions of the Pamphilia eleven thousand acre survey were conveyed by the West Jersey So- ciety to different persons in smaller lots. Robert Hood, one of the early Connecticut settlers, bought a six hundred and fifty acre tract at the east end of Bridge's Indian Fields tract. John Dare was deeded two hundred and five acres north of Hood, March 1, 1754. William Dare obtained three hundred and eighty-nine acres, east of Hood, on the same date, and about the same time a tract of several hundred acres south of the Indian Fields tract, adjoining a large tract granted to Col. Ephraim Seeley. Abner Smith's one hundred and fifty acres, James White's one hun- dred and ninety-two acres, Nathan Bateman's one hundred and forty-one and one-half acres, John Smith's one hundred acres, Daniel Loder's one hun- dred acres, Thomas Joslin's one hundred and thirty- seven and one-half acres, Peter Bateman, Jr.'s two hundred acres, John Robertson's two hundred and forty-nine acres were all situated to the eastward of the Indian Fields tract. Edward Lummis' sixty acres, John Coney's two hundred acres, Matthew Parvin's one hundred and seventy-nine acres, and also a second tract of about the same size all lay south of that tract and of Alexander Moore's nine hundred and ninety acre tract. John Dare's two hundred and eighty-eight acre tract of cedar swamp and land adjoining was located on Lebanon Branch, bounding on the east line of the Pamphilia survey. All of these tracts were sold by the society between 1752 and 1755. May 14, 1755, all the unsold residue of the Pamphilia survey was conveyed by the society to Alexander Moore and Daniel Elmer, Jr. The latter, by his will, dated April 9, 1761, left his undi- vided one-half to his son Timothy, and he conveyed it to his brother, Dr. Jonathan Elmer, Nov. 1, 1770. By these persons and their representatives the remain- ing portions of the Pamphilia tract were sold. North of the Pamphilia tract, and bounding thereon, the society had a large survey made by Worledge and Budd, which extended from the Cohansey to Maurice River, and contained about twelve thousand acres, covering nearly all of Deerfield township above the Pamphilia line, and part of Pittsgrove township, Salem Co. This was called the society's middle tract. They conveyed one thousand acres of this. May 26, 1740, at the southwest corner of the tract, joining on the Cohansey River and the Pamphilia tract, and extending northward to Cedar Run, after- wards Russell's Branch, and now Loper's Run, to John Jones, who was an attorney-at-law, and resided at Salem. After his death a judgment for debt was recovered against his administrator, and the tract was sold by Nicholas Gibbon, sheriff of Salem County, March 29, 1748, for the sum of seventy-eight pounds proclamation money, and was bought by Alexander Moore. Other portions of the middle tract were sold off in smaller tracts to persons who cleared the land and settled upon it. Fairfield townshfp, west of Back Creek, comprising Back Neck and Shrewsbury, or Upper Back Neck, was mostly taken up by grantees under Fenwick's title, and the surveys were made by his surveyors, and recorded in the Salem records. All of these ancient records have since been removed to Trenton, and are to be found in the oflBce of the Secretary of State. The surveys here were made mostly for actual set- tlers, and in small tracts compared with those made for the general proprietors. Among them were Thomas Smith's three hundred acres of marsh, known as the Smith's Island tract ; Richard Lippin- cott's one thousand acres, east of Smith's Island ; Joseph Helmesley's one thousand acres in Lower Back Neck, John Ireson's five hundred acres, Wil- liam Worth's five hundred acres, now the Laning's wharf property, and William Johnson's two hundred and fifty acres. John Sellers, a London merchant, had two surveys made for him in 1686. The largest one, containing three thousand seven hundred acres, extended from Mill Creek, in the vicinity of Fairton, to Back Creek, the Cohansey being the northern boundary, and took in all the land in the neighborhood of New England Town cross-roads. The other, containing fifteen hun- dred acres, lay on both sides of Cedar Creek, above Cedarville. These tracts were taken up for hini' by Thomas Budd, by virtue of a power of attorney, which also authorized him to survey nine hun- dred acres of the land, and he conveyed, May 2, 1697, four hundred acres to four of the settlers from Connecticut, to be located by them in any part of the survey they chose. These settlers, who came from Fairfield, Conn., a short time previous to this, located on the Bellers survey, about New Eng- land Town, under leases from Budd for nine hundred and ninety-nine years, subject to the payment of yearly quit-rents of one half-penny per acre, if the same should be demanded. Budd also entered iuto bonds to make them a complete title, or to pay them 508 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. for their improvements. Bellers died about 1724, without having completed the title to the settlers, but by his will he devised it to trustees in trust for his sou, and if he should die without heirs, then to his two daughters. In the mean time the land, being very favorably situated, had been mostly taken up and improvements made thereon, and the inability to secure a perfect title was a great detriment to the settlers. In 1746, Rev. Daniel Elmer, the pastor of the Fairfield Presbyterian Church, obtained a convey- ance for four hundred acres from Ephraim Seeley, the grandson and heir-at-law of Joseph Seeley, who was the last survivor of the four persons to whom Budd had conveyed four hundred acres in 1697, but which they had not located. He located it so as to cover their meeting-house, which then stood near the Cohansey, where the old graveyard still remains, and also the adjoining farm occupied by himself. At- tempts were made by the settlers to obtain the title, but without success. The nominal quit-rents were never paid, and the lands having been conveyed from time to time, osten- sibly in fee-simple, to persons, many of whom had no knowledge of the original title, the occupants claimed to hold them free from any claim under the Bellers title. Benjamin Chew, an eminent lawyer of Phila- delphia, and his son, Benjamin, Jr., were appointed agents of the heirs in 1795, and were authorized to settle with the occupants and convey to them ; but claiming as their own, they refused to purchase, and resisted all attempts to survey or take possession of their lands. The Chews commenced suits in the Su- preme Court of this State, and obtained a verdict in one of the cases which was tried. Most of the occu- pants then agreed to submit the matters in dispute to arbitrators, which was done, and in September, 1806, they awarded to the Bellers heirs two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and seventy-five cents per acre for costs, upon the payment of which deeds were made to the occupants, finally extinguishing the Bel- lers claitn against such as paid after one hundred and twenty years had passed from the vesting of Bel- lers' title. The title to those portions unsold or not settled for was conveyed by the heirs of Bellers, and of the trustees appointed by him to the Chews, and in 1810, Benjamin Chew, Jr. (his father having died a few months before) deeded the same to James D. Westcott, of Fairfield. South of the Bellers survey, Joseph Helby, a brewer in London, obtained a survey for seven thousand five hundred acres, which extended from Delaware Bay in the lower part of Back Neck, across Back Creek, and took in Sayre's Neck and Cedarville, one of the corners of the survey being a tree on the south side of Cedar Creek, where now is the mill-pond at Cedar- ville. He conveyed it to Samuel Barns, Aug. 7, 1730, who sold off parts of it to settlers, and after his death the remainder of it was disposed of by his heirs. The land on the south sideof Autuxit Creek, where Newport is situated, was conveyed by Col. Thomas Byerly to Dickason Sheppard, Oct. 30, 1722. The tract was sold for fourteen hundred acres, but by a re- survey made for Sheppard it contained fifteen hun- dred and ninety acres. He sold off portions of it, and in 1744 deeded to his son, Dickason, Jr., three hun- dred and twenty acres, and to his son Jonadab three hundred and forty-eight acres of it, upon which they settled, and at their deaths they each devised their parts to their children. Dickason Sheppard, Sr., also had a tract of sixteen hundred and fifty acres of land and salt marsh, lying on the shore of Delaware Bay, below Autuxit Greek, which he bought of Thomas Bolton and John Budd in 1723, and which he divided among his children. In the months of April, May, and June, 1691, Thomas Budd and John Worledge came down the bay in a vessel, and ran out a number of surveys in the lower part of this county and in Cape May.' In the lower partof Downe and Commercial townships they set off ten thousand acres for Dr. James Wass, of Lon- don, which covered the land between Maurice Eiver and Dividing Creek, the west line of the tract running across the latter stream from north to south. It was called the Yoekwack tract, a small run which crosses the road from Dividing Creek to Port Norris having the same name. On the east side of Maurice Eiver they laid out a twenty thousand acre survey for Robert Squibbs, Sr., and Robert Squibbs, Jr., of Westminster, Middlesex Co., England. Penn, Laurie, and Lucas, trustees for Byllinge, who also joined in the deed, had conveyed to Robert Squibbs, Sr. and Jr., March 2, 1676, in consideration of three hundred and fifty pounds, which Byllinge owed them, one proprietary share of West Jersey, and Robert Squibbs, Sr., quit-claimed all his interest to Robert, Jr., in 1686, who had also become possessed of another proprietary share in December, 1681, by deed from Laurie, Lucas, and Byllinge, to whom Penn had conveyed his interest in April of that year. By virtue of these two shares Squibbs had this survey run out. It began on the east side of Maurice River, nearly opposite ■ Port Norris, and ran eastward into Cape May County, nearly one-third of the survey being in that county ; the lower corner was on the bay shore, below Goshen Creek. All of the Heislerville and Ewing's Neck neighborhoods were covered by it. Squibbs died in 1694, and by his will directed his executors to sell his estate for the payment of his debts, and they con- veyed it to Thomas Byerly, of London, Jan. 26, 1705. In 1717 he released to the society a tract of four thousand seven hundred and twenty-six acres of the lower end in Cape May County, he having had the quantity allowed to his share by the four dividends which had been declared by the society without it. 1 Boealey'8 Early History of Cape May. GENEEAL HISTORY. 509 In 1723, Byerly, who then resided in New York, sold to Andrew Errickson, mariner, eleven hundred and fifty-five acres in Maurice River Neck, which he had previously rented for several years. No other portion of the tract except Stipson's Island, in Cape May County, were sold by him. He died in 1725, and his executors, by direction of his will, disposed of the most of his estate, but did not sell this tract. In 1763 his niece, Elizabeth Byerly, the surviving de- visee under his will, conveyed it to Israel Pemberton, of Philadelphia, and his heirs in 1804 deeded it to William Griffith, who sold several parts of it, and in 1805 conveyed to Thomas H. Hughes, who the next year conveyed to John R. Coates and Benjamin B. Cooper all that portion in Cumberland County ex- cepting the previous grants. Worledge and Budd also ran out at the same time a town plot of Dorchester, containing two thousand five hundred acres, which extended from the north line of Squibbs' survey up the river above the pres- ent village of Dorchester, and extended back from the river so as to include all of the present belt of improved land. No town was built on this tract until during the present century. Farther up the river the same surveyors laid off a survey of ten thousand acres for John Bartlett, which covered the present site of Port Elizabeth and the land along Manamuskin Creek. Bartlett conveyed it to John Scott, by whom it was sold out in smaller tracts. About 1720 he sold to John Purple that por- tion of it where Port Elizabeth now stands. Purple was one of the early settlers and leading citizens of that part of the county, and was one of the chosen freeholders from that township when the county was formed in 1748. He conveyed to John Bell, and he to Mrs. Elizabeth Clark (afterwards Bodely) in 1771. She laid out a town plot about 1785, which was named Port Elizabeth in honor of her. The lands embraced in the limits of the city of Millville, Landis township, and the eastern parts of the townships of Fairfield, Downe, and Deerfleld, were located in two surveys to Richard Penn and Thomas Penn, by virtue of proprietary rights which they obtained by the wills of their father, William Penn, and of their brother, John Penn. One of their surveys, containing nine thousand five hundred and forty-three acres, was on the west of Maurice River, and extended from the head-waters of Autuxit and Cedar Creeks and the Town Branch (or Mill Creek at Fairton) to the Maurice River at Millville, and from the head of Autuxit northward to the south line of the society's middle tract, joining on the east line of the Pamphilia tract. The other survey, on the east of the river, contained nineteen thousand nine hun- dred and sixty-two acres, exclusive of smaller sur- veys previously made, and covered nearly all the land included in the limits of the city of Millville (which embrace a large scope of woodland outside the built-up portions of the city) and of the town- ship of Landis. Richard Penn (the elder), by his will made in 1768, left his three-fourths of these two sur- veys to his son, Richard Penn (the younger), to whom Thomas Penn, who owned one-fourth, conveyed his share in 1771. In 1776, Richard Penn, by his attorney, Tench Francis, conveyed nine thousand four hundred and sixty-one and a half acres, part of the nineteen thou- sand nine hundred and sixty-two acre survey, to- gether with a number of other tracts in this county, and five thousand seven hundred and ninety-six acres on the west side of Maurice River, in Salem County, mostly lying adjoining one another, and containing in all over twenty thousand acres, to Joseph Burr, James Verree, John Bispham, and John West, who also bought a number of other tracts from other per- sons, making them owners of about twenty- four thou- sand acres in all. John West's share was transferred to Joseph Smith in a few months, and these men formed themselves into a company, called the Union Company, and their estate was long known as the Union Mills Tract. Their object in this was without doubt to work off the timber which covered almost the entire country, val- uable tracts of cedar swamp lying along the river and its branches, besides the oak and pine on ihe higher lands. They made no attempt to improve or settle the land. In 1795 the Union property was sold by Joseph Smith, Henry Drinker, George Bowne, and the other members of the company to Robert Smith, Joseph Buck, and Eli Elmer; Ezekiel Foster also had a one-eighth interest in it. Millville was laid out and named by Buck, who soon removed there from Bridgeton, and lots were sold off to settlers. All the residue of the two surveys of the Penns was con- veyed by Benjamin Chew, Richard Penn, Jr.'s attor- ney, to John Moore White, James Giles, and Jere- miah Buck, all of Bridgeton, who sold off parcels to a large number of persons. The most of it lying west of the river is still woodland. That portion of the Penn nineteen thousand nine hundred and sixty-two acre survey outside of the built-up portions of the city of Millville was held mostly in large tracts of from five hundred to four thousand five hundred acres, and passed through the hands of various purchasers, who only cut the wood and timber upon it from time to time until about 18] 3. Between that date and 1816, David C. Wood and Ed- ward Smi.th, of Philadelphia, gradually bought up the most of these different tracts, including the Union Mill Company's property, and brought down the water to Millville and erected a blast-furnace. Smith con- veyed his one-half part of the whole property to Jo- seph Jones, March 25, 1816, and he to Jesse B. Quinby two days later, who sold it to Wood, the owner of the other half, Feb. 22, 1817. He bought up nearly the entire remaining portions of the Penn survey, and became the owner of about twenty thousand acres, covering nearly all of the county east of Maurice 510 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. River and north of Millville, and portions of Salem and Gloucester Counties adjoining. Becoming em- barrassed in business, his property was sold, partly by a master in chancery on foreclosure proceedings, and partly by the sheriff on judgments against him, and was bought by his brother, Richard D. Wood, of Philadelphia. That portion of it outside of the built-up portions of the city of Millville remained in woodland until Charles K. Landis purchased it and established the settlement of Vineland, in the fall of 1861. It is now in large part cleared and cultivated, and contains a large population of thrifty and enter- prising inhabitants. The progress of the early settlement of any country is intimately associated with the titles to the land, since the cultivation of the soil is the first employ- ment in a new country. Good titles to good lands, easily acquired, attract settlers. A knowledge of the titles to land, from whom derived and when acquired, is necessary before the student of history can thor- oughly understand the motives and aims of settlers and the progress of their settlements. The titles to land in Greenwich being acquired from Fenwick, and being conveyed to Friends, stamped that community with a characteristic which has never been lost. Robert Ayers' two thousand two hundred acres pur- chase, in 1705, gave to the county the community of Sabbatarians at Shiloh and vicinity ; and could a clear title have been earlier obtained for the Bellers survey, the county-seat would probably have been at the town which Daniel Elmer tried to establish on the banks of the Cohansey, below Fairton, in the midst of the enterprising New England Town settlers. CHAPTER LXXIX. EARLY SETTLERS. Who were the first white settlers in the limits of Cumberland County is not known. It has been said that some of the Swedes, who made a settlement far- ther up the Delaware in 1638, established themselves on the shores of Maurice River previous to any other white settlers in the county, but no evidence has been found to sustain this opinion, although it is probable that such was the case. In a book called " Historical and Genealogical Account of the Province ^nd Coun- try of Pennsylvania and of West New Jersey," pub- lished in London, in 1698, by Gabriel Thomas, a Friend, who a short time before had returned from this country, he speaks of Prince Maurice River, " where the Swedes used to kill the geese in great numbers for their feathers only, leaving their car- casses behind them." How long a time before the date of his book he meant is not stated, but it implies that there were some Swedish settlers there previous to his publication. Whether the first settlers or not. the descendants of many of the Swedes are quite nu- merous to this day. There is no evidence to show that any of the New Haven settlers, who came into the Delaware and settled on Salem Creek about 1641, and who were dispersed by the Dutch, under orders from Governor Kieft, of New York, were permitted to remain in any part of the country, although there are statements to such efiect. The jealousy of the Dutch concerning the trade of the South or Delaware River was so great that they refused to permit them to remain, and all. the data now accessible leads to the conclu- sion that they were entirely driven out. There is no certain evidence now known that any white settlers had located in the limits of what is now Cumberland County previous to the settlement of Salem by Fenwick in the fall of 1675. He proceeded at once to extinguish the Indian title to the land, and by the next spring he had bought all the rights of the Indians from Oldman's Creek to Maurice River. The first business was the setting off to the purchasers of the lands which they had bought of Fenwick. To accomplish this, an agreement, dated Fourth month (June) 25, 1676, signed by part of the settlers, setting forth the manner in which it should be done. Among other things, it provided " that every purchaser that is reaident shall forthwi"> have his tract of land set out, the one-halfe in the lib'tie of Gohansick, the other halfe in the lib'tie of Allowayea, or as the said chiefe proprietor shall order the same here or elsewhere. . . . That there shall be a neck or piece of land sett out for a town att Chohanziche, and divided into twoe p''", the one for the chiefe proprietor, the other to he sett out into towne lotts for the purchasers, w>^ lotts are to be reckened as part of their purchases ; the chiefe proprietor is to settle, gratis, upon the towns, a corner of marsh, and to dispose of his part for the incouraging of trayd, &c. That the lotts shall be sixteen acres apiece, and that every purchaser shall take their lott in the towne as they come to take them up and plant them.'' Those who had themselves come to settle were given the first choice of town lots, and their tracts of land were first surveyed for them, and after that the choice was to be according to the order in which future settlers should come. This is the first mention of the name Cohansey, and tradition says that it was the name of an Indian chief who resided in this region. The correct spell- ing of the Indian name is supposed to be Cohanzick. The whole region drained by that river was called Cohansey for many years, but the town above pro- vided for soon took the name of Greenwich. Except as the name of the river, this Indian cognomen is now known only as the name of a small cross-roads post-office, established in 1870, near the head-waters of the river and close to the Salem County line, and as the name of one or two beneficial societies. It is much to be regretted that this beautiful Indian name was not retained for Greenwich, or that when the old name of Cohansey Bridge for- the county-seat was changed, the last of the two words was not dropped instead of the first. The Indian name of the river, according to some authorities, was Canahockink, but on the earliest GENEKAL HISTORY. 511 map of the Delaware and ita shores, made by the eminent Swedish engineer, Peter Lindstrom, in 1654 and 1655, the Indian name of the Cohanaey is given as Sepahaclting. Fenwick, in his will, directed that it should thereafter be called Csesaria River, but that name never came into general use. Fenwick designed peopling his whole tenth, and therefore planned the laying out of a town at Cohan- sey, and the setting off of lands to the settlers there and at Alloways as before mentioned. But Salem, being the seat of the chief Proprietor and of the. principal settlers, naturally attracted the most of the succeeding arrivals, while the difficulties and doubts concerning the title which Fenwick possessed, grow- ing out of the Edridge and Warner mortgage, deterred many from settling in his colony. The laying out of the town at Cohansey seems to have been delayed until after Fenwick's death, but some of the first purchasers took up their lands in this county. James Wass's five thousand acres, Joshua Barkstead's five thousand acres in right of his brother John, Edward Duke's six thousand acres, Joseph Helmsley's one thousand acres, John Smith's one thousand acres, and other tracts, all of which were sold by Fenwick before leaving England, were located in the region of the Cohansey. The land on the east of Cohansey, between that river and Back Creek, early attracted the notice of the new-comers, and was covered with small surveys. As early as June 6, 1678, less than three years from the arrival of Fenwick, William Worth, one of his grantees, had a survey made for him by Richard Han- cock, Fenwick's deputy surveyor, of five hundred acres of land, which included the present Laning's wharf property opposite Greenwich. He sold one- half of the tract in 1688, and the remainder at a later date. He is the first person known to have settled east of the Cohansey, but was soon followed by others. Fenwick, on his arrival, had instituted a govern- ment for his colony independent of the other pro- prietors of West Jersey, claiming that by the terms of his grants he was empowered so to do. Tenacious of his authority and rights, as he viewed them, he steadfastly refused to yield one iota of his govern- mental privileges, until the progress of events and the adherence of the leading settlers of his colony to tbe government established at Burlington made it no longer possible to resist. The West Jersey Assembly appointed officers and enacted laws for Salem at its first meeting in November, 1681, and did the same the next year. A large number of the Salem settlers had signed the Concessions and Agreements for the government of the whole of West Jersey, and their acknowledgment of the authority of the Assembly made it evident to Fenwick that a separate govern- ment was impossible. At the session held May 2-15, 1683, he himself became one of the members, and it was unanimously agreed that the Concessions and Agreements agreed on March 3, 167|^, were bind- ing throughout the whole province ; but Fenwick, with the tenaciousness characteristic of the man, as- serted that his tenth was not subject to those agree- ments at that time, " but now freely conaenteth there- unto." A short time preceding this (March 23, 1681) he had conveyed to William Penn all his remaining rights in the land and government of West Jersey, excepting thereout one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, and reserving the right to keep courts lect and courts baronial within the said tract under the government of Penn. Thus was ended the dispute concerning the rights of government, and the complete merging of Fenwick's colony in that of West Jersey was accomplished. His reservation of the right to keep the old minor courts which pertained to the lord of the manor was further set out in his will, dated Ajig. 7, 1683, wherein he ordered two manors to be erected near Salem, and also one at Cohansey, as follows : " Item, I give and Bequeath unto my three grandchildren & Heirs fifenwick Adams, SamU Hedge the younger & John Champneas fur their Lives and to their heirs male Lawfully begotten forever and Soe Suckces- sively as Aforesii all that Tract of Land Lying upon the River Heartofore called Cohanzey Which I will Have Hereafter called Caesaria River & which is known By the Name of the town Neck and my Will is that it togeather With y Land on the other Side Which is called Shrosbury Neck [upper Back Neck] and other the Lands thereunto Belonging Which is contained in my Indian Purchas and so up the Bay to the Mouth of Monmouth Blver [Alloways Creek] and up Monmouth River To the Head or ffurthest Branch thereof & soe in a straight Line to y head of Caesaria River all which I will to be called the Manner of Cae- saria and that there Shall be A City Erected and marshei^ & Land al- lowed as my Executors Shall see convenient at Erecting thereof which I Impower them to Doe And to Name the same, ifurther my Will is that out of y*' Residue of ye Land & Marches Shall be Divided equally amongst my Said Heirs & that ffenwicks Divident Shall Joyne to y" Town & Bacons Creeks [probably Pine Mountain Run] — Where my Will is tbear Shall be A House Erected & called ye Mannor House for Keep- ing of Courts & that yo other two Dividents Shall amount unto one Thousand Acres at Least." This projected manor included in its bounds the townships of Greenwich, Stow Creek, and Hopewell, in this county, and nearly the whole of Lower Allo- ways Creek, Quinton, and Upper Alloways Creek tow n- ships, in Salem County, but no attempt was ever made to carry out the directions of the will. The genius of the government established by Fenwick himself, as well as that by the other settlers, was entirely opposed to those old feudal customs and rights wherein the lord of the manor held rights and privileges not derived from the people. By his will Fenwick also directed his executors to proceed with the laying out of the town of Cohansey, by first selling off the lots that he was to have, and then giving every freeholder a lot, upon condition they build upon it as his executors should think fit, and also provided " further I Give & my minde is That Martha Smith my Xtian friend to have A Tenn Acre Lott in the Town of New Salem and Two Lotts of Land at Chohansey at the Town intended on y' River Csesaria equal with the Rest When Settled as before is appointed." In pursuance of his plans and directions, his ex- 512 HISTOKY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ecutors, William Penn, John Smith, of Smithfield, Samuel Hedge, his son-in-law, and Richard Tindall, his surveyor-general, laid out the town at Greenwich. The main street was made one hundred feet wide, in accordance with the Concessions and Agreements, which provided for streets in cities, towns, and vil- lages to be not less than one hundred feet in width. Sixteen-acre lots were run out on each side of the main street, two of which, as ordered by Fenwick's will, were set oflf to Martha Smith. She was the wife of John Smith, of Amblebury. They, with four children, came with Fenwick in the " Griffin." One of those lots John Smith and wife Martha sold to Alexander Smith, May 4, 1685. Besides those, Fen- wick's executors sold sixteen-acre lots to the follow- ing: • Alexander Smith, March 10, 1086. •- Mark Reeve, Aug. 9, 1686. Tbomns Watson, Aug. 11, 1686. John Clark, " " " John Mason, Sept. 29, 1688. Thomas Smith," " " William Bacon, Dec. 16, 1689. Joseph Browne and Lucie, his wife, Feb. 16, 16|g. Samuel Bacon, Sept. 29, 1690. Jeremiah Bacon, June 1, 1696. ti i( 11 (( (( Edward Hurlburt, April 13, 1696. tC (( (( (( (( Joseph Dennis, Oct. 15, 1700. Unocb Moore, Jan. 10, 170J. U IC (( (( (( Obadiah Holmes, Jan. 10, 170^. " " " 1702. Francis Alexander, March 2, 170^. Obadiah Holmes, June 14, 1698, twenty-two acres of marsh on Mill Greek, adjoining the lot where he then lived in Greenwich, in two lots of nine and thirteen acres. Sixteen-acre lots at Greenwich were also set off to Others by warrants directed to Richard Tindall, sur- veyor-general, and his deputy, John Worledge, as follows: James Clark, 3d month, 5th, 1685. Richard Danger, 4th month, 1685. John Nichols, 6th month, 13th, 16S5. George Proud, 5th month, 2d, 1688. Joshua Barkstead, 5th month, 2d, 1688 (2 lots). Roger Carary, 12th month, 14th, 1685. John March, 6th month, 18th, 1687. John Ketcham, 3d month, 15th, 1691. Of these purchasers, Mark Reeve, Thomas Smith, William Bacon, Joseph Browne, Samuel Bacon, Jere- miah Bacon, Enoch Moore, Obadiah Holmes, John Nichols, and Joshua Barkstead are known to have settled on their lots, and are among the first settlers at Greenwich. Francis Alexander perhaps settled on his lots for a few years, but soon removed across the Cohansey, and was one of the leading citizens of Fair- field. All the purchasers mentioned above, except Moore, Holmes, and Alexander, were of the Society of Friends. Most of the first settlers of Greenwich were Friends, and a few of them settled in Stow Creek, and also in Shrewsbury Neck, opposite Greenwich, and at a later date on Maurice River, but in no other por- tions of the county were there more than scattered members. After the doubts concerning the title to lands in this region, growing out of the disputes between Fen- wick and the other Proprietors, were ended new set- tler? arrived in increasing numbers'. Besides the Friends, a large number came from the mother-coun- try, and from New England, Long Island, and East Jersey, and settled in the limits of this county before 1700. Among the early settlers on the north side of the Cohansey, beside the purchasers of lots at Greenwich already mentioned, were Samuel Woodhouse, John Roberts, Sr., Jonathan, Samuel, and John Dennis, Gabriel Davis, Charles Bagley, John Brick, who came from England and settled on his one thousand acre tract at Jericho (all of whom were Friends), and John Williams, Roger Maul, Job Sheppard, son of John, who was one of the first settlers in Back Neck; Thomas Craven, John Miller, Noah Miller, William Daniels, Robert Robins, John Taylor-, Richard Butcher, William Johnson, John Swinneyj William Remington, Jonathan Walling, Edward Fairbanks, James Hudson, Nathaniel Bishop, Thomas Stathems, Thomas Maskell, and Samuel Fithian (both of whom settled first at Fairfield), John Chatfield, Michael Iszard, Joshua Curtis, Thomas Berriman, John Ware (who came from Salem),' Thomas Waithman, and Henry Joyce. Most of these came with the New England Town settlers. They mostly settled in Green- wich and the lower part of Hopewell township, and some few in Stow Creek. The next generation spread over the upper parts of Stow Creek and Hopewell. Jacob Ware, of Scotch-Irish ancestry; settled in Upper Hopewell, on a part of James Wass's survey, in the first part of the last century, and has left a long line of worthy descendants in that region. Harbar Peck, who came from Connecticut, also settled there, and has descendants, mostly in the female line, still resid- ing in the county. Rev. Timothy Brooks and a number of Welsh Bap- tists came from Swansea, Mass., about 1687, to which place Rev. John Miles and his church came about 1642 from Swansea, Wales. Among Brooks' com- pany were Samuel and Dan Bowed, Caleb Bs,rrett. and Noah Wheaton. They were the first settlers at Bowentown and the vicinity. Robert Ayars came from Rhode Island and settled in Shrewsbury Neck, but soon removed to the two thousand two hundred acre tract he bought of James Wass, and was one of the first settlers in the vicinity of Shiloh. Shrewsbury and Back Necfcs, in Fairfield township, were settled almost at the same time as Greenwich, the land being mostly taken up by actual occupants. Quite a number of them were Friends, ahd the rest GENERAL HISTORY. 513 were mostly the early Baptist settlers. Among the Friends were Thomas Smith, who died in 1692, and Mark Reeve, who died in 1694, both of whom first re- sided at Greenwich ; Solomon Smith, son of Thomas, who afterwards removed to Burlington, and was a carpenter ; William Worth, James Pierce, and Wil- liam Shattock, all of whom only remained a few years, and John Gillman, Sr., who settled here about 1683, and died in 1695. The first Baptist settlers in South Jersey came in 1683, and settled in Back Neck. Among them were David, Thomas, James, and John Shepherd (the first three of whom are known to have been brothers, and there is no doubt that the last was also a brother), Thomas Abbott, who died in 1718, and William Button. Between 1694 and 1697 a large number of settlers from Fairfield, Conn., settled east of the Tweed or Back Creek, on John Bellers' two surveys, taking the land from his agent, Thomas Budd, on a nominal quit- rent, and with a bond from Budd to make a complete title or pay them for their improvements. In May, 1697, the Legislature, sitting at Burlington, enacted the following : "An Act for Fairfield erected into a Toiomhip : "Whereas, the Peopling of the Provioce does iocrease the Talue thereof, and some eDCouragement to uew settlers Is a means to effect the same ; Be it enacted by the Governor, with the advice of the Council & Bepresentatives in this present Assembly met and assembled, and by the authority of the same, that the Tract of Land in Gohansy, pnrchased by several people lately inhabitants of Fairfield in New England, be, from and after the date hereof, erected into a Township, and be called Fair- field, which is hereby impowered to the same privileges as any other Township in this Province are or have been, that are not towns incor- porate." The region of country which they occupied centred around the cross-roads made by the road from Back Neck to Maurice River and the road from Cohansey Bridge to Cedar Creek and Autuxit, which then crossed one another near where the present road from the Swing's meeting-house graveyard and the old Presbyterian graveyard in its rear strikes the road from Fairton to Rockville. For over a century this was well known as New England Town cross-roads, but the alteration-s in the old roads and the growth of the village of Fairton, not far off, have gradually caused the neighborhood to be of less importance and the name to be less used, and at this day it is only heard from the older inhabitants, while its exact loca- tion is known to few. They were followed within a few years by a large number of others from Connecticut and from East- hampton and Southampton, on Long Island, many of whom had removed to those towns from Connecticut. These settlers possessed the thrift and enterprise which has made New England proverbial. They and their descendants for many years wielded a pre- dominating influence on the south side of the Co- hansey, as all the region east and south of that river was called, and have made an ineflaceable mark upon the whole history of the county, whether viewed in its religious, social, or political aspect. Their de- scendants are still among the leading citizens, not only of Fairfield, but also of other portions of the county, and are to be found in every State in the Union. Among these settlers, those known to have left de- scendants in this county were Capt. Joseph Seeley, Jo- seph, David, and Ephraim Sayre (all brothers), John, Jonathan, and Samuel Ogden, Daniel Westcott, Samuel Fithian (who removed to Greenwich in a few years), Thomas Harris, Henry Buck, Levi Preston, Thomas Di- ament, Thomas Maskell (who also removed to Green- wich), Benjamin Stratton, Thomas Bennett, Jeremiah Bennett, John Mills, Edmjind Shaw (whokeptaninnas early as 1698, the first in Fairfield), Leonard Berriman, James Padgett, Benjamin Davis, and Michael Hannah. Others of the settlers were James, Samuel, and Francis Alexander, Samuel Barns, Joseph Wheeler, Nicholas Johnson, John Shaw, William Clarke, Anthony Dick- ason, Thomas Alderman, John Fairchild, Joseph Riley, Thomas Furbush, John Green, John Bishop, and the ancestors of the Daytons, Mulfords, Howells, Roses, Piersons, Reeves (excluding the Mark Reeve family), and Lawrences. Besides these, others settled on the south side of Cohansey, coming from various places, some of them probably from Connecticut and Long Island: Richard Whitaker (a Friend, who first settled in Salem), Joseph Eastland and Charles Bag- ley (also Friends), John Bateman, Thomas Parvin, Philip Vickary (who came from Salem), Capt. Wil- liam Dare, John Row, Jonathan Fithian, Stephen Halford; Robert Dougless settled at Cedar Creek; Garret Garrison bought lots in the Indian Fields tract and settled there, but soon sold them and re- moved to Autuxit; John Garrison settled at Autuxit; Joseph Smith at Fairfield, and was a carpenter; and Joseph Grimes, from whom the bridge mentioned in the laying out of the road from Salem to Maurice River in 1705 probably took its name. The first person known to have settled where Bridgeton now is was Richard Hancock, who, after he ceased to be Fenwick's surveyor-general, came to this place, and built a saw-mill on the Indian Fields Run, from which the run was sometimes called Mill Creek. The run at that time flowed up where the Pearl Street dam now is, and around on the north side of the houses which stand on the north side of Pine Street, facing the present race-way to the stone bridge, and across the Pine Street dam at the foot of the hill, and so on up as at the present day. At high water the present meadow, reaching up nearly to Commerce Street, south of the Episcopal Church, was covered with water. Hancock's dam crossed the stream near where the present Pine Street dam is, and his mill stood on the low ground just below it. In 1772, Col. Enos Seeley, who had come in possession of the prop- erty, cut the present race-way, and removed the saw- mill to the lower end of the race, just below the pres- ent stone bridge. He also built the present Pearl 514 HISTOKY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Street dam at the same time. How long Hancock remained here is not now known. The first permanent settlement in the neighbor- hood of Bridgeton was at the Indian Fields, where Bridge had run out his tract into twenty-five-acre lots, and soon sold them out. Some of the New Eng- land Town people settled on this tract, and owned farms comprising several adjoining lots on Bridge's plan. Robert Hood, James Riley, and Edward Lum- mis were among the number, and their descendants retained the property which they bought until within the last twenty years, the last being disposed of during the spring of this year. William Dare, Jr., son of Capt. William Dare, who came from the county of Dorset, England, to this region, and who was sheriff of Salem County from December, 1703, to September, 1705, bought several of these lots in 1710, and settled there. It was the farm on the south side of the run, directly south of the canning establish- ment of Warner, Rhodes & Co. His descendants re- tained it until about 1867. Ephraim Seeley, the eldest son of Capt. Joseph Seeley, of New England Town, settled on the lots at the southeastern corner of the Indian Fields tract, which included the present pond on East Commerce Street, known as East Lake, and all the land east of the west line of the Com- merce Street Methodist Episcopal graveyard, and south of Irving Avenue, now mostly covered with residences. He probably put up the dam, and built the first grist-mill and fulling-mill. He died in 1723, and willed the mill property to his son Ephraim. With the same spirit of enterprise which brought the New England settlers to Fairfield, they and their descendants soon spread over other portions of the county. Quite a large number of the first-comers re- moved to Greenwich and Hopewell, as already men- tioned, and some years later they became the first settlers in Deerfield. Benjamin Davis resided in the lower part of Back Neck, near the present excursion resort on Ben Davis' beach, called Sea Breeze, which beach received its name from him for over twenty-five years. About 1725 he bought one thousand acres of land of Col. Daniel Cox, of Burlington, part of the society's middle tract, lying south of the Presbyterian Church, to which he removed with his wife and family of five sons and two daughters, from whom the large family of that name in Deerfield township have descended. Samuel Ogden also removed to Deerfield about that time, and left descendants. Among the other families, descendants of the Fair- field settlers, who removed to Deerfield were some of the Padgetts, Parvines, and Strattons. The region about Newport, or Autuxit, as it was called until later years, had a few settlers at an early date. Garret Garrison and John Garrison were there in 1710, and are probably the ancestors of the families of that name residing in that part of the county. Capt. William Dare came from Dorsetshire, England, and settled in Fairfield as early as 1695, and was a large land-owner in Back Neck and in Lebanon Cedar Swamp, and was sheriff" of Salem County from De- cember, 1703, to September, 1705, and held various other important offices. He removed to Autuxit pre- vious to 1719, and died there in 1720. , His son Benoni resided there also for many years, but re- moved to Greenwich previous to his death, in 1770. Jeremiah Nixson, who was probably the son of John Nixson, who lived and died near Salem Creek in 1692, settled at Autuxit previous to 1719. He was a shoemaker, and was the ancestor of the Nixon family of this county, who are among the leading citizens of later years. Edmund Shaw's descendants early re- moved to this neighborhood from Fairfield, and Lan- cet Sock well was here previous to 1719. Both of these have left numerous descendants. Dickinson Sheppard, son of John, one of the first settlers of that family, bought the land where Newport now is in 1722. Part of it he sold to Thomas and David Shep- pard, but his sons, Dickinson, Jr., and Jonadab, and his son-in-law, William Paulin, succeeded him in the ownership of a large portion of it, upon which they lived, and some of their descendants have ever since resided in that vicinity. Hezekiah Lare settled in this neighborhood about 1733, and bought a tract of eight hundred and ninety-three acres in Autuxit Neck. Seth Lare, probably a son of Hezekiah, set- tled at Dividing Creek as early as 1751, and owned part of the land covered by the village. Gabriel Glann, the ancestor of the large family of that name, who have resided mostly in Downe and Commercial townships, settled in that region as early as 1728. William Dallas soon after that time settled at what is now Port Norris, and established a ferry across the river, from which the neighborhood was called Dallas' Ferry for many years. Daniel England located at Buckshutum, and built a saw-mill there previous to 1705, at which date the road from Salem to Maurice River was laid, and still resided there in 1717. The earliest settlements along Maurice River were made by the Swedes, among them being the ancestors of the Hoffman, Peterson, Vanneman, Errickson, Lord, Henderson, and Riggins families of that neigh- hood. Andrew Errickson rented from Thomas Byerly a tract of land on the east side of Maurice River, near its mouth, as early as 1720, and in 1724 he bought the same from Byerly. Joseph Lord and Joseph Thompson were also settlers who rented of Byerly as early as 1720. Peter Peterson settled and built on the east bank of the river, just above Port Norris, on the farm now or lately owned by S. Robin- son, about the same time John Peterson settled on the land where Mauricetown now is, in 1730, and owned a number of tracts of land near there. Wil- liam Rawson settled on the Menantico, and built the mill afterwards Leaming's mill previous to 1720, and about that time John Purple bought the land where Port Elizabeth now stands. Among other GENERAL HISTORY. 515 early residents along Maurice River were Daniel Dunaho, William Denton, Samuel Thompson, and William Reed, none of whom, as far as known, have descendants in the county. At the organization of this county Greenwich was nearly the only place that could be called even a vil- lage. The New England Town settlers were located on their farms, with their church and a school-house as a common centre, but very few of the houses were clustered together, and the title of neighborhood better describes it than either town or village. At Cohansey Bridge were not more than a dozen scat- tered houses, with one or two exceptions, all on the west side of the river. The Deerfield people were located on their farms, with their church as a centre. At Indian Fields, a mile east of Bridgeton, was a small neighborhood, while at Cohansey Corners (now Shiloh) and Sayre's Cross-Roads (now Roadstown) were, at most, two or three houses. At Autuxit and along Maurice River were scattered settlers, and the sites of Millville and Vineland were still covered with the primeval forest. In the settlement of this county, as in all this por- tion of the State, the religious element was promi- nent. The Friends at Greenwich, the Baptists in Back Neck and about Bowentown, and the Presby- terians at New England Town and in Greenwich and Lower Hopewell, and at a later date at Deerfield, all brought with them strong attachments for their respective beliefs, and were earnest and active in propagating them. No sooner were they fairly set- tled than they turned their attention to perfecting their religious organizations and building houses of worship for themselves. That stability of character, uprightness, and purity of life which has ever marked the earnest believer in Divine truth were especially prominent in these early settlers, and have left an indelible impress on the whole history and progress of this county. CHAPTER LXXX. ROADS. The early settlements were made along the streams, which afforded means of communication with one an- other and with other portions of the province. The need of land communication was foreseen, and by the Concessions and Agreements it was provided that convenient portions of land should be granted for highways and streets, not under one hundred feet in breadth, in cities, towns, and villages. At the first Assembly, held at Burlington, Nov; 21-28, 1681, a highway was ordered laid out from Burlington to Salem, to be begun before the 1st of the next April, and that ten men from Burlington and ten from Salem should be appointed for that work. This road was laid out as ordered, and passed through Haddon- field and Woodbury, and near where Clarksboro now is, and Swedesboro to Salem. One of the corners of the Gibbon survey, made Nov. 15, 1682, is a white-oak "standing near the Path which leads to Cohansey or Antioch Town Piatt ; thence N.N.E. along the Path to a white-oak standing by the Path near the Pine Mount." The map annexed to the survey shows "the path" run- ning from Antioch or Greenwich Town northward across the whole tract in two nearly parallel branches, which separated at the town, and ran not very far apart, but gradually widened as they ran northward. One of these was undoubtedly the path to Salem, and the other probably led to the fording-place over the Cohansey at the present site of Bridgeton. The early settlers followed the Indian paths, and the use of the term "the path" indicates that it could have been at that time scarcely more than an Indian trail. The first roads that were laid out generally followed the old Indian paths. In May, 1683, the Assembly authorized the courts of each county to appoint overseers of roads in each tenth. They continued to be appointed by the courts until June 8, 1753, when an act was passed author- izing them to be elected at the annual town-meetings. In May, 1684, a general act was passed for the laying out of highways in each tenth, and commissioners were appointed for that purpose, viz. -. for Salem Tenth, Andrew Thompson, George Deacon, Thomas Smith, James Pierce, Edward Champneys, and Jo- seph White. Another act was passed which recited that application had been made by several inhabitants of Salem Tenth for laying out of necessary highways there, and then enacts that such highways should be laid out in Salem limits, and appoints the above six persons commissioners, or any four of them, to do it. Two of them resided in the limits of this county, — Thomas Smith at Greenwich, and James Pierce op- posite Greenwich, in Shrewsbury Neck. The same commissioners were reappointed the next year. What roads in this county were laid out by them is unknown, but there is little doubt a highway was laid from Salem to Greenwich, and across the river to Fairfield and Maurice River, somewhere near where the road laid in 1705 was more definitely fixed, the "old road" being continually referred to at that time. Commu- nication with the seat of government at Burlington, on the part of the settlers west of the Cohansey, was by way of Salem, and the King's Highway from there. The coming of the body of Fairfield settlers, a short time previous to 1697, made a demand for a more direct route, and a road was laid out from Fair- field to Burlington about that time which is still in use, and is the oldest road east of the Cohansey, and, excepting Greenwich Street, is probably the oldest road in the county which traverses the same ground where it was first laid. It ran from New England Town to Mill Creek, above Fairton, crossing it where 516 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the mill then stood, below the present dam, then fol- lowing the Indian path, it crossed the Indian Fields tract about a mile east of Bridgeton, and through the present Carllsburg, in Deerfleld township, and along the road as now used, west of the West Jersey Eailroad, by the Lutheran Chapel, through Green- ville, to the Pine Tavern, which for many years was a noted place for the entertainment of man and horse on the line between Salem and Gloucester Counties, but no longer a hostelry, and from there through Mul- lica Hill to the road from Burlington to Salem, near Clarksboro. It ran nearly along the water-shed be- tween the Cohansey and Maurice Eivers, and thus avoided crossing the streams and more elevated ridges between them. No record of it existing, it was relaid in 1768 as a four-rod road, from the county line to the line of Fairfield township at Coney's Run. It is still in general use, except the portion in that township, and is well known as the old Burlington road. That part of it in the city of Bridgeton is now called Burlington Avenue. In November or December, 1705, a four-rod road was laid out " for the broad Eoad therein the Province from Salem to Greenwich, thence to Fairfield, thence toward Morrisses River," but the return being lost by the death of the clerk of the court, a second re- turn was made in February, 1707. It ran from the foot of Broadway, in Salem, up that street "where the horse Mill was formerly which Did belong to Edward Chamnis," — *'then to Allowaya Creek over the bridge that was called Tobias Quinton's Bridge to the old bridge at the head of the Cedar Swamps ; then along tlie old road to Gravely runne [at Jericho] So along the old road to Long Bridge [over the run still called Long Bridge run, near the residence of the late Belford M. Bonham, deu'd], keeping the old road untill itt Come to an Oak tree marked with the Letter G [a corner of the Gibbon Survey], thence down on the West Side of Pine mount branch to the Old goeing over Place Into the Towne Necke [at the head of Greenwich] between Timothy Brandreth's Lotts & Jonathan Wheaton's Lotts ; Then along the old roade to Greenwhich Landing at the Wharffo and over Cohauzey Greeks over against the Wharfe Into the Marsh which was James Pearces, Theuce along ye Marsh about Six pearcbes from the Side of the Creeke untill itt Cometli to the fast Land between James Pearses Land and Mark Beeves Land and along the Laine keeping the old road to henery Bucks att Fairfield ; then alonge on the North Side of that place of Water [probably Back Creek] thorow ye Lotr, That was Thomas MasTills, Then keeping the road along by the Meting house [at Fairfield] and along by Joseph Seelyes to Grime's Bridge, Thence keeping the Old road untill itt Cometh to the road that goeth to DaniellEnglands Saw-Mill, to Two oak Trees Standing on Each side of the Road marked with the Letters M. M." Judge Elmer says that Daniel England's mill was at Buckshutum, and that Grimes' Bridge was prob- ably over Rattlesnake Run, at Fairton. This road took the place of the old road, which was probably laid about 1684, by the commissioners appointed by the Assembly. It is substantially the same road in use at the present day, some portions of it, however, having been changed. Sept. 21, 1709, the surveyors of the highways made return of another four-rod road from Salem to Co- hansey, by way of John Hancock's bridge, over Alloways Creek, and then " along ye new marked road to John Mason's mill, and so from thence into ye old road near Gravelly Run, and so to Cohansey" (Greenwich). John Mason's mill had been built only a short time. It is now known as Maskell's mill, and is on the upper branch of Stow Creek, in Lower Al- loways Creek township. The survey for Robert Hutchinson, in 1686, men- tions the " place of going over to Richard Hancock's mill," which stood on the Indian Fields Run, where Pine Street crosses the old channel of the stream, near the Second Ward school-house, in Bridgeton. The Cohansey was fordable here at low water, but when the tide was in the fording-place was about one- third of the way up the present Tumbling Dam Pond, from the point of land above Ireland's mill cove across to the eastern side. The earliest road fi-om Greenwich led across the Cohansey at this place, and then in a southeastern direction to the road from Fairfield to Burlington. A bridge over the Cohansey, where Commerce Street now is, was built previous to 1716, and the road was changed to cross this bridge. After the county was set off from Salem, most of the roads used, many of which had never been laid out, were more definitely fixed. The road from Greenwich, through the lower part of Springtown to Sheppard's mill, and then through Bowentown to Cohansey Bridge, was laid out June 8, 1763. The next day a road was laid from Cohansey Bridge to Joseph Brick's mills, at Jericho. It began in the road just mentioned, where that turns to the southward towards Greenwich west of Bowentown, and then ran to " Annanias Sayre's house" (Roads- town), then along the road to where the old road runs to the southward at David Cook's farm, by Asa Harner's, Stow Creek, town hall, to Nathan Harner's, and then to Jericho. The same day the road from Joseph Brick's mills to Greenwich was relaid, leaving the last road at Nathan Harner's, and along the road as now used by the farm of Charles Bitters, across the head of Macanippuck Branch, and down to the head of Greenwich. This is almost identical with the road laid in 1705. On the following day the same surveyors laid out a road leading from Greenwich to the county line near Canton, across the head of Seeley's mill-pond, and along where the lower Stow Creek school-house now stands. On the 5th and 6th days of the same month the same surveyors had re- laid the road dividing Stow Creek from Hopewell, from the county line through Shiloh, Roadstown, and Springtown, to the main street at Greenwich, at the Presbyterian meeting-house. This road was again laid out and straightened in 1796 by commissioners appointed to lay out a road from Roadstown to Cam- den, since which it has been known as the Com- missioners' road. In August of the same year a road was also laid from Carlltown (as the neighborhood around the cross-road above Columbia Corner, in Stow Creek township, was called for many years), crossing the GENEKAL HISTOKY. 517 present turnpike near the upper toll-gate, and along the southerly side of the county line stream to Jeri- cho, then along the road laid out the same year from Cohansey Bridge to Brick's mills to the place where Nathan Harner now lives, and then a general westerly course to John Barracliff's landing, on Stow Creek (now called Stow Creek Landing). This gave the resi- dents of the upper parts of Stow Creek and Hopewell access both to Brick's mills and to a landing on which to deliver cordwood and lumber, a large business in wood being done for many years at every landing throughout the county, until the decreased supply lessened the business. A road from Bridgeton to Dutch Neck was laid out in 1758, and in 1796 it was altered and run as it is now, Fayette Street being the northerly end of it. The straight road from Bridgeton to Roadstown was first laid in June, 1789, but a certiorari was taken to the Supreme Court, and it was set aside at April term, 1791. A new application to the surveyors was made, and it was again laid, as it is now, in January, 1792. A certiorari to set this return aside was also brought, but the Supreme Court dismissed it. A four-rod road was laid from Bridgeton, through Deerfield to the county line, in 1768, and in 1796 it was straightened and relaid from Commerce up Lau- rel Street, and the course of the present turnpike road to Loper's Run, and in 1811 from that run to Deerfield. The road from Bridgeton to Carll's Cor- ner, up the present North Pearl Street, was laid out in 1811, beginning at Irving Avenue and running the course of the present road. The straight road from Bridgeton through Indian Fields was laid in 1814, and those from Bridgeton to Shiloh, and from the Commissioners' road above Shiloh, northwest to Marlboro in 1825, in which year the road from Shep- pard's mill, over the causeway to the lower part of Greenwich, was also laid out. No record is known of the road leading from Co- hansey Bridge through the lower townships until 1763, although such a road existed prior to that date. In that year a four-rod road was laid from the bridge over the Cohansey up Commerce Street; then turn- ing to the south near the Commerce Street Method- ist Episcopal Church, it crossed the bridge over the head of the Hancock mill-pond, and up the hill to the old road, and from there to Joseph Ogden's mill- dam, at Fairton, which was lower down the stream than the present one. This road was extended to Dallas' Ferry in about a month, crossing Rattlesnake Gut; then to the cross-roads at New England Town, and along the road by the present farm of Harris Ogden to Cedarville, Middle Run, Shaw's mill, at Autuxit (then called Ogden's Mill), over Oranoken at the Beaver Dam, across Dividing Creek bridge, and to the Maurice River at Dallas' Ferry, by which name Port Norris was known for many years. The beginning of this road was changed in 1785, so as to run down Pearl Street from John Westcott's store- house, which then stood on the southeast corner of Commerce and Pearl Streets, to Enos Seeley's land, and over his dam and mill-race, and then up what is now Willow Street to an intersection with the old road. The road from the King's Highway, leading to Di-, viding Creek through the present village of New- port, to Autuxit Landing was laid out in 1760 through Dickinson Shepherd's fields, he being the owner of fourteen hundred acres of land covering the location of this road. In 1799 the part from Newport to the Fast Landing on Autuxit was relaid. The road from Port Norris northward through Ha- leyville to Buckshutum was laid out in 1793. The straight road from Bridgeton to Fairton was laid in 1798; that from Fairton to the " Old Stone Church," in 1803 ; from New England Town, by the farm where Harris Ogden now lives and the " Old Stone Church," to Cedarville mill-dam, in 1799; and from that dam direct to David Page's mill, on Au- tuxit Creek, in 1803 ; and the present road from said mill to the beaver dam on Oranoken, in the same year. May 12, 1697, "An Act for a road to and from Cape May" was passed, reciting " Whereas, The inhabitants of Cape May County do represent themselves as under extreme hardship for want of a road from Cape May, through their county, to Cohansey, in order to their repair to Burlington to attend the public service," and appointed commissioners residing in Cape May to lay out a road before the 10th day of the next Sep- tember, the expense of the road to be borne by the inhabitants of Cape May. How .soon it was laid out is not known, but it was not finished until 1707, when it was opened through the cedar swamps extending across the entire county from the head of Dennis Creek to the head of Cedar Swamp Creek, a branch of Tuckahoe River. These swamps were the great obstacle to intercourse by land between the more inhabited portions of Cape May below the swamps and the western part of the county and other portions of the province.' Cape May County then included all east of Maurice River, it not being reduced to its present limits until 1710. The road crossed the cedar swamps above Dennis- ville at the bridge called Long Bridge, and farther north it is the present line between this county and that portion of Maurice River township setoff to Cape May in 1878 ; then it ran northwest across the head of Tarkiln Branch, which empties into Tuckahoe River ; then bears to the eastward around the head-waters of Muskee Creek and its branches; then a northwest course, a little south of the present straight road from Cumberland Furnace to Hunter's Mill, to Manamus- kin Creek, at Cumberland Furnace or Manamuskin Manor ; then across the Menantico at Leaming's Mill and Maurice River above the tide, crossing Chatfield 1 See Beesley's Early History of Cape May, p. 170. 518 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Branch at a dam made by the beavers, from which it was called Beaver Dam until within a few years, when it has been named St. Martens ; then to the Cohansey near Bridgeton, where it joined the road from Fair- field to Burlington. That portion of it in Maurice Eiver township is still known as the Old Cape road, and is used to some extent, buD the laying out of more direct highways has caused this, like most of the other roads which followed the old Indian trails, to be abandoned for most of its course. This road was one of the most important highways in the county, being the one traveled from all the western part of the county through Cohansey Bridge to Maurice Eiver and Cape May, and the only means of land commu- nication by the Cape May people until 1762, when the^ toll-bridge across the cedar swamps on the creek of that name below Petersburg was built. A bridge was built over Maurice Eiver where the Old Cape road crossed that stream probably soon after it was laid out, against which a presentment was made at May term, 1754, of the Court of Oyer and Terminer for being out of repair, and the court ordered the township of Maurice Eiver to pay a fine of ten pounds unless it was repaired by next term. Application was at once made to six surveyors of the highway.s from this county and six from Cape May, and on June 20, 1754, they laid out a road from Ber- riman's Branch, near Leaming's Mill, straight to the place on Maurice Eiver called the Shingle Landing, and across the river and in a direct line to the Beaver Dam, which road " we appoint the highway instead of the upper road over said river at the place called the New Mill." Shingle Landing was where Millville now is, and probably acquired its name from being the place of shipment for the product of the mills farther up the stream. A bridge was built at this place, resting on log cribs, before 1756, after which the old road soon ceased to be used. Shingle Landing became Maurice Eiver New Bridge, which it con- tinued to be called until Joseph Buck laid out the present town and named it Millville. In October, 1756, a four-rod road was laid, begin- ning at the new bridge on Maurice Eiver Landing, at or near Lucas Peterson's house, and ran up the road which formerly went to Iszard's Mill (which was probably at Buckshutum), and along the north side of White Marsh Eun to the head of Town Swamp, "into a road called Iszard's road," then down it to the road from New England Town to Cohansey Bridge. Iszard's road was probably the road mentioned in 1705 as going to Daniel England's saw-mill, now owned by Iszard. The road laid out at this time was the old road from Millville to Fairton. In February, 1757, a road was laid from the same place in a direct course to the head of Buckshutum Cedar Swamp, and then on to where Cedarville now is, being nearly the same as the present road from Mill- ville to Cedarville. In December, 1800, this road was relaid as it now exists. The road from Port Elizabeth across the township to Tuckahoe was laid out in 1794. The road from Millville northward on the west side of the West Jersey Eailroad to the county line, well known as Malaga road, was laid out in August, 1796, and at the same time Main Street was laid out from the river, nine rods above the location of the bridge at that time, due east forty-two rods to the beginning of Malaga road. The road from Millville to the county line, called Hance's Bridge road, was laid out in 1808, com- mencing on Main Street, twenty rods east of the beginning-point of the Malaga road ; the straight road from Millville to Port Elizabeth was finally located as now used after a long contest in 1818 ; that from Millville, east of the West Jersey Eailroad, to the county line, known as the Horse Bridge road, in 1827; and the new Sender's Mill road, from Millville to the county line, in 1828. A road from Port Eliza- beth, across Maurice Eiver at Spring Garden Ferry, then up to Buckshutum, and a straight road from there to Bridgeton, was laid out in 1810. CHAPTEE LXXXL EARLY HISTORY. After the first settlements the peopling of the county proceeded slowly but steadily, other settlers also coming in from the other provinces and from Europe. The formation of the early churches and other local items will be found under the respective townships. Among those of a general nature of in- terest at the present day the following are noted. The name Cohansey was used for many years as the designation of the region watered by that river from Cohansey Bridge to its mouth, both sides of the stream being called by that name. The town laid out at Cohansey by Fenwick's executors was designed to be called by that name, but after the locating of some of the Connecticut settlers in the town it gradually acquired the name of Greenwich, probably from the town of that name in Fairfield County, Conn. The region now included in this county, previous to its setting ofi" from Salem, was generally known as the north and south sides of Cohansey, although Fair- field was also used in place of the latter name. The two sides of the Cohansey were made precincts or townships previous to 1706. The first minutes of the courts of Salem County that have been preserved commence with the term begun Sept. 17, 1706, and at the next term, in December of that year, constables were appointed for all the precincts in the county, including the " north side of Cohansey" and " Fair- field." The southern precinct was also called Fair- field, and the northern one Greenwich, in 1727 and 1728, but every other year, up to and including 1742, GENERAL HISTORY. 519 after which the minutes are missing, they are called the north and south sides of Cohansey, and have the same officers as other townshipa-of the county. In 1715 and 1716, and again in 1735, 1741, and 1742, the officers appointed for both sides are divided into those for the upper and lower parts of those aides, but this seems to have been merely for the convenience of the inhabitants, no regular division into two parts having been made. In 1718 a constable was first appointed for " Morris River," as it is called, the settlers along the river having increased in number so as to need such an officer. Under this designation both sides of the river were included, and in 1741 and 1742 one was appointed for the west side and one for the east side of the river. An overseer of the roads was also appointed for Maurice River in 1728, and continued afterwards, and in 1742 one for each side. No other officers were appointed for Maurice River. In 1736 two constables were appointed for the town of Green- wich, and each year after that one was appointed. The courts seem to have had and exercised the power to appoint necessary officers for those portions of the county which were not included in any organized township. The line which afterwards, on the setting off of Cumberland, became the county line between Deer- field township and Pittsgrove township, Salem Co., was first established in 1731. At the February term of court, on reading a petition from the overseer of roads for Cape May, Joseph Reeves, Samuel Elwell, and Capt. Job Shepherd were appointed to run a division line between Pilesgrove {which then included Pittsgrove) and the south side of Cohansey. A return of this line as run out by them was made, beginning at the head of Fenwick's Run, a branch of Salem Creek, and then a direct southeast course "to ye main Branch of Moresis River half a mile nor-east from the Bridge called Lumes's Bridge and from thence upon a straight Corse to the end of the Countey." This line is at this day the division between Piles- grove and Pittsgrove townships on the northeast and Mannington and Upper Alloways Creek townships on the southwest, as well as between the two counties. What is now Landis township and the upper part of Maurice River were by this line placed in Pilesgrove. What the overseer of roads for Cape May had to do with it is difficult to understand. "Lumes's" [Lummis' (?)] Bridge was the bridge where the old Cape road crossed Maurice River. At the first court, Sept. 17, 1706, Obadiah Holmes was one of the two judges, and Joseph Sayre, James Alexander, and Samuel Alexander were three of the five justices present. They all resided in the present limits of this county, as did also Joseph Eastland (foreman), John Shepherd, John Williams, and Noah Miller, members of the grand jury. Thomas Craven was one of the constables from the north side of Co- hansey, and James Padgett from the south side. During the succeeding years a large proportion of the judges, justices, and jurors were from this part of the county. On the accession of Lord Cornbury as Gov- ernor in 1703, upon the union of East and West Jersey in one government, a contest at once arose between the Quakers, who had heretofore been the controlling element in West Jersey, and the Governor, who heartily detested the doctrines which led them to oppose him in his endeavors to enlarge the royal au- thority in the province. In this contest those settlers of other denominations beside the Friends became involved, and the great political contest in West Jersey for many years was between the Quaker and non- Quaker elements, each striving to mould the legisla- tion of the colony for their own benefit. The acri- mony and bitterness of the contest has not been surpassed in later years. All the devices and tricks which are popularly supposed to be inventions of modern political warfare were resorted to. Illegal votes were taken if they were on the right side, and legal ones rejected, false returns of those elected were made, riots at the polls were had, and contested seats for the purpose of throwing the organization of the Legislature into the hands of the other party were among the incidents of the day, and charges of bribery, extending even to the Governor, were freely made and partly substantiated by sworn proof. Cornbury and the succeeding royal Governors backed the non- Quaker element as against the Quakers, although they opposed the Governors in many things, and all appointments to office were largely made from that element, which, in Salem County, caused the undue proportion of officers among the Baptists and Pres- byterians of Cohansey. The royal Governors continually strove to obtain the largest possible amounts for the support of their government, but taxes were odious to the people whether Quakers or non-Quakers, and their payment was delayed and resisted on any pretext. In 1714 acts were passed appropriating £2550 for the support of her Majesty's government in New Jersey, and for collecting the arrearages of taxes since 1708. , The levying of taxes under these acts seems to have created a small-sized rebellion on the north side of Cohansey, which included nearly all the male tax-payers of that region. They united to resist payment on the grounds shown by the following paper drawn up and signed by them : "Wee whose Names are under Written do Utterly Denie to pay or Suffer to be taken by Distress or any other ways any money Goods or any other thing by Frances Pagit our so called Constable Because wee Doubt of his Being a Lawful Constable & more especially Because wee have been Illegally Assesed by an Asseser who being a known & open profest Roman Catbolick which is Utterly Repugnant to the Laws of Great Brittain and Contrary to y« Bights & Liberties of his Boyall Maj'i«" faithful! Subjects & if wee Submitt to Suffer or Acknowledge any such Boman Catbolick to Usurp or have any place in office of proifitt or trust Among us wee Should Count our selves Traytors to his Mty *>" our King & all True Protestants " Thomas Maskell. Zebulon Stathem. Joseph Denes (Dennis). Jno. Chandler. Jonathan Dennies, Jr. (Dennis). Thomas Stathem. Samuel Dennis. Christ^ Fitz Randolph. 520 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Rob^ Bobina. W™ Bacon. Joseph Bacon. Sami^ Bacon. Peter Fitz Randolph. Thomafi Craven. Jacob Tapping. Richard Smith. Charles Dennis. Philip Stathem. Alex' Smith, Jun'. Peter Craven. Robert Tullie. Thomas Twigg. John Bacon. W» Wattson. Enoch Mare. Joseph Simkins. Seth Smith. Alex' Foreman. Jno. Cook. Rob* Alexander. Joseph Alexander. Jno. Reed. David Sayre. Josiah Fithing." At the June term, 1715, all of these persons, ex- cepting Alexander Foreman, John Cook, and Robert Alexander, " all of Cohansey, yeomen," were in- dicted for resisting the constable and refusing to pay or suffer him to make distress for the tax. A copy or the paper was transmitted to the Lords Commission- ers for Trade and Plantations at London by Governor Hunter, accompanied by a letter wherein he says, " They are all from New England who have signed it, but whether they be a true sample of the body of the people there, or only a sett of unquiet or restless men, who could be easy nowhere, and so left that Province for this, I cannot determine, but this I confidently afiSrm, that all the oposition and vexation I have met with in both these Provinces {New York and New Jersey) has been in a great measure owing to those who have come to us from that," which shows that the Governor was not very favorably disposed towards the New England people. David Shep- pard and Joseph Smith, of the South Side, were in- dicted for like resistance to Samuel Westcott, the constable there. The collection of this tax was so unpopular that when the court at the same term ap- pointed Jonathan Holmes as constable for the North Side, he refused to be qualified, and was committed to the custody of the sheriff for his refusal. At the next term a certiorari was presented removing the above indictment to the Supreme Court, but what further became of it is not known. At March term, 1716, the granting of tavern licenses first began, the court having made regulations for this purpose at the preceding term. John Brick was licensed to keep a tavern at his mills, now Jericho, at that term, which was renewed until 1729. Charles Angelo and Alexander Smith were also licensed at the same term, and Angelo again in 1718, both in Cohansey. Other licenses within the limits of Cum- berland at that early day were : Edward Shaw, in 1718 and 1719 ; Richard Ogden and William Rawson, in 1722, the latter at his mill on Menantico ; Jacob Ware, at Greenwich, in 1728, '29, '41, and '42 ; Wil- liam Watson, at Greenwich, from 1733 to 1742 ; James Carruthers, at Greenwich, 1737 to 1739 ; John Foster, at Greenwich, 1737 ; Silas Parvin, at Cohansey Bridge, 1737 to 1741 ; Fitz Randolph, at Greenwich, 1739; Ellas Getting, at Cohansey Bridge, 1739 to 1742 ; Edward Sheppard and Jeremiah Nixon, on the south aide of Cohansey, in 1739, and the latter again in 1742; William Doubleday, at Cohansey Bridge, 1740; John Bell, at Maurice River, 1740 to 1742; John Butler, Greenwich, 1741 and 1742 ; and John Peterson, at Maurice River, in 1742. After August term, 1742, the minutes of the courts are missing, as are also those from December term, 1722, to March term, 1727. At September term, 1716, the grand jury made a presentment against Dickinson Shepherd for disturb- ing the poll on the fourth Tuesday of that month at the election in the town of Salem. At that time the election was held at only one place in a county. What the disturbance was is not known, and nothing further was done with it. At that election Shepherd was a candidate, and was elected a member of the Assembly. OfiScers were appointed by the court for the differ- ent precincts or townships in the county. The follow- ing is a list of those for the precincts now included in Cumberland. Though the oflicers are not of great importance, yet the early date when they served, and the information they give as to the early settlers ren- der the list interesting : NORTH SIDE OF COHANSET. Treeholdera. 1716. For the upper part, Samuel Woodhouse, James Hud- son ; for the lower part, Thomas Maskell, Jonathan Watson. 1718. Joseph James. Josiah Fithian. 1719. John Padgett. William Bawn (Bowen). 1720. Job Shepherd. .Tohn Padgett. 1721. Kicholas Johnson. 1721. Job Shepherd. 1722. Job Shepherd. John Padgett. 1727. Richard Wood. John Remington. 1728. Thomas Waithman. John Remington. 1730. Thomas Waithman. Elisha (Elijah) Bowen. 1732-33. Thomas Waithman. John Remington. Assessore, 1701. Joseph Brown. Richard Butcher. 1709. Joshua Barkstead. 1718. Samael Holmes. 1719. Henry Joyce. 1720. John Brice. 1721. Samuel Holmes. 1701. Samuel Woodhouse. 1709. Jonathan Dennis. 1718-19. Thomas Maskell. 1720. Anthony Woodhouse. 1721. John Padgett. 1722. Josiah Fithian. 1722. Henry Joyce. 1727. Thomas Padgett. 1728. Samuel Holmes. 1730. Abial Carll, Jr. 1731. Samuel Holmes. 1732. Abial Carll. 1733. Samuel Holmes. CoUectorB. 1727. Samael Holmes. 1728. Josiah Fithian. 1730. Samuel Dennis. 1731. Josiah Fithian. 1732-33. Nicholas Gibbon. Swrveyora of Sighways. 1705-6. John Bacon. Jonathan Walling. 1718. David Sayre. Noah Miller. 1719. James Watson. John Ware. 1720. Thomas Craven. Seth Brooks. 1721. David Foster. Josiah Fithian, 1722. Enoch Moore. Dan Bowen. 1727. William Watson. Joseph James. 1728. Robert Ayres. Philip Dennis. 1730. Benoni Dare. Abraham Hudson. 1731. Josiah Fithian. Job Shepherd. 1732. Benjamin Dare. James Robinson. 1733. Ebenezer Miller. Charles Davis. GENERAL HISTORY. 521 — Cmttahles. SOUTB SIDE OF OOHANSET. 1706. Thomas Craven. 1722. Isaac Brooks. Preeholders. 1707. Roger Mall. 1727. Samuel Dennis. 1716. Henry Buck. 1727, Anthony Dixon. Thomas Craven. Benoni Dare. Dickason Shepherd. Moses Shepherd. 1703. John Miller. 1728. William Watson. 1718. Thomas Abbott. 1728. Dickason Shepherd. Noah Wheaton. Robert Terry. Henry Buck. Anthony Dixon. 1709. Job Sheppard. 1729. Thomas Wallin. 1710. Thomas Shepherd. 1730. Joseph Reeve. John Taylor. John Peaton. John Ogden. Dickason Shepherd, 1710. Alexander Forman. 1730. Richard Wood. 1720. Thomas Shepherd. 1732, Joseph Iteeve, Josiah Fithian. Seth Brooks. ^ Jonathan Fithian. Moses Shepherd, 1711. James Hudson. 1731. Ananias Sayre. 1722, Dickason Shepherd. 1733, Joseph Reeve. George Simpkins. Abraham Hndson. Ephraim Seeley. Dickason Shepherd. 1712. George Simpkins. 1732. Charles Fordham. 1713. David Foster. Samuel Holmes. Daniel Bishop. 1733. John Garman. ABBebavro. 1701. John Chatfleld. 1722. Edward Burrus. 1714. Gabriel Davis. Charles Foi'dham. John Ogden. 1727, Joseph Reeve, Jonathan Holmes. 1734. Charles Fordham. 1709. Henry Buck. 1728. Levi Preston, Jr. 1715, March. Friincis Padgett. James Robinson. 1718. Jonathan Fithian. 1730-31. Levi Preston. Jonathan Holmes. 1735. Richard Butcher. 1719-20. Henry Buck. 1732. Joseph Riley. 1715, September. John Brick. Richard Mills. 1721. Samuel Barnes. 1733. Thomas Harris. Robert Robins. Nathaniel Beevy (Bilby?)) 2 CoUectors. 1716. John Brick. 1736. David Shepherd. 1701. Joseph Ceeling (Seeley?) 1727. Daniel Westcott. Thomas gtatheni. Nathaniel Bilby. 1709. Richard Whitaker. 1728. Josiah Brooks. 1717. Andrew Padgett. 1737. Bilby Shepherd. 1718. Josiah Brooks. 1730. Josiah Brooks. Enoch Shepherd. Nathaniel Bilby, 1719. Ephraim Seeley. 1731. John Bishop. John Bowen.i 1738, Samuel Harris, 1720. John Bateman. 1732. Thomas Harris. 1718. Thomas Field. Bilby Shepherd. 1721. Levi Preston. 1733. Joseph Riley. Thomas Walthman. 1739. Abraham Reeves. 1722. Richard Ogden. 1719. John Miller. Alexander Smith! Const"^^"" David Reed. 1720. Nathaniel Bishop. 1740. Jonathan Steadam. Robert Terry. 1706. James Padgett. 1707,* Edmond Shaw. 1721. Joseph Reeve. 1722. Jonathan Smith. John Dennis. 1721. Peter Randolph. 1741. Joseph Simpkins. John Brick. .Tames Padgett. Isaac Brooks.fi Levi Preston. 1727, Benjamin Stratton, Samuel Fithian. 1742. Bilby Shepherd. 1708. Thomas Alderman. John Preston, 1722. Enoch Moore. James Robinson. Isaac Brooks. 1728, Joseph Riley. Overaeera of Boada. 1709. Thomas Abbott. Israel Petty. 1707. John Williams. 1727. Charles Fordham. Edward Lummis. 1729. John Ayres. John MiUer. Samuel Bowen, Jr. 1710. John Sliepherd. Ebenezer Westcott. 1708. John Williams. 1728, Abial Carll, Sr. Jonathan Fithian. 1730. John Shepherd, Noah Miller. John Miller (cooper). Josiah Brooks.' David Sayre, Jr. 1709. John Williams. 1730, Caleb Ayres, Jr, 1711-12. Benjamin Davis, 1731. Samuel Bennett. Joshua Barkstead. Jeremiah Bacon (sadler). John Brooks. Michael Hannah. 1710. John Chatfleld. Richard Brick.« William Dare, Jr.' 1732. Jehiel Wheeler. John Williams. 1732. Abel Bacon. 1713. David Sheppard. Samuel Foster, Jr. 1711-12. Edward Fairbanks. William Long. Levi Preston. 1733. Joseph Seeley. Thomas Statliem. 1733. Isaac Mills. 1714-15. Samuel Westoott, John Cornwell. 1713-15. Robert Robins. Benoni Dare. Joseph Sa*re, 1734, Jacob Garrison, Jr. Nathaniel Bishop. 1734. Charles Dennis. 1715, (September) Joseph Shep- Joseph Seeley. 1716. William Bacon. Philip Vickers. herd, 1736. Henry Seeley. Samuel Woodhouse. 1735. John Carll, Jr. Samuel Barnes, Daniel Davis. 1717. Josiah Fithian. Thomas Padgett. 1716, Henry Buck. 1737. Henry Seeley. Samuel Fithian. 1736. Ebeneaer Smith. Joseph Rogers. Jeremiah Parvin. 1718. Joseph James. Hugh Sharp. 1717. Thomas Whitaker. 1738. David Ogden. Peter Fitz Randolph. 1738. Alexander Smith. John Jones. Samuel Ogden. 1719. Thomas Berriman. Aaron Mulford. Richard Whitaker. 8 1739. Stephen Shepherd. Thomas Brown. 1739. John Lloyd. 1718. John Bateman. Arthur Davis, 1720. John Bowen. Jeremiah Fithian. James Kiley. 1740, Jeremiah Nixon. Jeremiah Bacon. 1740. Jeremiah Bacon, Jr. 1719. John Bennett. Jonathan Ogden. 1721. James Hudson. John Dunn. Daniel Westcott, 1741. Ephraim Mills. Jeremiah Bacon, 1741. Caleb Ayres. 1720. Ebenezer Sayre. Jeremiah Nixon. 1722. James Hudson. Jonathan Platts. William Bateman. 1742. Jacob Mulford. John Williams. 1742. Samuel Moore. 1721. Abraham Garrison. Henry Brooks. Jeremiah Fithian. Overseen of Poor. Overseer of Poor. 1707-8. Richard Whitaker. 1720. Thomas Whitaker. 1707-8. Richard Butcher. 1720. Dan Bowen. Thomas Shepherd. 1721. Thomas Whitaker. Samuel Woodhouse. William Watson. 1709. David Sayre. Jeremiah Bennett. ' 1709. James Hudson, 1721. Samuel Dennis, Nicholas Osborn. 1730. Nathan Lawrence. William Bacon. Robert Ayres, 1719. Jonathan Smith. Robert Hood. 1713. John Brick. 1722. Ebenezer Smith. John Bishop. 1733. James Riley. Noah Moore. John Gannan. 1730. Jacob Ware. 1720, John Bishop, David Shepherd. 1719. Dan Bowen. William Watson. Charles Fordham. < Called Fairfield precinct thi i year. Appointed April 8, 1707, in place of James Padgett. 1 In place of Enoch Shepherd, Dec. 24, 1717. 2 Appointed in place of Bichard Mills, Feb. 18, 1735. 3 Appointed in place of Jeremiah Bacon, Aug. 18, 1730. ^ Appointed Sept. 26, 1710, in place of Jonathan Fithian. 7 Appointed June 24, 1712, in place of John Brooks. 8 Appointed July 9, 1717, In place of John Jones. 522 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1718. Epbraim Seeley. Josiah Brooks. 1719. Levi Preston. Thomas Parvin. 1720. Thomas Parvin. Benjamin Davis. 1721. Thomas Parvin. Anthony Bixon. 1722. Edward Lummis. Joseph Brooks. 1727. Samuel Barnes. Surveyore of Sighwajja. 1727. Dickason Shepherd. 1728. Josiah Brooks. Ephraim Baton. 1730. Josiah Brooks. Ephraim Baton. 1731. Moses Shepherd. Joseph Ryley. 1732. Ebenezer Westoott. John Mills. 1733. Moses Shepherd. William Dare. 1707-8. Henry Buck. Francis Alexander. 1709-10. Edmond Shavp. Dickason Shepherd. 1711-12. John Ba tern an. John Row. James Padgett.' 1713. John Smith. Thomas Parvin. 1714-15. Jonathan Smith. Thomas Parvin. 1716. Richard Mills. John Bennett, Jr. 1717. Richard Whitaker, Jr. John Bennett. 1718. William Dare. Benjamin Davis. 1719. Abraham Garrison. William Dare, Jr. 1720. John Ogden. Joseph Eastland. 1721. Moses Bustice (Husted?). Nathaniel Lawrence. OverBeere of Boads. 1722. Ebenezer Sayre. John Bishop. 1727. Josiah Brooks. Samuel Bennett. 1728. Ebenezer Westcott. Samuel Shepherd. 1730. Jacob Garretson. Edmond Sbaw. 1734. Israel Petty. Abraham Glarrison. 1736. Israel Petty. 1737. Isaac Preston. Abraham Garrison. John Cornwell.2 1738. Nathaniel Whitaker. John Cornwell. 1739. Nathaniel Whitaker. William Russell. 1740. Jeremiah Buck. William Joslin. 1741. Benjamin Thompson. 1742. Henry Stephens. Benjamin Thompson. MAURICE RIVER. 1718. Daniel Dunabo. 1719. Joseph Lord. 1721. William Rawson. 1722. William Denton. 1728-29. Samuel Thompson. 1730. Gabriel Glann. 1731. William Oustello. 1732. John Purple. 1733-34. William Reed. Garret Garrison.^ 1736. John Peterson. 1736. Joseph Lord. 1737. Thomas Lowring. ITiS. Thomas Gandy. 1739. Gabriel Powell. 1740. Isaac Reeves. 1741-42. Nicholas Cruise (west side). . Richard Shaw (east side). 1728. Gabriel Glann. 1734. Henry Peterson. 1737-39. Edward Lummis 1740. John Bell. OvereeerB of Boade, 1741. Peter Campbell. 1742. Gabriel Powell (upper part) Samuel Cobb (lower part). 1736. Henry Walliss. Edmund Randall, 1737. James Carruthers. 1738. John Foster. TOWN OP GREENWICH. ConBlableB, I 1739. Abel Carll. I 1740. Ebenezer Miller. 1741. John Poster. I 1742. Jacob Ware. CHAPTER LXXXII. ORGANIZATION AND BOUNDARIES OF THE COUNTY. West Jersey was originally divided into tenths, called First, Second, Third, and Salem Tenths. In 1684 the " Fourth Tenth" is also mentioned, formed J Appointed Sept. 23, 1712, in place of John Row. - Appointed Nov. 24, 1737, in place of Abraham Garrison. « Appointed Peb. 17, 1734, in place of William Reed. from part of the Third. Salem Tenth, beginning at the bounds of Gloucester County as it now is, in- cluded all the lands which John Fenwick claimed by virtue of his ownership of one-tenth of West Jersey. This included all that portion of what i.s Cumberland County lying west of the river Tweed, or Back Creek, in Fairfield town.'ihip. None of the land east of the Tweed and reaching to the sea-shore was included in any organized community until the erection of the county of Cape May by an act of Assembly passed Nov. 12, 1692. This was owing to there being few inhabitants in all that region, the earliest data that have been found as to any inhabitants there being in 1685, when the Legislature appointed Caleb Carman a justice of the peace for Cape May, and Jonathan Pine constable. The appointment of these officers proves that there were people living at Cape May previous to that date, and in all probability there were also scattered settlers within the eastern part of this county along the shores of Maurice River. The act establishing the county of Cape May bounded it : *' To begin at the utmost flowing of the tide in Prince Maurice Biver, being about twenty miles from the mouth of said river, and then by a line running easterly to the most northerly point of Great Egg Harbor, and from thence southerly along by the sea to the point of Cape May ; thence around Cape May, and up Maurice Biver to the iirst point men- tioned." The "utmost flowing of the tide" in Maurice River is above the present city of Millville. Previous to the creating of Cape May County the First and Sec- ond Tenths had become the county of Burlington, the Third and Fourth Tenths the county of Glouces- ter, and Salem Tenth the county of Salem ; but there is no record of when or how this took place, but prob- ably by an act of Assembly. From 1685 to 1692 ses- sions of the Assembly were held, but no record of them is now known to exist. By separate acts of Assembly, all passed May 17, 1694, the boundaries of Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, and Cape May Counties were more clearly defined, and the " Tenths" finally abolished. " An Act for Boundaries of Salem County" enacted that " the jurisdiction of Salem Court shall extend from the aforesaid Berk- ley Biver on the North, to the River Tweed, formerly called Back Creek, on the South, and is hereby named, and from henceforth called the County of Salem." The region from Back Creek to Maurice River was still an uninhabited wilderness, and not included in the bounds of any county. It was not until May 25, 1700, that an act was passed which provided " that all persons inhabiting on the Biver Tweed, being the lower Bounds of Salem County, and all Settlements below unto the Bounds of the County of Cape May shall from henceforth be annexed to and be sub- ject to the Jurisdiction of the Court and County of Salem, until it shall be otherwise ordered by the General free Assembly of this Province." Jan. 21, 1710, an act was passed which reduced Cape May and extended the bounds of Salem to the eastern limits of what is now Cumberland. It re- cited that great inconveniences had arisen by the un- certainty of the boundaries of the several counties of GENERAL HISTORY. 523 the province, and then proceeded to fix them more definitely. By this act the division line between Salem and Cape May began " at the mouth of a small creek on the west side of Stepson's Island, commonly called Jecak's Creek ; thence up the said creek as high as the tide iloweth ; theuce upon a direct line to the mouth of a small creek at Tuckahoe, where it comes into the southermost Main Branch of the Fork of Great Egg Harhour River." Jecak's Creek is now called West Creek, and is still the boundary between Cumberland and Cape May. From 1710 until 1748 this county was a part of Salem County. In 1733 an unsuccessful attempt was made to obtain a new county, owing to the great in- convenience experienced in having to go to the town of Salem to attend the courts, elections (there being but one poll in each county), and all other public business. The Tenth Assembly, after the union of East and West Jersey, began its first session May 7, 1730, and ended July 8th of the same year. The members from Salem County were James Whitton and John Brick, the latter of whom lived within the bounds of this county on the southerly side of Stow Creek at Jericho. James Whitton died during the recess of the Assembly, and when they met for the second session, April 26, 1733, a writ of election was issued to fill the vacancy. The election was held at the county-seat, and the sheriff, who conducted the election, as the law then was, made a return to the Assembly on May 29th, certifying that Joseph Beeve had been elected. He lived in Shrewsbury, or Upper Back Neck, on a tract of three hundred acres, com- prising what are now the Laning and Ephraim Mul- ford farms at Laning's Wharf. Petitions were pre- sented against him, claiming that his election was illegal, and after hearing the case the Assembly so decided, and a new writ was issued. When the Assembly reassembled at Burlington, on July 17th, after a short adjournment, William Han- cock, who resided at Hancock's Bridge, and who had been one of the candidates at the election when Jo- seph Beeve was returned as elected, now appeared as a member, and was sworn in. The great disadvantages which they labored under in having the county-seat at the extreme western end of the county, of which they had a forcible illustration in the two successive elections just passed, together with the favorable op- portunity of the building of a new court-house, the necessity for which was urgent, stirred up the inhab- itants of this end of the county to make an effort to have the new court-house built nearer the centre of the county. Petitions to that effect were presented to the Assembly on July 25th, and on August 3d counter petitions were presented in favor of rebuild- ing at Salem, and the Assembly then considered the petition of " the Inhabitants of Cohansie" in favor of the removal, but decided against it. They evidently anticipated this result, as they had other petitions already prepared praying leave to bring in a bill to divide the county, which were presented to the As- sembly on the next day. The Assembly granted them leave, although counter petitions against it were also presented. On August 7th, Mr. Brick brought in a bill entitled " An Act for erecting the lower Part of Salem County into a Distinct County," which, after a strong opposition from the western end of the county, was finally passed by the Assembly on August 15th, and was sent to the Council for their concurrence. But on the next day the Governor ad- journed the Legislature to November 27th, and soon after dissolved it, thus preventing any action upon the bill by the Council. The desire of the royal Gov- ernors to keep the representation equal in the Assem- bly between East and West Jersey probably had much to do with the failure to pass this act. What was to have been the name of the county by that act is unknown. On Jan. 19, 174J, the act creating a new county from the southern parts of Salem was passed by the Assembly, it having already passed the Council, and thereby became a law. By this act the bounds of the new county were described as follows : *' Beginning in the county of Salem, at the month of Stow Creek, and running up the same unto John Brick's mills, leaving the said Brick's mills within the county hereby erected, then continuing still up Stow Creek Branch to the house where Hugh Dun now dwells, leaving Hugh nun within the new county ; and from the said Hugh Dun's house, upon a straight line to Nathan Shaw's house, leaving said Nathan Shaw's house within the new county; and then on a northeast course until it intersects the Filesgrove line, leaving Pilesgrove within Salem County ; then along the said line till it intersects the liue which divides the coun- ties of Gloucester and Salem ; then running southeastward down Glouces- ter line unto the boundaries of Cape May County ; then bounded by Cape May County to Delaware Bay ; and then up Delaware Bay to the place of beginning," The county was named after the Duke of Cumber- land, who, in 1746, defeated the Pretender, Charles Edward, at the battle of Culloden, and thereby estab- lished the House of Hanover permanently on the British throne. The act also divided the county into six townships or precincts, as they were called, three on each side of the Cohansey, viz. . Greenwich, Hope- well, and Stow Creek on the west, and Deerfield, Fairfield, and Maurice Biver on the east. It also provided that the county should continue to elect members of Assembly in connection with Salem County until it should be otherwise ordered by act of Assembly. The object of this clause was to maintain the equality of representation which then existed between East and West Jersey in the Assembly. May 10, 1768, an act was passed giving two repre- sentatives to each of the counties of Cumberland, Morris, and Sussex, the latter two having previously elected in conjunction with Hunterdon, after the end of the then existing Assembly, but Cumberland con- tinued to elect with Salem until the election of the Assembly which convened Aug. 19, 1772, when she was first represented by two members of her own, — John Sheppard and Theophilus Elmer. By act of the Legislature of March 13, 1844, the eastern corner of Maurice Biver township, including 524 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the village of Marshallville, was set off to Cape May County, but Feb. 26, 1845, it was reannexed to Cumberland. By an act approved March 26, 1878, nearly the same territory was again set off to Cape May County, the line of division beginning where the old Cape May road crossed the county line, and running up that road to the Dorchester and Es- tellville road, then to the Cumberland and Tuckahoe road, then to Hunter's mill-dam, to the Atlantic County line. This corner of Maurice River township has since remained in Cape May County. April 10, 1867, the township of Pittsgrove, Salem Co., was an- nexed to Cumberland. This act having been passed in order to secure political advantages, and the op- posing party having the majority in the next Legis- lature, the act was repealed Feb. 25, 1868, and Pitts- grove was reannexed to Salem County. Thus, with the exception of the small portion of Maurice River township set off in 1878, as above stated, the bounds of the county have remained as first set off from Salem. Early Action of the Board of Freeholders. — By an act passed Feb. 28, 171|, each town and pre- cinct in each county was directed to choose two free- holders on the second Tuesday in March in each year, a majority of whom, with all the justices of the peace for the county, or any three of them, one whereof being of the quorum, were authorized to levy taxes and raise moneys for building of court-houses and jails, and to build the same. In the commissions of justices of the peace, some of them were designated as of the quorum, without whose presence no business could be done. The board of justices and freeholders thus created managed the county business until the passage of the act of Feb. 19, 1798, incorporating the freeholders alone, and granting them more extensive powers. The first meeting of the justices and freeholders of Cumberland was a special meeting held March 25, 1748, to authorize the building of a temporary jail until the location of the county-seat was determined. The first regular meeting was held May 11, 1748 ; justices present, John Brick, John Ogden, Joseph Reeves, John Remington, John Brick, Jr., Ebenezer Miller, Thomas Padgett, Job Shepherd, Jonathan Holmes, Ephraim Seeley, Joseph Peck, Elias Cotting. Freeholders all present except John Purple, " being indisposed of body and not able to attend." Jonathan Holmes, Esq., was chosen county collector for the ensuing year. No other business is mentioned at that meeting. At the next meeting, July 12, 1748, the county col- lector was ordered to " Call the precinct Collectors to an account and receive the moneys Remaining in their Hands." The freeholders all present except Ebenezer Wescoat. At the May meeting, 1750, "This Bord appointe Richard Wood Esq' to Buye a Book for y° Use of this Bord," and on June 19, 1751, they ordered John Bacon (the clerk of the board) to enter all the minutes of the board in the book. At the May meeting, 1752, the county collector's account for the year 1751 was settled. This is the first account given, and is the returns from the tax laid in 1751 towards building a court-house. The account, in full, is as follows : 1751— Becoived from the County £125 2 10 Cr. By Cash paid Howell Powell, per order. SO " " " " " " " 6 " 1 Wolfe's head by Thomas Whitecar 3 "1 " " more by William DeaD 3 " 1 " " " " Nathan Lawrence 3 " 1 " " " " Silas Parvin 3 " 1 ' " Thomas Whitecar 3 " 1 " Vl^illiam Dean before the late Act of Assembly 10 " 1 panters [head] by Uickarson Simkens 15 £102 15 By more paid for Assessors and Collectors fees 10 6 3 £113 3 Due to ye County £12 2 7 At the same meeting Elias Cotting, clerk of the county, was allowed £1 13«. 6d. for two books of record and a county seal. At a special meeting, Oct. 5, 1752, " ordered to be at the Court-House of Said County," the sheriff re- ported that Joseph Burgin, William Harris, and Nathan Kook, persons imprisoned for debt, had es- caped from the jail at Greenwich, and it was agreed that the county should bear the loss for the moneys due from the " Escapents," and the sheriff was ordered to pursue them. Joseph Burgin was captured, but the others were not, and the county paid £10 8s. 2d. for the moneys due from them. In May, 1753, a pair of stocks and a pillory were ordered placed near the court-house, and Joseph James, Jr., was employed to build them, for which he was paid £5. At meeting of May 8, 1754, a charge was brought in by Deerfleld township, for taking care of an old Indian who died in that precinct, of £4 3s. 4(i., which was paid to William Tullis, one of the overseers of the poor of that township. In May, 1763, a committee was appointed to join the committee from Salem to run and ascertain the boundaries between the two counties, which was done that year. December, 1763, the arms belonging to the county in the hands of Ephraim Seeley, the county collec- tor, were ordered sold, the sale to be continued from day to day until they were all sold. Where the county obtained them, and for what purpose, is unknown. In 1767, Greenwich, Fairfield, and Stow Creek townships were authorized to have a pair of stocks, and Greenwich and Stow Creek each erected a pair. From 1778 to 1780 frequent allowances were made to the township and county collectors for counterfeit money taken by them. May, 1784, a new set of stocks and pillory was GENERAL HISTORY. 525 ordered to be placed at the north end of the court- house. June, 1791, County Clerk Giles was directed to procure a seal for the county of such device as he saw fit, not to exceed three dollars in expense. The first meeting under the new act incorporating the £hosen freeholders in each county, and placing the management of the county business in the hands of the freeholders alone, was held May 9, 1798, which is noted as being a day of fasting. In 1799 rates of ferriage over the Cohansey, at Greenwich, were fixed as follows : Loaded wagon and two horses 40 cents. Light wagon and two horses 25 " Loaded cart and one hone 25 " Chair and horse 19 " Man and horse 6 " Footman 3 " Sheep and swine, per head 2 " Grain, per hnshel 1 " Cattle, per head 6 " In 1801 a seal was bought for the county clerk, at a cost of twenty-five dollars. Sept. 30, 1817, the board " expressed their approba- tion of permission [given by the committee on court- house and jail] to hold a well-regulated Sunday-school and singing-schools in the house," but this privilege was rescinded in 1833. In 1827 the line between Cumberland and Salem and Gloucester Counties was run and marked. April 13, 1837, the board met and pledged the faith of the county for the safe-keeping of that portion of the surplus revenue loaned by the general govern- ment to the States as might be apportioned to this county, and appointed Daniel M. Woodruff, Dr. Ed- mund Sheppard, and Jonathan Lare to loan it on bond and mortgage security. Thirty thousand dol- lars were received as the share of this county, a large portion of which was loaned to different persons, but afterwards it was all called in, with a loss of $564.47, leaving a balance in the county's possession of $29,- 435.53. Of this sum, $10,674.43 was spent on the court-house and lot in 1844; $9129.73 in building and furnishing the present poor-house ; the balance, $9631.37, has been used for general county purposes. The interest of the fund is paid by the county yearly into the educational fund, as required by law. Judge Daniel Elmer, in 1838, succeeded the committee first appointed in the management of the fund, and was succeeded in 1846 by his son, Charles E. Elmer, Esq., who was agent for the fund until it was all paid to the county collector. Directors of the Board of Chosen Freeholders. — Directors of the board of chosen freeholders were elected by virtue of the provisions of the act incorpo- rating that body, passed Feb. 13, 1798. Previous to that the presiding member of the board was only " chairman." Those occupying the position are as follows : Chairmen, 1786. Samuel Ogden. I 1796. Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1787-95. Maskell Ewing. I 1797. Samuel Ogden. 1798. Eli Elmer. 1799. Jonathan Bowen. 1800. Thomas Daniels. 1801-2. David Mooro. 1803. Joel Fithian. 1804. Jeremiah Brooks. 1805-9. Ebenezer Seeley. 1810-12. Dr. Azel Pierson. 1813. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer. 1814. Timothy Elmer. 1815. Abijah Harris. 1816-18. Samuel Seeley. 1819-20. JamoB Clark. 1821. Samuel Seeley. 1822. Smith Bowen. 1823-26. Samuel Seeley. 1827-28. Dr. Ephraim Buck. 1829. William Bevan. Directora. 1830. Samuel Seeley. 1831-33. James Hood, Jr. 1834. Levi B. Davis. 1836. Philip Fithian. 1836-41. Daniel M. Woodruff. 1842-43. Levi B. Davis. 1844. Joseph W. Woodruff. 1846-46. Lewis McBride. 1847-48. Henry Sheppard. 1849. Jonathan Elmer. 1850. Cornelius Lupton. 1851-67. Jonathan Elmer. 1868. Joseph H. Ogden. 1869-71. Jonathan Elmer. 1872-77. EobertJ. Filhian. 1878-79. Thomas U. Harris. 1880-82. Benjamin Hancock. 1883. Morris Bacon. ClerJcs. 1750-51. John Bacon. 1752-53. Ananias Sayre. 1754-59. Samuel Fithian. 1760-70. Thomas Ewing. 1771-73. Samuel Fithian. 1774-78. Enos Seeley. 1779. .John Mulford.i Ephraim Seeley, Eaq.2 1780-82. Ephraim Seeley, Esq. 1783. Isaac Wheaton. 1784. Joshua Ewing. 1785-86. Ephraim Seeley, Esq. 1787-92. Eli Elmer. 1793. Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1794-97. Eli Elmer. 1798-99. Ebenezer Elmer. 1800. Eli Elmer. 1801. Dr. Azel Pierson. 1802-4. Eli Elmer. 1805-9. Dr. Azel Pierson. 1810-13. Dr. Edo Ogden. 1814. George H. Burgin. 1815. Thomas Woodruff. 1816. Lucius Q. C. Elmer. 1817-20. Dr. Ephraim Buck. 1821-22. Enoch H. More, 1823-26, Dr. Ephraim Buck. 1827-32. Enoch H. More. 1833-36. Samuel S. Sibley. 1837-60. Hugh R. Merseilles. 1861-83. Alphonso WoodrnfT. 1847. Lucius Q. 0. Elmer. 1848. . 1849-61. Lucius Q. 0. Elmer. 1852. James G. Harapton.3 1864-66. John T. Nixon. Solicitors. 1866-67. Nixon & Mitchell. 1868-74. Franklin P. Westcott. 1875. Potter & Nixon. 1876-83, James E. Hoagland. CHAPTEE LXXXIII. COUNTY BUILDINGS. Court-Houses. — The act erecting the county pro- vided that when it should be thought necessary by a majority of the chosen freeholders of the county, in conjunction with three justices of the peace of the county, one of whom should be of the quorum, to build a court-house and gaol, that then any three justices of the peace, one of whom should be of the quorum, might meet together at Cohansey Bridge, with concurrence of a majority of said freeholders, and put up notices of an election to be held at John Butler's, in the town of Greenwich, and by a majority of votes to choose the place where the court-house and gaol should be built, and also authorized money to be raised with which to build. An election was held for that purpose, at which Cohansey Bridge was chosen, the election being held 1 Chosen county collector before expiration of the year. 2 Chosen Jan. 18, 1780, to fill vacancy. 3 In 1862, the appointment of solicitor was dispensed with for the future. 526 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. probably between July 12th and 26th, as at the meet- ing of the justices and freeholders on the 12th no mention is made of the subject, the minute ending with, " There being no other business if was agreed this meeting adjourns,'' and at the next meeting, on the 26th, the election is referred to. No records of this election are known to exist, but evidently the contest for the county-seat must have been sharp and the result close, with charges of illegal voting, as appears evident from the minute of the meeting on the 26th, which is as follows : "July 26th. The Justices and all the Freeholders meet except John Purple In Obedience to an Advertisement Set up by order of John Ogden, David Ogden, Kphraim Seely, and Joseph Peek. These four Justices Proposed to the other Justices of said county, and Freeholders present To Rayse Money for Building a Goal and Court-House, but the Major part of the Justices and Freeholders present was not So Disp?fced as to the Location of the place where the Said Goal and Court-House Shall be Built. Thought proper to Setle the point First before they Consent to Rayse money for that purpose, but in order To Setle the afare of the Election there was a Motion made for to Be-ammin the Voters by purging them by their Respective oaths and afermations, but the freholdera of the South Side of Cohansey Refused to Comply with Said offer. There being no Business to do This Meeting adjurns." Previous to the formation of the county this por-: tion of Salem County was divided into two precincts, called the North and South Sides of Cohansey, that stream being the dividing line. The town of Green- wich was the most important place in the county, and it was natural that there should be a strong influence in favor of locating the county-seat there instead of at Cohansey Bridge, which at that time contained prob- ably not over a dozen houses. The feeling growing out of the election seems to have lasted for some time, as it was not until the meeting of May 9, 1750, that any steps were taken towards erecting buildings at Cohansey Bridge, although the courts of the county, at the December term, 1748, ordered the clerk to make the writs returnable at Cohansey Bridge, where the next term, in February, 1749, and all subsequent ones have been held. At the May meeting, 1750, the first steps were taken towards erecting a court-house and jail. At a full meeting of the board it was agreed " that there Shall be a deed drawed and Deliverd to Richard Wood and Ebenezer Miller to peruse, and upon their aprobation Then they or more of the Justices are to Summons yo Magistrate and freholders to procede upon Raysing of money to Build a Court-House and Goal." Wood and Miller were two of the justices, and both lived at Greenwich, but Miller had taken up a sur- vey of four hundred and twenty acres at Cohansey Bridge, the lot on which the county buildings were placed being a part of it, and his interests coincided with those of the South Siders. There being some question concerning the validity of his title, a bond to guarantee the title was executed by Miller and a number of the most prominent freeholders residing on the South Side to a number of the freeholders of the North Side. In June, 1751, £100 were ordered raised by the 25th of December towards building a court-house, and it was agreed to build a court-house thirty-two feet long and twenty-two feet wide, two stories high, to be of frame, " to begin in March, 1752," and Elijah Bowen, David Ogden, John Brick, and Ephraim Seeley were appointed managers " to agree with workmen one or more to build the Court- house By the Great [by the whole] or otherwise, as they can Agree." Rates of taxes were fixed as fol- lows : Young men, two shillings; men-servants, one shilling; retailers of goods, ten shillings; mills, not less than two shillings and sixpence, nor above five shillings ; and male slaves, one shilling. The asses- sors were ordered to meet at Cohansey Bridge on second Tuesday in August to settle the "cotaas" (quotas) of each township, and to return their dupli- cates by first Tuesday in October. Taxes were then raised almost entirely from what were called certain- ties, — that is, by fixed rates on specific persons and properties, and not by a percentage on their value, as at this day. A contract was made with Howell Powell (who was afterwards sheriff), and the court-house was put up in the spring and summer of 1752, and so far com- pleted that the courts were held in it on Aug. 25, 1752, but was not entirely completed until the next year. In May, 1752, £120 were ordered raised for this ob- ject, and in May, 1753, £100 more. Mills were rated at 6s. to 18«. ; shop-keepers 6s. to 18s ; a young man with a horse 4s. 6d., without 2s. M. ; servants and slaves Is. " per head" ; lands, " as by former act of Assembly, at £5 per hundred," meaning " per 100 acres." By the county collector's accounts there was paid to Howell Powell the sum of £300, which was probably the amount of the contract. In February, 1753, it was "ordered that the sum of seventeen shil- lings and sixpence be paid to Ephraim Seely Esq'., for Rum and Shugar at Alexander More." Moore kept store at Cohansey Bridge, and the rum and sugar were probably used at the raising of the court-house, as the next year the board paid Ephraim Seeley " for ye Rasing Dinner and time to provide it, £2 17«. 9rf." The managers were each paid for their services 12s. This court-house did not long continue. After the trial and hanging of Pickering for horse-stealing, court was held there on Dec. 6, 1758, and before Jan. 4, 1759, it took fire and was burned. A tavern was kept in the house adjoining the court-house by John Hall, which took fire in the night and was burned with the most of the effects therein. The fire spread to the court-house, and being of wood, and there being little or no means of putting out a fire, it was burnt to the ground. Second Court-House.'— At a special meeting of the justices and freeholders held on Jan. 4, 1759, at John Keen's, who kept a tavern on the east side of the river, all the freeholders present except William Willis, of Maurice River, it was agreed to build a new court-house of brick, thirty-four by twenty-four feet in the clear, with eighteen-inch walls for the first story, and fourteen-inch for the second, the inside to be finished like the former one except an additional GENERAL HISTORY. 527 ■window over the judges' seat; a cupola was ordered to be built on the roof in which to hang a bell, which was to be bought by subscription. This bell was not bought until several years afterwards ; it was cast in Bridgewater, Mass., in 1763. For many years the court-house was used for religious meetings on Sun- days and evenings. On the erection of the West Jer- sey Academy, this bell, which was taken down when the court-house was torn down, in 1844, and replaced by a large one in the present court-house, was hung in the belfry of that building, where it still does duty although one hundred and twenty years old. Eben- ezer Miller, David Shepherd, and Samuel Fithian were appointed managers to build the court-house, and £200 ordered raised by tax. They were authorized to build it anywhere on the lot the old one stood on, which extended across Broad Street. They located it in the middle of Broad Street, a little east of Franklin, between where the sheriflF's house and the City Hotel now are, on the brow of the hill, which was much higher than at present. It was built during 1759 and 1760, and continued to be used until 1844. In 1766 a committee was appointed to secure the wall of the court-house from being hurt by the water washing the earth away ; the hill being quite steep, every heavy rain gullied it. In 1775 a fence was ordered built at the west end of the court-house, and in 1777 one was ordered at the east end, " to prevent the playiug of ball." In 1791, Sheriff Buck was ordered to procure a suitable stove for the court-house. Pre- vious to this the only method of heating it was by fires in open fireplaces. In December, 1798, " a close stove'' was ordered for use there, and a year later a ten-plate stove was ordered. Present Court-House. — The need of a new and more commodious court-house became more apparent as the county increased in population, and in 1832 inquiry was made by the freeholders as to the possi- bility of purchasing additional ground adjoining the jail-lot, but it could not be bought at that time. In 1836 it was offered to the board for sixteen hundred dollars, and by a vote of eight to seven they resolved to purchase it, and a deed was made to them by Jere- miiah Whitecar and wife, dated Oct. 7, 1836. This is the lot on which the court-house now stands. At that time there stood upon it a large three-storied house, built and used for many years as a tavern. The eastern part of the county, especially Millville, had increased rapidly in population during the pre- vious years, and a growing rivalry with the county- seat had been developed. The aspirations of Mill- ville and the opportunity of a new court-house, soon to be built, very naturally called forth an agitation to remove the county buildings to that place. The vote on the purchase of the court-house lot was the first public development of this state of feeling, which rapidly increased, until the one absorbing question in the county was the location of the court-house. The freeholders, at their meeting in February, 1837, were petitioned to take no action to build until an ap- plication could be made to the Legislature for an act to hold an election to determine whether it should be built in Bridgeton or some other place in the county, and a resolution to that effect was passed by a vote of nine to seven. Such a law was passed March 4, 1837, directing an election to be held on July 25th and 26th of that year. From the passage of the law until the election the battle waxed warmer and warmer. Meetings were held, and the two newspapers of the county, both printed in Bridgeton, were filled with articles advocating the claims of one or the other of the places. Fairfield also was advocated by some of the residents of that township. When it was found that some of the Fairfield people, who otherwise would have voted for Bridgeton, intended to throw away their votes on their own township, the advocates of Bridgeton became frightened, and claimed that the old court-house was good enough, and that the times were too hard to spend money for a new house. The result of the election was as follows : Total. For For For Bridgeton. MillvlUe. Fairfield. Deerfleld 457 4 461 Hopewell 401 3 1 405 Stow Creek...-. 165 7 162 Oreenwich 132 5 1 138 Millville 436 435 Maurice Biver 27 339 366 Downe 66 239 2 297 Fairfield 66 37 210 303 Total 1284 1059 214 2657 The fight was not ended by the result of the elec- tion. A long contest was waged in the board of free- holders, the four lower townships voting steadily against the building of a new court-house, making an even division of the board ; at one meeting, in the absence of one member from Stow Creek, they passed a resolution to sell the lot purchased for the court- house, but nothing was done under that resolution. At almost every meeting of the board the four upper townships brought up a resolution for building a new house, but they were all lost by a tie vote. Appeals to their sense of duty under the law re- quiring a new house to be built after the election and other devices were employed to induce the lower townships to yield, but without avail. One of the ludicrous devices, as it seems at the present day, was to cause a notice to be served on the board by the overseer of roads in Bridgeton, notifying them " to remove the old court-house out of the highway." He failed to specify in his notice whether, in case they failed to obey him, he would forthwith tear it down (after standing there eighty-four years), as a public nuisance and an obstruction to travel, or not ; perhaps the indefinite something which he might do was thought to be more potent than if he was more spe- cific. After six years of contest with no success a new plan was devised. A law was enacted March 8, 1844, creating a new township out of parts of Hope- well and Stow Creek, the village of Shiloh being 528 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. about the centre of it, called Columbia township. This was done under the plea of a political ma- noeuvre, and the real object was not discovered until too late. At the meeting of the board in May of that year, with the aid of the new township, it was agreed to build a new court-house on the lot bought for that purpose, and Benjamin Sheppard, Joseph W. Wood- ruff, and Samuel Harris were appointed a building committee. The plan adopted was a brick building, forty by sixty feet in the clear, with lower story ten feet in the clear, and upper story eighteen feet in the clear ; lower story for uae as jury-rooms, the upper as a court-room and vestibule ; the court-room to be forty by forty-eight feet. The citizens of Bridgeton were authorized to raise a clock-tower upon the bel* fry, and to place a clock therein, if done without ex- pense to the county, and eight thousand dollars were appropriated for that purpose out of the surplus revenue received by the county in 1837. David F. Randolph was the contractor, and it was built that year. Mr. Randolph received the thanks of the board for the neat and workmanlike manner in which he had fulfilled his contract, a compliment time has shown to have been well deserved, few better court- houses existing in the State at this time, now thirty- nine years since it was erected. The old court-house was sold for eighty-five dollars, and was torn down, and the highway cleared of the obstruction, and so the overseer of roads (above mentioned) at last had his notice complied with. Over thirteen hundred dollars were spent in materials, putting up fence, trees, furniture, and fixtures, and the total cost of the court-house, taken from the surplus revenue fund, was ten thousand six hundred and seventy-four dollars and forty-three cents. In 1881 an addition was built to the south end of the court-house for a back stairway and other con- veniences. JAILS. Tte First Jail was built by direction of the jus- tices and freeholders at their first meeting, the min- utes of which are as follows : " Cumberland Oohaneey Bridge March y 25*i» 1748. At a Special County. Meeting of the Justices and Freeholders they unani- mously Agreed that the SherilT of said County do Build a Goal at the most OouTeniant place he Shall Think proper for the Benefit of Said County the demention of the House to be aboute Twelve foot Square. The above said Goal to be for Present Use. " Justices Present "Kichard Wood " John Ogden " Joseph Keeves "John Remington " Jonathan Holmes." The Sheriff, Ananias Sayre, lived at Greenwich, and he built the first jail at that place. This small jail was probably built of logs, and was insecure, sev- eral escapes being made from it of persons imprisoned for debt, causing the county to pay the amounts for which they were imprisoned. This was used until 1754, when the jail of brick at Coh'ansey Bridge was erected. This jail at Greenwich was probably built by the sheriff, on the street or the market-place, and re- mained until 1764. The board at their meeting, Dec. 7, 1763, appointed Samuel Fithian and Thomas Ewing a committee to sell it at public vendue, which they did, and at the meeting in May, 1764, they set- tled with the committee, and found a balance due the county of £3 6s. arising from the sale. Second Jail. — May 9, 1753, £100 was ordered raised toward building a jail at Cohansey Bridge, and it was agreed to build it twenty-two by eighteen feet in the clear, the dungeon to be in two apart- ments under ground, beneath the main part of the prison, the jail to be eight-foot story between floor and joists, with three rooms on a floor, and chimneys in each room. The dungeon to be built of stone if there could be any good stone obtained for that pur- pose, and the upper part of the jail to be of brick. Ebenezer Miller, Richard Smith, and Matthew Par- vin were appointed managers. In May, 1754, the size of the jail was ordered to be thirty-four by twenty-four feet from outside to out- side, the dungeon to be seven feet in the clear between floors, and the second story of the jail to be eight feet in the clear, and Ananias Sayre and Ephraim Seeley were appointed managers. An agreement was made by the first managers with Matthew Parvin to make the brick for the jail, to be nine and a half by four and three-fourths inches, and thickness in proportion. Jonathan Sayre was employed to dig the dungeon, move the stone, cart away dirt, and cart sand for it, and was paid £8 10«. Beside Matthew Parvin, to whom was paid £93, the persons to whom the county collector paid large sums of money were Silas Parvin, £154, and Isaac El well, £45. They probably furnished materials or did work upon it. The brick having been made, work upon it was commenced in 1754, and it was finished during that and the succeeding year. This jail seems to have been not much more secure than the old log one was, as committees were appointed to repair it, and bills brought in almost as soon as it was finished, and so continued for many years. So insecure was it that when the first prison- ers charged with a capital offense were imprisoned, a special meeting of the justices and freeholders was called on June 30, 1758, and a petition was sent to the chief justice urging him, to solicit the Governor for a special commission of the Oyer and Terminer to try them, and Jeremiah Buck was sent as the messen- ger to carry the petition, and was allowed five shillings per day, and six days to do the errand in, as the jour- ney had to be made on horseback. In January, 1765, the sheriff was ordered to mend the breach in the jail as he should think best, and at the same meeting thirty thousand brick were ordered to be made to build a jail-yard, and in May a yard was ordered built at the west end of the jail, the same GENERAL HISTORY. 529 width as that and thirty feet long, with stone founda- tion and an eighteen-inch brick wall fourteen feet high upon it ; a well was also ordered dug in the yard. In June, 1772, the prison-yard was ordered to be converted into a house one story high, to be divided into three rooms below, with two fireplaces, two win- dows front, and the same back, to be plastered and completed ; and agreed to give Jonathan Elmer, the sheriff, £60 to complete the work. Third Jail.— In May, 1788, Sheriff Buck presented a protest, setting forth the decayed condition of the jail, and the board resolved to prepare to build a new one, and appointed a committee to find where suitable stone could be had, draw a plan, make esti- mates, etc. In June a tax of £500 was ordered for it, and John Sheppard, David Bowen, and Ebenezer Elmer were appointed managers. In October the committee reported, and a plan was adopted ; but in May, 1789, a new plan was agreed on, and it was re- solved to build it two stories high, not to exceed thirty-four feet square, to be on the ground where the old one stood, and £375 more were ordered raised. But in May, 1790, the location was changed, and it was ordered to " Stand North of the old Goal between that and Main Street so as to bound on said Street," and a tax of £400 specie was laid. It was built dur- ing that year, and remained standing until 1867. In May, 1793, an order was drawn " for £6 to pay for the third Lock made by Azel Peirson for the use of the Goal." The old key of the jail, probably of this very lock, is now in the possession of the editor of the Bridgeton Chronicle ; it is made of cast iron, weighs fourteen and a half ounces, and is eight inches long, and rusty with age ; it is certainly an interesting relic of the past. In 1803, Jonathan Lummis, who owned the lot next east, complained that the jail was built partly on his lot, and after several other applications by him, the board took a deed from him, June 20, 1809, for a lot eight feet front, covered by the jail, and one hundred and seventy feet deep. In 1806 the old jail, which stood a few feet in the rear of the new one, was converted into a yard by taking down the side next the new jail, and extend- ing its east and west walls so as to include in the yard the space between the two jails ; a door was opened in the south side of the jail to the yard. In October, 1832, another story was ordered to be raised on the county house, and it was done during that winter and the next spring, at an expense of $930.89. Originally built as a jail-yard to the old jail in 1765, and converted into a one-story house in 1772, it was now raised to two stories. It was long occupied as the residence of the jailer, and was torn down in 1867, on the building of the present sheriff's residence and jail. Present Jail.— In August, 1866, a committee was appointed by the freeholders to procure plans for a new jail, and in the next February the contract was 34 given to D. B. and W. C. Whitekar for twenty-two thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine dollars. The plan adopted is a fine residence for the sheriff, forty by twenty-two feet, two stories and attic high in front, and fifty-two by seventeen feet in the rear, and two stories high ; a jail joining the sheriff's house in the rear, fifty by forty-three feet, with the cells built in the middle and a corridor separating them from the outer wall, and a division wall dividing the jail into two parts ; the cells, twelve in each part, built in two tiers of six cells each, each cell five and one-half by seven and one-half feet in size, and the same in height. The work was completed in the fall of 1867. In 1879 an addition was built to the sheriff's resi- dence for a cook kitchen, twenty-two by eighteen feet, and two stories high, at a cost of over one thousand dollars. County Offices. — The need of some public ofiices for the clerk and surrogate of the county became more apparent as their duties and the records in their charge increased, and in May, 1814, the freeholders resolved to build oflSces with fire-proof vaults for the preservation of the public records, and selected the lot now occupied for that purpose, belonging to John Buck and Daniel P. Stratton, forty feet front and thirty feet deep, which was conveyed to them for the purposes of public offices for the nominal sum of five dollars, by deed dated Sept. 1, 1815. A one-story building was at once erected for that purpose, at an expense of over two thousand dollars, John Buck and others, in consideration of the location of the offices on that lot, contributing three hundred and fifty dollars toward the expense. They were com- pleted in 1816. In 1845 another story was raised on the clerk's and surrogate's offices, at a cost of fourteen hundred dollars. The size of the lot on which the offices stand being small, the board bought the lot in the rear and on the east side, making a lot at this time of forty-nine feet front and sixty-four feet deep. The county obtained j a deed in fee-simple from the heirs of Daniel P. Strat- ton for their interest in the lot, on March 10, 1881. In 1860 the existing fire-proof record rooms were built back of the main offices at a cost of about six- teen hundred dollars. In the spring of 1880 an addition was built to the fire-proof record vault of the clerk's office at a cost of six hundred and eighty-three dollars. Poor-House. — The act incorporating the board of chosen freeholders, passed Feb. 13, 1798, authorized them, if they should deem it necessary, to purchase or build a poor-house, at such place in the county as they should appoint, which poor-house should be under their direction and government, and they were authorized to appoint all needed officers. When such a house should be purchased or built, all the poor of the county were required to be sent to and kept in such poor-house at the expense of the county. Pre- vious to this act each township had taken care of its 530 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. own poor. The first account of any provision for them is found in the records of the courts at Salem at June term, 1715, when, on petition of Mary Hix, of " Grinedge," she being very poor, the court ordered John Brick and Noah Moore, overseers of poor of " Grinedge," to maintain her at the charge of the precinct. At the first meeting of the board of freeholders. May 9, 1798, a committee was appointed to inquire where suitable property could be obtained for the accommodation of the poor of the county. In August this committee reported that the annual expense of the townships in supporting the poor was: Green- with, $300; Hopewell, $200; Stow Creek, $150; Deerfield, $300; Fairfield, $260; Downe, $108; Maurice River, $108; total, $1426. They further^ reported that the people of the county, in general, seemed pleased with the idea of a poor-house, and that several places named were for sale, but no action was taken. In August, 1799, a further report was made as to properties ofiered, and the subject post- poned. Nothing more was done until May, 1809, when a committee was appointed to purchase a farm for a poor-house, and in June, on their report, it was re- solved to purchase the farm known as Moore Hall, and Nov. 27, 1809, Alexander T. Moore and wife conveyed the same to the board for the sum of four thousand five hundred dollars. The buildings on it were altered, and it was ready for the reception of the poor about June 1, 1810. In 1830 and '31 at- tempts were made by the freeholders from some of the townships to sell the poor-house, and have the poor again maintained by the separate townships, but it was lost both times by a tie vote. In 1838 the amount of grain, pork, animals, hay, and other produce raised on the farm and used in the institution was $973.05 ; amount of lime, marl, rails, grass-seed, animals, harness, windmill, hay, carting timber for house, wages of hands, etc., bought and used for the farm, $725.88; gain to the house, $247.67; number of paupers, 65. In 1841 one hun- dred apple-trees were ordered put out on the farm. Present Almshouse. — In February, 1851, a new poor-house was ordered built, and a committee, con- sisting of Jonathan Elmer, Robert Sheppard, Charles B. Fithian, Cornelius Lupton, and David P. Simkins, was appointed to procure plans and make contracts ■for it. It was built during that year, and, with the furniture and suitable outbuildings, the whole cost was $9129.73, all of which was paid from the surplus revenue fund. It is a brick structure, ninety-five by forty-six feet, three stories high, beside basement. On each floor are fourteen rooms, with a ten-foot hall running lengthways of the building, with the rooms on each side of it. The rooms are large with high ceilings, and well lighted and ventilated. In the basement are the dining-rooms, kitchen, store-rooms, etc. The building stands on quite an elevated site, and is a landmark for many miles. In 1870 a building for the insane paupers was built at a cost of $3200. December, 1875, present number of inmates, 66 ; average for the year, 61| ; number admitted, 48 ; dis- charged, 28 ; births, 1 ; deaths, 7. For year from May, 1876, to May, 1877, the gross expenses connected with the poor of the county was $12,125, of which $5385 was for out-door relief. In the winter of 1880-81, steam-heating apparatus was placed in the building, and proved an entire suc- cess. STEWARDS OF THE POOE-HOUSE. 1810-17. Arthur Clark. 1818. Andrew Miller. 1819. Isaac Statbem. 1820-24. .lohn Swinney. 1825-27. John A. Moore. 1828-40. Israel Garton. 1840-49. James Dalrymple. 1850. Mark Ayars. 1851-53. JamoB Dalrymple. 1864-62. Richard B. Fithian. 1863-65. Charles Clark. 1866-71. Seeley Shuta. 1872-73. Edgar Shute. 1874-76. William H. Bennett. 1877-79. Ebenezer Whitalter. 1880-82. Sheppard Bobbins. 1883. Ebenezer W^itaker. ALMSHOUSE PHYSICIANS. 1811-13. Edo Ogden. 1814. Charles Clark. 1816-16. Samuel M. Shute. 1817-28. Bpbraim Buck. 1829-34. William S. Bowen. 1835-39. VS'illiam Steeling. 1840-42. George Tomlinson. 1843^8. Ephraim Buck. 1849. George Tomlinson . 1860. William S. Bowen. 1851-52. Edward M. Porter. 1853-55. Ephraim Buck. 1856-58. J. Barron Potter. 1859. J. Barron Potter. 18.59. Oliver S. Belden. 1860-61. J. Barron Potter. Bobert W. Elmer. 1862. Robert W. Elmer. 1863. Nathaniel R. Newkirk. 1864-65. Robert W. Elmer. 1866-70. Joseph Sheppard. 1871 Charles H. Dare. 1872-77. Joseph Sheppard. 1878-80. Charles H. Dare. 1881. Charles H. Dare. Joseph Sheppard. 1882. George A. Harris. 1883. Charles H. Dare. CHAPTER LXXXIV. COURTS, JUDGES, AND JUSTICES. The first courts of Cumberland County were held at Greenwich, in accordance with the appointment of Governor Belcher, on the last Tuesday in May, the 31st, 1748, and sat two days. Present, Richard Wood, John Ogden, Joseph Reeve, and John Remington, judges of the pleas, and Ebenezer Miller, John Brick, Jr., David Ogden, Ephraim Seeley, Joseph Peck, Thomas Padgett, Jonathan Holmes, Job Shepherd, Charles Davis, and Samuel Barns, justices of the peace. On the next day John Brick, judge, and Moses Shepherd, justice, were also present. At that time commissions were issued by the Governor ap- pointing judges of the Court of Common Pleas, and the justices of the peace of a county, who were also appointed by the Governor, constituted the Court of Quarter Sessions. At this first court commissions appointing Elias Cotting clerk, and Ananias Sayre sherifi" were read. On the next day the courts met at the Presbyterian meeting-house. The grand jury brought in only one indictment. At the next term, in August of that year, Benjamin Stratton, Thomas GENERAL HISTORY. 531 Ogden, and Jeremiah Parvin refused to be sworn on the grand jury, and were committed to the custody of the sheriff for contempt. At the end of December term, 1748, the courts adjourned to the fourth Tues- day in February, 1749, and ordered the clerk to make all writs returnable at Cohansey Bridge. An election had been held by which the latter place had been se- lected as the county-seat. At the February term they met at Cohansey Bridge, at the house of Isaac Smith, who kept a tavern on the west side of the river. Until 1752, when the first court-house was finished, they usually met at the Parvin and Getting taverns. In August, 1750, one David Smith plead guilty to larceny, and was sentenced to " be whipt on the bare back 25 lashes." At the August term, 1752, they met at the court-house for the first time. December term, 1755, Elias Cotting, the clerk, presented a new commission to hold during good behavior. He died in 1757, and at the December term of that year Daniel Elmer presented his commission as clerk. He died May 2, 1761, and Maskell Ewing presented his com- mission to succeed him on the 26th of the same month. At the December term, 1761, Isaac Mills, Jr., of Stow Creek, had his tax remitted, " having been out in his Majesty's Service the present season." At the August term, 1765, the record says the courts were " holden at Bridgeton,'' this being the first mention of that name, but it continued to be used after that. At the September term, 1776, the date is simply the year, the year of the reign of the sovereign being dropped. During 1777 and 1778 the principal business was the prosecution of those refusing to take the oath of alle- giance to the new State government, and of others for disafiection to the government, and some for reviling the same. Many of them were fined up to £100, and some were imprisoned for three months. In 1779-83 a number of those disabled in the war, and the widows of some who had died in the service, applied for half-pay, and it was granted by the court. All crimes of a high grade could only be tried in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which was held, previous to 1794, by a special commission author- izing a justice of the Supreme Court, who was named with the county judges of the pleas, and sometimes two or three justices of the peace, all of whom were also named to hold the court. When a person charged with a crime of the higher grade was ar- rested application was generally made to the Gov- ernor, and he then issued a special commission. By an act passed in November, 1794, the justices of the Supreme Court and the judges of the respective courts of Common Pleas, or any three or more of them, of whom one of the justices of the Supreme Court should be one, were constituted Courts of Oyer and Terminer in each county, to sit in each county at such time as the Supreme Court should appoint. In 1799 an act was passed requiring them to sit at the same time as the Circuit Court in each county, which then was twice a year. The number of capital cases in this county has been small, and to the honor of the county it can be said that no white native-born citizen of the county was ever executed. Capital Crimes and Executions.— The first case of hanging in this county was for horse-stealing, which at that time was a capital offense. Francis Pickering, alias Mason, aliasFrice, and Simon Hus- sey, alias Anderson, both of whom were inhabitants of Maryland, and came here but a short time before, were arrested for stealing a horse and a mare belong- ing to Charles Davis. Owing to the insecurity of the jail, although it had been built only three or four years, the board of justices and freeholders sent a special messenger to the chief justice of the State to induce him to solicit Governor Bernard to issue a special commission of Oyer and Terminer for their trial. The errand was a success, and on Aug. 22, 1758, a special court was held in the court-house, pre- sided over by Samuel Nevill, one of the justices of the Supreme Court, and they were convicted and sen- tenced to be hung on September 18th. Hussey being a youth about twenty years old, and it appearing he had been led into it by Pickering, who had the char- acter of a notorious thief, the justices of the county and many of the principal inhabitants petitioned the Governor for his pardon, and David Ogden, one of the justices of the peace, was sent to Perth Amboy with the petition. His errand was successful, and Hussey escaped the death penalty, but was im- prisoned about two months, and then released on the application of the justices and freeholders, who sent the sheriff to Somerset Court, probably to the chief justice, to get his discharge. Pickering was hung on the day appointed, by Sheriff Maskell Ewing. The hanging took place on what was then a common, but is now comprised in the Presbyterian graveyard on Broad Street, near the northeast corner of the yard. An oral account of it, which the late Daniel M. Woodruff, of Bridgeton, had from his mother, who was born in January, 1749, says that Pickering, who was a remarkably handsome man, had taken the horse for some purpose, and was within a mile of the place where it belonged and about to return it when arrested. However this may be, the extreme severity of the law was such that in 1769 the Legisla- ture passed an act reciting that the punishment of death, " which by the law as it now stands is directed to be inflicted upon every person indiscriminately convicted of horse-stealing," had not answered the purpose intended, and enacting that thereafter the punishment for the first offense should be such cor- poreal or other punishment as the court should think fit, and for the second offense made it lawful to impose the death sentence as before, but even this harshness has long since passed away. The next conviction for a capital offense was during the Revolution, upon a charge of highway robbery. A messenger was sent after Judge John Cleves 532 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Symmes, who attended and held a special Court of Oyer and Terminer, and he was convicted by a jury. The name of the prisoner is not now known. The party robbed was proved to be a Tory and a person of ill-repute, and the court recommended the prisoner for pardon, which was probably granted, as there is no record or tradition of his execution. On Feb. 28, 1797, John Patterson, an Irishman, murdered Capt. Andrew Conrow, and attempted to kill two others of his crew, badly wounding them, on their vessel on Maurice River, between Dorchester and Leesburg. The cabin-boy escaped up the rig- ging, and thus saved his own life, and afterwards was the chief witness against Patterson. What induced this fiendish act is now unknown. On his arrest h^ passed by the name of Robert Brown. A special term of the Oyer and Terminer was held in Septem- ber, 1797, and he was convicted, chiefly on the evi- dence of the cabin-boy. The trial took place in the Presbyterian Church on Broad Street, the court-house not being large enough to accommodate the people. The building was unplastered at that time, and it is related that "the beams above were crowded with men and boys eager to see the prisoner and hear the evidence against him. During the course of the trial, while the cabin-boy was giving in his testimony, Pat- terson, frenzied with anger, seized the lad by the throat, and seemingly endeavored to choke him to death. The act created a fearful excitement, and it was with difficulty the people could be restrained from tearing Patterson to pieces."* He was con- victed and sentenced to be hung, but hung himself the next morning with a silk handkerchief on the upper hinge of his cell door, thus cheating the gallows of the most deserving victim who ever faced that dreaded reality in this county. At a court held June 7, 1799, before Isaac Smith, second justice of the Supreme Court, and Jonathan Elmer, Azariah Moore, Amos Westcott, John Mulford, and Eli Budd, judges of the pleas, the negro Joseph was tried for the murder of Peter Jackson, also a negro, for whom he worked. The crime was com- mitted near Page's Run, not far from Newport, and it is said that he was goaded to the act. This trial took place in the court-house, and the jury convicted him. He was sentenced to be hung on the 21st of the same month, and his body to be delivered to such surgeon as should apply for it, as the law authorized. The sentence was carried out by Sheriff George Bur- gin, on a lot on the Roadstown road, just west of West Street. The lot was then uninclosed, and cov- ered with heavy timber, and it is said that an oak-tree was used for the gallows. " The condemned man was taken to the place of execution in an open cart, es- corted by the military, the band playing a dirge all the way there. The military were formed in a hollow 1 Newspaper article by Robert B. Potter, who obtained the facts from the late Daniel 01. WoodrufT, Esq., who, then a mere boy, was an eye- witness of the trial. square around the tree, and after the usual prelimi- naries the deluded mortal was launched into eternity amid the firing of musketry. The trees swarmed with men and boys as thick as blackbirds, and there was a large turnout of the people from all parts of the county, as if it were a gala day."^ The next case of hanging was that of Rosan Keen, a mulatto girl about sixteen years old. She was em- ployed as a servant in the family of Enos Seeley, Esq., who about a year previous had been county clerk for a short time. Mr. and Mrs. Seeley were both taken sick, and in about ten days Mr. Seeley died, but Mrs. Seeley recovered. Suspicions were aroused when it was learned that the girl had obtained arsenic through a neighbor, and she was arrested. Mr. Seeley's body was taken up and the stomach sent to Philadelphia to be analyzed. After being in jail two or three weeks she confessed the crime. The arsenic was mixed in a lump of butter, and Mr. Seeley had sev- eral doses of it before he died. The motive seems to have been to possess some articles of dress or jewelry which she had seen Mrs. Seeley have. She was tried in September of the same year. Judge Daniel Elmer presiding, and was sentenced to be hung on November 3d. She was deficient in intellect, and there are grave doubts about the justness of her conviction. When sentenced she remained indifferent, although the judge and many of the spectators were in tears. The Bridge- ton Chronicle said at the time, " From what we have been able to ascertain in relation to thq previous character of this poor, ignorant, demented girl, we are fully persuaded that she is much more deserving a place in an insane asylum than some of those hom- icides who have recently been liberated from punish- ment on the ground of insanity." She was reprieved for a time on account of some efforts made to secure her a pardon, but was hung on April 26, 1844, in the jail-yard, by Sheriff Harris B. Mattison. The next and last case of capital conviction was that of Charles T. Ogden and Washington Howard for the murder of Zadoc Damrell, a short distance above Shiloh, April 28, 1864. The wife of Ogden had left her husband in Gloucester County and gone off with Damrell. Ogden and Howard hunted for them, and met them along the road, and Ogden as- saulted Damrell with a large pocket-knife, Howard holding him while it was done. He died from the effect of the wounds in a few hours. The two were arrested, and convicted on June 2, 1864, Judge L. Q. C. Elmer presiding at the trial. They were sen- tenced to be hung on July 20th of that year, which sentence was duly carried into effect in the old jail- yard, by Sheriff Charles L. Watson, on that date. Judges of the Court of Common Pleas.— Under the Constitution of 1776 judges of the Common Pleas and justices of the peace were appointed by the Legis- lature in joint meeting. No restriction as to the 2 Article by K. B. Potter, above referred to. GENEKAL HISTORY. 633 number in each county was set out, and the varying party majorities in the Legislature kept the number at a high limit. Under the Constitution of 1844 the judges were appointed in the same way, but the number was limited to not more than five, and by an act passed in 1855 it was reduced to three. The amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1875 gave the appointment of the judges to the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Since 1844 justices of the peace are elected in the wards and townships, not less than two or more than five in each. Since the Revolution the following is a list of judges and justices, with the dates of their appoint- ment or election : JUDGES OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS. 1776. — Alexander Moore, Ananias Sayre, Maskell Ewing, Ephraim Seeley. 1777. — Joshua Brick. 1778. — EUenezer Howell, Ephraim Harris, Ephraim Seeley. 1781. — Ephraim Seeley. 1782. — Ephraim Seeley, Benjamin Holmes, Joshua Brick. 1784.— Nathan Leake. 1786. — Ephraim Harris, Ebeuezer Howell, Richard Wood. 1787. — Ephraim Seeley, Samuel Ogden, Joshua Brick, Azariah Moore, Eli Elmer. 1788. — Ephraim Harris. 1789,— Nathan Leake. 1791. — Maskell Ewing, Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1792.^Benjamin Peck, Azariah Moore. 1793.— Ephraim Harris. 1795.— Amos Westcott. 1796. — John Mulford, Isaac Wheaton, Samuel Ogden. 1797. — Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1798. — Azariah Moore, Joel Fithian. 1799. — Eli Budd, Amos Westcott, Isaac Wheaton. 1800.— Amos Woodruff. 1801. — Samuel Ogden, John Mulford, William Garrison, James Lee, Ezekiel Foster, William Chard, Joseph Ogden. 1803. — John Wood, James B. Hunt. 1804.— John Wood, Ebenezer Seeley, George Burgin, Abijah Davis. 1805. — Amos Westcott. 1806. — William Garrison, Ebenezer Elmer, John Mulford, James Lee, Ezekiel Foster, William Chard, James Clark. 1808.— James B. Hunt, John Blkinton, John Mcintosh. 1809. — John Wood, Ebenezer Seeley. 1810.— Amos Westcott, Thomas Brown. 1811.— James Clark, Ezekiel Foster, William Chard, James Lee, John Mulford, William Garrison. 1812.— Charles Garrison, Henry Shaw, Joseph Brick, Randall Marshall, Jonathan Elmer, Joel Fithian, Azariah Moore, Amos Woodruff. Xgi.'i. — Dr. Benjamin Ohampneys, John MayheWjAsa Douglas, Eli Budd, James B. Hunt, Thomas Lee, Nathan Leake, John Mcintosh, Wil- liam Peterson. 1814.— Jacob Shull, Stephen WiUis, John Wood. 1816,— Ilosea Sneathen, John Young, Amos Westcott. 1816.— James Clark, James Lee, John Mulford, William Garrison. 1817,— James D. Westcott, 1818.— John Mcintosh, William Peterson. 1819,— Jacob Shull. 1820.— Amos Westcott. 1821.— James Clark, John Mulford, Ebenezer Elmer, John Sibley. 1822.— James D. Westcott, Joshua Brick. 182i.— John Mcintosh, Bnos Swing, Israel Stratton. 1824.— Israel Stratton, David Lupton. 1825,— Amos Westcott, Jeremiah Stratton, 1826.— James Clark, Ebenezer Elmer, John Sibley. 1827.— James D, Westcott, Joshua Brick, Henry Shaw. 1828,— Reuben Hunt, Samuel Seeley. 1829,— John Mcintosh, Moses Bateman, David Lupton, Nathan Leake, Israel Stratton, Jeremiah Stull. 1831, — George Sender, Ebenezer Elmer, John Sibley, Dr. Edmund Sheppard. 1832 — Joshua Brick, Henry Shaw. 1833. — Dan Simkins, Nathaniel Foster, Jeremiah Stratton, Dr. William B. Ewing, William Bevan. 1834. — Jeremiah Stull, Ebenezer Westcott, William D. Barrett, John Mcintosh, Moses Bateman, Israel Stratton, Nathan Leake, John Garrison. 1835.— David Lupton, Daniel L. Burt. 1836, — Dr. Joseph Butcher, John S. Ware, George Harris, James Ward, Dr. Edmund Sheppard. 1837.— Joshua Brick, John Wishart, William Cook, Daniel M. Woodruff. 1838.— John S, Wood, Philip Fithian, Dr. Isaac H. Hampton, Dan Simp- kins, Nathaniel Foster, Henry Shaw, Dr. William B. Ewing. 1839.— Levi B. Davis, John Mcintosh. 1840.— Nathaniel Foster, John Salkeld, Isaac Whitaker, Reuben Hunt, Moses Bateman. 1841, — David W, Games, Joshua Brick, Joel S, Robinson, Josiah Shaw, Jeremiah Stratton, Enoch Mulford. 1842. — Joshua Brick, John Stille, Artis E. Hughes. 1843.— John S. Wood, Philip Fithian, Joseph W. Woodruff, Dan. Simp- kins, Jeremiah S. Nixon, Charles Compton, Enos F. Randolph, Peter Ladow, William Cook, Nathaniel Foster, William Watson, Elmer Ogden, Ephraim H. Whitecar, Elijah D. Kiley, Dr. William B. Ewing, John Mcintosh, John R. Corey, Thomas Ware, Israel Strat- ton, James Ward, William Stratton, Henry Shaw, David Campbell, John S. Ware, Samuel Seeley. 1844, — George Souder, George Harris, Jeremiah Stull, Henry Sheppard, Samuel Sloan, Josiah Shaw. 1845.— Philip Fithian. 1846,— Joseph W. Woodruff. , 1847. — Ephraim H. Whitecar. 1848. — Josiah Shaw. 1849.— William Bevan. I860.— Philip Fithian. 1861. — Samuel Harris. 1852, — Israel Stratton. 1853,— William D. Barrett, Henry B. Foster, Dr. William B. Ewing. 1864.— Lewis Woodruff, Harris B. Mattison. 1857. — Israel Stratton. 1858. -William D. Barrett. 1869.— Elwell Nichols. I860.— Joseph B. Oliver. 1862.— Joseph E. Oliver. 1863. — Ephraim E. Sheppard. 1864.— Ellas Doughty. 1866. — Daniel Harris. 1867. — Daniel Harris. 1868.— Ephraim E. Sheppard. 1869.- Ellas Doughty. 1872. — Daniel Harris. 1873.— Ephraim H. Whitecar, 1874,— Alphonso Woodruff, 1877,— Elias Doughty, 1878, — Nathaniel Stratton. 1879.— Alphonso Woodruff. 1882. — Elias Doughty. 1883, — Nathaniel Stratton, JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 1776.— Alexander Moore, Ananias Sayre, Maskell Ewing, Ephraim See- ley, Ephraim Harris, Abraham Jones, Jonathan Ayres, Thomas Maskell, Samuel Ogden (son of Samuel), Elijah Hand, John Wheaton, David Potter, Abijah Holmes, David Bowen (resigned March 27, 1778), Joseph Newcomb, Timothy Elmer, Jonathan Smith. 1777._joshua Brick,' Ephraim Mills, Providence Ludlam, Ebenezer Howell, Nathan Leake, Joseph Shepherd, John Mulford, Samuel Ewing, John Moore, John Peck, George McLanglen. 1778.— Phineas Carle, William Kelsey (resigned Oct. 2, 1782). 1781, Ephraim Seeley, Abraham Jones, Joseph Newcomb, Samuel Ogden, Sr„ Joel Fithian, William Low, Ephraim Harris. 1782. Ephraim Seeley, Benjamin Holmes, Joshua Brick, Samuel Ogden, John Mulford, Joshua Ewing, Isaac Wheaton, Isaac Smith, Azariah Moore, Eli Elmer. 1784. Nathan Leake, James Harris, William Kelsey. 17S8._j!benezer Howell, Richard Wood, Ephraim Harris, Maskell Ewing. 534 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1787. — Ephraim Seeley, Samuel Ogden, Joshua Brick, John Mulford, William Low, Elijah Haod, Azariah Moore, Eli Elmer (resigned Nov. 20, 1789), Isaac Smith, Isaac Wheaton. 1788.— Benjamin Peck. 1789.— Nathan Leake. 1790. — Amos Westcott, James Jess. X791. — Maskell Ewing, Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1791.— William Low, John Mulford. 1791. — Samuel Ogden, Ephraim Harris, William Garrison. 1792. — John Hand, Benjamin Peck, Azariah Moore, Nathan Clark, Isaac Wheaton, Isaac Smith. 1793. — William Mason, Bayse Newcomb. 1795. — Amos Westcott, John Trenchard, Joseph Ogden, John Errick- son, Joseph Jones, Amos Westcott. 1796. — Amos Woodruff, James Ogden, John Mulford, Samuel Ogden, William Garrison. 1797. — Dr. Jonathan Elmer, Isaac Wheaton. 1798. — Azariah Moore, Joel Fithian, Enos Ewing. 1799. — Eli Budd, William Mason, William Chard, Joseph Ogden, John Trenchard. 1800. — Amos Woodruff, Amos Westcott, John Erricson, Maurice Beaslej, Joel Stratton. 1801. — Jeremiah Buck, Joshua Brick, James Clark, William Garrison, James Lee, Ezekiel Foster, Samuel Ogden, John Mulford, John Wood, Ebenezer Seeley, John Chance. 1803. — James B. Hunt, Lawrence Van Hook, William Chard. 1804. — George Burgin, Abijah Davis, James Bnrch. John Mcintosh, William Peterson, Daniel Bishop, Thomas Brown. 1805. — Amos Westcott, James Clark, John Westcott, Maskell Ware, Bobert Smith, John Elkinton, Samuel Thompson, Abraham Sayre. 1806. — William Garrison, Ebenezer Elmer, John Mulford, James Lee, John Wood, Ebenezer Davis, Bandall Marshall, Enoch Burgin. 1807. — Ezekiel Foster, Daniel Richman, Henry Shaw. 1808. — James B. Hunt, William Chard, Thomas Brown. 1809. — Ebenezer Seeley, John Mcintosh, William Peterson. 1810. — Amos Westcott, Thomas Brown, James Clark, John Westcott, Maskell Ware, .Tohn Elkinton, Samuel Thompson, Stephen Willis, Holmes Farvin. 18U.^ame8 Lee, John Mulford, William Garrison, John Wood, Enoch Burgin, Israel Stratton. 1812.— Charles Garrison, Henry Shaw, .Toseph Brick, Bandall Marshall, Dr. Jonathan Elmer, Joel Fithian, Azariah Moore, Amos Woodruff, Ezekiel Foster, Ichabod Compton, Wesley Budd, Isaac Winn. 1813. — Dr. Benjamin Champneys, John Mayhew,Asa Douglas, Eli Budd, Seeley Fithian. Thomas B. Hunt, Thomas Lee, Nathan Leake, Wil- liam Chard, Jeremiah Stratton, Daniel Bichman. 1814. — Jacob Sbnll, Hosea Sneathen, Hosea Bankins, John Mcintosh, William Peterson, Amos Westcott. 1815. — John Young, John Chattin. John Budd, Israel Stratton, Samuel Seeley, James Clark, John Westcott, Maskell Ware, Stephen Willis, Holmes Parvin. 1816. — John Westcott, James Lee, John Mnlford, William Garrison, John Wood. 1817.— Henry Sockwell, Nathaniel Foster, Charles Clark, James D. Westcott. 1818. — Maskell Ware, Josiah Sheppard, Daniel Parvin, Daniel Carrall, Henry Shaw, Samuel Thompson, James B. Hunt, Jeremiah Strat- ton, John Campbell. 1819. — Jacob Shull, Hosea Sneathen, George Souder, Hosea Bankins, Mose3 Bateman, William Peterson, John Mcintosh, Amos West- cott. 1820.— John Budd, Israel Stratton, James Clark, Marahell Ware, Holmes Parvin, Stephen Willis, Enos Ewing, Samuel Peterson, Nathan Bonbam. 1821. — John Mulford, Ebenezer Elmer, John Sibley, Nathaniel Foster, Henry Sockwell. 1822.— James D. Westcott, Daniel Parvin, Samuel Thompson, Josiah Sheppard, Henry Shaw, John Chattin, Maskell Ware, Joshua Brick. 1823. — Jeremiah Statton, John Campbell, Hosea Sneathen, George Souder, William Watson, Moses Bateman, John Wishart, Enos Seeley, David Lupton. 1824.— John Mcintosh, Amos Westcott, Israel Stratton, Samuel Seeley, Daniel Carrall. 1825.— James Clark, Holmes Parvin, Enos Ewing, Nathan Bonbam, Thomas Henderson. 1826.— John Sibley, Henry Sockwell, George E. Wills, Isaac Whitaker, Nathaniel Foster, Isaac Murphy, Jr. 1827. — Josiah Sheppard, Henry Shaw, Maakell Ware, James D. Westcott, Daniel Parvin, Thomas Marshall, Joel S. Robinson. 1828. — Benben Hunt, Hosea Sneathen, George Souder, William Watson, Moses Bateman, John Wishart, William Duffee, David Lupton, Enos Seeley. 1829. — Leonard Lawrence, Ephraim H. Whitecar, Daniel M. Woodruff, Levi B Davis, John Salkeld, Dayton Biley, Thomas Ferguson, John Mcintosh, Israel Stratton, Jeremiah Stratton, John Campbell, Na- than Leake, William D. Barrett, Norton 0. Lawrence, Ebenezer Westcott, Jeremiah StuU. 1830. — Daniel Carrall, William Bevan, Nathan Bonham, Thomas Hen- derson. 1831. — James Bacon, David B. Moore, John Sibley, Isaac Whitaker, Dr. Edmund Sheppard. 1832. — Benjamin Thompson, Samuel Sloan, Dr. Joseph Butcher, Na- thaniel Foster, Henry Shaw, Thomas Marshall, Joel S. Bobinson, Maskell Ware. 1833.— Philip Fithian, Elijah D. Riley, Enoch Mulford, William Cook, Thomas C. Marshall, Dan Simkins, Samuel Barber, Lewis Mul- ford, James P. Powers, Josiah Sheppard, James Hood, Dr. William B. Ewing, David O. Grarrison, George Harris, Lewis Douzeobaker, John B. Cory, George Souder. Moses Bateman, John Wishart, David Lupton, Carl Whitekar, Henry Sheppard, Jonathan Garton, Jr., David Whitekar, Smith Bacon. 1834. — Thomas Ware, Stephen Bolkcom, William Wheaton, John Gar- rison, Daniel L. Burt, Curtis Trenchard, Ephraim H. Whitecar, James Ward, John S. Ware, Israel Stratton, Jeremiah Stratton, Nathan Leake, William D. Barrett, Dr. Edmund Sheppard, Eben- ezer Westcott, John Mcintosh. 1835. — Uriah Oilman, Daniel Gilman, Thomas Henderson, Robert Jor- den, Michael Horner. 1836. — Lewis Woodruff, Jeremiah Stull James Bacon, Reuben Ware, William G. Leake, Benjamin Wynn, Ephraim Sheppard, Daniel Car- rail, Ebenezer Seeley, Jr., Hugh R. Merseilles. 1837. — John Wishart, Joel S. Robinson, Zephaniah Ogdeu, David W. Carnes, David R. Moore, Leonard Lawrence, Isaac Watson, Maskell Ware, Belford M. Bonham, Dr. Joseph Butcher, Daniel M. Wood- ruff, John W. Brad way. 1838.— John S. Wood, Dr. Isaac H. Hampton, Enoch Mulford, Philip Fithian, Lewis Mulford, Elijah D. Riley, Peter Ladow, William Cook, William Watson, Nathaniel Foster, Henry Shaw, George Souder, Daniel Simpkins, Samuel Seeley, William Bevan, Dr. Wil- liam B. Ewing, Charles Bonham, John Salkeld. 1839. — Moses Bateman, Joel Moore, Artis E. Hughea, Levi B. Davis, Spencer Tracy. 1839.— John Mcintosh, Ephraim H. Whitecar, Samuel Craig, Jacob Foster. 1840. — John Bonham, Uriah Gilman, Thomas Ferguson, Samuel Craig, William Null, William D. Barrett, William Bogers, Michael Homer, Robert Jordan. 1841.— Josiah Shaw, Jesse Hand, Hugh R. Merseilles, Merrick Hender- son, Zaccheus Joslin, Ebenezer Seeley, Jr., Isaac Whitekar, Joseph E. Oliver, Jeremiah Stratton. 1842.— Joshua Brick. David W. Cornea, Leonard Lawrence, Maskell Ware, Joel S. Robioson, Daniel R. Moore, Isaac Watson, BelfoM M. Bonham, John Stille. 1843.^Johu S. Wood, Elijah D. Biley, Philip Fithian, Peter Ladow, Enoch Mulford, Joseph W. Woodruff, Dan Simpkins, Jeremiah S Nixon, Charles Compton, Enos F. Randolph, Peter Ladow, Bobert P. Woodruff, John Moore, William Cook, Nathaniel Foster, William Watson, Elmer Ogden, Ephraim H. Whiticar, Elijah D. Biley, Wil- liam Elwell, Joseph A. Bowen, Dr. William B. Ewing, John Mcin- tosh, John R. Cory. Thomas Ware, Israel Stratton, James Ward, William Stratton, John Garrison, William D. Barrett, David Whit- ekar, Joseph E. Oliver, Isaac Conover, Samuel Sloan, Ephraim T. Coty, William Gilman, Jonathan Richman, David Harris, David 0. Garrison, Henry R. Foster, Daniel B. Elwell, Isaac S. Randolph. 1844.— George Harris, John Orr, John B. King, George Souder, Henry Sheppard, William Blew, Gideon R. Matthews, Lott Miller. Under the New Constitution. 1848.— Seeley Shute, Greenwich. 1849. — Israel Stratton, Maurice River. 1850.— Thomas Ware, Stow Creek; Isaac West, Nathan Sheppattl, Hope- well; William R. Parvin, Lewis Woodruff, Deerfield; Jeremiah Bamford, Isaac Conner, Fairfield; Samuel Sloan, Downe; James Ward, Joel S. Bobinson, Martin Madden, Maurice River; Henry E. GENERAL HISTORY. 535 Foster, Aitia E. Hughes, Bridgetoii ; George Harris, Franklin Devereaux, Cuiiansey. 1851.— Philip Fithian, Stow Creek; Lewis W. Tomlinson, Greenwich; Jacob Johnson, Jeremiah Stratton, Isaiah Sunlap, Tliomas Hill, Smith Richards, Millville; Ethan Love, Daniel K. Moore, The- ophilus G. CoDipton, Downe; John Qarter, William Bovan, Briiige- ton. 1862.— Charles Bonbam, Hopewell; Leon.ird Lawrence, William D. Barrett, Fairfield. 1853.— Seeley Slmte, Greenwich; James H. Hustod, Doerfleld; Daniel Harris, Jttaiirice River;; Philip Dare, Isaac Whitaker, Bridgeton. 1854. — Samuel Wills, John Hartman, Maurice River, 1855.— William T. Sheppard, Stow Creek; Samuel C. Fithian, Green- wich ; William R. Parvin, Alfred Davis, Deerileld ; James Campbell, Jr., Joel Westcott, Fairfield ; Samuel Sloan, Downe; Joel S. Robin- son, Warren Thompson, Elvy D. Tice, Maurice River; Artis E. Hughes, Robert M. Hood, Bridgeton ; Daniel M. Woodruflf, George Harris, Cobansey. 1856.— Benjamin C. West, Stow Creek ; Isaac West, Theopbilus P. Davis, Hopewell ; Jacob Johnson, Elbridge G. McCiong, Asbury Chester, John W. Potter, Millville; James Carlisle, Maurice River; John Carter, James S. Thomas, Bridgeton. 1857. — William D. Barrett, Leonard Lawrence, Fairfield ; Ethan Love, Theophilus G. Ooropton, Samuel Cobb, Downe. 1858.— Wilmon Bacon, Greenwich ; John S. Ware, Cobansey, 1859. — David S, Gilman, Stow Creek ; Daniel Harris, Maurice River. 1860. — Seeley Shute, Jonathan T. Learning, Greenwich ; Joel Westcott, Dr. B. Rush Bateman, Fairfield ; Samuel Sloan, Downe ; Artis E. Hughes, Phineas Smith, Jeremiah H, Lupton, Bridgeton ; Joel S. Robinson, Seth G, Sharp, Andrew Smith, Mautice River; Daniel M. Woodruff, John S. Ware, Cohausey. 1861, — Benjamin C. West, David S, Gilman, Stow Creek ; Jarman A, Davis, Alfred Holmes, Hopewell ; Lewis Woodruff, Richard Ireland, Isaac Sharpless, George Woolford, Deerfield ; John W. Potter, Mill- ville ; DanieLR, Moore, Downe ; John Carter, Elijah Smith, James Stiles, Bridgeton. 1862,— Alfred Davis, Deerfield ; William D, Barrett, .Tames Campbell, Jr,, Fairfield; Theophilus G, Compton, Etban Love, Samuel Cobb, Downe; Bacon B, Hutchinson, Bridgeton. 1863.- Henry Hilyard, Hopewell ; Robert T. Whitaker, Fairfield ; Jonas C. Chew, Downe ; Nathan Shaw, Maurice River. 1864, — Daniel Harris, Maurice Eiver; Alonzo B, Hough, Landis, 1865, — Seeley Shute, Jonathan Y, Leaming, Greenwich; John S. Wood- ruff, Deerfield; Jonathan Wood, Robert T. Whitaker, Fairfield; Daniel B. Moore, Downe; George W. Finlaw, Ist Ward, Elmer C. Bocap, Joseph Borden, 2d Ward, Daniel M. Woodruff, Eli Sayre, 3d Ward, Bridgeton; Joel S. Robinson, Andrew Smith, Ephraim P. Sharp, Maurice River. 1866. — Jarman A. Davis, Hopewell; Jacob Johnson, Ist Ward, Richard S. Ireland, 2d Ward, John Hartman, Ist Ward, Millville ; Bacon B. Hutchinson, James Woods, 1st Ward, Bridgeton ; John W. Potter, Landis; Benjamin F. Swing, Charles S. Tyler, Stow Creek. 1867.— John Carter, 1st Ward, Bridgeton; Ephraim B. Davis, John S. Woodmif, Deerfield; Samuel Cobb, Etban Love, Seth Y. Sharp, Downe; L. Q. C. Whitaker, Fairfield; Robert C. Sykes, Landis; James M. Wells, 2d Ward, Millville. 1868.— Artis E. Hughes, Ist Ward, Bridgeton; Stillman A. Eaton, Lan- dis. 1869.— Wallace Taylor, 2d Ward, Bridgeton ; George W. Cole, Deerfield ; Henry Hilyard, Hopewell; Daniel Harris, Maurice River, 1870.— William Orr, Downe ; Jonathan Wood, Robert T. Whitaker, Fair- field ; Jonathan Y. Leaming, Greenwich ; Caleb M. Bennett, Landis ; Joel S. Robinson, Ephraim Sharp, Maurice River. 1871,— Bacon B, Hutchinson, Isaac B, Dare, Ist Ward, Thomas G, Dunn, ad Ward, Bridgeton ; Adrian Clunn, Fairfield ; Jarman A, Davis, Hopewell ; A, J. Maltbury, John W. Potter, James Loughrau, Lan- dis ; George Woolford, 1st Ward, Richard S, Ireland, 2d Ward, Millville ; Benjamin F, Swing, David S. Gilman, Stow Creek. 1872.— Alphonso Woodruff, 1st Ward, David 0. Frazeur, 2d Ward, Bridge- ton ; George W. Cole, Deerfield ; Samuel Cobb, Seth T. Sharp, John Compton, Downe; Dr, B, Rush Bateman, Fairfield ; Robert C. Sykes, Philemon R. Russell, Landis ; Charles H. Stowman, Maurice River. 1873.— James A, Williams, Deerfield. 1874.— Richard M. Barker, 1st Ward, Wallace Taylor, 2d Ward, Jeremiah H. Lupton, 3d Ward, Bridgeton ; Hosea Allen, Landis ; Daniel Har- ris, Maurice River; Henry Kandle, Ist Ward, Millville. 1875.— Dr. George B. Butcher, Downe ; Jonathan Wood, William E. Waddington, Fairfield; Jonathan Y. Leaming, Greenwich ; Henry Hilyard, Hopewell; Joel S. Robinson, Maurice River; Samuel C. Martin, David Ross, 3d Ward, Millville ; John S. Vail, Commercial. 1876 — Isaac B. Dare, Bacon B. Hutchinson, 1st Ward, Bridgeton; Albert F. Bateman, Fairfield; Joseph M. Compton, Hopewell; Williain Russell, James Loughran, Christian Kemeror, Landis ; John Hart- man, 1st Ward, Richard S. Ireland, 2d Ward. Millville; Benjamin r. Swing, Belford E. Davis, Stow Creek. 1877.— Alphonso Woodruff, lat Ward, Levi Haines, 2d Ward, John E. Dare, 3d Ward, Bridgeton; Dr. Charles C. Phillips, Deerfield ; Dr. A. P. Glanden, Downe; James M, Newcomb, Fairfield; Joseph Mason, John W, Potter, Landis ; Charles H. Stowman, Maurice River ; Isaiah E. Johnson, G. G. McClong, 1st Ward, John W. New- lin, Samuel Stelnmetz, J, Dayton Wallen, 2d Ward, John B. Fan- ning, 3d Ward, Millville ; George M. Chester, Samuel Cobb, Samuel Shinn, Dr, Charles Butcher, Commercial, 1878,— George G, Green, 2d Ward, Bridgeton; Jehi el Westcott, Fair- field ; Albro S, Brown, Landis. 1879.— William B. Trencbard, 1st Ward, Charles G. Myers, 2d Ward, Jeremiah H. Lupton, Daniel Ginenback, David F. Garrison, 3d Ward, Bridgeton ; Samuel M, Fox, Deerfield ; Henry Esten, Landis ; Daniel Harris, Maurice River; George Woolford, Ist Ward, Mill- ville. 1880.— William F. Duffield, Downe ; Jehiel Westcott, Jonathan Wood, Fairfield ; Jonathan Y. Leaming, Greenwich ; Jarman A. Davis, Hopewell; Joel S. Robinson, Maurice River; Belford M. Bonham, Stow Creek ; Dr. George E. Butcher, Commercial, 1881, — Charles R, Carnes, Isaac B, Dare, Ist Ward, Michael Rynick, 2d Ward, Bridgeton ; Albert F, Bateman, Fairfield ; Joseph M, Comp- ton, Hopewell ; William Russell, William H, Loppy, Albro S, Brown, Landis; Horace P, Bickley, Maurice River; James M. Wells, Henry C, Reeves, John P, Miller, 2a Ward, Alexander Gillan, 3d Ward, Millville ; Jeremiah B, Keen, Stow Creek ; Joseph B, Wilson, Com- mercial, 1882,— Charies Gandy, John Smalloy, lat Ward, Francis P. Riley, 2d Ward, Bridgeton; Charles O, Phillips, Deerfield; Jacob W, Auld, Downe; Hanry S, Long, Fairfield; Henry Esten, Joseph Mason, Landis; Cliarles H. Stowman, Maurice River; Isaiah E, Johnson, 1st Ward, John P. Miller, Richard Ireland, 2d Ward, John B, Fan- ning, 3d Ward, Millville; Ebenezer D, Woodruif, Stow Creek; Sam- uel Cobb, Joseph B. Wilson, Dr, George E. Butcher, Commercial. 1883. — John E. Dare, 3d Ward, Bridgeton; Theophilus G. Compton, Commercial; Charles M. Hunt, 1st Ward, John Kellock, 2d Ward, Millville. CHAPTEK LXXXV. CUMBERLAND COUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION. The inhabitanta of Cumberland County joined heartily in the resistance to taxation without repre- sentation which led to the Revolutionary war. In the last Assembly which met under the colonial government, the members from this county, John Sheppard, of Greenwich, and Theophilus Elmer, of Fairfield, united with the greater part of their fellow- members in a strenuous opposition to all measures detrimental to the rights of the people of this colony. The first General Congress of the colonies, which met in Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, signed an association pledging themselves not to import or use any goods or merchandise from Great Britain, nor any East India tea from any part of the world after the first day of the next March, and recommended all the people to sign the same. The Parliament of Great Britain, after striving to enforce the Stamp Act and other taxes upon the colo- nists for several years, had, in 1770, repealed all of 536 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the duties except that on tea, and in order to make that tax more palatable had taken off the export duty of twelve per cent, from the East India Company, and allowed them to bring it to this country upon payment of an import duty of three per cent. They hoped by thus cheapening the price of tea nine per cent, to bribe the Americans to pay the small import duty, and thus acknowledge the right of the British government to tax them without their consent. In pursuance of this plan the East India Company sent large quantities of tea to this country. The reception it met with in Boston, in December, 1773, is well known. New York, Philadelphia, Annapolis, Ports- mouth, and other places all refused to allow any tea to be landed. Greenwich at this time had a consid- erable trade with the West Indies and ports along the coast. About Dec. 12 to 14, 1774, the brig " Greyhound," Oapt. Allen, came into the Cohansey with a quantity of tea, said to be shipped at Rotterdam. It is prob- able that it did not come direct from there, but was a quantity taken from a larger cargo, and sent here for a market. It was secretly landed at Greenwich, and stored in the cellar of a store-house standing on the market square, and occupied by Dan Bowen. The inhabitants of Greenwich becoming aware of it, appointed a temporary committee of five to take care of it until the county committee should be chosen. A general meeting of the inhabitants of the county of Cumberland having been called for the purpose of carrying out the recommendations of the Continental Congress, as mentioned above, it was " held at Bridge- town on Thursday, the 22d day of December, 1774. The articles of association entered into by the Conti- nental Congress being publicly read, were unani- mously approved ; whereupon it was resolved that a committee of thirty-five persons be appointed to carry the same into execution throughout the county. The following persons were chosen, viz. : Abraham Jones. Thomas Masketl. Ephraim Harrie. Silas Newcomb, Ephraim Seeley. Daniel Elmer. Jonathan Ayres. BlUali Hand. David Bowen. Joshua Brick, Esquires. John Whcaton. Benjamin Mulford. Abijah Holmes. Thomas Brofrn. Joel Fithian. Daniel Maskell. John Gibbon. Michael Hoshell, Thomas Daniel. Jonathan Smith. William Aul. Joseph Sheppard. Isaac Preston. Samuel Leake. Mark Ryley. John Buck. Ezekiel Foster. Joseph Newcomb. Jonathan Lore. John Terry. Gideon Heaton. Bichard Wood. Joshua Ewing. John Laning. Thomas Ewing. " As soon as the committee were chosen they were publicly informed that a quantity of tea had been secretly landed at Greenwich, and that the inhab- itants of that town had taken the alarm, and had chosen a pro tempore committee of five persons to take care of the same until the committee of the county was chosen. The general committee then withdrew, in order to consider what should be done in the affair, and came to the following resolution, viz. : That this committee being ignorant of the principles on which the said tea was imported, or whence it came, and not being able to get informa- tion thereof, by reason of the importer's absence, do think it best to have it privately stored, and agree to meet at ten o'clock to-morrow, in order to take care of the same. " Accordingly they met the next day, and found to their surprise that the tea had been destroyed by per- sons unknown the night before, at the time the com- mittee were sitting at Bridgetown, whereupon the committee further entered into the resolutions fol- lowing : " 1st. That we entirely disapprove of the destroying of the above-mentioned tea, it being entirely contrary to our resolves. "2d. That we will not conceal nor protect from justice any of the perpetrators of the above fact." The above is the official account of the affair, taken from the minutes of the county committee, signed by Thomas Ewing, their clerk, and published in Dun- lap's Pennsylvania Packet, printed at Philadelphia, Monday, Jan. 9, 1775, and also published in the Penn- sylvania Journal. Rev. Philip Vickers Fithian, who resided at Greenwich, and who is said to have been one of the party who destroyed the tea, gives us, in a few words recorded in his journal on the next day after the occurrence, a vivid picture of the affair, and of the feelings of the people concerning it. Under the date of " Friday, 23," he says, " Last night the Tea was, by a number of persons in disguise, taken out of the House & consumed with fire. Violent & different are the words about this uncommon MancBU- vre among the Inhabitants. Some rave, some curse & condemn, some try to reason ; many are glad the Tea is destroyed, but almost all disapprove the Man- ner of the destruction." The resolutions probably expressed the sentiments of the committee as to the destruction of the tea, their plan probably being to require the importer to take it away again. The object of the resolutions seems to have been to clear the committee of responsibility for the act, since they had taken jurisdiction of the tea the day before. Some of them doubtless secretly favored and advised the act; indeed, two of the com- mittee, including the clerk, are said to have been of the number who burned it. Disguised as Indians, the party early in the even- ing broke open the store-house, took out the boxes of tea, and burned them on the open square. This Market Square is now a short street called Market Lane. The names of many of the persons engaged in this bold act are involved in some doubt. Alexander Moore, Jr., Henry Seeley, Richard Howell, Joel Mil- ler, Ephraim Newcomb, Abraham Sheppard, and GENERAL HISTORY. 537 Silas Newcorab were sued by the owners, and without doubt were there. According to the recollection of Gen. Ebenezer Elmer, in his later years, David Pier- son, Stephen Pierson, Silas Whittaker, Timothy Elmer, Andrew Hunter, Jr., Philip V. Fithian, Clarence Parvin, John Hunt, Lewis Howell, Henry Stacks, James Ewing, Thomas Ewing, Joel Fithian, Josiah Seeley, and Ebenezer Elmer himself were also of the party. Most of these lived in Greenwich and Hopewell, and some of them in Fairfield and at Bridgeton. This list is probably not entirely correct. It is not probable that Philip V. Fithian, if he had taken part in it, would have written in his own private journal without recording something that would have at least hinted at his participation in it. The names given by Ebenezer Elmer were furnished to Robert G. John- son for his "History of Salem County," when Gen. Elmer was about eighty-seven years of age, and the failing memory incident to his advanced age, together with the length of time that had elapsed, over sixty years, the disguise of the participants, and the secrecy maintained at the time as to their names probably explains the fact that Seeley, Miller, Sheppard, and the two Newcombs, against whom suits were insti- tuted, are not mentioned by him. Henry Stacks was said to have tied up his pantaloons around his ankles and to have filled them with tea, which he carried home to his family. The late Judge L. Q. 0. Elmer, son of Gen. Ebenezer Elmer, remembers him in his boyhood, and that he was called " Tea Stacks" from the circumstances. The deed was doubtless planned at the meeting to choose the county committee, where the bold spirits who executed it had the chance to arrange their plan of action to be carried out the same night. The daring and hazardous nature of it is better understood when we remember that even the county committee, which was organized to resist the tyrannical acts of the mother-country, felt themselves constrained to at lea.st publicly disavow the act. The feelings of the people were, however, thoroughly en- listed in opposition to the measures of the royal au- thorities. Cumberland County may well be proud of the fact that upon her soil and among her citizens were found those who dared to defy the power of the British government, and to express in this bold way their determination to resist oppression, even to an armed resistance, if necessary. This constitutes the only justification for this unlawful destruction of private property. A mistake as to the date of the burning of the tea existed for many years, and has been repeated in all accounts of this affair published previous to 1874, the date having been given as Thursday, November 22d, instead of December 22d. This error arose through a misunderstanding of the journal of Mr. Fithian, which, after some entries in November, goes on to record events in December without giving the month, but only the day of it and the day of the week, as in the entry of the 23d, above quoted. The venerable Dr. Enoch Fithian, as he informed the writer, furnished the date for the account of it pub- lished in Johnson's " History of Salem County" on the supposed authority of this journal. He has since noticed his mistake, so that now all the origi- nal sources of information agree as to the date. All the succeeding publications derived their information from Johnson's history and have repeated that error. At the April term of the Supreme Court in 1775 a suit in trespass was commenced by John Duffield and Stacey Hepburn, the owners of the tea, against Mil- ler, Sheppard, and the two Newcombs for six hundred pounds damages, and also a like suit against Moore, Seeley, and Richard Howell. Joseph Bloomfield, who resided at Bridgeton, appeared for the defend- ants, and the plaintiffs, being non-residents, were or- dered to file security for costs. Money was raised by subscription for the defense, and Jonathan D. Ser- geant, of Philadelphia, and others were retained. The plaintiffs were represented by Joseph Reed, of Philadelphia, and Pettit, of Burlington. The rule for security for costs was repeated at the November term, and in default thereof nonsuits were entered at the April term, 1776; at May term, security having been filed, the nonsuits were set aside and the ac- tions revived. But they were short-lived; the over- throw of the royal authority and displacement of the royal judges two months later ended the proceedings, and no further reference to them appears on the minutes of the court after that at May term. An attempt was also made to have the actors in the burning indicted. Chief Justice Frederick Smyth pre- sided at the term of the Court of Oyer and Terminer for Cumberland County held next after the burning, in May, 1775. Ebenezer Elmer, who had taken part in the affair, enters in his journal, under date of May 25th, " Came up to Bridge just before Court, being Supreme Court. Judge Smith gave very Large Charge to the Grand Jury Concerning the time's, & the burning of the Tea the fall before. But the Jury Came in without doing anything, & Court broke up." Judge Smyth sent them out a second time, but with no result. Jonathan Elmer, a brother of Ebenezer, was sheriff, and had summoned a jury of Whigs, the foreman of which was another brother, Daniel Elmer. All of the jury probably knew more about the burn- ing than the judge did, and their sympathies were with the patriotic tea-burners. Sheriff Elmer's term expired in June, and Governor Franklin appointed as his successor David Bowen, who was supposed to be more friendly to the royal cause. Under the date of September 27th, Ebenezer Elmer records, " 'Twas expected, as Sheriff Bowen had got a Jury of Tories, we Should be indited for Burning Tea & Taking Wheaton, but they could not make out, but made out a presentment. Court broke up." This ended all proceedings concerning the matter. This brave act is a rich legacy to our county of the spirit and 538 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. determination of those early patriots. As such the centennial anniversary of it was celebrated with great enthusiasm on Nov. 25 and 26, 1874. There being no suitable place at Greenwich, the celebration was held in the West Jersey Railroad depot at Bridgeton, the largest building in South Jersey, the whole of which was granted by the railroad company for that purpose. Among the features of interest were a Washington parlor, a relic-room filled with articles and documents of great interest, many of them dating back to the first settlement of the county. Thirteen tables, hand- somely trimmed, represented the different townships and wards of the county. The opening address was made by Joel Parker, Governor of the State, and he was followed by Hon. Thomas H. Dudley, United States Centennial Commissioner from New Jerse^, while Grafula's Seventh Regiment Band of New York furnished the music. Excursion trains were run on all the railroads, and an immense throng of people were present, the number on the last evening being estimated at not less than eight thousand, completely filling the large depot. Over two thousand dollars were realized from the celebration, which was invested in United States Centennial Commission stock, and after the close of the great Centennial celebration in Philadelphia, and the winding up of its financial affairs, the money returned on the stock held by this county was invested in two handsome drinking foun- tains, one of which now stands in front of the court- house, and the other on South Laurel Street, near Com- merce, in the city of Bridgeton. At a meeting of the county committee, March 6, 1775, Silas Newcomb, a member of the committee, acknowledged that he had violated the third article of the association, and had drunk tea in his family since March 1st, and that he was determined to per- sist in the practice. After trying in vain to convince him of his error the committee resolved to enforce the eleventh article of the association, and to break off dealings with him, which resolves they published in the Pennsylvania Ledger of April 1st. This action, together with the breaking out of hostilities at Lex- ington on April 18th, altered his mind, and on May nth he made a written acknowledgment of his error, and promised to adhere to the association, which the committee also published, with their acceptance of the same. He became a stanch Whig, and was colonel of the First Battalion of Cumberland militia and also in the Continental armj', and afterwards brigadier- general of the militia, and was frequently in active service. The Provincial Congress on Aug. 12, 1775, ordered a new election for members of that body, and of the county committees, to be held on September 21st, and also ordered an immediate election of Township Com- mittees of Observation and Correspondence, with power to transact the business referred to them by the Continental and Provincial Congresses and the county committees. In. pursuance of this direction the several townships of Cumberland, on September 14th, chose the following as township committees : Greenwich — Dr. Thomas Ewing, Jonhua Ewing, Thomas Maskell. Hopewell— Joel Fithian, Jonathan Bowen, Azariah Moore, William Biggs, Ephraim Mills. Stow Oreek— John Gibbon, Ebenezer Howell, John Wheaton. Deerfield — John Westcott, Ephraim Seeley, Eecompence Leake, Noah Harris, Constant Peck. Fairfield — Joseph Sheppard, Ephraim Harris, Esq., Timothy Elmer, David Westcott. Downe and Maurice River are not given. On the 21st the county met and chose two delegates by poll, Theophilus Elmer and Jonathan Ayars, Esq., and the following county committee : Greenwich — Samnel Ewing. The other two not given. Hopewell — Jonathan Bowen, Joel Fithian, Reuben Jarman. Stow Creek — John Wheaton, William Kelaay. Deerfield — Ephraim Seeley, Samuel Ogden, Esq., Noah Harris. Fairfield— Philip Sheppard, Oapt. Harris, Ephraim Harris, Esq. Downe — Joseph Newcomb, Jonadab Sheppard, William Low. Maurice Kiver — Joshua Brick, Esq., Derick Peterson, Jonathan Smith. This committee chose Thomas Harris as chairman, and on September 30th they applied to the Conti- nental Congress for a supply of powder to defend the county from any British ships which might enter the bay, foraging for provisions. After the overthrow of the royal authority the county committees exercised large powers, arresting and imprisoning those hostile to the cause of the patriots on their simple order, and doing other acts outside of the ordinary processes of law. After' the adoption of the State Constitution, July 2, 1776, and the incoming of Whig officials under it, they ceased to exist. Born of the necessities of the hour, all the public officers being appointees of the royal Governor, they did their work well; and when, through their instrumentality, a more perma- nent authority was called into existence, they sank back into the ranks of the people who had created them. The part taken by this county in the first year of the Revolution, and the condition of affairs within the county, cannot be better understood at this day than by the following extracts from the journal of Ebenezer Elmer, now published for the first time : " May 2, 1775. Committee met at Court-house. " May 3d, People met at Esq^ Fithian's [near Sheppard's mill, in Greenwich township] to choose officers for a militia. Daniel Maskell, Capt. ; Azel Pieraon, 1"' Lieut,; Joel Fithian, 2"^ do,; Richard Oaru- thers. Ensign ; Miller, Thomas Waithman, Thomas Brown, and Joseph Bloomfield, Sorgoaots ; Diidis Walling, Clerk." [Drilling and exercising in squads went on nearly every day, as ap- pears b,v numerous entries,] " May 9th. Committee set at 2 o'clock. "May llth. A number met at Bowen's Gross-Roads and formed a militia company, and chose officers : David Potter, Capt. ; Azel Pierson & Joel Fithian. Lieuta, ; Job Sheppard, Ensign. "May 12th. Mustering at Dr. Ewing's [at Greenwich], where officers were chosen : Daniel Maskell, Capt, ; Dr, Thomas Ewing & Ladis Wal- ling, Lieuts, ; Reuben Dare, Ensign. [Thus two companies were formed from the one first formed on the 3d,] " May I6th. In the afternoon was a County Meeting to choose Dele- gates for the County to meet at Trentown, 23'^ instant, for which Esq. S. Fithian, Dr. [Jonathan] Elmer, Dr, [Thomas] Ewing wore chosen, " May 23d. Was at Dividing Creek to see Capt, Hand exercise his men, where was a large company. GENERAL HISTORY. 539 May 15th. [The entry before given concerning Judge Smyth's charge to the Grand Jury about the Tea burning.] "May 26th. Considerable many people had the small- pox down that way [Downe Township] this winter; some sharp, but only three any- where about there died with it, two of them old men. "May Slst. Such noise and confusion in Country little can be done. " June 13th. Officers chose field officers, viz. : Silas Newcomb, Colonel ; BnosSeeley, Lieut. do.; David Potter, Mnj or; Joseph Bloomfield Adju- tant. "June 20th. Committee set in afternoon. "Juno 23d. In afternoon met a number at Court-houae to choose offi- cers: Azel Pierson, Oapt. ; Jonathan Bowen, Joel Fithian, Lieuts. ; Job Sheppard,£nsign. "June 29th, Capt. Preston exercising about 30 of his men together at Isaac Harris's [iu Fairfield]. Came up to the Oross-Roada [New Eng- land Town] with them. Fired street-firing great part of the way. "June 30th. [Enters the receipt of news of the burning of Charles- town, opposite Boston, and of the battle of Bunker Hill.] "July 5th. A very mortal uncommon dysentery came on about the last of May, and spread almost over the whole country. "July 20th. A day appointed as a Continental fast. A number of officers and some men went up to Deerfield to hear the chaplain. Mr. Green preached on the occasion from Matt. xxil. 12. " July 2l8t. Committee set. Capt. Preston, with a number of soldiers, came up. Exercised all the afternoon. In the evening a number of militia, under the drum, marcbed down to take K. [Richard] Gayford, but could not find him. Got Robert Wheatoo and Richard Shay, Then a company of nine of us went to J. Wheaton's and took him, altho' he flashed a gun at us. Brought him to the Bridge. He & Robert kept in goal by a guard of men all night. "July 22d. Committee sat at 9 o'clock. The criminals taken the night before went before the Committee, made their confessions, and were let go upon their good behavior. " July 26th. Was over at John Westcott'e, Wheaton, Cayford, and sev- eral other men at D. Ireland's who takes their part. J. Lawrence heard R. Wheaton say he would be damned but he would have Capt. Preston In goal before to-morrow niglit for liis conduct in taking him last Fri- day. Some of the Committee and many others disapproving of what was done when the Committee set, greatly encourages the Tories and makes them determined to have revenge some way or other, particularly on Capt. Preston, Adjutant Bloomfield, Rich^ Howell, Potter, Duffie, &c. What distressing times do we Seel Confusion, war, & bloodshed, abroad and at home. Will the Lord, who is the Supreme General of the Ar- mies of the whole earth, appear for us & deliver us from our troubles, or we shall come to ruin ! " July Slst. Dr. [Jonathan Elmer] set out to the Provincial Congress at Trenton about 8 o'clock, a.m. Went ever to Esq. [Ephraim] Seeley's ; he got home from going with the powder night befoie. " Aug. 8tb. The day of the general review, tfc a great number of peo- ple were together, I & othersof the Light Infantry went down to Lieut. Holmes'. Came back just as the companies came along. Some dispute arose between us and Capt. Dick Hewell's company of light infantry; being left to the officers they gave the right to us, which so affronted them they left the field. "Aug. I9th. The Dr. came home at evening [from Trenton]. "Sept. 4th. Committee set in the afternoon. "Sept. 18th. [List of Township Committees, already given.] "Sept. 20th. Old Committee met for the last time. "Sept. 21st. County met to choose two Delegates & a County Com- mittee. Dr. Ewing spoke something extempore. Delegates chose by poll, when Theophilus Elmer had a great majority, & next highest, Esq. Jonathan Ayrcs. [Then follows list of new County Committee given above.] Some disturbance arose in choosing these, as it was done by holding up the hands which they said was not a fair way. " Sept. 25th. Seats sold at Now England Town this day. [This was in the Presbyterian Church, now called the Old Stono Church.] "Sept. 27th. [Entry as given under account of tea-burning.] "Sept. 29th. Went down to N. E. Town. Met to appoint field-officers for the West Battalion, David Potter, Colonel ; Abijah Holmes, Lieut, do.; William Kelsay, let Major ; Dr. Thomas Ewing, 2d do. Afternoon, the Battalion met to exercise, and did very well. "Oct. 4:th. Went down to Sayre's Neck. Talks that Preston's leaving the Company and being major will very near break up the company. " Oct. 9th. Exercised in the afternoon. Chose officers, viz. : Dr. [Jona- than] Elmer, Capt. ; Joseph Bloomfield, 1st Lieut. ; Thomas Brown, 2d do. ; Self, 3d do, Richard Caruthers displeased and spoke against me ; BO did Eph™ Seeley ; so I answered very short. " Oct. 10th, Exercised at John Dare's [he kept tavern near Cohansey Bridge] of the East Battalion ; only about 80 under arms ; had firing. "Oct. 16th. Exercised in afternoon at Bowen'a Cross-Roads, about 20 men. " Oct, 23d, Committee set. Richard Howell applied to got commission to go to the camp. I some notion to go too. " Oct. 30th, Committee set, "Oct. Slst. In evening to Jonalhan Bowen's; military society of the officer. " Nov. 3d. Richard Howell about enlisting [men] to go out under him. "Nov. 6th. Review or field day. Went thro' our exercise & ma- noKuvre in general. Capt. Sheppard, of the Rangers, would not let the light Infantry cover the flank of the Battalion, and so left the field. Richard Howell a beating up for volunteers; got many. " Nov. 7t^. Capt, Howell, Lieut. , Ensign Neglee, with Drs. Beatty and Howell, who had been down to the review at the New Bridge [Mill- ville] to get recruits, came to Matthew Potter's [he kept a tavern in Bridgeton], " Nov. 16th. Recruits in town in evening. " Nov. 2l6t. Light infantry exercised most all day. " Nov. 22d. Went to Sayre's Cross Roads [Roadstown] to see the re- cruits exorcise. " Noy. 28th. It being court time little was done. At evening was at a meeting of the officers, called the Military Society, at Colonel Potter's. "Nov. 29th. Court broke up. Recruits in Bridgetown. Meeting again at Potter's to settle the Bangers affairs. Concluded to let them act and be commissioued as such. "Dec. Ist, Capt. Howell's Company reviewed by Lieut.-Col. Shrieve, & none called. " Dec. 2d. Went to several places to get recommended for 2d Lieut, in Howell's company, but Howell would have Seth Bowen, who went off for the commission, ao I had my ride for nothing. Remember Howell, "Dec. 9th. Howell been persuading J. Seeley to go & not let me. "Dec. 10th [Sunday], Went to meeting at Greenwich. Mr. Hollins- head [pastor of Presbyteriaa Church] preached. Capt. Howell's soldiers there ; came and went away in form. Coming home, Mr. Bloomfield proposed to me to send a petition for himself Capt., Josiah Seeley Ist Lieut., & Myself 2d do, which was agreed. "Dec. 12th. Job. Bloomfield set out with the recommendation to Bur- lington. " Dec. 13th. The soldiers [Capt. Howell's Company] went on board the Greenwich packet at evening to Sail to Burlington. "Dec. 14th. The soldiers, Capt., and all but S or 10 went in the dead of the night off on foot to get clear of their creditors, their going aboard of the vessel turned out only a sham." The journal, as preserved, ends abruptly with Dec. 21, 1775. Exercising and other preparations for war seem to have occupied almost the entire attention of the people. Capt. Howell's company, whether they gave their creditors " leg bail" or not, did good ser- vice during the year for which they enlisted. In the succeeding spring another company of sixty- five men, officered by Joseph Bloomfield, captain; Constant Peck, first lieutenant; William Gifford, second lieutenant ; and Ebenezer Elmer, ensign, also left the county, and served faithfully for one year. An account of their campaign and a list of the men in the company are elsewhere given in this volume, taken from another journal kept by Ebenezer Elmer. Two companies of artillery were raised in the State in March, 1776, and in the western company over one- half of the officers and a large number of the men were from this county. Owing to the exposed condition of the State it was found necessary at times to call out volunteers from the militia, and embody them in separate organizations for service in this and other States for short terms. These were usually designated as State troops. Under the first call of Nov. 27, 1776, two companies from this county 540 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. formed part of the battalion commanded by Col. David Potter, who resided at Bridgeton. Under the call of Oct. 9, 1779, a regiment of eight companies was fur- nished by Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, and Cape May. A call was made Dec. 29, 1781, for four hun- dred and twenty-two men to serve until Dec 15, 1782, of which one company, commanded by Capt. Charles Allen, was from Cumberland, and was ordered to do duty on land or water. Col. Enos Seeley also com- manded a battalion of State troops, composed of eight companies of the militia of this county, under the following captains : Samuel Ogden, Jeremiah Bennett, David Elwell, Joel Fithian, David Page, John Peterson, Jeremiah Sayre, and Benajah Thomp- son, who were commissioned Jan. 31, 1777. Later in the war the militia of the county was sever3ll times in actual service, one-half of it being called out at a time, under the command of Col. and afterwards Brig.-Gen. Silas Newcomb, and Cols. David Potter, Isaac Preston, and Elijah Hand. Col. Potter was also appointed a brigadier-general, Feb. 21, 1777, but de- clined the office. Col. Isaac Preston's regiment was in service in the northern part of the State, where he died in the service, at his quarters in camp, at the forks of the Raritan, in Somerset County, in March, 1777. When the operations which resulted in the capture of Philadelphia, in 1777, were commenced the militia of the State were called out, and Brig.-Gen, Silas Newcomb, of this county, was appointed to the com- mand of .the brigade formed of the regiments of the southern counties, including Burlington. He was stationed at Woodbury to defend the eastern shore of the Delaware, in case of an attempt of the enemy to reach Philadelphia in that way. The difficulty of getting the militia into service became greater as the war was protracted, and the pay became more uncer- tain and of less value, owing to the depreciation of the Continental currency. These things, combined with the harvest- work, and the fear of their own homes being attacked by parties from the British ships during their absence, caused the number in Gen. Newcomb's brigade, who had responded to the call before August 25th, to be less than 300, furnished as follows : By Col. Hand's regiment, 60 ; Col. Pot- ter's, 24 (both of Cumberland) ; Col. Holme's, 110; Col. Dick's, 20 (both of Salem}; and Col. Ellis', 65 (of Gloucester); the other regiments furnished none, and none appeared from Burlington. The enemy, however, made their advance on Philadelphia by way of the Chesapeake, and on September 20th, Governor Livingston directed Gen. Newcomb to turn over the command of those already assembled at Woodbury to Col. Potter, who should at once march to join the militia under command of Gen. Armstrong to rein- force the army under Washington in Pennsylvania. Gen. Newcomb was retained in this State to take charge of its defense against attempts to ravage the shores by the ships of war. Col. Potter crossed with the command into Pennsylvania, and did good service in that disastrous campaign. He was captured by the enemy, aud was afterwards imprisoned for a time in the prison-ship " Jersey'' in Wallabout Bay. John Gibbon, a leading citizen of this county, was also a prisoner, and died on that prison-ship. After the evacuation of Fort Mercer by the Amer- icans and the opening of the channel of the Delaware to the British ships, in November of that year, Lord Cornwallis took position at Gloucester Point, and col- lected large quantities of provisions for the British army in Philadelphia by incursions into the sur- rounding country. Gen. Greene commanded an al- most equal body of troops in New Jersey, a part of which was militia, and while awaiting the arrival of Glover's brigade from the North had a number of skirmishes with the enemy's pickets and foragers. On the afternoon of November 25th a detachment of about one hundred and fifty men from Morgan's rifle corps, and a like number of militia, including Capt. David Piatt's company from this county, the most of whom belonged in the upper part of Hopewell town- ship, the militia being under the command of Lafay- ette, who served as a volunteer, attacked a picket of the enemy consisting of about three hundred men, and drove them into their camp, with a loss of twenty or thirty killed. In a letter to Washington, Lafayette wrote, "I found the riflemen even above their repu- tation, and the militia above all expectation I could have formed of them." No higher praise of their soldierly qualities could be asked. But this brilliant affair was tinged with sadness to the Cumberland troops: Lieut. David Mulford, of Greenwich, was killed, and Thomas Harris was wounded. Azariah More, the first lieutenant of the company, wrote the following letter to his brother, giving an account of the affair : " Haddonfield, 25tb of November, 1777. "11 o'clock at night. " Dear Brother, — We have had an engagement with a party of the enemy this evening near Little Timber Greek, in which we have lost Lien- enant Mulford, as brave a man as ever lived. He was mortally wounded just as the action began, which was about 4 o'clock, vas brought to this place, and died about 7 o'clock, at our quarters. We have no other loss in our company, except Tbomaa Harris, who had his arm broken. What our loss is in general is uncertain. It was niglit when we left the ground, but I am certain it was small compared with what the enemy has lost. We must have killed many of them in the time of action, for wo took the ground on which they first engaged. We have ten or twelve prison- ers, with three artillery horses, branded 6. R. ; our light-horse took nine grenadiers yesterday, with no loss of life on our side. We have Col. Morgan's Riflemen with us, I believe as fine a body of men as any on earth. We have been expecting re-enforcements several days, sufficient for a general action, but they have not arrived, and it's now reported, and I am ready to believe, that the enemy are crossing the river at Gloucester Ferry, and that it is expected we shall have none of tliem in Jersey by to-morrow morning. If it should prove true, I shall conclude they have taken a fright at our torpedoes. If you received my letter of tho 22d instant, you will soon have the opportunity to send me the money I wrote for, which I shall be glad to have, with a line or two to let me know how you all are, and what is come of our deserters, and why they are not sent to us. I think they are proper persons to make examples of. " Remember me to all friends. "Azariah Moke." GENERAL HI8T0EY. 541 When the British occupied Salem, March 17, 1778, the militia of this county marched, under Col. Elijah Hand, to assist in driving them out. By a providen- tial coincidence they arrived atQuinton's Bridge at a moment when they were very much needed. The Salem militia had been enticed to leave their trenches on the south side of AUoways Creek and cross to the Salem side, in pursuit of a few of the British who appeared in sight, and they had thus been drawn into an ambush, and were being slaughtered in the disas- trous rout which their eagerness brought upon them. Col. Hand at once placed the Cumberland militia in the trenches, and opened on the enemy such a well- directed fire from the muskets of his men and two pieces of artillery which he brought with him that the enemy were prevented from crossing to the south side of the creek, and the Salem militia were saved from being entirely cut to pieces. During the presence of the British fleet in Dela- ware Bay, parties from them came ashore in search of provisions, and plundered the houses of some of the residents near the shore. These parties were generally the refugee Tories, who manned the small vessels which accompanied the fleet. In August, 1781, a sharp fight was had in Maurice River opposite Port Norris. Some of the militia were in a shallop com- manded by Capt. James Riggins, which the refugees, fifteen in number, attempted to board. A fight en- sued, in which Kiggins killed four or five of them while attempting to board the shallop, clubbing his gun after firing it twice. John Peterson was wounded by one of them, who was about to cut Peterson down with an uplifted broadsword, when his little son shot dead the refugee. Seven of them were killed and the rest were captured. On Jan. 31, 1783, the armed boat " Blacksnake," having a privateer's license, was captured in Sow and Pigs Creek, below Autuxit, by Capt. William Low and Lieut. Jonadab Sheppard and their company of Downe militia, numbering nineteen men. The " Blacksnake" had captured two small shallops, and her crew had plundered the house of James Diament, in Fairfield, and made a prisoner of Phineas Bragg. She was commanded by Capt. Andrew Gillis, and manned by eight men. Expecting to find her and her prizes lying in Autuxit, Capt. David Pierson's company of twenty-two men went down upon Jones Island to assist in her capture, but were not needed. Owing to the weather, Capt. Low and his company surprised them in the cabin of one of the shallops, and captured them without resistance, the vessels lying alongside. The " Blacksnake" was afterwards sold as a prize by proceedings in the Court of Admi- ralty of this State, which existed previous to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. While the great majority of the inhabitants of the county were ardent Whigs, there were some who re- fused to take part in resisting the mother-country. Most of these, while refusing to assist the patriot cause, also refused to do anything against it. A large number of them were brought into court on present- ments and indictments for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the new State government, and such as did not then take it were fined and imprisoned. Some of these were conscientious in refusing ; having held oflices which required them to swear allegiance to the king, their consciences would not permit them now to take an oath which would require them to op- pose him. Others were actively in favor of the royal cause, and joined the British army and fought openly for their belief. Among them were Richard Cayford, already mentioned, who became a British oflScer, and through whose influence several inhabitants of Hope- well township, near Beebe Run, also joined the Brit- ish array, and at the close of the war were among the large number of loyalists who went to Nova Scotia, but in a few years returned to this county. Daniel Bowen, a brother of Jonathan Bowen, who was one of the leading Whigs in the county and a member of the Provincial Congress, also fought openly for the royal cause, became a British officer, and when that cause was lost retired to Nova Scotia and never returned. He received an allowance of half-pay from the government, and his son became the customs ofiBcer for the port of Cornwallis. He maintained a correspondence with his New Jersey relatives for many years after the close of the war. Still others, while remaining here, secretly assisted the British in every possible way. Most of them were arrested and fined, while others escaped cap- ture after their actions were known. In Downe township the number of Tories was proportionally larger than in any other part of the county. The temptation of British gold — a powerful temptation when the currency then in use had depreciated so as to be almost worthless — induced many of them to fur- nish supplies to the enemy's vessels in the bay, and quite active trading of that kind was kept up. In August, 1777, Gen. Newcomb sent a detachment of militia into Downe and arrested fifteen persons, twelve of whom were discharged on taking the oaths to the State. The others were convicted of assisting the British and of having instructions how to act when there should be a landing. One Daniel Shaw was their ringleader, and he planned to capture Gen. Newcomb and take him aboard the enemy's fleet, and made efforts to spike the cannon in a redoubt near Maurice River, but without success. Shaw's brother was at that time with the enemy. These were a few of the exceptions in the great mass of the people of this county. No other county has a brighter record for self-sacrificing patriotism than has Cumberland. The ravages of war did not touch her borders, but she was prompt to assist in the defense of the adjoining counties, and her sons fought gallantly from the disastrous battle on Long Island to the glorious consummation of American hopes at Yorktown. 542 HISTOKY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER LXXXVI. CUMBERLAND COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. The bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, on April 12-13, 1861, was the signal for an uprising in Cumberland County, as throughout the whole North, such as has scarcely a parallel in history. Its first manifestation was the throwing to the breeze the Stars and Stripes. Pole-raisings, with beating drums and enthusiastic speeches, were the order of the day. The towns and villages in the county were decked with the starry banner, and every crossroad of any im- portance in the county had its flag waving in the air. Party zeal was forgotten, and Democrats and Repuljf licans vied with one another in their devotion to that emblem of the free, the pride of every American heart. On Saturday afternoon, the 20th, the first public pole-raising in Bridgeton took place, and the same day another one was had at Fairton. These were followed by others in every portion of the county. On Saturday evening, the 20th, a monster meeting was held at Bridgeton, presided over by John T. Nixon, Esq., with a list of vice-presidents and secretaries composed of leading citizens of both political parties. Resolutions were adopted expressive of the strong patriotic feelings of the people, and of their deter- mination to stand by the country in its hour of peril : " Resolved, That BGceBsion is treoBon, and that after long forbearance it has become neceflsary for the government to use force against traitors in order to preserve our nationality. " Resolved, That we pledge to the constituted authorities of this gov- ernment our aid and support throughout the war, and pray that the same may be brought to a speedy close by the glorious and living vin- dication that the free government of our fathers, purchased by blood, is now, as heretofore, and ever shall he, a terror to evil-doers and the praise of them that do well. " Resolved, That Governor Olden be requested to call an extra session of the Legislature, in order that ample money provision may be made for equipping and sustaining the military of the State." Speeches were made by Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer, Dr. William S. Bowen, Rev. J. T. Brown, Rev. J. W. Hubbard, John S. Mitchell, Esq., and Paul T. Jones. Outbursts of enthusiasm greeted the speakers, and demonstrated the hold which the patriotic sentiments expressed had on the hearts of the people. Other meetings of like import followed throughout the county. On Tuesday, 23d, Capt. James W. Stickney, who had had some experience in military affairs, arrived in Bridgeton, and that evening a muster-roll for vol- unteers was opened in Sheppard's Hall, and by Wed- nesday noon it was more than filled. On the same evening an election for ofiicers was held, and James W. Stickney was chosen captain, Samuel T. Dubois first lieutenant, and George Woodrufi" second lieuten- ant, who were afterwards commissioned as the first offi- cers. The name of "Cumberland Grays'' was adopted, and it afterwards became a household word in the county. The first-born child of the county's patri- otic devotion to the Union, the Cumberland Grays, always seemed to lie nearer to the great heart of the people than any of the companies which, with equal zeal and devotion, followed them to the front. The relief committee provided for at the meeting raised funds and paid to those needing assistance weekly allowances, according to the size of their families. The men who had enlisted gave up their diffierent employments, and devoted their whole time to drilling and preparations to depart. Companies of Home Guards were organized at Bridgeton, Roads- town, Greenwich, Port Elizabeth, in Fairfield, at Millville and Newport, and proved excellent schools in which future volunteers were drilled. The " exer- cising'' so often mentioned inthe journal of Ebenezer Elmer, in the early summer of 1775, was repeated on a larger scale in the early summer of 1861, and the entry he made under date of May 31, 1775, " Such noise and confusion in country little can be done," could have been repeated with emphasis. The board of chosen freeholders met on May 8th, and resolved "that in view of the warlike condition of the country the board now proceed to raise by tax such moneys as the exigencies of the case require." The following preamble and resolution were also adopted : " Whreeas, Our country is now in a fearful condition, being in the mldBt of a civil war, and this State having been called upon by the President of the United States to furnish her quota of volunteers to pro- tect the government ; therefore, " Resolved, That the sum of four thousand dollars be raised for the purpose of equipping the Cumberland Grays, and all volunteers that are accepted from this county for service by the Governor of this State, and for the assistance of the families of such volunteers during the term of. their enlistment," A committee was appointed to act with the director of the board to superintend the expenditure of the money. Of this sum, $2158.50 were expended in equipping and aiding the Cumberland Grays up to the time of their departure from Bridgeton, and $919.25 was paid to the families of volunteers during the first six months. The four regiments of three months' men called for from this State having been filled up, and those in authority having a totally inadequate conception of the tremendous struggle that was just beginning, the Cumberland Grays were kept in suspense, not know- ing if they would be accepted or not. A handsome silk flag was presented to them by the ladies of Bridgeton on May 8th, on which occasioh an enthu- siastic meeting was bad. They were finally accepted by the authorities, and left Bridgeton on May 27th, and were mustered in as Company F of the Third Regiment. Their departure was the occasion of a grand tribute to them of the afiection and patriotic pride which old Cumberland had for them. The people flocked into Bridgeton from every direction, a fare- well address was made to them by Judge Elmer, a handsomely bound Testament was presented to each one by the County Bible Society, and they were es- GENERAL HISTORY. 543 corted to the boat by the Home Guards and a multi- tude of men, women, and children. The cynosure of all eyes and the pride of the county, which delighted to honor their departure, they honored her in return by their noble bearing and soldierly conduct during their three years of service. Familiarity with war- like movements, and the going and coming of troops, in the succeeding months, cooled the expressions of enthusiastic devotion, and only when Company K of the Twelfth Regiment and the nine months' men de- parted, during the next year, was there any approach to the events of this day. No other entire companies went from this county until September, 1862. Citizens of the county, how- ever, enlisted in large numbers in companies from other counties and in other States. In the Olden Legion, afterwards the Tenth New Jersey, enlisted in September and October, 1861, about one-half of Com- pany B were from Millville and vicinity, about the same number of Company D were recruited in Shiloh and the western part of the county, and about thirty of Company K were from Bridgeton and Port Eliza- beth. In August, 1862, Company K of the Twelfth Regiment was recruited in Bridgeton, and was almost wholly composed of citizens of this county. They commenced to assemble in Bridgeton for their de- parture on September 1st, many of them coming from the surrounding townships with their relatives and friends to give them words of cheer and bid them a final adieu. The last signatures were placed to the roll, and over forty men were rejected, because the company was full. Speeches were made and a flag was presented to the company in the afternoon of that day. On Tuesday the members of the company were handsomely entertained at E. Davis & Son's hotel by Brig.-Gen. David Potter, commanding the Cumberland militia. After dinner farewell addresses were made to the company, after which they marched to the depot to take the cars for Camp Stockton, at Woodbury, where they were mustered in. An im- mense crowd of relatives, friends, and citizens gath- ered at the depot, and as the cars moved out of the building the air was rent with cheers, and handker- chiefs and hats were waved in honor of the departure of the brave boys, whose after-services and fighting qualities reflected only honor upon the county. While that company was recruiting a call was made for men to serve for nine months, and enlistments being slow a draft was ordered to take place on Sep- tember 3d. A general desire was felt to avoid a draft, and the enthusiasm of the first days of the war re- turned. Meetings were held throughout the county, and enlistments became more rapid. A special meet- ing of the board of chosen freeholders was held Au- gust 25th, and a bounty of fifty dollars was ordered paid to each volunteer enlisted for nine months under the call, and thirty dollars to those mustered into Company K, Twelfth Regiment, and into Company r, Third Regiment, to fill up its ranks. At the De- cember meeting of the board thirty dollars bounty was ordered paid to all volunteers for three years since July 1, 1862. The different townships also of- fered a bounty of fifty dollars for nine months' men, except Fairfield, which paid one hundred dollars. Under this stimulus and the enthusiasm of the meet- ings the quota of the county was more than filled ; three companies were recruited from Bridgeton and the townships adjoining, one in Fairfield and Downe, and one in Millville. The Millville company was afterwards known as Company B, Twenty-fourth Regiment, the three companies from Bridgeton as Companies F, G, and H of the same regiment, and the Fairfield and Downe company as Company D, Twenty-fifth Regiment. The Fairfield and Downe company left Bridgeton by the morning train on Sept. 1, 1862, and the three companies recruited here by the afternoon train on the same day. Flags were presented to each of them, and the scenes of the departure of the Cumberland Grays were partly repeated. Men, women, and chil- dren flocked to the depot, but the enthusiasm was of a less boisterous nature than on the former occasion. War had become more of a reality to the people, and the departure of five hundred men, the bone and sinew of the county, husbands, fathers, sons, brothers, with the certain prospect that some of them would never return, lent a more subdued tone to the fires of patriotism welling up in the hearts of those who went as well as those who stayed. At the May meeting, 1863, of the freeholders, a report was made that the bounty offered had been paid to ninety-eight men in Company K, Twelfth Regiment, four hundred and ninety-two men in the nine months' service, and fifteen others in other com- panies, making a total of $27,990, and that there had also been paid to the families of volunteers $16,363. The bounty of $30 was continued to volunteers. Additional calls for soldiers being made in July and November, 1863, of which the quota of this county was 615 men, a special meeting of the free- holders was held December 1st, and a bounty of $200 was ordered paid to all volunteers credited to this county, and county bonds ordered to be issued to defray the expense, payable $10,000 on Jan. 1, 1865, and a like sum each year afterwards until paid. A committee of three, with full power to do all neces- sary acts, was appointed to carry out the resolutions. At the regular meeting, eight days later, .|6 per month was ordered paid to the families of all colored vol- unteers. Jan. 15, 1864, the bounty of $200 was ex- tended to all persons credited to the county, and on May 11th it was made more explicit, including vol- unteers, drafted men, and substitutes. The different townships also offered additional bounty, ranging from $100 to $200 for each man en- rolled. By these means the quota of the county on those calls was filled. But a new call for 500,000 men was soon made, and during 1864 was followed 544 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. by other demands for men. The county continued the bounty of $200, and when the time for drafting drew nigh the townships were stirred up to renewed efforts to obtain volunteers or substitutes to fill their quotas. They also offered large bounties in addi- tion to that paid by the county, some of them as high as $300. The first draft took place in May, 1864, and others were had throughout that year. Some of those drafted received the bounties and served in the army, but the greater part of them put in substitutes, for whom they paid from 1500 to $800, of which the moneys granted by the county and the township formed a part. These substitutes were credited to the respective townships, which explains the fact that many of the names given in the lists of soldiers from this county are unknown to any resident. • At December meeting, 1864, the bounty fund com- mittee made their final report, and were "discharged with the thanks of the board for the faithful perform- ance of their onerous duties." County bonds for the payment of bounties were issued to the amount of $138,200, besides the sums paid directly by tax. The amounts paid by the several townships is unknown, but it must have been at least double that sum. An outline of the history and services of the regi- ments to which the companies from this county be- longed, prepared by another person, and a list of the soldiers who went from this county, as taken from the records of the adjutant-general's oflSce at Trenton, will be found under the general history of the three counties comprised in this work. From the nature of the records kept at the time the list is not complete. During the first year of the war, when drafting was not expected to be needed, no particular attention was paid to the locality from which the soldier came, and they are often put down to the locality where they enlisted in place of where they belonged. To such an extent was this true that when the quotas of the townships of this county for the draft ordered for Sept. 3, 1862, as made up from the records in the ad- jutant-general's office at Trenton, were first sent out, Bridgeton township was marked as exempt, already having enough volunteers, over her previous quotas, to her credit to meet the demands of this call. So notoriously was this incorrect that, by consent of the authorities, the assessors of the several townships, being considered best qualified to determine the cred- its due each township, met at the court-house and re- vised the previous credits, and determined the number due under the then present call for troops. By this revision Bridgeton township was called upon for sixty-nine men, — quite a startling change fi:om the quotas first made out. This assignment was accepted by the authorities at Trenton. Like mistakes were made between counties. A large number of men from this county enlisted out- side of the county in small detachments, and in many cases were credited elsewhere. The number of men from this State who enlisted in other States, and for whom the State has no credit, and of whom she has no record, is estimated by Adjt.-Gen. Stryker at several thousand. From this state of facts it will be seen that the records of the State are not complete. Below will be found a supplementary list, mostly prepared from other sources, which include those who have been omitted in the list elsewhere given, as far as known. It can only be hoped that these lists will be found in the main correct, and will form a basis for a more complete one in the future. The State has pre- pared an official list of the State, as nearly accurate as possible, and the county owes it to her own honor, and to the noble men who represented her on the field of battle, to take up the work once commenced by her, but neglected by the agent appointed for the purpose, and have prepared a list as accurate as pos- sible of those belonging in this county. Every pass- ing year, while rapidly thinning the ranks of the survivors of the great struggle, is rendering the work more difficult. STJPPLBMENTART LIST OF SOLDIBES FROM CUMBERLAND COUNTY. QUABTERUASTEB^S DefARTUENT. Pierson, Henry B,, capt. and asBt. q.m., May IS, 1864 ; muBt. out Sept. 20, 1866. Pat Departmekt. Fithian, Joel A., maj. and paymaster. May 28, 1864 ; must, out Oct. 12, 1865. First Beqiubnt. Company G. Shute, George W., enl. May 23, 1861 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Second BEoiaiENT. Company B. JohnBon, Isaiah E., com. 2d lieut. April 6, 1865 ; com, 1st lieut. July 10, 1865, but not must. ; must, out July 11, 1865. Third Beoiment. Stickney, James W. H., ni^'., Sept. 13, 1862 ; pro. from capt. Co. F ; res. June 25, 1863. Sheppard, Josiati F., com.-Bergt., Dec. 6, 1862; pro. from corp. Co. F; must, out June 23, 1861. Band. Webb, Charles W., enl. June 7, 1861; must out Aug. 10, 1862. Collins, Henry F., enl. June 7, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 10, 1862. Company C. Dubois, Samuel T., iBt lieut. Co. F, May 28, 1861 ; pro. capt. Co. July 1, 1862; must out June 23, 1864. Comjpawj F. Salkeld, Charles F., capt., Oct. 15, 1862 ; Ist sergt. May 28, 1861 ; 2d lieut. Nov. 12, 1861 ; Ist lieut. Co. C Aug. 5, 1862 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Woodruff, George, 2d lieut. June 17, 1861 ; disch. Oct. 22, 1861. Bandolph, Sylvester W. F., sergt., eul. May 28, 1861 ; killed at Gaines' Farm, Va., June 27, 1862. Cjimbloes, Furman, enl. May 28, 1861 ; oorp. May 28, 1861 ; sergt. Oct. 1, 1863 ; must, out June 23, 1864. Sheppard, Josiah F., enl. May 28, 1861; corp. Jan. 14, 1862; pro. com.- sergt. Dec. 6, 1862. Coles, Thomas P., enl. May 28, 1861 ; disch. May 2, 1864, wounds rec. in action. Fry, David W., enl. May 28, 1861; sergt.; 1st sergt Nov. 12, 1861; private Aug. 11, 1862 ; must out June 23, 1864. Parvin, Alexander M., Corp., enl. May 28, 1861 ; trans, to Yet. Bes, Corps Jan. 15, 1864; re-enl. April 25, 1864. Swing, Michael H., eul. May 28, 1861 ; sergt ; private Feb. 1, 1863 ; must. out June 23, 1864. GENERAL HISTORY. 545 Fourth Keqimknt. Company A , Shaw, Josiah, capt., commissioned Aug. 9, 1863; aergt. Co. H Aug. 17, 1861 ; 2i lieut. Co. B Dec. 23, 1861; Ist lieut. Co. B Sept. 6, 1862; must, out Sept. 3, 1S64. Company E. Wells, Joseph K., capt., com. Feb. 13, 1866 ; oorp. Co. H Aug. 17, 1801 ; sergt. Nov. 1, 1862 ; Ist sergt. March 1, 1863 ; sergt-moj. of regiment June 10, 1863; re-eul. Dec. 26, 1863; 2d lieut. Co. D Feb. 3, 1864; breT. maj. April 2, 1865 ; must, out July 9, 1865. Company H, Connelly, Joseph, enl. Aug. 24, 1861 ; deserted Aug. 7, 1862; returned to duty March 3, 1863 : deserted July 2, 1863, on the march to Gettys- burg, Pa.; arrested Sept. 5, 1863, and shot Oct. U, 1863, by sentence of court-martial. Potter, Charles W., eul. Aug. 24, 1861 ; killed in action at Gaines' Farm, Va., June 27, 1863. Fifth Regiment. Belden, Olirer S.,a8st. surg. May 17, 1862; disch. Nov. 30, 1862. Band. Hartou, John S., enl. Oct. 4, 1861 ; must, out Aug. 9, 1862. Company E. Loper, Elijah, enl. Dec. 13, 1361 ; trans, to Co. E, 7th Regt. ; re-eul. Dec. 20, 1863. Staufiacker, Dietrich, enl. March 16, 1864; trans, to Co. E, 7th Regt. Company K. Barnes, John, enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; must, out Sept. 7, 1864. Leake, William 6., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; died May 20, 1863, of wounds re- ceived at Williamsburg, Ya. Lippincott, Thomas, enl. Aug 9, 1861 ; disch. disability May 14, 1862. Wilkinson, Nathaniel F., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, to Vet. Res. Corps Nov. IS, 1863 ; disch. Sept. 15, 1864. Seventh Regiment. Company A, Silver, Charles J., enl. Aug. 23, 1861 ; died May 28, 1862, of wounds re- ceived at Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862. Company D, Madden, Hosea, enl. June 20, 1864 ; must, out July 17, 1865. Company H. Willets, J. Howard, capt., Oct. 18, 1861 ; pro. lieut.-col. 12th Regt. Aug. 11, 1862. Dubois, Francis M., 1st lieut., Oct. 3, 1861 ; res. Nov. 19, 1861. Eighth Begiuent. Compainy F. Hall, George W., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, from Co. K, 6th Regt. ; must, out Aug. 1, 1865. Company G. Garton, Isaac T., enl. Aug. 9, 1861; 1st sergt. Dec. 1, 1864; trans, from Co. K, 6th Regt. ; reeul. Jan. 4, 1864 ; must, out July 17, 1865. Henderson, Joseph W., enl. Ang. 9, 1861; trans, from Co. E, 6tb Regt.; Corp. Sept. 17, 1861; sergt. Dec. 1, 1864; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1864; must, out July 17, 1865. Bandolph, William H., enl. Aug. 9, 1861 ; trans, from Co. K, 6th Regt. ; Corp. Oct. 4, 1864; sergt. Dec. 1, 1864 ; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1864; must. out July 17, 1865. Robinson, William V., enl. Sept. 17, 1861 ; trans, from Co. K, 6th Regt. ; re-enl. Feb. 22, 1864; corp. Dec. 1, 1864; sergt. April 21, 1865; must, out July 17, 186.'>. Stewart, George J., enl. May 21, 1864 ; trans, from Co. K, 6th Regt. ; must, out July 17, 1865. Schneider, Antonio, enl. May 23,1864; trans, from Co. E, 6th Begt.; sick at hospital in Newark, N. J., June 10, 1864 ; final record un- known. Ninth Begiuent. Company F. Carlew, Edward, enl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; corp. Jan. 1, 1864 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864 ; sergt. Jan. 1, 1866 ; must, out July 12, 1865. Baner, James, enl. Sept. 2;i, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 18, 1864; must, out July 12, 1865. 35 Blizzard, Franklin, onl. Sept. 23, 1861 ; died Nov. 29, 1864, at Morehead City,N. C. Tenth Regiment. Wright, JohnW.,lieut.-col., Oct. 9,1861; disch. March 6, 1862 ; pro. from capt. Co. B. Qraw, Jacob B., chaplain, Sept. 21, 1861 ; res. Feb. 26, 1863. Ayres, John B., Bergt.-maj., May 16, 1863 ; enl. Oct. 6, 1861, sergt. in Co. D; died of typhoid fever at Norfolk, Va., July 22, 1863. Dare, Ephraim H., drum-maj., Jan.lO, 1862 ; private Co. B Oct. 10, 1861 ; disch. July 3, 1862. Company B, Wright, John W., capt., Oct. 8, 1861 ; pro. to lieut.-col. Oct. 9, 1861. Ciaypole, Charles B., Ist lieut., Oct. 8, 1861 ; capt. April 17, 1862 ; must. out Dec. 17, 1864. Madden, Hosea F., pro. from sergt. Co. E; Ist lieut. Jan. 23, 1865 ; com. capt. July 1, 1865 ; not mustered ; must, out July 1, 1865. Doughty, George T., 2d lieut., Oct. 9, 1861 ; res. Feb. 26, 1862. Brannin, James M., 2d lieut,, April 17, 1862 ; recorded at War Depart- ment as having died at Washington, D. C, Sept. 18, 1863. Rose, Lorenzo, enl. Sept. 15, 1861 ; corp. ; died of varioloid Feb. 28, 1862. Company C. James P. Newkirk, 2d lieut.. May 21, 1865 ; com. 1st lieut. July 1, 1866 ; not mustered ; pro. from 1st sergt. Co. H. Company D. John Evans, capt., Oct. 30, 1861 ; disch. March 6, 1862. Isaac T. Thackary, 1st lieut., Nov, 26, 1861 ; pro. capt. Co. F March 24, 1864. George W. Hummell, 2d lieut., Sept. 21, 1861 ; pro. 1st lieut. Co. H Oct. 7, 1863, Edward Noble, enl. Oct. 4, 1861; re-enl. Jan ..3, 1864; corp. March 1, 1866 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Jacob E. Essig, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; died of diarrhoea at Andersonviile,Ga., July 29, 1864. James S. Husted, enl. Oct. 15, 1861 ; died of inflammation of lungs at Washington, D. C, Jan. 16, 1863. Company F. Isaac T. Thackary, capt., March 24, 1864; pro. from 1st lieut. Co. D; died May 7, 1864, of wounds received in action at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. William Todd, capt, June 11, 1864 ; 1st sergt. Co. E Oct. 8, 1861 ; 2d lieut. April 17, 1862; 1st lieut. Co. F Nov. 21, 1863; must, out May 6, 1865. Company H, George W. Hummell, capt., March 24, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Co. D Sept. 21, 1861 ; 1st lieut. Co. H Oct. 7, 1863 ; must, out May 3 , 1865. John B. Hoffman, 2d lieut., Feb. 11, 1865 ; sergt. Co. D Dec. 1, 1864 ; com. let lieut. Co. G, July 1, 1865, but not mustered. George W. Bowcn, enl. Nov. 24, 1861 ; corp. ; re-enl. Feb. 24,1864; sergt. April 5, 1865 ; must, out July 1, 1866. Thomas H. Heward, enl. Nov. 12, 1861; sergt.; recorded at War and Pension Departments as having died Feb. 28, 1866, near Wilming- ton, N. C, en route north as paroled prisoner. Francis H. Freeman, enl. Nov. 4, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864; killed in action at Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864. Aaron Hess, enl. Sept. 14, 1861; re-eul. Jan . 3, 1864 ; died at Washing- ton, D. C, Julie 18, 1864, of wounds received in action at Cold Har- bor, Va., June 1, 1864. Henry H. Nichols, enl. Oct. 31, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; died of diar- rhoea at Annapolis, Md., March 14, 1866. Benjamin Pine, enl. Oct. 31, 1861 ; disch. Nov. 1, 1862, to join regular army. Company K. Hosea F. Madden, enl. Nov. 16, 1861 ; sergt. Feb. 23, 1864 ; re-enl. Feb. 24, 1864; pro. 1st lieut. Co. B Jan. 23, 1866. Richard Barnett, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; re-enl. Jan. 3, 1864 ; missing In action at Winchester, Va., Aug. 17, 1864 ; supposed dead. Thomas Barnett, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability July 21, 1863. John Graves, enl. Oct. 8, 1861 ; disch. disability March 8, 1862. Eleventh Regiment. Compamy B. Thomas Law, enl. March 26, 1864 ; trans, from Co. A ; trans, to Co A, 12th Regt.; must, out July 16, 1866. 546 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. TWEirTH Eeoiment, J. Howard Willets, col., Feb. 27, 1863; capt. Co. H, 7 th Regt., Oct. 18, 1861; lieut.-col. 12th Eegt. Aug. 11, 1862; diBoh. Deo. 19, 1864, of wounds received in action at Chancelloreville, Va. Eichaid S. Thompson, lieut.-col., July 2, 1864 ; capt. Co. K Aug. 14, 1862; maj. Feb. 26,1864; disch. Feb. 17, 1865, of woundH received in action at Ream's Station, Va., Aug. 25, 1864. Edward M. Dubois, maj., Feb. 23, 1866; sergt. Co.K June 24, 1862; sergt.- maj. Feb. 16, 1863; 2d lieut. Co. C July 18, 1863; 1st lieut. Co. I April 11, 1864 ; q.m. April 26, 1864 ; brev. capt. July 6, 1864 ; com. lieut.-col. June 16, 1865 ; not mustered ; must, out July 16, 1866. Company A. Thomas Law, enl. March 26, 1864 ; trans, from Co. B, 11th Regt. ; must, out July 16, 1865. Company B. Armstrong Powell, drafted Aug. 15, 1864; trans, from Co. B, 11th Regt. ; must, out July 15, 1866. ■William F. Hogbin, drafted Aug. 12, 1864 ; trans, from Co. E, 11th Regt. ; must, out July 15, 1865. # Company E. Daniel Dare, capt., Aug. 6, 1863 ; 1st lieut. Co. K Aug. 14, 1862 ; com. maj. July 7, 1865 ; not mustered ; must, out July 15, 1865. Company F^ Frank M. Riley, capt., Jan. 30, 1866 ; sergt. Co. K Aug. 22, 1862 ; sergt.- niaj. March 12, 1864 ; 1st lieut. Co. G April 11, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1865. Cornpany G, ■William B. Potter, capt., Feb. 4, 1864 ; 2d lieut. Co. K Aug. 14, 1862 ; 1st lieut. Co K Aug. 6, 1863 ; brevet-maj. May 1, 1865 ; must, out June 4, 1866. James P. ■Williams, 1st lieut. Jan. 30, 1866 ; private Co. K Aug. 19, 1862 ; Corp. Sept. 1, 1863 ; sergt. Sept. 1, 1864 ; 1st sei-gt. Sept. 23, 1864 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Company I. Albert S. ■Wood, enl. July 31, 1862 ; corp. Aug. 27, 1864 ; died of diar- rhoea, at Canton, N. J., Dec. 1, 1864, while on furlough. Company K. Varney ■W. Gaskill, enl. Aug. 8, 1862 ; trans, to ^Vet. Res. Corps Jan. 9, 1865; disch. Juno 29, 1865. Daniel Tullis, enl. Aug. 8, 1862 ; must, out June 4, 1866. Fifteenth REaiHENT. Company H, Richard C. Levick, enl. May 28, 1861 ; corp. ; trans, from Co. F, 3d Regt , June 4, 1864 ; killed in action at Opequau, ^Va., Sept. 19, 1864. Twenty-third Regiment. Robert ^W. Blmer, asst. surg., Sept. 19, 1862 ; must, out June 27, 1863. Twenty-fourth Regiment. Joel A. Fithian, maj., Sept. 12, 1862 ; must, out June 29, 1863. Samuel R. Fithian, q.m., Sept. 16, 1S62 ; must, out June 29, 1863. ■William L. Newell, surgeon, Sept. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 29, 1863. Francis M. Dubois, sergt-maj., Sept. 30, 1862 ; enl. Sept. 2, 1862, as 1st sergt. Co. G ; disch. disability Feb. 8, 1863. Thomas M. Bariacliff, sergt-maj., March 2i, 1863 ;*enl. Sept. 2,1862, as sergt. Co. Q. ; private Co. G June 3, 1863. Company B. John Sheppard, enl. Aug. 30, 1862 ; must, out June 29, 1863. Company G. Isaac Sheppard, enl. Sept. 2, 1862 ; must, out June 29, 1863. Twenty-fifth Regiment. Robert M. Bateman, asst, surgeon, Oct. 16, 1862 ; must, out June 20, 1863. Convpamii B. Isaac S. ■Whiticar, enl. Sept. 1, 1862 ; must, out June 20, 1863. Twenty.eiohth Regiment. Company R. Charles Seymour, enl. Sept. 1 , 1862 ; disch. Feb. 11, 1864, to date July 6, 1863, wounds received in action. George Shaw, enl. Sept. 1, 1862 ; must, out July 6, 1863. Thirty-third Regiment. Company D. James W. Hand, enl. Sept. 26, 1864; trans, to Co. F; died at Tunnel Hill, Ga., Jan. 29,1866. THIRTY-FOUaTH REGIMENT, John B. Bowen, surgeon, Sept. 26, 1863 ; resigned May 27, 1864. Company G. Nelson S. Donnelly, enl. April 5, 1865 ; died of chronic diarrhoea at Greenville, La., Oct. 14, 1865 ; trans, from Co. I. Thibty-fifth Regiment. Company D. Charles M. Shipley, Corp., eul. Sept. 25, 1863; must, out July 20, 1865. Thirty-seventh Regiment. Company F. David Sayre, enl. June 1, 1864 ; must, out Oct. 1, 1864. ■William M. Ogdin, enl. June 1, 1864 ; must, out Oct. 1, 1864. FiBST Cavaiby Regiment (Sixteenth Regiment). Ctmvpamy E. William B. Bwing, enl. Aug. 17, 1861 ; sergt. ; disch. disability Oct. 30, 1862. Second Cavalry Regiment (Thirty-second Regiment). Company 3. James K. Moshier, enl. July 28, 1865 ; died of chronic diarrhoea at Co- lumbus, Ky., Jan. 26, 1864. Company I. Richard D. Mitchell, capt., Sept. 20, 1864 ; private Co. K, 10th Regt., Oct. 5, 1861 ; 2d lieut, Co. 1, 10th Eegt., April 17, 1862 ; 1st lieut. Co. I, 2d Cavalry, Aug. 26, 1863 ; must, out Nov. 1, 1866. Third Regiment Cavalry (Thirty-sixth Regiment). Company JET. Charles H. Coombs, enl. Dec. 31, 1863 ; must, out June 16, 1865. John G. Davis, enl. Dec. 8, 1863 ; disch. disability June 30, 1865. George Bdwards, enl. Dec. 7, 1863; disch. Aug. 10, 1865. Batteby E, First Regiment Artillery. James G. D. Craig, enl. Jan. 1, 1864; trans, from Battery B; died at Fortress Monroe, Va., Aug. 16, 1864. Daniel H. Hand, drafted March 31, 1865 ; died at Fairfax Seminary, Va., May 21, 1865. CHAPTER LXXXVII. BENCH AND BAR. At the first courts held in this county, Daniel Mestayer, Edward Rose, and Robert Hartshorne were the first attorneys. In May, 1752, John Law- rence first appeared as an attorney, and did a large share of the business after that. At December term, 1754, James Kinsey and George Trenchard were ad- mitted as attorneys. They both resided at Salem. In 1759, Augustine Moore presented his license to prac- tice law, but does not seem to have done much busi- ness. Jasper Smith presented his license in 1763. Samuel Allinson, together with Trenchard and Law- rence, were the principal attorneys from 1765 to the Revolution. John Carey and James Bowman ap- peared in 1772 and 1773. At February term, 1775, Joseph Bloomfleld, who had been admitted to prac- tice at the November term, 1774, of the Supreme GENERAL HISTORY. 547 Court, presented his license to the courts of this county. He had taken up his residence in Bridgeton just previous to that, and was the first attorney, as far as known, who resided in this county. He has been followed by a succession of able attorneys, whose practice has been confined in the main to this and the adjoining counties. The situation of the county at the southern end of the State, out of the lines of travel, and until within a few years past having no means of access except by stage or private conveyance, has prevented the bar of this county from participating in many of the important cases which have arisen in other parts of the State, while the want of a litigious disposition among the inhabit- ants of this section of the State has not furnished many cases of great importance. With a few excep- tions, the members of the bar in this county have been earnest and active toilers in the profession, of unblemished reputation, and noted for that profes- sional feeling which prompts them to those things which are for the best interests of their clients, even if not of themselves. The following is a list of the attorneys who have resided in this county, together with the term of the Supreme Court when admitted to practice, and their place of residence in the county : Admitted. Joseph Bloomfield, Bridgeton Nov. 1774, Bichard HoweU, Bridgeton April, 1779. James Giles, Bridgeton Sept. 1783. John Moore White, Bridgeton Sept. 1791. Isaac W. Crane, Bridgeton Sept. 1797. Daniel Elmer, Bridgeton Nov. 1805. Blias P. Seeley, Bridgeton May, 1816. Lucius Q C. Elmer, Bridgeton May, 1816. Oliver K. Freeman,! Bridgeton Sept 1819. John E. Jeffors,! Port Elizabeth May, 1821. James D.Westcott, Jr., Bridgeton Sept. 1822. John Eeeve.l Port Elizabeth.. Sept. 1828. Henry T. Ellet,2 Bridgeton May, 1833. James G. Hampton, Bridgeton May, 1839. Charies E, Elmer, Bridgeton Sept. 1842. Charles 0. Davis, Bridgeton John T. Nixon.s Bridgeton Oct. 1845. James B. Hoagland, Bridgeton Nov. 1866. James J. Beeves, Bridgeton Feb. 1861. John S. Mitchell, Bridgeton Nov. 1861. James H. Nixon, Millville Nov. 1863. Franklin F. Westcott, Bridgeton Feb. 1864. William B. Potter, Bridgeton Nov. 1866. Leslie Lnpton,* Bridgeton Nov. 1867. Edwin M. Turner,6 Viueland Feb. 1868. William A. House, Vineland Feb. 1869. James L. Van Syckel, Millville and Bridgeton. ..June, 1869. Leverett Newcomb, Vineland June, 1870. J. Boyd Nixon, Bridgeton June, 1870. Charles E. Sheppard, Bridgeton June, 1874. Thomas W, Walker, Vineland June, 1874. Willis T. Virgil,6 Vineland Feb. 1875. William A. Logue, Bridgeton June, 1876. Charles P. Woodruff, Millville Nov. 1876. Orestes Cook, Bridgeton June, 1877. Joseph C. Oliver, Port Elizabeth Nov. 1877. Benjamin T. Powell, Oedarville Nov. 1878. George B. Ogden, Millville June, 1878. NimrodWoolery.Jr.,' Millville Feb. 1879. Wbeaton Berault, Vineland June, 1879. A. A. Sanderson, Vineland Feb. 1880. Charles D. Thomas, Vineland Feb. 1880. Eoyal P. Tuller, Vineland June, 1881. Harry 0. Newcomb, Millville June, 1882. Millard T. Hartson, Viueland June, 1882. Harry H. Sharp,8 Bridgeton Nov 1882. Henry S. Alvord, Viueland June, 1883. 1 Left the county in a short time after bein^ licensed. ' See notice of Governor Elias P. Seeley. 'Appointed United States district Judge in 1870, and removed to Tren- ton, N. J. * Eemoved to Bahway, N. J. ' Left the county. ' Eemoved to New Tacoma, Washington Territory. Biographical Notices. — The first four and the sixth and seventh of the following notices are taken in most part from Judge Elmer's " Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar," but items obtained from other sources have been added to them. Joseph Bloomfield was the son of Dr. Moses Bloomfield, who married as his second wife the widow of Dr. Samuel Ward, of Greenwich, in this county, and was born at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1753. He was partly educated at Deerfield, in this county, by Rev. Enoch Green, pastor of the Presbyterian Church there, who also taught a classical school for a number of years. He studied law with Cortlandt Skinner, the attorney-general of the province, who was an in- fluential lawyer, and held important positions as member of Assembly and of Council. At November term, 1774, he presented to the Supreme Court of the province a license from Governor Franklin, author- izing him to practice law, and took the oaths and was admitted by the court. He at once took up his residence in Bridgeton, and at the ensuing February term presented his license before the courts of this county. Two months later the battle of Lexington took place, and the drilling of troops and preparations for the heroic contest which that battle inaugurated be- came the principal business with every Whig. Mr. Bloomfield was an ardent patriot, and began his mili- tary career as a sergeant of a company of militia, or- ganized in the western part of the county, May 3, 1775. On the election of field-officers of the Cum- berland militia, June 13th of that year, he was chosen adjutant, and on October 9th was chosen first lieuten- ant of another company of militia. He was appointed Feb. 7, 1776, as captain in the Third Battalion of troops raised for the Continental army in this State, and a company of sixty-five men was recruited in this county, with himself as captain ; Constant Peck, first lieutenant; William Gifibrd, sec- ond lieutenant ; and Ebenezer Elmer, ensign. This company left Bridgeton March 27, 1776, and did good service during the year of their enlistment, an account of which, from the journal of Ebenezer Elmer, will be elsewhere found in this volume. Capt. Bloom- field was promoted major of the Third Battalion Nov. 28, 1776, and was also appointed judge-advocate of the Northern army during the same month. He con- tinued in the army until Oct. 28, 1778, when he re- signed, having been elected clerk of the Assembly of this State on the preceding day. He was wounded ' during his term of service, but at what time is now unknown. Lieut. Elmer in his journal entered his opinion of the ofiScers in the command, and of him says, "Capt. Bloomfield, active, unsteady, fond of show, and a great admirer of his own abilities; quick passions, but easily pacified," — probably a pretty cor- rect statement of the points of his character. Shortly after he resigned from the army he married a lady in Burlington, where he took up his residence, 548 HISTOKY OF CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. and resided there during the remainder of his life, being mayor of the city several years. Previous to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, which vested all admiralty jurisdiction in the United States Courts, this State passed an act Oct. 5, 1776, establishing a State Court of Admiralty, and Mr. Bloomfleld was appointed register of the court, and held the office until 1783. In that year, upon the resignation of William Patterson, he was appointed by the joint meeting attorney-general of the State, and re-elected in 1788, but resigned the office in 1792. In that year he was elected by the Legislature one of the Presidential electors. He was also a general of the militia of the State, and com- manded a brigade of militia which took part in sup- pressing the Whiskey Insurrection in Western Penn- sylvania in 1794. He was an earnest supporter of the administration of Washington, but when, under the administration of John Adams and the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, the Federal party developed those pro- scriptive principles which were exemplified in the alien and sedition laws, he became a supporter of the Republican party of that day, under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, and was one of the foremost in this State in the great political and social conflict. The joint meeting held October 31st elected Mr. Bloomfleld Governor. In October, 1803, the Democrats again had a ma- jority, and Mr. Bloomfleld was re-elected Governor, and continued to be re-elected annually until 1812. As Governor he was also chancellor, but the business of that court was not large in his time, and no cases decided by him are reported. In the war of 1812 he was appointed a brigadier- general by President Madison, and commanded a brigade stationed at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., and a part of his brigade, under command of Gen. Pike, crossed into Canada and made an attack on Fort George, but were unsuccessful. Gen. Pike being killed by the explosion of the magazine. He afterwards was in command of the military district whose head- quarters was at Philadelphia, and remained in service until the close of the war in 1815. In the fall of 1816, Gen. Bloomfleld was elected to Congress on a general ticket by the Democrats, and re-elected in 1818. He was chairman of the Com- mittee on Revolutionary Claims, and introduced the bill granting pensions to the survivors of that strug- gle and to the surviving widows of those deceased. After he settled at Burlington, he was a member of and president of the " New Jersey Society for the Abolition of Slavery," a society whose efforts were confined to legal methods of ameliorating the con- dition of the slaves, and the cultivation of a public sentiment in favor of its abolition. He was elected a trustee of Princeton College in 1783, but resigned when he was elected Governor, and in 1819 was again elected, and held the position until his death. Mr. Bloomfleld married Miss Mary McUvaine, daughter of Dr. William Mcllvaine, of Burlington, soon after he resigned his position in the army in the Revolution, which probably occasioned his locating at that place. They had no children, and she died in 1818. He afterwards, married a second wife, who sur- vived him. He died at Burlington, Oct. 3, 1823, and on his tomb is inscribed, " A soldier of the Revolu- tion ; late Governor of New Jersey ; a General in the Army of the United States ; he closed a life of prob- ity, benevolence, and public service, in the seventieth year of his age." Richard Hovfell was the son of Ebenezer and Sarah (Bond) Howell, and was born Oct. 25, 1754, at Newark, Del. His parents removed to the neighbor- hood of Shiloh, in this county, during his youth. He was educated at Newark, together with his twin- brother, Lewis, and came to this county a few years previous to the Revolution.' He was one of the party who burned the tea at Greenwich on the night of Dec. 22, 1774, and, with several others, was sued for dam- ages, but the case was never tried, owing to the break- ing out of active hostilities. His brother Lewis studied medicine with Dr. Jonathan Elmer, but Richard studied law. Nov. 29, 1775, he was appointed captain of a com- pany of soldiers raised in this county, who marched from here on the night of December 13th. He was appointed brigade major Sept. 4, 1776, and on the re- organization of the New Jersey troops was appointed major Nov. 28, 1776. In the following winter he was major of the Second Regiment, commanded by Col. Shrieve, and his brother Lewis was surgeon of the same regiment, and Ebenezer Elmer surgeon's mate. Maxwell's brigade, to which the regiment belonged, took an active part at the battle of Brandywine, and Lewis was taken prisoner, but escaped. On the retreat of the British through New Jersey, Lewis was taken with a fever, and died on the day of the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, near that place. Major Howell resigned his commission April 7, 1779. He was licensed as an attorney at April term, 1779, and presented his license to the courts of this county at September term of that year. He resided here sev- eral years, and did considerable business in the courts of this and Salem Counties. He removed to Trenton between 1783 and 1788, and on September 4th of the latter year was elected clerk of the Supreme Court by the joint meeting. In 1793 he succeeded Governor Paterson as Governor and Chancellor of the State, and was re-elected every year until 1801, when the Federalists, to which party he belonged, were de- feated, and he was succeeded by Joseph Bloomfleld, who had preceded him as the first resident attorney in Cumberland, and who followed him into active service in the Revolution as captain of the second company of troops raised in this county. While Governor he commanded the militia of the State called out to assist in suppressing the Whiskey In- GENERAL HISTORY. 549 surrection in Western Pennsylvania, in 1794, and had command of the right wing of the army. Gen. Joseph Bloomfield commanding a brigade under him. He married in November, 1779, soon after he left the army, a daughter of Joseph Burr, of Burlington County, and had nine children, some of whom died in infancy. He died May 5, 1803, aged forty-nine years. Elias p. Seeley was the son of Ebenezer and Mary (Clark) Seeley, and was born in Fairfield town- ship, Nov. 10, 1791. He was a grandson of Col. Enos Seeley, who commanded a battalion of State troops from this county in the Revolution. His father, Ebenezer, removed to Bridgeton when he was a child, and represented this county in the Assembly and Council many years, and was clerk of the county for nineteen years, from 1814 to 1833. The son, Elias P., studied law with Daniel Elmer, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1815. He opened an office in Bridgeton, and soon established a good practice, and was very popular among the people of this county. He was elected a member of the Assembly in 1826, 1827, and 1828. In 1829 he was elected to the Coun- cil, and re-elected in 1830, 1831, and 1832. In the latter two years he was elected vice-president of the Council. On the election of Governor Southard as United States senator he was elected by joint meet- ing, Feb. 27, 1833, Governor of the State, and served until Oct. 25, 1833, when he was succeeded by Gov- ernor Peter D. Vroom. While Chancellor, which office he occupied by virtue of being Governor, he delivered several opinions on cases argued before him. By virtue of his office he was also the presiding officer of the Court of Appeals, which, by the Constitution of 1776, was composed of the Governor and Council. In 1836 Governor Seeley was again elected to the Assembly by his fellow-citizens of this county. He married, March 6, 1816, Jane B. Champneys, daugh- ter of Dr. Benjamin Champneys, and had two chil- dren, — Elias P., Jr., and Rebecca. The latter mar- ried Henry T. EUet, who practiced law in this place about four years, and then removed to Port Gibson, Miss., where he has since been a member of Congress and one of the judges of the Supreme Court of that State, and upon the organization of the Confederate States government at the breaking out of the rebel- lion, he was appointed by Jeflferson Davis a member of his cabinet, but declined the position from personal considerations. ' Governor Seeley did a large business as an attorney, mostly confined to his own county, and as a convey- ancer his services were in greater demand than those of any of his contemporaries. He became the victim of a cancer of the face close to his eye, and after en- during great suffering it terminated his life Aug. 28, 1846, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. Dajjiel Elmer, who was born at Cedarville, Sept. 30, 1784, was the fifth Daniel in regular lineal descent from the Rev. Daniel Elmer, who was settled as pastor of the old Cohansey Presbyterian Church in 1729, and died in 1775, leaving several children, the de- scendants of whom, now a numerous body, still reside in South Jersey. Daniel's father, himself a young man, and with but little property, dying when the son was only eight years old, he was left to the care of Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, his great-uncle, with whom he lived for several years, and obtained only a com- mon school education. From his earliest years he exhibited those traits of unceasing activity and energy which remained until he was disabled by disease. About the year 1800 he began to study law with Gen. Giles, of Bridgeton, and served as a regular clerk with him for the five years then required of a student who was not a graduate of some college. He was licensed as an attorney in November, 1805, and at first had serious thoughts of commencing busi- ness in some other locality ; but this purpose he soon relinquished, and opened an office in Bridgeton. He was licensed as a counselor in 1808, and called to the degree of sergeant-at-law in 1828. He married Martha E. Potter, daughter of Col. David Potter, March 9, 1808. They had several children, all of whom died in infancy or early youth except two. The removal of John Moore White gave him the opportunity of acquiring an extensive and lucrative practice. His early education had been meagre, and during his clerkship he had no time for systematic study. His knowledge of law, which became, how- ever, quite extensive, and, so far as it went, very ac- curate, was mainly acquired, as has been the case with many other very successful lawyers, by a careful study of the cases he was called upon to undertake in his practice. A large part of his business was the collection of debts. During the war with Great Britain he was captain of a uniformed company of militia, and afterwards rose through the various grades until he became gen- eral of the Cumberland Brigade, by which title he was generally addressed. Upon the resignation of Judge Dayton, in 1841, Daniel Elmer was appointed by the joint meeting a justice of the Supreme Court. He accepted the ap- pointment. Judge Elmer was a member of the convention that formed the new Constitution, in 1844. At the death of Gen. Giles, in 1825, he was elected president of the Cumberland Bank, and held the position until his ap- pointment to the Supreme Court, in 1841. He was ap- pointed, in 1838, by the board of chosen freeholders of the county, to the responsible position of agent to manage and invest the surplus revenue apportioned to this county, amounting to the sum of thirty thou- sand dollars, which office of trust he held until 1842, when he resigned, and his son, Charles E. Elmer, was appointed in his place. In the winter of 1844, after he had sat in the Constitutional Convention, he had a 550 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. slight apoplectic attack, which so disabled him as to make it necessary for him to resign, which he did in January, 1845. He never recovered, and died July 3, 1848. Some years before his death he became a member of the Presbyterian Church, and died in its communion. John Mooke White was born in Bridgeton in the year 1770. He studied law with Joseph Bloom- field, and was admitted as an attorney in September, 1791, as a counselor in 1799, and as sergeant in 1812. Taking up his residence in Bridgeton, he married a Miss Zantzinger, and entered upon the practice of his profession. He enjoyed remarkable health all his life, but became blind towards its close. In 1808 he removed to Woodbury, where he continued to re- side during the remainder of his life. Mr. White was justly considered an able advocate in the trial of cases involving questions of boundary, but was never ranked, however, among the able law- yers of the State. He prosecuted the pleas of the State for several years in the counties of Cumber- land and Salem, by virtue of a deputation from the attorney-general. He was a Federalist, and repre- sented the county of Gloucester several times in the Legislature. In the year 1833 he was appointed attorney-general of the State, holding the office the constitutional term of five years. In 1838, Mr. White was elected a justice of the Supreme Court, the number of judges being now increased to five. He did not make a very satisfactory judge, although his honesty and sound judgment were never ques- tioned. After the expiration of his oflice, then sev- enty-five years of age, he lived very much in retire- ment during the remainder of his life, which was protracted to the year 1862, when he died, at the age of ninety-one. Lucius Quintus CijfCiirsrATus Elmer was the only son of Gen. Ebenezer and Hannah (Seeley) Elmer, and was born in Bridgeton, Feb. 8, 1793. As a lad he attended a school at Woodbury, taught by Rev. Mr. Picton, in the winter of 1803, and in the fall and winter of 1804^5 at the academy of Rev. Dr. Brfrgiss Allison, at Bordentown, and after that at the old academy on Bank Street, in Bridgeton. He also attended, in Philadelphia, the classes of Dr. Patter- son, a professor in the University of Pennsylvania, after he had commenced to read law with Daniel Elmer, Esq., afterwards a judge of the Supreme Court of this State. He was admitted to the bar in May, 1815, and at once began his legal career in his native place, and soon acquired a large practice. As a law- yer, he was industrious and painstaking, preparing his cases with great care and with deep research into the underlying principles of the law. He was well versed in and thoroughly indoctrinated with the common law, for which he had the most profound regard. Upon his admission to the bar he at once interested himself in politics, and was a member of the Demo- cratic party, as was also his father, although Gen. Ebenezer's brothers and nearly all others of the fam- ily name were Federalists. He was elected clerk of the board of freeholders in May, 1816, and a mem- ber of the Assembly in 1820, '21, '22, and '23, and in the latter year was Speaker of the House. Politics becoming somewhat distasteful to him, he retired from active participation in them, and devoted himself more assiduously to his profession, and his subsequent positions were mostly in the line of that profession. After the passage of the law for the appointment of prosecutors of the pleas by the joint meeting, he was the first appointment for this and Cape May Counties, on Oct. 29, 1824, and was reappointed Oct. 30, 1829, and served with marked ability until Oct. 31, 1834. In 1824 he was appointed United States district at- torney for New Jersey, and filled the office in an ac- ceptable manner until 1829. He was one of the three commissioners appointed in 1833 on behalf of New Jersey to meet a like commission from New York to settle the territorial limits and jurisdiction of the two States, which duty was acceptably performed, and the agreement made by them, dated Sept. 16, 1838, was ratified by the Legislatures of the two States in Feb- ruary, 1834, and approved by Congress in the follow- ing June. He published a " Digest of the Laws of New Jer- sey" in 1838, in which the topics were arranged alphabetically, which proved so convenient that it soon displaced all other compilations of the laws of , this State. Subsequent editions were issued in 1855, 1858, 1861, and 1868, under the name of Nixon's Digest. Mr. Elmer having been appointed an asso- ciate justice of the Supreme Court, it was issued under the name of his son-in-law, John T. Nixon, Esq. It continued the standard compilation of this State until after the general revision of the laws by the Legisla- ture in 1874 and 1875. In October, 1843, he was elected a member of Con- gress from this district, which office he filled for one term of two years, but was defeated when a candidate for re-election in November, 1844, by James G. Hamp- ton, Esq., also of Bridgeton, the district having a large Whig majority. In February, 1850, he was ap-^ pointed by Governor Haines attorney-general of the State, which office he held until Feb. 5, 1852, when he was appointed by Governor Fort one of the asso- ciate justices of the Supreme Court of the State. At the expiration of his term Governor Newell appointed in his place William S. Clawson, who was a Repub- lican, as was also the Governor. Judge Clawson died June 18, 1861, and such was the high estimation in which Judge Elmer's qualifications for the position were regarded, that in response to the almost uni- versal desire of the people of the southern end of the State, which comprised that judicial district, he was again appointed to the position by Governor Olden, who was a Republican, and opposed to the judge in politics, on Aug. 22, 1861. He continued on the L. Q. C. ELMER. GENERAL HISTORY. 551 bench until March 15, 1869, and then, with his re- tirement from that position, he also retired from active professional life. During his term of service he was one of the most distinguished members of the court, and delivered the opinion of that tribunal in a large number of impor- tant cases. Upon questions involving the principles of the common law and of the law of real estate he was especially strong, and his great familiarity with those branches of the law gave him great weight with the other members of the court. On the trial of cases at the circuit he was not as ready and quick to decide disputed points of law and practice raised in the course of the trial as are some other judges, his great conscientiousness and fear lest an erroneous decision at the moment might prejudice the case of the party against whom the decision was made some- times causing him to hesitate iu deciding such points. But in the decision of questions heard on argument before the Supreme Court, the opportunity afforded by the interval between the hearing of the argument and the pronouncing of the decision to examine care- fully all the authorities and to weigh their force and effect as applied to the case in point, brought out in strong relief the eminently judicial qualities of his mind and his rich store of legal knowledge, grounded on the common law, the great bed-rock of all learning in the law, and built up and fashioned by his study of the written statutes and of the decisions of other courts. His long life and early acquaintance with many of the men who were prominent in the affairs of the county during the latter part of the last and the early part of this century gave him great information con- cerning the local history of this county and the genealogies of many of its early families. All future inquirers into those branches must ever be indebted to him for his labors. In 1863 he published in the Bridgeton Chronicle his "History of the Early Settle- ment and Progress of Cumberland County," to which the writer is indebted for many facts found in this work. This history was afterwards printed in an octavo volume of one hundred and thirty-eight pages. Annexed to it, as the last chapter of twenty pages, is a very clear and valuable account of the " Currency of New Jersey" from the first settlement, no account of which had been previously published. In 1870 and 1871 he prepared for the Historical Society of this State his " Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of the Governors from 1776 to 1845, and Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar," which was published, by the society in 1872. He also wrote much besides the above, which, during the later years of his life, consisted largely of contributions to the press of his native city upon local history and sketches of early residents of this county. He received the degree of A.M. from the College of New Jersey in 1824, and that of LL.D. from the same institution in 1865. He was one of the trustees of that college for forty years. On the death of his father he succeeded him as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of this State, and was its president from 1871 to his death. He was converted in 1825, and united with the First Presbyterian Church of this city in 1829, and remained a consistent Chris- tian, placing complete reliance on the atonement of the Saviour, until he was called to meet him beyond the river. He was also for many years president of the Cumberland County Bible Society. During the latter years of his life he was afflicted with cataract, from which he lost the sight of first one eye and then the other, several months before his death, after which his health rapidly declined. He was confined to his bed but a few weeks, and sank away with little if any pain. He died on Sunday morning, March 11, 1888, aged ninety years, one month, and eight days. In October, 1881, he married Catherine Hay, whom he left surviving him, together with three daughters, two of whom are married. Thus passed away one of the most distinguished citizens of this county, and one of the purest and most learned judges that have graced the bench of this State. James Giles was born in New York in the year 1759. At an early period of the Revolutionary war he was appointed a lieutenant in the Second, or New York Regiment of Artillery, and continued in service until 1782, in which year he became a student-at-law with Joseph Bloomfleld, then resident at Trenton. In September, 1783, he was licensed as an attorney, and in due time as counselor, and in 1804 was made a sergeant-at-law. Shortly after he was licensed he married a sister of Gen. Bloomfleld, and took up his residence in his native city, and was admitted to the bar there. In 1788 he came with his family to Bridgeton, where he resided during the remainder of his life. In the ensuing year he was appointed by the Legis- lature in joint meeting clerk of the county, and being twice reappointed, he held that office fifteen years. Being at that time entitled also to practice law, he had quite a large and, for that day, lucrative busi- ness. Judge Elmer says, " He was a well-read lawyer and safe counselor ; but it cannot be said that he was dis- tinguished as an advocate. He was a small man, pre- cise in his dress, and remarkably erect and graceful, but very slow in his movements and in all he did. At the circuits he was one of the moat genial and delightful companions. The legal documents he drew were marked by great exactness and precision. About 1805 his friends confidently expected he would be elected one of the justices of the Supreme Court, al- though amajority of the joint meeting was politically opposed to him ; but the result was that the law au- thorizing three associate justices was repealed." Isaac Watts Crane was born in Essex County, of 552 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. this State, May 3, 1773, and belonged to the family of that name who were in earlier years among the lead- ing citizens of that county. He graduated at Prince- ton, in the class of 1789, Governor Mahlon Dickerson being one of his classmates. He was admitted as an attorney in 1797, and settled at Salem, but removed from there to Bri4geton about 1805. In October, 1810, he was elected a member of Assembly by the Demo- crats, to which party he belonged, although he sup- ported Harrison for President in 1840. He removed to Camden in 1819, but returned in the spring of 1823. He was appointed prosecutor of the pleas for this county Oct. 31, 1834, and served one term of five years. Mr. Crane was a highly-educated man, being an accomplished French scholar, but he was of rather an eccentric turn of mind. He had a reputation for* great ability, but, owing to his peculiar character- istics, combined with the strong opposition he met from the able attorneys who were natives of the county, he was not very successful as a lawyer. He resided here until somewhere about 1850, when he re- moved to the northern part of the State, where he died in 1856. James D. Westcott, Jr., was the son of James D. and Amey (Hampton) Westcott, a sister of Dr. Isaac H. Hampton. He was born in Alexandria, Va., May, 1802. He studied law with Governor Elias P. Seeley, and was admitted to the bar in Sep- tember, 1822. He married a daughter of John Sib- ley, of Bridgeton, and practiced law in that place until 1829. He removed to Florida, and never returned to Cumberland County. James Giles Hampton was the son of Dr. Isaac H. and Fanny (Giles) Hampton (who was the daughter of Gen. James Giles), and was born in Bridgeton in 1814. He received a good academic education in Bridgeton, and entered Princeton Col- lege, from which he graduated in 1835. He studied law with Governor Elias P. Seeley, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1839. He commenced practice in his native place, and did considerable business. His tastes were strongly political, and the law did not receive the attention it otherwise might have had. He was a genial and courteous man, both as a lawyer and politician, and was quite popular among his fellow-citizens. In 1844 he was elected to Con- gress .over Hon. Lucius Q. C. Elmer, the district being largely Whig. He was re-elected in 1846, and held the office in all from 1845 to 1849. He died Sept. 22, 1861, in the forty-eighth year of his age, only a little over a year after the death of his father. Feanklin Fisk Westcott was bom on his father's farm, one mile from Fairton, Cumberland Co., N. J., Dec. 30, 1838. His parents were Ephraim and Anna Elmer Westcott. After his father's death, in 1848, the family removed to Cedarville. There he received the greater part of his preparation for college from Eev. J. A. Annin, pastor of the " Brick Church." He entered Princeton College in the middle of the fresh- man year, and graduated in June, 1858, second in rank, delivering the valedictory oration. He studied law at Philadelphia in the office of William Ingham, Esq., teaching at the same time, and subsequently, at Bridge- ton, N. J., in the office of John T. Nixon, Esq. He was admitted to the bar in 1864 ; was married at Port Eliza- beth, Jan. 16, 1865, to Sarah M. Sharp, daughter of the late Jacob T. Sharp, M.D. His five children — Hannah A., Sarah S., Esther M., Mary E., and Frank- lin F. — are all living except the first-named, who died in infancy. Mr. Westcott always felt a deep interest in the questions of the day, and very early held ad- vanced anti-slavery views. He was a thorough-going Eepublican, but never placed party above principle. His opinions were independent, and the result of careful and deep thought. He was a prominent member of the West Presby- terian Church, and held various positions of trust in connection with the organization. He practiced his profession at Bridgeton for over ten years, and was eminently successful. In the full vigor of his manhood he was suddenly taken ill, and after a short sickness, died on March 29, 1875. Chakles P. Woodruff was the eldest son of E. Collin and Buth S. Woodruff, and grandson of Daniel M. Woodruff, clerk of this county from 1842 to 1852. He was born March 5, 1851. He commenced the study of law with James J. Reeves, Esq., and also at- tended the law school at Albany, N. Y., from which he graduated in the spring of 1876. At the Novem- ber term, 1876, of the Supreme Court he passed a creditable examination, and was licensed as an attor- ney. He began the active practice of law at Mill- ville, in this county, the same month, where he met with success and was gradually establishing himself in a substantial practice. He soon obtained the con- fidence of the citizens of that place, and in March, 1878, was elected city solicitor. Without having the benefit of a liberal education, he was an intelligent and diligent student, thoroughly upright and honest in all his purposes, and industrious beyond his strength. His constitution was not robust, and in less than a year after he settled in Millville he was taken with hemorrhages, which caused him to leave his business for some weeks, but recovering somewhat from that attack, he returned to his office, but was again taken in the same manner in the spring of 1878, and after trying in vain the medical skill of Philadelphia, he returned to his father's residence to spend the few remaining weeks of his life, where he died June 12, 1878, aged twenty-seven years. Hon. Elias Doughty.— Elias Doughty, the grand- father of the subject of this biographical sketch, re- sided in Atlantic, formerly Gloucester County, from which he removed to Cumberland County, and settled near Bridgeton as a farmer. He married Mary Bab- cock, and had children, — Isaiah, Enoch, John, Eich- ard, Elias, Miriam, Sarah, and Mary. Enoch was born in Burlington County, Feb. 16, 1798, and spent %.a^eUaf<: ^^^^^^^^ GENERAL HISTORY. 553 his youth in Atlantic County, from which he at a later date removed to Cumberland County. His trade was that of an iron moulder, which he pursued at the iEtna Furnace, in the first-named county, and later at the Cumberland Furnace, in Cumberland County. He was also employed at the Gloucester Furnace, and subsequently removed tcf Millville, where he resided until his death. He married Dec. 16, 1819, Beulah, daughter of George and Sarah Tay- lor, born in Burlington County, Nov. 1, 1801. Their children are plias ; Sarah P., born in 1828 ; Thomas, in 1824; Elizabeth, in 1826; Harriet, in 1828; John McNiel, in 1831 ; George, in 1834; Benjamin, in 1835 ; Enoch (who sacrificed his life during the late war), in 1839 ; and Mary, in 1842. Mr. Doughty married a second time in 1849, Rebecca Gray, to whom was born a son, Richard B., in 1850. Mr. Doughty died Nov. 8, 1862, in his sixty-fourth year, and his wife Feb. 6, 1845, in her forty-fourth year. Their son Elias was born Nov. 19, 1821, in Gloucester County, and when seven years of age removed to Millville. He was inured to labor from early youth, and found little respite from toil in the furnace, other than the winter months afforded, when the simple rudiments of an English education were acquired. Having learned the trade of moulder, he pursued it vigorously for twelve years, and on leaving the furnace pur- chased the stage-line running from Philadelphia to Millville, which he successfully conducted for fifteen years. He married May 27, 1843, Miss Harriet _M. C, daughter of Daniel and Lydia Tice, of Millville. Their children are John F. (deceased), Beulah, El- bridge G., and Daniel W. Mrs. Doughty died April 20, 1858, and he married Oct. 29, 1873, Mrs. Elmira H. Lord, daughter of Col. Michael Hays, of Burling- ton, N. J. In June, 1866, Judge Doughty removed to Vineland, as agent of the AVest Jersey Railroad, and has since made it his residence. He has been an active worker in the ranks of the Democracy and the recipient of many honors. He has served as free- holder of Landis township, and was in 1857 elected member of the State Legislature, when he was ap- pointed to the Committees on Corporations, Passed Bills, and Insane Asylums. He is now serving his fourth term as associate judge of the Cumberland County Court. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity, and associated with Checinah Lodge, No. 58, of Millville. Judge Doughty was educated in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which his parents were members, as also the first and present Mrs. Doughty. Col. William Elmer Potter.— The brief genea- logical review of the Potter family given elsewhere renders repetition here unnecessary. Col. William E. Potter, the youngest son of James Boyd and Jane Barron Potter, was born June 13, 1840, in Bridgeton. His youth was not especially eventful, and devoted to study, first at the public school of the First Ward of the city, and later at the Harmony Academy, pre- sided over by Joseph P. Sherman, where he remained until 1854. He then became a pupil at the West Jersey Academy during its first session, under the tutorship of Professors Snyder and Stevenson, but in October of 1857, having determined upon the law as a profession, entered the office of Hon. John T. Nixon. He remained until September, 1859, and the same month became a student of the law school of Harvard University. From this school he graduated in January, 1861, with the degree of LL.B., and in September of the same year entered the junior class of Princeton College. Underthespurof patrioticardor he abandoned his collegiate studies, and in July of the following year enlisted in Company K, Twelfth Regi- ment New Jersey Volunteers. He was commissioned second lieutenant of the same company Aug. 14, 1862, and mustered into the service of the United States as such Sept. 4, 1862. He was promoted to a first lieutenancy of the same company and regiment Aug. 6, 1863, and to the captaincy of Company G Feb. 4, 1864. Capt. Potter became brevet major United States Volunteers for meritorious services. May 1, 1865, by promotion of the President of the United States, and was, in 1866, commissioned aide-de-camp to Governor Marcus L. Ward, of New Jersey, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, upon whose staff he served for three years. To review Col. Potter's mili- tary experience, he was detailed as ordnance officer of the Third Division, Second Army Corps, and acted as such in the campaigns of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, on the staflf of Maj.-Gen. William H. French, and with Brig.-Gen. Alexander Hays. He served in that capacity until Oct. 1, 1863, and was then appointed judge-advocate of the division on the staff of Gen. Hays, continuing thus until he rejoined his regiment and took command of his company. He was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness, on the 6th of May, 1864, and reported again for duty at Cold Harbor, Va., June 4th of the same year. On the 1st of July, 1864, he was detailed as aide-de-camp to Col. Thomas A. Smyth, commanding Third Bri- gade of the Second Division of the Second Army Corps. On thelstof August, 1864, he was made judge- advocate on the staff of Maj.-Gen. John Gibbon, com- manding the Second Division, Second Army Corps, and served thus until Jan. 15, 1865, wheu he was de- tailed as aid to Maj.-Gen. John Gibbon, commanding the Twenty-fourth Army Corps, Army of the James, and acting judge-advocate of the corps. He remained on duty in the latter capacity until mustered out of service, June 4, 1865. During this period Col. Potter was present in the following engagements : Chancel- lorsville, Gettysburg, Auburn, Bristow Station, Black- burn's Ford, Locust Grove, campaign of Mine Run, Morton's Ford, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Crater, Deep Bottom (second engage- ment), Reams' Station, Boydton Road, assault and capture of Petersburg, Rice's Station, and Apporaat- 554 HISTORY OF CUMBEELAND COUNTY. tox Court-House. By an order from headquarters, Tvpenty-fourth Army Corps, In company with five other officers, he was detailed to deliver the colors surrendered by Gen. Lee's army, seventy-six in number, to Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, of the War Department, at Washington, which ceremony oc- curred on May 1, 1865. He was the only New' Jersey officer present on this occasion. Col. Potter, during his military career, displayed gallantry and judgment, which won for him the highest encomiums from his superior officers. In the official report of the battle of Ohancellorsville he is spoken of as " indefatigable, brave, and zealous ; his department was never better served," and the same report of the Gettysburg engagement pronounces him " indefatigable in the discharge of his duties." That he won the regard and affection of his brigade and division commanders is evinced in letters recommend- ing him for promotion. Maj.-Gen. Wintield S. Han- cock pronounces him " a valuable officer and deserv- ing consideration." Gen. Thomas A. Smyth, in a letter to Governor Parker, says, " It affisrds me much pleasure to recommend to your Excellency the name of Capt. W. E. Potter, Twelfth Regiment New Jer- sey Volunteers, judge-advocate, etc. He is a gallant officer, a strict disciplinarian, and as an executive officer he has very few if any equals. His assiduous attention to his duty has called forth the highest en- comiums from his superior officers." This letter is cordially indorsed by Maj.-Gen. John Gibbon. Maj.- Gen. William H. French speaks of him as a "young officer full of energy, capacity, and a proper amount of military ambition, with a fine personal character. His conduct in the field and in the presence of the enemy displayed all the qualities required to constitute a commander of soldiers." Col. Potter received from Princeton College his degree of A.B. in 1863, and of A.M. in 1866. He was admitted as an attorney-at- law in 1865, and as a counselor in 1869. Having begun practice in Bridgeton, he in 1870 formed a copartnership with J. Boyd Nixon, with whom he has since continued his professional labors, and attained a prominent position at the bar of South Jersey. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion at Chicago in 1868, as also to the convention held at Cincinnati in 1876, and an elector on the Gar- field ticket in 1880. He was elected an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati of New Jer- sey, July 4, 1 874, and president of the New Jersey Union Officers' Association for 1880. The colonel was on the 27th of May, 1869, married to Alice, daughter of the late Alfred Eddy, D.D., of Niles, Mich. Their children are Alfred E., James Boyd, David, Alice, and Francis Delavan. James J. Reeves.— The Reeves family are of Eng- lish extraction, its earliest representatives in America having settled in New England, and emigrated thence to New Jersey as members of the Fenwick colony. In the direct line of descent was Deacon John Reeves, great-great-grandfather of the subject of this bio- graphical sketch, who was born about 1725, and mar- ried Mabel, daughter of Dr. James Johnson, a dis- tinguished physician of his time, who came from Connecticut to Cumberland County, N. J., and whose extensive practice embraced a circuit of over fifty miles. Thfeir son, Johnson Reeves (the 1st), married Zeriah, daughter of John Berriman, whose son, John Reeves, was born Sept. 6, 1773, and married, Dec. 25, 1798, to Martha Reeves, daughter of Samuel and Mary Reeves. The birth of Martha Reeves occurred June 6, 1779. Their children were Johnson; Samuel, de- ceased ; Mary, who died in infancy ; Joseph ; Martha, deceased ; Joel B. ; Mary, widow of the late Samuel L. Fithian ; and Ephraim, who died in infancy. Johnson Reeves was born Oct. 16; 1799, and mar- ried Elizabeth, daughter of Mark and Abigail Harris Riley, whose birth occurred March 17, 1800. Their children are Rev. Henry Reeves, late pastor of churches in Belvidere and Gloucester City, N. J., principal of Woodland Female Seminary, Philadel- phia, and the Chambersburg Female Seminary, Chambersburg, Pa., before and during the war, sub- sequently editor of Our Monthly, the Young Folks' News, and other literary publications, and now prin- cipal of Joy Hall Seminary, Bridgeton ; Harriet N., wife of Charles S. Fithian ; Ruth R., wife of Robert Du Bois ; John, assistant cashier of the Girard Na- tional Bank of Philadelphia; Martha P., widow of Alexander L. Robison ; Francis B., of the firm of Reeves, Parvin & Co., Philadelphia; James J., and a daughter, Martha (the 1st), who died in infancy. Mr. Johnson Reeves was at one time largely iden- tified with the mercantile interests of Bridgeton, and also engaged in ship-building, but during the latter period of his life he was in the employ of the Cumberland Nail and Iron Company. His influence in the com- munity was healthful, while his benevolent instincts, his warm, sympathetic nature, and his sterling char- acter left a pleasant memory among all his cotem- poraries. A clearer conception of his character is afforded in a brief extract from a memorial discourse delivered on the occasion of his death by his pastor, the late Rev. S. Beach Jones, D.D. : " Those who knew him longest and knew him best were those who most trusted, honored, and loved him. He was clothed with the righteousness of the. strictest truthfulness and the most rigid integrity. A man more guileless, more free from all falsehood and deceit we have never known. His tongue was a faithful index to his heart, and a more honest heart never beat in human bosom. To a rare degree he sought the honor of God and not his own, and for this very reason God honored him by giving him such honor among men as none who seek their own honort alone can ever attain. He was honored in men's hearts because he was a man of rigid veracity, sterling honesty, and unfeigned piety. He is lamented not I)ecause he has vacated a high office, but because he m. s ■^^-^^-ou-* S^ GENERAL HISTORY. 555 has left void a sphere which lie filled and adorned with Christian virtues.'' Mr. Reeves' death occurred in Bridgeton, July 19, 1860, in his sixty-second year, and that of Mrs. Reeves, June 21, 1845, in her forty- sixth year. Their son, James Johnson, was born Sept. 9, 1839, in Bridgeton, at the homestead in which he still re- sides. His boyhood was spent' at his father's home, during which time he became a pupil of the public and private schools of this city, and subsequently at- tended the Harmony Academy and the West Jersey Academy. Having determined upon the law as a profession, he, in 1857, entered the office of Hon. John T. Nixon, of Bridgeton, and continued his studies with him and his associates, Charles E. Elmer and Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, until admitted to the bar in 1861. During this period he entered the law school of Harvard University, at Cambridge, Mass., and grad- uated in the summer of 1861, receiving the degree of LL.B. He was licensed as an attorney in February, 1861 ; as a counselor, in June, 1864 ; and in May, 1871, admitted to practice in the United States Cir- cuit and District Courts, about the same time also receiving the appointment of United States Com- missioner. Mr. Reeves relinquished his profession in 1862 and entered the army, having been instrumental with others in raising a company in the brief period of one and a half days. This company became part of the Twenty-fourth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers, and was known as Company H, of which he was second lieutenant. He participated in the battles of Fred- ericksburg, on the 13th of December, 1862, and of Ohancellorsville, on the 3d of May, 1863, in both of which engagements he was wounded. Mr. Reeves on his return from service resumed his professional labors, in which he has since been actively engaged. He was married, June 7, 1865, to Mary Caldwell Butler, of Germantown, Pa., daughter of Edward and Caroline Hyde Butler, of Northampton, Ma.ss., a woman of remarkable literary attainments, and grand- daughter of Thomas Butler, Esq., an eminent lawyer of New York City. Their children are Hugh Laing, Sarah Caldwell, Harriet Dennison, Read, and Bertha Butler. Mr. Reeves is in his political predilections a Repub- lican, and for three successive years filled the office of city solicitor. He is not, however, identified actively with the political issues of the day, giving, aside from the demands of his profession, his ability and energies largely to Christian work in the city of his birth and residence. The family are distinctively Presbyterian through several generations, and have ever been active and zealous in the work of the church. John- son Reeves was for many years a trustee of the First Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and indefatigable in its labors for its prosperity. James J. has been en- gaged in Sunday-school work from his earliest boy- hood. He was a teacher when sixteen years of age. and has ever since filled either that position or acted as superintendent of the Sunday-school of the First Presbyterian Church. In 1864 he was elected lo the superintendency of this school, and is still the incum- bent. He wag ordained a ruling elder of this church in April, 1868. Mr. Reeves has been for many years a director of the Cumberland County Bible Society, was president of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion of Bridgeton for a number of years, and for fif- teen years or more chairman of its lecture committee. He has also been a member of the Board of Education of the city of Bridgeton, and is now a trustee of the West Jersey Academy. Mr. Beeves possesses a re- fined and musical taste, and has done much to ad- vance the musical interests of his native city. In connection with others he organized the Cumberland County Musical Association, and was subsequently for many years its efficient president. CHAPTER LXXXVIII. MEDICAL PROFESSION. It is difficult at the present time to ascertain who were the practitioners of medicine and surgery in Cumberland County from its first settlement, about the year 1680, until Elijah Bowen commenced the practice of medicine at or near Shiloh, about the year 1730. It would be interesting to know who preceded him, who were his contemporaries in medical prac- tice, if he had any, who some of his immediate suc- cessors were, what was the extent of their literary and medical acquirements, their mental capacity, from whom they received their education, what books they read, what medicines they prescribed, or what were their surgical appliances. At the first settlement of the county the inhabitants were so few and so widely separated from each other that a practitioner of medicine could not by his pro- fession alone obtain a livelihood, and the treatment of diseases, as is usually the case in newly-settled countries, fell into the hands of caaray °^'^ women and ignorant pretenders. It is quite probable that the pioneers of Cumberland County had occasional re- course to the " medicine-man" of the aborigines, who had some knowledge of the medical properties of many of the indigenous plants of the country, and used them with not infrequent success. Some of their external appliances, as styptics and cataplasms, and internal remedies, as emetics, sudorifics, and cathartics, were doubtless used with occasional benefit. In the early settlement of the country the practi- tioners of medicine were generally self-constituted, and had no other medical qualifications than such as are possessed by every temerarious quack of the present day. Ralph Haesley was the first physician who lived 556 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ia this county, as far as known. He first settled along Maurice River, but at what date is not known. He removed to Cohansey, and Oct. 30, 1688, Thomas Budd, the agent of John Bellers, of London, con- veyed to him — calling him " of Cohansey River, planter" — one hundred acres of land upon a lease for nine hundred and ninety-nine years, he paying a yearly quit-rent of one half-penny per acre, and upon the condition to build a house thereon within six months from date. This was a part of Bellers' survey, on which the Connecticut and Long Island settlers soon after located. This tract he conveyed to John Watts, of Salem, butcher, Dec. 11, 1689, and on the same date he executed a release to Watts of all claims against him, in which he calls himself " late of Mor- ris River in West New Jersey, docf of phisick.'' He then removed to the neighborhood of Bowentown, where he died Dec. 4, 1699. He made a nuncupa- tive will on the day before his death, in the presence of Rev. Timothy Brooks and his wife, Hannah, which was reduced to writing on the 8th of the same month, and signed by the witnesses ; it recites, " We whose names are underwritten, hearing that our neighbor, Ralph Harsley, was very sick, went to visit him, and he declared his wife should have what he had, and said he had none else to give it to, and he would not give it to a stranger." The inventory of his personal property, made by Timothy Brooks and Samuel Hunter, Jan. 20, 1700, amounted to £50 17«. His will was recorded May 16, 1700, and letters testa- mentary issued to his wife, Mary Harsley. As a doc- tor nothing is known of him, and indeed nothing of any kind except the above items. John Dyer, who resided at Greenwich, is the second physician known to have resided in this county, and nothing is known about him except what is learned from his will, which is on record at Trenton. It is dated Jan. 11, 173f , and he calls himself " of Greenwich, Doctor," and appoints John Ware and Thomas Waitham, " my well-beloved friends," to be his executors, and directs them to sell his estate, pay his debts, and gives them the remainder. He signed it by his mark, probably on account of his sickness at the time. It was proved January 24th of the same year, before the surrogate of Salem County. Eli.iah Bowen' was an early practitioner of medi- cine in Cumberland County. His grandfather, Rich- ard Bowen, with others of his countrymen, came from Wales in the year 1640, and settled at a place in Massachusetts, which they named Swansey, after the town from which they emigrated. Doctor Elijah Bowen was for a time resident in Rhode Island, from whence he removed to a place in the then county of Salem, but now in Cumberland County, near Shiloh, where he was married to Deborah Swinney.' He was > Deborah Swinney, her mother, died April 4, 1760, in the Beventy- seTenth year of her age It is recorded on her tombstone in the old Baptist graveyard, near Sheppard's mill, that " she was the firet white female child born in Cohansey." probably the first medical practitioner in Cumberland County whose profession was not subsidiary to some other calling as the main business of life. He proba- bly commenced the practice of medicine, at or near Shiloh, about the year 1730, and was one of the founders of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church at Shiloh. Of his mental abilities, medical acquire- ments, general character, or the extent of his prac- tice no information has been obtained. It is tradi- tional that his medicines were exclusively vegetable. He died Sept. 23, 1773, at a great age, and was interred in the cemetery of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church at Shiloh. His descendants in the female line in Cumberland County are quite numerous and respectable. Elijah Bowen, Jr., son of the above-named Elijah Bowen and Deborah Swinney, was born June 21, 1743. He settled as a physician near Roadstown, where, it is said, he had an extensive practice. His medicines were principally, if not wholly, derived from the vegetable kingdom. Upon visiting a patient, it is recorded that he would sometimes go into the fields, woods, or swamps, and search for such reme- dies, in the form of leaves, seeds, roots, or bark of herbs or trees, as he supposed were calculated to meet the requirements of the case. He resided in the brick house in Stow Creek township lately owned by Edgar Sheppard, where he died in September, 1783. James Johnson lived and practiced medicine iii the neighborhood of Roadstown upwards of one hun- dred and twenty years ago. Neither the place of his birth, his education, nor with whom he pursued his medical studies is now known. He is supposed to have been one of the most respectable physicians in Cumberland County. He was a native of England, and settled in Connecticut ; thence came to New Jer- sey, and near Roadstown. He probably practiced medicine in Cumberland County for more than twenty years. His only daughter was married to John Reeves, a deacon of the Presbyterian Church at Greenwich, who was the ancestor of many very re- spectable persons bearing the name of Reeves in Bridgeton and elsewhere. He died May 26, 1759, aged fifty-three years, and was buried in the Presby- terian cemetery at Greenwich. Samuel Ward. — ^The name of Samuel Ward com- mences, in the order of time, a list of names of a more respectable and intelligent class of physicians in this region — the west side of Cohansey — than those who preceded him. He was born in the State of Connec- ticut in the year 1736. His mind and education were of a better order than common, and he was held in esteem and respect by the most intelligent people in the community. He commenced the practice of med- icine in Greenwich about the year 1760, and soon made a favorable impression as to his natural and acquired talents and skill as a physician. Soon after his settlement in Greenwich he was united by mar- riage to Phebe Holmes, daughter of Jonathan Holmes, GENERAL HISTORY. 557 Esq., and Anna, his wife, and was thus connected with one of the most respectable and influential families of the county. Dr. Ward took an active pan in the political aflairs of his day. In his manners he was dignified, cour- teous, and affable. He was a tender husband and a good citizen. He left no children. His widow was married to Dr. Moses Bloomfleld, of Woodbridge, N. J., the father of Joseph Bloomfleld, long known as Governor or Gen. Bloomfleld. He died Feb. 27, 1774, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, and is buried in the Presbyterian cemetery at Greenwich. Thomas Ewing was a great-grandson of Finley Ewing, an Irish patriot, who, for his bravery at the battle of Boyne Water, on the 1st of July, 1690, was presented with a sword by King William, and the son of Maskell and Mary Ewing. He was born at Green- wich, N. J., Sept. 13, 1748. In his boyhood he attended the classical school of Eev. Enoch Green, at Deerfield, where he studied Latin, and afterwards studied medicine under the direction of Dr. Samuel Ward, of Greenwich. On the 30th of September, 1770, he was married to Sarah Fithian, only daughter of Samuel and Abigail Fithian, of Greenwich, and thus came into the pos- session of a large estate. Shortly after their mar- riage they moved to Cold Spring, Cape May, where he practiced medicine. After the death of Dr. Ward, early in the year 1774, they returned to Greenwich, where he continued in professional prac- tice to near the close of his life. He was one of the spirited young men concerned in burning the tea at Greenwich. When the war of the Revolution began he was appointed by the Legislature and commis- sioned major of the Second Battalion of the Cum- berland Regiment, commanded by Col. David Potter, in which capacity he joined the army, whether as surgeon or major is not known. He was present at the battle and disastrous retreat from Long Island, and narrowly escaped being captured. In the year 1781 he was elected a member of the State Legislature. After his return from the Legis- lature his health declined rapidly, and on the 7th of October, 1782, consumption terminated his active, useful, and honorable though comparatively brief life, in the thirty-flfth year of his age. The late ven- erable Dr. William Belford Ewing, of Greenwich, was his surviving son. He was interred in the cem- etery of the Presbyterian Church at Greenwich. Levi Boxd. — Dr. Bond came to Greenwich from Maryland, where he was born and studied medicine. The time of his settling in Greenwich is not known. At one time his practice was extensive. He removed from Greenwich to the State of Indiana in 1886, where he lived till he was ninety-three years old. Dr. Bond was courteous in his manners, kind, hon- est, and much respected. He was conscientious to the verge of eccentricity. He was thrice married, and left descendants. Benjamin Peck was of a respectable family in Deerfield. He studied medicine under the direction of Dr. Elijah Bowen, Jr. He resided in Roadstown. His practice was never very extensive. He was twice married, and had children by both wives. He died about the year 1805, and was interred at Greenwich. Jonathan Moore. — Jonathan Moore was the eldest son of Col. David Moore and Lydia Richman, of Deerfield, where he was born, probably in the year 1772. His father was an officer of artillery in the Revolutionary army, took part in the battle of Bran- dywine, and was wounded in the battle of German- town. It is not known who directed his medical studies. He practiced medicine for several years at Deerfield, and then removed to Bustleton, Pa., where he remained till his death, which probably occurred in the autumn of 1812. He was interred at Bustleton. Thomas Harbison McCalla, son of John McCalla and Jane Harrison, was born in the city of Philadel- phia, where he was educated. He pursued medical studies with so much zeal and success as ultimately to gain for himself an enviable standing as a physi- cian. He practiced medicine in Greenwich, Cumber- land Co., N. J., some time between the years 1790 and 1800. He changed his residence to Charleston, S. C, where he soon became distinguished as a phy- sician. He was married to a Miss Barksdale, of Charleston, by whom he had a daughter, who died a few days after her marriage, and left him childless. He did not long survive her. Like the most of his family, he was possessed of more than ordinary mental endowments. Lewis Howell, son of Ebenezer and Sarah How- ell, was born in Delaware, Oct. 25, 1754. He was a twin-brother of the Hon. Richard H., Governor of New Jersey. Lewis Howell was educated at Newark, Del., and removed with his parents to Cumberland County in 1769. He became a pupil in the office of Dr. Jona- than Elmer at the same time that Ebenezer Elmer was studying medicine there. Having finished his course of study, he was commissioned in 1777 as sur- geon of the Second Regiment in the army of the Revolution. His fellow-student, Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, was commissioned at the same time in the same regi- ment as surgeon's mate. Just before the battle of Monmouth Dr. Howell was taken ill with fever at a small tavern not far from Monmouth Court-House, and died there on the day of the battle. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer succeeded him as surgeon of the regiment. John T. Hampton was born in the neighborhood of Swedesboro in 1753. He removed to Cedarville while yet young, and commenced the practice of med- icine, living in a large double house below the hotel. He married Mrs. Mercy Westcott, widow of Amos Westcott, who survived the doctor many years. He was a member of the "Old Stone Church" of Fair- field, and a ruling elder. Of his character as a phy- 558 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. sician nothing is known. He died Sept. 29, 1794, in the forty-second year of his age. A large flat tomb- stone at the south end of the old church marks his last resting-place. Charles Hood was born in 1783, and died while yet young. He practiced medicine for a short time in Swedesboro. He died at the early age of twenty- three in 1806, and is buried in the old graveyard at Bridgeton. Samuel Habeis was born in Hopewell township in 1782. It does not appear that his practice ever became extensive. Like many others of the old-time physicians, Dr. Harris was a " preacher of righteous- ness." He was ordained to the work of the ministry in connection with the Baptist denomination. As he died in 1811, at the early age of twenty-nine, it is not probable that his reputation as either a minister or physician had become established. He was buried in the graveyard of the Eoadstown Baptist Church. William Claekson practiced medicine in New York almost a century ago. He was a very skillful physician, and had acquired an extensive and lucra- tive practice. He was married to a Miss Floyd (the name is believed to be correct), of Long Island. Soon after this marriage, both husband and wife be- came impressed with the importance of religion, and both became converted to the faith of the gospel. The doctor was led by convictions of duty to aban- don his large and remunerative practice and devote himself to the work of the ministry. After a course of theological study he was ordained and installed as the pastor of the Presbyterian Churches of Greenwich and Bridgeton. This was several years before the completion of the old Presbyterian Church in the latter place, during which time the congregation worshiped in the court-house. The building was finished in 1795, and Dr. Clarkson was the first who preached from its pulpit. He was the father of four children, all of whom married well. One of the daughters married the late John Crosby, Esq., of New York, the father of the Eev. Dr. Howard Crosby. EDO Ogden was employed in the office of Dr. Azel Pierson when the latter gentleman was clerk of the county. While living with Dr. Pierson he began the study of medicine, and in due course of time was licensed as a regular practitioner. He married a daughter of Thomas Brown, of Greenwich, and settled in or near Bridgeton. He did not live but two or three years after his marriage, falling a victim, as is supposed, to a malignant and very fatal type of fever prevailing throughout the county. Dr. Ogden had acquired considerable practice, although he died young, in 1813, the same year in which he was appointed to the clerkship of the county. Azel Piebson was born July 12, 1767. But little is known of his early life. His educational advan- tages must, however, have been of a superior order, since he manifested in later years not only a love for but an intimate acquaintance with the higher branches of mathematics. After having been licensed as a practitioner of medicine, he married and settled in Cedarville. The house where he lived is still stand- ing, although somewhat modified and improved since his day. He always visited his patients On horse- back, was considered a good rider, and very fond of the deer- and fox-hunts which were fashionable at that time, and a source of great amusement. Although somewhat uncouth in his manners and rough in his speech, he nevertheless enjoyed very largely the re- spect and confidence of his fellow-citizens. As a physician he was abrupt and determined. Dr. Azel Pierson, like many of the old-time physi- cians, became interested at comparatively an early age in political matters. In 1804 he was appointed clerk of the county in joint meeting, transferred his resi- dence to Bridgeton, and discharged the duties of the office for a term of eight years, and died holding the position early in the year 1813, of typhus fever, at the early age of forty-six. He lies interred in the grave- yard of the " Old Stone Church." Joseph Brewster, son of Francis Brewster and Mary Crawford, was born Oct. 20, 1765. He and the late Dr. Gilbert Brewster were brothers. In 1787 he was married to Lucinda Carll. After his marriage he lived for a time in the parsonage of the Presbyte- rian congregation of Pittsgrove. He undoubtedly practiced medicine among the people of that vicinity, although but little is recorded of him as a physician. A few years thereafter he removed to Lower Alloways Creek, and while practicing there became connected, either upon profession or by certificate, with the Presbyterian Church of Greenwich. In 1795 he re- moved to Deerfield, and was received by certificate into the communion of the Presbyterian Church of that village, the Rev. John Davenport minister. In 1797 he was chosen a ruling elder in the latter church. He was a lineal descendant of William Brewster, ruling elder of the Plymouth Company that founded New Plymouth, the parent colony of New England, in 1620. He died Feb. 19, 1814. HoRATius Brewster was the son of Dr. Joseph and Lucinda Brewster. The records of the Presby- terian Church of Greenwich contain the following item, viz. : "Baptized May 18, 1788, Horatius, son of Dr. Joseph Brewster." The latter had several chil- dren, one of whom was the father of Attorney-Gen- eral Benjamin H. Brewster, of President Arthur's cabinet. Horatius, after enjoying the educational advantages of his day, began the study of medicine in the office of his father. After finishing his course with credit to himself, he returned to Deerfield, the residence of his father, and became associated with him in the practice of medicine. At the breaking out of that peculiar type of " fever" already referred to, the two GENERAL HISTORY. 559 Drs. Brewster were called upon to attend many cases of that almost malignant disease. And it is related that both father and son, while in the discharge of their professional duties, contracted this disease and died. No less than six of the physicians of Cum- berland County were carried to the grave by this nondescript " fever." There is no profession which furnishes such striking instances of disinterested self- sacrificing philanthropy. Benjamin Champneys was born near Salem, in the year 1774. When he was an infant his father died, and his mother resided on the farm which be- longed to her husband until her death, which was not long after his. Dr. Champneys inherited the prop- erty of his ancestors in Salem County, and was edu- cated in Philadelphia. He was examined and licensed in physic and surgery in 1795, and was married the same year to Sarah Eva, the daughter of Col. Potter. He purchased the property at the foot of Laurel Street, now known as the Buck property, and resided there. He received an appointment as surgeon in the navy, Jan. 6, 1800. He served on board the frigate " Philadelphia," forty-four guns, Stephen Decatur commanding. The "Philadelphia" was the largest ship then in the service. He was in the navy about a year and a half, and then resumed his practice in Bridgeton. The doctor formed a warm friendship for Decatur and other oflBcers, who frequently visited him afterwards at his home. He graduated in both departments of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. The degree of M.D. he re- ceived in 1805. He served in the Assembly of New Jersey in 1806. He practiced vaccination in Bridge- ton in 1807. He received a certificate of honorary membership in the Medical Society of Philadelphia, signed by Dr. Rush, Feb. 20, 1808. Dr. Champneys' practice was large, both in Salem and Cumberland Counties. He died in 1814, after a short illness, of typhus fever, which he had contracted while visiting the Drs. Brewster, at Deerfield, who died of the same disease. He had overworked himself, as he was very devoted to his professional duties, and visited the poor a great deal. He was only forty years old at the time of his death, and was very much be- loved. Among his papers are letters full of gratitude and affection from several of his pupils who had entered upon their professional duties. He died July 16, 1814, and is interred in the old Presbyterian graveyard, Bridgeton. Samuel M. Shute is still remembered by the old- est citizens of Cumberland County, although more than half a century has passed away since he finished his work and entered into his rest. He possessed in a re- markable degree those social qualities which endeared him to the hearts of the people, and preserved his memory fragrant through the lapse of years. Per- haps no physician has ever lived in this county who was so much beloved while living and so much la- mented \yhen dead. There h9,ve been more learned and eloquent men among the good old worthies whose names appear upon our obituary list, — men more distinguished in State and national council, and far better known by the medical, literary, and political world, — but none who commanded more largely the respect and confidence and love of the people at home. Samuel Moore Shute was but a lad at the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, but, filled with the most ardent patriotism, he joined the array, and served as a lieutenant in the Continental line throughout the war. He accompanied Gen. Sullivan in his cam- paign in 1778 against the Seneca Indians, and was at the siege of Yorktown and surrender of Cornwallis. His journals of both these campaigns have been pre- served. Judge Elmer, in his " Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of New Jersey," relates an interesting anecdote of young Shute while a subaltern in the army. After leaving the army young Shute entered the office of Dr. Jonathan Elmer as a pupil, and success- fully prosecuted the study of medicine. He subse- quently married Sarah Elmer, daughter of his pre- ceptor, settled in Bridgeton, and became one of the leading physicians of the town. He is described as tall and spare, of pleasing countenance and capti- vating address. Dr. Shute seems to have confined himself very closely to the practice of his chosen profession, and, unlike many of his contemporaries, appears to have been but little interested in political matters. In 1813, however, the Governor of the State appointed him surrogate o# the county of Cumberland, which office he held for two years. He left no descendants. Jonathan Elmer, the son of Daniel Elmer (2d), was born at Cedarville, Nov. 29, 1845, and died at Bridgeton, Sept. 3, 1817. Being of a weakly constitution, it was determined to give him a good education, and he was accordingly placed under the instruction of his grandfather, the Rev. Daniel Elmer, and after the death of the same, which occurred in 1754, he became a pupil of the Rev. William Ramsay. Under the tuition of the latter he made great proficiency not only in the English branches, but acquired such a knowledge of the Latin language as enabled him to read and write it with con- siderable facility. At the age of twenty-one he chose the medical profession, and in 1766 studied in Phila- delphia under the direction of Dr. Morgan. The University of Pennsylvania, the oldest medical school in this country, had just been organized, and young Elmer attended its first course of lectures. While a student at the university he took exception to Dr. Shippen's theory that the choroid coat of the eye is the immediate organ of vision, and in January, 1767, he addressed a letter to the professor setting forth in a clear and forcible manner his objections to the same. In the same year he read an essay on the motion of 560 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the heart before the Junior Medical Society at Penn's Hospital, and June 21, 1768, was one of the ten that constituted the first graduating class of that now cele- brated medical school. The year following his gradu- ation as a Bachelor of Medicine he addressed a letter to Dr. Morgan, his former preceptor, on " the differ- ent constitutions of the air, and the diseases contem- porary therewith.'' This paper was read before the American Philosophical Society. In 1771 he received the degree of doctor. His thesis, the subject of which was " De sitis in Febribus, Cauais et Semediis," was dedi- cated to Dr. Franklin and his son, the Governor of New Jersey, and was subsequently printed in full, a copy of the same being still preserved by the family descendants. After taking his first degree, he commenced the practice of his profession in the neighborhood of Boadstown, but soon removed to Bridgeton, where he was married, in 1769, to Mary Seeley, third daughter of Col. Ephraim Seeley. They were the parents of eight children, four of whom died in infancy. Although engaged actively in the duties of his profession at Bridgeton, and occasionally called as consulting physician many miles from his home into adjacent counties, and as far as the sea-shore, his pref- erence seems to have been for political and judicial business. In 1772 he was appointed by Governor Franklin sheriff of Cumberland County, the com- mission being, in accordance with the usage under the royal government, "during his Majesty's pleasure." But being bitterly opposed to the encroachments of the British government on the rights of the American people, and withal honest in the expression of his sentiments of hostility, he was, after the lapse of a few years, displaced by the Governor, apd a gentle- man appointed to the office who was supposed to be better affected to the king. On the 23d of May, 1775, he was chosen a delegate to the Provincial Congress, which convened in the city of Trenton. This Con- gress continued in session eleven days, and decided measures were taken by it to resist the demands of Great Britain. In October, 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, he was chosen captain of a light infantry company, and subsequently he was made a major, although it does not appear that he was ever engaged in active service. In 1776 he was appointed by the Legislature, in joint meeting, clerk of Cumberland County, and continued to hold this office until 1789. He was also surrogate from 1784 until 1802. In 1776 he was chosen a member of the General Congress, and re-elected in 1777. The Congress of the colonies during these years, when the feeble arm of the country was lifted against the mightiest war- power of the world, was justly the admiration of mankind. No body of men, in ancient or modern times, have displayed more devotion to the true prin- ciples of liberty, and more resolution in the midst of the greatest dangers. Dr. Elmer was ever true to the trust reposed in him, proving himself by word and action not only a supporter of the country during the darkest hours of its struggle, but, as a member of the medical committee of Congress, he gave evidence of his interest in every sick and wounded soldier by his toilsome journeys upon horseback to the various hospitals within his reach. In 1780 and 1784 he was elected a member of the Legislative Council of New Jersey, and in 1788 a mem- ber of Congress under the Articles of Confederation. He was a strong advocate of the adoption of the new Constitution, and under it was chosen to a seat in the Senate of the United States, and filled this responsible position for the term of two years. Although Dr. Elmer early abandoned the practice of his chosen profession, and was actively engaged in public life during the years of our Revolutionary struggle, he still retained an interest in medicine, and took delight in the fellowship of his professional brethren. In 1787, the year preceding his election to a seat in the Senate of the United States, he was chosen the president of the Medical Society of New Jersey, succeeding Dr. William Burnett in that office. A short notice of him, published in the Trenttm Federalist at the time of his decease, written by L. H. Stockton, Esq., states that "in medical erudition, the writer well remembers to have heard his illus- trious contemporary, the late Dr. Rush, frequently say that he was exceeded by no physician in the United States." He descended to the grave, full of honors, Sept. 3, 1817, in the seventy-second year of his age. Francis G. Brewster was a lineal descendant of the Brewsters who crossed the ocean in the " May- flower," of whom the Rev. Mr. Steele, of Washington, has given a faithful history. He studied medicine about the year 1785, received a certificate of license, and married Miss Mary Seeley, daughter of Josiah Seeley. Dr. Francis G. Brewster, better known as Dr. Gil- bert Brewster, may have practiced considerably in Bridgeton during the early part of his professional life, but in later years he confined himself almost ex- clusively to the business of a druggist. He estab- lished, early in the century, beyond doubt, the first pure drug-store in Bridgeton, which store has re- mained in the hands of the Brewster family until recently, the location having been several times changed. As it was first established, it was a very small affair, upon the corner of Commerce and Atlan- tic Streets. Here the doctor not only sold medicines, but prescribed for such of his friends as chose to seek his professional aid. He was succeeded in business by his son, the late Francis G. Brewster. The doctor was a member of and a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church. He died July 26, 1828, in the sixtieth year of his age, and was buried in the old graveyard at Bridgeton. Charles Clark wasof very respectable parentage. GENERAL HISTOEY. 561 He was the son of Daniel and Rachel Clark, and was born Oct. 19, 1773. He received a good English edu- cation, and previous to commencing the study of medicine with Dr. Ebenezer Elmer he acquired some knowledge of the Latin language. He was licensed to practice medicine and surgery by censors appointed by the Medical Society of New Jersey, and settled at Roadstown, where he acquired a large practice. He was married to Anna, daughter of David Gilman, by whom he had a son and daughter, both recently living in Salem, N. J. He died of apoplexy Feb. 25, 1828. Ephraim Bateman (1) was born in the township of Fairfield, county of Cumberland, July 9, 1780. In 1801 he became a student of Dr. Jonathan Elmer, of Bridgeton, and attended medical lectures in the win- ters of 1802 and 1803 in the University of Pennsyl- vania. Dr. Benjamin Rush was then Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and a strong at- tachment soon sprang up between them, which lasted for life. After leaving the university, and receiving a cer- tificate of license, he married and settled in Cedar- ville, and very soon acquired an extensive practice in the townships of Fairfield and Downe. The doctor was six feet one inch in height, and was in the habit of visiting his patients upon horseback. His man- ners in the sick-room were pleasant and calculated to inspire confidence in the minds of the afflicted. As his practice was attended with success, his reputation very soon extended beyond the township lines, and his advice was often sought, not only by invalids living in remote parts of the county, but by his pro- fessional brethren in cases of consultation. The doctor continued to practice medicine until 1813, when he was elected to the Lower House of the Legislature of New Jersey, and in 1816 to the House of Representatives of the United States, which office he held by re-elections until 1823. In 1826 he was elected a member of the Upper House (then called Council) of this State, and during its sessions was elected to represent the State in the Senate of the United States for the term of six years. His health, however, failing, he was obliged, in 1828, to resign the position. The Hon. Mahlon Dickerson was elected by the Legislature to fill his unexpired term. He died Jan. 28, 1829. At his death he left a widow and six children, one of whom was the late Dr. B. Bush Bateman. He was likewise grandfather of Dr. Ephraim (2d) and great-grandfather of Dr. Ellison B. Bateman, all of Cedarville. A flat stone marks his last resting-place in the graveyard of the " Old Stone Church." James B. Paevin, son of Rev. Holmes and Eliza- beth Parvin, was born in Deerfield township on the 3d of June, 1779, and died at Cedarville the 28th of October, 1834. He studied under Dr. Benjamin Fisler, of Port Elizabeth, and was licensed as a practitioner by the Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey. He 86 married, in 1802, Lovicy Lummis, and commenced practice as a physician at Egg Harbor. The climate not agreeing with him, he removed, with his family, after two years to Cedarville, where his practice soon became both large and lucrative. Dr. Parvin is said to have been a man of consider- able popularity as a physician, pleasing in his address, and extremely fond of a practical joke. Some of the anecdotes related of him concerning his propensity for joking are quite amusing. Some fifteen years before his death he thought it his duty to preach the gospel, and upon application was licensed by the Methodist Episcopal religious denom- ination, of which he was a member. The doctor died comparatively young, in 1834, id the fifty -fifth year of his age, but lived long enough to number among his friends some of the best and most influential citizens of Fairfield. The oldest in- habitants still speak of him in words of praise. He was buried in the graveyard of the Methodist Episco- pal Church at Fairfield. William Elmee (1st) was born in Bridgeton, March 23, 1788. He was the youngest son of Dr. Jonathan Elmer, one of the first graduates of the Medical De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania. He re- ceived his education in the schools of Bridgeton, was regarded as a good English scholar, and had some knowledge of the classics. The death of his elder brother, while a student at Nassau Hall, made his father loath to have him leave home for the purpose of acquiring a collegiate education. He was, how- ever, thoroughly educated as a physician, having spent several years in the prosecution of his studies in Philadelphia, during which time he was an attend- ant at the hospital, and in practice at the dispensary. He graduated in 1811. The year following he commenced the practice of medicine in Bridgeton, and was married to Miss Nancy B. Potter. She lived four xears thereafter, and was the mother of three children, one of whom is the present Dr. William Elmer, of Bridgeton. He was married again, in 1819, to Miss Margaret K. Pot- ter, and they were the parents of three children, all of whom are still living. Dr. Elmer soon acquired a large practice, and was the leading physician of the town. He was, how- ever, engaged in the active duties of his profession but a very few years, and his popularity during these years must have been quite remarkable. At the death of his father, in 1817, he fell heir to an ample fortune, and very soon retired from practice. During the latter part of his life he was very much afflicted with rheumatism, and at the last seizing upon the vital organs^ it hastened his death, in 1836, at the early age of forty-eight. Ebenezeb. Elmee, son of Daniel (2d), was born in the family house at Cedarville, Aug. 23, 1752, and died at the residence of his son, the late ex-Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, Oct. 18, 1843, aged ninety-one. 562 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dr. Elmer was left an orphan by the death of his father, and remained with his mother upon the home- stead until near the close of her life. In 1774 he was induced to enter the office of his brother, Dr. Jonathan Elmer, for the purpose of studying medicine. He prosecuted these studies for a term of two years, and went through all the branches usually taught at any medical school. It does not appear that he was ever matriculated at a medical college or received a diploma of graduation. In 1776 he was appointed an ensign in Capt. Bloom- field's company, and shortly after promoted to a lieu- tenancy. After serving almost a year in the latter capacity, the regiment to which he was attached was disbanded, and declining a reappointment in the line , of the army, he joined the Second New Jersey Regi- ment as surgeon's mate, under Dr. Lewis Howell. After the death of Dr. Howell, which occurred in about fifteen months (just after the battle of Mon- mouth), Dr. Elmer was commissioned as regimental surgeon, and served in that station, as an officei" of the staff, until the disbanding of the army in 1783. He was connected with the army in the ways men- tioned almost eight years, and rendered the country most efficient service during its early struggles for nationality. In 1825 he connected himself, upon profession of his faith in Christ, with the Presbyterian Church in Bridgeton. He established the first Sabbath-school in the county, and was for many years the president of the Bible Society, and one of its founders. "Antiqua homo virtute etflde." He was among the last survivors of the New Jersey Continental line, and at his death was president of the New Jersey Branch of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. At the close of the war he commenced civil prac- tice in Bridgeton in connection with Dr. James Eamsy. This partnership, however, was very soon dissolved, and Dr. Elmer, whose experience in the army gave him celebrity, at once acquired an exten- sive practice. In 1784 he was married to Hannah Seeley, daughter of Col. Ephraim Seeley, and they were the parents of two children, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus and Sarah Smith. Five years thereafter he entered the arena as a politician, and was elected a member of the Assembly, and continued a member of the House until 1795, and upon two occasions was elected Speaker of the same. In 1800 he was elected to a seat in the House of Representatives, and con- tinued a member for six sessions. In 1804 he was appointed adjutant-general of the New Jersey militia, and in 1806 brigadier-general of the Cumberland bri- gade. In 1807 he was elected a member of the Leg- islative Council of this State, and the year following was appointed collector of the port of Bridgeton. In 1814 he received the appointment of assessor of the United States direct taxes for the Sixth District of this State. Besides these offices, he was the war collector of the county, for several years a judge and justice, and for short periods clerk and surrogate of Cumberland. It is said of him that he had the courage to omit a prescription when none was needed. Imaginary sick- ness never received from him any countenance. In this particular at least his example is worthy of imi- tation. HosEA FiTHiAN was born in Deerfield township, Cumberland Co., N. J., Jan. 1, 1800, and died at Woodstown, Salem Co., September, 1847. He was the son of Jonathan Fithian, and enjoyed, during the years of his childhood and youth, the advantages of the common schools of his native township. At the age of twenty his attention was turned to the study of medicine, aud he accordingly entered the office of the late Dr. Ephraim Buck as a pupil, and continued under his instruction for a term of three years. Quitting the office of his preceptor he ma- triculated at a medical college in the city of Phila- delphia. He commenced at once the practice of medicine at May's Landing, in Atlantic County, but his stay at this town was a temporary one. He re- moved to Mullica Hill in 1828, and remained in the practice of medicine a little over two years. He then transferred his residence to Woodstown, and there remained until the date of his death, in 1847. Joseph Butcher, Je., M.D.— The Butcher family are of English extraction, Joseph, the father of the subject of this biographical sketch, having resided in Burlington County, where he followed the carpenter's craft, and married Elizabeth Lippincott. Their son Joseph was born May 24, 1791. Port Elizabeth was the home of his boyhood, the scene of his early edu- cational opportunities, and his later apprenticeship to Israel Stratton to acquire the trade of a tailor. Here he remained for some years, but eventually en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, and in connection with his partner supplied a branch of the American army with provisions during the war of 1812. Later he embarked in the drug business, and while thus em- ployed had his attention directed to the study of medicine. He graduated from the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia the year of its incorporation, and chose Mauricetown, Cumberland Co., as his first and only field of labor. Here for a period of forty years he continued in active practice, his useful career as a practitioner having ended with his death in Au- gust, 1864, in his seventy- fourth year. Dr. Butcher was thoroughly versed in the science he had espoused, and speedily found that his abilities brought not only reputation, but success. For a long period he controlled the practice of the vicinity, while his steady hand and mature judgment were not less frequently sought during the later years of his life. The doctor during his professional career gave much attention to business pursuits, and for years engaged in farming occupations. He manifested a keen inter- est in the political events of the day, and invariably GENERAL HISTORY. 563 espoused the principles of the Democracy. He was, in 1842, elected to the State Legislature, having been the only representative of his party chosen to the position for a long series of years. He also for suc- cessive terms held the office of freeholder, and filled other positions of minor consequence. His thorough knowledge of general law and excellent judgment made his opinion often sought in the settlement of estates as in other matters, and won for him the repu- tation of a safe and wise counselor. He was an active Odd-Fellow, and a member of Ariel Lodge, No. 56, of I. O. O. F., of Mauricetown. He was in religion educated in the Quaker faith, but later affili- ated with the Methodists. Dr. Butcher was married to Miss Harriet Elkinton, of Port Elizabeth, Cum- berland Co., and had children who survived, — Khoda, Ann, Charles, Harriet, William, and Joseph. His wife having died he married again, Miss Rebecca, daughter of Paul and Rhoda Cobb, of Commercial township. Their children are George E., Eliza (Mrs. Fagan), and Samuel. Mrs. Butcher's death occurred on the 14th of September, 1879. Four sons and a grandson of the doctor have also chosen medicine as a profession. Charles graduated at the Pennsylvania College, Philadelphia, and settled in Mauricetown, where he practiced until his decease. Joseph was a graduate of the Jeflferson Medical College in 1849, and died at the beginning of his career. George E. graduated from the same college in 1858, and for twenty years continued his professional labors at Di- viding Creek, Cumberland Co., subsequently removing to Mauricetown, where he is still active as a practi- tioner. Samuel received his diploma from the Jeflfer- son Medical College in 1864, and also settled in Mauricetown. Joseph, a son of George E., gradu- ated from the same college in 1883, and is at present assisting his father. Thomas W. Peck, son of John Peck, was born in Stow Creek township, Nov. 4, 1779. His father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The educational advantages of his son were limited, and confined to the schools of his immediate neighborhood. In 1798 he entered the office of Dr. Brewster, of Deerfield, and began the study of medicine. He was soon thereafter matriculated in one of the medical schools of Phila- delphia, and graduated at the age of twenty-two. After his graduation he accepted a situation as sur- geon on board Girard's ship " Good Friends," sailing from Philadelphia to Cuba, and commanded by Capt. Earl. In about one year he resigned his position as surgeon, and commenced private practice at Absecom, Atlantic Co., N. J. Here he remained twelve years, and then transferred his residence to the village of Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. J. In 1823, after his re- moval to the latter place, he was married to Miss Jane H. Davis. At the age of fifty he had a severe attack of apo- plexy, the efltect of which ever after showed itself upon his physical system, as well as his intellectual' faculties. His professional labors thereafter were necessarily very much curtailed. He died Aug. 30, 1852. Lawrence Van Hook was one of the early mem- bers of the District Medical Society. He is said to have lived for a time at Schooner's Landing, a town of considerable importance on the Menantico. From thence he moved to Dennisville, Cape May Co., where he continued to reside a number of years, devoting his time very largely to the practice of medicine. The doctor was not a graduate of any medical school. He was armed with a license from the State, which, in early days, was regarded as great an honor as a diploma from any medical college in the country. He died in Jackson County, Iowa. Edward Muleoed Poetee, son of Joshua Porter and Mary Marr Sheppard, was born at Camden, N. J., on the 20th day of August, 1825. He com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Enoch Fithian in the spring of the year 1846, attended three courses of lectures in the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, received the degree of M.D. in the spring of the year 1849, and, associated with his late medical preceptor, immediately there- after commenced the practice of medicine in Green- wich. In the month of February, 1851, he was mar- ried to Miss Mary Brewster. Through the winter of 1850-51 his lungs became affected, and he was finally obliged to relinquish all professional business. In the summer of the year 1851 he changed his residence to 564 HISTOKY OF CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Bridgeton, after which the disease of his lungs grad- ually made progress, until its usually slow but certain work was finished in the death of its victim on the 10th day of January, 1853. His remains were interred in the cemetery of the Presbyterian Church in Bridgeton. Ephbaim Buck was born in Millville, Cumber- land Co., Feb. 23, 1795, and received his academic education chiefly in Fairfield and Bridgeton. He commenced the study of medicine in 1814, under the instructions of Drs. S. M. Shute and William Elmer (1), and received his diploma from the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1817. He entered im- mediately upon the practice of his profession among the scenes of his early days, and was for a short time in partnership with one of his preceptors, Dr. Wil- liam Elmer. His energy of character, pleasing ad- dress, and medical skill, aided by a large and influen- tial family connection, very speedily procured for him an extensive practice. In the year 1819 he was united by marriage to Miss Elizabeth Hendry, daughter of the late Dr. Bowman Hendry, of Haddonfleld, N. J. In the fall of 1818 he removed to Philadelphia, and in the northern part of the city soon succeeded in obtaining a respectable practice. In the fall of 1839 he removed to Columbus, Bur- lington Co., N. J., and while there was deprived by 'death of his wife. After the lapse of a few years, in 1843, he again came to reside in Bridgeton, and was married July 10, 1845, to Miss Abigail Ann Allen, of Pittsgrove, who died suddenly the following year. Dr. Buck lived a life of usefulness and occupied an influential position in society. He was considered a skillful physician, and his reputation extended to all parts of the county. He was generally consulted by his professional brethren in severe and abnormal obstetrical cases, and his fame as an obstetrician was worthily obtained. He died July 14, 1855, in the sixty-first year of his age. William Steeling was born in Bridgeton, Cum- berland Co., N. J., in the year 1785. He was the only son of William Steeling, a Scotchman, who lived at the Indian Fields, adjoining Bridgeton, where he gained a livelihood by farming. He was also a school-teacher, and probably gave considerable attention to the education of his son. He was put under the care of Rev. Henry Smalley, of Bowen- town, with whom he studied theology about two years. Subsequently, however, abandoning his first intention, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Azel Pierson, of Bridgeton, and graduated at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Dr. Steeling was married, Oct. 2, 1810, when twenty- five years of age, to Miss Hannah Ware, of Stow Creek township. He was a man of industrious and sober habits, a lover of his profession, and successful in its practi:ce. In the year 1847 he removed from Bridgeton to Philadelphia, and died Jan. 6, 1856, in the seventy-first year of his age. Daniel C. Pieeson was born at Cedarville, Cum- berland Co., N. J., Oct. 9, 1792. While yet a boy his parents removed to Bridgeton, where he con- tinued to reside until the spring of 1815. Hestudied medicine with his father, Dr. Azel C. Pierson, and attefSded three courses of medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1814. His father having died in 1813, he spent the year subse- quent to his graduation in the settlement of the estate.. In 1815 he commenced the practice of medi- cine at Cedarville, and very soon acquired a large and extensive practice. As a physician he is said to have had the kindest of hearts, and soon won the confidence and affection of his patients. He died at Augusta, 111., Jan. 29, 1857. Jacob W. Ludlam was born in Greenwich town- ship of this county. He was the son of Reuben Ludlam, a farmer. Dr. Ludlam graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in March, 1827. He married and settled in Deerfield. At first he kept a variety store and offered for sale, among other things, a lot of drugs. For many years before his removal to the West he was the only physician in Deerfield, and commanded almost the entire practice of the township. In the sick-room he was mild and affable, very fluent in conversation, and very popular. He was an intelli- gent doctor and successful prescriber. He died at Evanstown, 111., July, 1858. Reuben Willetts succeeded Dr. Benjamin Fisler in the practice of medicine at Port Elizabeth, and after the death of the latter had the entire practice of that town and vicinity. He was a brother-iur law of Dr. E. B. Wales, of Cape May, and the father of Col. J. Howard Willetts, who is a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and served with distinction in the Union army during the recent rebellion. The doctor was popular with the people as a physi- cian, and held in high esteem as a citizen. He was an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and for a number of years a class-leader and local preacher. He continued to preach occasionally, in connection with his professional duties, up to the time of his death. He died in 1858, aged about flftyr two. His venerable widow, daughter of the late Judge Joshua Brick, with several children, survives him. Bennett W. Parkee was born at Wolcott, Conn., May 12, 1808. He came to New Jersey when a young man, and was employed as a traveling agent, his route being in and through the southern part of the State. While thus engaged he began the study of medicine. He carried his books with him wherever he went, and was often seen by the roadside by persons still living deeply interested in the study of the materia medica, In 1836 he received a certificate of license from the Medical Bociety of Connecticut... Dr. Parker also re- GENERAL HISTORY. 565 ceived a diploma from the Medical Society of New Jersey, bearing date of June 13, 1838. When he came to Cumberland County as a physi- cian he settled first in Bridgeton, and after a short stay in that town removed to Deerfield, and from thence to Millville, where he continued to reside until his death. His practice in the latter place em- braced a period of some twenty years, one-half of which time he was an invalid from a cancer of the duodenum. He acquired a large practice, both in the town and adjacent country. He died on the 18th of May, 1869, in the forty-ninth year of his age. He was a believer in the faith of the Presbyterian Church, and for many years a communicant. Isaac H. Hampton was born in Fairfield town- ship, June 12, 1785. His father, John T. Hampton, was a practitioner of medicine. The son received the ordinary common school education of that day, and then began the study of medicine with Dr. Ben- jamin Champneys, in Bridgeton. When only seven- teen years of age he received his diploma as a gradu- ate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. He commenced practice in Woodbury about 1806, married Fanny Helen Giles, daughter of Gen. James Giles, April 23, 1810, and in the follow- ing year removed to Bridgeton. Here he very soon acquired an extensive practice, which he retained for many years. He is spoken of as being bold and in- trepid, somewhat dogmatical in his views, and per- sistent in his own course of treatment. His life was prolonged to a good old age, and he was permitted to celebrate with his partner their golden wedding, April 23, 1860. He survived this event but a few months, and died Sept. 4, 1860, aged seventy-five years. William Beli-okd Ewing, son of Dr. Thomas Ewing and Sarah Fithian, was born at Greenwich, Cumberland Co., N. J., Dec. 12, 1776. He was only six years old when his father died, but he was left with ample pecuniary means for his education. After the usual course of preliminary study, which he pur- sued principally at the classical school of the Rev. Andrew Hunter, at Bridgeton, he entered the junior class of the college at Princeton, N. J., and graduated in the year 1794. He pursued his medical studies to that end under the direction of Dr. Nicholas Bell- ville, of Trenton, N. J., and attended medical lectures in the University of Pennsylvania when Drs. Shippen, Bush, Wistar, and other eminent members of the medical profession were professors in that celebrated school. Being recommended by Prof. Rush to a physician in the Danish island of St. Croix for a partner in the practice of medicine, he went thither in the year 1797, and in that island, in the island of St. Thomas, and as surgeon in a British vessel of war was en- gaged in professional practice for two years. He then returned to his native place, and practiced medicine in Greenwich, with the respect and confi- dence of the community, till the spring of 1824, when I he retired from the practice of his profession. He assisted in the formation of the Medical Society of the County of Cumberland in the year 1818, and was elected an honorary member of the same in the year 1848. He was elected president of the Medical So- ciety of New Jersey in the year 1824. For several years previous to his death he was so feeble as to be disqualified for any kind of business, and the formation of cataracts in both eyes deprived him of his sight. He died. April 23, 1866, in the ninetieth year of his age. Nathaniel Reeve Newkiek was the son of Matthew Newkirk and Elizabeth Foster. He was born at Pittsgrove, Salem Co., N. J., on the 22d day of July, 1817. After a suitable preparatory ed- ucation he entered Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in the year 1841. Subsequently he studied medicine, and graduated Doctor of Med- icine in the school of the University of Pennsyl- vania. In the spring of 1844 he commenced the practice of medicine in Pittsgrove, his native place, where, notwithstanding his being surrounded by older and longer established competitors, he became popular, and succeeded in obtaining a good share of professional business. In the summer of 1851 he re- moved to Greenwich, Cumberland Co., N. J., and practiced medicine in that place with steadily in- creasing popularity until a gradual but persistent attack of pulmonary disease compelled him to abridge his labors, and finally to remove to Bridgeton, N. J., in the hope that in that place he might obtain a prac- 566 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tice sufficiently remunerative with less labor and ex- posure. His increasing debility and emaciation, however, made it painfully evident that consumption was doing its work upon his frame, and must soon prove fatal, when, on the 1st of November, 1866, he had an attack of dysentery, which on the 10th day of the same month terminated his useful life in the fiftieth year of his age. Lorenzo F. Fisler, son of Benjamin Fisler, was born in 1797. The following year the family re- moved to Port Elizabeth, Cumberland Co., where the father continued to practice as a physician and preach as a minister for more than half a century. The son enjoyed very excellent advantages, and gave in early years promise of an auspicious future, i Having finished his preparatory course, he began the study of medicine with his father, and graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Penn- sylvania. He commenced immediately the practice of his pro- fession in the village where he had spent the years of his childhood and youth. He continued to practice at the Port for a number of years, and when he trans- ferred his residence to Camden he left behind him many warm-hearted friends. The members of the Fisler family are remarkable for their longevity. Dr. Lorenzo had passed beyond " the threescore and ten." He died with softening of the brain in 1871. William Hollinshead McCalla, son of Col. Auley McCalla and Hannah Gibbon, was born at Eoadstown, Cumberland Co., N. J., in the month of June, 1792. He studied medicine under Dr. Charles Swing, at Salem, N. J., and was graduated M.D. by the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. McCalla engaged in professional business for a short time at Roadstown, and then removed to Eox- borough. Pa., where he practiced medicine for about two years. He was then married to Jane Harrison, daughter of Dr. Archibald Campbell and Margaret McCalla, and changed his residence to Woodbury, N. J., where he soon became a popular physician. While in the midst of a growing and respectable practice, he was seized with dysentery, which ter- minated a life of great promise for usefulness on the 10th day of August, 1824. Jacob Egbert was born in Hunterdon County, near Flemington, N. J., on the 25th day of Decem- ber, 1771. He removed to Port Elizabeth, in Cumber- land County, married, commenced the study of medi- cine, and was licensed to practice the same on the 24th day of May, 1805. After practicing at the Port a few years, he removed to Cedarville, and succeeded the late Dr. Azel Pierson. He removed to Pemberton, N. J., where he died in the autumn of 1831. Benjamin Van Hook practiced medicine more than fifty years ago at Port Elizabeth. He was con- temporaneous with Dr. Benjamin Fisler. He prob- ably had a certificate of license from the State. He acquired a large practice, and is spoken of as a man well deserving the respect and confidence of his fel- low-citizens. He was very easy in his manners and pleasant in his address, and withal a man of excellent judgment. He was a brother of Dr. Lawrence Van Hook. William Garrison, son of Dr. John Garrison, was a young man of much promise, and of more than ordinary ability. He graduated at Jefferson Medical College about 1835, but his intense love for his pro- fession and his habits of continual application, com- bined with a delicate constitution, soon carried him to an early grave. Consumption claimed him as a victim, and he died lamented by those who knew him. George Spratt was a native of England. He was a clergyman in connection with the Baptist de- nomination, and was in 1828 chosen the first pastor of the Second Cohansey Baptist Church, of Bridge- ton. He is said to have been a man of considerable intelligence, an acceptable preacher, and a worthy citizen. During his residence in Bridgeton he estab- lished a small drug-store on Pearl Street, and had a limited practice as a physician. It is not known that he held a diploma from any medical school, and, in- deed, his knowledge of the theory of medicine is believed to have been vague. His acquaintance with the materia medica enabled him to prescribe with some success in slight derangements of the system. He remained in Bridgeton but a few years. William E. Brooks, son of Jonathan Brooks, was born Feb. 10, 1813. While yet young he be- came the teacher of a primary school in the village of Cedarville, and while engaged in teaching his attention was turned to the study of medicine. He entered the office of Dr. Eli E. Bateman as a pupil, and subsequently matriculated at the Medical De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania, from which institution he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He began the practice in the city of Philadelphia. He was exceedingly delicate, and had an hereditary predisposition to consumption, from which he died Oct. 4, 1841. He was a worthy mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Holmes Parvin was born in Cumberland County, N. J., Dec. 7, 1794. After receiving an English edu- cation in his native county, he commenced the study of medicine in 1813, having access to the libraries of Professors Chapman and Wistar, of Philadelphia, and attending the medical lectures of the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1815. He then began the practice in Deerfield, in this county, and continued there until 1829, when he emigrated to the West. In 1830 he settled in Cincinnati, and soon acquired an extensive practice. In 1836 he abandoned the practice of medicine and engaged in other pursuits, chiefly that he might have more leisure to investigate his favorite science of elec- tricity. GENERAL HISTORY. 567 Long before Professor Morse's name had any con- nection with the telegraph, Dr. Parvin had com- menced and so far perfected his instruments as to communicate with adjoining rooms. All he needed was funds to carry on his experiments. When upon this subject he would say to his friends that we should at some future day communicate with our distant acquaintances by means of electricity. Many of his most intimate friends thought him mad. De- termined still to continue his experiments, and desir- ous of an opportunity to explain his theories to sci- entific men in the East, he removed, in 1838, to Philadelphia. In 1841 the doctor returned to Cincinnati in feeble health, and died Feb. 6, 1842. Benjamin Fisleb, the son of Jacob and Sophia Fisler, was born in 1769. The parents were natives of Switzerland, and came to this country in their youth. After their marriage they settled in a place in South Jersey which they named Fislerville, now known as Clayton. He was a very intelligent physi- cian, and had very thoroughly prepared himself, by years of study, for the prosecution of his profession. He settled in Port Elizabeth in 1798, and was the leading, and most of the time the only, physician in the place for about fifty-five years ; besides, he was a very acceptable local preacher for a like period, gen- erally found at his post of duty. ' In 1798 he preached in Camden, and in 1797 traveled on the Salem Circuit with William McLeuahan, which included Salem. He died in his eighty-fifth year from the infirmities of age, having no lingering illness. Samuel Moore Dowdney, the son of John Dowdney and Harriet Seeley, was born in the town- ship of Stow Creek, on the 11th day of March, 1834. He obtained a good English education, and pursued classical studies to some extent previous to placing himself under the direction of his relative. Dr. Thomas Yarrow, of Allowaystown, N. J., as a stu- dent of medicine. He commenced the study of med- icine in the spring of 1852, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1855. He first commenced the practice of medicine asso- ciated with Dr. George Tomlinson, at Eoadstown, and after a dissolution of partnership, continued his professional business in the same place so long as physical ability enabled him. He died of consumption Nov. 17, 1861, and was interred in the Presbyterian Church at Greenwich. Samuel Moore, son of Col. David Moore and Lydia Eichman, was born at Deerfield, Cumberland Co., N. J., on the 8th of February, 1774. He was the brother of Dr. Jonathan Moore, of whom some account has been given. He graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1791, and was afterwards a tutor in that institution. He subsequently studied medicine, and received the degree of Doctor of Med- icine from the same institution which had conferred on him the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He practiced medicine for a short time at Greenwich, N. J., and then in Bucks County, Pa. Charles Swing, eldest son of Michael Swing and Sarah Murphy, was born in Fairfield township, Cum- berland Co., about the year 1790. He began the study of medicine under the tuition of the late Dr. William B. Ewing, of Greenwich, walking once in a fortnight from his home in Fairfield to the residence of the doctor, a distance of many miles, in order to recite his appointed task and receive assistance in the further prosecution of his studies. He was an apt student, and when he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania was thoroughly furnished for the re- sponsible work of a physician. The first year after his graduation he practiced in connection with his preceptor at Greenwich, but the year following trans- ferred his residence to Salem, and entered into part- nership with the late Dr. Archer. Several years thereafter he married a Miss Mary Lambson, of Penn's Neck, who was possessed of a very handsome patrimony. Dissolving his partnership with Dr. Archer, he began the practice in the latter village, and remained there for several years until the death of his wife. Some years later he removed to Sharp- town, and was married, a second time, to Mrs. Han- nah Ware, of Salem. Here he continued to reside until his death. He was very popular as a physician, and acquired and retained an extensive practice. He was justly regarded as one of the best-informed practitioners in the southern part of New Jersey. He died at the age of seventy, of paralysis, after a few days' illness. William F. Loper, son of Dr. James Loper, was born in Millville, N. J., July 18, 1839. His early educational advantages were excellent. After finish- ing a preparatory course at the West Jersey Academy, he entered the freshman class of Princeton College in 1857, and received the degree of B.A. in 1861. He began immediately the study of medicine in the office of his father, matriculated at the Jefferson Medical College in 1861, and graduated in March, 1863. He was a young man of much promise, and thor- oughly prepared for his life-work. He entered upon the practice of medicine in his native town with raised expectations. But, alas ! his sun went down while it was yet day. Feeling indisposed, he took a dose of what he supposed to be the mild chloride of mercury, and, his symptoms becoming alarming, the medicine was examined, and found to be arsenious acid, put into the bottle marked as above through the careless- ness of a druggist. The life of this young promising physician was the forfeit. He died Jan. 15, 1864. His body is interred in the cemetery of the Presbyterian Church of Pittsgrove, and a beautiful monument marks his resting-place. William Bacon was born in Greenwich, Cumber- land Co., N. J., June 20, 1802. His parents died during his childhood. Possessing a patrimony, he acquired an English education, and made proficiency 568 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. in some of the higher branches of learning. He began the study of medicine under the tuition of Dr. Daniel Bowen, of Woodstown, and attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, where he gradu- ated in 1822, at the age of twenty. He commenced the practice at Allowaystown, Salem Co., in the same year, and was married in January, 1823, to a Miss Eay, of Philadelphia. He continued the practice of medicine until within a few days of his death, and gently fell asleep, Feb. 26, 1868, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. EoBEET M. Bateman,' son of Dr. B. Rush Bate- man, was born in Cedarville, in this county, Sept. 14, 1836. After graduating from Princeton College, he studied medicine in the office of his father, and then took the regular course at the University of Pennsyl- vania, from which he graduated when about twenty- three years of age. The doctor practiced medicine in Cedarville for about nineteen years. He moved to Red Bank, but remained but a few months, when he moved to Bridgeton and commenced the practice of his profes- sion, and so continued until his life was suddenly terminated. Dr. Bateman was a true patriot and upright citizen in all the relations of life. During the rebellion he served his country in the capacity of assistant surgeon of the Twenty-fifth New Jersey Volunteers. He died June 4, 1878, in his forty-second year. Enoch Fithian, M.D.— The early records of the Fithian family speak of William Fithian, who died in East Hampton, L. I., between the years 1678 and 1682. He had sons, Enoch and Samuel, and two daughters. Samuel, the great-great-grandfather of the doctor, removed to Fairfield, Cumberland Co., where some of the members of his family remained. He married Priscilla Burnet, of Southampton, L. I., and had children, — John, Josiah, Samuel, Esther, Matthias, and William. Josiah was born May 6, 1685, removed to Greenwich in 1705, and married Sarah Dennis, Nov. 7, 1706. His death occurred April 3, 1741, and that of his wife, June 23, 1732. Their children were John, born in 1709; Jeremiah, in 1713; Samuel, in 1715; Hannah, in 1718; Esther, in 1721; Joseph, in 1724 ; Sarah, in 1726 ; and Josiah, in 1728. Samuel, of this number, the grandfather of Dr. Fith- ian, was born Oct. 12, 1716, in Greenwich, and mar- ried Phebe, daughter of Ephraim Seeley, of Bridge- ton, on the 3d of September, 1741. Their children were Hannah, born in 1742 (Mrs. Nathan Leake) ; Rachel, born in 1744 (Mrs. Daniel Clark) ; Amy, born in 1746 (Mrs. Joseph Moore) ; Joel, in 1748; Mary, in 1752 (Mrs. Joshua Brick) ; Sarah, in 1754 (Mrs. Thomas Brown) ; Ruth, in 1756 (Mrs. David Bowen) ; Seeley, in 1758 ; and Samuel, in 1761. Joel of this number, father of Dr. Fithian, was born Sept. 29, 1748, and married, March 4, 1780, Rachel, daughter of Jonathan and Anna Holmes. He was both a farmer and merchant in Greenwich, and represented his district in the State Legislature. Their only child was Josiah, born Sept. 30, 1776. By a second mar- riage with Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. Charles Beatty, he had children, — Charles Beatty, born Dec. 18, 1782; Samuel, born Feb. 26, 1785; Philip, whose birth occurred Jan. 24, 1787 ; Erkuries, born Aug. 17, 1789 ; and Enoch, the only survivor. Mr. Fithian died Nov. 9, 1821, and his wife, Aug. 6, 1825. Their son. Dr. Enoch Fithian, was born May 10, 1792, and began the study of medicine in April, 1813, at Roads- town, under the direction of his brother. Dr. Erkuries Fithian, who resided at Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J., and in November, 1814, attended his first course of lectures at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. In the .spring of 1815 he received instruction from Dr. William B. Ewing, of Greenwich, and the same year continued his course of medical lectures. Having been licensed to practice, he began his pro- fessional career at Roadstown in the spring of 1816, and on the 1st of June, 1817, entered into partnership with Dr. Ewing, of Greenwich, which was continued until May, 1824, when the retirement of Dr. Ewing from practice caused a dissolution of their professional relations. Dr. Edward M. Porter, on the 16th of April, 1849, entered into partnership with Dr. Fithian, and continued until 1851, and the same year Dr. Nathaniel R. Newkirk, of Pittsgrove, Salem Co., be- came associated with him. They continued in active practice until 1856, when Dr. Fithian retired from active professional labor, after a successful career of forty-one years. His labors during this period were arduous, and required not less professional skill and large experience than great physical endurance as a result of the widely-extended area of a general prac- tice. That his retirement from professional activity was received with universal regret is a sufficient com- ment upon his abilities and the regard of his patients. The doctor was appointed by the Medical Society of New Jersey one of its censors for the examination of students applying for license to practice medicine, and was several times a delegate to its meetings. By an unanimous vote of the Cumberland County Medical Society, of which he is a member, he was appointed a delegate to the American Medical Association. The doctor comes of old Whig stock, his father having been a Whig during the Revolution, and after the adoption of the Constitution a Federalist. He was a member of both houses of the State Legislature, judge of the County Court, the first sherifi" of Cumberland County elected by the people, and justice of the peace. In his religious views Dr. Fithian is a Presbyterian, and a liberal supporter as well as member of the church at Greenwich, of which both his great-grand- father and father were elders. William S. Bowen, M.D. — The earliest repre- sentatives of the Bowen family emigrated from Swan- sea, Wales, and having settled in Massachusetts, founded the town bearing the name of Swansea in gj? ^^n^ cA-t^ yf 4yPftIi<4^^^ WILLIAM S. BOWEN. ^^t^ ^2«^ GENERAL HISTORY. 669 that State. Jonathan, the great-grandfather of the doctor, removed from thence to New Jersey, and became a member of the Fenwick colony in Cumber- land County. Among his children was a son Jona- than, who became the father of Smith Bowen. The latter was thrice married. By his union with Miss Jane Potter he had a daughter Jane, who became Mrs. John Buck, and a son, William S., the subject of this biographical sketch. Mr. Bowen's tastes led him to agricultural employments. He was an extensive land-owner and a citizen of much influence in Bridgeton, where his death occurred. His son, Wil- liam S., was born Feb. 21, 1802, in Bridgeton, where the early years of his life were passed. His predilection for study having pointed in the direction of a professional career, he received a preparatory training at the academy of the village, and having entered Nassau Hall, Princeton College, graduated in 1822. He decided upon medicine as a profession, and began his studies with Dr. William Elmer, of Bridgeton, receiving in 1824 his diploma from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in Philadelphia. He became resident physi- cian of the Pine Street Hospital of the latter city, and subsequently settled in his native village, where he continued in uninterrupted practice for a period of half a century. Dr. Bowen was married to Miss Ellen, daughter of Hon. Thomas Lee, of Cumberland County, to whom were born children, — William S. and Jane B., who became Mrs. Joseph C. Kirby, of Bridgeton. By a second marriage to Miss Martha H., daughter of John Buck, of Bridgeton, were three children, — John B., Charles M., and Mary B. The only survivor of these is John B., who chose his father's profession, and graduated from the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1861, choosing Bridgeton as a field of labor. In 1862 he was assigned to duty as associate to Professor S. D. Gross in the United States Army Hospital in Philadelphia. He later re- ceived promotion to the Army of the Cumberland as surgeon of the Thirty-fourth New Jersey Volunteers, and was assigned to duty as division surgeon on the staff of Gen. Brayman. He was subsequently trans- ferred to the staflf of Gen. Prince, of the Sixteenth Corps, Army of the Tennessee. Dr. Bowen, on returning to civil life, resumed his practice in Bridgeton, where he has since resided. He was married to Miss Hannah, daughter of Jona- than Elmer, of the same place, and has three chil- dren, — Sidney E., William Courtland, and Martha H. Dr. William S. Bowen, the subject of this sketch, en- joyed an extended reputation as a successful practi- tioner. He was thoroughly at home in the field of surgery, while his progressive ideas and energetic character enabled him to keep pace with the advance in medical science. He was a member of both County and State Medical Societies. In politics he was a Democrat, and an active partici- pant in local contests. He was for a term chosen as surrogate of the county, was collector of the port of Bridgeton, and an elector on the Presidential ticket in 1856. He was actively interested in the cause of educa- tion, a director of the State Normal School, and a member of the School Board of Bridgeton. Dr. Bowen was an enthusiastic Mason, in which order he attained high rank, having been Past Grand Master of the State. His religious belief was in har- mony with the creed of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was an active member. His death occurred in Bridgeton, May 7, 1872, in his seventy-first year. Edmund Levi Bull Wales, M.D. — Deacon Na- thaniel Wales and his brothers, John and Elkanah, fled from England to escape religious persecution, and settled in Plymouth, Mass., where they were among the earliest settlers in America. From the first two are descended all the branches of the family now in New Jersey. Timothy, the great-grandfather of Dr. Wales, was one of twenty children of Ebenezer Wales. He mar- ried Sarah Loomis, and had five children, — Eliza- beth, Timothy, Eoger, Sarah, and Eoxanna. Tim- othy, of this number, resided for a number of years in New York City, where he was engaged in the government service. His son. Dr. Roger Wales, was born July 19, 1768, and married in 1798 Har- riet Bentley, of Maryland. He was for years a phy- sician of great skiU in Cape May County, N. J., and died Sept. 30, 1835. Their four surviving children of the eight born to them were Judge Eli B. Wales, born July 10, 1798, and still living, in his eighty-fifth year, who was thrice married, and had by his first wife. Miss Sarah H., daughter of Hon. Thomas Hughes, nine children, of whom four are living, — Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Young ; Thomas, who married Miss Martha Tomlin ; Dr. Eli B., residing with his father ; Mary (Mrs. Walter Barrows) ; Dr. E. L. B. Wales, the subject of this sketch ; Harriet Ann, wife of Capt. Westley Rogers, a native of Mauricetown, N. J., and later of Bridgeton, whose sons, Bentley W. and Eli E., are the contributors of this portrait of their uncle ; and Mary Hunter, who became Mrs. Benjamin Hughes, and has two children, Henry and William Hughes, of Cape Island. Dr. Edmund Levi Bull Wales was born March 15, 1805, and after graduating at Yale College, deter- mined upon the study of medicine. He graduated with honor in 1828 from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, and at once chose Tuckahoe, Cape May Co., 'N. J., where for a period of fifty-two years he continued in uninterrupted practice. His thorough knowledge of medical science and great skill in sur- gery early made him one of the leading physicians of the county, and secured him a high rank in his pro- fession and a proportionably extended field of labor, with a fortune as the result. 570 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. " Well schooled in classic literature and in the study of his profession, with a nature that lends sympathy in its efforts to relieve suffering, he not only gained the confidence and esteem of the community in all the departments of medicine, hut from his philosoph- ical contributions to medical journals became ac- knowledged by the members of his profession to be one of the most cultured physicians of New Jersey. From his celebrity he enjoyed the privilege for more than a quarter of a century of being the instructor of more medical students than any physician in South Jersey. Deeply absorbed in the studies of his pro- fession, the practice of which embraced an area of twenty-five miles, he, however, in his library and on victions, and a supporter of the Presbyterian faith. The church of that denomination at Cold Spring, N. J., was made the recipient of a one-thousand- dollar legacy on his death, while the Tuckahoe Church received five hundred dollars, and Kev. Allen J. Brown the same amount. His death oc- curred Aug. 19, 1882, in his seventy-eighth year. Thomas Sturdivant, M.D. — The Sturdivants are of English ancestry, and were originally residents of Staffordshire, England, from whence, on their emigra- tion to America, they settled in New England. Jo- seph, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Great Britain, and educated in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, from whence he graduated with the roadway, kept abreast with the polite literature of the day, and in the departments of science, phil- osophy, theology, and politics loved to engage the attention of the young. By his choice and fitly- spoken words the knowledge he wished to convey was made doubly impressive from the innate dignity of his manner while imparting it." He was married to Miss Mary Brick, of Port Eliz- abeth, N. J., and had two children, who died in in- fancy. The mother did not long survive the death of her little ones. The doctor was early a Whig, but later became a Democrat. He was for eighteen years one of the judges of the Court of Pardons, and wielded an extended influence in the public affairs of the county. He was a man of deep religious con- honor. Having studied navigation and developed a taste for a seafaring life, he accepted a position as purser on an East Indian merchantman, and sailed for China. He later became first oflScer of a similar vessel, and having arrived in New York, determined to settle in Philadelphia. He continued to follow the sea, and eventually became captain of a vessel sailing to Southern ports. He was married to Miss Eliza- beth Chadd Morrison, daughter of William and Sarah Morrison. The great-grandfather of Dr. Sturdivant was a soldier of the Revolution, and killed at the battle of Chadd's Ford. His great-grandmother was a Harvey, and descended from the famous Harvey family, of Brandywine and Chadd's Ford, his grand- mother having been Sarah Sharp. Mr. and Mrs. GENERAL HISTORY. 571 Sturdi vant had two sons and two daughters, the eldest of whom, Thomas, was born on the 4th of March, 1838, in Philadelphia. He was educated at one of the grammar schools of the city, and after acquitting himself with credit, while preparing to enter the High School, he had the misfortune to lose his father, who died on the west coast of Africa of yellow fever. At the age of fourteen his son Thomas was forced to abandon his studies and seek self-sustaining em- ployment. During a period of five years when thus occupied he devoted three nights of the week to the study of medicine with the family physician, after which he attended three sessions of lectures, and graduated at the Penn Medical University of Phila- delphia in March, 1860. During the interim of col- lege sessions he became clerk in a drug-store, thus obtaining a knowledge of pharmacy and chemistry. He began the practice of medicine in the southern section of Philadelphia in the fall of 1860, and in October, 1861, was appointed out-door physician of the First Poor District of the city, which position he held for three years. In November, 1864, he removed to Greenwich, Cumberland Co., and remained until April, 1866, meanwhile studying the homoeopathic system of medicine. Having decided to adopt this school of practice, he sought a new field of labor in Millville. The patronage he obtained was at first limited, but by skill and assiduous attention to the interests of his patients the doctor has made his dis- tinctive method of treatment popular and established a successful and lucrative practice. He was married on the 10th of April, 1862, to Miss Ann Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Moses L. Likens, a well-known commission merchant of Philadelphia. They have had seven children, three of whom are living. The doctor is a Republican in politics, and in his relig- ious preferences a Presbyterian and member of that church at Millville. He is Past Grand and Past District Deputy Grand Master of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Past Sachem of Manumuskin Tribe of Improved Order of Red Men, a member of Ivanhoe Lodge of Knights of Pythias, a Past Sir Knight Commander of Ivanhoe Division, U. R., No. 3, Knights of Pythias, and was captain for four years and six months of Company A, Fourth Battalion of National Guard of the State of New Jersey. He was for four years cor- oner under Governor Joel Parker, city physician for four years in Millville, and nearly three years physi- cian to the Board of Health. He has always taken an active interest in the cause of education, has been a member of the school board for three years, and is serving in that capacity at the present time (1883). The Organization of the Cumberland County Medical Society. — In 1818, the year following the decease of Dr. Jonathan Elmer, a medical society was organized in the county of Cumberland. The State Medical Society was organized in the city of New Brunswick as early as 1766. A new act of incorpora- tion was passed by the Legislature of New Jersey, Feb. 16, 1816, at the close of the first half-century. Pursuant to authority given by the Medical Society of the State of New Jersey, a number of licensed practitioners of medicine of the county of Cumber- land met at Bridgeton on the 8th day of December, 1818, for the purpose of organizing a district medical society in said county. Drs. Ebenezer Elmer, Wm. B. Ewing, James B. Parvin, Charles Clark, Lawrence Van Hook, Edmund Sheppard, Daniel C. Pierson, Isaac H. Hampton, and Enoch Fithian were present at this meeting. Of the number who were interested in the organization of this society, fifty years ago, but one survives. Dr. Enoch Fithian, who is a remarkably well-preserved old gentleman, having celebrated at his home in Greenwich, May 10, 1883, his ninety-first birthday. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer was chosen president of the newly organized society ; Dr. Wm. B. Ewing, vice- president; Dr. Enoch Fithian, secretary; and Drs. Elmer, Ewing, and Pierson were appointed a com- mittee to frame by-laws and regulations, and to report to an adjourned meeting which was ordered to be held at Brewster's Hotel, in Bridgeton, on the second Wednesday of January, 1819. At this adjourned meet- ing Drs. Thomas W. Peck, William Elmer (1), Francis G. Brewster, Holmes Parvin, William Steeling, John L. Smith, and Benjamin Fisler were admitted to membership, and the organization completed by the election of Dr. Wm. Elmer, Sr., as treasurer. The by-laws, rules, and regulations as presented by the committee appointed to draft the same, and adopted by the society at its meeting in January, 1819, are both comprehensive and well-defined. The District Medical Society of Cumberland County, thus duly organized, was in successful operation until April 27, 1830, at which time it is said that there were so few who attended its meetings or manifested any interest in its proceedings, that it became extinct. Upon Thursday, the 9th of November, 1848, the District Medical Society of Cumberland County, after a slumber of eighteen years, was again revived. Drs. Enoch Fithian, Ephraim Buck, William S. Bowen, Jacob W. Ludlam, William Elmer (2), George Toni- linson, and J. Barron Potter met and resolved to make application to the Medical Society of New Jersey to reorganize the District Medical Society of the county of Cumberland. The request was granted, and by the appointment of the State Society a meeting of medical men was held at the hotel of Edmund Davis, Bridgeton, Nov. 28, 1848. At this meeting there were present, in ad- dition to the gentlemen already named, Drs. Eli E. Bateman, B. Rush Bateman, Willets, Parker, and Charles Butcher, and three weeks later (December 19th), when the "Laws, Rules, and Regulations" were adopted, Drs. Hampton, Ewing, Joseph Butcher, and Holmes were reported as among the number in at- tendance. The constitution of the reorganized society 572 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. in 1848 has a striking resemblance in the spirit and letter to the constitution adopted in 1818. Under these laws and regulations the society has been in successful operation for the last twenty years, and its stated meetings have been faithfully and regularly observed. The following gentlemen have successively filled the office of president: 1818-20. E. Elmer, Bridgeton. 1821-2:^. William B.Ewing, Green- wich, 1823-25. Ephraim Bateman (1), Ce- darville. 1828-30. E. Elmer, Bridgeton. 1848-49. E. Fithian, Greenwich. 1850. B. Bush Bateman, Cedarrllle. 1851. Ephraim Buck, Bridgetoa. 185 i. Wm. Elmer (2), Bridgeton. 1853. Wm. S. Bowen, Bridgeton. 1854. Jacob Ludlam, Deerfield. 1855. I. H. Hampton, Bridgeton. 3856. Eli E. Bateman, Cedarville. 1857. Geo. Tomlinson, Boadstown. 1858. N. R. Newkirk, Greenwich. 1859. J. Barron Potter, Bridgeton. 1860. E. Bateman (2), Cedarville. 1861. Joseph Sheppard, Bridgeton. 1862. Charles C. Phillips, Deerfield. 1863. Robert W. Elmer, Bridgeton. 1864. Thos. H. Tomlinson, Shiloh. 1865. Samuel G.Cattell, Deerfield. 1866. R. M. Bateman, Cedarville. 1867. Wm. Elmer (3), Bridgeton. 1868. T. E. Stathems, Greenwich. 1869. Stetson L. Bacon, Newport. 1870. George E. Butcher, Dividing Creek. 1871. B.Rush Bateman, Cedarville. 1872. Geo. Tomlinson, Roadstown. 1873. Eli E. Bateman, Cedarville. 1874. Wm. Elmer (2), Bridgeton. 1875. Wm. h. Newell, Millville. 1876. J. Barron Potter, Bridgeton. 1877. Jona. S. Whitaker, Millville. 1878. George M. Paullin, Shiloh. 1879. J. Barron Pptter, Bridgeton. 1880. B.Rush Bateman, Cedarville. 1881. John Ingram, Vineland. 1882. E. Bateman (2), Cedarville. 1883. Thomas J. Smith, Bridgeton. There have been but five secretaries since the or- ganization of the society. Under the old constitution, Dr. Enoch Fithian was elected secretary in 1818, and held the office three years. He was succeeded by Dr. Ephraim Buck, who served in the same capacity two years. Dr. William S. Bowen, who was elected in 1824, continued in office until the society became ex- tinct, in 1830. Since the reorganization, in 1848, Dr. J. Barron Potter, William Elmer (2), and the present secretary, Henry W. Elmer, have discharged the duties of the secretaryship with fidelity and acceptance. The names of the treasurers are as follows, viz. : Drs. William Elmer (1), Ebenezer Elmer, Ephraim Buck, Holmes Parvin, B. Rush Bateman, William S. Bowen, Eli E. Bateman, Nath. E.. Newkirk, and the present incumbent, Joseph Sheppard. Dr. N. R. Newkirk was elected treasurer in 1860, and continued in office until his death, in 1866. The annual and semi-annual meetings have always been held in Bridgeton, the county-seat. The following is a list of all the physicians in this county who have filed copies of their diplomas in the county clerk's office, in accordance with the act passed in 1880, and their places of residence: Name. William S. Applegate.. Eli E. Bateman Charles Brewer Lewis W.Brown Edwin C.Bidwell Samuel Butcher. George E. Butcher John B. Bowen Ephraim Bateman Joseph Butcher Stetson L. Bacon Elliflton K. Bateman.... Jacob E. Bennett C. A. Baker Charles H. Dare Corbon J. Decker Robert W. Elmer Robert P. Ewiug William Elmer Henry W.Elmer... Henry Esten i Henry C. Fithian Eleazpr D. Farr } Theodore Foote I Andrew P. Gardner Ephraim Holmes I Charles T.Hill f George P. Haley I John Holton I George A. Harris I Anna M. Hyde I John Ingram William S. Jones James JeoningB I Mary Lucas j Franklin Lane I Joseph Moore John H. Moore ' Christopher Montella.. ! William L. Newell George M. Paullin i J. Barron Potter i Joseph H. Putnam j Charles C.Phillips ' Jacob G. Streets David R. Streets Thomas E, Stathem Thomas J. Smith Thomas Sturdivant Sharp M. Snyder Joseph Sheppard i Wm. H. Clay Smith I Emery R. Tulter ' Malcolm B. TuUer Where Graduated. FairtoD CedarTille Vineland Vinelaud Vineland Mauricetown.. Mauricetown.. Bridgeton Cedarville Mauricetown.. PortNorris Cedarville Millville Vineland Shiloh Bridgeton Greenwich Bridgeton Bridgeton Vineland PortNorris Cedarville Vineland Newport Greenwich Dividing Creek . Newport Bridgeton Bridgeton Jefferson College April 2, 1883. Medical Society New Jersey July 6, 1832. Maryland University,' Baltimore March 6, 1855. Homoeopathic Medical College, New Tork 1865. Medical Department Yale College '. I Jan. 20, 1844. Jefferaon College \ March 10, 1864. Jefferson College I March 'J, 1858. University of Pennsylvania.. Cedarville Jefferson College Jefferson College University of Pennsylvania.. Vineland . Millville .. Vineland.... Bridgeton... Bridgeton... Vineland .... Millville.... Shiloh Bridgeton... Bridgetoa... Deerfield.... Bridgeton... Bridgeton .. Greenwich . Bridgeton... Millville .... Cedarville.., Bridgeton... Millville.... Vineland.... Millville .... March 14, 186L ■ July 4, 1851. April 2, 1883. ' March 9, 1858. ; March 15, 1882. ' March 12, 1881. | Jefferson College j Aug. 5, 1882. ! University of Pennsylvania March 10, 1870. , Jefferson College March 13,1880. Medical Society of New Jersey April 5,1860. I University of Pennsylvania March 13,1868. I University of Pennsylvania March, 1833. j Univeraity of Pennsylvania March 13, 1869. , Eclectic Medical College, New Tork June 12. 1867. University of Pennsylvauia March 12, 1877. Eclectic Medical College Jan. 20, 1858. \ Homoeopathic Medical College, New York March 5,1874. ' Jefferson College March 10, 1865. ' University of Pennsylvania April 4, 1844. ! Penn Medical University April 18, 1881. | JeffeiBon College March 12,1879. Eclectic Medical College, Pennsylvania ' Jan. 22, 1860. I American University of Philadelphia I Dpc, 20, 1872. ' - - ~ - J-eb. 14, 1878. Feb. 25, 1850. March 12, 1878. : Sept. 12, 1840. University of Medicine and Sargery, Philadelphia. Sterling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio JeffeiBon College Reformed Medical Society, New York Beach's Reformed Medical College, New York | June 28, 1853. Berkshire Medical School, Massachusetts Nov. II, 1846. Jefferson College ! March 6, 1852. University of Pennsylvania.. Royal University of Turin , Jefferson College University of Pennsylvania New Jersey Medical Society , Bellevue College of Medicine, N. Y Philadelphia College of Medicine Pennsylvania College of Homoeopathic Medicine.. University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Penn Medical University University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania University of PennsylTania Western Homoeopathic College, Ohio Hahnemann College, Philadelphia ;..^.. March 15. 1880. ; Aug. 8, 1876. March 15, 1859. \ March 14, 1861. j Jane 26, 1848. March 3, 1864. ' Feb. 26,1853. June 1,1866. j March 15, 1880. March 15, 1860. i March 14, 1866. March 1, 1860. March 11, 1865. March, 1851. March 14, 1866. Feb. 7, 1862. March 10, 1873. GENERAL HISTORY. 573 George TomlinBoa jQDa. S. Whittaker Maximilian West Lucretia Minerva Wrigh1>-Putnam J. Howard Willetts Stacy M. Wilson Theodore Wheaton Charles Wiley John W. Wade, Jr Roadstown Millville Millville Bridge ton Port Elizabeth Leesburg Millville Yineland Millville Where Graduated. New Jersey Medical Society Jefferson College „ Jefferson College New England Female Collogo Jefferson College University of Pennsylvania , University of Pennsylvania Jeffei-son College Philadelphia University of Medicine, June 14, 1831. March, 1846. March 2U, 1845. March 5, 1873. March 9,1858. March 13, 1869. March 14, 1879. March 1(1, 1864. Jan. 1, 1876. CHAPTER LXXXIX. AGRICULTURE. The first settlers found an unbroken forest covering the land in all this portion of the State, except the Indian clearings, which were few and of no large ex- tent. The timber consisted mainly of white, black, and red oak, hickory, chestnut, and pine, and the swampy lands along the banks of the streams were covered with cedar. The first settlers, unlike their Dutch predecessors along the banks of the Delaware, whose main object was to establish posts for trading with the Indians, sought a place for a permanent home, where they might have that religious freedom which bad been denied them in their former abodes. The first and principal business of the settlers, as in all permanent settlements of new countries, was the clearing of the land and the raising of food for them- selves and their horses, cattle, and other stock. They built their houses mostly along the navigable streams, which then constituted the main avenues of travel. The timber had little value to them for many years. When their home wants for buildings, fences, and firewood were supplied the remainder was only an encumbrance to be gotten rid of in the least expen- sive and most expeditious way. The trees were in many cases girdled and left standing, and the crops planted among them. The people lived each upon his own tract of land, and were occupied in agricul- tural pursuits. The villages could hardly be called by that name, the houses comprised in them being, as a rule, no nearer to one another than can be found at this day along any of our thickly-settled farming neighborhoods. In 1721 the Governor of the province, William Burnet, described Salem, the county-seat, as a very pool- fishing village of about twenty houses, and not above seven or eight voters, and no other place was as large. The means used for tilling the soil were crude and inefilcient. The plow was made of wood throughout, the team was generally oxen, and plowing the ground was scarcely more than scratching the surface. Little manure was madej no fertilizers were used, lime for agricultural purposes was unthought of, and marl was not discovered. The raising of hay on the uplands was considered impracticable, and supplies of that kind were obtained from the salt marshes, a tract of which was considered a necessary adjunct of every farm, and was regularly bought and sold with it, and worth as much per acre as the farm itself. After the Revolution the demand for timber and fuel in the growing cities of Philadelphia and New York seri- ously checked the development of the agricultural resources of this section of the State. The cutting and hauling the timber to wharves along the various navigable streams occupied the main attention of al- most every farmer, interfering greatly with his farm- ing labors. Frpm this source all his ready money, which was very little, and a large part of his supplies were obtained. For the want of manure and fertil- izers and a better system of farming a great deal of the land became poorer day' by day. The portion tilled was cropped until it was exhausted, when it was abandoned, and new ground cleared, only to go through the same agricultural methods. In this county these abandoned commons constituted a con- siderable portion of the cleared land, and were quite common until within the last twenty-five or thirty years, and a few are still to be found. It was supposed that the fertility of these old commons never could be restored. Between 1815 and 1830 many of the inhab- itants sold their worn-out lands and moved to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, whose virgin soils, much of them without any trees to be cut, offered many in- ducements to those who saw their lands in this section becoming poorer with each succeeding year. With the general improvement in other branches, a new era gradually developed in agriculture. The iron plowshare was brought into use, oxen mostly gave place to horses, and new and improved implements of husbandry proved a great boon to the farmer. The four most potent factors in the later agricultural de- velopment of the county and of all South Jersey have been the raising of upland hay, especially clover, the rotation of crops, the application of lime to the soil, and the discovery and use of marl. The first not only furnished a larger and better supply of hay, making possible the keeping of more stock, and thereby giving a larger supply of manure, but the strong and vigorous growth of clover, with its im- mense mass of roots, has caused it to become the great renovating crop, which, along with the use of lime and marl, has converted those old commons and 574 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. worn-out lands into as fertile and productive farms as are to be found in any State. The deposits of marl along Stow Creek and its trib- utaries were discovered about the time the decreas- ing supply of timber turned the attention of farmers to the more thorough cultivation of their cleared lands. At first its value as a fertilizer was considered doubtful by many, but its practical use soon became more general, and the increasing fertility of the lands where it was used proved the best argument in its favor. Its value to this county cannot be estimated. Lands which had become so poor that wheat could not be grown, and sometimes even rye could scarcely be raised, have become wheat-growing soils. Farms which were sold for ten dollars per acre now brings from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre. All the western end of the county, the most highly cultivated and richest portion of it, owes its great fertility to the use of marl. It was first dug and used by Isaac Elwell, on Bishop's Run, a branch of Stow Creek, in 1819, and about ten years later pits were opened on Horse Branch, a tributary of the same creek on the Salem side. Numerous pits are now open, and about twenty thousapd tons are dug in this county each year. The principal commodities raised in the county are wheat, corn, oats, rye, Irish and sweet potatoes, hay, tomatoes, poultry, fruits, and truck or market pro- duce. The proximity to New York and Philadelphia and other cities, together with the excellent facilities for reaching them, is causing a steady change in the agriculture of the county. More attention is con- stantly given to the growing of market produce in place of wheat, rye, corn, oats, and other standard farm crops. The growing of small fruits has also become a large interest in this county, hundreds of acres being devoted to the raising of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pears, peaches, and other fruits. Numerous canning establishments have been erected throughout the county, creating a demand for large supplies, mostly of peaches and tomatoes, which has been fully met by the farmers. The time is not far distant when the cultivation of wheat and the other standard crops will be mostly abandoned, and the county become almost one entire market-garden and fruit- farm. The Cumberland Connty Agricultural and Hor- ticultural Society.— The increasing interest in agri- cultural pursuits which developed after 1820 led to the formation of a county agricultural society in 1823. In pursuance of a notice published in the two news- papers of Bridgeton, a number of those interested met at the hotel of Smith Bowen, in Bridgeton, on January 23d of that year, and, after discussing the question, it was unanimously resolved to form such a society, and committees were appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws. At the next meeting, held February 13th, the society was organized as " The Cumberland County Agricultural Society," and its object was "to promote agricultural improvements and to encourage family manufactures." The first oflBcers were : President, Dr. William B. Ewing ; Vice- Presidents, John Laning, Jr., Lewis Paullin, Norton O. Lawrence, and Adrian Clunn ; Secretary, Dr. Ephraim Buck ; Treasurer, Ebenezer Elmer ; Direc- tors, Philip Fithian, Stow Creek; John T. Davis and John Miller, Hopewell ; James Lummis and Ephraim McQueen, Deerfield ; Daniel Parvin and William McChesney, Fairfield; Peter Ladow and Charles Brown, Downe. The members of the society, comprising the most enterprising agriculturists of that day and many of the leading citizens of the county, were : Ebenezer Elmer. W. B. Bwing. Norton O. Lawrence. John Clarke. Ephraim Buck. Lucius Q. 0. Elmer. John Compton. John Laning, Jr. David Husteil. William McNichole. Daniel Parvin. James Lummis. Ephraim McQueen. Gabriel Parvin. ZaccheuB Joslin. Charles Brown. J. D. Westcott, Jr. Adrian Clunn. John Miller. John Swinney. Daniel Wells. Smith Bowen. George Adcock. Eobert S. Buck. John Bright. Simeon Siegfried. Ignatius Thomson. Lewis Paullin. Samuel B. Davis. John T. Davis. John Johnston. Philip Fithian. William McChesney, James B. Potter. H. B, Marseilles. Daniel Elmer. Isaac H. Hampton. Bobert Sheppard. Jonathan Parvin, David Reeves. Norton Harris. The entire schedule of premiums offered for the first exhibition was as follows : For the greatest quan- tity raised on one acre of each of the following crops, viz. : vegetables, sweet potatoes, millet, and corn ; for the best farm management, best bull, cow, and boar; to the person manufacturing in the family the largest quantity of linen cloth, and of woolen cloth, and " to the female who shall present before the society the best Gown Pattern prepared for the loom by. herself, $5." It is perhaps needless to remark that the pres- ent society finds no demand for the offering of the last premium at this day. The first exhibition was held Nov. 18, 1823. A light fall of snow the night before interfered somewhat with its success, but the display of cattle and hogs was good, and a large num- ber of people attended. The second exhibition, in 1824, was much better, and Dr. W. B. Ewing delivered an address on an appropriate subject. The third ex- hibition, in 1825, was quite successful, and was held two days. A field belonging to Ephraim Holmes was used for the display of stock and agricultural imple- ments, while the domestic manufactures were ex- hibited in a room at the hotel of Jeremiah Buck. Perhaps no better idea of the state of agricultural improvement in the county can be given than by the following items from a written report of this exhibi- tion. It says, — " The display of stock was far superior to that of GENERAL HISTORY. 575 any former exhibition ; and from the vast collection of farmers and citizens from different parts of the county, and from the neighboring counties who at- tended to witness the scene, the society felt highly gratified." Among the premiums given were Smith Bowen, for best breeding mare with colt by her side, five dollars ; Dr. William Elmer, for the best bull, not more than four years old nor less than one year old, five dollars. This was an imported "improved Durham short- horn." Lemuel Lawrence received a premium of three dollars for a half-blood Durham short-horn. The same premium was allowed for calves of good blood, and Durhams, short-horns, and Holsteins are mentioned as being among the best. Gen. Daniel Elmer exhibited a cow of " Bakewell stock," remark- able as a milker, having given one hundred and thirty- three quarts of milk in one week, from which ten pounds of butter were made. Sheep of the Dishley blood were on exhibition, the best receiving a premium of two dollars, also hogs of extraordinary size and fatness, " far surpassing any animals of the kind ever exhibited ;" six of them, if killed during the winter, were estimated to weigh be- tween four and five thousand pounds. John John- ston exhibited eleven pigs from his " imported Eng- lish boar," which were pronounced fine specimens. Favorable mention is made of other horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep exhibited by different individuals. Peter Ladow raised upon one-half acre of ground ninety-two bushels and three pecks of sweet potatoes, for which he received a premium of three dollars. The greatest quantity of clover-hay on three acres was raised by Daniel Parvin, six and one-half tons ; premium, three dollars. " In consequence of the excessive drought which pre- vailed during the last season, the crops in this part of the country were much injured, and in many instances completely destroyed, therefore no certificates were offered for premiums on any other crops." Among the domestic manufactures premiums were awarded for the best linen diaper, for cotton, woolen, and worsted stockings, blankets, bed-quilts, and car- petings, ranging from one dollar to three dollars, and discretionary premiums were awarded for ele- ganf goose-down bedspread, tastefully ornamented by painting, imitation Leghorn hat, and a pair of knit stockings and vest complete, made by Mrs. Robert Harris, a blind woman. Mention is made of other bed-quilts, domestic cloth from Bridgeton and Cedar- ville factories, and a sample of balls and silk spun by silk-worms raised by Hannah Howell, of Fairfield. The first plowing match was held at this exhibi- tion. Only two teams of horses entered, and the pre- mium was awarded to James Lummis. Two yoke of oxen also contended for the prize, which was given to Mr. Hoff. These contests excited much interest, and it was hoped that at the next annual meeting more teams would be in readiness. A number of agricultural implements were on ex- hibition, such as patent chaff-cutter, root-cutter, stalk- cutter, cultivator, substratum plow, improved harrow, revolving horse-rake, improved roller, and James Lummis' patent hill or corn-planter, a very ingenious and useful machine. "The society dined together at the hotel on the last day of the exhibition, after which they proceeded to the election of oflScers and then adjourned." Nearly all the stock was owned by persons living in Bridgeton. Great interest was felt in improved stock at that time. From a letter dated March 22, 1825, it appears that the writer of that date gave two hundred dollars for a bull-calf of imported improved Durham short-horn stock, twenty-two months old. The same winter he sold two calves of mixed blood for one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars. The same letter states that " another breed, from the Isle of France, called the Alderney, are celebrated for making large quan- tities of butter from a small quantity of milk." A notice of this exhibition in one of the newspapers of that date says, " It was manifest to every one pres- ent that the increasing agricultural spirit would very speedily supersede the toilsome and unprofitable labor of cutting timber." The fourth exhibition, on Nov. 26, 1826, passed off with good success, but the fifth, in 1827, was a failure. The burden of keeping up the society rested upon a few men, and as the interest in it did not seem to be kept up, it was allowed to go down, after existing for five years. But its influence was not lost, and it did much towards fostering that spirit of enterprise from which the later agricultural prosperity has arisen. Twenty-four years later, on Dec. 8, 1851, the friends of agricultural progress again met, at the hotel of E. Davis & Son, in Bridgeton, to form a society devoted to this interest. Committees were appointed, and at the second meeting, on Jan. 19, 1852, "The Cumber- land County Agricultural and Horticultural Society" was formed. The first officers were : President, Lewis McBride ; Vice-Presidents, Dr. J. W. Ludlam, James Stiles, Samuel C. Fithian, and Isaac West; Corre- sponding Secretary, Dr. Ephraim Buck; Recording Secretary, Franklin Devereux ; Treasurer, Charles E. Elmer. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, modeled in large part from those of the former so- ciety. Quarterly meetings were held through 1852, attended by but few persons. No exhibition was held, and the society lay dormant until Jan. 25, 1854. New interest having been aroused, on that date a large meeting was held, and it was resolved to hold an exhibition in the ensuing fall. An extensive schedule of premiums was arranged, and the first exhibition of the present society was held Sept. 28, 1854, and was very successful. The annual exhibi- tions were held on the lot now bounded by Commerce, the south side of Oak, Giles, and Lawrence Streets, now mostly covered with handsome residences, which was leased for the purpose until 1860, when a lot of 576 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. about thirteen acres of ground, fronting on the south side of Vine Street above Giles, was purchased, and the exhibitions have been held there annually ever since. In 1882 and 1883 three additional lots of land ad- joining the former purchase were bought, which en- larged the grounds to nineteen and a half acres, and large and convenient permanent buildings were erected during the summer of 1883, at a contract price of two thousand eight hundred and twenty- seven dollars. Previous to that a large tent had been used in which to display the exhibits. The main build- ing is one hundred and five by fifty-eight feet, built in three sections, the centre one being about twenty feet in height, and a wing on each side sixteen feet^i high, sloping down to ten feet at the eaves. The whole floor is on a level, and the whole building con- stitutes a large and convenient hall, well adapted to the uses of the society. Four other buildings were also built for stock, two of them twenty-two by fifty feet, and two twenty by fifty feet, divided into roomy stalls. The following have been the presidents of the society since its organization : 1862-53. Lewis MoBride. 1854-56. JameB H. Flanagin. 1857-58. Charles S. PithisD. 1859-60. Providence Ludlam. 1861-62. Theophilus P. Davis. 1863-64. Ebenezer Hall. 1865-66. Lewis M. Hires. 1867-68. Harris Ogden, Jr. 1869-70. KobertMore. Its present officers are : President, David McBride ; Vice-Presidents, George W. Sheppard, Frank E. Fithian, Joseph G. Bowen, and Robert More; Sec- retary, Eli E. Rogers ; Treasurer, Charles H. Mulford. The society has had a very successful career, and its annual fairs are the great attraction throughout the county. For the last few years it has been held two days, and its thirtieth exhibition, held September 5th and 6th last, was the most successful one since its existence. The society has been of great benefit to the agricultural interests of the county and a potent factor in its improved agricultural condition. Under a similar wise management as in the past, it cannot fail to be a continued stimulus to more improved methods of husbandry, and its annual fair will con- tinue to be the great autumnal gathering of the peo- ple of this and surrounding counties. 1871-72. Morris Bacon. 1873. Samuel G. Cattell, M.D, 1874-75. Charles Woodnutt. 1876. Jacob M. Harris.' 1877-78. Lorenzo Sharp. 1879-80. John S. Holmes. 1881. Isaac M. Smalley. 1882-83. David McBride. CHAPTER XC. CIVIL LIST AND STATISTICS. Civil List. — In this list are given the names of those residents of the county who have held impor- ' Died diiring the year. tant offices under the national and State govern- ments and those who have held county offices. UNITED STATES SENATOKS. Jonathan Elmer, March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791. Ephraiffi Bateman, Nov. 10, 1826, to Jan. 30, 1829. MEMBBKS or OONGEBSS. Dr. Jonathan Elmer, 1776-77, 1781-83, 1787, 1789. Ebenezer Elmer, 1801 to 1807. Dr. Bphraim Bateman, 1815 to 1823. Thomas Lee, 1833 to 1837. Lucius Q. C. Elmer, 1843 to 1845. James G. Hampton, 1845 to 1849. John T. Nixon, 1859 to 1863. UNITED STATES DISTEIOT JUDGE. John T. Nixon, 1870 to present time. UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTOENET. Lucius Q. 0. Elmer, 1823 to 1829. GOVEENOE. Eliaa P. Seelcy, Feb. 27, 1833, to Oct. 25, 1833. SECRETAEY OP STATE. James D. Westcott, appointed Oct. 29, 1830; reappointed Oct. 30, 1835; served to Oct. 30, 1840. ADJUTANT-GENEEAL. Ebenezer Elmer, July 16-23, 1804, to Nov. 29, 1804. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPEEMB COUET. Daniel Elmer, March 9, 1841, to January, 1845. Lucius Q. C. Elmer, Feb. 6, 1852, to Peb. 5, 1859 ; Aug. 22, 1861, to March 15, 1869. JUDGES OP THE COUET OF BEEOKS AND APPEALS. Joshua Brick, Feb. 5, 1845, to January-June, 1846. Jonathan S. Whitaker, March 18, 1881, to present time. ATTOENBY-GBNEEAL. Lucius Q. C. Elmer, February, 1850, to February, 1852. In addition to these, Richard Howell, clerk of the Supreme Court from 1788 to 1792, and Governor from 1792 to 1801 ; Joseph Bloomfield, attorney-general from 1783 to 1792, and Governor from 1801 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1812; Benjamin F. Lee, clerk of the Supreme Court from 1872 to the present time ; Charles Ewing, chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1824 to 1832 ; John Moore White, attorney-general from 1833 to 1838, and an associate justice of the Supreme Court from 1838 to 1845, were all natives of this county, except Bloomfield and Howell, and they began their professional careers in Bridgeton. Officers of Salem County before Cumberland was set ofl" who resided within the limits of Cumberland: SHEEIFP. William Dare, Dec. 9, 1703, to Sept. 13, 1705. STATE NAVAL OPPICEES. Previous to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States the power to regulate commerce rested in the respective State governments. The State of New Jersey passed an act " for regulating navigation and trade in this State" Dec. 21, 1781, which pro- vided for the appointment by joint meeting of a naval officer residing in each of the counties of Mid- dl^ex, Burlington, and Cumberland, to hold office for three years, and established custom-houses under GENERAL HISTORY. 577 charge of the naval officers. With the adoption of the United States Constitution this act ceased to have any force, and was repealed. Under this act Eli Elmer, of Bridgeton, was appointed naval officer for the Western District Dec. 26, 1781, and reappointed Dec. 21, 1784, and Oct. 31, 1787. County Officers. SHEBIFrS. Before the Revolution sheriffs were appointed by the Governors, to hold office for three years or during his pleasure. Under the Constitutions of 1776 and 1844 they were elected by the people annually, and could hold the office only three successive years, and the custom was to re-elect, without opposition, until each had occupied the office for three years. The amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1875 made the term of office three years. The following persons have held the office : 174J. ADanias Sayre. 182a. John Lanmg, Jr. 176?. Samuel Fitbian, Jr. 1825. Robert S. Buck. 1764. Ananias Sayre. 1828. Josiah Shaw. 1767. Maskell Ewing. 1831. Daniel M. Woodruff. 1760. Silaa Newcomb. 1834. Cornelius Lupton. 1763. Howell Powell. 1837. David Campbell. 1766. Theophilus Elmer. 1839. Levi B. Davis. 1769. Thomas Maskell. 1842. Harris B. Mattison. 1772. Jonathan Elmer. 1846 (October), Cornelius Lupton 1775. David Bowen. (appointed by Governor October 1776. Joel Fithlan. 18th, and held office until the 1779. William Kelsay. November election, same year). 1781. Daniel Maskell. 1846, November. Stephen Murphy. 1784. Eli Elmer. 1848. Theophilus E. Harris. 1787. Joseph Buck. 1851. James Stiles. 1790. David Potter. 1854. Nathaniel Stratton. 1793. Keuben Burgin. 1867. Jonathan Fithian. 1796. George Burgin. 1860. Lewis H. Dowdney. 1799. Jeremiah Bennett, Jr. 1863. Charles L. Watson. 1802. Enoch Burgin. 1866. Samuel Peacock. 1805. Timothy Elmer (2d). 1869. Enoch Hanthorn. 1808. John Buck. 1872. James L. Wilson. 1810. William Bose. 1876. Charles G. Hampton. 1813. John Sibley. 1878. David McBride. 1816. Dan Simkins. 1881. Seth P. Husted. 1819. William R. Fithian. COUNTY CLERKS. County clerks were appointed by the Governor to hold at his pleasure, or during good behavior, until 1776. From 1776 to the new Constitution, in 1844, they were appointed by joint meeting of the Legis- lature for the term of five years. All vacancies were filled by the Governor until the next joint meeting. Under the Constitution of 1844 they are elected by the people, and vacancies filled as before until the next election. The following have held the office : Elias Cotting, appointed May, 1848, to hold during pleasure of Gov- ernor; reappointed December, 1755, to hold during good behavior; died 1767. Daniel Elmer (2d), appointed Dec. 1,1767 ; died May 2, 1761. Maskell Ewing, appointed May, 1761 ; reappointed Feb.l6, 1762, to hold during pleasure of the Governor ; declined to serve under the State government. Jonathan Elmer, appointed by joint meeting Sept. 6, 1776 ; reappointed Sept. 20, 1781 ; resigned March 17, 1786 ; reappointed same date ; resigned Nov. 2, 1789. James Giles, appointed Nov. 2, 1789 ; reappointed 1794 and 1799. 37 Dr. Azel Pierson, appointed Nov. 1, 1804; reappointed Oct. 27, 1809; died May, 1813. Jonathan Holmes, appointed by Governor May, 1813. Dr. Edo Ogden, appointed Oct. 29, 1813; died Dec. 6, 1813. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, appointed by Governor December, 1813. Ebeuezer Seeley, appointed Feb. 9, 1814; reappointed Feb. 5, 1819, Dec. 9, 1823, and Nov. 8, 1828. Samuel Seeley, appointed Feb. 27, 1833. Josiah Fithian, appointed Feb. 28, 1838; died July 14, 1842. Enos Seeley, appointed by Governor July, 1842. Daniel M. Woodruif, appointed Oct. 28, 1842 ; reappointed by Governor Stratton Oct. 27, 1847 ; elected by people Nov. 2, 1847. Ephraim E. Sheppard, elected Nov. 2, 1852. Providence Ludlam elected Nov. 3, 1867. Theophilus G. Compton, elected Nov. 4, 1862 ; re-elected Nov. 5, 1867. Daniel Sharp, elected Nov. 5, 1872 ; re-elected Nov. 6, 1877. Francis L. Godfrey, elected Nov. 7, 1882. SURROGATES. Surrogates were appointed by the Governor, to hold at his pleasure, until Nov. 28, 1822, when a law was passed for their appointment by the joint meeting of the Legislature, to hold for five years; vacancies to be filled by the Governor until the Legislature met. This continued the law until the Constitution of 1844, by which the office was made elective by the people. Ellas Cotting, appointed May, 1748 ; died 1767. Daniel Elmer (2d), appointed Dec. 1, 1757 ; died May 2, 1761. Maskell Ewing, appointed May, 1761 ; reappointed March 22, 1762, and also 1767 ; declined to serve under new Constitution. Theophilus Elmer, appointed September, 1776. Jonathan Elmer, appointed 1784. George Burgin, appointed March 2, 1804 ; resigned October, 1810. Ebenezer Elmer, appointed October, 1810. Jonathan Elmer, appointed December, 1812. Samuel Moore Shute, appointed July, 1813. Timothy Elmer (2d), appointed by Governor April, 1815 ; reappointed by joint meeting Nov. 29, 1822, Oct. 26, 1827, and Oct. 31, 1832 ; died March 11, 1836. Dr. William S. Bowen, appointed by Governor March, 1836, and the Legislature failing to elect, he was reappointed by the Governor in April, 1837 ; resigned May 23, 1837. James M. Newell, appointed by Governor June, 1837. Hugh R. Merseilles, appointed Oct. 27, 1837 ; reappointed Oct. 28, 1842 ; appointed by Governor Stratton Oct. 27, 1847; elected by the people Nov. 2, 1847. Dr. Joseph Moore, elected Nov. 2, 1852. Hugh R. Merseilles, elected Nov. 3, 1857 ; died Dec. 29, 1860. Alphonso Woodruff, appointed by the Governor Jan. 17, 1861 ; elected Nov. 6, 1861 ; re-elected Nov. 6, 1866. Edward White, elected Nov. 7, 1871 ; re-elected Nov. 7, 1876 ; died Jan. 15. 1878. John Smalley, appointed by the Governor Jan. 16, 1878. Samuel Steinmetz, elected Nov. 5, 1878. PROSECUTORS OF THE PLEAS. Prosecutors of the pleas were appointed by the at- torney-general as his deputies until 1812, by virtue of a long-established custom, and in that year a law was passed expressly authorizing him to appoint deputies for each county. By an act passed Nov. 9, 1822, the Courts of Quarter Sessions were authorized to appoint prosecutors of the pleas, to hold their office for five years; but Dec. 11, 1823, another act was passed, re- voking all appointments which had been made by the Quarter Sessions, and vesting the appointment in the joint meeting of the Legislature. This continued the method until the Constitution of 1844 was adopted, which gave the appointment to the Governor, with 578 HISTORY OF CUMBEELAND COUNTY. the advice and consent of the Senate, which is the present method, the term of office remaining five years. The following have held the office since the passage of the law for their appointment by joint meeting : Lucius Q. C. Elmer, appointed Oct. 29, 1824 ; reappointed Oct. 30, 1829. Isaac W. Crane, appointed Oct. 31, 1834. Elias P. Soeley, appointed Oct. 25, 1839 ; reappointed bj' Governor Feb. 6, 184.6 ; died in office Aug. 23, 1846. Charles E. Elmer, appointed Feb. 11, 1847. (From March, 1862, to March, 1854, the attorney-general of the State, Richard P. Thompson, of Salem, prosecuted in behalf of the State in this county.) Samuel A. Allen, appointed March 17, 1854. Charles P. Stratton, commissioned March 17, 1859 ; resigned. Charles E. Elmer, appointed March 14, 1860. James R. Hoagland, commissioned March 15, 1865 ; recommissioned March 23, 1870, March 23, 1876, and March 23, 1880. COUNTT COLLECTORS. By an act passed July 31, 1740, the boards of free- holders and justices were authorized to elect a county collector yearly, on the second Tuesday in May, and the act incorporating the boards of chosen freeholders, passed Feb. 13, 1798, gave to them the same power. The following is a list of them since the organization of the countv : 1748-52. Jonathan Holmes. 1753-56. Alexander Moore. 1767-63. Bphraim Seeley, Esq. 1764. Not given. 1766-69. Ephraim Seeley, Esq. 1770-71. Not given. 177i!-73. Ephraim Seeley, Esq. 1774. Benjamin Mulford. 1775-76. Ephraim Seeley, Esq. 1777-79. James Ewing (resigned). John Mulford.i 1780-86. John Mulford. 1786. Eli Elmer. 1787-89. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer. 1790. David Potter. 1791. Joseph Buck. 1792. Not given. 1793-94. Joseph Buck. 1796. David Potter. 1796. Reuben Burgin. 1797-1809. Jeremiah Buck. 1810-14. Ebenezer Seeley. 1815-32. Jeremiah Buck. 1833-38. Enoch H. More. 1839-40. Samuel Harris. 1841-52. Jonathan Holmes. 1853-65. James Hood, Jr. 1866-83. Henry B. Lupton. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The act passed March 21, 1867, revising the school law of the State, provided for the appointment by the State Board of Education of county superintendents of public schools, to hold office at their pleasure not exceeding three years, and in this county the follow- ing have held the office : 1867-70. Albert R. Jones. 1 1879-82. William 0. GaiTison. 1873-76. Richard L. Howell. I MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE. Under the concessions of the first Proprietors, mem- bers of Assembly in West Jersey were chosen annu- ally in the different tenths, and two sessions, in May and November of each year, were held at Burlington. After, the union of East and West Jersey, Assemblies were called by the royal Governor, with the advice of his Council, and were adjourned or dissolved by him at any time. Members were elected by virtue of writs under the great seal of the colony, directed to the sheriff of each county, requiring him to hold the elec- tion and make a return of the persons elected. By" • Chosen Jan. 18, 1780, to ilU vacancy. an act passed in 1725 the sheriff, upon receipt of the writ of election, was required to give twenty days' no- tice of the day and place of election in three of the most public places in the county, and on the ap- pointed day, between the hours of ten and twelve, proceed to the election, first reading his writ ; he was prohibited from declaring the choice by holding up of hands, and from adjourning to any other place without the consent of tbe candidates. If a poll was required by the candidates, he proceeded to take it from day to day until all the electors present were polled. He was required to appoint one clerk and one inspector for each candidate, upon their nomina- tion ; these officers were sworn by him to take the poll fairly and justly by setting down the names of the voters, the place of their abode, and the person for whom they voted. Any person could have a copy of the poll by paying reasonable fees therefor. Members of the first two Assemblies held after the union of East and West Jersey were chosen at an election held at only one place in each division of the province, but subsequent elections were held at one place in each county, usually the court-house, which continued the method until about 1790, when voting by ballot, conducted by the judge of election, assessors, and collector in the several townships, took its place. Every voter was required to own one hun- dred acres of land in his own right, or to be worth fifty pounds in personal estate ; and no person could be elected to the Assembly who did not have one thousand acres of land, in his own right, within the division for which he was chosen, or be worth five hundred pounds in personal estate. The long inter- vals of time between the calling of the Assembly oc- casioned great dissatisfaction in the province, and in February, 1728, the Assembly passed an act requir- ing the calling of a new Assembly and a new election at least every three years, but this act was disallowed by the king in Council in November, 1731. In May, 1768, a similar act was passed, but with the time ex- tended to seven years, which remained in force until the Revolution. Among the members of Assembly from Salem County before the setting off of Cumberland were the following persons who resided within the limits of this county : Under the Proprietary Government. 1682, May and November Sessions — Mark Reeve. 1684, May and November Sessions— Thomas Smith. 1685, May Session — Samuel Bacon. 1685, November Session — Mark Reeve. After Oie Union of East and West Jersey. 1709 (5 th Assembly)— Thomas Shepherd. 1716 (7th Assembly, 3d sitting)— Dickinson Shepherd. 1727 (9th Assembly)— Joseph Reeve. 1733 (10th Assembly, 2d sitting)— John Brick. 1738 (11th Assembly)— Joseph Reeve. 1742 (12th Assembly, 3d sitting)— John Brick. 1743 (I3th Assembly, 1st sitting) — Leonard Gibbon. ^ 2 Died June 19, 1744, between 1st and 2d sittings. GENERAL HISTORY. 5T9 1744 (14th Assembly)— MosBB Shepherd. 1745 (loth Assembly)— John Brick, Jr. 1746 (16th Assembly)— Johin Brick, Jr. Memberafor Salem and Oumherland. 1749 ( 17th Assembly)— 'William Hancock, Salem ; John Brick, Cum- berland. 1761 (18th Assembly)— "William Hancock, Salem; Richard Wood, Cumberland. 1764 (19th Assembly)— William Hancock, Salem; Ebenezer Miller, Cumberland. 1761 (20th Assembly)- William Hancock, Salem ; Ebenezer Miller, Cumberland. [At the 8tb sitting of this Assembly, in November, 1763, Edward Keasbey was member in place of William Hancock, deceased.] 1769 (21st Assembly) — Isaac Sharp, Ebenezer Miller. [At the 4th sitting, in April, 1771, Grant Gibbon was member in place of Isaac Sharp, deceased.] Members for Cumberland. 1772 (22d Assembly)— John Sheppard, Theophilus Elmer. This was the last Assembly under the colonial government, the fifth and last sitting adjourning Dec. 6, 1775. MEMBERS OP PROVINCIAL CONGKESSBS. At the first meeting of the county committees at New Brunswick, July 21, 1774, at which five dele- gates were appointed to the Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia, September 5th, Cumber- land was not represented, no county committee hav- ing as yet been appointed. The next Provincial Congress was held at Trenton, commencing May 23, 1775, and continuing until June 3d. A second ses- sion was held from August 5th to 17th of the same year. A county meeting was held May 16th, to choose delegates to this Congress, and Samuel Fith- ian, Esq., Dr. Jonathan Elmer, and Dr. Thomas Ewing were chosen, and attended both sessions of the Congress. This Congress assumed all the func- tions of the Legislature, among other things carried on correspondence with the other colonies, levied taxes, passed an act to organize the militia and to raise minute-men, and ordered an election on Sep- tember 21st, to elect delegates to a new Congress to meet October 3d. A county meeting was held on the day ordered, and Theophilus Elmer and Jonathan Ayars, Esq., were elected, and attended the session of that body, which lasted from October 3d to 28th, and a second session from Jan. 31, 1776, to March 2d fol- lowing. After transacting a very large amount of public business, the Congress ordered an election on May 27th, to elect delegates to the next Congress or Convention, to meet at Burlington on June 10th. At this election Theophilus Elmer, Jonathan Ayars, Ephraim Harris, John Buck, and Jonathan Bowen were elected delegates and took their seats. Gov- ernor Franklin, the last of the royal Governors, having issued a proclamation for a meeting of the Assembly on June 20th, this Convention, on June 14th, passed a resolution that the proclamation ought not to be obeyed, that Governor Franklin had proved himself to be an enemy of the liberties of this coun- try, and issued an order to Col. Nathaniel Heard, of the First Battalion of Middlesex, directing him to take the parole of the Governor, or else to take him into custody. The Governor, refusing to sign the parole, was arrested, and afterwards, by advice of the Conti- nental Congress, was removed under guard to Gov- ernor Trumbull, of Connecticut. The entire func- tions of government were thus assumed by this Con- vention, and their work was fitly crowned by the adoption of a Constitution for the State on July 2d, which continued the supreme law until 1844, when it was superseded by a new one. The Convention con- tinued in session until August 21st, transacting a multitudinous variety of business. The members from Cumberland were among the most active in the Convention, and had a large part in shaping its action. Members of the Legislative Council and Gen- eral Assembly under the State Government.— The Constitution adopted July 2, 1776, provided for the first election to take place on August 13th, and all future ones on the second Tuesday in October in each year, at which elections one member of the Legisla- tive Council, three members of Assembly, a sheriff, and one or more coroners should be elected, with a proviso that the number of members of Assembly from each county might be changed by law. Mem- bers of Council were required to be worth at least one thousand pounds proclamation money of real and personal estate in the county, and Assemblymen five hundred pounds of like estate, and all voters should be worth fifty pounds clear estate. By the Constitu- tion of 1844 the name of the upper house of the Leg- islature was changed to the Senate, and the term of Senators was made three years, and all property qual- ifications of Senators, Assemblymen, and voters were left out. The members of the Legislature under the State government are as follows : 1776-77. Theophilus Elmer. 1778. Ephraim Harris. 1779. John Buck. 1780. Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1781. Samuel Ogden. 1782. Theophilus Elmer. 1783. Samuel Ogden. 1784. Dr. Jonathan Elmer. 1786-94. Samuel Ogden. 1796. Eli Elmer. 1796-97. Samuel Ogden. 1798. Joel Fithian. 1799-1800. Samuel Ogden. 1301-2. David Moore. 1803-4. George Burgin. 1806. Abraham Sayre. 1806. Ebenezer Seeley. 1807. Ebenezer Elmer (vice-presi- dent of Council). 1808. Ebenezer Seeley (vice-presi- dent of Council). 1809. James B. Hunt. 1810-11. George Burgin. 1812. Ebenezer Seeley. 1813. Ezekiel Foster. 1814. James Clark. 1816-17. Ebenezer Seeley. 1818. James Clark. 1819. Ebenezer Seeley. 182C-21. James D. Westcott. 1822-26. Ebenezer Seeley. 1826. Dr. Ephraim Bateman (vice- president of Council), 1827-28. John Trenchard (2d). 1829-32. Blias P. Seeley (vice-presi- dent 1831 and '32, and by the election of Governor Southard as U. S. Senator, became Governor during 1833). 1833. Israel Strattou. 1834. David Reeves. 1836-36. Joshua Brick. 1837. Israel Stratton. 1838. Nathaniel Foster. 1839-40. Samuel Barber. 1841. Ephraim H. Whiticar. 1842. David Whitaker. 1843. Enoch H. More. 580 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Bmaie. 1844. Enoch H. Moore (died May 6, 1859. Nathaniel Stratton. 1846). 1862. Providence Ludlam. 1846. Stephen A. GavriBon (for one 1866. Providence Ludlam. year term). 1868. James H. Nixon. 1847. Stephen A. Garrison. 1871. Caleb Henry Sheppard. 1850. Eeuben Pithian (died March 1874. J. Howard Willets. 8, 1863). 1877. George S. Whiticnr. 1853. Lewis Howell. 1880. Isaac T. Nichols. 1856. •John L. Sharp. Asser ribly. 1776. Ephraim Harris. 1796. Ebenezer Elmer (Speaker). Jonathan Bowen. Ebenezer Seeley. John Buck. Benjamin Peck. 1777. Ephraim Harris, 1796. David Moore. Ephraim Seeley. Jonathan Bowen. John Bucl£. James Harris.i 1778. Jonathan Bowen. 1797 James Harris. .Tames Ewing. David Moore. John Buck. 1798 Isaac Wheaton. 1779 James Ewing. John Sheppard (3d). Joel Fithian. 1799 George Bnrgin. Timothy Elmer (Ist, died Jonathan Bowen. June, 1780). 1800 Richard Wood (3d). 1780. Thomas Ewing. Jonathan Bowen, Jr. Samuel Ogden. 1801- 2. George Burgin. Ladis Walling. Dr. Azel Piersoo. 1781 Joshua Ewing. 1803 Dr. Azel Pierson. Joshua Brick. Robert Smith. Josiah Seeley. 1804. Robert Smith. 1782 Joshua Ewing. Abijah Davis. Ephraim Harris (Speaker). 1805 James Lee. Jonathan Bowen. Jedediah Ogden. 1783 Ephraim Harris (Speaker). 1806 Dr. Benjamin Champneys. Joshua Ewing. James D. Westcott. Jonathan Bowen. 1807 Dr. Benjamin Champneys. 1784 John Burgin. Dr. Jonathan Moore. Ephraim Hariis. 1808 Dr. Jonathan Moore. William Kelsay. Dr. Ephraim Bateman. 1786 John Sheppard (2d). 1809 Daniel Richman. John Burgin. Dr. Ephraim Bateman. Jonathan Bowen. 1810 Isaac W. Crane. 1786 John Sheppard (2d). Daniel Richman. Ephraim Harris. 1811 Daniel Richman. Jonathan Bowen. Dr. Ephraim Bateman. 1787 Ephraim Harris (Speaker). 1812 Dr. Ephraim Bateman. John Sheppard (2d). Stephen Willis. John Burgin. 1813 Daniel Richman. 1788 John Sheppard (2d). Dr. Ephraim Bateman Eli Elmer. (Speaker). John Burgin. 1814 Daniel Richman. 1789 John Burgin. Thomas Lee.s Eli Elmer. 1815 John S. Wood. Ebenezer Elmer. Nathan Leake (2d). 1790 John Burgin. Daniel Richman. Ebenezer Elmer. 1816 Daniel Parvin. Richard Wood, Jr. Nathan Leake (2d). 1791 John Burgin. James D. Westcott. Ebenezer Elmer (Speaker). 1817 Ebenezer Elmer (Speaker). Joel Fithian. John S. Wood. 1792 John Burgin. John Sibley. Joel Fitliian. 1818 John Sibley. Ephraim Harris. Daniel Parvin. | 1793 Ebenezer Elmer. John Laning, Jr. Joel Fithian. 1819 Ebenezer Elmer. John Burgin (died Oct. 20, Dr. William B. Ewing. 1793). John Laning, Jr. David Moore (elected to fill 1820 Dr. William B. Ewing. vacancy). Lucius Q. C. Elmer. 1794 Ebenezer Elmer. Nathan Leake (2d). Ephraim Seeley. 1821 Dr. William B. Ewing. Benjamin Peck. Lucius Q. 0. Elmer. 1 March 8, 1797, an act was passed reducing Cumberland to two mem- bers. 2 ¥ebruai7, 1815, act passed increasing representation of Cumberland to three. 1821. John Laning, Jr. 1822. Dr. William B. Ewing. Lucius Q. C. Elmer. John Mfiybew. (Died Oct. 23,1822.) 1823. Dr. William B. Ewing. Lucius Q. C. Elmer (Speaker). Israel Stratton. 1824. Israel Stratton. George Souder. Nathan Leake (2d). 1825. Dr. William B. Ewing. Israel Stratton. Dr. Edmund Sheppard. 1826. Dr. William B. Ewing. Elias P. Seeley. Nathaniel Foster. 1827-28. Dr. William B. Ewing (Speaker). Elias P. Seeley. Nathaniel Foster. 1829. Michael Swing. Nathaniel Foster. Philip Fithian. 1830. Dr. William B. Swing. Jeremiah Stratton. William D. Barrett. 1831. John Laning. Henry Shaw. Jeremiah Stratton. 1832. John Laning. Josiah Shaw. Beuben Hunt. 1833. Jeremiah Stull. Noah H. Flanagan. William Lore. 1834-35. Thomas E. Hunt. Isaac Newcomb. Ephraim H. Whiticar. 1836. Thomas E. Hunt. Elias P. Seeley. Peter Ladow. 1837. Noah H.Flanagan. David Whitaker. Samuel Bowen. 1838. Belford M. Bonham. David Whitaker. David Jones.s 1839. Belford M. Bonham. Israel Newcomb. Ephraim H. Whitaker. 1840. William P. Seeley. Lewis Bice. Benjamin F. Chew. 1841. William P. Seeley. Benjamin F. Chew. Elmer Ogden. 1842. Thomas Ware. John K. Corey. Joseph Butcher. 1843. Joseph Taylor (Speaker). Daniel L. Burt. Josiah Shaw. 1844. Josiah Shaw. Lewis Howell. Qeorge Heisler. I 1845. Lewis Howell. I George Heisler. Stephen A. Garrison. 1846. Dr. Leonard Lawrence. Uria D. Woodruff. Jeremiah Parvin, 1847. Uriah D. Woodruff. Beuben Fithian. Richard Love. 1848. Beuben Fithian. JohnT. Nixon. Richard Love. 1849. Joel Moore. John T. Nixon (Speaker). Bei^jamln Ayai-s, 1850. Benjamin Ayars. Joel Moore. Samuel Mayhew.* 1851. David Campbell. S»muel Mayhew.6 1852. 1st, Enos S. Gandy. 2d, Lewis Woodruff. 1853. Ist, David Harris. 2d, Morton Mills. 1854-55. 1st, John F. Keen. 2d, James M. Wells. 1856. 1st, Uriah May hew. 2d, Elias Doughty. 1857. Ist, Robert More. 2d, Elwell Nichols. 1858. Ist, Robert More. 2d, Aaron S. Westcott. 1859. 1st, Ebenezer Hall. 2d, John Carter. i 1860-61. 1st, Dr. William Bacon. I 2d, Jonathan E. Sheppard. 1862-63. l6t,Dr. B.Rush Bateman. 2d, Edward W. Maylin. 1864-66. 1st, Robert More. "" 2d, James H. Nixon. 1867. Ist, Thomas D. Westcott. 2d, James H. Nixon. 1868. 1st, Caleb Henry Sheppard. 2d, William A. House. 1869-70. 1st, Charles 0. Grosscup. 2d, William A. House. 1871-72. 1st, George S. Whiticar. 2d, J. Howard Willets. 1873. 1st, Lewis H. Dowdney. 2d, George B. Langley. 1874. Ist, Lewis H. Dowdney. 2d, George W. Payne. 1875. Ist, Isaiah W. Richman. 2d, George W. Payne. 1876. Ist, Isaac T. Nichols. 2d, George W. Payne. 1877. Ist, Isaac T. Nichols. 2d, James Loughran. 1878-79. 1st, Dr. Robert P. Ewing. 2d, Arthur T. Parsons. 1880. Ist, Charles Ladow. 2d, John H. Avis. 1881. 1st, Charles Ladow. 2d, Philip P. Baker. 1882. Ist, Isaac M. Smalley. 2d, John B. Campbell. 3 Dr. Isaac H. Hampton and John Elmer were returned by the county clerk as elected, instead of Whitaker and Jones, and occupied their seats from October 28th to November 16th, when, as the result of a contest, Whitaker and Jones were declared elected. ^ N.B. — By an act passed in 1851 apportioning the members of the Assembly, Cumberland was given two members. 5 N.B.— In 1852 the counties of the State were subdivided into districts, and since that time Assemblymen have been elected by districts. GENERAL HISTORY. 581 Members of the State Convention to ratify Con- stitution of the United States. This convention com- menced its session at Trenton, Dec. 11, 1787, and on the 18th the Constitution was unanimously ratified. The members from this county were David Potter, Jonathan Bowen, Eli Elmer. Delegates to Convention that formed the new Constitution of 1844, Judge Daniel Elmer, Dr. Wil- liam B. Ewing, Joshua Brick. STATISTICS. In 1798 the assessment for Cumberland County was as follows: 88,227 acres of improved land, at £35 per 100 acres ; 80,376 acres of unimproved land, at £2 per 100 acres ; 160 houses and lots, assessed at £5 each ; 1664 horses and mules, at 20 shillings each ; 6309 neat cattle, at 10 shillings each ; 28 shop-keep- ers, at £75 each ; 6 tan-yards, at £40 each ; 3 single men and horses, at £15 each ; 208 single men, at £10 each ; 22 saw-mills, at £40 each ; 20 grist-mills, at £60 each; 1 fulling-mill, at £40; 9 slaves, at £10 each ; amount of taxable property, £44,780 9«. ; quota of the county of £30,000 tax, £1028 2«. 8d. At the same time the assessment for Salem was 123,601 acres of improved land, at £55 per 100 acres ; 34,340 acres of unimproved land, at £4 per 100 acres ; 154 houses and lots, at £8 each ; 2938 horses and mules, 6587 neat cattle, 26 shop-keepers, 12 tan-yards, 30 single men and horses, 3 fisheries, averaged £50 each, assessed at £33J each ; 250 single nien, 7 saw-mills, 31 grist-mills, 3 fulling-mills, 4 ferries, averaged at £200 each, assessed at £25 each ; 12 slaves, 9 cover- ing-horses, at £25 each ; amount of taxable property, £85,002 138.; quota of £30,000 tax, £1951 12s. id. Where not mentioned above, they are assessed at same rates as in Cumberland. These are not the total numbers of each in the counties, but those sub- ject to the tax. Previous to 1851 a great part of the taxes were assessed upon certainties, by which was meant a specific sum upon a person, article of prop- erty, or occupation. At this day the usual certain- ties are limited to the poll-tax and dog-tax. In 1815 a direct tax was laid by the United States government, and the assessments for the three lower counties were as follows : o in i o §^ S-H Counties. s 's ■< 1 = 1 of o O ■s d a o 'ii 11' ■ ill IK'S !5 iz; |2i > H & Salem 170,616 245,935 1852 1610 •) $4,453,726 $5,344,470 Cumberland.. 1911 1236 ^J3186 3,447,834 4,137,400 Cape May 83,332 644 402 i 656,06 i 865,896 Since 1851 the system of assessing taxes on the value of property has been pursued. The amount of taxable property in the county, after deducting debts, as returned by the assessors^ has been as follows : Townships AND Wards. 1862. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1883. $556,000; $671,000 561.000 686,000 342,000 550,000 443,000 500.000 $727,000 1,100,000 661,000 782,000 f 1,048,000 1 690,000 739,000 1,248,000 780,000 $646,000 $664,000 1,120,000 1.081.000 Stow Creek 660,000 816,000 1,683,000 797,000 042,000 1,080,000 336,000 495,000 1,166,000 620,000 476,000 1,100,000 449,000 516,000 834,000 Bridgeton : First Ward Second Ward... Third Ward 1... 1 900,000 300,000 706,000 680,000 850,000 401,000 876,000 657,000 1,816,000 860,000 1,000,000 1,057,000 335,000 661,000 1,357,000 f 650,000 i 495,000 (. 720,000 765,000 1,191,000 Millville : Fii-Bt Ward Second Ward... Third Ward.... Maurice Biver... I 620,000 638,000 870,000 575,000 625,000 620,000 1,073,000 440,000 Total $5,546,000 $6,636,000 $11,652,000 $12,073,000812.551.000 By the census of 1880, Cumberland County con- tained 3849 horses, 419 mules and asses, 59 working oxen, 5139 milch cows, 3485 other cattle, 3663 sheep, and 6979 swine. Dairy products made on farms : 72,000 gallons of milk, 282,040 pounds of butter, and 886 pounds of cheese. Agricultural products were : Wheat, 157,952 bushels; corn, 602,546 bushels; oats, 63,324 bushels; buckwheat, 3162 bushels; rye, 4131 bushels. There were 291 manufacturing establish- ments, with $1,706,834 capital, the greatest number of hands employed being 5085, to whom were paid wages of $735,416. The amount of raw materials used was $2,026,919, with a product of goods valued at $3,351,730. In September, 1699, the freeholders in West Jersey were computed as follows : Burlington County 302 Gloucester County 134 Salem County 326 Cape May County 70 In all 832 Whereof were Quakers 266 566 This indicated that the total population at that time was over five thousand persons, of whom about two thousand resided in Salem County. In 1737-38, out of a total population in the whole province of 47,369, Salem had 5884, of whom 184 were slaves. In 1745 the population of the province had increased to 61,383, and of Salem County to 6847. Of this number 187 were slaves and 1090 were Quakers. The population of Cumberland County when it was set oflF, in 1748, was probably less than 3000 persons. It rapidly increased in population, and at the Revo- lution contained about 7500 inhabitants. By the first United States census, in 1790, it contained 8248 persons, and in 1800 it had 9529 inhabitants. The following are the census statistics of the county by townships since 1810 : 1 Third Ward of Bridgeton was Oohansey township previous to 1865. 582 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Townships. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 868 1,987 1,039 1,889 2,279 1,601 2,086 1,032 890 1,952 884 1,903 1,869 1,749 2,411 1,010 912 1,963 791 2,417 1,812 1,923 2,724 1,659 918 2,209 846 2,621 1,936 1,920 2,142 1,771 1,168 1,480 1,093 927 2,133 2,341 2,245 2,332 2,446 1,034 1,265 1,767 Stow Creek 1,267 1,288 Fairfleld 2,448 3,114 Maurice Biver... Millville 2,430 3,932 Bridgeton' 3,595 1,509 12,670 12,668 14,091 14,374 17,189 22,605 Townships and Wards. Greenwich Hopewell Stow Creek Deerfield Fairfield Downe Maurice Biver.... Millville :« First Ward Second Ward . Third Ward.... Bridgeton : * First Ward .... Second Ward.. Third Ward.... Landis^ Commercial \. 1870. 1,262 1,859 1,133 1,622 3,011 3,385 2,502 1,663 2,160 2,284 6,107 3,103 1,919 1,808 6,830 7,077 1880. 1,246 1,764 1,107 1,643 3,216 1,687 !J,374 2,217 2,892 2,651 3,786 2,409 2,627 6,005 2,265 Total.. 34,688 37,687 Since 1880 the county has increased very rapidly, and now has over forty thousand inhabitants. CHAPTER XOI. CITY OF BRIDGETON. Eormation and Boundaries. — The township of Bridgeton was set oflf from Deerfield township by an act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 18, 1845. Its boundaries began at the mouth of Ogden's or Stone Bridge Run, where it empties into the Cohansey ; then up the middle of that run to western line of Samuel W. Seeley's land, where it crosses said run ; then a straight course to head of Lebanon Branch, about or at the late Joel Smith's corner of land; then down Lebanon Branch to Chatfield Branch ; then up Ohatfield to the head thereof; and then a direct line to the head of Parvin's Branch or Coney's Run, and down that stream to the Cohansey, and up the Co- hansey to the beginning. The township of Cohansey was set off from Hope- ^ Bridgeton set off from Deerfield in 1845. 2 Cohansey set oflf from Hopewell in 1848. 8 Divided into three wards in 1866. * Township of Bridgeton divided into First and Second Wards of city of Bridgeton, and township of Cohansey made Third Ward of said city in 1866. ^ Landis set off from Millville in 1864, 6 Commercial set off from Downe in 1878. well township March 2, 1848. Its boundaries began where Island Branch or Cubby's Hollow stream empties into the Cohansey River ; then up the Co- hansey to the Tumbling Dam ; then westwardly along the dam and the southerly edge of the pond to a cor- ner on the shore of the pond ; then on a straight line to a stone on the north side of Irelan's mill-pond, near the water's edge ; then a southwesterly course across the pond to a corner; thence due south to Cubby's Hollow stream, and down that to the begin- ning point. Previous to this efforts had been made to have Bridgeton made a separate township, owing to the increase of the population of the town, which became more rapid after about 1820. After the census of 1830 showed the population of the town to be two thou- sand and forty-four, the desire on the part of some for a new township led to the holding of a public meet- ing ou Dec. 1, 1831, to petition the Legislature to make Bridgeton a separate township, but nothing came of it. On Nov. 6, 1832, another meeting was held for the same purpose, and two weeks afterwards a meeting to oppose it was held, and the project was dropped. But the increasing number of the popula- tion finally united all in favor of a separate organiza- tion, and the two townships were set off as above stated. The same reasons which led to the setting off of the two townships, with the continued growth of the town led to a desire to unite them in one organiza- tion, and on March 29, 1864, an act was approved to take [effect March 1, 1865, by which the two town- ships of Bridgeton and Cohansey were incorporated into the city of Bridgeton. All that portion of the township of Bridgeton north of Commerce Street was made the First Ward, all that portion south of Com- merce Street was made the Second Ward, and the township of Cohansey was made the Third Ward. Early History and Growth.— When the county was set off from Salem, and Cohansey Bridge was made the county-seat, in 1748, it was not even what would be called a village at this day. On the west side of the river there was a two-storied hip-roofed house belonging to Silas Parvin, and in which he kept a tavern, which stood south of Commerce and east of Atlantic Streets, as they now are. The road at that time ran a southwesterly course from the foot of the bridge up the side of the hill to the court-house, and then along Broad Street to now Law- rence Street, then a southwesterly course through the present graveyard, and so on to Greenwich. A branch of this road ran down the river to the marshes, from the neighborhood of the court-house, on which there stood a house a short distance back of where the court-house now stands, owned by Jeremiah Sayre, a shoemaker. On the site of the present court-house stood the house of John Hall, with his blacksmith-shop a little west of it. He also kept a tavern in this house. It caught fire in December, CITY OF BRIDGETON. 583 1758, and was burned to the ground, together with the adjoining court-house, to which the fire was com- municated. Hall rebuilt his house, and at December term, 1759, was granted another license for a tavern, and continued to keep one there until 1766. South of the Parvin house, along the river, just north of Broad Street, was a house fronting the north, built by Capt. Elias Getting, who was appointed the first clerk of the county, and who resided there. An- other house stood not far from Parvin's, on the side of the hill near the road, owned by Benjamin Sayre. These, with the house on the farm north of what is now Jeddy's Pond, and a store-house of cedar logs near the bridge, comprised about all the buildings on the west side of the river. On the east side of the river there was a wharf near the present Broad Street bridge, and a house owned and occupied by him standing near it on the east side of the road, which ran about where South Laurel Street now is, from the main road to this wharf. On the west side of this road was a house occupied by Isaac Smith, where the courts of the county were held when they first con- vened at Cohansey Bridge, in February, 174|. This house faced the south, and was afterwards occupied by James Boyd, who kept a store there, and after his death by his widow. It stood until after the begin- ning of this century, and is remembered by the late Judge Elmer as empty and dilapidated some seventy years ago. A house also stood on what is now the Buck property, at Laurel and Jefferson Streets, near where the present house stands. The old Hancock saw-mill was standing near where Pine Street crosses the original bed of the stream close to the hill, and the mansion-house belonging to it stood on the site of the residence of David Edwards, on the north side of Pine Street. Ephraim Seeley's mill stood in the low ground now covered by the water of East Lake, about east of the easterly end of Cedar Street, and his mansion-house stood on the hill northwest of the mill and near the pond. A house stood on the In- dian Fields road, on top of the hill between East Avenue and the run now known as the Slash, but formerly called Keen's Run. A tavern was kept in this house by John Keen from 1764 to 1775. Be- tween this house and the West Jersey Railroad was an old graveyard, all trace of which has long since disappeared. Those included all the houses on the east side of the river in 1748 within the built-up por- tions of the present city. A mile east of the bridge was the Indian Fields settlement, a collection of farms owned and occupied by William Dare, John Dare, Robert Hood, James Riley, and Manoah Lummis. In 1752, Alexander Moore purchased of the West Jersey Society a tract of nine hundred and ninety acres of land, including all the east side of the river to the line of the Indian Fields survey, and two years afterwards he had a town laid out for him on the east side of the river by Daniel Elmer, Jr., a surveyor. which he called Cumberland. He sold a few lots by this plan, but only two of the streets were opened for a short distance, and that plan was never carried out. Moore was the first person who kept a store at Co- hansey Bridge, as far as is known. He built a hoii-e on the north side of Commerce Street, which stond about sixty feet west of the present Cohansey Street, and his store-house, built of cedar logs, stood where the clothing-store of D. J. Stathems now is, at the northeast corner of Commerce and Cohansey Streets. The log store-house was taken down by his grandson, John Moore White, after he came into possession of the property in 1791, and the dwelling was removed in 1830, when Dr. William Elmer erected the row of brick buildings now standing. Moore sold the land south of Commerce Street before his death in 1786, and the lots on Front Street, now South Laurel, were among the first built upon east of the bridge. At the time of the Revolution the town had in- creased to from one hundred and fifty to two hundred inhabitants, the larger part of whom lived on the west side of the river, mostly on Main or High, now Broad Street, and on Vine Street, while those on the east side were mostly along the main road eastward from the bridge (now Commerce Street), and along the road to the lower landing already referred to (now South Laurel Street). Ebenezer Miller, who laid a survey of four hundred and twenty acres in 1748, on the land lying between now Oak Street and about where Hampton Street now is, sold off the lots on the south side of Broad Street, west of the court-house, and on Vine Street, west of Fayette, previous to 1759, and in that year sold the remainder of his survey, in the present built-up por- tions of the city, to his son, Josiah Miller, by whom lots were sold off, and a number of them built upon. John Moore White, after he came into the posses- sion of his property, commenced to sell lots, and the portion of the town north of Commerce Street began to improve. The number of inhabitants, by an enu- meration made in 1792, was three hundred. By 1800 the number had increased to the neighborhood of four hundred, and the houses then existing, accord- ing to Judge Elmer, were as follows: On the east side of the river, north of Commerce Street, the Ephraim Seeley mill and mansion ; a house on the north side of Commerce Street, opposite the Methodist grave- yard, built by Mr. Fauver, now the double dwelling belonging to Benjamin T. Bright; the house at the northwest corner of Commerce and Bank Streets, built by Judge Ephraim Seeley a short time before his death, in 1799 ; the late residence of Judge L. Q. C. Elmer; the academy on Bank Street, with the Masonic lodge in the second story, as at the present day ; the house on Irving Avenue, fronting Bank Street, built by Joseph Buck, then owned by Eben- ezer Seeley, and now Leake's Hotel ; a one-story house on the south side of Irving, between Bank and Pearl Streets, still standing; the mansion-house of 584 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Alexander Moore, then a tavern ; two houses near there, on the north side of Commerce Street; John Moore White's residence, on the northwest corner of Commerce and Laurel Streets, now the Davis House hotel; the house of Eden M. Merseilles, now a part of the Grosscup's Hall property; a house east of this, .huilt by Eeuben Burgin, afterwards the residence of Governor Elias P. Seeley, and since moved to the rear of the lot, and now stands on Church Lane ; .a blacksmith-shop at the northwest corner of Com- merce and Pearl Streets ; the house on the east side of Pearl Street, now the residence of Samuel W. Seeley; a house where the First Presbyterian Church now stands; the one-story house nearly opposite on the west side of Laurel Street, owned by James Hood,^ a Scotchman, who followed the business of making wrought nails, and his shop adjoining; a blacksmith- shop on Washington Street, near the corner of Lau- rel ; the stone house at the southwest corner of Laurel and Irving Streets, built that year by Zachariah Law- rence, and torn down by Ner Allen a little over a year ago;, two small houses near there; three houses above, on the same street; and a store-house on the northeast corner of Laurel and Irving Streets. On the south side of Commerce Street a one-story stone house, at the southeast corner of Pearl Street, owned by Mark Riley, torn down about 1846 to make way for the present brick row built by Samuel Harris; five frame houses on South Pearl Street; the house at the Hancock saw-mill, then owned by Col. Enos Seeley, long known as the Widow Jay house; che iouse of David Seeley (now Mrs. Buck's), at corner of Jefferson and Laurel Streets ; the Isaac Smith ■house, long known as the Boyd mansion ; the store- house still standing at the southeast corner of Com- merce and Laurel Streets, built by Eden Merseilles ; a house on Laurel Street, adjoining the last, occupied ■by Col. Joseph Buck in 1791, and taken away a few years ago to make room for the present brick build- ing ; a house on the northwest corner of Laurel and Warren Streets, and a house north of that on the ad- joining lot, built by Henry Bitters, who came to this country as a Hessian soldier in the Eevolution, but deserted and settled in Upper Hopewell ; a house just south of Warren Street, long owned by Dr. John Garrison, and torn away within a year or two to make room for the brick building built by Constant Albert- son ; the story and a half house just north of Jeffer- son Street, then owned by Samuel Woodruff, and now the property of William G. Nixon ; a stone house on the west side of Laurel Street, where the Stratton row of frame houses now stands ; a store-house at the southwest corner of Commere and Laurel Streets, torn away about 1871, when the present handsome brick building was built; a shoemaker-shop and house on the south side of Commerce Street, opposite Cohansey Street, built by James Burch, and long the residence of James B. Potter ; and a store-house near the bridge, on the south side of the street. On the west side of the river the old Parvin house, torn down about 1825, by Smith Bowen ; a stone house near it, on the north side of Commerce Street ; the old Ootting house, then Enoch Boon's, which was torn down about forty years ago ; the Benjamin Sayre house ; three other houses on Atlantic Street ; a house on Broad Street, below the jail ; three houses on the north side of that street, between Atlantic and Franklin Streets, one of which, next to the present hotel, was a tavern at that time ; two houses on the west side of Franklin Street; Col. David Potter's brick house and store, now standing, at the northwest corner of Broad and Franklin, built in 1780 by Col. Potter, on the site of a frame house which was built by William Waggoner about 1762, and sold by his executors to Col. Potter in 1773, and destroyed by fire in 1780 ; two or three houses between that and Giles Street ; Gen. Giles' residence, which he built in 1792, for many years past the residence of the late Rev. S. B. Jones, D.D. ; two or three houses on the north side of Commerce Street, above Gen. Giles'; the brick house built by Ebenezer Miller, known of late years as the residence of Mrs. Nancy Read, deceased ; the frame house still standing just west of Fayette Street, then occupied by Col. Seth Bowen ; the house at the southwest corner of Broad and Giles Streets ; three or four other houses on the south side of Broad > three houses on the west side of Fayette Street; a large three-storied house where the court-house now is, long used as a tavern ; five or six houses on Vine Street; a one-story school -house where the public school-house on Giles Street now is ; the old Presby- terian Church, the jail and the court-house, the latter in the middle of Broad Street. The only wharves at this time were one below the bridge on the west side, another lower down on the same side belonging to Col. Potter, one on the east side, about half-way from Commerce to Broad Street, belonging to Seeley & Merseilles, who occupied the store-house near the bridge, and the old Smith or Hance Woolson wharf, then much dilapidated. The growth of the place was slow for many years. After 1800 it increased more rapidly on the east side of the river than on the west, and by 1820 the east side had become the more populous. On Feb. 20, 1822, the greatest freshet ever known in this section did a great deal of damage throughout the county. In Bridgeton the dam of Elmer's mill- pond, at the eastern end of the town, was carried away by it, and the foundation of the woolen-mill occupied by Enoch H. Moore was undermined and the mill washed away, Mr. Moore losing all he was worth. The tumbling-dam was broken, and a break was also made at the foot of the race leading to the iron-works. Outside of Bridgeton immense damage was done. John S. Wood's grist-mill at Jericho was destroyed, and every mill-dam in the county was broken. It was estimated that the damage was thirty thousand dollars in this county. CITY OP BRIDGETON. 585 In 1829 the number of families was three hundred and forty-two, and the total of the inhabitants seven- teen hundred and thirty-six. At this time large quan- tities of grain, lumber, and cordwood were shipped from here. Twenty-five vessels were engaged mostly in the wood trade, and over twenty-eight thousand cords of wood and large quantities of lumber were yearly sent to Philadelphia. In 1830 the population of the town was two thousand and forty-four. May 8, 1838, a meeting of the inhabitants of Bridgeton was held, and committees appointed to take a census and name the streets, which committees reported at a meeting held on the 22d that the " number of inhabitants, 2315, of whom 1513 were on the eaJ^t side and 802 on the we&t side, of 72 are colored persons; 429 are heads of families. Number of dwellings and other buildings, 473 ; the publiu buildings are a brick court-house, fire-proof jail, and county offices; there are also 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist church ; 1 banlc with a capital of $200,000, 4 large hotels, 2 academies, high school, female seminary, and S other schools; 1 printing-office, employing on boolc, newspaper, and job-work 10 hands ; 1 public library, an extensive nail-factory, rolling-mill, and foundry, employing 138 hands ; 1 wrought-nail and spike manufactory, a large hollow-ware glass-factory, I large paper-mill, 1 woolen manufactory, 2 merchant grist-mills, 1 saw-mill, 1 pottery, 9 stores, 2 large drng- and confectionery-stores, 7 small confectiouaries, 5 millinery-shops, 3 carriage-maker shops, 6 blacksmith-shops, 7 boot and shoe manufactories, 7 tailor-shops, ^ saddle- and harness-maker shops, I trunk manufactory, 2 clock- and watch-maker shops, 2 bakeries, 3 bar- ber-shops, 4; carriage-makers, 3 hatters, 1 tin, sheet-iron, and stove- maker, 1 pnmp-maker, I tanning and currying establishment, 1 boat- builders' shop, 1 limekiln, 3 livery-stables, 1 hay-scale, 4 lumber-yards, 4 fire-engines. In the town are 5 practicing physicians and 4 lawyers. There are 30 schooners and sloops belonging to the place, of from 50 to 150 tons burden ; 2 large schooners and 2 sloops are being built. There are 2 daily and 1 tri-weekly lines of stages to Philadelphia ; 2 in- corporated beneficial societies, with 200 members ; 2 temperance socie- ties, having 600 members ; 3 Sabbath-schools, embracing more than 400 children." The street committee reported the names for the streets by which they are now called. The number of inhabitants was probably overstated, as at the United States census in 1840 the number is given at 2296. At the census of 1850 there were 670 dwell- ings, independent of stores, and the population was 3480. In 1860 it was 5104, and in 1870 it was 6830, with 1325 dwellings, besides other buildings, which was increased to 8722 in 1880, and in 1883, by an ac- tual enumeration, made by order of the board of edu- cation, it is 10,000. The subsequent progress of the city has been steady, with no remarkable incidents, and will be found out- lined in the sketches of its manufactures, and in other chapters of this work. Streets in Bridg^eton. — Broad Street was laid out one hundred feet wide by the first proprietors, in ac- cordance with the Concessions and Agreements, and is the oldest street in Bridgeton. Below the court-house it was so gullied, owing to its steepness, that it was scarcely used until about 1802, when it was made pas- sable for wagons by George Burgin, who built the stone building at the northwest corner of Broad and Atlantic Streets, which was then used as a store, and now as a lager beer saloon. Previous to 1800 the road from the top of the hill to the bridge, which was a portion of the old King's Highway from Salem and Greenwich to Maurice River, passed obliquely down the side of the hill from the court-house in a northeasterly direction, near the southeast corner of the large stone dwelling on the west side of Atlantic Street, directly to the end of the bridge. The steepness of the hill rendered that part of Broad Street impassable for wagons, and Commerce Street, west of the river, and Atlantic Street were not then in existence. This road down the side of the hill was regularly laid out, four rods wide, in 1757. In 1763, when the four-rod road from Greenwich to Oohansey Bridge was laid, it passed down the hill below the court-house sixteen rods to Water Street (now the corner of Atlantic), and then a straight course to the end of the bridge. In 1771 the road up the side of the hill was turned, and laid out up the hill where Commerce Street now is, and then across nearly where Franklin Street now is to Broad Street, six rods west of the court-house, which then stood in the street. The old road down the side of the hill continued to be used, both Commerce and Broad Streets being sandy gullies, scarcely passable for wagons. In 1800 Atlantic Street, from Broad to Com- merce, was laid as it now is, and so much of the road down the side of the hill as was east of this street was vacated, and after George Burgin improved the Broad Street hill, about 1802, it became the main road up the hill. The old road down the side of the hill from the court-house to Atlantic Street was shut up in 1815, and in 1825 the Commerce Street hill was cut down and improved, and became thereafter the main highway for travel.' Commerce Street above Frank- lin was opened by Dr. William Elmer in 1805. Vine Street, which had been previously opened and built upon, was laid out four rods wide in 1796, and at the same time a road was relaid southward from Broad Street, which is now Fayette Street, and the Dutch Neck road to Cubby's Hollow. This road had been previously laid, in 1758, a slightly different course. The road from Greenwich formerly came across the present Presbyterian graveyard south of the church, and ran into Broad Street at the corner of Lawrence, but in 1795, soon after the church was erected, Broad Street (or Main Street, as it was called; the names Main, High, and Broad being all applied to it in that day) was extended to the west end of the church- yard, and West Street was laid out at the same time from Vine Street to Muddy Run, where the New Jer- sey Southern Railroad now crosses it north of Com- merce Street. In 1800, Lawrence from Broad to Vine, and Atlantic between the same were both laid out. Academy Street was laid out in 1829. The old King's Highway, after crossing to the east side of the bridge over the Cohansey, ran about the present course of Commerce Street to about half-way between Laurel and Pearl Streets, where it turned to 1 See timer's History, p. 39. 586 HISTORY OF CUMBBELAND COUNTY. the northeast through the woods to near the corner of East and Irving Avenues, and on out the Indian Fields road. Some distance above Commerce Street the road to Deerfield branched off to the northward. From the bend a.t Commerce Street the road con- tinued nearly the present course to the line of the Indian Fields tract near the Methodist Church, where the road to Fairfield turned to the southward over Mill Creek, and the road to Ephraim Seeley's mill ran to the northward of Commerce Street to the mill which stood about east of the end of Cedar Street, the mill-dam at that time being about half- way up the present pond. In 1763 the road to Fair- ton was laid out as above, beginning at the bridge; and in 1768 the road to Deerfield over the above, course was relaid, also beginning at the bridge. In 1775 Commerce Street was laid as it now runs from the bridge to the line of the Indian Fields tract. In 1752 a road was laid from Commerce Street to the lower end of Hance Woolson's wharf, which was near the Broad Street bridge, on the east side of the river. This road ran nearly the course of South Laurel Street to Jefferson. In 1775 it was relaid from the lower landing, on the north side of South (now Jefferson) Street, a direct course and nearly in the line of the present Laurel Street, till it intersected the old Deerfield road, this side of North Street. After John Moore White came of age he had a plan made of his lands north of Commerce Street with streets to be opened, but only a part of them were ever opened. Laurel Street was relaid in 1791 from Commerce to the north line of the Indian Fields tract, and in 1796 the road to Deerfield was relaid as far as Loper's Run, beginning at the bridge and running up Commerce to Laurel, and up Laurel to the bend this side of North Street, making no alterations in them, but north of the bend laying it out as the turn- pike-road now runs. In 1785 South Pearl and Wil- low Streets were laid out, the road to Fairfield being changed so as to run down Pearl and over Enos Seeley's dam and raill-raoe (where the stone bridge now is, Seeley owning the Hancock mill tract), and up the road, now Willow Street, to the old road. Pearl Street from Commerce to Irving and Irving Avenue from Laurel to the Slash were laid out in 1792. In 1811 Pearl Street north of Irving and its continuation to Carll's Corner, was opened. North Street was laid out from Laurel to Sayre's grist-mill, which stood near the river at that time, in 1819. Irving Avenue was relaid as it now is in 1818, Marion Street between Laurel and Pearl was opened in 1829. Bank Street to Irving, Washington Street, and part of Cohansey laid out in 1830, Orange in 1841, Laurel below Jefferson, and Glass in 1847, and Pine Street in 1847. Bridges. — A bridge over the Cohansey at Bridge- ton was built previous to 1716, the resurvey of the Pamphilia tract at that date referring to it. It was probably not passable for wagons, there being no four- wheeled vehicles in this vicinity for a long time after that date. Before the bridge was built a ford across the Cohansey, about opposite Hampton Street, was used at low tide, and a road crossing the river about one-third of the way up the Tumbling Dam Pond was used when the tide was in, the marks of this road being yet visible. That bridge was doubtless replaced by a new one before the Revolution, but no record of it exists. At that day bridges were built by the town- ships in which they were situated, no law existing for the building of bridges by the board of freeholders in this part of the State until the passage of an act Nov. 5, 1798, when the present method, which had been in force in the upper part of the State since 1774, was extended to the whole State. About 1774 there was quite a strife concerning the bridge. Col. Enos Seeley desiring to have it placed at Broad Street, while Alexander Moore desired to have it rebuilt on the old site. It contained no draw at that time. After John Moore White came of age, he made efforts to have a draw put in it, so that he could erect wharves along his property north of Commerce Street. He agreed to pay the cost of the draw and to keep it in repair for five years, and deeded to trustees a lot of land at the foot of Washington Street, where the pipe-mill now is, for a public landing. This lot was used for that purpose many years, but with the decrease of the traflSc in wood it became of less value to the inhabi- tants, and Mr. White took possession of it again nearly fifty years ago, and sold it for its present use. At the meeting of the board of freeholders, Aug. 7, 1799, the board resolved to build a new bridge, " con- siderably wider than the present one," and at the next meeting, in September, they adopted a plan for a bridge with stone abutments and sixteen feet wide. The former bridge was probably not over ten or twelve feet wide. The stone abutment on the east aide was built that year. In December the board re- solved to make the bridge twenty-one feet and nine inches wide in the clear, and to support it on posts, and not on two piers in the river, as was at first pro- posed. The fight about its location was renewed, George Burgin and his friends desiring to remove it to Broad Street, but without success. The bridge and west abutment were built in 1800, but the latter was so poorly done that in September of the same year it was ordered taken down and rebuilt. The whole cost of the bridge, exclusive of the draw, which was paid for by Mr. White, was about three thousand dollars. In 1817 wings were put to the bridge, in order to protect it from injury, at a cost of over sixteen hun- dred dollars. In 1824 a new draw was built, which hoisted up. In 1833 the third bridge at Bridgeton was built on piling, and a law authorizing it was passed. This bridge was twenty-six feet wide, and had a draw twenty-four feet wide. David Reeves, one of the iron- works firm, took the contract for four thousand six hundred dollars, and during the summer of that CITY OP BKIDGETON. 587 year it was completed, and accepted by the board in October. • This bridge having become out of repair, it was re- solved, in June, 1849, to build a new bridge, with a railroad draw, two feet wider than the old one. It was built that year, and cost $2506.53, the old abut- ments being used. This bridge was a continual source of expense and trouble. Dec. 31, 1874, the board resolved to build a new bridge at Commerce Street, and a committee was ap- pointed, and given discretion as to the kind of bridge to be built and the expense. It was built during the summer of 1875. New abutments, of large blocks of stone, were built on both sides, all the old piling was removed, and a pier of stone, like the abutments, was built about one-third of the way from the west abut- ment, on which a wrought-iroa pivot bridge was erected, the short arm of the bridge being hung with heavy weights, so as to balance the longer arm. The total cost was $21,806.21. It has proven a very satisfactory bridge during the eight years it has been in use. Broad Street Bridge.— The necessity of another bridge over the Cohansey at Bridgeton, to be located at Broad Street, became more apparent as the popu- lation increased at a rapid rate after the close of the rebellion. It was first considered by the freeholders at their meeting in December, 1867, and a committee appointed to procure plans. This committee reported in December, 1868, in favor of a wrought-iron pivot- bridge, one hundred and thirty-five feet long and thirty feet wide. They were ordered to advertise for proposals and proceed with its construction as soon as possible. It was built in 1869, and it rests on a stone pier in the centre of the river, the arms of the bridge being of equal length. The total cost was $23,905.59. Some slight signs of weakness have shown themselves in the centre pier, but it has so far been a very ser- viceable bridge, and is used fully as much as the one at Commerce Street. Jefferson Street was extended from Laurel Street to this bridge, and the great im- provements made on South Laurel Street in the last ten years are largely due_to the building of the Broad Street bridge. South Avenne Stone Bridge. — At what date this bridge was built is unknown, but probably the first part of it at the time Col. Enos Seeley cut the race- way. It was rebuilt in 1820, and in 1873 it was widened on both sides to the line of the street. Dur- ing the present year Grove Street has been extended northward across Mill Creek and the flats adjoining to Pearl Street, but no bridge has been built as yet, but doubtless will be during next year. Custom-House. — After the adoption of the Consti- tution of the United States, Congress passed an act establishing districts for the collection of duties upon imports, and all the southern portion of the State below Camden was made the district of Bridgetown, which remained the official name until within the last four or five years, when it was changed to Bridgeton. The first collector of the port was Col. Eli Elmer, who served from its establishment to 1803, followed by Jeremiah Bennett, 1803 to 1808; Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, 1808 to 1817; James D. Westcott, 1817 to 1822; Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, 1822 to 1833; Daniel Garrison, 1833 to 1837; Dr. William S. Bowen, 1837 to 1841; James G. Hampton, 1841 to 1844; Lorenzo F. Lee, 1844 to 1848; James M. Newell, 1848 to 1849; Dr. Ephraim Buck, 1849 to 1853 ; Dr. William S. Bowen, 1853 to 1862 ; and the present incumbent, Joseph H. Elmer, from 1862 to the present time. The number of vessels enrolled (over 20 tons register) is 177, having a total tonnage of 16,696 tons ; number licensed (under 20 tons) is 176, tonnage 2060 tons. About 40 to 50 of those en- rolled are coasting vessels, and about one-half of them and all the licensed ones are engaged in the oyster business. Post-Offioe. — A post-offlce was established at this place March 20, 1793, called Bridgetown West, to distinguish it from Bridgetown East, as Rahway, in the upper part of this State, was then called. Eli Elmer was the first postmaster. The mail went by way of Salem, and was carried between there and Bridgeton in a sulky once a week. He was succeeded by John Soulard, who kept the office in the house where he lived, still standing on the south side of Broad Street, adjoining the brick block of Samuel Coombs. In 1803 a mail route was established by way of Deerfield to Bridgeton, Millville, Port Eliza- beth, and Cape May, after which the mail was carried by way of Roadstown once a week, and by Deerfield once a week. About 1816 a daily mail was com- menced. James Burch succeeded Soulard as post- master, and he was followed by Abijah Harris. After him came Stephen Lupton, who kept the office in his shoemaker-shop on the north side of Washington Street, between Pearl and Laurel. He was succeeded July 1, 1816, by Curtis Ogden, who kept the office at his" tailor-shop on Commerce Street, and who held the office until July, 1841, when he was succeeded by Jeremiah Lupton. Daniel B. Thompson became postmaster in 1845, Stacy P. Kirkbride in 1850, Henry Sheppard in 1853, George W. Johnson in 1861, Joseph 8. Miner in 1865, and the present in- cumbent, John Trenchard, was appointed March 3, 1883. Stages.— The first stage of which there is any ac- count was run by Mr. Haskel, who lived in Upper Hopewell, near the present Cohansey post-offlce. It ran from Greenwich through Roadstown and Cohan- sey Corners (now Shiloh), by Mr. Haskel's house, to Cooper's Ferry, as Camden was then called, and was in operation as early as 1774. Soon after the Revo- lution a stage ran from Bridgeton to Philadelphia, by way of Roadstown, making two trips a week, which was afterwards changed to one trip that way and one by Deerfield. About 1806 or 1807 it went 588 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. up one day and down the next, and in 1809 another line was started, which went up on the days the first line came down. These were afterwards united, and a daily stage was ever after run until the West Jersey Railroad was opened, in 1861. Steamboats. — In August, 1828, a camp-meeting was held in Hopewell township, near Piatt's Landing, and the steamboat " Essex," Capt. Richard Ross, came up the Cohansey to the landing with an excursion from Salem, to which place she ran regularly from Philadelphia. This was the first steamboat which came up the Cohansey that far. In 1845 a company was organized, and a fine steamboat, called the " Co- hansey," ran regular trips to Philadelphia. The boat, not paying expenses, was sold to private parties, who continued running her a year or two, and then took her to Salem. Most of the time since there has been a steamboat on the line between Bridgeton and Philadelphia. The Press in Bridgeton. — The first newspaper printed in New Jersey was at Burlington, in 1777. Previous to this, in December, 1775, when Bridgeton contained about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, a desire was felt for some means of laying their opinions before the public, and a plan was devised which may well be considered a forerunner of the newspapers. An association was formed, of which Dr. Jonathan Elmer was chairman and Ebenezer Elmer secretary. Notice was given " that pieces handed in would be corrected and transcribed for public view, that chey may be read every Tuesday morning by every one that will take the trouble to call at Matthew Potter's bar, and that every one that has a mind may peruse them ; 'tis expected that no one will offer to take them out of his house, but every one will be freely allowed to take a copy. It will be entitled the Plain Dealer, and no one is to ex- ceed a half a sheet in length.'' A book containing eight numbers of the Plain Dealer is still in exist- ence. The articles are patriotic in tone, and took strong sides in behalf of the course of the colonists. How long the Plain Dealer continued in existence is unknown, but probably the exciting times of the suc- ceeding years, and the absence of nearly all the sup- porters of the association in the army, soon ended its career. The first newspaper published in this county was Tlie Argus and New Jersey Sentinel, published weekly, on Thursdays, by McKenzie and James D. West- cott. This paper was established and the first num- ber issued Oct. 1, 1795, and continued in existence about two years. It was a small sheet, seventeen by twenty-two inches in size, and the price was two dol- lars per year. The tradition is that an article headed " The Cobbler Cobbled," which Westcott wrote in reply to one written by Dr. Jonathan Elmer, the leading citizen of the place, and signed " A Cobbler," was so offensive to the doctor and his friends that they withdrew their patronage, and the paper failed. Between 1803 and 1805, John Westcott, brother of James D. Westcott, published a newspaper in Bridge- ton, and also several pamphlets. Copies of some of the pamphlets are still in existence, but no copy of the newspaper is known to exist, and even its name has been forgotten. The next newspaper in West Jersey was the Wash- ington Whig, which was established at Bridgeton by the Washington Whig Society, a Democratic political association set up in opposition to the Washington Benevolent Society, which was composed of Feder- alists. It was published by Peter Hay, who after- wards was an alderman and prominent citizen of Philadelphia, and who died recently, Nov. 15, 1879, at ► the age of ninety-one years. The first number was issued July 24, 1815. This paper proved permanent, and has been continued to the present time, being the oldest paper south of Burlington. Mr. Hay sold it, Jan. 20, 1817, to William Shultz, who sold it, Jan. 1, 1821, to John Clark, who published it a year or so under the name of John Clark & Co., and then under his own name. During this time the paper supported John Quincy Adams. The Bridgeton Observer and Cumberland, Cape May, and Salem Advertiser was commenced by Simeon Sieg- fried, in 1822, in opposition to the Whig, under Clark, the first number being issued October 5th of that year. It was published by him until Dec. 18, 1824, when he sold to Robert Johnston. Mr. Clark dis- posed of the Whig, Jan. 14, 1826, to John I. McChes- ney for six hundred and fifty dollars, but the bill of sale was made to several gentlemen of Bridgeton, who became security for the purchase-money for Mr. McChesney. His notes, which they had indorsed, not being paid at maturity, they took possession of the office on June 20th of that year, and on the same day sold it to Robert Johnston, the publisher of the Ob- server, who at once united the two under the title of Washington Whig and Bridgeton Observer, and Cum- berland, Cape May, and Salem Advertiser. Under Mr. Johnston the paper was an ardent supporter of Gen. Jackson. He changed its name Dec. 8, 1827, to West Jersey Observer, and sold it, Nov. 14, 1829, to Samuel S. Sibley, who associated Fayette Pierson with him- self in the fall of 1832. Mr. Pierson became sole owner March 16, 1833, and published it until April 1, 1835, when he sold it to James M. Newell, who had become a Democrat. Mr. McChesney, who did not relish the manner in which he had been ousted from the Washington Whig, obtained a press and material, and on July 15, 1826, issued a paper under the old title of Washington Whig, which he claimed to be the regular paper of that name. It became a supporter of Henry Clay, and later was the organ of the Whig party, and between it and the Observer a very bitter contest was carried on. Mr. McChesney sold it, in October, 1826, to Pranklin Ferguson, and he to James P. Powers and James M. Newell, Aug. 4, 1832. They published it CITY OF BKIDGETON. 589 until June 21, 1834, when Mr. Newell retired, and F. Eistine became the partner of Mr. Powers, but one week later, on the 28th, Samuel S. Sibley, a former owner of the Observer, who had become a Whig a few months before, became the owner, and he sold it to James S. Thomas, March 11, 1837. There being insufficient patronage to support two papers, Mr. Thomas sold the Whig to James M. Newell, the publisher of the Observer, in December, 1837. Having thus become owner of both papers, Mr. Newell associated with himself Matthew Sey- mour, and united them in one paper, neutral in poli- tics, called the Bridgeton Chronicle, the first number of which was issued Dec. 23, 1837. The paper was carried on by them until June 19, 1841, when Mr. Newell became sole owner, and carried on the paper very successfully until his death, Sept. 2, 1851. The paper was bought by Samuel Harris, who assumed charge on the 13th of the same month, and sold it Nov. 19, 1853, to Harris B. Mattison. He died June 15, 1855, and it was conducted by his representatives until September 1st of that year, when Frank F. Pat- terson purchased it, and remained the owner until Oct. 3, 1857, when he sold to James Stiles and Smith Dal- rymple. Mr. Dalrymple sold his interest to George F. Nixon, Sept. 11, 1858, and Mr. Stiles sold to Robert B. Potter, March 10, 1860, when the firm became Nixon & Potter. On Sept. 19, 1863, George F. Nixon became sole owner. During the rebellion the paper became a supporter of the Republican party, which it has ever since continued to uphold. Mr. Nixon remained the owner until Oct. 10, 1879, when the present owner, Alfred M. Heston, formerly editor of the Salem Standard, became proprietor and editor. West Jersey Pioneer. — About 1846 a paper was started by G. Howard Leeds, called the West Jersey Telegraph, and continued about two years. Mr. Leeds was not a practical printer, and it did not prove a success. The material of the office was bought by Franklin Ferguson, and he issued a paper which was practi- cally a continuation of the Telegraph, called the West Jersey Pioneer. The first number was issued March 1, 1848. It was neutral in politics, "its leading feature being to keep before the people the impor- tance of temperance reform," as its prospectus read. Mr. Ferguson conducted it alone until March 3, 1855, when he associated his son, James B. Fergu- son, with himself, and June 14, 1856, he sold his re- maining interest to his son, by whom it was con- ducted until his death, March 6, 1875. It remained in his name until April 24th, when the name of his widow, Mrs. L. M. Ferguson, appeared as editor, and continued until the sale of the paper to George W. McCowan and Isaac T. Nichols, Oct. 16, 1874. Upon its purchase by this firm it became Republican in . politics, and has ever since been an organ of that party. James B. Febguson. — Franklin Ferguson, the father of the subject of this biographical sketch, was of Scotch descent, and born at Doylestown, Pa., in 1806. He learned the art of printing of Asher Minor, and in 1825, having removed to Bridgeton, N. J., purchased the Washington Whig, and became its editor. He subsequently became a resident of Belvidere, Pa., and the proprietor of the Belvidere Apollo, and assumed its management in 1834. In 1843 or 1845 he removed to Bridgeton, N. J., and in 1848 became editor and proprietor of the West Jersey Telegraph, which name was soon after changed to that of the Jersey Pioneer. In 1856, Mr. Ferguson disposed of the Pioneer to his son, and removing to Burlington, N. J., purchased the New Jersey Dollar Newspaper, which was in after-years changed to the Burlington Gazette. He remained in charge of this paper until failing health compelled him, in 1876, to close his active business life, when he removed to Camden, N.J. As a journalist, Mr. Ferguson was non-partisan, and held aloof from political strife, though outspoken on all moral questions. He labored for the general good of the community in which his lot was cast, re- gardless of personal ease or comfort. In his dealings he was exact, methodical, and jealous of his rights, demanding all his just dues in a question of right or wrong. Unostentatious in his deeds and charitable to the last degree, he was the perfect type of the Christian gentleman. He was identified with the secret orders of Masonry, Odd- Fellowship, and Tem- perance, and participated actively in the work of the Methodist Epis.copal Church, of which he was a member. Sunday-school work was his especial de- light. He was for many years a superintendent and leader in the work at home and throughout the State. Mr. Ferguson was twice married, — first, to Miss Louisa Ring, to whom were born children, — Mary E. (Mrs. Davis), James B., Martha, Ann Louisa, and Benjamin F. ; and, a second time, to Miss Sarah May- hew, of Bridgeton, N. J., who survives, and has one daughter, Matilda M. The death of Mr. Ferguson occurred June 9, 1877, in Camden, N. J. His son, James B., was born Jan. 16, 1832, in Bridgeton. When sufficiently old he en- tered his father's printing-office to learn the printer's art, which, in course of time, he thoroughly mastered. In 1855 he became a partner with his father, and in June, 1856, the latter having retired, he assumed con- trol of the P^oraeer establishment, which was continued until the day of his death. Under his successful man- agement the paper attained both popularity and a high degree of prosperity. Mr. Ferguson, to those who knew him best, mani- fested a warm heart, a liberal spirit, and a generous mind. He was at onpe forward and retiring, forward in any business that required push and energy, and backward in any measure which would seem to indi- cate a desire to push himself forward. When he seemed cold and indifferent he was simply reticent 590 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and wary. He was honest to the last farthing, and, although strict and exacting in his business rela- tions, gave liberally to the needy and to all worthy charities. Mr. Ferguson had for years been identi- fied with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was a steward of the church of that denomination in Bridge- ton. Though not of demonstrative nature, he was a man of deep religious feeling and fervent piety, and to confer happiness upon those most dear to him, and live a useful, Christian life was the ardent desire of his heart. Mr. Ferguson married, and had children, — Louise R., James Howard, Franklin, and Benjamin v., the latter of whom is deceased. The death of James B. Ferguson occurred March 6, 1874, at his home in Bridgeton, in his forty-third year. Isaac T. Nichols. — The paternal great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch, Isaac Nichols, was born in Deerfield, Cumberland Co., in 1757, and died April 1, 1817. His ancestors came from Rhode Island, they being among the early settlers of that colony. During the Revolutionary war the Nichols family, residents of Deerfield, were actively interested in the success of the patriot cause. Samuel Nichols, the grandfather, was born in Deerfield township in 1778, and died Oct. 9, 1828. Samuel married Catharine Carll, in 1806, daughter of John Carll, a prominent man in Cumberland County. Thomas Shourds, in his " History of Fen- wick's Colony," refers to this marriage, and speaks of the Carll family as "a large and influential one in Salem and Cumberland Counties." Capt. Isaac Nichols, father of Isaac T. Nichols, was born in Deerfield township in 1806, and died Aug. 13, 1875. In 1844 he married Mary A., dangh- terof William and Elizabeth McGear, of Bridgeton, in which city he had his residence. For twenty years he followed the water, and most of that time commanded a vessel. Capt. Nichols' political affiliations were with the Whig and Republican parties, notwithstanding the fact that his father was an ardent Democrat. He cast his first vote for John Quincy Adams for Presi- dent of the United States, and was one of the first adherents of the Free-Soil and Republican parties in Cumberland County. He and his wife were members of the Methodist Church. Mary A. Nichols, mother of Isaac T. Nichols, was for many years a devoted member of that communion, a most exemplary Chris- tian wife and mother. She gave her children, of whom there were five, careful training, but did not live to see them reach manhood and womanhood. She died Aug. 10, 1863. Isaac T. Nichols, son of Isaac and Mary A. Nichols, was born in the city of Bridgeton, March 22, 1848. He obtained his early education at the Bank Street public school of the city, and at the age of seventeen began learning the printer's trade in the ofBce of the Chronicle, where he became conversant with the various branches of newspaper work. In 1869 he mar- ried Emma, daughter of George Remster, and grand- daughter of the late Judge George Remster, of Salem County. Oct. 8, 1874, he became editor of the West Jersey Pioneer, and a member of the firm of McCowan & Nichols, publishers of that journal in Bridgeton. The Pioneer is the leading Republican newspaper of Cumberland County. In 1876 he was chosen on the Republican ticket to represent' the First Assembly District in the State Legislature, and again in the following year, and served on the Committees on Education, Revision of the Laws, Banks and Insur- ance, and State Library, besides on a special com- mittee appointed to investigate the charges against certain State officials. He gained prominence in the House as a ready debater and for his parliamentary •tact and sound, practical ideas on all questions in- volving important issues. In 1877 he originated and introduced a bill, which became a law, exempting all soldiers and sailors who served in the late war from poll-tax, and he also strenuously advocated the " Cash Bill," which prohibited the use of shinplasters and punch orders in the glass- factory stores of South Jer- sey. His speech on the report of the investigation of the accounts and transactions of the Secretary of State received the unanimous indorsement of both parties in the Assembly. In 1878 he was an effective advocate of the bill reducing the legal rate of interest in the State from seven to six per cent. In 1880, Mr. Nichols was elected on the Republican ticket to the State Senate, where he has served as an honest ex- ponent of the wishes and interests of the constituency which placed him there. In the Senate he introduced and secured the passage of numerous important measures, among them the act prohibiting the sale of cigarettes or tobacco in any of its forms to minors under sixteen years of age. Recognizing the great and growing value of the oyster industry, especially of South Jersey, he introduced among others a bill forbidding non-residents from planting, catching, or gathering oysters in the waters of the State, which, after a prolonged contest, was pushed through both houses. For two years he served as chairman of the Joint Committee on Printing, and he was chairman of the Joint Committee on Bi-Centennial Celebration. His loyalty to the cause of economy and thorough reform, often voting against his own personal interests, and his earnest advocacy of the Local Option and Prohibitory resolutions before the Senate have gained him the confidence and esteem of even those who differ with him in important State matters. Mr. Nichols is the youngest man ever elected a State Senator from Cumberland County. Bridgeton Aurora.— This paper was started as the exponent of Democratic principles, April 16, 1862, by Fayette Pierson, who was a former editor of the Observer. It continued to be published until July, 1864, when its publication was suspended for a few weeks, owing to the high price of printing paper, occasioned by the civil war. It was again issued September 14th of that year, and continued until .S - ^ . Cv~\J^(A^ CITY OF BKIDGETON. 591 after the ensuing election, when it again suspended, owing to an insufficient financial support. The New Jersey Patriot. — After the suspension of the 4-11'1'ora, effijrts were made to start another Demo- cratic paper, which finally resulted in the issue of the Oumberland County Patriot, Sept. 30, 1865, by Oscar A. Douglas. On March 26, 1868, the name was changed to the New Jersey Patriot, and on Sept. 2, 1869, Nelson C. Barclay became associated with him, under the firm-name of Douglas & Barclay, and on October 22d of the same year the paper was changed to the quarto form. The firm of Douglas & Barclay was dissolved Oct. 27, 1871, and Mr. Barclay continued the publication of the paper until Aug. 2, 1872, when, Mr. Douglas' interest having passed into the hands of John Cheesman, Jr., the firm became Barclay & Cheesman, and so continued until the re- tirement of Mr. Barclay, May 1, 1874, since' which it has been owned and published by Mr. Cheesman. Bridgeton Daily News. — This was the first daily newspaper published in'this county, and was first issued from the office of the Patriot, Barclay & Chees- man being also editors of the News. It was neutral in politics. The first number was issued March 1, 1873, and it was regularly issued until Sept. 25, 1873, when it was discontinued for want of a sufficient support. Daily Chronicle (or Bridgeton Daily). — On Sept. 18, 1873, Mr. Nixon, the editor of the Chronicle, com- menced the publication of a daily newspaper, and by the suspension of the Daily Evening News the next week the field of daily journalism was left to the Chronicle. The daily afterwards passed into the hands of Charles E. Elmer, in February, 1877, and the name was changed to the Bridgeton Daily, and in September, 1878, Mr. Nixon again became the owner of it, and published it until it was transferred with the weekly Chronicle to Mr. Heston, and he discontinued the daily a few weeks after. Bridgeton Evening News. — The first number of this paper was issued Feb. 1, 1879, by the Evening News Company, composed of Joseph H. C. Applegate and J. Ward Richardson. The office was then situated in the second story of the building on the northeast cor- ner of Commerce and Cohansey Streets, but has since been removed to the office formerly occupied by the Chronicle on South Laurel Street. Its publication has been continued to the present time. The same firm also published the Dollar Weekly News as a con- tinuation of the American Favorite, first issued as a monthly in 1874. Daily Morning Star. — On April 10, 1883, the first number of this paper was issued by a publishing com- pany, composed of three young men, all of them prac- tical printers. The second number, which commenced the regular issue, was issued on the 14th. On June 12th one of them retired, and the other two continued it under the firm-name of Hunt & Murphy. They transferred it to Charles H. Cochrane and Paul J. Davis, Aug. 11, 1888, and they to Francis R. Fithian, Oct. 29, 1883. Education in Bridgeton. — The citizens of Bridge- ton early appreciated the benefits of educational facilities. As early as 1773, John Westcott kept a school there and taught mathematics. As early as 1781 there was a school-house near where now is the Lader school-house, about two and a half miles from the built-up portions of the city, but within the present city limits. A classical school was taught in the town between 1780 and 1785 by Rev. Andrew Hunter. In January, 1785, a stock company was formed, of which Mr. Hunter was president, and Ebenezer Elmer, secretary, for the purpose of build- ing an academy, to be called the " Bridgeton Acad- emy." A lot was bought on Main (now Broad) Street, and a plan adopted for a stone academy, fifty- four by twenty-four feet in size, to be divided into two rooms, with fireplaces in each room, and mana- gers were appointed to build it, and a contract given out to Eleazer Mayhew to build it for three hundred and forty pounds. For some reason, not now known, nothing further was done. A book containing the minutes of the meetings of the company down to March 10, 1785, is still in existence, but they sud- denly stop at that date, and nothing further is known about it. About 1792 the lot on Giles Street, now occupied by the public school building, was deeded to trustees for school purposes by Mark Miller. In 1795 the academy on Bank Street was built by a stock company, the upper story to be used for a lodge- room for the Masons, as it has been ever since. For many years a good school was kept in this building. In 1822 a building was erected on the west side of Pearl Street, above Myrtle Street, for an academy, and was called the Laurel Hill Academy. It was opened for pupils on October 28th of that year, with Samuel Doughty as the teacher, and instruction was given in the different branches of an English educa- tion. The first trustees were Stephen Lupton, Gar- rison Maul, William Nienkirk, John Rose, and Elias P. Seeley. It was carried on a number of years, bui finally went down. The building was afterwards con- verted into a dwelling. Money was raised by tax for school purposes in the county previous to 1830, and a large part of the ex- penses of public schools was paid in that way for a long time. In 1847 the public school building on Bank Street, at the head of Washington, was built, and in 1848 the one in Cohansey township, now the Third Ward, was built on Giles Street. Since that time the schools have been entirely free, all ex- penses being paid by tax and by the income derived from the State school fund. The growth of the place necessitating larger school accommodations, a large addition has been made to the Bank Street school. A lot of one acre on the north side of Vine Street was bought in October, 1866, and a building built thereon the next year for the primary department in 592 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. that ward. In 1873 a fine brick school-house was built at South Avenue and Willow Street, in the Sec- ond Ward, for the scholars residing in that ward, and at the present time a site for an additional house in the First Ward is about to be secured. The number of children between five and eighteen years of age in the city for the school year ending Aug. 31, 1882, was two thousand two hundred and thirty-seven, with four male and twenty-four female teachers, and the total amount of money for all school purposes was $13,277.27. The West Jersey Academy was built by the Presby- terians of South Jersey in 1852, the movement having been started at a meeting of the Presbytery of West Jersey in April, 1850. The whole square bounded by Commerce, Lawrence, Broad, and West Streets was bought, at a cost of sixteen hundred and twenty- five dollars and fifty cents, on which the present build- ing of native stone, fifty-three and a half by sixty feet, three stories high and basement, was erected and inclosed by David A. F. Randolph, contractor, for the sum of six thousand nine hundred and ninety- nine dollars, the finishing of it being delayed for want of suflBcient funds until the next year. The corner- stone was laid Aug. 9, 1852, with appropriate cere- monies. The school was opened in 1854, and was for many years very prosperous, but was afterwards al- lowed to go down, and was closed for a number of years. It has been reopened within the last few years, and is now under charge of Professor Caleb Allen. The South Jersey Institute was established by the West New Jersey Baptist Association at their meet- ing in September, 1865. Bridgeton presenting the greatest inducements, the school was located there. A charter was granted by the Legislature March 28, 1866. A lot of lO^^j acres, at the southeast corner of Atlantic and Lincoln Streets, in the Third Ward of the city, covered with a natural growth of oak and other trees, was given to the trustees by Horatio J. Mulford, who, with his brother, Isaac W. Mulford, and sisters, Miss Anna M. Mulford, Miss Hannah Mul- ford, and Miss Lucy W. Mulford, had offered to the trustees the ten thousand dollars which secured the location of the building at Bridgeton. They have ever since remained earnest and devoted friends of the institution, and have been the largest contribu- tors to its funds. A plan was adopted for a centre building forty-three by fifty-eight feet, with east and west wings, each fifty-seven by forty-one feet, making the entire length one hundred and fifty-seven feet, to be built of brick, five stories high, including the French roof and basement stories. It was erected and inclosed during 1869 for the sum of twenty-five thou- sand five hundred dollars. In 1870 the work on the interior was completed at a contract price of twenty- two thousand seven hundred and sixty-two dollars, but other items, including the furnishing, raised this to a much larger sum. The school was advertised to be opened on Oct. 5, 1870, but the building not being completed, it was held in the basement of the First Baptist Church from that date until December, when it removed into the institute building. Professor Henry K. Trask became the first principal, and has ever since remained at the head of the institution. The debt of nearly thirty-five thousand dollars was paid during the Centennial year. The institute has had an eminently successful career, and its annual commencement-day, in June, is one of great interest in this community. Ivy Hall Seminary for young ladies was established by Mrs. Margaretta Sheppard about 1859, and was a flourishing school for many years under her charge, ^ater it was in a less prosperous condition, but has lately been revived under the charge of Rev. Henry Reeves. BANKS IN BBIDGBTON. The Cumberland Bank was organized by virtue of a charter from the Legislature in 1816, commencing business in September of that year. The capital at that time was $52,000. James Giles was the first president until his death, in 1825, succeeded by Judge Daniel Elmer, who resigned in 1841 ; James B. Pot- ter from that time to 1865, who resigned shortly be- fore his death, and Charles E. Elmer from that date to the present time. Charles Read was elected the first cashier, and served until his death. May 9, 1844, when William G. Nixon succeeded him, and still holds that position. About 1857 the capital stock was raised to $102,000 by the accumulation of the surplus earnings, without any additional payments by the stockholders. In 1865 it was changed to a na- tional bank, and the capital made $150,000. This bank has always maintained a high financial stand- ing, and has paid a semi-annual dividend from the beginning, ranging from three to six per cent., besides large extra dividends. The deposits have steadily increased from an aver- age of $20,000 during the first fifteen years to about $500,000 at the present time, and over $600,000 at the beginning of this year. Beside the dividends de- clared by the bank, it has also accumulated a surplus fund of $100,000, and undivided profits of over $49,000. The Bridgeton National Bank was organized in the spring of 1883, with $100,000 capital, and com- menced business on July 12th. This young institu- tion has secured the confidence of the community, and on October 1st had on deposit $73,243.11, and had loans and discounts amounting to $103,009.45. A lot nineteen feet front has been bought on Laurel Street, a short distance below Commerce, for $3800, on which they are now erecting a fine and convenient bank building. Thomas U. Harris is president, and James W. Trenchard, cashier. Thomas U. Hakbis.— The Harris family are of English extraction, Ephraim Harris, the great-grand- father of the subject of this biographical sketch, hav- CITY OF BRIDGETON. 593 ing resided in Fairfield, Cumberland Co., where he was a citizen of much repute, and represented his constituents in the State Legislature. He was mar- ried, in 1765, to Miss Jane Pierson, and had children, — Thomas, John, Pierson, Allen, Jane, and Hannah. He was married, a second time, to Miss Rezine An- derson, no children having been born to the second union. The birth of his son Thomas occurred Sept. 9, 1759, in Fairfield township, where he was both a farmer and a popular landlord. He married, July 16, 1778, Miss Elizabeth Lawrence, and had chil- dren, — Norton L., Thomas, Sarah E., Norton, and Theophilus E. The death of Thomas Harris oc- curred March 3, 1825, and that of his wife, Eliza- beth, May 4, 1844. Their younger son, Theophilus Elmer, was born Jan. 28, 1796. He was married on the 12th of Feb- ruary, 1817, to Miss Lydia, daughter of Urban Dixon, of Fairfield township, and had children, — James, Newton, William, Theophilus E., Ellen R., Harriet, Thomas U., Theophilus (2d), Albert, and Sarah. By a second marriage, Dec. 2, 1847, to Miss Clarissa Whitaker, two daughters — Ellen and Mary— were born. Mr. Harris resided in Fairfield township, where he followed agricultural employments. He was a man of enterprise, and led rather than fol- lowed public sentiment. His political sympathies were in harmony with the Whig platform, and by this party he was elected to many important and re- sponsible offices, among which was that of sheriff" of the county from 1848 to 1851. His death occurred in February, 1864, in his sixty-ninth year. His son, Thomas U., was born Oct. 22, 1831, at the homestead in Fairfield township, where his youth, until his eighteenth year, was spent. During this period the village school offered the only opportuni- ties for education, and the demands of the farm served to develop habits of activity and industry. He later became a clerk in Bridgeton, and at the age of twenty- three embarked in business as the proprietor of a gen- eral country store. Five years after he engaged in, the sale of boots, shoes, and leather, and still successfully pursues this industry. Mr. Harris was married, Aug. 31, 1853, to Mary C, daughter of John Holmes, of Bridgeton. Four children were born, all of whom died in infancy. Mr. Harris has been and is largely identified with the business interests of the county. He is president of the West Jersey Transportation Company, and secretary of the Bridgeton Saving Fund and Building Association. He is also presi- dent of the Bridgeton National Bank. In politics he is a Republican, and has served as member and di- rector of the board of freeholders, and also as mem- bers of the City Council, though not specially active in the political field. Mr. Harris is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and has been one of its trustees. The Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany was organized Feb. 23, 1844, and commenced business in May, 1845, with Benjamin Sheppard as president, and Henry B. Lupton as secretary, the lat- ter having held that office ever since. Mr. Sheppard resigned March 13, 1879, on account of advanced age, and was succeeded by the present officer, David P. Elmer. In 1867 the company built the commodious brick building now occupied by it on the north side of Commerce Street, between Laurel and Pearl. The company has been very successful, and has made but one assessment on the premium notes held by it dur- ing its entire existence. The total number of policies issued by it during its existence has been over twenty- three thousand, of which about eight thousand four hundred and forty are still outstanding, insuring $13,103,634, and the company hold premium notes amounting to $2,859,417, and cash assets $46,847. The Bridgeton Gas-Light Company was incorpo- rated by an act of the Legislature passed in 1853 and amended in 1857. The works on Water Street were built and went into operation in November, 1858, and have been much enlarged since that, in order to meet the growing demands of the city. Bridgeton Water-Works.— A water company for Bridgeton was chartered by the Legislature in 1872, and an organization was effected ; but the lack of con- fidence in its financial success prevented subscriptions to its stock sufficient to take active measures to intro- duce water. A fire in the winter of 1876-77 so aroused the citizens to the danger from the fiery element that I there was a general demand for the purchase of a steam fire-engine and the building of water-works, and public meetings were held for that purpose. The City Council immediately purchased a Silsby rotary steam fire-engine, which has given good satisfaction. They also authorzied a vote to be taken at the muni- cipal election in March, 1877, whether the city should build water-works or not, and it was carried by a vote of 1145 in favor of it and 171 against it. The Council then entered actively upon the building of the works ; plans were prepared by Isaac S. Cassin, a civil engi- neer of Philadelphia, contracts were given out after public advertisement, and the works were built during the summer and fall of that year. On Dec. 18, 1877, the pump was started for the first time, and water was pumped into the distributing reservoir. On the 24th ot the same month the event was celebrated by a grand trades' parade, surpassing in interest anything of the kind ever known in the city. The works consist of a distributing reservoir on the north side of East Commerce Street, about a quarter of a mile east of East Lake, one hundred and three feet above high-water mark in the Cohansey, with a capacity of one million five hundred thousand gal- lons, a retaining reservoir on the south side of the East Lake dam, eighty-eight and one-quarter feet below the distributing one, having a capacity of three million gallons ; a pump-house adjoining, with a compound duplex Worthington engine, with a ca- pacity of one million five hundred thousand gallons 594 HISTORY OF CUMB?]RLAND COUNTY. per day. It is distributed through about thirteen miles of pipe from sixteen inches down in diameter, which are laid in nearly every street in the city. About seven miles were first laid, but constant de- mands for extensions have nearly doubled the length of pipe. Eighty-six fire hydrants furnish water in case of fire. The total cost of the works up to Feb. I, 1883, has been $86,258.57. Bonds were issued to the amount of $76,500, and the balance has been paid out of funds raised by taxation. There is in a sinking fund toward the redemption of the bonds, when they come due, the sum of $6066.68. Hancock's Saw-Mill.— Probably the first mill of any kind erected in the county — unless the tide-mill near Greenwich was earlier — was the saw-mill and* dam erected on Mill Creek or Indian Fields Branch, where Pine Street crosses the original bed of the stream, which then ran in the rear of the houses on the north side of Pine Street, opposite the Stone Bridge, and around where the dam now is, between Pearl Street and the Stone Bridge. It was erected by Kichard Hancock as early as 1686, being referred to in a survey of that date. How long Hancock re- mained here is not known, nor who was in possession of the mill property after his removal. It was in- cluded in the nine hundred and ninety acre tract bought by Alexander Moore of the West Jersey So- ciety in 1752. Moore sold a tract of one hundred and sixty-one acres, bounding on the south and east sides of his projected town-plot of Cumberland, and on the south side of now Commerce Street from Orange Street to the line of the Indian Fields survey, and running southward about a half-mile, and including this mill property, to Benjamin Sayre, but it was sold from him by Howell Powell, sheriflf of the county, Feb. 2, 1766, and bought by Thomas Thompson, of Bordentown, who sold it to Col. Enos Seeley, Oct. 16, 1770. Soon after that he cut the race-way which now exists, and removed the saw-mill to a new location just below the Stone Bridge, and put up the Pearl Street dam for the purpose of draining the low ground extending nearly to Commerce Street. . Two acres of land, together with the saw-mill, pond, and dam (part of this tract), and the property of Matthew Parvin, were again sold by the sheriff, Thomas Maskell, Dec. II, 1770, and bought by Silas Parvin, who was prob- ably a brother of Matthew, and he sold it back to Enos Seeley, Aug. 1, 1777. Enos Seeley sold to Judge Ephraim Seeley the undivided half part of twenty-seven acres, which included the saw-mill tract, previous to his death, and upon the division of the property of Judge Seeley, in 1800, it was set oft to his son, Samuel, who conveyed it to Jeremiah Buck, May 7, 1802, and he to John Wood, of Stow Creek Nov. 16, 1802. Wood also bought the other half part of the property from Ebenezer Seeley, son of Col. Enos, Feb. 23, 1802, and conveyed the whole property to Jeremiah Buck, March 10, 1808. When Mr. Buck built his new dam and mills at their present location on Commerce Street, in 1809, he let the water out of the saw-mill pond, so as to get a better head of water at the grist-mill, by lowering the back water from the saw-mill pond. The old saw-mill was soon after taken down, and the ground covered by the old pond has been farmed for many years, and at the present day Mill Street is opened over it, and a number of houses are built upon it. East Lake Mills.— The land covered by East Lake, as it is now called, was a part of the Indian Fields survey, and was purchased by Ephraim Seeley, the son of Joseph Seeley, who was one of the Con- necticut settlers at New England Town. He prob- ably erected the dam and built the first grist-mill in the limits of the city as early as 1700. The first dam put up crossed about one-third the way up the present pond, from tfie hill on the east side near the north line of the property of Oberlin Smith to the hill on the west side back of the residence of Jeremiah Dubois, on East Avenue, and a race- way led along the side of the hill from the west- ern end of the dam about twelve rods to the mill, which stood on the low ground now covered with water, called Mulberry Cove, about opposite the eastern end of Cedar Street. Near the middle of the dam was a fulling-mill, a necessary adjunct in a new settlement, but this was suffered to fall into decay before 1800. The mansion-house stood on the high ground northwest of the mill, and near to it. The road from the bridge over the Cohansey to the mill ran nearly a direct course from the neighborhood of where the Methodist Church now is, back of the resi- dence of Jonathan Elmer, to the mill ; the marks of the old road are still to be seen between East Avenue and the pond. On the east side a road led down the hill near the old house now belonging to Henry C. Dare, the marks of which could still be seen a few years ago, which was used by the Indian Fields set- tlers in coming to the mills. Ephraim Seeley was the miller during his life, and at his death, in April, 1823, left the mills to his wife during her widowhood, and then to his son Ephraim. He lived there the most of his life, and by his will, dated June 18, 1774, left this property to his son Ephraim {3d), who was called Judge Ephraim from holding the position of judge in our county courts. He also lived in the mansion-house at the mill, and managed it (the fulling-mill having gone to decay) until he built the house at the northwest corner of Commerce and Bank Streets, to which he moved, and died shortly after, in 1799. A division of his prop- erty was made in September, 1800, by commissioners appointed by the Orphans' Court, and the grist-mill and pond were set off to his son, Ephraim Seeley (4th), who sold the property to Jeremiah Buck, June 8, 1807. In 1809, Buck enlarged the pond by building a new dam, which he located where the straight road to Millville, laid out in 1805, crossed the stream. He built the present grist-mill, known as Elmer's Mill, CITY OF BKIDGETON. 595 in 1809, ancJ the saw-mill in the same year. Mr. Buck became embarrassed after the close of the war of 1812-15, owing to the enormous depreciation of prop- erty which took place, and was compelled to make an assignment for the benefit of his creditors in 1819. His assignees sold the property to Dr. William Elmer, May 2, 1820, and at his death in 1836 it became the property of his son Jonathan, .who now owns the grist-mill. He sold the saw-mill, together with other property in the vicinity, to E. and J. Dubois in 1864. The grist-mill is one of the most valuable mill-stands in the county, and does a large business under the charge of Jonathan Elmer, Jr., who now occupies it. Richard Lett's Grist-MilL— After the erection of the tumbling-dam, forming the water-power of the iron-works, Benjamin Reeves sold his undivided half part of a lot of land where the grist-mill now stands, together with ample water-power, to Daniel P. Strat- ton, July 21, 1818, Mr. Stratton and the other half- owner, David Beeves, intending to erect a first-class grist-mill, capable of running three pairs of stones and other machinery, day and night. Mr. Reeves, however, became afraid that the remaining water- power would not be sufficient for the nail-works, and refused to build. After considerable difficulty one- half of the lot and a water-power supposed to be one- half of that originally proposed was set off to Mr. Stratton by arbitrators, and he erected the existing flour-mill in 1822. He died June 6, 1840, and it re- • mained the property of his heirs until Dec. 23, 1868, when they conveyed it to its present owner, Richard Lott. He rebuilt it and put it in complete order. City OfG.cers. — The following have been the offi- cers of the city since its incorporation : 1866. James Hood.i 1867. Isaac B. Dare. 1870. Isaac B. Dare. 1873. Ephraim E. Sheppard. 1865. Uriah D. Woodruff. 1866. Uriah D. Woodruff. 1867. Uriah D. Woodruff. 1868. Charles C. Grosscup. 1869. Uriah D. Woodruff. 1870. Daniel Bacon. 1871. Daniel Bacon. MATOBS. 1876. Seth P. Hasted. 1879. Seth P. Husted. 1881. John Smalley.2 1882. John Smalley. TEEASUBEES. 1872. Daniel Bacon. 1873. Daniel Bacon.^ 1876. Daniel Bacon.^ 1877. Frank M. Eiley. 1880. Frank M. Eiley. 1883. Frank M. Eiley. SCHOOL SUPEEINTENDBNTS. 1865. Eev, James M. Challis. 1866. Eev James M. Challis. 1867. Eev. James M. Challis. 1868. Dr. Joseph Moore. 1869. Dr. Eobert W. Elmer. 1870. Dr. Eobert W. Elmer. 1871. Dr. Robert W. Elmer. 1872. Dr. Eobert W. Elmer. 1873. Dr. Eobert W. Blmer.6 1876. Dr. Eobert W. Elmer." 1878. Dr. Joseph Moore. 1881. Dr. Joseph Moore. 1 Besigned Dec. 31, 1866. * Mayor Husted resigned Nov. 17, 1881, having been elected sheriff, and Mayor Smalley appointed by City Co^ncM on same date. 8 Term increased to three years by act of Legislature. * By Eevised Charter the term was made one year for the firat elec- tion, and three years subsequently. " Term extended to three years by act of Legislature. * By Eevised Charter the term was made two years for the first elec- tion, and three years subsequently. SOLICITOES 1865. John T. Nixon. 1876. Charles B. Sheppard.' 1866. John T. Nixon. 1877. Potter & Nixon. 1867. William E. Potter. 1878. William E. Potter. 1868. James E. Hoagland. 1879. Charles B. Sheppard. 1869. James J. Beeves. 1880. diaries E. Sheppard. 1870. James J. Beeves. 1881. Charles E. Sheppard. 1871. J. Boyd Nixon. 1882. William A. Logue. 1872. J. Boyd Nixon. 1883. William A. Logue. 1873 James J. Beeves. 1876. Jacob Ernest. 1877. Jacob Ernest. 1878. Lewis J. Barker, 1879. Lewis J, Barker, COLLBOTOBS OF TAXES.s 1880. Lewis J. Barker. 1881. Lewis J. Barker. 1882. Lewis J. Barker. 1883. Lewis J. Barker. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. Daniel Bacon. Joseph S. Miner. Joseph S. Miner. William H, Harrison, Jeremiah H. Lupton. Jeremiah H. Lupton. George W. McCowan. George W. McCowan. George W. McCowan, George W. McCowan. EBCOEDEKS. 1875. George W. McCowan. 1876. William B. Cornwell. 1877. Thomas M. Woodruff. 1878. Thomas M. Woodruff. 1879. Thomas M. Woodruff. 1880. Daniel B. Ginenback. 1881. Daniel B, Ginenback." Charles B. Moore.^o 1882. Charles B. Moore. 1883. Charles B. Moore. COUNCIL. 1865. Charles S. Fithian. Thomas U. Harris. 1866. Charles S. Fithian. 1867. Jonathan Elmer. 1869. William Dare. 1870. Jonathan Elmer. 1872. Samuel Ackley. 1873. Hugh S. McGear. 1874.11 Charles 0. Grosscup. 1875. Jonathan Elmer. 1876. William Dare. 1877. Eobert L. Toung. 1878. John C. Schenck. 1879. William Dare. 1880. David P. Mulford.w 1881. Eli E. Eogers. Charles H. Mickle.i" 1882. George S. Piersou (for one year). Charles G. Hampton. 1883. Stephen Cox, Jr. Second Ward. 1865. David P. Mulford. Samuel Applegit. 1868. Leonard Conover. George W. Claypoole.i* 18C9. James H, Trenchard.i' 1870, Stacy W. Mathews (for one year). 1871. James H. Trenchard. J. Warren Eoork. 1874. Daniel B. Thompson." 1874. William E. Thompson. Eli Loper. 1875. James H. Trenchard." 1876. Levi Dare. 1877. Timothy Campbell (for one year). Wallace Taylor. 1878. Timothy Campbell.is 1879. Henry Eocap (for two years) . T Office abolished by act of Feb. 9, 1874 ; by Eevised Charter it was re- created and made appointive by City Council. 8 OBBce created by the Eevised Charter, previous to which a collector of taxes was elected in each ward. » Besigned July 26, 1881. 10 Appointed by City Council, Aug. 16, 1881. 11 By act of Feb. 9, 1874, the number of members from each ward was increased to three. 12 Besigned June 14, 1881. 18 Appointed by City Council, July 12, 1881. 14 Besigned Aug. 28, 1869. 16 Appointed by City Council, Oct. 19, 1869. 1« The act increasing the number of members in each ward to three provided that the three from the Second Ward should draw lots for one- two-, and three-year terms, and Daniel B. Thompson drew for one year, William E. Thompson for two years, and Eli Loper for three years. 17 Died Feb. 27, 1877. 18 Kesigned Feb. 11, 1879. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1879. Levi Dare.i 1880. Samuel L. Harris.a George Loper.8 1881. George Loper (for one year). 1881. Hamilton N. Boney (for two years). Henry Bocap. 1882. George Loper. 1883. Ell Loper. 1866. Robert C. Nichols. Robert J. Fithian. 1866. Jacob Eienzle. 1867. Bobert J. Fithian. 1869. Isaac W. Mulford. 1870. Jacob Kienzle. 1872. Charles B. Elmer. 1873. John Hosted. 1874. Jacob Kienzle. Third Ward. I 1875. Charles E. Elmer. 1876. Joseph C. Kirby. ; 1877. Jacob Kienzle. j 1878. Chester J. Buck. I 1879. Joseph C. Kirby. { 1880. James B. Hoagland. ' 1881. William C. Whitekar. j 1882. Timothy Campbell. 1883. Benjamin Hancock. Bridgeton Township. 1845-46. Lewis McBride. Robert Sheppard. 1847-49. Henry Sheppard. Jonathan Elmer. 1850. Bobert Sheppard. 1848-49. William Eiley. John S. Ware. 1850-63. Cornelius Lupton. David P. Simpkins. BridgeUm City. 1866-67. Jonathan Elmer. William Dare. 1868. Ephraim E. Sheppard. Samuel Ackley. 1869-71. Jonathan Elmer. David P. Mulford. 1872. David P. Mulford. Samuel Ackley. 1873-77. David McBride. David P. Mulford. 1878. Thomas U. Harris. 1860. Jonathan Elmer. 1851. Jonathan Elmer. William Parvin. 1852-64. Jonathan Elmer. Dayton B. Whitekar. Tcnensh^. 1854-57. Cornelius Lupton. Bobert Barber. 1858-64. David P. Elmer. Daniel M. Wopdruff. -Firat Ward. 1878. Samuel E. McGear (part of year; resigned). William Dare (remainder of year). 1879. Thomas U. Harris. Wilson L. Silvers. 1880. Charles H. Mickle. 1881. Wilson L. Silvers. 1882. Charles H. Mickle. 1883. Wilson L. Silvers. Second Ward. 1865-67. Bobert Du Bois. David McBride. 1868. James Hand. George Donaghay. 1869. James H. Trenchard. Joseph Borden. 1870-73. Charles L. Eoray. Samuel Applegit. 1874. Samuel Applegit. Daniel B. Thompson. 1875. Levi Dare. Timothy Campbell. 1876. Timothy Campbell. Henry B. Harker. 1877. Timothy Campbell. William B. Thompson. 1878. Timothy Campbell. Henry Bocap. 1879. Benjamin T. Bright. Wallace Taylor. 1880. Stacy Mathews. 1881-82. Mayberry G. Belford. 18S3. Francis P. Biley. Third Ward. 1865-66. William C. Whitekar. Benjamin T. Ware. 1867. Lehman Blew. Daniel Dare.4 1868-69. Enoch Hantboro. EoOB Paullin. 1870. Bnos Paullin. Robert J. Fithian. 1871-73. Robert J. Fithian. Hiram Paullin. 1874. Bobert J. Fithian. Benjamin Keen. 1875-76. Robert J. Fithian. David 0. Garrison. 1877. Robert J. Fithian. William C. Whitekar. 1878-79. Benjamin Hancock. William G. Brooks. 1880-82. Benjamin Hancock. 1883. William G. Brooks. Manufactures. — Bridgeton is a manufacturing community. After the establishment of the iron- works here, in 1815, the town commenced to grow 1 Died Oct. 28, 1880. SResignedFeb. 8, 1881. 3 Appointed by City Council, Nov. 16, 1880. ^ Removed before expiration of year. more rapidly, and the increase of population has kept pace with, and been largely the result of, the increase of manufactures. It is the leading city of South Jersey in the extent and variety of its manu- factured products, consisting in part of nails, water- and gas-pipe, castings, machinery, woolen goods, glassware, leather, lumber, carriages, canned fruits, etc. The oldest and most extensive establishment is the Cumberland Nail and Ikon Company. In 1814, Ebenezer Seeley and James Lee, who had bought the land on the east side of the Cohansey lying along the river, and Smith Bowen, who owned the land on the west side of the river, united in erecting the dam, one mile above the town, known as the Tumbling Dam. Seeley and Lee designed building a paper-mill, to be run by their half of the water-power. Paper at that time was very high-priced, owing to the war with Great Britain ; but, the war closing, that design was dropped. They, however, built a saw-mill near the foot of North Street, to which the water was brought by a race way from the pond, which they carried on for a time. The close of the war was followed by a great financial depression, and Seeley and Lee both failed. Abraham Sayre, from whom they had bought the property, obtained it again, and built a grist-mill near the saw-mill, and operated it until his death. Smith Bowen sold his half of the water-power to Benjamin and David Reeves, who established the iron-works on the west side of the river, and com-' menced making nails in 1815. Nails at that time sold for ten to fifteen cents per pound, and were made from the best Swedish iron, cut across the grain of the metal. Upon the death of Mr. Sayre, the owner of the other half of the water-power, in 1820, they pur- chased it, together with the grist-mill of Mr. Sayre, which they soon after took down and removed to their works on the west side of the river, where it was burned, in 1824, in the fire which destroyed the works in that year. They were at once rebuilt on a larger scale. About 1843 a change was made in cut- ting nails by cutting them lengthways of the grain of the metal, instead of crossways, making a much better nail. The business steadily increasing, the water- power proved insuf&cieut at times to properly carry on the works. The building of a new dam across the Cohansey Just above the works was planned, and an act of the Legislature secured for that purpose, but it was never carried out. The rolling-mill on the east side of the creek was built in 1847, and is operated by a powerful steam- engine, the boilers which furnish the steam being heated by the same fire in which the iron is heated. The rolling of iron on the west side was abandoned, and the whole water-power devoted to the nail-mills. In 1853 the large pipe-mill north of the rolling-mill was erected, and the manufacture of wrought iron, gas- and water-pipe was commenced. Benjamin Reeves, one of the founders, died in 1844, and the H^^^^^i ^ s^_^^i^^^^^^^^ CITY OP BRIDGETON. 597 firm became Reeves, Buck & Co. In 1856 it was in- corporated as the Cumberland Nail and Iron Com- pany. In 1822 they employed twenty-six hands, and had sixteen nail-machines capable of cutting ten tons of nails per week. At this day they employ about four hundred men, and produce one hundred and forty thousand kegs of nails and four million feet of gas- and water-pipes yearly. The machinery consists of ten double puddling-furnaces, four heating-fur- naces, two trains of rolls, eighty-four nail-machines, and six furnaces for welding gas- and water-pipes. Robert S. Buck. — The family are of English ex- traction, the earliest representatives in America having settled in New England. Henry Buck, the progenitor of this branch of the family, was born in 1635, and removed, in 1692, to Fairfield, N. J., then known as Fenwick's colony. He died in advanced years, leaving several children, among whom was Henry, the second son in order of birth. He became the father of a son, Ephraim, whose son Ephraim was the father of Jeremiah Buck, whose birth oc- curred in 1764. He married Miss Sarah Holmes, and had among his children a son, Robert S., the subject of this biography. The latter was born Sept. 10, 1802, in Bridgeton, N. J., and having left school at an early age, was apprenticed to a miller. At the age of twentj-three he entered the political arena, and was elected by the Whig party to the office of sheriflF of the county, which he filled with credit for three years. He never after held office, though often solicited to be the candidate for important positions. On his retirement from the office of sheriff he en- gaged in the manufacture of bone buttons, and in the year 1836 entered the iron business in Bridgeton, in the establishment now known as the Cumberland Nail and Iron Company, an industry founded in 1814, by David and Benjamin Reeves. In company with Rob- ert C. Nichols, Mr. Buck purchased the interest of Mr. Whitaker, a third partner, and the firm became Reeves, Buck & Co. In 1846, Mr. Buck removed his residence to Phcenixville, Pa., and assumed charge of the iron-works at that point belonging to the firm. After. a residence of ten years at Phcenixville he re- turned again to Bridgeton, and though retaining his interest in the extensive works his industry, energy, and perseverance had aided in establishing, retired from active participation in the business. In the year 1865, Mr. Buck purchased a controlling interest in the works, and until his death acted as its president. He was married, in 1836, to Miss Caroline James, of Salem County, N. J. Their children are Sarah H. ; Robert S., who died in infancy ; Clara M. R., wife of Dr. F. L. Du Bois, of the United States navy ; Rob- ert James, who served with credit during the late civil war, and married Miss Sidney E. Reeves, of Phcenixville, Pa. ; Chester Jones, who married Miss Elizabeth R. Du Bois, of Bridgeton ; and Caroline James, who is the wife of Lesley Lupton, Esq., of Rahway, N. J. Mr. Buck was in politics early a Whig, and afterwards a Republican, though during his later life not actively interested in political con- tests. As a man, he possessed strict principles of hon- esty and integrity, was warm-hearted and generous, courteous in his bearing, and with a peculiar mag- netism which made those daily associated with him his friends. His business management was firm but kindly, his dealings just. While esteemed and re- spected by those who came in daily business contact with him, his attractive social and domestic qualities were known best to those who were admitted to the sanctity of his own fireside. Here were manifested all those graces of mind and heart which endeared him to family and friends. In his religious preferences Mr. Buck was a Pres- byterian, and a regular attendant upon the services of that church. His death occured at his home in Bridgeton, April 23, 1877, in his seventy-fifth year. Robert C. Nichols. — The Nichols family are of English descent. Gen. Robert Nichols, the father of the subject of this biographical sketch, was a resident of Brooklyn, where he was a citizen of much promi- nence. He married Sarah Van Dam Mesier, and had children, — Emily (Mrs. E. H. Goodwin), Robert C, John M., Henry G., Percival, and Claudius B. His son Robert C. was born Aug. 2, 1814, in Brooklyn, where his early years were spent, with such oppor- tunities of study as the schools of the day affijrded. Philadelphia later became his residence, from which city he removed to Norristown, Pa., and engaged in the manufacture of nails and iron. He was married, in 1837, to Miss Harriet A., daughter of George H. Stanton, of New York. Their children are Julia F., Harriet A. (wife of Dr. Charles H. Boardman, of St. Paul, Minn.), and Emily G., who married James R. Walsh, of the same city. Mr. Nichols resided for ten years in Norristown, and became one of its most successful iron manufacturers. During this period Messrs. David and Benjamin Reeves became associated with him, and a consolida- tion was effected with the Cumberland Nail- and Iron- Works at Bridgeton, which rendered the removal of the machinery to the latter point necessary. Mr. Nichols, as one of the partners, managed these works, and by his business tact and energy greatly increased their capacity and enhanced the reputation of their products. In December, 1856, he became president of the corporation in connection with his duties as general manager. He continued thus iden- tified with the company until 1871, when he retired from active participation in its affairs, though still a stockholder. Mr. Nichols has been since his residence in Bridge- ton largely identified with its interests. He was one of the originators of the Bridgeton Building Associa- tion, is a director and now president of the Bridgeton Gaslight Company, and a director of the Cumberland Mutual Insurance Company. He is also a director of the Cumberland National Bank. 598 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Mr. Nichols was early a Whig in politics. On the formation of the Republican party he accepted the articles of its platform and became one of its ad- herents, though not an active worker in the political field. His religious creed is that of the Protestant Episcopal Church, St. Andrew's Church, in Bridge- ton, of which he is senior warden, being largely in- debted to him for its organization and the erection of its edifice. The Feeeacute Machine- Works were first estab- lished in a small building on North Laurel Street by the firm of Smith & Webb, which was afterwards succeeded by the firm of Oberlin Smith & Bro. Needing more room and larger facilities, the ground now occupied by them on Commerce Street, adjoining the east shore ' of East Lake, was bought, and a building erected, which has since been supplanted by others, and the business changed into a stock company under the title of the Ferracute Machine Company. They manufacture foot- and power-presses, dies, tools for cutting, embossing, and drawing sheet-metal goods, such as tinware, lanterns, lamps, fruit-cans, etc. A number of the patents used by them are the inven- tion of Oberlin Smith, the president of the company. Their workshops cover about twelve thousand square feet of ground, and over sixty workmen are em- ployed. Laning's Iron Foundry was established in the building now occupied by it in 1869, by David W. Laning, who carried it on until his decease, in the summer of 1883. It is now under the control of his son, Charles E. Laning. The building is of brick, and adjoins the West Jersey Railroad depot. They employ over twenty hands, and manufacture black- smith's drills, iron verandas and fences, vessel wind- lasses, plow-castings, and all other kinds of castings generally. Cox & Sons' Machine-Works are located on Water Street, and their grounds have a frontage of two hundred and fifty feet on the Cohansey River. Their former shop was at the corner of Broad and Water Streets, from which they removed to their present location. The building occupied by them was built in 1867 for a steam planing-mill, but after being so used for several years that business was given up, and it was empty until the present occupants bought it. They manufacture steam-heating apparatus, steam- engines and boilers, pipe-screwing and lapping ma- chinery, stocks, dies, cast- and wrought-iron fittings, and other articles. The Cohansey Glass Manufactueing Com- pany. — The manufacture of glass in Bridgeton was first commenced in 1886, by the firm of Stratton, Buck & Co. This firm for many years transacted the largest business in the county, owning large tracts of land, and cutting and shipping the wood and timber grow- ing thereon, and doing a large store business gener- ally. They carried on the glass business until the death of Mr. Buck, in 1842, after which it was carried on by a stock company, which made a failure. The works passed through several hands into the ownership of Francis L. and J. Nixon Bodine, and was then changed into a corporation by the above title, the stock of which is principally owned by them. The works have been several times enlarged, and under the management of the present proprietors have been very successful. They cover about five acres of ground, running from South Pearl Street to the Co- hansey, and from Glass Street to Mill Creek, and in- clude three window -glass and three bottle-factories, and employ about four hundred hands. Getsingee & Son's Window-Glass Woeks were established in 1879, on South Laurel Street, below Jef- ferson, by John Getsinger and William H. Allen, under the name of Getsinger & Allen. They erected their works on land leased of the estate of John Buck, de- ceased. They were carried on by that firm very suc- cessfully, and a second factory was built in 1881 . In 1882, Mr. Getsinger, associating with himself his son, John B. Getsinger, purchased an eligible lot of land, running from Grove Street to the Cohansey River, and built another factory thereon, and during 1883 has built a second factory there. In the fall of 1883, Mr. Allen retired from the original firm, and all the works have been united and a stock company formed. Joseph A. Clark & Co., in 1880, erected a glass- factory on Water Street below Vine, fronting on the Cohansey, and began work in August of that year. Their factory was partly destroyed by fire during 1881, but was at once rebuilt. In 1882 the firm pur- chased an extensive tract of land, comprising over forty acres, on North Laurel Street, adjoining the New Jersey Southern Railroad, to which they removed their bottle-factory, and also erected a large plate-glass factory, the only one in this State. The main build- ing is one hundred and sixty by one hundred and twenty feet in size, and one story high, near which is a large pot-house and numerous other buildings. The first cast of plate-glass was made on the night of May 23, 1882, and was a success. They make corru- gated and plain plate-glass, from three-eighths to one inch thick, but do not as yet polish it. The firm was composed of Joseph A. Clark, his son, Isaac L. Clark, Clement W. Shoemaker, and Samuel M. Bas- sett. Mr. Isaac L. Clark died du^ring the summer of 1883, leaving the present firm composed of the three others named. The West Side Glass Manufactueing Com- pany (limited) was established in 1879, and leased the factory belonging to Benjamin Lupton, about three- quarters of a mile below the city, on the west side of the river. They removed from there to a location on the west bank of the river, on Water Street, during the present year. MoEE, Jonas & Moee.— Richard More, Robert More, Jr., brothers, and George Jonas, under the firm- name of More, Jonas & More, established a bottle- factory on Railroad Avenue and the West Jersey CITY OF BRIDGETON. 599 Bailroad in 1881, and have carried it on since that time. A new stock company are at the present time (Oc- tober, 1883) building window-light works east of South Avenue, in the Second Ward, and Dr. John B. Bowen and Joseph C. Kirby are also erecting a new MORE, JONAS & MORE. MaDufactui-ers of Green mid Amber Bottle Wave, Biidgeton, N. bottle-factory on the line of the Cumberland and Maurice River Railroad, north of Commerce Street, both of which will soon be in operation. Messrs. Charles G. Hampton and William G. Brooks have also erected a new bottle-factory on Hampton Street near Water, which has just commenced opera- tion. East Lake Woolen Maxitfacturing Company. — In 1811, Jeremiah Buck erected a cotton- and woolen-factory on the south side of Commerce Street, between his grist- and saw-mill. The business was carried on by Enoch H. More and Ephraim Holmes, but in the name of Mr. More alone. In the great flood of Feb. 20, 1822, the mill-dam broke, and the woolen- mill was undermined by the water and carried away. Dr. William Elmer, then the owner of the property, erected a new and larger mill on the north side ' of the road, where the present brick mill stands, which was finished the same year. Mr. More again commenced bu.siness, and carried it on until his death, in 1846, being at the time the State Senator from this county. The business was then carried on by William S. Dubois & Son until 1850, when the firm became William S. & R. Dubois, and after the death of William S., in 1852, his two sons carried it on under the name of R. & J. Dubois. They bought the woolen-mill and water-privilege of Jonathan Elmer, Jan. 19, 1863, and Dec. 23, 1864, they also bought the saw-mill and other property adjoining. In 1863 they removed the old frame mill to the north- ward of its former site, on which they erected a handsome three-story brick structure, which has since been enlarged, and additional buildings built on the south side of the street. During the rebellion they were mostly engaged in manufacturing government goods. In 1866 a stock company was organized, which was incorporated by act of the Legislature, Feb. 7, 1867, under the name of the " East Lake Woolen Manufacturing Company," by whom the busi- ness is now carried on. They manufacture the best grade of woolen and cotton-warp cassimeres, and employ over one hundred hands. Canneries. — The production of canned goods, principally tomatoes, peaches, and pears, is carried on by several firms. That of the Diamond Packing Company is located on the Cohansey River at the foot of Eagle Street, and have a capacity of one million cans annually. They employ two hundred and fifty men, women, and children during the season. The firm is composed of Messrs. C. N. and J. A. Selser and G. W. Turner, all of Philadelphia, and Mr. John H. Poole, of this city. The West Jersey Packing Com- pany, Warner, Rhodes & Co., proprietors, are situated on Irving Avenue, about one- half mile from the built-up portion of the city, and put up about the same number of cans, and employ about the same number of hands. The can- ning factory of John W. Stout is situated on the southeast corner of Bank Street and Irving Avenue, near the West Jersey Railroad depot. About one hundred and seventy-five hands are employed here during the three or four months of the canning sea- son, and they put up about seven hundred thousand cans. The canning-factory of Benjamin S. Ayars is on Water Street, below Vine. He employs over one hundred hands, and puts up over three hundred thousand cans of goods. Messrs. William Laning and Franklin C. Probasco have erected canning- works on Water Street during the present year. Isaac W. Mulford & Son have erected a large paper- mill on Water Street, near the foot of Hampton Street, and fronting on the Cohansey, which was put in oper- ation during the fall of 1883. They manufacture for the present the coarser grades of paper. In addition to these, the tanning establishment of Jacob Kienzle, one of our foremost German citizens, who has been located here over twenty-five years ; the pottery of William J. Smith; the ship-building and marine railway yard of Rice & Brother ; the cigar-manufactories of Jacob Mengel, Betchner & Bohl, Philip Bauer, Henry Maier, Mead & Brother, and Elmer & Davis ; the West Jersey Soap- and Can- dle-Works, also belonging to Jacob Kienzle ; the brick-yards of Isaac W. Mulford and Benjamin Lup- ton ; the steam planing and door, sash, and blind manufactories of D. B. & W. C. Whitekar and Nor- 600 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ton L. Paullin ; the shirt-manufactory of Hinderinyer & Tresk ; the carriage-manufactories of Charles C. Loudenslager, Robert M. Rocap, and Ira Allen ; and numerous lesser manufactories of various kinds, — all give employment to a large number of hands, and con- stitute important items in the manufacturing life of Bridgeton. ECCLESIASTICAL. First Presbyterian Church, — Bridgeton remained without any organized church, or any place of wor- ship but the court-house, forty-five years after it be- came the county town. The Presbyterians residing there or in the vicinity belonged at the old Cohansey Church, at New England Town, or the church at Greenwich ; the Baptists, to the old Cohansey Bap- tist Church, in Lower Hopewell. In 1774 subscrip- tions were made to build a Presbyterian Church in Bridgeton, and a lot was selected on the east side of the river, situate on the north side of Commerce Street, a little above Pearl.. But, owing to the oppo- sition of those residing on the west side of the river, at that time the most numerous and influential, the design was abandoned. In 1791, Mark Miller, who was a member of the Society of Friends, was induced to deed a lot, containing two acres, " to be used, occu- pied, and enjoyed by the inhabitants of Bridgeton forever, for the purpose of a burying-ground for all said inhabitants generally, and for erecting thereon a house for the public worship of Almighty God." To this lot large additions have been made by subse- quent purchases. A congregational meeting was held, and the fol- lowing letter, the original of which was not long since in the possession of Rev. Dr. Hall, of Trenton, N. J., was addressed to the Philadelphia Presbytery : " To the Bevd. Fteabyiery of Philadelphia. "Gbntlemen, — The Inhabitants of Bridgetown & its vicinity have hitherto experienced great inconvenience in having no House of Pnblic i Worship in or near the Town. It is a county Town, central in its situ- i ation, & contains near 300 Inhabitants, who are rapidly increasing in number. j " After repeated efforts, we have now a fair prospect of succeeding in building a Church in the Town. It is already nearly enclosed, & will probably be completed the ensuing season. " Our next object is to prepare for the stated preaching of the Gospel , in it. Having a predilection for the Doctrine & Discipline of the Pres- ■ byterian Church in America, we wish to become an aclcnowledged mem- ; ber of that Church. We have, therefore, deemed it the most orderly '■ mode of procedure to make kuown our particular case & circumstances to the Rev<* Pi-esbytery within whose bounds we are situated, and to ' solicit their approbation & assistance in the measure. " We have appoiuted the bearer hereof, Jonathan Elmer, Esquire, our Commissioner for that purpose. He will lay before you the application agreed upon by us, & wait for the result of your determination on the subject. " We are, Kev, 1792." i About sixteen hundred dollars were subscribed, i and the foundation-stone was laid and the building commenced July 26, 1792. The house was inclosed ' and the roof put on by December, when the money was all expended. In 1793 a law of the State was obtained, authorizing the trustees to raise two thou- sand dollars by means of a lottery, in accordance with a practice then very common. By means of the money thus secured the church was finished suffi- ciently so that on Sunday, May 17, 1795, it was dedi- cated to the worship of God by the Rev. John Davenport. Previous to this time supplies were ordered by the Presbytery, and public worship was held in the court- house until the new church building was opened and dedicated. In 1794 a call was unanimously agreed upon, in conjunction with the Greenwich congrega- tion, for the Rev. William Clarkson, of Philadelphia, which was accepted, and he was ordained and in- stalled as pastor of the two congregations in the church at Greenwich on the 20th of October, 1794. On Sunday, Dec. 13, 1795, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper was celebrated for the first time by the Rev. Mr. Clarkson. In April, 1796, Nathaniel Harris, Zachariah Law- rence, and John Lupton were elected and ordained the first ruling elders of the Bridgeton congregation. In 1801, Mr. Clarkson accepted a call to Schenec- tady, N. Y., and resigned his charge. The congrega- tion depended on supplies until 1805, when the Rev. Jonathan Freeman, of Orange County, N. Y., was called by the two churches, and was installed on the 16th of October of that year. Mr. Clarkson and Mr. Freeman were accustomed to preach in the morning at Greenwich and the afternoon at Bridgeton, and resided several years on the parsonage farm, near Bowentown. After 1810, when Mr. Freeman removed to Bridgeton, he generally preached on the evenings of Sunday and Wednesday in the court-house. He died in 1822. A sketch of his life and ministry will be found in this volume. In 1824 the union with the Greenwich Church was terminated, and the congregation of Bridgeton called the Rev. Brogan Hoff as their separate pastor. He was installed June 10, 1824, and continued his min- istrations until 1833, when he resigned. During 1826 a session house for lectures, evening meetings, and Sunday-school purposes was erected on the northeast corner of Commerce and Pearl Streets, and was in use at that place until 1863, when the lot was sold for business purposes, and the building was removed to the church lot, facing Pearl Street, and much improved, continuing to be used by the church for the same purpose until 1883. In 1834 the Rev. John Kennedy became the pastor, and was installed on the 8th day of May. In 1835 the congregation resolved to build a new church on the east side of the river, in a more central and con- venient location. A lot was purchased running from Laurel to Pearl Street, just above Commerce, and the present place of worship, since much enlarged and improved was CITY OF BMDGETON. 601 erected, and was dedicated March 31, 1836. Mr. Ken- nedy resigned in 1888, and the same year the Rev. Samuel Beach Jones was called, and was installed as pastor May 9, 1839. He resigned in 1863. The church was enlarged and beautifully frescoed during the latter part of his ministration. The Rev. Casper R. Gregory, from Oneida, N. Y., was installed May 12, 1864. The congregation hav- ing increased, and the interests of Presbyterianism seeming to demand a church on the west side of the Oohansey, on March 16, 1869, one hundred and thir- teen members of the First Church took letters of dis- mission, together with four members from the Second Church, and were organized into the West Presby- terian Church. Mr. Gregory's pastoral relations were dissolved at a meeting of the Presbytery, October 7, 1873. In that year, during his ministry, a new and larger organ was. purchased, and it is now in use. Jan. 26, 1874, Rev. J. Allen Maxwell, of Orange, N. J., was elected pastor, and on March 29th he en- tered upon his duties as such. Feb. 13, 1881, his pas- toral relations were dissolved. March 18, 1881, Rev. Augustus Brodhead, D.D., was elected pastor, installed by the Presbytery May 4th, and entered upon his duties May 8tli following. The present number of members of the church is about three hundred and thirty, and the number of Sunday-school scholars the same. An elegant and commodious chapel, with rooms for Sunday-schools, is now being erected, on the site of the old session house, in the Norman or Queen Anne style of archi- tecture, at a cost of upwards of seven thousand dol- lars. Officers of the Church. — The present elders are Henry B. Lupton, Nathaniel Fish, Joseph Reeves, Alfred Holmes, Theophilus Trenchard, Edgar J. Riley, James J. Reeves, Isaac Laning. The trustees are Jonathan Elmer, Charles 8. Fithian, Robert M. Seeley, W. H. H. Woodruff, John M. Laning. Second Presbyterian Church. — This church was organized Oct. 14, 1838, by the Third Presbytery of Philadelphia, with eleven male and six female mem- bers. They rented the old Methodist Church at the corner of Bank and Washington Streets as a place of worship until they could build. Their church was built of granite, on Pearl Street between Commerce and Washington Streets, in the years 1889-40. It was dedicated Nov. 7, 1840 ; ser- mon by Rev. John Patton, of Philadelphia. Length of the building, including tower, seventy-seven feet; whole cost of church, eight thousand and ninety- nine dollars and thirty cents ; architect, William Strickland, of Philadelphia; built by David A. F. Randolph and Lawrence Shiner. The bell weighs three hundred and forty-nine pounds, and cost, in- cluding freight, clapper, etc., one hundred dollars. Nov. 18, 1838, Rev. James Stratton was invited to preach as stated supply for six months. July 15, 1840, the church called and settled Rev. Julius L. Bartlett, of South Carolina, who resigned his charge Jan. 1, 1842. Jan. 26, 1842, the church called and settled Rev. William A. Mandell, of Massachusetts, who resigned his charge in 1844. Immediately after that, Rev. Henry J. Vandyke, of Philadelphia, was invited to preach as a stated supply for six months. He was called, ordained, and installed pastor over the church June 17, 1845, and resigned his charge, on account of ill health, April 18, 1846, after which the congregation depended upon supplies for about eighteen months, about ten months of which time the Rev. Julius L. Bartlett, of South Carolina, served the church. Oct. 17, 1847, Rev. Henry J. Vandyke's health being restored, he was again called by the congrega- tion, and was installed pastor Nov. 10, 1848. Sept. 11, 1850, he asked to have the pastoral relation now existing dissolved, on account of desiring to connect himself with the Presbytery of West Jersey, which was agreed to by the congregation. A pro re nata meeting of the Third Presbytery of Philadelphia being called on the evening of July 9, 1850, the pas- toral relation was dissolved and the pulpit placed in charge of the Session. July 23, 1850, the Session invited Rev. Henry J. Vandyke to supply the pulpit for three months. Sept. 4, 1850, at a meeting of the congregation held in the church, the following resolutions were adopted : " Resolved^ That this congregation unite with the West Jersey Presby- tery, and that two commissioners he appointed to present the application to the next stated meeting of said Presbytery. " Resolved, That while we consider that it will be an advantage to the cause of Christ as well as for the glory of God to be connected with the West Jersey Presbytery, we still entertain, and trust we ever shall, the kindliest feelings towards the Presbytery we leave and those ministers whose labors for us have been frequent, self-denying, and highly ac- ceptable." At the stated meeting of the Presbytery of West Jersey, held Oct. 8, 1850, the church was received under the care of said Presbytery. The Session invited Rev. Henry J. Vandyke to sup- ply the pulpit for one year from Oct. 8, 1850. At a congregational meeting held in the church, , 1850, Rev. Henry J. Vandyke was again elected pastor, and was installed by the Presbytery of West Jersey, 1850. April 19, 1852, on account of ill health he again resigned his charge. At a congregational meeting held in the lecture- room of the church, Feb. 8, 1853, Rev. William E. Baker, of Wilkesbarre, Pa., was nominated and unan- imously elected pastor, but resigned his pastorate Nov. 19, 1855. July 8, 1856, Rev. Peter B. Heroy was called, and remained pastor until May 5, 1857. Mr. Heroy was followed by Rev. Joseph W. Hubbard, who was in- stalled Aug. 5, 1857, and'resigned April, 1865. June 20, 1866, Rev. Heber H. Beadle was installed pastor, who has remained until now. 602 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The church was enlarged in 1869 to accommodate the demands of a growing congregation, and was re- paired in 1883, and largely improved. It has con- nected with it a flourishing Sunday-school, two young ladies' missionary societies, two church prayer meet- ings, one ladies' and one young people's prayer meet- ing each week, besides a regular teachers' meeting. The church membership is about three hundred. West Presbyterian Church,— The West Presby- terian Church was organized March 16, 1869, by one hundred and thirteen members of the First Church, who took letters of dismission, together with four members from the Second Church, and shortly after a dozen more from the First Church were added. The congregation worshiped for awhile in the old Presby- terian Church on Broad Street, and upon its comple- tion in the chapel which adjoins the church. This building is of light gray Chester stone, with Trenton brownstone facings. It is divided by means of glass partitions, consisting of a series of windows, into two apartments, used by senior department and infant class of the Sabbath-school. Naturally, the building is of the same order of architecture as the main edi- iice. The interior presents an air of coziness and neatness, and the stained window-glass is the only bright object visible. The church proper is of the Gothic order of archi- tecture, constructed of like material. The front and buttresses are pointed off, and the rest laid natural face, all broken range. The main building is one hundred by fifty-three feet wide, having a semi-circu- lar recess at rear end measuring twenty- two by twelve. Between the chapel and main building is a vestibule leading to the lecture-room, infant school, pastor's study, and main audience-room. The walls are painted in bright colors and artistic design. The stained-glass windows are in pattern and color very beautiful. The pews, pulpit, wainscoting, and doors are of solid oak, with neat chasing and carving. The chancel, with fine rose window, presents a very bril- liant effect. The warming is from steam-pipes which run under the feet of the occupants of the pews. The artificial light of the house is obtained from standards of modern and elegant design, which ex- tend in rows lengthwise of the building. The edifice seats about six hundred people, and is without doubt the most elegant building of the kind in the section of New Jersey south of Camden. The interior is exceedingly beautiful, combining as it does evidences of true art in the architectural design and true taste in the carrying out of every detail. The corner-stone of the main structure was laid with appropriate ceremonies on Saturday, July 3, 1869, and on the next day, Sunday, July 4th, the chapel was dedicated to the worship of God, Rev. Dr. Moffat delivering the dedicatory sermon. Thursday evening, April 28, 1870, Rev. L. E. Coyle was installed as pastor. The services were conducted in the chapel, Rev. H. H. Bedle presiding. The charge to the people was delivered by the Rev. Mr. Proudfit, the charge to the paster by the Rev. Dr. Smith, of Baltimore, Md., and the sermon by the Rev. C. R. Gregory. The church was dedicated on Thursday, April 11, 1878, after ten years of hope, prayer, and energetic effort. The sermon was preached by Rev. L. M. Colfelt, of Philadelphia. The dedication prayer was read by the pastor of the church. Rev. Leonidas E. Coyle. The services throughout were very interest- ing to the large and attentive audience assembled. It should be observed that a costly and fine-toned organ has recently been placed in the church. The number of members of the West Presbyterian Church is one hundred and seventy ; Sabbath-school members, two hundred and fifty-two. First Baptist Church. — This church owes its origin to the Cohansey Baptist Church at Roadstown. The first sermon by a Baptist minister, as far as known, was preached by the Rev. Robert Kelsey, who served the old mother-church from 1756 to 1789. Ebenezer Elmer records in his journal that he preached at the court-house on Oct. 29, 1775, and also on December 3d of the same year. He probably continued his services in the succeeding years. His successor, Rev. Henry Smalley, about 1797 began preaching every Sunday afternoon in the court-house at Bridgeton, and as the number of Baptists in the vicinity in- creased the need of a meeting-house at Bridgeton became more apparent, and the Cohansey Church approving the matter, a committee was appointed to purchase the lot already selected, then belonging to Daniel Elmer. July 16, 1812, he conveyed to trus- tees, for the sum of one hundred and fifty-five dol- lars, the lot so long occupied by the church, bound- ing on Pearl, Marion, and Bank Streets, the same where their cemetery now is, and where the Pearl Street Baptist Church now stands, containing two acres, upon condition that a house of worship be built thereon within three years, and a street three rods wide be kept open between this lot and Mr. Elmer's other lands adjoining. On July 12, 1812, a committee was appointed to procure materials and superintend the building of the meeting-house, consisting of Moses Harris, Isaac Mulford, and Moses Platts. The chief share of the responsibility rested on Mr. Mulford. On the 13th of September they " met on the lot and staked out the ground for a brick-kiln near where the house was to stand," and on October 22d and 23d the kiln was set. Ninety thousand bricks were also bought. May 17, 1813, workmen commenced digging for the foun- dation, and the carpenters also began their work. May 31st the first foundation stone was laid, and the building was raised by August 5th. But as a result of the magnitude of the enterprise for those inter- ested in it, and the high prices incident to the war, the building was not completed until the latter part of the year 1816, and was dedicated on December CITY OP BRIDGETON. 603 16th of that year. The services, which had been held in the court-house, were transferred to the new building, and Mr. Smalley continued his regular ser- vices there as an out-station of the Cohansey Church. The first meeting with reference to a separate or- ganization was held on Feb. 1, 1827, and as a result application was made to the mother-church for let- ters of dismission so as to form a new organization, and that church voted to grant their request, when they obtained a minister. In September Eev. George Spratt, M.D., accepted their call, and removed to Bridgeton Nov. 24, 1827. Jan. 5, 1828, the Cohansey Church granted letters of dismission to thirty-eight members, who, with Dr. Spratt and his wife, forty in all, were publicly constituted a separate church Jan. 31, 1828. The names of the constituent members were as follows : Kev. George Spratt. Mrs. Elizabeth Spratt. John Sibley. Curtia Ogden. Noali Ayara. Edos Bacon. Lewis FaulliD. Mrs. Kuth B. Ogden. " Sarah Sibley. " Maria O'Harrough. " Ann Boon. " Lydia Jarmau. " Jane Shaw. " Sarah Pierson. " Lydia Wheaton. " Phebe Maul. Miss Ruth S. Da via. Mrs. Elizabeth Morria. " Bacbel Perry. " Wilbelmina Brooke. Mrs. Sachel Bacon. " Clarissa Harker. " Rebecca Gilman. " Hannah Harris. " Judith Comersey. " Tamson Fithian. " Jane Bowen. " Sarah Ayara. " Ann l^auUin. " Sarah Bacon. " Rnth Golden. " Sarah Sink. " Sarah Woodruff. " Ann Platts. " Margaret Titsworth. " John Brookfield. '* Bebecca Dare. " Elizabeth Pieraon. " Ann Barrett, " Mary Fithian. January 17th, Curtis Ogden and John Sibley were elected deacons, and Mr. Ogden was also elected clerk. On the second Sabbath in February the Lord's Supper was observed, and on the 8th of March Mrs. Priscilla Sheppard and Mrs. Maria Harris were received on their experience and baptized, the first persons admitted by this ordinance to the newly con- stituted church. The church took the name of " The Second Cohan- sey Baptist Church at Bridgeton," and was incorpo- rated Sept. 29, 1828, the first trustees being Smith Bowen, Daniel Pierson, and Garrison Maul. Un- settled accounts for the building of the meeting- house, in 1816, caused great trouble, but they were all settled at last; but on account of them Dr. Spratt removed from Bridgeton, Oct. 20, 1830. In February, 1831, Rev. J. C. Harrison became pastor, and continued until March 27, 1884, when he resigned, after a successful pastorate. In December, 1834, Eev. Michael Frederick en- tered upon his ministry here. The church here was in more or less of a revival state during the entire period of Mr. Frederick's labors. Some time in the winter of 1836 he began to hold meetings at Cedar- ville. The awakening there continued through the summer, until, on the 6th of September, 1836, under the advice of a council, the Baptist Church at Cedar- ville was constituted. In this movement thirty-one members were dismissed from this church. March 11, 1837, Mr. Frederick took the church with eighty- seven membership, baptized one hundred and fifteen, and left it with one hundred and sixty-six, making a net gain of seventy-nine, notwithstanding the number dismissed to form the new church. He died Nov. 13, 1837, beloved by his people and respected by the entire community. Galleries and a vestibule were put into the meeting- house in 1835, greatly increasing its accommoda- tions. Eev. Charles J. Hopkins entered on the pastorate Nov. 25, 1838, and continued until Sept. 25, 1843. This was a period of prosperity. There were baptized into the church seventy-four, and the church mem- bership rose from one hundred and fifty-six to two hundred and thirty-seven, making a net gain of eighty- seven. Eev. W. A. Eoy was licensed to preach. The lecture-room on Atlantic Street was erected for social meetings and Sunday-school purposes, and was dedicated Jan. 11, 1840. Mr. Hopkins was a man of great social power, endearing himself to those who formed his acquaintance. Rev. Charles E. Wilson was the next pastor, and entered upon his duties April 7, 1844, continuing to labor until May 1, 1852, a little over eight years, the longest pastorate the church has ever had excepting the present. Eighty-nine were baptized, and there was a net increase of the membership of sixty, leaving it with three hundred and four on the register. Eev. William E. Cornwell became pastor July 4, 1852. Soon after his arrival the building of a new meetinghouse was agitated, and a lot was bought on the south side of Commerce Street, between Pearl and Orange, Oct. 3, 1853, for thirteen hundred dollars, and a plan adopted for a building, fifty by eighty-eight feet, with a projection for tower in front of six feet, and a recess of seven feet at the rear for the pulpit, with a basement story for Sunday-school and evening meetings, and the main audience-room above. The basement is of stone, and the remainder is brick, the whole rough-coated and painted, with a tower in the centre of the front, surmounted with a steeple rising to the height of about one hundred and forty feet from the ground. Ground was broken and work commenced June 1st, and on the 4th of July, 1854, the corner-stone of the new edifice was laid by the pastor with appropri- ate ceremony. Eev. Dr. J. Dowling, of Philadelphia, made the address. Eev. Mr. Hopkins, a former pas- tor, and others assisted. Eev. W. E. Cornwell, Jr., son of the pastor, was licensed to preach Sept. 12, 1857. Mr. Cornwell closed his labors July 12, 1856, having baptized sixty- three persons, and leaving a total membership of three hundred and twenty-six. 604 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Rev. J. Spencer Kennard became pastor Jan. 1, 1857. A lot in the rear of the new meeting-house, fronting on Orange Street, was bought May 5, 1857, for the accommodation of horses and carriages, for twelve hundred and fifty dollars, which, by the sale of some buildings upon it, was reduced to about nine hundred dollars. The main audience-room of the church being finished, dedication services. were held Sept. 23, 1857. It was the finest audience-room in the city, having a handsome stucco-work ceiling, pul- pit recess, and gallery in the front end of the church. Mr. Kennard's ministry was very successful. He re- igned Sept. 11, 1859, having baptized seventy-three, and leaving the church with three hundred and sixty- eight members. Rev. James F. Brown became the eighth pastor June 1, 1860. During his pastorate, in the spring of 1863, the debt of six thousand six hundred dollars was paid off. By act of the Legislature of Feb. 18, 1864, the name of the church was changed to " First Baptist Church of Bridgeton." In 1866 the base- ment of the church was completed and furnished. On July 17th, of that year, the Pearl Street Church was constituted with sixty-nine members, sixty -six of whom were dismissed from this church. He closed his labors in March, 1868, having baptized ninety- five, and leaving the church with a membership of two hundred and ninety-one. In the summer of 1868 the spire to the church was erected, and a bell, weighing over two thousand one hundred pounds, was placed in the belfry, thus com- pleting the church according to the original plan, Jan. 1, 1869. Rev. William Wilder entered upon the pastoral office. In May, succeeding the arrival of Mr. Wilder, the attractive house on Atlantic Street was bought at a cost of five thousand one hundred dollars for a parsonage. A mission-school in the south part of the city was established Nov. 10, 1869. There was, however, no suitable place for them to meet until two sisters, members of the church, erected a chapel, both con- venient and attractive, for the use of the school. It was begun in the fall of 1869, and opened March, 1870, costing, including bell, nineteen hundred and fifty dollars, exclusive of the lot. During 1871 a brick chapel was erected on the east side of Fayette Street, south of Vine, and was dedicated in February, 1872. Mr. Wilder resigned July 30, 1871, having baptized twenty, and leaving a total of two hundred and sixty- eight members. Rev. Ethan B. Palmer became the present pastor March 1, 1872. During the summer of that year the church was upholstered anew, frescoed, and other- wise improved, at a cost of three thousand one hun- dred dollars, and was reopened for service September 22d. During the spring of 1873 ninety-two persons were baptized and united with the church, the result of a series of meetings held by Rev. H. G. DeWitt, an evangelist. About twenty-five also united with the Pearl Street Church. A brick dwelling-house for the use of the sexton was erected, through the gen- erosity of a member of the church. Miss Anna M. Mulford, on the rear of the church lot fronting on Orange Street, at a cost of sixteen hundred and fifty dollars, and presented to the church April 9, 1873. The semi-centennial of the organization of the church was celebrated Jan. 31, 1878, but the incessant storm throughout the day interfered greatly with its success. In the fall of 1881 the arrangement of the basement rooms was changed, and the whole greatly improved, at a cost of over one thousand dollars. In November, 1881, the church came to the aid of the Pearl Street Church in raising their heavy debt, contributing eighteen hundred and sixty-one dollars towards that object. In March, 1882, a handsome pipe organ was placed in the main audience-room, costing two thou- sand four hundred dollars, together with a water- motor, costing one hundred and fifty dollars, furnish- ing power to the organ. During this pastorate two hundred and forty-eight have been baptized, and the membership is four hundred and forty-five. The history of the church has been one of great useful- ness and prosperity, and it occupies an important position in the community. The present officers are : Pastor, Rev. E. B. Palmer, D.D. ; Deacons, Horatio J. Mulford, William Hancock, Isaac W. Mulford, William G. Brooks, Azel Pierson, Jonathan D. Ayres, William B. Gilman; Trustees, Elmer H. Mixner, William Dare, Benjamin Hancock, James H. Flana- gan, Horace E. Ogden; Clerk, John F. Watson. Pearl Street Baptist Church. — In the spring of 1866 the subject of organizing a second Baptist Church in Bridgeton was taken into consideration by the First Church, and a committee appointed to re- port on the subject. It resulted in letters of dismis- sion being granted to sixty-six members, who were duly constituted a regular Baptist Church July 16, 1866. The mother-church deeded to the new inter- est the old house of worship and the fine lot on which it stands, at the northeast corner of Pearl and Marion Streets, from the location of which the name of the church was taken. Rev. William R. McNeil became their first pastor at the time of their organization. Jan. 1, 1867, they bought the convenient dwelling- house on the southwest corner of Bank and Marion Streets for a parsonage, for the sum of four thousand dollars. During 1868 the old meeting-house was en- larged and improved. Additions were built to it both in front and rear, and a tower was erected in the centre of the front, with a steeple about one hundred and twenty feet high. A neat and convenient chapel was erected, fronting on Marion Street, and joining on the main church at the rear, for Sunday-school purposes. The windows, galleries, and the whole in- terior of the old church were remodeled. A fine bell, weighing over eighteen hundred pounds, was placed in the belfry. The total cost of the improvements was eighteen thousand one hundred dollars, of which CITY OF BRIDGETON. 605 about six thousand dollars were paid at once, leaving a debt of about twelve thousand five hundred dollars. During his ministry a large number of persons united with the church, and when he resigned, Feb. 1, 1872, the church had three hundred and twenty-nine mem- bers. Rev. B. S. Morse became the second pastor April 1, 1872. In the summer of that year subscriptions were made towards the payment of the debt of twelve thou- sand five hundred dollars, and at the meeting of the West New Jersey Baptist Association, in September, they reported that the debt was all provided for ; but through a defective plap of payment, and erroneous management of the financial affairs of the church, the larger part of it remained to cripple them for over nine years. Mr. Morse resigned in the spring of 1874. The church was without a pastor for over a year, when Rev. A. B. McGowan became the third one, July 25, 1875, and continued until Nov. 25, 1877, when he resigned. During his pastorate the mem- bership was reduced to two hundred and eighty. Rev. John E. Chesshire, D.D., began his labors May 1, 1878. In the early fall of that year they erected a handsome iron fence around their church property. On the morning of Oct. 23, 1878, the steeple of the church was blown off, carrying the bell with it, and damaging the front end of the building in other re- spects. A severe storm of rain and wind had set in the preceding night, which increased in violence until morning. Money was raised at once and the bell-room rebuilt of brick and temporarily roofed over, and the bell, which was found to be uninjured, was replaced. The steeple has not yet been re-erected. Dr. Ches- shire resigned in October, 1879. He was followed by Rev. Samuel 0. Dare, the present pastor, who began his labors July 1, 1880. The debt upon the church had long crippled its energies, and had become such as to seriously threaten the loss of their church prop- erty, the financial resources of the church having be- come reduced through removals and the altered con- dition of many of the members, owing to the finan- cial distress which had been prevalent throughout the country. On Sunday, Nov. 6, 1881, Edward Kim- ball, noted for his success in raising church debts, spent the day with them, and over six thousand dol- lai-s were subscribed toward the debt, and in the next few weeks enough money was subscribed to cover the whole indebtedness, which was nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-four dollars and seventy-eight cents. The debt upon the meeting-house property has been paid in full since then. The church now numbers three hundred and six members. Commerce Street Methodist Episcopal Church. — Bishop Asbury was the first regular Methodist min- ister of the gospel that ever preached in Bridgeton. This was in September, 1783, and the fact is recorded in his journal. In 1788 all the lower part of the State was called Salem Circuit. In 1802 Salem was divided into Salem and Cape May Circuits. In 1803, which was the end of the third decade of Methodism in New Jersey, eight hundred and sixty-six members were reported from Salem Circuit. Thomas Ware was ap- pointed elder, and John Walker and John Durbin preachers. In 1804 Methodism seemed to have gained suflScient strength in Bridgeton to warrant its followers in uniting themselves together, and Mr. Walker formed them into a class, appointing William Brooks its leader. The class of fourteen members met at Mr. Brooks' house, which stood, until a few years since, on the southeast corner of Broad and At- lantic Streets. He kept a tan-yard, was in comfort- able circumstances, and generally entertained the circuit preachers when they came to town. Rev. Jonathan Brooks, whom many remember, was a local preacher and a true representative of primitive Meth- odism, and was one of the original fourteen members. He was an earnest exhorter, and, maintaining a char- acter above suspicion, he exercised a great and deserved influence not only in his own society, but among the Christian people of other denominations. Previous to this time classes had been formed in this county at Port Elizabeth, Swing's Meeting-House (New England Town), Newport, and Vanaman's (Heialer- ville). Meeting-houses are known to have been erected at the first three places. The first society formed in Bridgeton owes its ori- gin largely to the labors of a Mr. John Murphy and his son-in-law, Mr. Michael Swing. In 1790, Mr. Swing, with his wife, removed from Pittsgrove, Salem Co., to Cumberland County, and purchased property at New England Town and settled on it. Mr. Mur- phy, who had been a local preacher for several years, accompanied his daughter and her husband. He was a zealous, good, and useful man. Through his influence and exertions a Methodist society had been formed at what is known as Friendship, three miles north of Elmer, and at present a part of that pastoral charge. In 1791, and chiefly at his own expense, Mr. Swing built a church on his own farm. These two zealous men extended their labors as far as Bridgeton, and, excepting Bishop Asbury, were the first Meth- odist preachers to preach and hold religious services in Bridgeton. Mr. Murphy was buried in the Com- merce Street Methodist Episcopal Church cemetery. There is no monument, as it is fitting there should be, to his memory. In the year 1805 the society was represented for the first time at the quarterly meeting of the circuit, and made its first contribution towards the support of the gospel. With a membership of not less than fifteen, only the meagre contribution of eighty-seven cents is reported. In 1805 Salem and Cape May were again made one circuit under the former name, and John Walker and Nathan Swain were appointed preachers. In 1806, William Mills and Caleb Kendall were the appointed preachers, and William Mills and William Smith the following year. 606 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. In the latter part of the year 1807 a lot was donated by Jeremiah Buck, and a plain frame building, thirty by thirty-six feet, was erected, just west of where the present brick one on Commerce Street stands. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. Joseph Totten, presiding elder. The quarterly meet- ing of September was the first one held in Bridgeton, in the accounts of which it is noted that fifteen dol- lars and fifty cents was paid William Brooks, the leader of the class, as a donation for the meeting- house at Bridgeton. The church for a number of years remained unfinished, was not even plastered, nor did they employ a regular sexton. The leading members, in turn, filled the position a month each, bringing a pound of candles with them when they assumed the duties of the office. The congregations at this time were small, did not exceed twenty-five or thirty persons. Near the present church is a tomb, bearing date corresponding to that of the deed given for the church site, erected to the memory of James Smith, and represents the first one interred in that burial- place, where so many rest from their labors. During the next sixteen years the following preach- ers were appointed to the circuit, and preached in Bridgeton in the order herein given : John Stevens and Nathan Swain, in 1808 ; James Moore and Wil- liam S. Fisher, in 1809; William Fox and Joseph Bennett, in 1810 ; William Smith and Daniel Ireland, in 1811 ; Daniel Ireland and William Leonard, in 1812 ; Samuel Budd and John Fox, in 1818 ; William S. Fisher and Amos C. Moore, in 1814; Peter Van- nest and George Wooley, in 1816. Methodism had now become thoroughly established throughout the bounds of the circuit. Mr. Vannest had the qualifications to give him great power with the people, and he was eminently successful as a minister. George Wooley and John Creamer were appointed in 1816; John Walker and John Creamer, in 1817; John Walker and Edward Page, in 1818. John Wal- ker's first colleague, in 1804, on the circuit, John P. Durbin, lived to become one of the most eminent ministers in his day of any denomination. Thomas Neal and Edward Page were the preachers in 1819, Thomas Ware and Thomas Neal in 1820, Thomas Ware and Samuel J. Fox in 1821, Alward White and James Aikins in 1822. Thomas Ware was a native of Greenwich, Cumberland Co., N. J., and a man of remarkable ability in many directions. In 1823, New Jersey was again divided into two districts, and Jacob Moore was appointed presiding elder of West Jersey, and for the first time Bridgeton was made a station, to which Charles Pitman was ap- pointed, just half a century from the time the first Methodist Conference was held in America. Under Mr. Pitman's ministry the whole town was stirred, and Methodism, which had been struggling hard eighteen long years for an existence in the place, was well established. In 1826, when just thirty years of age, and only eight in the ministry. Pitman was appointed presiding elder of West Jersey District. He preached with re- markable power, and conversions were numerous. Walter Burroughs succeeded Pitman, and remained one year. In 1826-27, John Potts was stationed in Bridgeton. His preaching was intellectual, logical, interesting, and powerful. In 1827, Mr. Phebe Sayre, member of the church, willed a house to be used as a parsonage, and it was so used until the present one was built. This house (brick) is still standing and in good repair. In 1828, James Smith was the pastor, and remained one year. He was succeeded by Robert Gerry. He was followed by William A. Wiggins. In 1833-34, Bartholomew Weed was pastor, and under his pastorate a new church became a necessity. The old one was removed and located on the corner of Bank and Washington Streets, and . fitted up as a chapel for Sunday-school purposes, class- and prayer- meetings. The trustees of the church, when the pres- ent building was erected, were Henry Nordyke, John Cheesman, Sr., W. R. Fithian, Richard Ross, Samuel Bowen, N. Tomlinson, Ephraim McGee, Peter Slees- man, and William Bateman. In 1835-36, Thomas McCarrall was pastor; in 1837, Abraham Owen. Mr. Owen was succeeded by Thomas Sovereign, who served the church successfully two years. Mr. Sovereign was appointed presiding elder on Bridgeton District in 1852, and resided in this place four successive years. During the first year of his pastorate (1838) the Annual Conference met, for the first time, in Bridge- ton, Bishop Hedding presiding. Mr. Sovereign was succeeded by J. D. Denhart, who remained two years. He was an able and successful minister, but he will be especially remembered as having met his death while chaplain in the United States navy, aboard the fated frigate " Cumberland," which went down in that hisr toric engagement between the " Monitor" and " Mer- rimac." In 1842-43, J. H. Dandy was appointed to Bridge- ton. In 1844^-45, Jefferson Lewis was pastor. In 1846-47, William H. Hanley was pastor. In 1848-49, Bartholomew Weed was for the second time appointed pastor. With unity and peace came great prosperity. Mr. Weed was succeeded by A. C. Vandewater. The present parsonage, on Commerce Street, was built during the first year of his ministry. In 1852-53, John S. Swain was pastor. April 13, 1853, the Annual Conference met for the second time in Bridgeton, and at the Commerce Street Church. Bishop Morris presided. In 1854r-55, N. Vansant served the church as pastor. Philip Cline succeeded for two years. CITY OP BRIDGETON. 607 In 1858-59, C. E. Hill was the appointed pastor. Through his energy and enterprise the South Pearl Street Chapel was built, where a flourishing Sabbath- school has met ever since. In 1858-59, Rev. S. Y. Monroe, presiding elder of Bridgeton District, resided in Bridgeton. In 1860-61, J. B. Dobbins was the appointed pastor. In 1862, 0. H. Whitecar was pastor, and the fol- lowing year was appointed presiding elder, and he continued a resident of the city during the time he filled this office in the church. In 1863-64, John Hickman was pastor. In March, 1864, the Annual Conference met for the third time in Bridgeton, and in the Commerce Street Church. Bishop Simpson presided. In 1865-66, A. E. Ballard was the appointed pastor. The chapel on Bank Street was enlarged and im- proved, and the numerical strength of Methodism in Bridgeton made a third church organization neces- sary,- — the Central, on Bank Street. At the close of Mr. Ballard's term in the pastorate, he was appointed presiding elder, and continued to reside in Bridgeton the four years he filled that office. In 1867-69, F. A. Morrell was pastor. In 1870-72, Isaiah D. King, A.M., was the pastor. In 1871, W. E. Perry was appointed presiding elder on the Bridgeton District, and made Bridgeton his residence. In 1873-74, C. S. Vancle was pastor. In 1873 the semi-centennial celebration of the pas- torate of the Commerce Street Church, dating from the time it became a separate pastoral charge, took place. In 1874^77, John S. Heisler was presiding elder on Bridgeton District, and resided in Bridgeton. In 1875-77, C. E. Hill for the second time became pastor of the church. In 1878 he was appointed to the office of presiding elder on Bridgeton District, and continued a resident of the place. In 1878-80, William Walton was pastor, and in 1881 was made presiding elder of the district, which he continues to bold. In 1881, Jesse Stiles was made pastor, which posi- tion he now holds. The Methodist society had existed in Bridgeton some twenty-one years before, as a denomination, it made provision for a Sunday-school. Properly speak- ing the Sunday-school of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Bridgeton takes the date of its organiza- tion from the pastorate of Rev. John Potts, in 1827. The third superintendent, or the one at this time acting, was John Salkeld, and the following-named persons have occupied the place, more or less, to the present time : Samuel S. Sibley, Nathan Tomlinson, John R. Cory, George Howell, Henry K. Foster, D. B. Thompson, William Fisher, Franklin Ferguson, Morton Mills, Henry Nefl', J. W. Tonkins, George v. Garwood, Walter Simkins, Wesley Stiles, Elmer Ware, Benjamin Garwood. Commerce Street Church has never lost the true spirit of her mission. She has continued to be a re- vival church, increasing in later years rather than decreasing. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, Bridg^e- ton. — This church was organized April 11, 1849. The society first numbered thirty-six members, with Daniel Hanthorn, leader. The first meeting was held in an old shoemaker-shop belonging to James M. Riley, and located on Fayette Street, east side, be- tween Broad and Vine Streets. Rev. Samuel Parker was first pastor. Being refused by several parties ac- commodations, the Baptist lecture-room on Atlantic Street was finally obtained at a nominal rent. Here the new pastor preached his first sermon. Sabbath morning. May 13th, to a congregation of about thirty persons. They continued for sometime to hold class- and prayer-meetings in the old shoemaker-shop. The first Quarterly Conference was held June 11, 1849. Rev. George F. Brown, presiding elder, pre- sided at this Conference, whose members represented a new and feeble church. The same month a board of trustees was elected, consisting of James M. Riley, Alfred Hann, William Rice, Benjamin 0. White, and David Warren. At the close of the year the society numbered forty-seven members. In 1850, William H. Jeffreys was the pastor, and the lot on which the church and parsonage now stand was purchased and action had looking to the erection of a church edifice. In June of the same year a building committee was appointed, consisting of William Rice, Sr., James M. Riley, and the pastor. On the 4th of July the corner-stone was laid. Dr. C. H. Whitecar preaching an appropriate sermon. A church edifice was erected forty by sixty feet. The lecture-room was dedicated Feb. 9, 1851, and soon after a Sabbath-school was organized, Franklin Tyler, superintendent. In 1851, D. Graves was the pastor. In 1852-53, Samuel Hudson was pastor. In 1854, A. L. Brice was pastor. In 1855, Samuel Vansant was appointed, but to accommodate him a change was made, and W. H. Bakewell, a Wesleyan minister of marked ability, was appointed as a supply. In 1856-57, H. M. Brown was pastor, and was very successful. R. S. Harris fol- lowed, and remained one year. In 1859-60, 1. D. King was pastor. In 1861, J. B. Graw was appointed, but entered the United States army as chaplain before the year expired, and R. J. Andrews supplied the place. In 1862-63, W. G. Margerum was pastor, and during these years promiscuous sittings and instrumental music were introduced. In 1864^65, R. Thorn served as pastor. In 1866-67, J. H. Stockton ministered. In 1868-70, George C. Maddock served. In 1871-73, W. W. Moffett was pastor. The church edifice in this period was enlarged, newly furnished, and beau- tified at a cost of eight thousand five hundred dollars. In 1873 the Annual Conference met in this church. Bishop Scott presided. In 1874, J. G. Crate was pas- 608 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tor. He was followed by C. K. Fleming, who served as pastor three years. In 1878-80, George L. Dobbins was pastor. In 1881, W. S. Zane was appointed pas- tor, and is now serving as such. The membership of the church is about three hundred and fifty. Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Bridgeton. — In February, 1864, a meeting was called by C. H. Whitecar, presiding elder, to ascertain who were will- ing to assume the responsibilities and make the sac- rifices necessary to insure success in building a third church. It was first proposed to abandon the old Commerce Street Church, and build one in a central part of the city sufficiently commodious to meet the present demand. The meeting was held, and seventy- seven names were given, which number was finally increased to one hundred and twenty. The presiding elder was then uotified that they were ready for or- ganization, and desired a pastor appointed at the en- suing Conference. Their desire was granted, and Henry Baker was appointed. In April a permanent organization was effected. For a short time this so- ciety worshiped in the chapel corner of Bank and Washington Streets. Needing a larger place, as the chapel was then only half its present size, Grosscup's Hall was secured for public service. In the autumn a location for a new church edifice was selected, and the purchase was made at a cost of five thousand dollars. Subsequently a portion of it was disposed of at two thousand dollars, still leaving a lot, eighty by one hundred and fifty feet, for church purposes. The second year (1865) R. Given, a chaplain in the United States navy, served this useful church. It was resolved to erect a chapel for Sabbath-school purposes, prayer- and class-meetings, as well as fitted for a place of public worship on the Sabbath. August 16th the corner-stone was laid with appropriate services. Dr. C. H. Whitecar made an address. June 27, 1867, the chapel was completed and dedi- cated. Dr. Hiram Mattison (deceased) preached the sermon. In 1867-68, George K. Morris was pastor; in 1869, George H. Neal, succeeded in 1870 by J. L. Roe. In 1872-73, C. R. Hartranft was the appointed pastor. He was a young man of acknowledged ability as a preacher. He is now deceased. In 1874-76, H. Belt- ing was pastor. In 1877, under his pastorate, the church enjoyed unusual prosperity. On account of his health, and at his request, he was transferred. In 1877-80, D. H. Schock was the appointed pastor, and at the conclusion of his duties as such was made pre- siding elder of the Trenton District. In 1881, H. G. Williams was pastor for one year. In 1882, E. C. Hancock was appointed, and is the present popular and successful pastor. The present membership num- bers upwards of three hundred. The following have been superintendents of the Sabbath-school, which is now large : George Lawrence, Daniel B. Thompson, Stephen G. Porch, George W. Finlaw, G. F. Bishop, J. A. Peterson, Alfred D. Maul, A. R. Garrison, S. Bassett, G. W. McCowan, Rev. H. Belting, O. E. Peck, W. N. Hewitt, J. B. Ware, M.D. Salem Methodist Protestant Church.— Previous to the organization of this church it was one of the appointments of the circuit which included Friend- ship and Newport. Rev. T. H. Colhouer became pastor here in 1859, and through his efforts the meet- ing-house was built in 1861, on a lot which he him- self gave to the church on the west side of North Laurel Street. Mr. Colhouer's ministry was very successful, and he remained until 1863. Rev. T. Tay- lor Heiss succeeded him in that year, and remained until 1865, and was then succeeded by Rev. Henry Watson. During his pastorate a lot was bought ad- joining the church on the south, and a parsonage wa.s built upon it in 1866. After Mr. Watson, the pastors were Rev. Joseph Apgar, 1868 to 1869 ; Rev. Albert Pearce, 1869 to 1871 ; Rev. P. S. Vreeland, 1871 to 1872 ; Rev. William Irvine, 1872 to fall of 1873. He left after a part of his second year had expired, owing to some irregularities, and Rev. G. S. Robinson suc- ceeded him for the balance of that year. Rev. Wil- liam Hollinshed was the next pastor, and owing to the change of the Conference year from March to October, he remained until October, 1876. During his time the church was made a station. Rev. Ben- jamin P. Benner succeeded him, and remained into his second year. When the parsonage was built, in 1866, a debt was incurred, which remained against the property of the church, and through bad finan- cial management, combined with the stringency of the times, their church building was sold from them, and bought by the mortgagee, and the church decreased largely in numbers. Mr. Benner left before the ex- piration of the year, and Rev. Joseph Brockbank filled out that year. Rev. Peleg Barker came in Oc- tober, 1878, but left in the ensuing spring, and the few members left were ministered unto by supplies. In Oc- tober, 1879, Rev. Isaac McDowell became pastor. He made arrangements with the creditors for a reduction of the amount of their claims, and collected the money to pay them, a financial task which few persons thought possible. The church owes to him its continued ex- istence. Having paid off the claims and secured a deed for the church building, he conveyed it again to the church. In October, 1881, the present pastor. Rev. William D. Stultz, took charge of the church, then numbering about fifty members. Under his ministrations the church has been greatly revived and now numbers two hundred and sixteen members. This large growth in membership created a need for the enlargement of the church, and during the pa.st summer an addition of twenty feet has been made to the church, and also a recess for the pulpit, the inte- rior has been frescoed and painted, new heaters put in, and other improvements, at a cost of thirteen hun- dred and fifty dollars, all of which has been subscribed and a'part has been paid. ' CITY OP BKIDGETON. 609 St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church.— The first services of the Episcopal order held in Bridgeton, as fer as known, were in 1851. Rev. Mr. Kidney, of Salem, conducted service at that time in the Baptist lecture-room on Atlantic Street. From the latter part of 1852 to March, 1857, services were conducted once a month in the court-house by the Rev. Dr. Patterson, of Salem. , From 1857 to 1860 services were of less regular recurrence. In 1860, Rev. F. L. Knight, D.D., became resident missionary, his field covering Cumberland and Cape May Counties. His first service was held in Gross- cup's Hall, Nov. 4, 1860. The congregation subse- quently met in the old Baptist Church on Pearl Street, and still later in Sons of Temperance Hall, over the county oflSces. The parish was regularly organized in the spring of 1861. After some delay a site for a church building was selected, and in the spring of 1863 a lot sixty feet front on the south side of Commerce Street, east of Bank, was purchased from Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, for four hundred dollars. The corner-stone of the present church edifice was laid by Bishop Odenheimer, Sept. 16, 1863. Dr. Knight resigned as rector of the church June 30, 1863, and the church depended on supplies until the first Sunday in February, 1864, when Rev. H. M. Stuart, who had been their principal supply for the preceding two months, became their rector. May 15, 1864, they again occupied Grosscup's Hall, where they worshiped until they took possession of their house of worship, on July 31st of the same year, at which time they numbered thirty-three communi- cants. The basement being still unfinished, the Sunday-school was held in the room of the Young Men's Christian Association until September 26th following, when the basement was first occupied by it. On Nov. 30, 1865, the church was consecrated by Bishop Odenheimer, in the presence of a large con- gregation. In the spring of 1867 a bell, weighing one thousand and ninety-five pounds, was purchased at a cost of $597.50, and was first rung for service on Easter, April 21st, of that year. Mr. Stuart resigned April 8, 1869, and was succeeded by Rev. William W. Spear, on June 21st, who remained until Nov. 1, 1871. After him. Rev. Kenney Hall served the church from Jan. 14, 1872, to Sept. 15, 1872 ; Rev. Benjamin Hartley, who had been a missionary in Africa, from Feb. 9, 1873, to April 20, 1879; Rev. Robert T. Roche, D.D., from June 16, 1879, to May 8, 1881. The present rector, Rev. John W. Kaye, began his services in that ofSce Dec. 11, 1881. The present number of members is eighty-seven, as re- ported at the last Diocesan Convention. St. John' s German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Thenumberof Germans in Bridgeton who weremem- bers and adherents of the Lutheran Church before their arrival here having increased to a considerable num- ber, they began to consider the possibility of having services in their own language. For about a year 39 previous to 1858 they were visited at intervals by ministers of that denomination, and in April, 1858, the church was formed, with Rev. C. F. W. Sigelen as pastor, in Grosscup's Hall, which they rented, and where they held their meetings for some time. Mr. Sigelen left soon after, and was succeeded in Septem- ber of that year by Rev. A. Schubert, who remained until June, 1859. During his pastorate services were held, for a short time, in a private dwelling-house on Cohansey Street. Afterwards a room was rented in the second story of the Sheppard's Hall block, just west of the river, where the church continued to wor- ship until their own meeting-house was completed. Mr. Schubert was followed by Rev. J. Leonhart Rau in November, 1861, and he by Rev. Jacob Bock- stahler in October, 1862. During his pastorate the Sunday-school was organized, about 1864, with seven children, and Jacob Ernest as superintendent, which position he has ever since occupied. Mr. Bock- stahler's pastorate was the longest the church has ever had, and ended in October, 1867. The church then obtained the services of Rev. D. P. Rosenmiller, of Lancaster, Pa., who began Dec. 15, 1867, and con- tinued to Jan. 17, 1869. During his pastorate the lot at the northwest corner of Oak and Giles Streets having been purchased, they commenced the erec- tion of their present house of worship, but it was not completed for some time. Rev. L. W. Heidenreich began his services Jan. 17, 1869, but only remained to September 6th of the same year. The church building was pushed forward, and at his departure was nearly completed. It was dedicated Sept. 26, 1869 ; several ministers from abroad were invited, but none were present except Rev. D. P. Rosenmil- ler, their former pastor, who was then supplying the church. The day proved to be a very stormy one, but there was a good attendance, and over one thou- sand dollars were raised towards paying the balance due on the building. It is a neat edifice, thirty by fifty feet in size, and will hold about three hundred and fifty persons. Rev. George W. Enders became pastor Nov. 1, 1869, and continued until April 30, 1873, and was followed by Rev. Robert H. Clare, on July 17th of that year, who remained until July 26, 1877. He was succeeded by Rev. F. A. Conradi, on Aug. 12, 1877, who served the church until June 1, 1880, and was followed by Rev. Charles Wooge, from Oct. 14, 1880, to Oct. 17, 1881. All of these were faithful, earnest men, and labored diligently for the upbuild- ing of the cause. After the removal of Mr. Wooge the church was without a pastor for nearly a year and a half, until Rev. Thomas Steck became pastor, April 3, 1883. Under his pastoral care the church has been much prospered, and it is now engaged in building a neat and commodious parsonage, adjoin- ing the church on the east. The services were first held almost entirely in German, but at the present day are partly in English. 610 HISTOEY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church was for- merly included in the mission which also included Millville, Cape May, and all the adjoining region. The first Catholic services held in Bridgeton, as far as is now known, were held at the dwelling-house of Nicholas Baumgarten, who then resided on Co- hansey Street. Afterwards they were held in Shep- pard's Hall, and still later in Grosscup's Hall, from which they moved to their present church. The first pastor was Eev. Martin Gessner, who also had charge of the whole mission. During his pastorate Mrs. Sarah Miller gave the lot of ground at the southwest corner of Pearl and North Streets, which they now own. In 1865 the church was built, and, with other improvements, cost about ten thousand dollars, but there was no resident pastor until Rev. Mr. Degen succeeded the first pastor, in January, 1873. During that year a neat and commodious parsonage was built, adjoining the church on the south, at a total cost of $2290, and the pastor took up his residence there in December, 1874, but still retained charge of Cape May and Dennisville. During that year the church was incorporated, with Bishop Corrigan as president of the board of trustees. Eev. Mr. Degen removed to Cape May, and the church was supplied for a short time by Rev. Mr. Vivet, pastor at Millville and Vineland. Rev. Bernard J. Mulligan became the next resident pastor, April 13, 1879. In June, 1879, a lot of two acres was bought of Josiah H. Reeves for eight hundred dollars, a short distance north of the church, for the purposes of a cemetery, and has since been laid out for that purpose. He remained until March 9, 1883, when he was succeeded by Rev. D. J. Duggan, the present pastor. They num- ber about five hundred members. Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first preaching of this denomination in Bridgeton took place in private houses, this ap- pointment being part of a circuit which also in- cluded Gouldtown. In 1854, under the pastorate of Rev. Caleb Woodyard, this church was formed here, and the next year their meeting-house was built on Bergen Street, in the southwestern part of the city. Succeeding Mr. Woodyard were Henry Davis, Ed- ward Hawkins, Andrew Till, Joseph Smith, John Henson, L. C. Chambers, A. C. Crippen, Youngs, Joshua Woodland, James Hallon, Thomas A. Cuff", John Benedict, George Boyer, John Whitaker, and the present pastor. Rev. J. Height Bean, who com- menced his service in 1881. The church numbers seventy-three members and fourteen probationers ; the Sunday-school, six teachers and fifty scholars. SOCIETIES. Brearley Lodge, No. 2, F. A. M.— A dispensation was granted to James Giles, Esq., late secretary of the Grand Lodge of the State of New York, and Mas- ter of St. John's Lodge, No. 2, of New York, on Oct. 28, 1790, authorizing him to institute a lodge at Bridge- ton. They met on November 16th, and a lodge was instituted by John N. Cummings, Grand Master of New Jersey, with James Giles as Master ; Almarine Brooks, Senior Warden ; Benjamin Peck, Junior Warden ; Samuel B. Hawkins, Secretary ; and Samuel Dowdney, Tyler. The lodge was named " Brearley Lodge, No. 9," after David Brearley, the first chief justice of this State, and a charter was granted to them dated Jan. 11, 1791. The lodge was organized in the old court-house, on Broad Street, and afterwards met for a short time in the second story of a shop belonging to Almarine Brooks. John Moore White deeded to trustees the lot on Bank Street for the purpose of an academy, the second story to be used for a lodge-room. This building was completed and occupied Oct. 15, 1798. The lodge was in a flourishing condition until the breaking-out of the Anti-Masonic excitement, when a large number of members withdrew, some of whom were afterwards readmitted. From 1828 to 1846 meet- ings were held at irregular intervals, and were attended by from three to eight members. In 1846 meetings be- came more regular, and the number of the lodge was changed to No. 2, owing to the extinction of some of the lodges during the preceding years. Since that time the lodge has had a prosperous career. The following is the list of Past Masters of this lodge: 1791, James Giles ; 1795, Dr. Azel Pierson ; 1796, James Giles ; 1801, Jedediah Davis ; 1803, Dr. Benjamin Champ- neys ; 1807, George Burgin ; 1808, Dr. Azel Pierson ; 1809, Philip Ayars ; 1811, James Giles ; 1817, Wil- liam R. Fithian; 1818, JOsiah Parvin; 1820, Dr. Isaac H. Hampton ; 1824, Azel Pierson ; 1825, Wil- liam R. Fithian ; 1826, James B. Potter ; 1829, Dr. William S. Bowen ; 1886, Enos F. Randolph ; 1839, George Ayars ; 1840, Dr. Isaac H. Hampton ; 1847, Dr. William S. Bowen ; 1849, Dr. Isaac H. Hampton ; 1850, Dr. William S. Bowen ; 1858, Harmon Kruse ; 1859, Joshua Bates ; 1860, John Carter ; 1862, George W. Claypoole ; 1863, John Carter ; 1864, Dr. William S. Bowen ; 1866, Ereurius B. Fithian ; 1867, Simon A. Beckhardt ; 1868, Martin Anderson ; 1869, George B. Fithian ; 1870, George W. Stearns ; 1871, David O. Frazeur ; 1872, J. Lenhart Rice ; 1873, William Rice; 1874, Daniel Bacon; 1876, Robert B. Carll; 1877, Benjamin F. Bright ; 1878, Albert F. Randolph. The ofScers selected for the present year (1883) are M., Robert B. Carll (died Oct. 9, 1883) ; S. W., David O. Frazeur ; J. W., Daniel Bacon ; Sec, Ben- jamin F. Bright ; 'Treas., Frank M. Riley. Evening Star Lodge, No. 97, F. A. M.— Owing to the large membership of Brearley Lodge, some of its members thought best to adopt measures towards the organization of a new lodge. A meeting was held Nov. 21, 1868, in the law-office of James R. Hoag- land for this purpose, and it was resolved to make application to the proper authority for power to in- augurate the movement. At a subsequent meeting, on Jan. 28, 1869, a permanent organization was eflTected CITY OP BKIDGETON. 611 and the following officers were elected : W. M., John H. Poole; S. W., Joseph C. Kirby; J. W., Jacob Mengel; Sec, Joseph S. Miner; Treas., Dayton B. Whitaker. On Feb. 18, 1869, the lodge was instituted by the above name by Senior Grand Warden William E. Pine. The public hall which had been known for many years as Sheppard's Hall was leased and handsomely fitted up for the purposes of the lodge at an expense of about fifteen hundred dollars. The following is a list of Past Masters of this lodge: John H. Poole, Joseph 0. Kirby, Jacob Mengel, S. Frank- lin Pennell, Charles B. Moore, Louis Beckhardt, John Baylis, Jr., David S. Pedrick, John Ogden, Eobert L. Young, Daniel Sharp, Charles Woodnutt, and Wil- liam T. Bowen. The lodge now numbers seventy-six members. The present officers are : W. M., John Og- den ; S. W., George Henshall; J. W., W. Francis Hart ; Sec, Charles B. Moore ; Treas., Martin An- derson. Brearley H. R. A. Chapter, No. 6.— The first meeting towards the establishment of this chapter was held Oct. 16, 1815. Subsequent meetings were held, and the chapter duly organized under the juris- diction of the Grand Chapter of Pennsylvania, and officers installed April 18, 1816, by Walter Kerr, Grand Master and ex officio Grand High Priest of Pennsylvania. Sixty-four applications from mem- bers of Brearley Lodge and from other places were made and acted upon at that meeting. Like all Masonic institutions, this passed under the ban during the Anti-Masonic times, and after Sept. 2, 1833, ceased to meet until April 29, 1851, when an attempt was made to revive the chapter, since which meetings have been regularly held. In 1859 the chapter became attached to the Grand Chapter of this State. Since that time the chapter has been prosperous. The High Priests of this chapter have Ijeen as follows: 1815, James Giles; 1820, Charles Eeed; 1822, Enos F. Eandolph; 1824, Isaac H. Hampton, who continued in office until it ceased to meet. After it was revived the following held that office: 1853, Harmon Kruse; 1858, George W. H. Whitaker; 1859, George W. Claypoole; 1862, Wil- liam H. Thompson ; 1864, John Carter ; 1865, Joshua Bates; 1866, Jacob Mengel; 1868, Simon A. Beck- hardt; 1869, Martin Anderson ; 1870, John H. Poole ; 1871, Simon A. Beckhardt ; 1872, William M. Barnes ; 1873, S. Franklin Pennell ; 1876, Charles C. Phillips ; 1876, Benjamin F. Bright; 1877, Jacob Kieuzle ; 1878, Stephen Cox, Jr. ; 1879, Daniel Bacon ; 1882, Samuel Steinmetz ; 1883, Albert F. Randolph. The present officers of the chapter are : E. H. P., Albert F. Ran- dolph; E. K., William T. Bowen; E. S. (vacant by death of Robert B. Carll); Sec, Joseph S. Miner; Treas., Daniel Bacon. Cumberland Lodge, No. 35, I. 0. 0. F.— This lodge was organized Jan. 15, 1846, by D. D. G. M. Samuel Copner, with five charter members ; twenty candidates were initiated on the night of its institu- tion. The first officers elected were: N. G., Martin L. Green ; V. G., Enoch Brooks ; Sec, Henry Neflf; Treas., William F. Fisher. Their first meetings were held in the hall over the county offices. In October of that year five members were dismissed to form a lodge at Millville, and in December five others to form one at Cedarville, and in October, 1847, several others to form a lodge at Centreton, Salem Co. The lodge was incorporated Oct. 25, 1849. The list of Past Grands to the present time is as follows : Matin L. Green. Samuel Wilson. Dphraim Buclc, M.D. Stacy W. Matthews. Enoch Brooks. Benjamin T. Bright. Henry Neflf. W. H. McGear. W. F. Fiaher. David Eicher. Ephrnim E. Sheppard. Aaron Smith. Dayton B. Whitalcer. Samuel E. McGear. Eobert J. Fithian. Joseph Gibson. William Dare. Charles G. Hampton. Daniel B. Elwell. James P. Phillips. Franklin Deveraux. Bphraim E. Johnson. Stacy P. Kirkbrlde. Albert F. Eandolph. Henry E. Foster. George Loper. Samuel E. Fithian. Henry S. Woodruff, Franklin Dare. Eobert S. Husted. Edgar Ayars. John Bishop. Charles S. Fithian. Jesse C. Davis. John Carter. Joseph L. Mulford. Charles W. Jones. W. P. Allen. George S. Patchel. Harmon Dilks. Hiram Harris, Mizeal C, English. W, H. Bodine. D. Edward Smith, Horace S, Carter. W. F, Dubois, John M. Maul. David 0. Frazeur. James English. Isaiah 0, Wentzell, Charles Lanning. Elias P. Seeley. Charles 0. Williams. Eeuben L, Bowen. Charles 0, Godfrey. Lewis S, Pierce. Eobert B. Carll. Stephen Cox, Jr. Eli Sayre. W. S. Fithian, Daniel F. Woodruff. Charles H. Mulford, Jacob Dailey. Charles Marts, David P. Mulford, Sr. Eobert G, McGear, Joseph S. Miner. Edward M. Barrett. George Lawrence. Samuel M, Bassett. John S, McGear. James F, Moore. Samuel P. Dubois, James W, Trenchard. Joseph Burt, The present officers are : N. G., Charles E. Bellows ; V. G., J. Lewden Robeson ; Sec, Mizeal C. English ; Treas., Harry Reeves. The lodge now numbers two hundred and sixteen members. Bridgeton Lodge, No. 129, 1. 0. 0. F.— On July 7, 1868, a meeting of Odd-Fellows was held for the purpose of taking steps to organize another lodge, and the above name was adopted. At a second meet- ing, held on the 14th of the same month, it was re- ported that twenty-two members had joined the new organization, which was then completed- by the elec- tion of the following officers: N. G., H. Belmont Willis ; V. G., Charles F. Dare ; Sec, B. F. Bright, P. G. M. ; Treas., Joseph Gibson ; and a full list of minor officers, who were duly installed on July 21st. The following have been Noble Grands of this lodge : H. Belmont Willis, Charles F. Dare, David O. Garri- son, Jeremiah J. Garrison, Edmund GofF, Reuben Brooks, Thomas M. Woodruff, Henry B. Harker, 612 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Charles W. GofF, Dr. J. G. Streets, Smith Gilbert, William H. Peirce, Isaac T. Nichols, S. Franklin Pennell, George W. Cook, Stephen Cox, Sr., Joseph Grim, A. Owen Gregory, Clement R. Corey, William H. Hewitt, William H. Hainesworth, Joseph Butler, Samuel Hann, Francis S. Potter, J. Graham Hum- phries, David S. Sellers, Thomas S. Green, Edward C. Kice, Benjamin F. Garrison, Joseph Craig, Samuel H. Gaskill. The lodge has had a prosperous career. The present officers are : N. G., Samuel H. Gaskill ; V. G., Henry J. Crouse; Eec. Sec, Francis S. Potter; Fin. Sec, Orestes Cook; Treas., Clement E. Corey. They meet in the hall in the third story of the build- ing used as a post-office, on South Laurel Street, which they have occupied since shortly after theif organization. Good Intent Encampment, Xo. IS, I. 0. 0. F. — A charter was granted by the Grand Encampment to institute an encampment at Bridgeton, Feb. 11, 1847, a petition for it having been presented by eight mem- bers of the order. It was duly organized, and is in a flourishing condition. Those who have been Chief Patriarchs are William H. Vining, Martin L. Green, Franklin Deveraux, William Dare, Dayton B. Whit- aker, Samuel Leake, Charles S. Fithian, Hiram Har- ris, John Carter, Daniel B. Elwell, Aaron Davis, Benjamin T. Bright, Horace S. Carter, Levi Dare, Dr. Jonathan S. Whitaker, Stacy W. Matthews, David P. Mulford, Sr., John S. McGear, William H. McGear, James W. Trenchard, Charles H. Mulford, Alfred F. Randolph, Robert G. Husted, Jeremiah J. Garrison, John C. Schenck, Isaac T. Nichols, Dr. Jacob G. Streets, Edmund Goff, Michael B. Rynick, Henry B. Barker, Charles W. Goff, George Loper, Ethan Reeves, Aaron Smith, Mizeal C. English. The present officers are: C. P., Francis S. Potter; H. P., James W. Trenchard ; Scribe, Mizeal C. Eng- lish; Treas., William Dare. Cohanzick Tribe, No. 14, 1. 0. of R. M.— This tribe was instituted in March, 1869, with William C. Whitaker as Sachem ; Joseph Gibson, Jr., Chief of Records ; and David O. Garrison, Keeper of Wam- pum. The Past Sachems in good standing are Wil- liam C. Whitaker, Louis Beckhardt, Martin Ander- son, Horace S. Carter, David Sithens, Jeremiah Hann, Samuel W. Wells, Robert G. Husted, James O. Ware, Charles C. Loudenslager, James M. Banks, Reuben L. Bowen, Charles F. Myres, William S. Dixon, Robert Holmes, Theodore B. Woodruff, Charles A. Erdman, Jesse H. Sheppard, and Theo- dore B. Woodruff. The tribe has had a prosperous career since its institution, and now has seventy-six members. The present officers are: Sachem, Wil- liam H. Ouster ; S. S., Furman Cox ; J. S., Samuel Golder ; P., Theodore B. Woodruff; C. of R., Samuel W. Wells ; K. of W., Reuben L. Bowen. Hope Council, No. 3, Jun. 0. IT. A. M.— Hope Council was organized Aug. 6, 1867, with fifteen char- ter members, and has been in successful operation since that date. Its roll of Past Councilors is as fol- lows : Harry Garton, James T. Riley, Benjamin Gar- wood, Allen Matthews, William T. Paynter, Joseph H. Garwood, Thomas B. Woodruff, Edgar Neff, Henry Henderson, Albert Laning, Samuel Garrison, Joel Murphy, A. M. Loudenslager, John C. Redding, William F. Dixon, Edward L. Jones, A. Frank Wood, George P. Jacobs, Joseph G. Johnson, Theo- dore S. White, William B. Henderson, David S. Blew, Bloomfield Harker, Frarance Hogate, John Elkinton, James L. Mead, S. Carll Coombs, Enoch Williams, John V. Booblitz, William F. Jones, Zebulon G. Butler, Thomas H. Roork, George Shuster, Harry Williams, James M. Murphy, George B. Getchner, John E. Schenck, George S. Wallen, Charles Surran, A. M. Parsons, Charles D. Burroughs, Albert A. Gentry, Edwin C. Stafford, Lewis B. Richmon, Thomas Husted, William Morgan, James P. Allen, and William D. Gilman. The present officers are : Councilor, Hartley W. Sloan ; Vice Councilor, John H. Naglee ; Eec Sec, A. M. Parsons ; F. Sec, A. A. Gentry ; Treas., S. T. Butler. Excelsior Lodge, No. 4, K. of P. — Excelsior Lodge was instituted in February, 1869, with Aaron Smith as Chancellor Commander, and John T. Tompkins as Vice Chancellor. They rented the third story of the new brick building of Garrison & Woodruff, on Com- merce between Pearl and Laurel Streets, and fitted it up for their lodge-room in a neat and tasty manner. It has been occupied by them ever since. The present Chancellor Commander is Albert A. Gentry ; V. C, Mizeal C. English ; and M. of E., Jacob A. Schiller. Calantha Lodge, No. 103, K. of P.— This lodge was instituted Oct. 15, 1874, by D. D. J. C. Jesse Clay- poole, of Millville, assisted by P. C. David Sithens, of Excelsior Lodge, No. 4. The following officers were installed at that time : P. C, Samuel W. Wells ; Chan. Com., James E. Hicks ; V. C, George V. Garwood ; K. of R. and S., William B. Trenchard; M. of E., Louis Beckhardt. The present officers are : Chan. Com., William T. Dubois; V. C, William Baxter; K. of E. and S., Lewis Ethrington ; M. of E., George V. Garwood. A. L. Robeson Post, No. 42, G. A. R.— This post was organized in April, 1880, with Samuel W. Wells, C. ; Benjamin F. Bright, S. V. C. ; Frank M. Harris, J. V. C. ; T. M. Woodruff, Adjt. ; Frank M. Eiley, Q.M. It has served a good purpose in keeping alive the memory of those who served their country in the rebellion. Its Past Commanders are Samuel W. Wells, James E. Hicks, and Howard Minot. The present officers are William N. Hewitt, C. ; Eldorado Grosscup, S. V. C. ; John L. Hubbs, J. V. C. ; Daniel B. Ginenback, Adjt. ; Frank M. Eiley, Q.M. Cumberland County German Beneficial Society. —This society was formed in 1859, with seven mem- bers, at the currier establishment of Jacob Kienzle. The first officers were: President, Jacob Kienzle'; Secretary, Matthias Pfitzenmaier; Treasurer, Jacob CITY OF BRIDGETON. 613 Heller. It meets monthly, and has paid out a large amount of money as benefits in cases of sickness and death, and now has about sixty members. The pres- ent officers are: President, Frederick Franz; Secretary, Matthias Pfitzenmaier; Treasurer, Jacob Ernest. West Jersey German Beneficial Society.— This was started in 1869 with about forty members, mostly the same persons who belonged to the Cumberland County German Beneficial Society. It meets monthly and has the same purposes as that society, and its present officers are also the same. GOULDTOWN. Gouldtown, partly in the territorial limits of Bridge- ton and partly in Fairfield, is a settlement of colored people, many of them nearly white, about three miles east of the built-up part of Bridgeton. The families there mostly bear the name of Pierce and Gould. Some of them are active, industrious farmers, and have accumulated considerable property. A tradi- tion believed by many is" that they are descended from Elizabeth Adams, the granddaughter of Fen- wick, who provides in his will that she should have no part of his estate unless she forsook " that Black that hath been the ruin of her, and becoming peni- tent for her sins." In that case he directed his ex- ecutors to settle five hundred acres of land upon her. The tradition among the inhabitants of Gouldtown further is that she was married to that black man, and that at his death she received her five hundred acres of land, which was taken up at Gouldtown, and that Benjamin Gould, the earliest known ancestor of the present families, was her son. However pleasing this tradition may be, the truth of history compels the statement that there is no foundation for it. Fen- wick made his will and died in 1683, and there is no trace of Benjamin Gould or of any other colored man at Gouldtown for nearly three-quarters of a century afterwards. He bought a tract of two hundred and forty-nine acres previous to 1774, but how long be- fore is not known. It was owned by John Robertson in 1755, and Gould bought it after that date. Ancient maps, covering the whole of that region, are in posses- sion of the writer, from which the above facts are taken, and in 1774 no other colored man except Ben- jamin Gould owned any of the land. While it might still be possible that he was the son of Elizabeth Adams, there is no probability. A&ican Methodist Episcopal Church. — A society of this denomination was formed at Gouldtown in 1820, and after a few years a building originally built about one and a half miles northeast of there by the Presbyterians, but which had fallen into disuse, owing to the removal of those who were active in its building, was presented to them and removed to the centre of the neighborhood, and was used by them for a church and school-house until 1861, when they built the present neat edifice on the south side of the road. A post-office was established here June 3, 1873, with Seneca Bishop as postmaster. The present in- cumbent is Mordecai 0. Pierce, who was appointed June 11, 1878. PBKSONAL SKETCHES. Reuben, Geoege, and Enoch Burgin, the three sons of John Burgin, were successively sheriflfs of the county, Reuben from 1793 to 1796, George from 1796 to 1799, and Enoch from 1802 to 1805. Reuben, born in 1763, was a turner and chair-maker, and built the house in Bridgeton which used to stand on the north side of Commerce Street, where the insurance office now is, where he resided. This afterwards became the property of ex-Governor Elias P. Seeley, where he lived and died. He married Deborah Bowen, daughter of Seth Bowen, an officer in the Revolu- tionary army, and died in 1803. The widow, after a few years, removed with her family to Philadelphia. There were six children of this marriage, one of whom. Dr. George H. Burgin, married and settled in Philadelphia, leaving descendants, who bear the femily name, of great respectability. His grandson, Herman Burgin, now represents Lieut. Seth Bowen, who died without male issue, in the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati. George Burgin, born in 1765, was for several years an important man in the politics and business of the county. Shortly after his father's death he took up his residence in Bridgeton, and, after his service as sheriff, built the stone store-house still standing at the corner of Broad and Atlantic Streets, caused the road down the hill passing the court-house, which then stood in the middle of the street at the top, to be made fit for travel, and commenced store-keeping. He was elected a member of the Assembly in 1799, and again in 1801 and 1802, and of the Council in 1803, 1804, and 1809, and became the leader of the Democratic party, contributing by his activity and energy to its success more conspicuously than any other person. In 1804 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Bloomfield surrogate, an office which he held until 1810. He died in 1813, and was never married. Enoch Burgin, the youngest son, continued on the farm of his father, and married Elizabeth Souder. i They had two children, who died without issue. After her death he removed to Bridgeton and mar- ried Mary Taylor, of Philadelphia, who had no chil- dren. He died in 1815, leaving a considerable estate. His widow afterwards became the wife of Samuel Seeley. Joseph Buck, born in Fairfield, May 1, 1753, was the son of Ephraim Buck and his wife, Judith Nixon. Ephraim Buck had six children, viz.: Joseph, the eldest ; Ephraim ; Judith, who married Jeremiah Bennett ; Ruth, who married Fithian Stratton ; Reu- ben, and Jeremiah. The last named was long a prominent resident in Bridgeton, and was the father of Robert S. Buck. 614 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. But little is known of the early life of Joseph Buck, except that he enlisted in the Continental service, became a sergeant, and in 1779 was commissioned an ensign, and in 1781 was promoted to be a lieutenant, and at the close of the war was discharged from the service with the rank of captain by brevet. He was present at the execution of Andr6 in 1780, and at the siege of Yorktown in October, 1781. He became an original member of the Society of Cincinnati. Wil- liam B. Buck, son of John Buck, now represents his grandfather, Joseph Buck. After the close of the war Mr. Buck settled in Bridgeton, and in 1783 married Buth Seeley, a daugh- ter of Col. Enos Seeley, who then owned the property south of Jefferson Street, including the saw-mill, which* stood just below the stone bridge recently enlarged, and who in 1774 made the dam across what was for- merly called Mill Creek, upon which the road leading to Fairton was laid in 1785. Prom 1787 to 1790 Buck was the sheriff of the county. He built the house on the north side of Irving, and opposite Bank Street, afterwards owned by his brother-in-law, Ebenezer Seeley, and at one time by his brother, Jeremiah Buck, of late years kept as a hotel. In 1795, in com- pany with others, he purchased the Union mill-pond and property, a few miles above the present city of Millville, and a considerable part of the land covered by that city, which he laid out and named, intending to establish mills and manufactories as has since been done. He removed his family there, and made some progress in the work, but before his plans were per- fected he died, May 15, 1803. There were nine children of Joseph and Ruth Buck, two of whom died young. The others were Jane, who married Daniel P. Stratton ; Sarah, who first married John Bower Ogden, then Henry Shep- pard ; Hannah, who married Nathan L. Stratton; Dr. Ephraim, Joseph, and Jeremiah. All are now dead. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1803, he was engaged in laying out the present site of Mill- ville, and projecting plans for establishing mills and factories. He was buried there in the old graveyard, but the precise spot where his grave is located at the present day cannot be accurately ascertained. His descendants, many of whom reside in Bridgeton, are of very respectable standing. John Buck, son of Col. Joseph, born April 1, 1784, and died Feb. 5, 1842, was for several years employed in the store of his uncle, Ebenezer Seeley, at Laurel Hill. From October, 1808, to October, 1810, he was sheriff; but he declined taking the office another term, as was customary, and commenced business at the southwest corner of Commerce (then called Bridge) and Front Streets, opposite Davis' Hotel, Bridgeton, under the firm of John Buck & Co., in partnership with Nathan L. Stratton and Thomas Woodruff. After a few years Daniel P. Stratton took the place of Woodruff, and the new firm of Buck & Stratton bought of William Potter the store and other propercy from the corner, to the bridge. The partners were several times changed, but the business continued substantially the same until the death of Mr. Buck, in 1842. Large tracts of woodland were pur- chased, and for more than twenty-five years this was the leading firm of the place, and accumulated very considerable wealth. John Buck was twice married. He commenced housekeeping in a house which stood where the post- oflice now is. After a few years he purchased the property on the east side of the Cohansey, formerly Dr. Champneys', where he resided until his death, and long the residence of his widow, who is still living at the serene age of eighty-four years. Of his ten children only four are living, viz. : Mrs. Charles E. Morgan, of Philadelphia, William B., Caroline, and Mrs. Louisa Eeeve. ElJAS COTTING. — Elias Cotting, the first clerk of the county after the setting off of this county from Salem, came here from Boston, Mass., in 1732. He was a mariner, and was called " captain" after his set- tlement here. James Goold traded with a vessel at Greenwich for a number of years, and had returned to Boston, and on Oct. 12, 1732, he gave to Cotting a power of attorney to transact business for him here, which was renewed July 2, 1735, at which date Cot- ting resided at Greenwich. He soon settled at Cohansey Bridge, and was granted a license to keep a tavern at that place in February, 1739, which was annually renewed for several years. Sept. 27, 1739, he bought from the heirs of Robert Hutchinson one thousand acres of land and marsh on the Cohansey, the most of which he sold off in smaller tracts during his life. The Hutchinson and the Mason surveys bounded on one another, and a jury of view having fixed the bounds of the Mason survey at twenty rods below the bridge, and then running westward about where Oak Street now is, the Hutchinson survey was supposed for a long time to corner at the same place. Capt. Cotting owned and lived in a large house, which he probably built, just below the supposed north line of his tract, near the river, and north of Broad Street. Of later years it was owned and occupied by Enoch Boone. It has been torn down about forty years. On the organization of the county, in February, 1748^ he was appointed clerk by Governor Belcher, to hold during the pleasure of the Governor, and at the December term of the courts, 1755, be presented a commission from the same Governor, to hold during good behavior. He continued clerk until his death, in the fall of 1757. Eli Elmer, son of Theophilus Elmer (1st), was a lieutenant in the "Western Company of Artillery" of State troops, paymaster of Cumberland and Cape May, was at the siege of Yorktown and surrender of Corn- wallis, and was one of the members of the State Con- vention at Trenton, in 1787, which ratified the Consti- tution of the United States. He afterwards became CITY OF BRIDGETON. 615 a man of considerable prominence. He removed to Bridgeton, and in 17?8 and 1789 was elected a mem- ber of the Assembly, and 1795 of the Council, now called the Senate. He was sherififfrom 1784 to 1787, and was active in the erection of the Presbyterian Church at Bridgeton. lu 1789 he was appointed first collector of the port of Bridgetown, now officially styled Bridgeton, and held the office until his death, in 1802. He held the position of colonel of the mili- tia, and was styled such in the latter part of his life. Theophilus M., son of Col. Eli Elmer, died recently at an advanced age at Chicago. Craig, also his son, while returning from the South, about sixty years ago, lost his life by drowning on the Mississippi ; and Emelia, his daughter, married Jonathan Holmes, leaving descendants, most of whom reside in Bridge- ton. Theophilus, son of Theophilus, and brother of Col. Eli, was a surgeon in the United States army, and finally settled and died in Louisiana. Jonathan Freeman, pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton and Greenwich from 1805 to 1822, was born at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1765. His paternal ancestors were from England, his maternal from France. The particulars of his early history and training are unknown. He was licensed as a preacher by this Presbytery in 1793, and the next year was ordained, and settled at Hopewell, in the State of New York, where he remained two or three years, and then resigned the charge, and removed to Newburg, on the North River. While here he re- ceived the honorary degree of A.M. from Columbia College, and in 1809 from the College of New Jersey. He married a daughter of the Rev. Nathan Ker, of Goshen, N. Y., who was originally from Freehold, in New Jersey. While residing at Newburg he pub- lished a sermon, which he preached in 1798 on a day appointed by the General Assembly as a day of fast- ing and prayer, and a discourse on " Psalmody," preached before the Presbytery of Hudson in 1801. He was installed pastor of the Presbyterian Churches of Greenwich and of Bridgeton Oct. 16, 1805. He was all his life a laborious worker, and between the care of his farm and visits to his scattered parish- ioners his time was fully occupied. He was one of the founders of the Cumberland Bible Society, in 1815. Like his predecessor, however, he and his family were dissatisfied with their isolated position and severe labors as farmers. In the year 1810 his wife's mother, Mrs. Ker, who, being a widow, had come to reside with them, purchased a house in Bridgeton, to which he removed, and which Mrs. Ker, by her will, made in 1811, devised to her daughter, Mrs. Freeman, and to this house the family removed. In this house he resided until his death, which occurred Nov. 17, 1822, of a fever very prevalent, at the age of fifty- seven. During his residence here Mr. Freeman was the most prominent minister, not only in the Presbyte- rian Church but of any denomination in South Jer- sey. He was an old-fashioned Calvinist, considering the doctrine of election as the corner-stone of the Christian edifice, and had little toleration for those who difiered. Indeed, he considered Arminians as denying the sovereignty of God, and hardly entitled to the name of Christians. He was a faithful, earnest, and often a pungent preacher; a large and handsome, dark-complexioned man, dignified in deportment. He published while here two tracts on baptism, one in the form of a catechism and the other a dialogue, and he also established a religious magazine, of which only a few numbers were printed. The only persons known to be living in Bridgeton who were admitted to the church during his pastorate are Mrs. Lydia Harris, Daniel Fithian, and Samuel Reeves. Mr. and Mrs. Freeman had several children when they came, and had in all nine who lived to adult age, three sons and six daughters. The sons are deceased. Three of the daughters are still living in Philadelphia, highly respected. A few years after her husband's decease Mrs. Freeman sold her house, and removed with her daughters to Philadelphia, where she died. Alexander Moore was of Irish descent, born in 1704, settled at Cohansey Bridge about the year 1730 to 1740, and having established a country store, and accumulated considerable property, he married Sarah Reeves, a daughter of Abraham Reeves, deacon of the Greenwich Church. The store-house occupied by Moore for nearly fifty years was made of cedar logs, and stood on the street now called Commerce Street, a little west of the hotel, where it remained until taken down by his grandson, John Moore White, in 1791. Both Mr. Moore and his wife were members of the Presbyterian Church at Greenwich, and have monu- ments in the old graveyard there. In 1760 the royal Governor and his Council ap- pointed Moore one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas, and he held that appointment until the 4th of July, 1776. Although not very active in political matters, he was a Whig, as was his son, Alexander Moore, Jr., who burned the tea at Green- wich. The first joint meeting held after the adoption of the Constitution elected him one of the judges for the constitutional term of five years, at the expi- ration of which time his health so failed that he relinquished his active business. His wife died in 1775, at the early age of forty-five years. They had five children, two of whom died in infancy. Sarah, the oldest, who, like her mother, was very beautiful, married John White, a merchant of Philadelphia, and died in 1770, leaving three sons, the youngest, John Moore White, an infant. Another daughter married Dr. Harris, of Pittsgrove, and has left descendants. The son, Alexander Moore, Jr., married a Miss Tate, and was established on the farm a little west of Bridgeton, now owned by the county 616 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and connected with the poor-house, upon which a good house was built, and which he occupied and j called Moore Hall, assuming a good deal of aristo- cratic state, until the early part of this century, when he sold it and removed to Bucks County, Pa. The old gentleman died Sept. 5, 1786, leaving a will made in 1783. The son filed a caveat, and a severe contest took place in the Orphans' Court, who, however, confirmed the will. The property disposed of by the will was quite valuable. The Bridgeton tract and other lands were left to the three sons of Sarah White, the two elder of whom having died with- out issue, the whole became vested in John Moore "White. Silas Paevin was probably the son of Thoma^ Parvin, who settled on the east of the Cohansey pre- vious to 1711. The first record of Silas Parvin is at February term of court, 1737, when he received a license to keep a tavern at Cohansey Bridge, where he kept a country store. His license was renewed nearly every year until 1763, after which he ceased to keep a tavern. About 1734 he had come into pos- session of that part of the Mason survey adjoining the Cohansey, extending from the south line of the survey, about where Oak Street now is, to Commerce Street, and on the west of Franklin Street, running northwestwardly across Commerce Street and Muddy Branch (the stream the lower part of which is now Jeddy's Pond), comprising about forty-five acres. On this he built a two-storied hip-roofed house, where the tavern was kept. The King's Highway from Salem originally ran down the side of the hill from the corner of Broad and Franklin Streets, about where the southeast corner of the stone house on the west side of Atlantic Street, between Commerce and Broad Streets, now is, and then crossing the present Atlantic Street (which then did not exist), directly to the west end of the bridge. Parvin's house stood on the northwest side of this road, facing the river, and five or six rods south of Commerce Street. His title to the tract of land he occupied was disputed by the Masons and by Pemberton, who bought the Mason survey. He laid a survey on a part of the tract, but the Council of Proprietors would not ap- prove it, owing to the Mason survey being brought back from England, where it was taken soon after being made, and placed on record. In 1751 he was one of the overseers of roads for Hopewell, but does not seem to have held any other office. He died in February, 1779, and his property descended by law to his oldest son, Clarence. EoBEET Patterson was born in Ulster in 1743, his grandfather having been one of the Presbyterian refugees from Scotland, who fled from persecution to enjoy comparative immunity in Ireland, many of whose descendants were afterwards compelled to seek better safety in America. He exhibited great fond- ness for study in early youth, and especially for the higher branches of mathematics, in which he became eminent. He was induced to enter-the army in Ire- land by unfounded assurances that he would have better opportunities for instruction in his favorite science ; but after a year or two's service he obtained his discharge. He emigrated to America in 1768, taught school first in Bucks County, and then in Philadelphia, and by that economy and thrift which distinguished him through life accumulated sufficient funds to enable him to establish a country store. The place he selected was Bridgeton, where he commenced business in 1772, but he soon found this occupation to be entirely unsuited to his disposition and acquirements. His new residence, however, in- troduced him to an accomplished lady who made him a suitable wife. This lady was Miss Amy Hunter Ewing, of Greenwich, daughter of Maskell Ewing, a namesake of the wife of Rev. Andrew Hunter, then of the age of about twenty-two, and in May, 1774, they were married. A happy union it proved. They lived together in perfect harmony fifty years, and were the parents of eight children, most of whom in their turn raised families who lived to be worthy successors of such ancestors. The wife survived her husband twenty years, dying at the gi-eat age of ninety-four. Just previous to his marriage Mr. Patterson dis- posed of his store and took charge of a school at Wilmington, Del., and there he commenced house- keeping. But soon the stirring events of the Revolu- tionary war broke up the school. He was an earnest supporter of the American cause, and his experience as a soldier made him available as a military in- structor, and as such in great request. He engaged in drilling the militia, now being organized all over the country. Early in 1775 he came for that purpose to Cumberland, and removed his family to Greenwich. Regular physicians being few and fully employed, he studied medicine for a short time and took the position of assistant surgeon of Col. Newcomb's regiment of militia, acting in that capacity or on his staff as brigade major two or three years. In 1778, New Jersey being no longer so harassed by the enemy as it had been, he purchased a small farm in the township of Hopewell, about a mile northeast of Shiloh. But he soon found that farming did not suit him any better than selling goods. In December, 1779, he received the appointment of Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the univer- sity at Philadelphia, of which a distant relative of his wife, Rev. Dr. John Ewing, was then the head, and filled that office with great ability thirty-five years. He died in 1824, followed to the tomb with many marks of public respect. David Potter was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 27, 1744. His parents were Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, and had a large family of children. Two of them— viz., Matthew, born April 8, 1734, and David — came to Bridgeton, and resided there during CITY OP BRIDGETON. 617 most of their lives. Matthew, in 1775, kept the prin- cipal inn of the town in a house still standing, al- though altered, on the north side of Broad Street, next east of the present City Hotel, then directly op- posite the court-house. He was a blacksmith, and afterwards owned the lot at the southeast corner of Laurel and Washington Streets, extending half-way to Pearl, and had a shop on the upper part of it. He was a man of very respectable standing. He commenced business as a merchant, and owned a wharf and store-house on the west side of the Cohansey, about half-way between Commerce and Broad Streets, at that time opposite the only traveled road down the hill, which commenced near the inter- section of Broad and Franklin Streets, and went down in a slanting direction to the foot of the bridge. For several years he was one of the principal business men of the place, and influential in all the concerns of the county. When the people rose up in arms to resist the encroachments of the British government, upon the news of the events in Massachusetts, in the spring of 1775, and volunteer companies of militia were formed, he was elected captain, and when the law was passed by the newly-formed State government, in the fall of 1776, he was appointed colonel, by which title he was afterwards commonly called. It appears by the official register that in February, 1777, he was appointed brigadier-general, which he declined to accept. Unfortunately there is no record of Col. Potter's military service, except that in October, 1776, he was present with his battalion at Perth Amboy as a part of the force under the command of Gen. Mercer. It is known that in March, 1777, he was with his regi- ment near Bock Hill. In the fall of that year he was taken prisoner, — thought to have been at the disas- trous battle of Long Island, — and confined, first in Philadelphia, and then aboard the " Jersey'' prison- ship, Wallabout Bay, N. Y., and was released on his parole. In 1782 he was appointed by the joint meeting marshal of the Admiralty Court of the State. In 1787 he was elected one of the delegates to the State Convention which ratified the new Constitution of the United States. In 1790-92 he was elected sherifi" of the county. He was one of the charter members of Brearley Lodge, F. A. M., No. 2 (then No. 9). Upon the division of parties he warmly embraced the side of the Federalists. Col. Potter was twice married. His first wife was Mary Mason, born in 1749, in one of the West India Islands, and died in 1783. They had two sons and five daughters. The second wife was Sarah Boyd, daughter of Mrs. Boyd, of Bridgeton, from Ireland, whose sister married James Ewing, and was the mother of Chief Justice Ewing, of Trenton. She survived him, and died in 1820. They had seven children, one of whom died an infant. Several of the daughters were beautiful and attractive young ladies, and this family took the leading place in so- ciety, which had been before held by the Seeleys, Fithians, and Ewings. The children of the second marriage were John (who died in 1810 at the age of twenty-four), Martha E., Nancy, James B., Robert B., and Margaret Kean. Visitors were numerous, and had a hospitable welcome. Until the Presbyterian Church was built at Bridgeton, in 1793, in doing which Col. Potter was active and liberal, and of which he was several years a trustee, the family worshiped at Greenwich, and several of the children were bap- tized there. The family residence (of wood), at the northwest corner of Broad and Franklin Streets, was burned about the year 1790, with much of the furni- ture, including, it has been said, thirteen beds. It was rebuilt of brick, including room for a store, as it is now used. Although Col. Potter had for many years a prosperous business, his large family and liberal hospitality prevented the accumulation of more than a moderate property. A year or two be- fore 1800 his health began to decline, and he gave up his business to his sonS. He died in 1805. William Potter. — David, the oldest son of Col. Potter, set up a store at the southwest corner of Com- merce and Laurel Streets, but in December, 1801, he was drowned. It was believed that on his way home, a very dark night, he walked off the wharf just above the bridge. William, the second son, continued the business, and for nearly twenty years was active and successful in it, and influential with the Federalists in the politics of the county. Before engaging in business he was adjutant of the Eleventh Regiment of infantry, commanded by Col. Ogden, in 1799, and when the pro- visional army, raised to resist the hostilities threat- ened by the French Republic, of which that regiment was a part, was disbanded, he was appointed a lieu- tenant in the regular army, which he declined. But he retained a partiality for military service, and at the breaking out of the war with Great Britain, in 1812, was captain of a fine uniformed company of militia in Bridgeton. It being found necessary to station troops at Cape May, opposed as he was to the war, he accepted the appointment of a major of militia, and as such took command there, remaining in that service nearly two years. His brother John, who was a part- ner with him in mercantile business, having died, in 1810, he sold out the store to John Buck & Co. Upon the return of peace, while the currency was still in- flated, he engaged extensively in the purchase of real estate, and the consequence was when the revulsion occurred, in 1820, much severer then than it is now, there being much less capital to meet the strain, he with many others was obliged to succumb, with the loss of all and more than all his capital. He was not married, but was several years a housekeeper in the house that stood where the store of Robeson & Whit- aker now is. His home being broken up, he removed to Philadelphia, where he lived several years, going from there to Ohio to direct iron-works, where he re- 618 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. sided until his death, at an advanced age. While residing in Philadelphia he became a member of the First Presbyterian Church, of which Kev. Dr. Wilson was the pastor. Charles Read, cashier of the Cumberland Bank from its institution in 1816 until his death in 1844, was born in Mount Holly, in the year 1788. He re- ceived a good English education in Mount Holly, was for some time a clerk in the Farmers' Bank of New Jersey at that place, and was selected by the directors of the new bank at Bridgeton as the most suitable person they could find to organize an insti- tution then considered very diflScult to carry on suc- cessfully. He was its governing power for a quarter of a century, and his fitness for the responsible statiofl was shown by the unimpaired credit the bank main- tained during all the monetary vicissitudes of this period, and by its high standing for nearly sixty years. He died at the comparatively early age of fifty-six. He was highly esteemed in all the relations of life, and left no children. • Robert Sheppard, son of Capt. Furman Shep- pard, was born on the farm occupied by his father, just beyond Bowentown, April 22, 1788. His mother was a daughter of Daniel Maskell by his second wife, Elizabeth, and died in Bridgeton at a very advanced age, April 6, 1853. He removed to Philadelphia about the year 1828, remaining there until 1839, re- turned to Bridgeton, and remained some years, and then went back to Philadelphia, which he made his final residence. Mr. Sheppard died Nov. 24, 1875, in his eighty-eighth year, and was buried by the side of his parents in the family plot in the old Presbyterian Cemetery at Bridgeton. Ephraim Seelby was a grandson of Joseph Seeley, one of the original settlers of Fairfield, who arrived there as early as 1699 from New England, and was an elder in the old Cohansey Church. His father was named Ephraim, and he purchased a part of the In- dian Fields tract, and built the mill on what is now called East Lake. By his will, dated March 9, 1722 (172|), he leaves his house, lands, and mills to his wife, Mary, during her widowhood ; at her death or marriage to go to his son Ephraim, he paying certain legacies to his daughters of twenty pounds each. He also leaves to the congregation, inhabitants in and about the town of Fairfield, forty shillings per year, for and toward the procuring and support of a Prot- estant Dissenting minister for ten years. The subject of this notice was born in the year 1709, and in 1736 married Hannah Fithian, daughter of Josiah Fithian, of Greenwich, whose brother Sam- uel married his sister, Phoebe Seeley. After his mar- riage he re.sided at the house built by his father, which stood on the high ground about opposite Elmer Street and faced the south. Mr. Seeley was for many years one of the leading citizens of Salem County and of the county of Cum- berland after it was established in 1748. He was a judge and justice, colonel of the militia, and member of the Assembly, and accumulated a large amount of real estate. His wife survived him, dying in 1797, at the age of eighty-three. Col. Seeley, as he was usually called, a few years before his death removed to the brick house next east of Charles E. Elmer's residence, which he had pur- chased, where he died June 22, 1774. There were nine children born to Col. Seeley and his wife, Hannah, two sons and seven daughters. Sarah, born in 1758, married Rev. William Ramsey and left descendants ; in 1779 she married Rev. Rob- ert Smith, of Pequea, Pa., father of Rev. Samuel Stanhope Smith, president of Princeton College. She died in 1801. Esther, married, first, John Gibbon, who was taken prisoner by the British and perished aboard the hor- rible "Jersey" prison-ship. They left numerous de- scendants. Her second husband was Benjamin Holme, of Salem County. They left descendants. Ephraim, born in 1744, married his cousin, Eliz- abeth Fithian. He was one of the judges of the court. He was commonly known, as Judge Seeley, and built the house at the northeast corner of Commerce and Bank Streets, late the residence of his nephew. Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, in which he died in 1799. None of the large property he owned remains in the posses- sion of his descendants, of whom none now reside in the county. Mary, born in 1746, died 1819, married Jonathan Elmer. They had eight children, four of whom died in infancy, — Sarah, born in 1775, died 1814, married Dr. Samuel Moore Shute, and left no descendants; Dr. William (1st), born in 1788, died in 1836, married Nancy B. Potter, and had three children, — Jonathan, Dr. William (2d), David; he then married Margaret K. Potter, and had three children, — Mary, wife of Charles E. Elmer, Esq., Nancy, wife of Hon. William G. Whiteley, of Delaware, and Benjamin F. The children of Dr. William Elmer are all living, and his descendants are quite numerous. Rachel, born in 1748, married Col. Abijah Holmes. They had children. Sarah married Jeremiah Buck, had children, — Robert S., Francis, Sarah, and Jere- miah ; Jonathan left descendants ; Mary married Enoch H. More, left no issue ; John left descendants, Ephraim left descendants. None of the many descendants of Col. Ephraim Seeley bear the family name except the grandchildren of Mason G. Mrs. S. Ward Seeley is a daughter of Mason G. Seeley, but her husband is descended from a remote ancestor in another line. Josiah, born 1755, died 1832. He married Rebecca Gibbon, and they had children,— Mary, married Dr. Francis G. Brewster, and died in 1858, leaving descend- ants; Richard, left two daughters, Mary, who married Rev. Benjamin Tyler, and Harriet, who married Maskell Ware ; Mason G., married Henrietta Potter, CITY OP BRIDGETON. 619 and left descendants ; Harriet, married Dr. William Belford Ewing, and left one son, James Josiah. Hannah, born 1757, died 1832, married Dr. Eben- ezer Elmer, and had children, — Lucius Quintus Cin- cinnatus and Sarah Smith, who married Rev. Dr. William Neill. Ebeitezer Seeley was born in the year 1760, probably in the township of Fairfield, where his father, Enos Seeley, resided until his removal to Co- hansey Bridge, some time previous to 1770, in which year he bought the old Hancock saw-mill, situated on the dam now crossed by Pine Street, and built there about 1683, together with a large surrounding tract, containing at least one hundred and twenty acres, comprising the southern part of East Bridge- ton. Enos Seeley was a descendant of Joseph Seeley, one of the original settlers of Fairfield, and an elder in the old Cohansey Presbyterian Church, and thus re- lated to Col. Ephraim Seeley, but the precise line of descent is not known. He married Naomi Petty, and after he removed to Bridgeton owned and resided for a time in the house next below Broad Street bridge, towards the close of his life living in a house which stood on what is now the northwest side of Pine Street, a few rods from his mill. He was one of the prominent residents of the town. He was an earnest Whig, and at the commencement of the Rev- olutionary war he entered into active service as a lieutenant-colonel of the militia, but was soon disa- bled by disease and obliged to resign. For several years before his death, which occurred in 1801, he was confined to his house and unable to attend to business. He had three children. His daughter Ruth mar- ried Joseph Buck. David, the oldest son, took charge of his father's business. He resided several years in the old house, renewed by John Buck ; was captain of a company of artillery, and generally known as Capt. Seeley. He married a sister of Hugh Merseilles, of Hunterdon County, and entered into mercantile busi- ness with him, under the firm of Seeley & Marseilles, for some years a well-known and prosperous firm. They owned a sloop called the " Betsey," built of live- oak and red cedar, the best probably that ever sailed out of the port, which was for a time commanded by Jeremiah Buck. Their store-house was at first situated near the wharf at the southeast corner of the bridge, from which they removed to the southeast corner of Commerce and Laurel Streets, into a store-house they built. They both indulged rather freely in good living. Seeley died in 1802, and Merseilles in 1806. David Seeley had several children, one of whom (Mrs. Nagley, of Philadelphia) died at an advanced age. After the death of his first wife he married Nancy Seeley, one of the daughters of Judge Ephraim, who survived him many years. Ebenezer Seeley became the owner, through the gift of a brother of his mother, of a good farm in Fairfield, situate on the west side of Cedar Creek, not far from the landing. On this he lived for a time, and in 1783 married Mary Clark, a daughter of Daniel Clark, of Hopewell, and his first wife, Anna, daughter of Jonathan Holmes. About the year 1795 he pur- chased of his brother-in-law, Joseph Buck, the house (now the hotel) on Irving Avenue, and was the owner of a large adjoining tract, extending west to Laurel Street (Pearl Street, north of Irving, did not exist), north near half a mile, and east to the Riley line, near where the Port Norris Railroad now is. He en- tered into mercantile business, and built a store-house on the northeast corner of Laurel and Irving Streets, where he transacted a large business as a country store, sending wood and lumber to Philadelphia, then the principal business of the town. In 1802 he sold his residence, with fifty acres of adjoining ground, to Jeremiah Buck, and purchased the stone house on the west side of Laurel, then called Front Street, originally built by Zachariah Lawrence, an elder in the Presbyterian Church, where he resided until 1825. Previous to this time; in common with many other business men, he was so injured by the contraction of the currency that followed the war of 1812-15, that he entirely failed and lost all his property. Mr. Seeley became a member of the Presbyterian Church in early life. In 1818, during the pastorate of Rev. Jonathan Freeman, he was elected a ruling elder. Few men in the county were more popular. He was firm in his adherence to his political and Christian principles, but always mild and charitable towards others, no matter how much he difiered from them. He was elected a member of the Assembly in 1795, before party politics became very prominent. In 1806 he was elected one of the Legislative Council as a Democrat, and again in different years nine times, his last service in that capacity being in 1825, and then he was succeeded by one of his sons. In 1814 he was chosen by the joint meeting clerk of the county, and being chosen three times afterwards, held the ofl5,ce twenty years, longer than any other person. But little of the business of the office was conducted by himself, his sons being the real workers. For several of the last years of his life, and especially after the death of his wife, in 1829, his mind and memory seemed deranged, but he found a comfortable home in the family of his son. He died in 1840. There were twelve children of Ebenezer Seeley and his wife Mary, of whom five died in infancy or at an early age. Enos, born in 1789, was, for a long time and until his death, employed as the actual clerk of the county. He was poisoned by a young colored servant-girl in 1843, who alleged no grievance. She was tried, convicted, and executed. Elias Pettit Seeley studied law, which he practiced in Bridgeton, and lived in the house which used to stand where the insurance office is. In 1829 he was elected a member of the Council, and several times afterwards, 620 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. as a Whig, and in 1832 was chosen vice-president. Mr. Southard, the Governor, having been elected senator of the United States, Mr. Seeley was chosen Governor, and filled the office during the remainder of the year. He was afterwards elected to the Legis- lature several times, and almost equaled his father in popularity. He married Jane, daughter of Dr. Champneys, and had two children, Elias (deceased), and a daughter who married Henry T. Ellett, a lawyer, who removed to Mississippi, and was quite distin- guished there, being at one time a member of Con- gress and then a judge of the highest Court of Ap- peals, and now a lawyer in Memphis of high character. They had several children. Mrs. Ellett died a few years since. Mary married Dr. Parker, of Pittsgrove, and died in 1821. Ebenezer died in 1846. Naomi married Jonathan Ayres, and died in 1850. Samuel W., born in 1807, is the only one living. He married Henrietta Seeley, daughter of Mason G. and his wife, Henrietta Potter. They have two sons, Eobert and Henry. Anna Maria married Joseph Gibson, and died in 1869, and has left descendants. Daniel P. Stratton was born in Fairfield in De- cember, 1784. The family of Strattons were among the early emigrants from England, and are still quite numerous in this county and other parts of the State. Benjamin Stratton came from East Hampton, L. I., to Fairfield about the year 1700, and died in 1717. He had a son Benjamin, born in 1701, who married ' Abigail Preston, of Salem Town, in 1725. They had eleven children, of whom three died in infancy, and five died in 1759 of a pestilential disease, described in a journal of Ephraim Harris as " that fatal and never-to-be-forgotten year (1759) when the Lord sent the destroying angel to pass through this place, and removed many of our friends into eternity in a short space of time, — not a house exempt, not a family spared from the calamity. So dreadful was it that it made every ear tingle and every heart bleed ; in which time I and my family was exercised with that dread- ful disorder, the measles, but, blessed be Gqd, our lives were spared." Four of his sons married and left descendants, — Jonathan, Benjamin (father of Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro, and grandfather of Governor Charles C. Stratton), Levi (father of Daniel P.), and John (father of Nathan L). Very little is known of the early life of Daniel P. Stratton, who appears to have been an only child of his parents, his mother dying in 1785, and his father in 1792, at the age of forty-nine. He inherited some property from his father, and was one of the next of kin of James Harris, who died in 1803, leaving a widow but no children, and personal property appraised at forty-five thousand dollars, esteemed at that time and for that place a large estate, so that he had a very fair start in life. Not long after he became of age he married, and commenced a country store at Fairton in company with his cousin, Nathan L. Stratton, but does not appear to have continued there very long. In 1814 he removed to Bridgeton, and entered into partnership with John Buck and Nathan L. Stratton, at the corner of Commerce and Laurel Streets, under the firm of Buck & Stratton. He was quite a large purchaser of real estate, and in 1818 sold out his interest in the partnership, and pur- chased of Dr. Francis G. Brewster the house now owned by Dr. Smith, at the corner of Commerce and Atlantic Streets, including the store-house standing at the op- posite corner, and the adjoining property to the river. He then set up a store of his own, and resided in the dwelling the remainder of his life. About the same time he purchased the lot and erected the grist-mill now owned by Richard Lott. Mr. Stratton became a member of the Presbyterian Church early in life, and in 1818 was elected a ruling elder. He was an excellent man, earnest in pro- moting the cause of religion, but was not a little tenacious of his own opinions. From differences which arose in the old congregation, he became prin- cipally instrumental in organizing the congregation and in erecting the stone building, now the Second Presbyterian Church, on the east side of North Pearl Street. This church continued for several years in connec- tion with the New School Presbytery of Philadelphia, but in 1850, under the pastorship of Rev. Henry J. Vandyke, it united with the West Jersey Presbytery. Mr. Stratton was twice married, — first, in 1808, to Jane, one of the daughters of Joseph Buck, deceased. They had two children who died in infancy. Two survived, — James, born in 1810, who graduated at Princeton, became a Presbyterian minister, and is now pastor of a church in Mississippi ; Daniel, born in 1814, graduated at Princeton, became a minister, and was pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Salem fourteen years, and died in 1866 much lamented; they were both married and had children. The mother of James and Daniel died in 1816, at the early age of twenty-six years and four months. Wallace, son of Rev. James, a young man of bright talents and of fine education, became a Presbyterian minister, and died in Mississippi a few years ago. Morris Stratton, of Salem, and Daniel, of Missouri, both prominent lawyers, are sons of Rev. Daniel. Nearly two years after her death Mr. Stratton married Maria, daughter of Dr. James Stratton, and widow of Erkuries Fithian, who survived him, and died in April, 1857. They had three daughters,— Harriet, Maria, and Fanny,— who are all deceased. Harriet, the last survivor, who was much beloved by her associates and friends, con- tinued to occupy the house left by her father until her death, in 1873. Nathan L. Stratton was born at Deerfield, Jan. 31, 1786, and was the son of John Stratton, of Fair- field, born in 1774, and who, in 1775, married Eleanor Leake, daughter of Nathan Leake. Benjamin Stratton came to Fairfield about 1700 CITY OF BEIDGETON. 621 and from him it is believed most of tlie Strattona have descended. John was a grandson. He lived during the early part of his life in Fairfield, and, like most of the Presbyterians, was a zealous Whig. He removed to Deerfield in 1783, was a justice of the peace and a ruling elder. The Presbyterians there were much disturbed by the marriage of some of their members to sisters of a deceased wife, believed to be contrary to the discipline of the church and to the teachings of the Bible. Justice Stratton celebrated such a marriage, and thereby incurred the censure of the Church Sessions, and although urged to acknowl- edge his error, declined to do so. The consequence of this disagreement was that he severed his con- nection with that church and joined the Pittsgrove Church, with which he was connected and much esteemed until his death, in 1814. Nathan Leake Stratton had the advantage of a good school in Deerfield, but went in his early youth to Mount Holly, where he was employed in a store. Before he was of age he returned to Cumberland and entered into business with his cousin, Daniel P. Strat- ton, at Fairton, but with so little prospect of success that he soon left it and commenced a store at Laurel Hill, Bridgeton, in partnership with Thomas Wood- ruff'. In 1810, upon the death of John Potter, one of the sons of Col. David Potter, they, in connection with John Buck, whose sister Mr. Stratton afterward married, bought the store he and his brother William had carried on at the southwest corner of Commerce and Laurel Streets, and entered into business under the firm of John Buck & Co. In 1814, Daniel P. Stratton took the place of Mr. Woodruff, and the new firm of Buck & Stratton purchased of William Potter the store-house and property. The price paid was fourteen thousand dollars, including a house that stood where Whitaker's store is, long owned by James B. Potter, and which Potter repurchased for ' three thousand dollars. The new firm purchased also large tracts of woodland and commenced a very prosperous business. Daniel P. Stratton left the con- cern in about four years, but the business was con- tinued with other persons and under different names until the death of Mr. Buck, in 1842. For a quarter of a century Nathan L. Stratton was the active man in the general merchandise department, and the busi- ness became the largest transacted in the county, sell- ing goods not only by retail, but in considerable quan- tities by wholesale, to other dealera in the smaller towns. During this time there were only from ten to fifteen stores in the town, and some of those were small affairs. Mr. Buck and Mr. Stratton accumu- lated considerable property. In 1815, Mr. Stratton married Hannah Buck, one of the daughters of Joseph Buck, deceased, and in the course of the succeeding two or three years built the brick house, still standing, on the north side of Commerce, a little below Bank Street, and afterwards, as his family increased considerably, enlarged it. He occupied a large adjoining lot, with a barn, stables, and carriage-house, on Bank Street, where the Methodist Episcopal Church now stands. Mrs. Stratton died in 1854, and Mr. Stratton, very sud- denly, in 1862. They were members of the Presby- terian Church. Several of their children died in- fants ; one daughter died at the age of twenty -two, and a son at the age of twenty-nine. Their son Alexander continued a mercantile business in the old stand, resided in the family mansion, and died, un- married, in the year 1878, at the age of fifty-six years. Three sons and two daughters are living. Charles P. Stratton graduated at Princeton in 1848, studied law, resides in Camden, and is presiding judge of the Camden courts. He married Clara Cooper, of Tren- ton, and has several children. George resides in Bridgeton, and is unmarried. Eleanor is not mar- ried. Sophia N. married Charles E. Buck, resides in Wilmington, Del., and has two children. Joseph Buck Stratton, oldest child of Nathan L. Stratton, was carefully educated. After a prepara- tory training at the school in Lawrenceville he en- tered Princeton College, and took his first degree in 1833, receiving in due course the degree of A.M., and in 1856 the honorary degree of D.D. He studied law two years with Judge L. Q. C. Elmer, finished his course in Philadelphia, with John Sergeant, and was then admitted to the bar there, and commenced business as a lawyer. While thus employed he be- came a member of Eev. Dr. Boardman's church, and determined to engage in preaching the gospel. He then entered the Theological Seminary at Princeton, and during two years of his study there was a tutor in the college. Having finished the usual course of study, he was licensed to preach, received a call to become the pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Natchez, and was ordained and installed in 1843. For thirty-two years he has been the faithful and ac- ceptable minister of one of the most important Pres- byterian Churches in the South, and is justly ranked among the ablest preachers of the gospel in the country. Some years since he was created a Doctor of Divinity. He has been twice married, and has two sons, one of whom is an architect in New York, and the other is in a banker's office in Natchez. James H. Teenchard, son of Hon. John Trench- ard, of Fairton, and Eleanor, his wife, was born May 20, 1811, and died Feb. 27, 1877, after a severe illness of about ten days' duration. He went into the mer- cantile business soon after his marriage, having pur- chased the interest of his father-in-law, the late Judge Barrett, which he continued for a time, until his removal to Centreville in the fall of 1839, where he entered largely into general store and milling business and the lumber trade. In early life he was for a while under Rev. Dr. George Junkin, at Easton, Pa. He had a liking for mathematics, and soon began surveying, this branch increasing in intricate cases and in great land trials. In the fall of 1848 622 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. he was elected to the Assembly on the Whig ticket, representing Salem County in that body during the ensuing session. He was very popular in his own neighborhood, receiving the votes of many in the township of opposite politics purely from personal consideration. He refused to run a second time ; the corruptions of the lobby and the questionable char- acter of much of the public and private legislation as then and since directed had no charms for one of his honest, frank, and independent nature. Mr. Trenchard was very frequently called upon at this point to iind old surveys, to settle disputes as to title, and to act as commissioner. Although engaged in surveying whenever needed, he did not give his whole attention to this profession until he moved'to Bridgeton, in the spring of 1863. Here once located, associated with his son, the firm of J. H. & W. B. Trenchard, surveyors, has been the principal one in that branch in this section of the State ever since. No person in New Jersey has done more practical surveying, or tramped more miles in all weathers and under all conditions than had the subject of this sketch. He had had many valuable papers in his possession at various times, relating to the lands in the lower counties of the State, so that he became thoroughly conversant with the titles, butts and bounds, courses and distances of, and all other mat- ters relating to the real estate of Lower Jersey. He always carefully preserved copies of maps of all sur- veys he made, and was thus greatly useful to persons seeking information in regard to landed property. Mr. Trenchard possessed natural kindness of heart, and was generous in his impulses, which rallied around him earnest and abiding friends. He was a kind husband and indulgent parent. He was emi- nently public-spirited, being ever the advocate of all public improvements. Not the least of his merits was his ardent and unflinching patriotism. He was city surveyor at the time of his death, which position he had long held. As such he established the pres- ent grade of our streets. At the time of his death he was serving his second term as councilman from the Second Ward. He was president of the original Water Company of Bridgeton, which was the fore- runner in the movement to secure the present City Water- Works. He left a widow, three sons, and two daughters, all now living. His children are all married except one daughter. William B. succeeded his father as city surveyor, and has an extensive business otherwise in his profession. Jafnes W. is cashier of the recently- established National Bank of Bridgeton. James D. Westcott was born in Bridgeton, Jan. 26, 1775, and the son of John Westcott, who resided at that time in a small house built of the county brownstone, on the south side of the road from the bridge to Fairfield, now the southeast corner of Com- merce and Pearl Streets, which was afterwards owned and for a long time occupied by Mark Biley. He be- longed to the Fairfield family of Westcotts, now very numerous, early settlers of that place, but whose origin and genealogy is not known, and came to this place before 1773, and taught a school, giving special attention to mathematics and the business of survey- ing and navigation. John Westcott was the first lieutenant of the west- ern company of New Jersey artillery in the Revolu- tion, was promoted to be captain-lieutenant and then captain, and took part in the battles at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After the war, and perhaps during its progress, John Westcott appears to have lived in Philadelphia, and his son James was educated at the university there, and with his brother was placed as an appren- tice to learn the art of printing. In 1794, James came to Bridgeton and established a newspaper called the Argus, which was continued nearly or quite two years. While residing here he married Amy Harris Hampton, daughter of Dr. John T. Hampton, of Cedarville, a sister of the late Dr. Isaac H. Hamp- ton, of Bridgeton. Soon after he removed to Wash- ington, and carried on the business of printing with a partner, under the firm of Westcott & Co. In 1807 they published a full report of the trial of Aaron Burr for treason, in three octavo volumes. In the year 1810, Mr. Westcott purchased of Ben- jamin Chew, of Philadelphia, the attorney and agent of the English proprietors, two surveys of land, cov- ering a large part of Fairfield, made in 1686 for Bel- lers, one of the original proprietors of West Jersey, one of which extended from the east branch of the Cohansey, at Fairton, to Back Creek, and the other included Jones' Island. He moved on to a good farm situate on Jones' Island, which he cultivated several years, and then removed to Bridgeton, having re- ceived the appointment of collector of the port in place of Ebenezer Elmer, who resigned. This place he held about five years. He continued to reside here .until he received the appointment of Secretary of State, in 1839, from the joint meeting of the Leg- islature of New Jersey, then having a majority of ad- herents of Jackson, when he removed to Trenton; and being reappointed, he held that office ten years. In 1816, Mr. Westcott was elected a member of the Assembly as a Democrat. In 1820 he was elected to the Legislative Council on a Union ticket, and again in 1821. He was, during most of his residence in Bridgeton, presiding judge of the Court of Common Pleas and a justice of the peace, and was an active business man of great intelligence and capacity. Shortly after he came to the place he purchased the house and property next below the Broad Street bridge, since owned and enlarged by John Buck, and resided there until he went to Trenton. He is the first person of the county who is known to have cul- tivated and used the tomato as an article of food. He died in Trenton in 1841, his wife surviving until 1849. CITY OF BRIDGETON. 623 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FRANCIS GILBERT BREWSTER. The family are of English extraction, and trace their descent from Elder Brewster, who sailed for America in the "Mayflower" in 1620. Francis Gil- bert, a lineal descendant, and the father of the sub- ject of this biography, was born in Deerfleld, and married Miss Mary Gibbon Seeley, of Bridgeton. They had children, — Robert Gibbon, Francis Gil- bert, Charles Henry, and George. Dr. Brewster early became an exponent of the science of medicine, and followed his profession in Salem. Ill health causing him to relinquish active practice, he retired to Bridgeton and opened the earliest drug-store in the city. He was an influential citizen, and engaged in many public enterprises. He was an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and foremost in all good works, continuing to exercise a salutary influence in the community until his death, in 1827. Francis Gilbert, his son, was born Feb. 10, 1809, in Bridgeton, the scene of his lifetime labors. The Bridgeton Academy afibrded him opportunities of education, and the early death of his father made him, at the age of eighteen, his successor in busi- ness. He was married, Feb. 17, 1830, to Miss Ruth Thompson Kiley, daughter of Mark and Abigail H. Riley. Their children are Mary Gibbon (who mar- ried Dr. Edward M. Porter), Edwin Francis, and Elizabeth Reeves. Mr. Brewster continued in active biJfeiness for many years, and during this period iden- tified himself with many enterprises tending to ad- vance the interests of the community. He main- tained extensive business connections, in all of which he established a character for integrity and fairness, while his judgment and sound common sense were proverbial. Mr. Brewster wa,s a member of the Sec- ond Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and served as elder from its organization until his decease. He was a cordial promoter of all religious and philan- thropic schemes. The Cumberland County Bible Society found in him an efficient treasurer and co- worker. He was in politics early a Whig, and later a Republican, though choosing candidates for office with regard to their fitness, irrespective of party. Mr. Brewster's life was ended Aug. 6, 1856, at the early age of forty-eight, after a brief illness. He was greatly esteemed for the many virtues exemplified in his character, and his death universally deplored. JACOB KIBNZLB. Mr. Kienzle is of German extraction, and during his early life resided in Kirshenharthof, Wiirtemberg, Germany, where his grandfather, Goetleib, was born. The latter married a Miss Wuest, of the same town, to whom were born children, — Barbara (who became Mrs. Schwarderer), Louisa (who was Mrs. Gall), John Jacob, and Christian. Mr. Kienzle died in 1840. His son, John Jacob, was born May 1, 1798, in the town above mentioned, where his early life was spent. Here he followed farming employments until 1847, when he removed to Erbsteten, an adjoining town, and continued the same vocation until his death, in 1860. He married Christianna Krauter, of Erbsteten, and had children, — Goetleib, Christian, Jacob, Louis, Louisa, Paulina, Frederick, Ferdi- nand, Barbara, William, Fredericka, Karl, Caroline, Johanes, Christian (2d). The death of Mrs. Kienzle occurred at the house of her son, in Bridgeton, in her eighty-first year. Jacob Kienzle was born Jan. 29, 1830, in Kirshen- harthof, Wiirtemberg, and until his fourteenth year was a pupil at the public school. He was then ap- prenticed to a tanner in the adjoining town of Win- nenden, and on completing his term of service re- ceived a diploma for proficiency in his trade. He repaired to Schaffliausen, Switzerland, and later into the interior, at both of which points he followed his vocation of tanner. In 1849 he emigrated to America, and having settled in Philadelphia, continued in the leather business until 1853, when he migrated to California and engaged in mining enterprises. He also, in connection with his brother Louis, conducted a bakery at Big Oak Flat, Tuolumne Co., remaining thus engaged until 1856. In 1857 he removed to Bridgeton and purchased the tannery which he has since conducted. In connection with it he has introduced the manu- facture of soap, which is conducted on an extensive scale. He was married, Sept. 13, 1857, to Caroline R., daughter of Leonard Groetzinger, of Philadelphia. Their children are Annie S. (Mrs. Ludy), William J., Jacob (deceased), Henry C, Franklin F., Minnie (deceased), and Oscar J. Mrs. Kienzle's death oc- curred March 30, 1882. Mr. Kienzle is in politics a Democrat, and has ever manifested a deep interest in public afiairs. He has for successive terms been a member of the City Council, and was in 1878 a can- didate for member of Assembly, being defeated after a close contest and a flattering vote in his favor. He has been also frequently a candidate to State and County Conventions. He is one of the directors of the Bridgeton National Bank, and afltords aid and encour- agement to all worthy public enterprises. He is an active Mason, a member of the Evening Star Lodge, No. 39, of Brearley Chapter, No. 6, of which he is Past High Priest, and of Olivet Commandery, No. 10. Mr. Kienzle assisted in the organization of the German Lutheran Church of Bridgeton, in 1869, and is now one of its elders. CAPT. LEHMAN BLEW. George Blew, the grandfather of Capt. Blew, emi- grated from Germany during the Revolutionary war. 624 HISTOEY OF CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. in which he took part, and at its close settled in Deerfleld township upon land he purchased. He had children, — Abijah, William, and Nellie, who became Mrs. Moore. William was born in Deerfield town- ship, and served with credit in the war of 1812 as captain. He devoted his life to farming employments, and married Judith, daughter of Benjamin Ingersoll, of Atlantic County. Their children were George, born Jan. 2, 1804, who died June 16, 1836, in his thirty-third year; Furman, born March 14, 1806; Priscilla, who became Mrs. Lippincott, and whose birth occurred March 20, 1808; Lehman; Emily, who was Mrs. Ackley, and was born March 17, 1813; Eleanor, wife of Capt. Enoch Brooks, born March 1, 1815; David W., born Dec. 23, 1817; William, btsrn March 4, 1819; Eebecca, who became Mrs. Tracy, born March 21, 1821 ; and Harriet, born Sept. 8, 1823, and who died Nov. 12, 1838, in her fifteenth year. Capt. Blew was an Old-Line Whig in politics, and in later years a Kepublican, having been the incumbent of numerous offices in the township. He removed to Bridgeton before his death, which occurred at the home of his son Lehman. The latter was born Feb. 3, 1810, in Deerfield, but removed with his father to Bridgeton when a lad, where his childhood was passed. He early acquired a taste for a seafaring life, and having left school at an early age became familiar during short cruises with a sailor's life. At the age of eighteen he took command of a sloop belonging to Robert S. Buck, of Bridgeton, sailing from the latter place to Philadelphia, and frpm that time for years continued both to build and sail vessels. He soon after embarked in the coasting trade, and sailed around much territory, including the United States and the West Indies. This was continued until 1865, when he took command of a steamer plying between Bridgeton and Philadelphia, his residence during an interval of twenty years having been at Maurice River, in the same county. Capt. Blew has, within the period of his active career, been much engaged in the building of vessels, in many of which he has an interest. An accident in 1875 deprived him of an arm, since which time he has been devoted to the management of his private business and the cultiva- tion of his farm. During the existence of the Whig party the cap- tain was one of the most earnest adherents to its principles. He joined at a later day the Republican ranks, and though not one of its active workers, has represented the Third Ward of Bridgeton in the board of freeholders. Capt. Blew has been thrice married, first to Miss Sarah Langley, daughter of John Langley, who died June 3, 1852, aged forty-one years. They had one daughter, Sarah L., wife of Capt. H, B. Lake, who was born Nov. 9, 1850. Capt. Blew's second wife was Ann Caroline Seran, daughter of Samuel and Anice Seran, who was born Dfec. 11, 1824, and died Oct. 21, 1854, in her thirtieth year. Their daughter Caro- line was born Jan. 28, 1854, and married Albert Fogg, of Camden, N. J. The third and present wife of Capt. Blew is Lydia A., daughter of John N. Spence, whose birth occurred Jan. 19, 1820, whose children are Emma D., born Feb. 27, 1861, and mar- ried to George W. McPherson, of Trenton, and Mary Lee, who died Dec. 10, 1872, in her fifth year. Capt. Blew and his wife are members of Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton, of which the former is steward and class-leader. CAPT. SAMUEL PERRY. Tradition chronicles the fact that Dan, the grand- father of Capt. Perry, emigrated from England and settled in Salem County, where he probably engaged in the cultivation of a farm. He had eight sons, one of whom, Samuel, born May 11, 1779, located in Salem County, and afterwards removed to Cumber- land County, where he followed agricultural pursuits. He married Mrs. Rachel Simkins, formerly a Miss Mills, born Dec. 29, 1778, and had children,— Mary (who was Mrs. Stimson), Sarah (who became Mrs. Ayars), Rachel Letitia (who was Mrs. Maul), Han- nah, and a son Samuel. Three of this number sur- vive. Mr. Perry died at Ireland's Mills, near Bridge- ton, Dec. 24, 1845, in his sixty-third year, and his wife, Sept. 1, 1831, in her fifty-eighth year. Their son Samuel was born March 20, 1817, in Greenwich, Cumberland Co., and early removed to Bridgeton, where his youth was passed. A private school af- forded opportunities, for education until his fourteenth year, when he became a member of the family of his brother-in-law, and aided in the cultivation of his farm. Here he remained until eighteen years of age, when a spirit of independence prompted him to seek other fields of usefulness. ' Sloops were then sailing almost daily from Bridgeton to Philadelphia, upon one of which he sought an engagement, which con- tinued for two years. He then followed coasting, first on small vessels running to New York, and later to the Southern ports and the West Indies. He sub- sequently embarked in the coal-carrying trade in the Eastern States. The captain from 1847 until 1872 commanded a vessel, and in the latter year retired from the active pursuit of his vocation, though still retaining an interest in sailing-vessels and tug-boats. Though practically a gentleman of leisure, he finds both healthful exercise and much pleasure in the culture of flowers, in which he is eminently suc- cessful. He in politics indorses the platform of the Republican party, though neither a strong party ad- herent nor an office-seeker. He is a supporter of the Second Presbyterian Church, of which Mrs. Perry is a member. Capt. Perry was married on the 8th of July, 1869, to Miss Sarah W. Fithian, granddaughter of William Fithian, of Greenwich, who married Mary Clark, and had children,— Charles, Richard, Samuel, Enoch, Sidney, and Ruth. Richard Fithian "^^^sCi^-^^a^^ Cu^-^ /l/ji^^^--^ J%=9^ 'O^CJL^ CITY OF BRIDGETON. 625 married Ann E., daughter of Charles B. Fithian, who had six sons and two daughters, of whom Sarah W. is the wife of the subject of this sketch. WILLIAM DARE. The progenitor of the Dare family in South Jersey was Capt. William Dare, who emigrated from the county of Dorset or Somerset, in the south of England, at an early date, and in 1682 built the " Blue Anchor" tavern in Philadelphia, the headquarters of William Penn on the occasion of his landing. He afterwards removed to what is now Cumberland County, and Aug. 3, 1695, he bought one hundred acres of land in Back Neck, Fairfield township, and March 19, 1696, he had surveyed for him one hundred acres of cedar swamp on Lebanon Branch, about five miles east of Bridgeton. He is called " mariner" in some of the early conveyances, and doubtless obtained his title of "captain" in a seafaring life. He was a man of good education and a fine penman, and became one of the leading men in this community. He was appointed sheriff of Salem County by Governor Cornbury, Dec. 9, 1703, and reappointed Sept. 13, 1704. He was also appointed ranger for Salem County in 1704, captain of company of militia in 1706, and a justice of Salem County Court in 1707, and was reappointed as justice in 1708 and 1710. He was a large land-owner, among his purchases being two hundred acres of land at Autuxit (as the region around what is now Newport was then called), where he finally settled, and died there in 1720. He left a widow. Constant Dare, and children, — William (2d), Benoni (see notice of James Dare), Elizabeth, Constant, Sarah, and Eobert. William (2d), son of above, in 1710 bought one hundred acres, part of the Indian Fields tract, about a mile east of Bridgeton (but within the city limits), where he settled. This property remained in the family for five generations until about 1867. He owned large tracts of land and cedar swamp, which he left to his children. He died in 1749, and left a widow, Elizabeth, and children, — William (3d), John, Mary, Hannah, Elizabeth, Rachel, and Sarah. William (3d), son of above, lived on the homestead at Indian Fields, where he died in January or Febru- ary, 1760. His first wife's name was Freelove, by whom he had children, — Mary, William (4th), Levi, Abigail, Freelove, Rachel, and Jonathan. He mar- ried a second wif«, Hannah, by whom he left one daughter, Amey. William (4th), son of above, bc«-n Sept. 6, 1736, on the homestead, where his life was spent, was the grandfather of the subject of this biographical sketch. He was a soldier in the Revolution. He married, Dec. 21, 1768, Miss Elizabeth Rose, who was born Aug. 27, 1744, and died July 9, 1810. He died May 26, 1811, They had children,— William (5th), Levi, Ephraim, Jonathan, David, Lemuel, and Eliza- beth R. 40 David, of this number, was born Aug. 28, 1780, on the homestead in Bridgeton, where his life was de- voted to the cultivation of his land. He was an ar- dent Whig in his political predilections, and later a Republican, though not actively engaged in the party issues of the day, and with no taste for oflBce. He was united in marriage March 2, 1809, to Miss Re- becca Fithian, daughter of Jonathan Fithian, of Deerfleld, who was born May 28, 1791, and died Sept. 3, 1839, and had children,— Jane E. (Mrs. E. E. Sheppard), Enoch F. (deceased), Sarah (Mrs. B. F. Garrison, deceased), William, Ephraim (who died in youth), Mary H. (Mrs. W. J. Banks, deceased), Eph- raim B. (died in youth), Robert H.,and Elizabeth R. (died in youth). The death of Mr. Dare occurred April 13, 1863, in his eighty-third year. His son William was born Sept. 16, 1817, at the homestead in Bridgeton. Until his twenty-first year the de- mands of the farm were varied by such advantages of education as the country afforded. After a Western tour he returned for two years to the farm, and in 1841 purchased the Bridgeton and Cape Island stage- line, which included a contract for carrying the United States mail for three years. At the expiration of this contract, in 1844, he embarked in the manu- facture of lime, at Bridgeton, which was continued until the spring of 1857. In August of the same year he established the firm of Riley & Dare for the sale of fertilizers and farm products, which afterwards became Dare & Mulford. The business was con- tinued until 1877, when he devoted his attention more particularly to the management of his lands and his vessel interests, in which he has been largely en- gaged. In 1877 the Bridgeton water-works were con- structed, Mr. Dare having, as president of the Council, superintended their progress. The political sympa- thies of the subject of this sketch are with the Re- publican party. He has served for three years as collector of Bridgeton township, and nine years as a member of the City Council of Bridgeton, five years of which he was its presiding oflicer, and was for fif- teen years a member of the township committee prior to the incorporation of the city. Mr. Dare is an active Odd-Fellow, and a member of Cumberland Lodge, No. 35, 1. O. 0. F. He is also a member of Good Intent Encampment, No. 15, I. O. O. F., of which he has been for thirty-four years treasurer. He is a trus- tee of the First Baptist Church of the city, of which both he and Mrs. Dare are members, and was among the largest contributors to the erection of the South Jersey Institute in that city. Mr. Dare was married June 16, 1846, to Sarah, daughter of John Cleaver, of Port Penn, Del., who died Oct. 18, 1852. He was again married Jan. 31, 1854, to Elizabeth S. Flanagin, daughter of James Flanagin, of Greenwich. By each marriage were two children, all of whom are deceased. 626 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. CAPT. WILLIAM JERKELL. The Jerrell family are of Scotch ancestry, though Zachariah, the grandfather, was born in Cumberland County, where he followed farming occupations. He had sons, Isaac, John, and Jeremiah, and a number of daughters. Mr. Jerrell resided in Fairfield town- ship, where his death occurred in advanced years. His son Jeremiah was born in the latter township in 1807, and spent the greater portion of his life either in that or the neighboring township of Downe, where he was a farmer. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Webster Souder, and had children, — Thomas, Gertrude (Mrs. John Banks), William, George M., John, Mary (Mrs. Robert Nixon), Annie (Mrs. John Owing), Jane E. (Mrs. Edward E. Emerton), and Rebecca (Mrs. Thomas Tribett). Mr. Jerrell, having retired from active pursuits, now resides in Downe township, where his son Wil- liam was born Nov. 12, 1836. He passed his youth until the age of twelve years at the house of his maternal grandfather, where opportunities for edu- cation were exceedingly limited. Having imbibed a taste for the waterman's craft he then engaged as cook on board a vessel, and remained in that capacity for four years, after which he went before the mast, and at the age of twenty became master of a vessel, which he sailed for two years. He then purchased the schooner " Beulah E. Sharp," plying between Philadelphia and Boston, of which he was master, and entered into the service of the government, trans- porting coal to Southern ports for the use of the army and navy. Capt. Jerrell sold this vessel in 1864, and purchased the schooner " D. Gifford" the following year, which he sailed until 1872, and was engaged in a general coasting trade. He in 1872 built the schooner "Nellie S. Jerrell," and for eight years sailed her between the ports of Maine and the West Indies. This vessel was sold in 1881, and the " Re- becca S. Mulford" built the same year, which the captain is now commanding, and in whose perfect equipments he manifests a commendable pride. He is engaged in coasting during the summer months, and runs to Southern ports in winter. Capt. Jerrell was married, in 1857, to Cornelia S., daughter of Fithian S. Parvin, of Downe township. Their chil- dren are Herbert P., W. Howard, and Nellie. Her- bert P. was a pupil of the West Jersey Academy at Bridgeton, after which he remained for three years at the New Jersey Institute at Hackettstown, and com- pleted his studies with honor. He then spent four years at the Wesleyan University, and in 1882 entered the Law Department of Columbia College, New York. The family, in 1866, removed to Bridgeton, which has since been their place of residence, though frequently passing many weeks on board the vessel. The captain is in politics a Republican, though with neither time nor inclination for ofiice. He is still actively en- gaged in his chosen pursuit, in addition to which he is interested either directly or indirectly in twelve or more vessels. Both Capt. and Mrs. Jerrell are mem- bers of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton. SAMUEL M. COOMBS. Mr. Coombs is the grandson of Joshua Coombs, and the son of Jesse Coombs, a native of Cumberland County, who was born in 1780, and followed farming pursuits, first in Cumberland and later in Cape May Counties, N. J. His ultimate residence was Millville, where his death occurred in 1846. He married Mary Hitchner, of Pittsgrove, Salem Co., who was born in 1782, and had children,— Ruth (Mrs. Riley), Jacob, Joshua, Elizabeth (Mrs. Garrison), Mary (Mrs. Higby), Jesse, David, Samuel, Jane A. (Mrs. McDougal), John, and Christina (Mrs. Wilson), of whom nine survive. Samuel, who is the subject of this biographical sketch, was born April 30, 1821, in Millville, at that time the residence of his parents. His advantages of education were such as were obtainable in the neigh- borhood, after which the farm and its attending labors engaged his attention. He remained thus employed with his father until twenty-three years of age, and was subsequently interested for two years in cutting and shipping wood. At the age of twenty-five he purchased the homestead farm in Hopewell town- ship, and for a period of twenty-five years engaged in agricultural occupations, having combined with it dairying, in which he was extensively interested. In 1878, Mr. Coombs, having rented his farm, removed to Bridgeton, with a view to retiring from active business. He soon, however, found activity more congenial than constant rest, and engaged again in farming pursuits, having purchased a farm of one hundred and ten acres within the city limits. Mr. Coombs married, in January, 1856, Miss Mary E., daughter of Isaac Paulin, of Hopewell township. They have a son, Samuel, and one daughter. Mr. Coombs is a member of the Cumberland County Agricultural Society, and in politics a Republican, though not actively interested in the political meas- ures of the day. He is a supporter of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and worships with the congrega- tion of the Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton. •JAMES B. POTTER. The family of Dr. Potter are Scotch- Irish in their lineage, his great-grandfather, Matthew, having emi- grated from Ireland to America in 1740, during the great Presbyterian emigration to this country. Mr. Potter married Miss Jane McCreaght, daughter of a Scotch clergyman, during the spring of 1740, who died at the age of ninety, and was buried in the city of Phil- adelphia, where the family settled. Their children were Matthew, James, John, Martha, David, Marga- ret, Mary, and Samuel. Of this number. Col. David was born Nov. 27, 1745, in Philadelphia, and. married y^^y^^^^Aj&^^-^UL^^ -^. (^ ^^■&^o^z£^ f JAMES B. POTTEK. CITY OF BRIDaBTON. 627 Miss Mary Mason. Their children were Jane, Mary, William (who attained distinction in the war of 1812), Harriet, and Henrietta. He was married, a second time, to Miss Sarah Boyd, to whom were born chil- dren, — James, John, Martha, Ann B., James B., Eobert B., and Margaret R. Col. David Potter was a man noted for his earnest patriotism, his generous hospitality, and his energetic character. He was the principal merchant in the town of his adoption, and carried on a large trade in grain, produce, and lumber, shipping the same in his own vessels to Philadelphia. In 1775, at the begin- ning of the conflict between America and Great Britain, he was elected captain of a military company at Bowentown. In February, 1777, he was commis- sioned brigadier-general by Governor Livingston, but refused to accept. He did receive a colonel's commis- sion, however, and joined Gen. Mercer's brigade. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Germantown, and was imprisoned for a time aboard the prison-ship " Jersey," in Wallabout Bay. He was paroled, but was unable to procure an exchange for many months, which seriously affected his business arrangements. In 1782, Col. Potter was appointed marshal of the admiralty, and sold several captured and confiscated vessels. In 1787 he was elected one of three dele- gates to the State Convention held at Trenton which ratified the Constitution of the United States, and in 1791-93 he was elected sheriff of Cumberland County. Upon the division of parties, he warmly embraced the side of the Washington and Hamilton Federal- ists. He was eminently public-spirited, and was largely instrumental in erecting the Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton in 1792. He was also one of the charter members of Brearley Lodge, F. A. M. Col. David Potter died Dec. 10, 1805, aged sixty-one years. His son, James Boyd Potter, was born Feb. 7, 1796, in Bridgeton, where his life was spent, and where he subsequently became a prosperous merchant. He was married, April 28, 1818, to Miss Jane, daughter of John and Susanna Barron, of Centre County, Pa., and had children, — David, Sarah Boyd (Mrs. William G. Nixon), John Barron, James Barron, Francis H., Eobert (deceased), Margaret E., Eobert Barron, and William Elmer. Gen. David Potter, the eldest son, was born Feb. 7, 1819, and died at his home in Bridgeton May 7, 1866. For many years he had been connected with the public enterprises of South Jersey, and at the time of his death was one of the original directors of the West Jersey Railroad, and president of the West Jersey Marl and Transpor- tation Company. The former enterprise was largely indebted to his energy for its ultimate success. He also held the appointment of brigadier-general of the Cumberland Brigade. In all that pertained to the public welfare of his native city and county Gen. Potter took a lively interest, and mainly through his efforts was the first charter for the city of Bridgeton secured. His genial social qualities endeared him to a large circle of friends, and his sudden death was generally deplored. In a series of resolutions passed by the directors of the West Jersey Railroad Company he is spoken of as "a public-spirited citizen, an enterprising and en- ergetic man of business, and in all his relations to society of spotless reputation, high integrity, and amiable character." A brief review of the character of the late James Boyd Potter is afforded in the following extract, taken from an obituary notice published soon after his death : " He was a true-hearted patriot, and gave every possible service to his country in her hour of need, yielding his own sons to the conflict in sustaining the insulted honor of his country and flag. He was lofty in the purity of his principles, bold in their advocacy, and, what should render him immortal, he was an honest man. As a father he was kind and indulgent, as a husband affectionate and amiable, and just in all the relations of life. He was equal to every position he was called to fill. If he had a fault, there stood by its side a virtue so prominent as to overshadow it. If he committed an error, there stood out the purity of his motives, challenging the admiration of his friends, and commanding the respect of his oppo- nents. The humblest citizen or stranger never ap- proached him without receiving at his hands the most considerate attention, and often did he visit those whom disease had prostrated to counsel, en- courage, and to minister to them. To stern integrity, fearless candor, and a high sense of honor he united the positive virtues of benevolence, charity, and hos- pitality. The poor, the unprotected, and distressed never appealed to him without receiving succor and consolation." Mr. Potter's relations in Bridgeton continued over a period of half a century, during which time he be- came largely identified with its interests, and con- tributed greatly to its growth. His death occurred Oct. 26, 1865, in his seventieth year. His son, J. Barron, was born July 18, 1823, in Bridgeton, the scene of his boyhood experiences. His preparatory studies were pursued under the direction of L. F. Claflin, after which, in 1840, he entered Princeton College, and received his diploma as a graduate in 1844. Choosing the profession of medicine, he en- tered the office of his cousin. Dr. William Elmer, of Bridgeton, and later became a student in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1847. He chose Bridgeton as a desirable field of labor, and has since that time continued in active practice. The doctor is a member of both State and County Medical Societies. He has been successful in his professional labors, and enjoyed an extended practice as the re- ward of skill and assiduous devotion to the interests of his patients. He is a gentleman of quiet tastes, 628 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTS. and finds both pleasure and rest in the improvement of his farm and in arboriculture. He is much inter- ested in the cause of education, and is a trustee of the West Jersey Academy, of Bridgeton. His political predilections are in sympathy with the platform of the Republican party, though not actively engaged in the strifes of party. In religion he is a supporter of the Presbyterian Church. BENJAMIN T. BRIGHT. Mr. Bright traces his lineage to James Bright, his great-great-grandfather, who emigrated from Eng- land and settled in Salem County, N. J. He had a, son, James Kendell, whose son James was the grand- father of the subject of this biography. The children of the latter were William, James, Josiah, and Nich- olas, and two daughters. His son Nicholas was born in 1802 at Woodstown, Salem Co., N. J., and later made Bridgeton his residence, where he married Miss Esther Reeves, and had seven children, of whom two, Benjamin T. and James K., reached mature years, the latter having died in 1866. By a second marriage, to Miss Eliza Lawrence, was born a son, Theodore Frelinghuysen, who died in childhood. Mr. Bright served as a drummer-boy during the war of 1812. The larger portion of his business life was spent in Woodstown and Salem, where he pursued his trade of blacksmith, and by industry and judgment gained a competency. His son, Benjamin T., was born Nov. 2, 1832, in Woodstown, N. J., and at an early age removed with his parents to Bridgeton. His youth was varied, the intervals of rest from the de- mands of the public school having been spent in the shop of his father. Here were formed habits of ac- tivity and industry, which aided greatly in developing his character. After a period spent in farming, he entered the Cumberland Nail- and Iron-Works, under Robert C. Nichols, Esq., and devoted three years to labor in the engine-room. His studies were then re- sumed for one year, and at the age of twenty-one he entered the surrogate's office as clerk. His health having failed, a lengthened voyage was recommended, and Mr. Bright spent five years at sea. He was on his return married to Miss Rachel Ladow, of Cum- berland County, to whom were born children, E. Ellsworth and Mary E. Mrs. Bright having died, he was married a second time, to Sarah C, daughter of Thomas Parsons, of Atlantic County, N. J. Emma is their only surviving daughter. Mr. Bright in 1862 entered the army as a member of Company H, Twenty-fourth New Jersey Volun- teers, and served for ten months. During this period he participated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. On returning he engaged in teach- ing, and in 1866 embarked in the grocery business in Bridgeton, which was continued for ten years. Since his retirement his time has been principally devoted to the cultivation of his farm. Mr. Bright is an enthusiastic Mason and Odd-Fel- low. He became, in May, 1854, a member of Cum- berland Lodge, No. 35, L O. 0. F., in which he has taken all the degrees. He entered the Gtand Lodge of New Jersey in 1865, and was appointed Grand Guardian for 1865-66. He was one of the incorpo- rators of Bridgeton Lodge, No. 129, 1. O. O. F., was Deputy Grand Master in 1870, and Grand Master in 1871-72. Mr. Bright became, in November, 1855, a member of Brearley Lodge, No. 2, F. A. M. He has served as secretary of the lodge, and is now Past Master. He is also a member of Olivet Commandery, No. 10, of Knights Templar, and is Past Eminent Commander. He is also a member of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of New Jersey. Mr. Bright does not actively interest himself in the political measures of the day. He is a Republican, and has represented the Second Ward of Bridgeton as chosen freeholder. He has also served as assessor, and been for years a member of the School Board. He is a member of St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church, and one of its vestrymen. JAMES H. FLANAGIN. Mr. Flanagin is of Irish birth, his great-grand- father, James, having emigrated to America and settled in Salem County, where he was a prosperous farmer. His two children were a daughter who died in early life, and a son James, the latter of whom resided in Salem County and followed his father's pursuits. He was united in marriage to Miss Mary Harris, whose ancestors were of Swedish extraction, and had chil- dren, eight in number, six sons and two daughters. James, one of these sons, was a native of Salem County, and acquired the trade of a cabinet-maker, which was followed assiduously for a period of fifteen years, after which he chose the more active vocation of a farmer, and removed to Cumberland County. On his retirement from business he became a resi- dent of Bridgeton, where his death occurred. He married Miss Mary Harris, of Bridgeton, and had children, — Rachel, James H., Harris, Jacob, John, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, and Hannah, all of whom lived to mature years. John, of this number, settled in Nebraska, where he became an extensive landholder, and reared a family of six children. Harris, another son, removed to Arkansas, purchased extensive tracts of land, and adopted the profession of law. He be- came judge of the Supreme Court of the State, was elected State senator, and Governor of the State in 1864. He was also honored as one of the committee to revise the State Constitution at the close of the war. He died leaving a widow and three children. James H. was born March 7, 1816, in Roadstown, Cumberland Co., N. J., and remained on the home- stead until twenty-one years of age, either assisting in the labor of the farm or pursuing his studies. He engaged for three years in teaching, and Oct. 15, 1889, ,A t/^ 'CCi^>t^ O-^'t^G^^ ^-iJ^i-'i-i-eV-^y CITY OF BRIDGETON. 629 married Eachel, daughter of Deacon William Cook, of Greenwich, N. J. They had one daughter, Olivia S. Mrs. Flanagin died Oct. 13, 1843, and he mar- ried again on the 22d of October, 1844, Rachel H., daughter of John Miller, of Lower Hopewell, an ex- tensive land-owner and a Christian gentleman, who, as an elder in the Presbyterian Church, exerted a wide-spread influence. His father was one of the earliest settlers in the county, and a slave-owner in common witli many others of the period. Mr. Flanagin began his farming career in 1840, which was continued until 1876, when he retired and removed to Bridgeton. He has since engaged in the sale of agricultural fertilizing material, which em- braces the preparing of formulas and the furnishing of material by which farmers are enabled to make their own fertilizers. He is greatly interested in the science of agriculture, and on the reorganization of the County Agricultural Society, was for three suc- cessive years its president. Mr. Flanagin is in no sense a politician, though frequently the incumbent of minor offices in the township. He is a member of the First Baptist Church of Bridgeton, and one of its most efficient trustees. JONATHAN ELMER. The Elmer family are of English extraction, the original orthography of the name having been Ay Imer. Its progenitor was Edward, who came to America in 1632, and settled in Cambridge, Mass. In the direct line of descent was Dr. Jonathan Elmer, who was born at Cedarville, Cumberland Co., N. J., Nov. 29, 1745, and died in September, 1817. He chose medicine as a profession, began his studies in 1766, and graduated in Philadelphia in 1771. He was a thorough master of the science he espoused, and is mentioned by the celebrated Dr. Rush as ex- celled by no physician in the United States in medi- cal erudition. Dr. Elmer's first settlement was at Roadstown, from whence he removed to Bridgeton. He married Mary, third daughter of Col. Ephraim Seeley, in 1769, and had children,— -Elizabeth, Sarah, William R., Jonathan, and William. The last-named son was born May 23, 1788, and, having chosen his father's profession, graduated as a physician in Phila- delphia during the year 1811, and began his career in Bridgeton. He was married, in 1812, to Nancy B., daughter of Col. David Potter, whose death occurred in 1816, after which her sister, Margaret K. Potter, became his wife in 1819. By the first marriage were born children, — Jonathan, William, and David P. ; and by the second union, — Mary,' Nancy P., and Benjamin F. Dr. Elmer was for years the leading physician of Bridgeton, though he retired from professional labor at an early age. He justly earned a reputation rank- ing him among the most successful physicians of the State. He was fearless yet discreet in practice, re- markable in diagnosis, and with a perception of dis- eases which seemed almost intuitive. On the occa- sion of the reception to Lafayette, in Philadelphia, he commanded a troop of cavalry, which for their thor- ough equipments and fine appearance attracted great attention. The doctor died May 6, 1836, at the early age of forty-eight years. His son Jonathan was born April 30, 1813, in Bridgeton, which has been his life- time residence. He in youth became a pupil at the Bridgeton Academy, and subsequently devoted his time to farming until twenty years of age, when he engaged in milling. He was married, on the 4th of March, 1835, to Miss Ruth B., daughter of Robert McLaen, of Roadstown, and has children, — Robert W. (a physician in Bridgeton), Charles R. (also re- siding in Bridgeton), Hannah M. (Mrs. John B. Bowen), Nancy P., Jonathan, Jr., of Bridgeton, and Elizabeth, deceased. Mr. Elmer continued the business of milling from 1833 until 1850, after which he became interested in agricultural pursuits. He has identified himself largely with the growth and development of Bridge- ton, and been actively interested in enterprises of a public character. He is a director of the Cumber- land Mutual Insurance Company, and has been for nearly half a century a director of the Cumberland National Bank. He was elected and served twenty- one years on the board of freeholders, for twenty years of which period he was its director, the City Council having claimed his services for nine years. He is a supporter of the First Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and has been for thirty-five years presi- dent of its board of trustees. CAPT. DAVID P. MULFORD. The Mulford family are of English ancestry, its progenitors in America having, if tradition be cor- rect, settled on Long Island, from whence they re- moved between the years 1690 and 1700, and located in Fairfield township, Cumberland Co. One of the lineal descendants was Daniel Mulford, the grand- father of the subject of this sketch, who with his wife, Nellie, resided at Pittsgrove, in the above county, where for years he ran the first stage from that point to Philadelphia. Among his sons was Moses, who resided in Bridgeton, where he acquired the trade of a blacksmith, and also followed the life of a sailor, having been both captain and owner of a vessel run- ning from Bridgeton to Philadelphia. He married Christiana, daughter of Philip Souder, of Bridgeton, who was of German descent, and the popular land- lord of a hotel in what is now known as the Third Ward of the city. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Mulford were Daniel, Philip, John, Moses, Enoch, David P., Joseph L., Allen W., Samuel, and a daughter who died in infancy. Three of this num- ber survive and reside in Bridgeton. 630 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. David P. was born March 13, 1815, in Bridgeton, ■which has been his lifetime residence. He enjoyed no especial advantages of education, and early began a career of labor as one of the crew of a sloop run- ning from Bridgeton to Philadelphia, after which he became captain of a vessel and commanded it for a period of twenty years. He also owned and man- aged a packet which conveyed both freight and pas- sengers to Philadelphia. Capt. Mulford has, since he embarked in business pursuits, been engaged in the building of vessels, in many of which he exercised a whole or partial owner- ship, and is still thus interested in fifteen vessels. He was married, in 1837, to Phoebe, daughter of Amos Sut- ton, of Bridgeton, and has children, — Harriet D., ^ife of Jacob Mingel, a tobacconist in Bridgeton ; Charles H., a merchant also in Bridgeton ; Joseph L., captain of a schooner running to Southern ports ; David P., Jr., who is associated with his father in business ; and Theodore F., of Philadelphia. Capt. Mulford retired from a seafaring life in 1859, and became a member of the firm of Dare & Mulford, which was continued until 1877, when, the senior partner having retired, David P., Jr., secured the in- terest with his father. In politics the captain is a Republican, though at an early day an Old-Line Whig. Although not an active partisan, he has been for ten years freeholder of the First Ward of Bridgeton, and was a member of the City Council during its first session, and again in 1879. He is an active Odd-Fellow, and a member of Cumberland Lodge, No. 35, I. O. 0. F., in which he has been the incumbent of all the offices within the gift of the lodge. He is also a member of Brearley Lodge, No. 2, F. A. M. Mr. and Mrs. Mulford are members of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton, of which the former has been a trustee since its organization, and is now president of tlie board. DANIEL SHARP. Isaac Sharp emigrated from England prior to the year 1750, and settled in New Jersey. Among his sons was John Sharp, the grandfather of Daniel, who married Mary Parent, and had children, — Eli, Peter, Seth, Sarah (who became Mrs. John Yates), Margaret (Mrs. James Shellhorn), John, Imly, Enoch, Eph- raim, and Mary (who married Henry Berry). Mr. Sharp resided upon a farm near Maurioetown, in Cum- berland County, where his death occurred. His son Ephraim was born Nov. 3, 1800, on the homestead, in Commercial township, which has been for more than half a century his residence. During his early life he commanded a vessel trading along the coast, after which the occupation of a farmer engaged his attention. He married Mary, daughter of Gilbert Compton, of Haleyville, in Commercial township, and had children, — Lucy (who became Mrs. Isaac Haley) and Mary (who married Lafayette Weaver). By a second marriage, to Lucy, daughter of John Bowen, were born three children, — Daniel, Lizzie, and John W. His wife having died in 1865, he married Mrs. Elizabeth Turner. Mr. Sharp resides upon the homestead, where he is still actively engaged in farming pursuits. His son Daniel was born Oct. 23, 1838, and received the best common school education obtainable at that day, which has since been utilized in a practical and suc- cessful manner, both as an instructor and in the ad- vancement of his business interests. Beginning at the age of eighteen, he taught in succession in all the districts of Commercial township for a period of seven years, after which for five years he followed the for- tunes of the sea, and became master of a vessel. On returning he acted for two years as principal of the boys' department of the public schools of the city. As a representative of the Republican party he was elected, in 1872, clerk of Cumberland County, and filled the office for two terms of five years each. Mr. Sharp was married, Dec. 8, 1858, to Miss Mary B., daughter of Charles Compton, of Mauri cetown, Cum- berland Co., and has children, — Harry H. (residing in Tacoma, Washington Territory, where he is prac- ticing the profession of law), Emma C, Lucy B. (de- ceased in 1881), Barton F., C. Compton, Walter, Dan- iel, Jr., and Mary. The death of Mrs. Sharp occurred in 1880. Mr. Sharp has been for years engaged in the propagation of oysters, and has extensive oyster- beds at Maurice River Cove, in Cumberland and Cape May Counties. During the present year he has em- barked largely in the enterprise, and devotes his at- tion exclusively to this branch of industry. He is also a director of the Cumberland and Maurice River Railroad, in the success of which he is greatly inter- ested. Mr. Sharp is an active Mason, and has been Master of the Evening Star Lodge, No. 97, of Bridge- ton. He was educated in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which his father was a most devout representative, but has more recently affiliated with the Presbyterian denomination. FRANCIS B. MINCH. The subject of this biographical sketch is the son of Archibald Minch, and was born Sept. 14, 1833, in Hopewell township, where he resided prior to his recent removal to Bridgeton. After a period spent at the neighboring district school, he was for three years a pupil of the Union Academy of Shiloh, and subse- quently engaged in farming occupations with his father, whose farm he at a later period successfully managed. He was married on the 1st of February, 1860, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin and Rachel Tice, of Hopewell township. Their children are Robert F., Bloomfield H., and Mary E. Mr. Minch was at the early age of twenty-one called to a participation in public affairs, and at the urgent solicitation of his friends was made a member of the LEWIS McBRIDE. .^^ly^U^^t^ -^^^ ^"^ CITY OF BRIDGETON. 631 township committee of Hopewell on the Republican ticket. This was during the late civil war, when heavy taxes were levied for military purposes, .and by his financial ability and discretion the township was largely relieved of its burden of indebtedness. He was elected a freeholder of Hopewell, and filled the ofBce with great acceptance for a period of nine years. He has frequently been offered the nomination for ■other important oflBcial positions, but invariably de- clined such honors. Mr. Minch has been a member ■of the County Agricultural Society since its organ- ization. He is also a director and one of the charter members of the Bridgeton National Bank. He has re- cently removed from the homestead in Hopewell and become a citizen of Bridgeton, where he has erected a spacious and attractive residence on Commerce Street, and became actively identified with the inter- ■ests of the city. Mr. Minch has long been con- nected with the Presbyterian Church in Greenwich, ■of which he was both a member and trustee, but has recently become a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, where the family are now worshipers. LEWIS McBRIDE. The subject of this biographical sketch is of Scotch- Irish ancestry, and was born in Burlington County, N. J., in 1797, where his boyhood was spent. His advantages of education were such as the public schools of the neighborhood afforded, after which, at the age of fifteen, he was apprenticed to Samuel Stackhouse, of Medford, with a view to acquiring the trade of a wheelwright, which then included the art of carriage-building. Here he remained until twenty- one years of age, and having completed his appren- ticeship, he removed, in 1818, to Bridgeton, and estab- lished a business under the firm-name of McBride & Clement. Mr. McBride finally obtained exclusive control of the business, and by his energy and skill- ful workmanship established an extensive industry, having at one period eighteen apprentices in his shops. He manufactured principally carriages and heavy wagons, the latter having an extended reputa- tion for superior excellence in construction. Mr. McBride was married, in 1822, to Miss Rebecca, daughter of Daniel Bowen, of Hopewell, represent- ing one of the oldest families in the county. Their children are PhoBbe (the late wife of Joel Fithian), Edward (now residing in Logan, Iowa, and married to Mrs. Harriett Packard), Lewis (married to Miss Ruth Harris), Rebecca (the wife of Rev. Joseph W. Hubbard, of Iowa), David (married to Miss Caroline D. Mulford, of Bridgeton), Jesse (a physician, married to Miss Minnie Chambers, of Louisville, Ky.), and Louisa (wife of Francis Clunn). David, of this num- ber, resides in Bridgeton, where he is actively en- gaged in business. He was in 1878 elected sheriff" of the county. His tastes have led to a deep interest in the agricultural development of the county, and to his identification with its agricultural society, of which he is president, and was for nine years pre- viously the efficient secretary. Mr. McBride was largely identified with the in- terests of the county, and wielded a considerable influence in matters of public import. He mani- fested much public spirit, and was the active pro- moter of all schemes having the public interest at heart. He was in politics a Whig, and was for years director of the board of freeholders of the county. He was the first incumbent of the office of super- intendent of public schools of Bridgeton, and filled the position until his death. He was the first presi- dent of the County Agricultural Society, and presi- dent of Dhe Cumberland Steamboat Company. He was a supporter and member of the Second Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton, and one of its elders at the time of his death, which occurred in October, 1864, in his sixty-seventh year. STEPHEN COX. Among the master-builders of Shropshire, England, the place of his birth, was Isaac Cox. His children were Thomas, Isaac, John, Stephen, and two daugh- ters. At a later period of his life he removed to Staf- fordshire, where his death occurred. Thomas, his son, was a builder in Staffordshire, and a man of en- terprise and extensive business connections, while Stephen was a watchmaker in Kidminster, Warwick- 632 HTSTOKY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. shire. His son John removed to Shropshire, where his life was chiefly spent as a builder. He married Mary Pierce, of Staffordshire, and had children, — James, Ann, John, Mary, Richard, Francis, Joseph, Stephen, Thomas, Elijah, Sarah, and two who died in childhood. The death of Mr. Cox occurred in Staf- j fordshire, in his seventy-eighth year, his remains } being interred in Tipton churchyard. Mrs. Cox, who died in her seventy-first year, lies buried in the same spot. Their son Richard was killed by an accident while acting as engineer of a mail steamer plying between Southampton and Havre de Grace. Stephen, the subject of this biography, was born in Bridge Row, Toll End, Staffordshire, England, on the 24th of December, 1822, his early years having been spent at the home of his parents. Such limited edu- cational opportunities as the parish school offered he enjoyed, after which, at the age of fourteen, he was apprenticed at the Horsley Iron-Works, in Stafford- shire, and remained until twenty-one years of age, when he removed to Smetherwick, in Warwickshire, when he was employed as foreman by Fox, Anderson & Co., at the London Works, near Birmingham. He remained thus engaged for ten years, and received on his retirement very flattering testimonials from his employers for proficiency and skill in his trade. Having discerned in America a broader field for the mechanic than his native land afforded, Mr. Cox emigrated with a view to prospecting. He traveled over various portions of the country and ultimately located in Reading, where he became foreman of the Nobles Machine- Works. At the expiration of the second year he accepted an engagement with the Phoenix Iron- Works, at Phcenixville, Pa., and later removed to Bridgeton, in the employ of the same company, where he assumed the foremanship of the shops of the Cumberland Nail- and Iron- Works. In the fall of 1866 he established machine-works in Bridgeton, the firm being Cox, Derube & Co. It later became Cox & Co., and subsequently Peace, Cox & Co. He has since admitted his sons, William and Stephen, to an interest in the business, the firm now being Cox & Sons. They manufacture steam heat- ing apparatus, horizontal and vertical engines and boilers. Mr. Cox was married July 24, 1843, to Miss Mary Partridge, of Staffordshire, England. Tjjieir children are William, Stephen, Mary (Mrs. Canfield), and Mercy, all born in England. Thomas was born in Phcenixville, and John T. and Charles Franklin in Bridgeton. Mr. Cox is in his political preferences a Republican, though not active in the political field. He is a member of St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church of Bridgeton, and one of its earliest wardens and the founder of its Sunday-school. Mrs. Cox is also a member of the same church. DAYTON B. WHITBKAR. The earliest representative of the Whitekar family in America was Richard, who left England in 1665, and subsequently joined the Fenwick colony. He be- came a member of the Fenwick Council of Proprietors to govern West Jersey, and wielded a commanding in- fluence. His residence until the year 1690 was in the town of Salem. It is impossible to trace the line of descent of the subject of this sketch from Richard Whitekar, though unquestionably the families are identical, and the ancestors of Dayton B. doubtless emigrated at a later date. The great-grandfather of the latter was Thomas, whose son Jeremiah had twelve children, as follows : Priscilla, Jeremiah, John, Henry, William, David, Thomas, Lydia, Hannah, Nancy, Sarah, and Maria. Mr. Whitekar died on the 18th of June, 1814. Jeremiah, his son, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was born March 23, 1780, in Fairfield township. Here his life was principally spent either in pursuit of his trade of carpenter or as a successful landlord. He married Miss Amy D. Burt, and had children, — Ann R., John, Hannah D., Elim D., Jeremiah, Dayton B., Ruth B., Priscilla W., Jeremiah P., and William C, of whom four survive. The death of Mr. Whit- ekar occurred July 12, 1828, in Bridgeton. His son, Dayton B., was born at the latter place May 7, 1814. After limited opportunities at school, the early age of fourteen found him learning the trade of a carpenter, which he followed without interruption until 1849, though changing his field of labor in 1833 to Bridge- ton, to which place his parents removed. In 1849 he embarked in the business of contracting, and also became an extensive lumber dealer in Bridgeton. This enterprise he still continues, though released from active superintendence of his varied interests, which are conducted by his brother William. Mr. Whitekar was married Nov. 25, 1835, to Miss Naomi Gentry, to whom was born a daughter, Hannah M. (Mrs. Mason). By a second marriage to Mrs. Sarah A. Woodruff, April 9, 1839, he has one daughter, Laura C. (Mrs. Cox). In politics Mr. Whitekar is a Democrat, and though at different times the incum- bent of various minor township offices, his extensive business connections in Bridgeton and elsewhere have left little time for other pursuits. In his department of industry he has exercised a controlling influence for many years. He has been especially prominent as a member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, having held, together with many subordinate posi- tions, the offices of Grand Warden and Grand Master of the State, and Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of the United States. Mr. Whitekar is a member of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton, of which he is steward and trustee, and an active worker. CITY OF MILLVILLE. 633 CHAPTER XCII. CITY OF MILLVILLE. Incorporation of the Township.— The township of Millville was set off from Fairfield and Maurice River by an act of the Legislature passed Feb. 14, 1801, to take eflFect in March, 1802. Its boundaries, as created by this act, were : " EeginniDg at the mouth of Buckshutum Creek, from thence run- ning up the middle of the water-course thereof to Northwest Branch ; thence up said Branch to a bearer dam ; thence a straight course to the head of Chatfield Branch ; thence down the same to Lebanon Branch ; thence along the line of Beeriield township to Maurice Kiver; thence up the same to the line of Gloucester County ; thonce along the same to Manamuskeen Branch; thence down the same to Scot^s line; thence along said line to Menantico Creek ; thence down the said creek to Maurice River ; thence across the river to the beginning." It included in its limits the present township of Landis, which was set off from it in 1864, reducing its limits to the present size. Incorporation of the City. — By an act approved Feb. 26, 1866, to take effect March 1, 1866, the whole township of Millville was incorporated as the city of Millville, and divided into three wards. All that part lying south of the Bridgeton and Millville turnpike on the west of the river, and all on the east of the river south of Main Street and the Learning Mill road was made the First Ward. All that part lying east of a line running from Main Street up Buck Street to Cinder (now Broad) Street, then along the centre of that street to the centre of the Millville and Glassboro (now West Jersey) Railroad, and then northward along that road to the line of Landis township was made the Second Ward. All the re- maining part of the city was made the Third Ward. The city limits include a large scope of territory having few inhabitants, and mostly covered with a growth of oak and pine, which ha.s been cut off sev- eral times, having a light sandy soil, and it has been held in tracts of hundreds and thousands of acres each by those who had no need or desire to sell. These causes combined have prevented it from being occupied and cleared by settlers. These portions, like the outlying portions of Bridgeton, were included in the city limits because of the opposition which would have arisen to creating new townships out of those outlying portions if the cities were made to in- clude only the built-up portions, as they properly should. A few early settlers had located in the bounds of Millville previous to 1795, mostly along Maurice Kiver, below the built-up portions of the city, and a saw-mill, since called Learning's Mill, was on the Menantico as early as 1720. Millville Laid Out.— The laud where the city proper now stands having passed into the hands of Joseph Buck and his associates, as already mentioned, a town was laid out and named Millville from the plan they had formed of bringing the water from the Union Pond, which had been created about three miles above the bridge, and establishing mills at this point. This town was located on the east bank of the river, at the head of tide-water and navigation, about twenty-five miles from its mouth, and fifteen miles in a straight line from Delaware Bay. Previous to 1754 there was at the place where this town was laid out a landing called Shingle Landing. The old King's Highway, from Cohansey Bridge to Cape May, crossed the Maurice River at a place called the " New Mill," near where the upper part of the Union Pond is, and ran off to the north and east of Millville to Learning's Mill, where it crossed the Menantico. June 20, 1754, a road was laid from Beriman's Run, a branch of the Menantico, to the river at Shingle Landing, and crossing there was continued to the Beaver Dam at Lebanon Branch, where it joined the old road to Cohansey. The building of a bridge here caused the place to be called "Maurice River New Bridge," "The New Bridge," and " Mau- rice River Bridge," according to the idea of the one speaking or writing of it, showing that as there was nothing there but the bridge, the names meant nothing but that. Pioneer Houses. — On the west side of the river was a house as early as 1756, owned by Lucas Peter- son, which is probably the same house which belonged to Alexander T. Moore, the grandson of Alexander Moore (the first owner of the land covering the east side of the Cohansey at Bridgeton), and where a tavern was kept by Philip Sender, Jr., in 1793, and by Benoni Dare in 1796. In the latter year Moore built an addition to it for a kitchen, for the use of his tenant. Col. Buck and his associates did not carry out their plans of bringing the water down to the town, but mills were built at the pond. They sold a few lots in the town, on which houses were built. In 1802 the only houses were the one on the west side of the river, before referred to, the kitchen of which, built in 1796, remained until that and the main part of the build- ing (which was built after that date to replace the old part which was there when the kitchen was built) were burned, about January, 1867, having previously been converted into a packing-house for the canning establishment; on the east side of the river was a small house and store owned by Nathan Leake, near the bridge ; on the north side of the street, a little farther east, were two one-story houses joined together, occupied by Preston, Hannah, and Benjamin Ware ; on the northeast corner of High and Main Streets was a one-story house owned by Jeremiah Stratton, who was one of the first purchasers of lots from Col. Buck ; farther east, about seventy feet from the hotel property which is on the northeast corner of Main and High Streets, was a small house where lived a Mrs. Newcomb ; on the south side of the street, about where there is a cigar-store occupied by Harvey Six- 634 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. smith, was a story and a half house built and occu- pied by Ezekiel Foster, who was also one of the first purchasers of lots ; a house also stood where the store of Isaac B. Mulford now is; just below the corner of High Street, on the south side of Main, was a small store kept at first by Nichols & Parker, and then by David Nichols alone, which is standing at the present day, and is occupied as a barber-shop ; a school- house stood on the ground now included in the grave- yard adjoining the Presbyterian Church, which was afterwards removed and used as a carpenter-shop, but is now gone ; Col. Buck's house stood on the north- east corner of High and Main Streets, which he built shortly after his removal to Millville, and where he lived until his death in 1805; this was afterwairds used as a tavern for many years, and was removed to make room for the present hotel building, built by Robert S. Tice. This comprised all the buildings in Millville in 1802. After the death of Col. Buck his executors sold off lots, but the growth of the place was very slow, there being nothing to cause a town to spring up until the starting of the first glass-works. So slight was the prospect of any value to the lots that some of the pur- chasers did not take their deeds, and their lots were sold by Buck's heirs many years afterwards. The chief business of the few inhabitants was the cutting and carting of cord-wood and lumber, and large quantities of these were shipped from this place to Philadelphia and other places. This business con- tinued to be carried on quite extensively until within the last twenty years, when the increasing use of coal as a fuel, and the decreasing supply of wood has caused the business to greatly decrease, and the small saw-mills which were situated on nearly every branch of Maurice River have been left idle, and most of them have been destroyed, and the ponds have mostly dis- appeared by the going down of the dams. Early Industries.— About 1806 began a new era for Millville, when James Lee and others started a window-glass factory on the site of the present works of Whitall, Tatum & Co., above the bridge. This was followed in 1814 by the iron foundry of Wood & Smith. The land covering the site of the north part of Millville having passed into the possession of David C. Wood and Edward Smith, they erected a small iron-furnace on the bank of the river, and commenced the smelting of iron. Charcoal was the fuel then used for that purpose, and the large tracts of land covering all the northern and eastern parts of the then township of Millville, and extending into Gloucester and Salem Counties, owned by this firm, furnished the supply. It was cheaper to bring the iron ore to the fuel than to take the fuel to the ore. Smith soon sold his interest to Wood, who carried on the business alone. These manufactories brought new inhabitants to Millville, and the town planned by Col. Buck began to grow. The growth of it since that date has kept pace with the growth of its manu- factures. Surrounded by a country that was unim- proved, it has had to depend entirely on the resources contained in its own limits for its growth. Growth of the Town. — In 1822 it was still a small village, of probably not over one hundred and fifty inhabitants. At that time there were but two houses on Main Street above Second, a one-story house at the southwest corner of Third, owned and occupied by John Coleman for many years after, and which stood until 1856, when it was bought by Lewis Mul- ford and torn down to make room for his present dwelling, and the other at the southwest corner of Fourth Street, owned by Dr. Charles Garrison, and occupied by Isaac Powell, which is still standing. At the southeast corner of Second and Main was the " Red House," as it was called for many years, owned by Dr. Garrison, and in which he resided until his death, when he willed it, together with quite a num- ber of valuable lots in Millville and a large tract ad- joining the town on the east, to his adopted son, Charles Garrison Ireland, for his life. Mr. Ireland has lately died, and the property has come into the possession of his heirs. The tying up of this prop- erty in that way for so many years has been a great detriment to the eastern part of Millville, and to the interests of the heirs, by turning the tide of improve- ment to other parts of the town. In 1822 the window- glass works were idle, the former owners having made a failure. In 1837 a strong effort was made to locate the county-seat at this place, but in the election to deter- mine the question in that year Millville was defeated, and was left without the help which the possession of the county buildings would have given. The building of glass-works at Schetterville (now South Millville) in 1832, the erection of the cotton- mill from 1852 to 1854, and the enlargement of those works from time to time have been the great sources of the prosperity of Millville. The population of the city proper, excluding the country portions of the municipality, may be approxi- mately given at about 1200 in 1840, 1600 in 1850, 3300 in 1860, 5700 in 1870, 7200 in 1880, and is now about 8000, and including the country portions is about 8500. Streets in Millville.— The town plat of Millville, as originally laid out by Joseph Buck, extended from Smith Street on the south to the present Broad Street on the north, and from the river eastward to Fourth Street. Main Street, from the river due east forty- two perches, and Malaga road (Second Street) were laid out in 1796, but none of the other streets were regularly laid out until March 9, 1815, when the streets as they now exist within the above bounds, and with their present names, were duly recorded in the road-book of the county. As the town increased in eize these streets were lengthened out, and others were opened, some of them regularly laid out, but many of them not. In 1858, CITY OP MILLVILLE. 635 Thomas H. Paschall, under the direction of the town- ship committee, made a survey of the streets of the place, and completed a map of them, called the "Millville town plat." March 9, 1859, an act was passed hy the Legislature that upon a copy of that map, showing the location of the different streets, being filed in the county clerk's office, they should become public highways, and be kept in order by the overseer of roads of the township. Since the incor- poration of the city the laying out of new streets has been in the power of the Council, and a large number of new ones have been laid out, especially on the west side of the river, on both sides of and crossing the Bridgeton and Millville turnpike. A large tract of land now crossed by these streets was the dower-land of a Mrs. Brandriff, and on partition proceedings in the Orphans' Court of this county it was ordered sold by commissioners. Streets were run through it, and it was sold in lots. Most of the new houses on the west side of the river have been built on this property since 1870. The roads and streets were always bad, and at times almost impassable, owing to the depth of the loose white sand which covered the site of the town. They were in their best condition when frozen. Upon the incorporation of the city the Council commenced to improve the streets and principal roads leading to the city. The streets were straightened, and lot-owners were compelled to move back their fences when they were found to have encroached upon the line of the streets, as they had in many instances. Clay and gravel were carted in immense quantities and at great expense, and all the streets and leading roads were heavily coated with it. This work was pushed on from year to year, and at the end of ten years, when it was substantially completed, it was found that eighty-two thousand dollars had been expended for this purpose, every cent of which was raised by tax, a marked contrast to those municipalities in other portions of the State which during the same decade became involved in enormous debts, mostly borrowed for public improvements. Large sums are still spent yearly in keeping the streets up to their good condi- tion and in improving the new streets since laid out. Great complaint was made at the time by many of the inhabitants because of the large sums spent in this way, but it is safe to say that not a single inhabitant, after enjoying this great improvement for a year, would be willing to go back to the old condition of the streets. For every dollar spent in this way Mill- ville had received many in return in the increased value of property and the great change in the at- tractiveness of the place. The improvement of the streets has been followed by a general spirit of im- provement by the property-owners. The old-time rows of frame tenement-houses, so well known in former years as a marked characteristic of towns where the manufacture of glass was a leading occu- pation, are no longer built, and the former ones are disappearing. In their places neat single and double houses are building, with many of the modern im- provements and ornamentations, and the painting of houses and building of porticos and verandas have contributed to change Millville from a sandy, un- interesting glass-house town to a neat, well-built, attractive city. Bridges. — The first bridge at the place now called Millville was built between June 20, 1754, when the road before mentioned was laid out across the river at this place, and October, 1856, when it is referred to as having been " lately built" in laying out a road from it to Fairfield. It was a short distance below the present one, and rested on log cribs, and was with- out any draw. Whether this bridge was replaced by another before the beginning of this century is un- known, but, judging from the length of time other bride;es lasted, it is probable that it was. After the law was passed requiring bridges to be built by the county repairs were made to it, and in 1807, after the glass-works were established above it, a new one was ordered built by the board of freeholders, with a hoisting draw in it, the building of the glass-works necessitating a draw. A contract was made with Jeremiah Buck, and the bridge was built in that summer for the sum of one thousand and fifty dollars. It was a continual source of trouble, and in 1816 was radically rebuilt. In 1823 a new bridge was built on the site of the old one, three rods longer on the west side. This bridge was eleven rods long, and twenty feet wide, with wings extending twenty feet above and below the bridge, and a draw twenty-three feet wide. A contract was made with John Elkinton, who built it at a cost of fifteen hundred and fifty dollars. This draw not answering the purpose, a new one was built in 1828, on the same plan of the one at Bridgeton. This bridge stood until 1837, when the board resolved to build a new one, a law having been passed by the Legislature of that year authorizing a bridge over the river. Previous to that no law authorized it, and it was without any protection from any one who in- jured or interfered with it. This bridge was located a short distance above the former ones, on aline with Main Street, and was one hundred feet long, twenty feet wide, and was a pivot-bridge. The draw was twenty-four feet wide, and the abutment on the west side of the river was built of stone ; previous to this only log abutments having been used. The north wing of the western abutment was run out one hun- dred feet, so as to hold the dirt to be tilled in. In November, 1860, the board of freeholders met at Mill- ville, and resolved to build a new draw to the bridge, but the next month they authorized their committee on the bridge to reconstruct so much of it as neces- sary. During that year it was rebuilt, and was essen- tially a new bridge. This bridge lasted until 1873, when the present wrought-iron pivot-bridge was built, at a cost of $24,574.48. In 1860 a new bridge was built over the river on 636 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Sharp Street, then lately laid out from the vicinity of the cotton-mill across the river to the turnpike to Bridgeton. The length of this bridge was eighty-four feet, and its width sixteen feet, with stone abutments, and it rested on white-oak posts. It was located close to the hill on the west side of the river. After the putting up of the present dam, in 1868, the location of the bridge was not suitable to the overflow of the dam, and after several eflbrts to move it, the board of freeholders, in May, 1871, resolved to build a new iron bridge opposite the tumbling-dam of the pond, which was done that summer, and the old bridge was adver- tised and sold. Menantico Bridges. — When the present straight road from Millville to Port Elizabeth was laid, afl*ra long contest over its location, the board of freeholders, on May 8, 1805, ordered a bridge built, which was done that year, at an expense of two hundred and twenty-eight dollars and forty-four cents. This bridge had no draw. In 1819 a law was passed for the build- ing of a draw in the bridge here, in order to allow vessels to ascend to Schooner Landing. At a meet- ing of the freeholders in June of that year, a new bridge with a draw was ordered built, and one thou- sand dollars appropriated for it, and it was completed the same year. So imperfect was this that six years after, in 1825, the board ordered a new draw built on same plan as the one at Bridgeton, and in August, 1827, they appointed a committee to contract for tim- ber for a thorough rebuilding of the bridge and for doing the work, and ordered the draw to be made twenty-four feet wide, the abutments, of white-ash logs, to be extended into the creek on both sides so as to make the bridge shorter, and the bridge to be raised one foot higher. This was done during 1828. In 1844 the board resolved to build a pivot-bridge at this place, fifty feet long between abutments and four- teen feet wide in the clear, the draw to be twenty-five feet wide. In 1868 a new draw was built. In May, 1873, the bridge was thoroughly rebuilt, and the draw retained, although it was little used owing to Schooner Landing having fallen into decay, and the wood trade having almost entirely ceased. In 1881 the bridge was repaired, and a new draw built. Fost-Offices, — A mail route was established from Woodbury to Bridgeton, Millville, Port Elizabeth, and Cape May in 1802, and oflSces were established and postmasters appointed for the latter three places Jan. 1, 1803. The first postmaster at Millville was Robert Smith, who was one of the purchasers of the property at Millville, with Joseph Buck and others. The present incumbent is John W. Newlin, who was appointed March 28, 1878. Stages and Steamboats. — Previous to 1815 the stage route from Millville to Philadelphia ran by way of Bridgeton. At that time a stage was started directly north through Malaga, and for several years before the building of the railroad, in 1860, there was a daily line. The first steamboat to Philadelphia was started by a joint-stock company in 1846, but the expense of running a boat, owing to the length of the route, was such that it was soon abandoned. Since that a boat called the "Ohickapee" was run from here to Phila- delphia by Samuel F. Fries, but she was burnt in about a year, while lying at Feaster's Landing, two miles below Millville. More recently the " Helen Getty" ran on that route, but she shared the fate of her predecessor, and was burnt at the wharf in Mill- ville. Press in Millville. — The Millville Republican was established Jan. 4, 1864, by John W. Newlin, who has continued its editor and proprietor ever since. It is the organ of the Republican party in this end of the county, and is published weekly. The Millville Herald is a weekly Democratic paper, first issued in October, 1871, by William A. Gwynne, who remained its proprietor until October, 1878, when he sold it to Henry C. Whitaker and his son, Frank A. Whitaker, who are the present editors and pro- prietors. The Transcript was first issued March 10, 1882, by J. Bennington Elfreth, and has been published by him ever since. It is a Democratic paper. Public Schools. — The first public school-house in Millville was built in 1849, at the corner of Third and Sassafras Streets. It is a three-story building, the first story being of brick, and the upper two of frame, and it will seat about four hundred and fifty scholars. It is called the Central School. About 1862 a second school-house was built, now called the Furnace School, on the corner of Powell and Dock Streets, in the neighborhood of the cotton-mill. It is a two-story brick house, and it will seat about three hundred and fifty scholars. The increase of inhab- itants west of the river called for a school-house in that portion of the city, and in 1871 a two-story brick house, with a seating capacity of two hundred, was built on West Main Street, or Bridgeton and Millville turnpike, and is known as the Western School. In 1872 a two-story brick house of about the same seating capacity as the Western was built on South Fourth, below Smith Street. This is now called the Eastern School. The Northeastern school-house, on North Fourth Street, was built in 1878. It is a one- story brick building, and will seat one hundred schol- ars. A new school-house was built at Schetterville in 1879, and is a one-story brick building, seating one hundred and fifty scholars. The New Furnace School, at the corner of Archer and McNeal Streets, a fine two-story brick building, seating two hundred, was built in 1882. Beside these seven school-houses within the city proper, there are five schools in the country portions of the territory of the city. Pine Grove, on the Bridgeton and Millville turnpike, three miles from the bridge at Millville, is a neat and con- venient one-story building, of brick, and has seating room for thirty scholars. Farmington, formerly called CITY OF MILLVILLE. 637 Zoar, is on the road from Bridgeton to Buckshutum, at the junction of the road running soulh from the Pine Grove school-house, and near the southeastern limits of the city. It is a one-story frame house, seat- ing about forty scholars, built in 1873, and is in good condition. Oak Grove school-house is a small frame building, in poor condition, at the junction of the roads to Buckshutum from Bridgeton and Millville. It was built by John H. Sharp about 1870, who allowed the Board of Education to use it, which they have ever since done. It will seat about twenty-five scholars. About one and a half miles east of the river, on the road leading to the place where was formerly Learn- ing's mill, is a brick school-house, one story high, built in 1875, that will seat about thirty pupils. It is called Newcomb's. On the road to Port Elizabeth, near the line of the city, is the Menantico house, a two-story brick, the first story used for the school, and the upper room used by the people of the neighbor- hood to hold religious meetings in, they contributing toward the expense of the extra story. It was built in 1876, and the school-room will seat forty. The Board of Education maintain good schools in all of these, and those in the city proper are of an excellent character. They employ six male and thirty female teachers, and the total running expenses of the schools each year are about nineteen thousand dollars. The school property is valued at fifty thou- sand dollars, and the total number of children in the city limits within the school age is two thousand five hundred and fifty-six. Workingmen's Institute of Millville.'— The in- stitute was organized in March, 1882. It comprised over four hundred members, and opened a hall hired for the purpose, in which it provided games, music, lectures, debates, etc., and smoking and conversation was unrestrained. Three months of trial proved its success in attracting young men from the saloons. The absence of any rules of order placed them on their sense of propriety, and no case of rowdyism was had. A fine lot was bought at head of High Street, with large grounds in the rear. The foundation was begun in May, 1882, and the corner-stone was laid July 4, 1882, the whole town joining in a holiday on the occa- sion. The superstructure was completed in February, 1883. The opening was celebrated by a tea-party given by the ladies of the city. It realized one thou- sand dollars for the institute. The purpose of the institute is to advance the moral and educational in- terests of the people. Organized by the workingmen on the basis of improving their leisure hours, it was founded largely on the basis of entertainment. Act- ing on this principle, the chief room in the building on the main floor is fitted up as a club-room, with pictures, tables, and comfortable chairs. Music and 1 From Bichard M. Atwater, of M illTille. singing are heard, and games of checkers, chess, authors, jack-straws, puzzles, etc., amuse the crowd nightly. The attendance numbers over a hundred nightly. The noise is social, not boisterous. In an adjoining room is the library of two thousand vol- umes, and a reading-room which has been made quite attractive. The latter is supplied with the daily New York and Philadelphia papers, together with illus- trated magazines and papers. The room is open to ladies and children, while the club-room is only open to men. The average number in attendance in this room is sixty. In the basement is located the gymna- sium, bath-rooms, kitchen, for use in festivals, and the steam-heating apparatus. The gymnasium is now being fitted up with approved apparatus. The bath- rooms are popular, and have an average attendance of fifty per week. A charge is made for the bath, but members have the use of it at a reduced rate. The upper story contains a hall with seats for five hundred people, a stage fitted with scenery, and two dressing-rooms attached. This hall is largely used for amateur performances, school exhibitions, and social gatherings. The various temperance organiza- tions use it as their meeting-room, and the Sunday afternoon temperance meetings of the Women's Chris- tian Temperance Union are held there. The audi- ences are largely from a class which rarely attend a temperance meeting in a church. The rental of the hall afibrds a large income. Beside the hall there are four class-rooms on the upper floor, which are occupied almost every evening by classes in English branches. This is one of the most important branches of the work planned by the directors, and they hope to extend it to a regular course of industrial education. The building and furniture cost twenty-three thousand dollars. Mr. R. Pearsall Smith, one of the members of the firm of Whitall, Tatum & Co., gave five thousand dollars, and advanced the rest at a low rate of interest. The institute has itself raised, by subscription, members' dues, and entertainments, two thousand five hundred dollars. Members' dues and the baths are expected to pay the expenses. The annual tax is only one dol- lar, with an extra charge for the use of the depart- ments. Its membership and management are chiefly from the ranks of the glass-factories, and the build- ing stands as a testimonial of the earnest endeavor of the employes of the great establishments to advance the interests of temperance, co-operation, and educa- tion, the three fundamental principles of the insti- tute. Millville National Bank. — This bank was char- tered under the name of Millville Bank, as a State bank, by act of the Legislature approved March 19, 1857, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars, and was at once organized. The first officers were : Presi- dent, Nathaniel Stratton, and caihier, Lewis Mul- ford. They built a convenient bank building in 1857, at a cost of two thousand eight hundred dollars, on 638 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the northeast corner of Second and Main Streets, which they still occupy. In 1865 it became a na- tional bank under the above name, and the capital stock was increased to one hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Stratton remained president until Jan. 14, 1868, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Lewis Mul- ford, the cashier, who has held the office to the present time. On the promotion of Lewis Mulford to the presidency, Thomas E. Mulford became cashier, and continued until his death, March, 1875, when he was succeeded by Edward H. Stokes, who was elected March 30, 1875, and is the present efficient officer. The bank building was rebuilt and refitted during 1883, at an expense of two thousand five hundred dollars, and it is now one of the most convenient edi- fices of the kind to be found outside of the larger cities. The bank is a paying institution, the divi- dends on its stock having been as high as ten per cent., and for several years past they have been eight per cent. The MillviUe Mutual Marine and Fire In- surance Company. — The charter of this company was granted by the Legislature in 1859, but no organ- ization was effected until 1867, when the company was formed, with Nathaniel Stratton as president, and Samuel F. Fries as secretary, the latter of whom was succeeded by Furman L. Mulford in 1872. It built a handsome brick building on the south side of Main Street, not far from the river, part of which it occu- • pies for its own offices and part is rented for offices to other parties. It did not confine itself to local busi- ness, but effected insurance on both the stock and the mutual plan throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi. The great extent of their risks proved disastrous to the company, and they met with heavy losses. This necessitated a suspension of business until sufficient funds were raised by an assessment of the premium notes held by them to pay oflf their losses. It recommenced business Oct. 26, 1880, with Furman L. Mulford as president, and Richard L. Howell as secretary. On the death of Mr. Mulford, March 21, 1881, he was succeeded by Francis Reeves, who is the present head officer. Since its reorganiza- tion it has confined its business to this State, and it is now a safe and reliable insurance company. MiUviUe Gas-Light Company.— This company was chartered in 1857, and the works built to supply the cotton-mill, and the pipes were not extended through the town until six or seven years later. The Millville Water Company.— This is a cor- poration, all of the stock of which belongs to the heirs of Richard D. Wood, deceased. A contract between the company and the city of Millville was entered into Jan. 16, 1879, by which the city agreed to pay the sum of thirty-nine thousand dollars, in consideration of which the company agreed to erect water-works, and allow the city the use of the water, free of all cost, for fire purposes, flushing gutters, and sprinkling streets. The works were erected that year, and water was turned on about July 1, 1879. The works are supplied with one of E. Gaylin's duplex turbine-wheels, with a pumping capacity of one mil- lion two hundred thousand gallons every twenty-four hours. A stand-pipe twelve feet in diameter and one hundred and twenty-eight feet high is erected, from which the city is supplied. Water to operate the turbine is drawn from the pond, and the water for city use is taken from a large well. Over eight miles of water-pipe have been laid throughout the city. The purchase of the works by the city is now in con- ;emplation. CHOSEN FEEBHOLDERS :. Fithian Stratton, Sr. J NatfaaD Leake. I ;. Fitbian Stratton. | Bobert Smith. I 804. Robert Smith. Jeremiah Stratton. 805-6. Robert Smith. Ezekiel Foster. 807-10. Ezekiel Foster. Daniel Richman. 811. Daniel Richmau. Nathan Leake. 812. Ezekiel Foster. Nathan Leake. 813-15. Ezekiel Foster. John Wishart. 816. Nathan Leake. Israel Stratton. 817. Nathan Leake. James McCIong. 818-20. Jeremiah Stratton. Nathan Leake. .821-22. John Lanning, Jr. Nathan Leake. 82;j-25. Daniel Brandriff. William DntFee. .826. Nathan Leake. William Duffee. 827-28. Spencer Frasey. Daniel Brandriff. .829. Jeremiah Stratton. Nathan Leake. 830. Richard L. Wood. Daniel Brandrifif. 831. Richard L. Wood. Cooper Madden. 832. Joseph T. Ward. Daniel Brandriff. AND CITT OFFICERS. 1833-34, William G. Leake. Cooper Madden. 1835. Lewis Mulford. Cooper Madden. 1836. Preston Stratton. Cooper Madden. 1837. Lewis Mulford. Robert Jordan. 1838. Jeremiah Stratton. Isaiah Barnes. 1839. Jeremiah Stratton. William G. Leake. 1840. Jeremiah Stratton. Cooper Madden. 1841-42. Jeremiah Stratton. William G. Leake. 1843-44: Jeremiah Stratton. James Loper. 1845-46. James Loper. Lewis Mulford. 1847. William 6. Leake. William Stratton. 184S. William Stratton. Lewis Mulford. 1849-50. James Loper. Lewis Mulford. 1851-52. Lewis Mulford. William Stratton. 1863-54. Lewis Mulford. Edward Tatom. 1855-56. George B. Cooper. Jacob Johnson, 1857-58. Dr. Ferdinand F. Sharp. William D. Wilson. 1859-64. Dr. Ferdinand F. Sharp. Nathaniel H. Reeves. 1865. Thomas Corson. Francis Reeves. Mnst Ward. ,866. Nathaniel H. Reeves. Thomas Corson. 867. John L. Sharp. Lewis Mulford. .868. Nathaniel H. Beeves. Nathaniel Stratton. -70. Samuel Hilliard. Smith Reeves. .871. Smith Reeves. Albert Harris. 1872-73, Smith Reeves, Peter G, Ludlum. .874. Somers L. Irwin. Smith Reeves. ). Francis Reeves. Furman L. Mulford. 1867. Francis Reeves. Stepheu A. Garrison. 1875. Somers L. Irwin. Peter G. Ludlum. 1876. Somers L. Irwin. Smith Beeves. 1877. Somers L. Irwin. Peter G. Lndlnm. 1878. Somers L. Irwin. John N. Brannin. 1879 Somers L. Irwin. Elhridge G. McCIong. 1880. Somers L. Irwin. 1881-82. Francis L. Godfrey. 1883. Jeremiah Corson. Second Ward. 1868. Francis Reeves. Furman L. Mulford. 1869. Nathaniel Reeves. George W. Dnmmett. CITY OP MILLVILLE. 639 1870. Francis Beeres. George W. Bummett. 1871. John W. Newlin. Elias Wilson. 1872. Elias Wilson. Francis Beeves. 1873-74. Francis Beeves. John Carrell. 1875. Francis Beeves. 1375. Andrew J. Steelman. 1876-77. Francis Beeves. John Carrell. 1878-79. Francis Beeves. Aaron Biley. 1880. Francis Beeves. 1881. Alfred Brandrlff. 1882. William MoOlure. 1883. Francis Beeves. Third Ward. 1866. George Wood. Elias Wilson. 1867-78, James L. Wilson. George Wood. 1869-70. John McNeel, Sr. George Wood. 1871. John McNeal, Sr, Malcolm B, McNeal. 1872-73, James McLaughlin. George B. Langley. 1874. George B, Langley, Samuel Hilliard. 1875-76, George B. Langley. William McClure. 1877. William MoClure, Charles McQuilkin, 1878. William McClure, George B. Langlej', 1879. Charles McQuilkin, John W. Hannold. 1880. William McClure. 1881. Clarence Westcott. 1882. Alfred Brandriff. 1883. James McLaughlin. Under the provisiona of the act incorporating the city the following have been the city officers : 1866. James M. Wells. 1SG8. Thomas Carson. 1869. James M. Wells. MATOES. 1871. George W. Dummitt. 1874. Dayton Wallen. 1877. Josiah B. Comer. CITY TEBASUEEBS, 1866, Thomas E. Mulford. 1869, Thomas M,Ludlam. 1871. James McLaughlin. 1876. Edward H. Stokes. 1878. James Elfreth. 1879. Edward H. Stokes. CITY SCHOOL SUPEEINTENDENTS. 1866. Dr. E. B. Bichman. 1872. Bichard Atwater. 1873. George C. Smith. 1874. John W. Newlin. 1878. Dr. W. H. C. Smith. 1880. John W. Newlin. 1882. Dr. J, A, Bolard. 1866. James H. Nixon. 1880, J, L, Van Syckel. CITY SOLICITOKS. 1881. James H. Nixon. The present officers, and the time of their last elec- tion, are: Mayor, Josiah B. Comer, 1883 ; President of City Council, Eugene B. Goodwin, 1883; Councilmen, 1st Ward, John J. Dunham, 1882; Charles P. Bartlett, 1882 ; Johnson GarSon, 1883; 2d Ward, Eugene B. Goodwin, 1883; Luke W. Vanneman, 1882; J. Wesley Simmons, 1883; 3d Ward, Clarence Westcott, 1883; George B. Langley, 1882 ; James McLaughlin, appointed to fill vacancy; Becorder, John S. Hand,1883; City Treaanrer, Edward H. Stokes, 1883; City Solicitor, James H. Nixon, 1883 ; City Marshal, Jesse L. Butter, 1883 ; Board of Education, John H. Sixsmith (president), Thomas Carson, Jr., Bobert Bambf, Joseph Congdon, Samuel Berry, William Manks, Edward P. Counsellor, Dr. Thomas Sturdivant, Jacob Bieck. City Hall. — Since the incorporation of the city the city offices have been held in rented buildings until 1881, when a city hall was built on the northeast cor- ner of Second and Sassafras Streets, in the Second Ward of the city. In the lower story is the mayor's office, lock-up, and a fire-engine room, while the upper story is in one room, and used as a Council chamber, and for the meetings of the Board of Educa- tion and other public bodies. It is a handsome brick building, and cost about four thousand dollars. BOOLESIASTICAL. First Methodist Episcopal Churcli of Millville. — Cumberland Circuit was set oif from Salem Circuit in 1807, and in 1808 its total membership was seven hundred and eleven. In that year Samuel Cassa- boon, a local preacher, organized in Millville the first class, consisting of three members. In 1814, John Walker preached statedly at the dwelling of Thomas Byonts, and made an unsuccessful attempt to organize a society. At this time the only place of worship, aside from private houses, was the old school-house, which was built about 1800, on the north corner of Second and Sassafras Streets. In this house it is said that the celebrated and eccen- tric Lorenzo Dow preached to the few Methodists and others here at an early time. In 1819 two local preachers — Jesse Coombs and William M. Wigan — held services in the old school- house, and organized a class, which in 1821 num- bered twenty-eight members, and in 1 823 sixty-three. In the latter year an unfinished stone dwelling-house, on the corner of Second and Smith Streets, was pur- chased, and fitted up for a place of worship, and was dedicated in 1824. Here the congregation worshiped till 1845, when a new church building was erected, and in 1867 the present fine edifice was built. In 1853 Millville became a station. The pastors have been Revs. T. W. McDougal, C. 8. Downs, Daniel DufEle, Samuel E. Post, Samuel Vansant, G. Hughes, L. K. Street, Q. K. Morris, U. M. Brown, Kichard Thorne, Jr., B. F. Sharp. Ananias Lawrence, William Boyle, G. B. White. The membership was in 1867 five hundred, and in 1877 eight hundred. In the latter year Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church was formed from this society, which, of course, reduced the number of members. In 1883 the membership is six hundred and seventy-three. The value of the church property is estimated at twenty-eight thousand five hundred dollars. Foundry Methodist Episcopal Church, Mill- ville, was organized in 1855. In that year its church edifice was built, and it was dedicated in 1856. The society was set off" as a separate charge in 1857, at which time it had thirty members and ninety proba- tioners; and during that year one hundred and forty members were added to the church. The present membership is two hundred and seventy. The pastors have been Revs. Joseph G. Crate, I. 8. Hugg, David Duffle, James S. Tucker, C. H. Flem- ing, M. Ra,leigh, S. F. Wheeler, J. H. Hutchinson, R. J. Andrews, C. H. Whitaker, S. W. Lake. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, MiUviUe. — This society was organized in 1877, with thirty-six original members, who withdrew from the First Meth- odist Episcopal Church for the purpose of forming this. The new organization took the old church edifice of the parent society subject to a lien of two thousand dollars, and in the same year rebuilt it at a 640 HISTOEY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. cost of twelve hundred. In 1878 the membership numbered 231 ; in 1880, 377 ; and in 1883, 462. The pastors have been Revs. John S. Gaskill, James H. Payran, and Joseph L. Roe. The value of the church property is estimated at eight thousand dollars. Corse Chapel (African Methodist Episcopal), Millville. — A society was organized here in 1864, with sixteen members. A house of worship was erected about a year subsequent to the organization of the church. It was named Corse Chapel, in honor of William Corse, who was the founder and most active member of the society. It is a modest and neat wooden structure, fifty-five by twenty-five feet in size, and its total cost was five hundred and twenty- five dollars. The pastors who have served the society have been Revs. Joshua Woodin, William Watson, Joseph Nel- son, Benjamin Darks, Leonard Patterson, Joseph Smith, James Pierce, Alfred Garrison, John H. Bean, Wilson Peterson, J. T. Gilbert Waters, Elisha Paul Grinwedge, and the present pastor, R. M. Yeamans. The present membership of the society is thirty-five, and it is in a prosperous condition. Millville Presbyterian Church.'— Prior to 1823 there was no house of worship in Millville. People of all denominations held services in the old school- house that stood on the northeast corner of Second and Sassafras Streets. In 1823-24 the Methodists fitted up a building that they had purchased for a house of worship, but the Presbyterians and Baptists continued to meet in the old school-house. Aug. 12, 1820, Rev. Ethan Osborne and Jonathan Freeman, who were appointed for that purpose by the Presbytery of Philadelphia, met at the house of James Park, in Port Elizabeth, and organized the first Pres- byterian Church in Maurice River, Cumberland Co., with the following constituent members : Nathaniel Foster. Hannah Newcomh. Lydia Foster. George Bush. Jeremiah Stratton. Jane Bush, Zerviah Stratton. Betsey Craig. Preston Foster. Robert McGriffin. Mariah Vanhook. Mary McGriffin. Ruth Stratton. Virgil M. Davis. Hannah Stratton, Elizabeth Davis. Hannah Glaspey. Samuel T. Barry. Hannah Jordan. Ruth Barry. Jeremiah Stratton, Nathaniel Foster, and Samuel Barry were chosen elders. Most of the influential members resided in Mill- ville, and the interests of the church gradually cen- tred there, hence the society came to be commonly, though erroneously, called the " Millville Prssbyterian Church." Occasional supplies were sent by the Presbytery, and of such the names are remembered of Revs. Os- borne, Freeman, Hoff, Janvier, Parvin, Burt, Law- rence, and Manton. 1 Condensed from u history of this church by Elder Edward W. Maylin, ' A lot on the northeast corner of Second and Sassa- fras Streets was donated to the society by the Buck family, and on this a church edifice was erected. It was completed and dedicated in 1838. It was a wooden building thirty by forty feet in size. It was enlarged in 1855, and again in 1868 it was further enlarged, improved, and modernized, and a tower was erected in front in which was placed a bell, the gift of Mrs. Amanda Mulford, wife of Lewis Mulford. The whole cost of the church was about five thousand five hundred dollars. A parsonage was built in 1843 on the corner of the lot north from the church. At the time of the first enlargement a reed organ was introduced, the first musical instrument used in any of the churches in Millville. The organists have been Miss Sarah W. Maylin, Miss Maggie F. Maylin, Miss Eva Fithian. The pastors of the society since the erection of the church have been, in the order of their pastorates. Revs. John McCoy, Richard Curran, Theophilus Potts, Simeon Peck, Isaac Davidson, Charles Oakley, David McCoy, David Henderson, Olmstead, Henry C. Fries, I. H. Northrup, Na- thaniel McConaughy, Joseph E. Scott, Joseph D. Wilson, Henry L. Mayers, and Clearfield Park, the present pastor. Millville Baptist Church. — Immediately after the disbandment of the Baptist Church at Port Elizabeth this church was organized, with forty-three constitu- ent members, most of whom were from the disbanded church. In the year of its organization the society erected its first church edifice, which was rebuilt in 1872, and again in 1882. Its present value is esti- mated at ten thousand dollars) and the society has an elegant parsonage, which is valued at three thousand dollars. The church is free from debt and in a pros- perous condition. The pastors have been, in succession. Revs. H. Westcott, one year; E. Sheppard, one ; William P. Maul, five; William Smith, three; J. Currie, two; H. W. Weber, two ; William Humpstone, two ; H. D. Burdick, one ; Harden Wheat, one ; E. L. Stager, four ; H. C. Applegarth, one ; and C. A. Mott, since Jan. 1, 1880. St. Mary Magdalen's Church'' at Millville.— The first mass in Millville was celebrated at the house of John Marshall, on Main Street, in 1859. A fiock was soon gathered, and in 1861 a church was built. In 1871 a new church was erected, at a cost of thirty thousand dollars. It is a brick structure, with a seat- ing capacity of five hundred. The parochial residence stands next the church. It is a wooden building, and its cost was five thousand dollars. It is one of the finest Catholic parsonages in New Jersey. The pastors of this church have been Rev. Fathers Hyman, Martin Gessner, Theophilus Degen, Peter Vivert, William J. Dwyer (deceased), and the present pastor, C. J. Giese. ' Information furnished by D, A, Marshall. CITY OF MILLVILLE. 641 A parochial school waa estahlished here in 1872, in rooms under the same roof with the church. The principals have "been Miss Mary Gillin, Mr. D. A. Marshal], Miss Eosa Ee^an, Miss Malone, Miss Maggie Welser, and the present teacher, Miss Alice Marshall. The average attendance at this school is sixty. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Chureli of Millville. — St. Paul's congregation was organized in 1859. It worshiped during several years in the town hall, but in 1867 the present house of worship, on the corner of Third and Mulberry Streets, was erected. It is a commodious wooden structure, thirty by fifty feet in size, and its cost, including site. Was two thousand dollars, all of which has been paid. The pastors have been Bevs. John H. Fritz, John Leonberger, and the present one, George F. Miller. The present membership is about thirty, and the society has from the first enjoyed a reasonable degree of prosperity. Christ Church {Episcopal)' of Millville was or- ganized in November, 1860, with Miss Adelaide Thomas, G. B. Cooper, Mrs. G. B. Cooper, J. S. Six- smith, and Margaretta Sixsmith as constituent mem- bers. The rectors and the year of the commencement of each rectoi-ship are as follows : Eevs. Dr. Knight, F. E. E. Chubbuck, 1865; Lucius N. Voight, 1868; Merritt H. Wellman, 1873; B. W. Bradin, 1879; and A. G. Balier, 1883. The first place of worship was the town hall, but a house of worship was erected, and dedicated June 22, 1881. It is a framed structure located on the corner of Second and Sassafras Streets, and the prop- erty is valued at two thousand dollars. The parish has no debt. The membership is sixty-four. SOCIETIES. Millville Lodge, No. 47, 1. 0. 0. F.— On Oct. 29, 1846, five members of Cumberland Lodge, No. 35, located at Bridgeton, took withdrawal cards for the purpose of forming a new lodge at Millville, which was accomplished on Feb. 4, 1847, when Lewis Mul- ford was chosen and installed the first Noble Grand. They fitted up a lodge-room in the old town hall at the corner of Second and Pine Streets, and have held their meetings in that place ever since. It is one of the largest lodges in the State, having about two hundred members, and pays out about two thou- sand five hundred dollars yearly, nearly all for benefits. They have a surplus fund of over ten thou- sand dollars. The present officers are : N. G., Joseph A. Webb ; V. G., William Syfer ; Eec. Sec, James Fithian; Fin. Sec, Edward Conover; Treas., Josiah B. Comer. Millville Encampment, No. 29, 1. 0. 0. F.— This encampment was organized Oct. 11, 1865, having as 41 ' Information furnished liy J. H. Sixsmith. Chief Patriarch George E. Green. They have always occupied the lodge-room of Millville Lodge, and have carried on the work of the encampment with prudence and energy. They have a surplus of about sixteen hundred dollars on hand, and number about seventy members at this time. The present oflicers are : C. P., Eobert Little ; S. W., John Geis- singer; J. W., William Syfer; S., Samuel B. Cam- brow ; Treas., Conrad Waltman. Humane Lodge, No. 127, I. 0. 0. F,, was organ- ized Nov. 19, 1868. Jesse D. Claypoole was the first N. G. ; George W. Payne, V. G. ; Thomas Sturdivant, Sec. ; and Joseph E. Wells, Treas. This lodge uses the lodge-room of Millville Lodge, and has ever since its organization. Past Grands of this lodge are as follows : James M. Wells, James B. Cox, George W. Payne, James McCowan, Adam P. Zane, Irvin Marts, Reed Westcott, David Eoss, William W. Pierce, Henry A. Miller, John Parker, John P. Newkirk, John Goodwin, John Cassaboom, Samuel B. Cain- bron, Daniel L. Ramsey, James Shelhorn, Andrew Anderson, Eobert Ramsey, John H. Heintz, John Pancoast, Malcolm B. TuUer, Michael Geissinger, John A. McGonigal, Eobert C. Little, N. Edward Hughes, and John 0. Geissinger. They have about twelve hundred dollars on hand, and are in good con- dition, having about one hundred members. The present ofiicers are : N. G., Andrew Martin ; V. G., Theodore F. Birch ; Sec, William W. Pierce ; and Treas., John Heintz. Shekinah Lodge, No. 58, F. and A. M.,' at Mill- ville, commenced work under dispensation. May 21, 1861, and was instituted Feb. 20, 1862, by Deputy Grand Master Eobert C. Busby. The first officers were E. M. Eichmond, W. M- ; A. S. Porter, S. W. ; Job Ladd, J. W. ; Henry A. Forbes, Treas. ; and Jo- seph B. Tucker, Sec. The Past Masters are E. B. Eichmond, Alexander Gillan, W. J. Thompson, Elwood Beakley, J. S. Sim- merman, J. S. Whitaker, J. W. Newlin, W. L. New- ell, J. Congdon, S. Steinmetz, E. Ireland, A. W. San- bern, J. J. Dunham, S. C. Smith, E. S. Wynn, S. Berry. The present officers are J. W, Shaw, W. M. ; E. S. Leigh, S. W. ; J. A. Bolard, J. W. ; J. Cong- don, Treas. ; J. S. Simmerman, Sec. Olivet Commandery, No. 10, K. T., at Millville, was instituted Oct. 12, 1869, by E. E. Sir Isaac A. Nichols, Grand Commander. The first officers were E. B. Eichmond, E, C. ; J. W. Newlin, Gen. ; J. S. Simmerman, Capt.-Gen. ; W. J. Thompson, Treas. ; and James H. Nixon, Eecorder. R. E. Sir W. L. Newell is P. G. C. The Past Commanders are E. Sir J. W. Nevj^lin, E. Sir J. S. Simmerman, E. Sir W. L. Newell, E. Sir J. S. Whitaker, E, Sir J. W. Shaw, E. Sir J. J. Dun- ham, E. Sir R. W. Meredith, E. Sir A. H. Gee, E. Sir J. Congdon, E. Sir B. T. Bright. 2 Eor information concerning Masonic societies In Millville ttie histo- rian is indebted to Sr. J. S. Whitaker. 642 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. The present ofScers are E. Sir J. J. Dunham, E. C. ; E. Sir S. Steinmetz, Gen. ; E. Sir J. W. Shaw, P. E. C, Capt.-Gen. ; E. Sir J. Oongdon, P. E. C, Treas. ; E. Sir J. S. Simmerman, P. B. C, Recorder. All these societies meet in Masonic Hall, corner of Pine and High Streets. Richmond Chapter, No. 22, R. A. M., at Mill- ville, was instituted May 16, 1870, by M. E. G. H. P., D. S. Batty. The first officers were J. W. Newlin, M. E. H. P. ; J. B. Madden, E. K. ; J. S. Whitaker, E. S. ; G. W. Dummitt, Treas. ; and E. B. Richmond, Sec. The Past High Priests are J. W. Newlin, J. S. Whit- aker, W. L. Newell, J. S. Simmerman, A. W. Shaw, J. J. Dunham, J. Oongdon, E. W. Meredith, T. B. Somers, S. C. Smith. The present officers are S. Berry, M. E. H. P. ; J. J. .Dunham, E. K.; S. C. Smith, E, S. ; J. Oongdon, P. H. P., Treas. ; J. S. Simmerman, P. H. P., Sec. Manaumnskin Tribe, No. 13, 1. 0. R. M., was or- ganized Jan. 14, 1868. The first officers were : S., John W. Newlin ; S. S.,. James M. Wells; Sec, Sam- uel H. Ortlip ; Treas., Henry Bornhoflf. The Past Sachems are John W. Newlin, Henry Bornhoff, Oon- rad Waltman, Oharles Ahl, James W. Madden, John D. Brandriff, Nicholas Griner, Harry Wettstein, John P. Miller, John A. Kaufman, Julius Gauer, William 0. Thomas, and James P. Beckley. The lodge has had a prosperous career, and now numbers one hun- dred and twenty members. The present officers are William A. Garrison, S. ; Henry Seeds, S. S. ; Henry Bornhoff, Treas. ; and Joseph A. Chester, Sec. » The lodge has a surplus of about six hundred dollars on hand. Ivanhoe Lodg^, No. 6, K. of P., was organized Feb. 19, 1868, by Samuel Read, Grand Deputy Chan- cellor of New Jersey, with the following officers : C, John W. Newlin ; V. C, George W. Dummitt ; R. S., George W. Payne; F. S., Joseph R. Wells; B., James McLaughlin. The lodge was prosperous until 1870, when dissensions arose in the order throughout the State. This lodge was affected with the others, and a separation of the two contending parties, and a division of the properties took place. The officers at that time were: 0., Jesse D. Clay- poole ; V. C, James B. Wells ; R. S., F. Burroughs ; F. S., E. R. Dougherty. This dissension has been settled, and the two lodges are working harmoniously together. The present officers are : C, Frederick Munster ; V. C, Thomas Whitaker ; K. of R. and S., S. C. Smith ; M. of E., George Comer. The present membership is eighty-five. Millville Lodge, No. 59, K. of P.— After the set- tling of the difficulty in the order, the part which had not been in unison with the original Grand Lodge of the State was reinstated July 28, 1871, with a mem- bership of forty, and the following officers : C, Sam-* ' uel L. Garrison ; V. C, William Boyd; R. S., W. F. i Moore; B., John W. Newlin. The list of Past Chan- cellors is as follows: Samuel L. Garrison, Smith Reeves, George W. Boady, John N. Brannin, John W. Newlin, John Goodwin, William Hunter, Wil- liam Ludlam, John S. Hand, Samuel Allison, Cor- nelius Newkirk, Andrew Anderson, John Newkirk, Irwin Marts, Oharles McQuilkin, William Bayley, Samuel Cambron, Joseph Webb, Allen W. Wallen, John Bolard, Jacob Rocap, Theodore F. Birch, H. H. Jones, James Shelhorn. The lodge is in a very flourishing condition, having one hundred and sev- enty-nine members, and a surplus in the treasury of two thousand nine hundred dollars. The present officers are : C, Thomas Simmerman ; V. C, Wil- liam Gibbon ; K. of R. and S., John Goodwin ; M. of E., John Parker. • Fidelity Council, No. 8, Junior 0. U. A. M.,' was organized in 1869, with sixteen charter members and the following principal officers : Albert W. San- born, O. ; Charles B. Cottrell, V. O. ; M. H. Nipling, R. S. ; Charles Johnson, A. R. S. ; George Doyles, F. S. ; and Harrie F. Sockwell, Treas. The council has been in a prosperous condition ever since its organization, and it now numbers one hundred and fo'urteen members. Its assets above its liabilities are two thousand one hundred and eighty- five dollars. The following is a list of its Pqst Coun- cilors : A. W. Sanborn, Oharles B. Cottrell, Clarence West- cott, John K. Johnson, Lewis C. Leake, Frederick Jones, Joseph Jones, William Sypher, John Stevens, Restore M. Doughty, Thomas Warren, Fernando Jones, Jacob Clonn, William Westcott, Thomas West- cott, Jesse Robinson, John Stites, Edward Mayhew, William Anderson, Joseph Parent, Ed. Garton, W. E. Hughes, John Bennet, Joseph Ramsey, John Walker, Walter Hartman, Isaiah Cossaboon, Joshua Cossa- boon, Frank Griffith, D. Tucker, Jesse W. Fleet, Al- bert Loper, Thomas Berry, Samuel V. Stites, John F. L. Green, Frank Lutes, William Angelo, C. F. Nabb, Samuel G. Taylor, John W. Hughes, Frank McChesney, James G. Hand, William Walker. The present officers are Thomas Morgan, C. ; Ed- ward McLear, V. 0. ; Restore M. Doughty, R. S. ; Oharles Shaw, A. R. S.; Joshua Cossaboon, F. S. ; Augustus Marts, Treas. ; and Frank McChesney, Ed- ward McLear, and John M. Stites, Trustees. Resolute Council, No. 36, 0. U. A. M.,' was or- ganized in 1870, and has maintained an uninterrupted prosperous existence since. Its first officers were Al- bert Harris, O. ; , V. C. ; John R. Leach, R. S. ; Charles P. Smith, A. R. S ; Joseph T. Rose, F. S. ; Joaiah B. Coomer, Treas. The Past Councilors are Albert Harris, B. M. Hogan, John R. Leak, George H. Wood, John B. Averil, John Bitters, Joseph W. Green, Elmer Y. Robinson, Joseph Hogan, J. W. Wallen, Joseph G. Sheldon, 1 Furnished by John M. Stites. 2 Information furnished by Daniel L. Eamsey. CITY OF MILLVILLE. 643 J. B. Coomer, Eobert C. Ramsey, Daniel L. Ramsey, Samuel Cossaboon, J. T. Habb, Henry Herrs, James Sooy, Cornelius Cossaboon, J. W. Mulford, William Cossaboon, Charles M. Fisher, Frank Rocap, John Hoover, James Estlow, William Garrison, G. H. Mul- ford. The present officers are William Garrison, C. George H. Mulford, V. C. ; Daniel L. Ramsey, R. S. Elwood Flowers, A. R. S. ; Robert C. Ramsey, F. S. Joseph Green, Treas. The membership of the council is sixty-one, and its assets above its liabilities are thirteen hundred dol- lars. Pocahontas Council, No. 65, 0. U. A. M.,* was organized in the summer of 1871, with about one hun- dred charter members. The first officers were Joseph Jones, C. ; John Johnson, V. C. ; Joseph Headly, R. S. ; J. J. Chester, F. S. ; and James Downs, Treas. The council has been uniformly prosperous, and its present membership is fifty. The net assets of the council amount to twelve hundred dollars. The Past Councilors are Joseph Jones, Joel Hess, Luke Vanneman, J. J. Chester, Clarence Westcott, Thomas Bard, Jesse L. Hand, Levi Brown, Charles M. Carter, George Madden, Samuel Chamberlain, Edward Garrison, William Williams, John Johnson, Jacob Kates, Joseph F. Headly, Charles Lutz. The present officers are James Bard, C. ; William Surran, V.. C. ; Joseph F. Headly, R. S. ; Joseph J. Chester, F. S. ; and Joseph Jones, Treas. Lamard Tice Post, No. 49, G. A. R.— This post was organized Sept. 24, 1880, with the following offi- cers : C, Samuel B. Cambron ; S. V. C, John P. Miller ; J. V. C, Irvin Marts ; A., Avery Messick ; Q.M., Harry Brown. Its Past Commanders are Samuel B. Cambron, John P. Miller. The present officers are : C, Irvin Marts ; S. V. C, Benjamin F. Buck ; J. V. C, Albert Ottinger ; A., Albert Norton ; Q.M., Theodore F. Birch. The post is in a flourish- ing condition, and now numbers eighty-six members. Union Post, No. 56, G. A. R.— This post was or- ganized Aug. 17, 1881, with a membership of thirty- seven, and having as Commander James Kershaw. It also is in a very flourishing condition, with a beautiful and convenient hall, and with a surplus in the treasury of over five hundred dollars. Its pres- ent Commander is Jacob De Hart, and its member- ship sixty. Mannfactures. — As before stated, Millville de- pends almost entirely on her manufactures, and of these the two great firms of Whitall, Tatum & Co., in the glass business, and that of the heirs of Richard D. Wood, in the different manufactures in which they are engaged, comprise nearly the whole. All other branches of manufacture are overshadowed by them. Millville lacks the variety of manufactures which Bridgeton has, but her great firms exceed anything in 1 Furnished by Charles M. Carter, that city. The heirs of Richard D. Wood own the branches hereafter given as the Millville Manufac- turing Company, R. D. Wood & Co.'s foundry, Wood's window-glass works. Millville Pond and Water-Power.— When Smith & Wood built the iron-furnace, in 1814, the water- power, made by damming the river at the Union Mills, was made use of by means of a small canal, two and one-half miles long, which ran along the edge of the swamp. It furnished about fifty horse- power, and the rest was allowed to go to waste. After Richard D. Wood purchased the property, in 1851, he dug a much larger canal, about forty-eight feet wide and four and one-half feet deep. In 1868, finding the capacity of this canal insuffi- cient to supply his works, an act was obtained from the Legislature authorizing him to dam the river at Millville. The present dam was erected and finished in 1869, at a cost of over seventy-five thousand dol- lars. The pond formed by it is three and one-half miles long, and covers about eleven hundred acres, and has twenty-four feet fall, giving a capacity of one thousand horse-power. R. D. Wood & Co.'s Foundry.— Erected in 1814 by Smith & Wood, this foundry was used by them and by David C. Wood, after he came into possession of the whole of it, for the casting of stove-plates from the iron smelted in the furnace. This was continued until about 1840, when the manufacture of iron di- rectly from the ore was given up, and the casting of water-pipe commenced. Upon the purchase of the property by Richard D. Wood, he at once erected two large foundries, capable of smelting forty tons of iron per day, and the manufacture of gas- and water-pipe has been continued on a wider scale until the present day. About one hundred and twenty-five hands are employed, and the production is about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars' worth annually. Millville Manufacturing Company. — In 1852, Mr. R. D. Wood began the erection of a cotton-mill near the bank of the river, but it was not finished until 1854. The main building is two hundred and eighty feet long, and four stories in height. The original cost of the mill and machinery was about $250,000, and the material and other things needed to put it into operation about $100,000 more. It began operations with about 350 looms, and from 15,000 to 18,000 spindles. In 1860 he erected a bleachery and dye-house for finishing goods manufactured there. The cotton-mill has been enlarged from time to time as the increasing business demanded, and now con- tains 700 looms and 32,000 spindles, turning out 525,000 yards of cotton cloth and sheeting each month, consuming 140,000 pounds of cotton in the operation. A new and enlarged bleachery was erected a few years ago, where are bleached not only the products of this mill, but those of the mill at May's Landing, Atlantic Co., belonging to the same propri- etors, and also of mills of other parties. 644 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Wood's Window-Glass Works. — The window- glass works are situated on the east bank of the river, on Columbia Avenue, between that street and the river. They were built in 1863, by Richard D. Wood, and on his death they became the property of his son, Edward R. Wood. They were operated by the firm of Sharp & Westcott, composed of Ferdinand F. Sharp and Aaron Westcott, and at Westcott's death the firm became Evans, Sharp & Co. The business did not prove remunerative, and the works passed under Edward R. Wood's control, who retained them until 1881, when Jones & Townsend leased and took charge of them. The works consist of two large furnaces, a flattening- house, pot-houses, etc., and are capable of producing six thousand boxes of winflow- glass monthly. They employ about two hundred and fifty men. Whitall, Tatum & Co.'s Glass-Works— About 1806 James Lee and others started a window-glass factory on the bank of the river where are now the Glasstown works of this firm. The works passed into the control of Gideon Scull, who managed them for a while, and then Nathaniel Solomon was manager for a company of blowers, who occupied the works, but who made a failure. They then passed to Burgin, Wood & Pearsoll, who sold them to Scattergood, Haverstick & Co.j and they, in 1834, sold them to Whitall & Brother. In 1849 the firm was changed to Whitall, Brother & Co., and in 1857 to Whitall, Tatum & Co., which has remained the title to the present time. When Whitall & Brother bought the works there were six furnaces there, and there are only five at the present day, but at that time they were very small, the production of all of them not equaling two of the present ones. Glass bottles were originally made in clay moulds, but iron moulds were almost entirely substituted between 1855 and 1860. The glass now manufactured at these works consists entirely of green- glass bottles, the ordinary ware, Between five hun- dred and six hundred hands are employed at these works, producing annually about six million pounds of glass, of an approxiinate value of $300,000. In 1832, Frederick Schetter came from Baltimore, and built glass-works about one-third of a mile below the town. The village which grew up about the works was called Schetterville for many years, but of later years the neighborhood is called South Millville. The intervening space between here and the town has been mostly built up, and the two towns are practically one. Mr. Schetter owned them until 1844, when he failed, and Lewis Mulford, in connec- tion with Messrs. William Coffin and Andrew K. Hay, comprising the glass manufacturing firm of Coffin & Hay, of Winslow, bought them, and carried them on under the management of Mr. Mulford until 1854, when they were sold to Whitall, Tatum & Co. At that time the works consisted of two green-glass factories. In 1862 the firm began the manufacture of flint-glass, but with only partial success. In 1864, Mr. John H. Sixsmith took charge of flint glass making, and a new flint-glass house was built, and in 1869 the firm had only two factories of that kind. The making of flint-glass became a success, and since 1870 the progress in that branch of the business has been quite rapid, so that at the present time there are ten flint-glass furnaces, and one tank-furnace for the manufacture of colored glass. Between eleven and twelve hundred men are employed at these works, and' the annual production of flint-glass is about twelve million pounds, of an estimated worth of about one million dollars. The products of these works consist principally of chemists', druggists', and perfumers' glassware. They are the largest works of the kind in the United States, and will well repay a visit to them. Branch tracks from the railroad have been laid to both the Glasstown and South Millville works, to fur- nish more convenient methods of transportation. The one to the South Millville works was laid in 1882, and the one to the Glasstown works was completed in October, 1883, the first train upon it being run on October 27th. The ftuinton Packing Company.— This company was established by Sbarp, Fries & Co. and F. L. Mulford about 1865, and carried on by them until about 1868, when Mr. Sharp retired, and it was con- tinued by Mr. Mulford and Mr. Fries,'and afterwards by Mr. Mulford alone. He then associated with him- self the firm of Reeves, Parvin & Co., of Philadel- phia, wholesale grocers,' and took the name of the Quinton Packing Company, with Eugene Ely as manager for the last four years. They do a large business during the, season, and are quite prosperous. Besides those already mentioned, Millville has a ship-building establishment on the west side .of the river, south of the turnpike, formerly Furman L. Mulford's, now Owen N. Worstall's since Mr. Mul- ford's death, in March, 1881. A large vessel is now building on the stocks. Cramer & Sparks started a machine-shop in 1882, and have plenty of business. Richard Ireland and Clark & Bishop are manufac- turers of carriages, and Lemi Kurtz and Hund & Son manufacture cigars. Langley's Grist-Mill.— This mill belongs to the estate of R. D. Wood, and is run by the water from the dam. Richard Langley and his son, George B. Langley, first leased the mill and conducted a mill- ing business at this place, but the father has since re- tired, and George B. Langley is proprietor of the business, which is quite extensive. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. JOHN L. SHARP. Hon. John L. Sharp, a widely-known and highly- respected citizen of Millville, died at his residence in es s '^ @ = IP S ^ i s ^ =^ i r p P J 6® ^ ^ 2 ^ I § ? 8» g a. iRi I"! @ s'tf SilM TOWNSHIP OF COMMERCIAL. ti45 that city, Aug. 6, 1880. He was born at Mount Holly, of Quaker parentage, in the year 1824. His parents removed to Buckshutum when he was about fourteen years old, where he taught school in after-years, and then engaged in the brick-making business, which he continued largely and successfully after his removal to Millville. In 1856 he was elected to the State Senate as a Democrat, and filled the position with great credit to himself and his party. He was an active politician, but honorable in his career. He was widely known throughout this part of the State. He was a member of City Council for nine years, and held several other city oflSces. The late Mr. Furman C. Mulford mar- ried his sister, now also deceased. He was a kind husband and father. His estimable wife died about two years before. He left two daughters. CHAPTER XCIII. TOWNSHIP OF COMMERCIAL. Incorporation, — This township was set off from Downe township by an act of the Legislature, ap- proved Feb. 27, 1874. By this act all that portion of Downe included within the following bounds, viz.: beginning at the mouth of Dividing Creek, and run- ning up the middle of that creek to where the branch called Hansey's Creek empties into it ; then up Han- sey's Creek to the bridge across it, near where Frazier Glann formerly lived ; then a straight course to the bridge over the same creek, known as the Indian Going-over, on the old road from Dividing Creek to Port Norris ; then a northerly course to the west end of Lore's mill-dam, in the line of David Lore's land ; then a north course to the Ackley road, leading from Baileytown neighborhood to Newport; then along that road westward to the road from Dividing Creek to Millville; then along the east side of that road to Buckshutum Creek, the line of the city of Millville ; then down that creek to Maurice River, and down that river to the bay, and up the bay to the begin- ning, was set off to the new township. Downe township was one of the largest in the county, but had increased in population and resources slowly, owing to the lack of ready means of commu- nication with other places, and to its inhabitants being engaged in the coasting and oyster trades, pre- venting that attention to the development of the re- sources at home which otherwise would have taken place; but the opening of the Bridgeton and Port Norris Railroad (now the Cumberland and Maurice River Railroad) gave a new impetus to this part of the county, and led to the setting off of this town- ship. Description. — It is about ten miles from the north line of the township to Delaware Bay, and from two and a half miles wide at the lower end to four miles towards the northern end. Small creeks emptying into Maurice River intersect the mainland, making it more rolling along the river than are some other portions of the county. Settlement. — A few of the early settlers of the county seated themselves in the bounds of this town- ship, as has been mentioned in the chapter on the early settlements of the county. They occupied the lands lying along the river, the best and most pro- ductive in the township, the lands lying back from the river being a much lighter soil. The growth of the population was slow, and nothing of historical interest took place. A large part of the male inhab- itants along Maurice River became engaged in the coasting trade, and while that business has in general been prosperous, and money has been acquired by many of them, their absence from home in the pur- suit of their business has prevented that development of this portion of the county and its resources which would undoubtedly have taken place if these enter- prising men had acquired their means from other sources. The township contains two small towns, Port Norris and Mauricetown, and the village of Haley- ville. The population of the township in 1880 was two thousand two hundred and sixty-five. VILLAGES. Port Norris. — Port Norris, the terminus of the Cum- berland and Maurice River Railroad, twenty-two miles southeast of Bridgeton, is beautifully situated on the last fast land on the west bank of Maurice River, near the bay, and is, on account of the oyster trade, grow- ing rapidly in size and importance. Up to 1810 it had been called Dallas' Ferry, from Jonathan Dallas, who established a ferry at that place. In that year Joseph Jones, who had inherited large wealth from his father, a rich coffee merchant in Philadelphia, settled here. Joseph was universally called from this fact "Coffee Jones." Like many such inheritors of wealth, he entered into schemes of speculation of doubtful expediency. He purchased large tracts of land at Port Norris and elsewhere in the county. He owned hundreds of acres in this locality, principally woodland and marsh. The tavern-house yet standing near the landing, on Main Street, but no longer used for that purpose, was built by Jones for John Ogden and Norton Harris, who became two well-known citi- zens of the county, the former at Port Norris and the latter for years a resident of Bridgeton, where he died upwards of forty years ago. Not far from the tavern, on the high land on the south side of the road, stood an old-fashioned windmill. The other buildings in the neighborhood at Coffee Jones' accession were a house occupied by Abraham Stull, and another near where the depot now is. Ogden lived in the tavern, and Harris in a house built for him which stood near by. Ogden and Harris carried on the wood business 646 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. for Jones, who had the wharf built. Several vessels were kept running to Philadelphia loaded with wood. The " Plow Boy" was one of these craft. She was launched at Port Elizabeth by Messrs. Brick & Lee. During the last war with Great Britain, which oc- curred soon after the purchases made by Jones, this vessel was captured by the British in Delaware Bay, and was soon thereafter ransomed for one thousand dollars in specie. Port Norris was named by Jones, soon after he set- tled there, in honor of his son Norris. The place was then rather insignificant, and showed no evidence of becoming important. The father being of a specu- lative turn of mind and rather chimerical, went largely into the sheep-raising business, and engaged several men as agents in buying up sheep all through South Jersey. He induced a shepherd named David Owen, a Welshman, to come to this country. He bought three Merino rams, and paid nine hundred dollars for them, they having just been brought into the country. At that day the price was deemed by the people to be extraordinary. He erected a sheep- fold not a hundred yards from where the depot now is, eight skillful carpenters coming from Philadelphia to do the work. This sheep-pen was three hundred feet long, sixty feet wide, divided into rooms holding fifteen sheep each. There were literally thousands of sheep owned by him. Many of the lambs were calight by foxes, which were then numerous in that locality. The sheep appeared to thrive well enough for awhile, but after the great northeast storm, about the time of " Nimrod's Prophecy," in 1812, which our old people recollect, in which the large sheep- fold was blown down, all of them died save about three hundred. It is said that the poor animals died faster than two adepts could take ofi" their pelts. Wool was worth then one dollar a pound. The three hundred which survived were sent to Hog Island, up the Delaware, and thus ended the sheep speculation at Port Norris. There are now few, if any, sheep in the neighborhood. Coffee Jones, disheartened and disgusted, made a lottery of his real estate, selling the tickets wherever he could. Ogden drew the tavern property, which has been in the hands of his heirs ever since, and many of the finest building lots now coming into market belong to them. It might be added that .Tones' cleared and meadow land was di- vided into four-acre lots, under four thousand seven hundred panel of fence, but a man gunning for a fox one day accidentally set fire to the meadow grass and almost totally burned the fence up. Occasionally one of the old burned posts can yet be seen standing. During the occupation of the tavern by Mr. Ogden, Port Norris was a pretty lively place. The roadway leading to the landing. Main Street, was for a number of years a great avenue for horse-racing, which sport, except at parks and fairs, has almost entirely gone out of fashion, as it should for obvious reasons. Trade of the Town, — Port Norris, after the lapse of seventy years, has ceased being the shipping port of cord-wood, and has become the great oyster ship- ping mart of Delaware Bay. There are three hun- dred and sixty-five boats registered under the Oyster Act. There are over two hundred boats sailing to Port Norris, employing between eight and nine hundred hands. A dozen or more firms are engaged in ship- ping oysters to all parts of the country to regular customers. The oysters are put up in strong coarse sacks, each holding about seven hundred and fifty prime, or eleven to twelve hundred cuUings. The average shipment by rail is ninety car-loads a week, about twenty thousand oysters to the car. Some idea of the immense trade in this article of commerce can be gathered from this statement. Cash returns are reg- ularly received by the dealers. The oysters are of excel- lent quality, and the demand for them is constantly increasing, it keeping pace with the supply. The busi- ness in the trade, formerly carried on altogether along the oyster wharves in Philadelphia and New York, is now centred at Port Norris, so far at least as the bay oysters are concerned. The cultivation of oysters seems to be yet in its infancy, and the knowledge of propagating this luscious bivalve is far greater than a few years ago. It has been clearly demonstrated within a short time by the oystermen that the best things to spread upon the grounds to catch the spat are clean, fresh oyster-shells, and thousands of bushels are now brought here from Baltimore shucking-houses for that purpose. The town of Port Norris is rapidly growing ; new and handsome houses are being built and others pro- jected. Tenement-houses are badly needed. A large new school-house and hall, with a bell, was finished and occupied September, 1882. There has been for about fifteen years a steam saw-mill owned by Hand, Bobbins & Burt. There is also a marine railway and ship-yard for the repair of oyster-boats owned by Thomas Hand. There are shops for the manufacture of dredges and all other implements used by the oystermen. A post-office was established here Sept. 12, 1870, Henry S. Robbins being the first postmaster. Samuel Shinn, the present postmaster, was appointed May 2, 1879. By the census of 1880, Port Norris had a popu- lation of eight hundred and eighty-five, which has increased to about one thousand. Maiiricetown. — Mauricetown was for many years the chief place in what is now Commercial township, but is now surpassed in population and business by Port Norris. It is situated on the high land, which at this point runs to the river, about eleven miles from its mouth, and is about eighteen miles southeast of Bridgeton. It is included in John Peterson's survey, and he was the first settler here, about 1730. Luke Mattox became the owner of the land previous to 1789, and had a landing here, and from him the place re- ceived its first local name of Mattox's Landing. Like TOWNSHIP OF COMMERCIAL. 647 all the landings on the various streams in this county, this was principally used for shipping cord-wood and lumber. In 1803, George Elkinton had a wharf here. About 1814 three brothers named Compton became the proprietors. They laid out a town plot, sold lots, and built several fine dwelling-houses. After this the former name of Mattox's Landing gave way to that of Mauricetown, derived from the river, on the bank of which it is located. Rattlesnakes formerly abounded in the swamps along Maurice River, but at the present day few, if any, of these reptiles can be found. The following account, published in a news- paper about forty years ago, of a den of rattlesnakes found near Mauricetown about forty years before that, is as interesting as it is extraordinary, and is given as published, without vouching for its authenticity: " la the early part of summer Hr. Icbabod Compton, father of Mr. S. -ComptoD, was attracted by the noise of some crows to a small island in a swamp lying contignons to his farm. While in pursuit of the crows be was startled by the sight of a large rattlesnake. He killed this and another of the same kind that afternoon, and returning the next day be killed seren more, the last of which be found coming out of a hole fn the ground. This circumstance led to the suspicion that this might he the place where the whole battalion had their usual winter-quarters. In the winter young Compton, accompanied by two of his brothers, repaired to the spot with implements for digging, and after removing about eight inches of the turf, or upper surface of the ground, they found immersed in three inches of clean water, and lying side by side, twenty-eight rattle-"' snakes, one large spotted snake, and four black snakes ; and to complete this ' interesting group' there was at least a peck of spring frogs asso- ciated with tbem. All of these reptiles were in a torpid state. For sev- eral years immediately preceding the period above alluded to from ten to twelve rattlesnakes had been destroyed annually in the neighborhood. It is also stated that several dens of a similar description had been dis- covered in the neighborhood of Buckshutnm, in all or most of which several kinds of snakes, and also frogs, were found grouped together." Press in Mauricetown, — A newspaper called the Mauricetown Pilot was started in this place in No- vember, 1878, by J. B. Elfreth (now the editor of JTie Transcript, at Millville) and Charles S. Haslett, as an independent paper. Mr. Elfreth sold his interest to his partner about May, 1880, who continued to pub- lish it until Feb. 1, 1882, when its subscription list was transferred to the Bridgeton Chronicle, and its publication ended. Ship- Yard. — The principal business carried on is the ship-building yard of Joseph W. Vannaman & Brother, at the foot of South Street. A large number of vessels, some of them of large size, for the coasting and oyster trade have been built here. A steam saw- mill was erected here about ten years ago, owned by John C. Weaver and others, and is still in operation. A canning establishment was in operation some years ago, but not at the present time. Business of the Inhabitants. — A large proportion of the male inhabitants lead a seafaring life, many of whom are captains of large coasting vessels, trading among the different ports from Maine to the West India Islands, and some of them to South American and European ports. These have large and very convenient residences, and the town is one of the handsomest of the smaller places in the county. A post-office was established here May 15, 1820, with John Hill as the first postmaster. The present incumbent is Emma S. Howell, who was appointed Nov. 17, 1870. The population of the town, by the census of 1880, was five hundred and seventy-five. Haleyville is a small village situated about three- quarters of a mile east of the Mauricetown Station on the Cumberland and Maurice River Railroad, and about one and three-quarter miles west of Maurice- town. It is an agricultural community, and contains a Methodist Church, around which the village has gathered. A post-office, with John W. Bradway as postmaster, was established here April 27, 1873. The present postmaster is David McElwee, appointed Dec. 6, 1880. Buckshutum. — The mill-pond on Buckshutnm Creek was raised and a saw-mill built as early as 1705, when it was called Daniel England's saw-mill. He did a large amount of business for that early day. His name appears in the early court records of Salem County a number of times, generally as plaintiff in actions of debt. At a later date it was known as Cormack's Mill, and in 1756 as Iszard's Mill, Gabriel Iszard, who was one of the early settlers along Mau- rice River, probably being the owner. As early as 1789 the neighborhood was known as Buckshutum, and has ever since retained the name. A grist- and saw-mill were both in operation until about a dozen years ago, when the grist-mill was burned, being then owned by Furman L. Mulford, and has never been rebuilt. The saw-mill is still in operation. The water-power is one of the best in the county. Mauricetown Bridge. — In 1867 an act of the Leg- islature was obtained chartering the Maurice River Bridge Company, for the purpose of building a bridge over the river at Mauricetown. The company at once proceeded to build a wooden bridge with a pivot draw. But it proved a losing investment, and in a few years the bridge began to need repairs. They offered it to the board of freeholders, and after a law was procured authorizing it, the board bought it for six thousand dollars. In 1874 they built a new draw and renewed the east end of the bridge, and the next year the western end was rebuilt. Its location has not been satisfactory to the watermen who have had occasion to pass through it, the set of the tide being such as to render it difficult to pass without injury to the bridge or vessel. Lore's Grist-Mill. — -This mill is of ancient date, and was probably erected shortly before 1751, when a road was laid out from it to Dividing Creek. It was then owned by Hezekiah Lore. It is situated on the main branch of Dividing Creek, about half-way between the village of Dividing Creek and Haley- ville, and just east of the division line between this and Downe township. It has remained in the Lore family ever since. John Lore owned it in 1796, and Ephraim Lore forty years later. His son Ephraim inherited it and sold it to Nathaniel Lore, the present 648 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. owner, over a score of years ago. A saw-mill was maintained for many years at the western end of the dam, which was allowed to go down nearly forty years CHURCHES. Haleyville Methodist Episcopal Church.— It is not certainly known when a society was formed here, but it was probably about 1810. It is not known when the first house of worship was erected here, but the old house was in existence half a century since, and at that time a local preacher named Wishart, of Port Elizabeth, labored successfully in connection with the circuit preachers who served the charge. The old church building was a fr^ae structure, with a single centre aisle, an end gallery, and a seating capacity of two hundred. It was ceiled inside, as was then the custom. In this house the congregation worshiped till about 1838, when an ad- dition was built to the end opposite the gallery. It is remembered that, to prevent the spreading of the sides, a chain was stretched across. This house was used till the erection of the present church building, which is thirty -eight by fifty-five feet in size, and has, like the first, an end gallery. The pastors who have served this charge, which was a part of the Cumberland Circuit till 1855, have been as follows : 1812. WiUiam Smith. Joseph Beonet. 1813-14. Daniel Fidler. 1815. Solomoa Sharp. Nathan Swlnn. 1816. Solomon Sharp. Thomas Davis. 1817. Thomas Neal. Thomas Davis. 1818. Thomas Neal. John Cramer. 1819. Edward Stout. John Cramer. 1820. Edward Stout. Daniel Fidler. 1821. John Finle;. John Collins. 1822. John Knley. James McClure. 1823-21. Edward Page. Eliphalet Reed. 1825-26. William Williams. William Summis. 1827-28. John Woolston. Sedgwick Ruslin. 1829. Waters Burrows. Joseph Ashbrook. 1830. Waters Burrows. James Ayers. 1831. Joseph Folk. William H. Stephens. 1832. Joseph Folk. Nathaniel Chew. 1833. John Henry. Jacob Loudenslager. 1831. Edward Stout. George A. Beybold. 1835. Nathaniel Chew. Mulfurd Day. George A. Reybold. j 1836. William Williams. I John McDougal. I 1837. Thomas Christopher. I Mulford Day. I 1838. Thomas Christopher. I Jacob Seeper. j 1839^0. Thomas G. Stewart. John F. Crouch. 1841. Jacob Loudenslager. George Jennings. 1842. Jacob Loudenslager. George Jennings. Dr. Perdue. 1843. Abraham Gaarfaart. Levy Herr. 1841. David Duffield. William B. Rogers. 1845. David Duffleld. Joseph Gaskill. 1846. Thomas Christopher. Joseph Gaskill. 1847. Noah Edwards. S. B. Beagle. Samuel Paiker. 1848. James White. Noah Edwards. 1849-50. Joseph Atwood. J. P. Canfleld. 1851. William Brooks. Abraham K. Street. 1852. William Brooks. William Walton. 1863. Edwin Waters. J. B. Howard. 1854. Edwin Waters. E. 0. Parvln. 18.'i5. James Vansant. 1856-57. James Chew. 1858-59. Joseph Summerill. 1860-61. Siinjuel H. Johnson. 1877-78. Gideon F. Bishop. 1879-80. William P. Abbott. 1881. William U. Burley. 1882. William C. Ludlown. 1883. W. Babcock. 1862-63. Socrates Townsend. 1864-65. Levi Rhodes. 1866-68. John McDougal. 1869-70. William Stockton. 1871-73. E. H. Deurell. 1874-76. James Moore. Mauricetown Methodist Episcopal Church.— This is an offshoot of the Haleyville society, and from the time of its organization till 1881 it was served by the same pastors. The date of its organization can- not now be learned, but it is known that it was ear- lier than 1837. During many years the flock here worshiped in the school-house at Mauricetown. In 1841 a church edifice was erected. It was thirty-eight by forty-eight feet in size, with sixteen-feet posts, and no gallery. In this building the society worshiped during forty years, or till the erection of the present church edifice. In 1880 the old house was sold, moved away, and converted into a town hall, and the present building was erected. It was dedicated in February, 1881. It is a framed structure, forty by sixty-five feet in size, with a basement, in which are a lecture and Sunday-school room and class-rooms. The audi-, torium is of the entire size of the building except the vestibule, over which is an end gallery. Its cost was- seven thousand five hundred dollars, and it was dedi- cated free of debt. The present parsonage, on the opposite side of the street from the church, was pur- chased in 1881, at a cost of sixteen hundred dollars. This was made a station in 1881, in which year Rev. William P. Abbot was pastor. In 1882 the present pastor, Eev. Samuel C. Chatten, assumed that relation. The class-leaders in this society have been, since 1840, Samuel Compton, Samuel Cobb, Samuel P. Lou- denslager, Joseph Vanneman, James Compton, S. M. Ware, and James Bucaloo. The present membership is one hundred and fifty-one. Port Norris Methodist Episcopal Church.- The Methodist Episcopal Church at Port Norris was erected in 1871. There had been class organizations many years before, and the members attended largely the church at Haleyville. The growing importance of Port Norris demanded a church of its own. It was dedicated Jan. 17, 1872, by Rev. Thomas Fernley, assisted by Presiding Elder Ballard and others. The church is a neat structure situated on a large lot, with graveyard, near the main street, and is in size sixty by forty feet, costing eight thousand dollars. The number of regular members is one hundred and thirty-two. The first minister appointed by Conference was Rev. E. J. Lippincott, in March, 1869-70 ; then Ezra B. Lake, 1871; Dickinson Moore, 1872; James E. Lake, 1873-74; Edwin K. Bacon, 1875 ; John S. Price,. 1876-77 ; C. Rollin Smith, 1878-79 ; C. Wesley Tur- rell, 1880 ; Thomas C. Parker, 1881 ; and the present pastor, C. S. Lawrence, appointed March 14, 1882, and reappointed by Conference for this year. A new church building is now being erected upon this charge at Middletown, or North Port Norris, on TOWNSHIP OF COMMERCIAL. 649 the road to Haleyville, for the accommodation of those residing in that vicinity. Port Xorris Baptist Church,— A large propor- tion of the old residents of Port Norris before the building of the railroad were of the Baptist faith, and were included in the field of the Dividing Creek Church. Feeling the need ofa place for meetings and for Sunday-school, they erected a small school- house in the fall of 1856. The pastor would preach for them about once a month. After 1870 preaching was had every Sunday afternoon. A Sunday-school also had been maintained since the building of the school-house. A lot was secured for a meeting-house in 1873. In 1880 the present house of worship was erected, and completed in the following winter. It is a neat and well-arranged building, flfty-five feet long, with cupola and a bell weighing three hundred pounds, and it will seat three hundred and twenty-five persons. On the completion of the house a church was constituted April 16, 1881, with sixty-three mem- bers, all of whom were dismissed for that purpose from the Dividing Creek Church. Rev. Matthew M. Finch, the pastor of the mother-church, at once be- came the pastor of this- interest also, and continued as such until July 1, 1883, when he resigned, owing to the wide extent of his field. Rev. A. W. Hodder preached as a supply on the next Sunday, and in September of this year became the pastor of the church. It now numbers eighty-eight members. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM BRUNYATE. The subject of this biographical sketch is the grandson of John Brunyate, and the son of Peter and Christiana Brunyate, and was born May 29, 1834, at West Saddlesey, Yorkshire, England. His father, whose occupations were those of a farmer, married the daughter of William Bervers, a hotel-keeper and farmer at Killington, Yorkshire, England. Their family consisted of seven sons and two daughters, Ann Mary, who married Thomas Holmes, of Haddlesey, England, and died in 1862, and Eliz- abeth B. Their son John is a cattle-raiser at Port Natal, Africa; Peter is a minister of the Methodist Church and a merchant in Derbyshire, England ; Weslpy is a clergyman of distinction in the Method- ist Church, residing in Halifax, England ; Fletcher is an iron merchant in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia ; Samuel is a merchant at Skipton, England ; and Edwin R. is a clergyman of the Methodist Church, residing at Seaville, N. J., who first removed to Hal- ifax, Nova Scotia, joining that Conference in 1872 or 1873, and married Miss Eliza, daughter of Rev. James England, of the same Conference. He emigrated to the United States in 1881, with his family, and be- came a member of the New Jersey Conference. William, whose life is here briefly sketched, was born at West Haddlesey, Yorkshire, England, May 29, 1834, and attended the school in his native village until ten years of age, when he became a pupil of the Methodist training-school at Wakefield, England,^ and remained four and a half years, when, at the age of fifteen, he was apprenticed to Thomas Routledge, a merchant, of Pohtefract, England. At the expira- tion of his fifth year he became assistant at the grocery establishment of John Lee Smith & Co., of Hull, in the same county. In 1855 he entered the wholesale house of Adam Gidroyd, of Huddersfield,' as an assistant, and remained two years, after which a year was spent at home. In 1859 he repaired again to Pontefract as manager of the branch house of John Wilton. Early during the year 1861, Mr. Brunyate determined to emigrate to America, and having spent a brief time in Philadelphia, engaged as an employ^ of the government at Washington, D. C, when he was assigned to the commissary de- partment, and ordered to Aoquia Creek, Va. He was for three years thus occupied in the various depart- ments, after which he became identified with the water as a sailor or in the oyster business. He did not, however, meet with success in his commercial ventures, and in 1872 entered the employ of John A. English, the most extensive oyster dealer in Phila- delphia, as a laborer. This gentleman, who was not slow to discover his thorough business training, nor to appreciate his energy and integrity, gave him charge of the shipping department, and subsequently 650 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. advanced him to the position of buyer, which he at present fills. He gradually regained his financial status, became a successful business man, and is now interested in a number of vessels, and extensively engaged in the oyster business, while still holding his position with Mr. English. In politics he is a Republican, though not an active partisan. He is an attendant upon the services of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as are also his family. He is a member of the Masonic Order, of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Knights of Birmingham, and Improved Order of Red Men. Mr. Brunyate was married to Miss Rebecca Fithian, born March 5, 1840, daughter of Rev. Samuel Law- rence, late of Lewiston, Pa., a Presbyterian clergy- man, born in Philadelphia, Dec. 28, 1795, and mar- ried, Jan. 3, 1825, to Sarah Dare Fithian, born May 10, 1807, and daughter of Samuel Fithian. Mr. and Mrs. Brunyate have one daughter, Ella Dowdney, who is now in lier sixth year. CHARLES COMPTON. The Compton family trace their descent from Eng- lish ancestry. Ichabod, the grandfather of Charles, removed from Monmouth County, N. J., to Cumber- land County, and settled in Dbwjie (now Commercial) townaViin. To hi J ^S^.eA^^^^;^'^^'^^^^'^'*^'^^ TOWNSHIP OF COMMERCIAL. 651 the Methodist Episcopal Church of Mauricetown. His death occurred Oct. 17, 1854, in the midst of a career of usefulness, in his forty-third year. CAPT. J. BURTON DAVIDSON. The subject of this sketch is the son of Joseph and Mary Davidson, and was born May 20, 1847, near Daysboro, Sussex Co., Del., where his father culti- vated a farm. His advantages of education were limited to the instruction received at the common school of the vicinity, after which the lad rendered substantial assistance to his father upon the farm. A more independent career presented itself as a sailor, and the year 1863 found him filling the subordinate offices on board a vessel. From this position he steadily rose and became in 1874 master of a three- masted schooner. Later he acquired an interest in the bark " Eliza J. McMannery,'' of which he was master. This he disposed of in 1880, and bought a portion of the schooner " Agnes R. Bacon," which was retained until 1883, when he became part owner of the schooner " William B. Wood," of which he is at present master, the last two vessels having been built and sailed by Capt. B. F. Haley. Capt. Davidson has during his seafaring life been exceptionally for-' tunate, never having met with an accident worthy of mention. He married Miss Allie H., daughter of Capt. Haley, above mentioned. Their only child is a daughter, Susie H. CAPT. B. F. HALEY. Capt. Haley is the son of Asa and Mary Haley, the former of whom was reared as a farmer, which pur- suit was continued until his twentieth year, when, desiring a mgre exciting and active life, he became a mariner. He, in 1842, secured an interest in a small vessel, which was disposed of in 1847, with the inten- tion of resuming his former occupation as a farmer, when he purchased a farm at "Ewing's Neck," and resided upon it for six years. He then sold this land, and bought a vessel named the " Sarah C. Engle," which was sailed by him for one year, when he built the schooner " Mary Haley," and sailed her until 1859. His retirement occurred the same year, and his death in 1880. His son, the subject of this sketch, was born June 16, 1834, and remained with his father upon the farm until his eighteenth year, but finding a seafaring life more congenial adopted it, and ac- cepted an humble position on a vessel engaged in the coasting trade. In 1864 he had risen to the position of captain, and has since been interested in the con- struction and ownership of several vessels. He has just completed a finely-built and equipped schooner, christened the " Susie H. Davidson." His education was limited to the rudiments taught at the common school near his home, and the science of navigation acquired more from experience than from study. Capt. Haley married Miss Susan P., daughter of Jo- seph Corson. Their children are Charles C, who .died in 1873, and Allie H., who married Capt. J. Burton Davidson, whose only child is Susie H. CAPT. JOHN SHARP. Facts regarding the earlier representatives of the Sharp family-will be found elsewhere in this volume. John Sharp, the grandfather of the subject of this biographical sketch, was a resident of Cumberland County, and there engaged in business pursuits. His son Imly married Abigail Haley, and had children, — John, Samuel, Charles, Alfred, Elizabeth, Abbie, and Caroline. Imly Sharp was an enterprising business man, and engaged largely in the cutting and shipping of wood, which afforded employment to a great number of laborers. His son John was born Feb. 21, 1819, and died on the 5th of the same month, 1878, in his fifty- fourth year. His youth was spent at Haleyville and Silver Run, where for a brief period he enjoyed the advantages of the common schools. He was at the age of ten years deprived of the protection and care of his father, and, having thus early been made by the force of circumstances the architect of his own fortune, began a career of labor as a woodchopper. Soon after he engaged as cook on a sloop, and from this position steadily advanced until he became mas- ter of the vessel. From that date he continued to follow a sailor's life, and eventually became owner of several vessels.. He studied and became proficient in the science of navigation, and was regarded as one of the most skillful navigators on the coast which he frequented, his point of destination usually being the Southern ports, or the islands of the West Indies. Some years prior to his death, Capt. Sharp purchased a farm near Mauricetown, and on retiring from the water spent the remainder of his life in agricultural employments. He, however, still continued to inter- est himself in the building and equipment of vessels, and engaged in this as in other business pursuits, hav- ing, in company with George Burdsel, constructed the bridge at Mauricetown. He was favorably known as a gentleman of intelligence, of excellent business ca- pacity, and of strict integrity. He was in no sense a politician, nor an aspirant for oflBce, though evincing always as a Whig, and later as a Republican, a desire for the success of his party. Capt. Sharp was married, in 1839, to Vashti Corson, of Mauricetown, whose birth occurred June 5, 1817. Their children are Priscilla (Mrs. Henry Moore), Imly, Ann P. (Mrs. William Compton), Joseph C, Abigail H., Albert, Alice (Mrs. M. R. Spear), and Harriet (Mrs. John Mayhew), John R., and Alfred, all of whom are still living. 652 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUN'TY. CHAPTER XCIV. TOWNSHIP OF DEEKFIELD. Organization and Description.— This was one of the original six townships into which the county was divided by the act of the Legislature creating the county. It is bounded on the northeast by Pitts- grove, Salem Co., on the northwest by Upper Allo- ways Creek, Salem Co., on the west by Hopewell township, and on the south by the city of Bridgeton. The First and Second Wards of the city of Bridge- ton were a part of it until 1845, when they were set ofi" as the township of Bridgeton. Its early settle- ment has been already given, and its history is inter- woven with that of Bridgeton, the county-seat and chief place in the township. Villages and Hamlets. — Deerfield, Cedar Grove, and Bosenhayn are the only villages in the township, and Finley's and Woodruff are post-offices at rail- road stations. The population of the township is engaged almost exclusively in agricultural pursuits. Deerfield. — The village of Deerfield, or Deerfield Street, as the post-office is called, is six miles north of Bridgeton, and is built upon both sides of the Bridgeton and Deerfield turnpike. The early inhab- itants were Presbyterians, who came mostly from Fairfield and established the church of that denomi- nation in the village, an account of which is else- where given. The village contains about fifty dwell- ings, and had a population in 1880 of one hundred and eighty-one. Besides the Presbyterian Church, it also contains a Methodist Church, built in 1868. A hotel has been kept in this place for many years, but is now' empty. A post-office was established here Jan. 1, 1803, with John Dare as postmaster. Edward O. Leake holds the office now, having been appointed July 13, 1851. Cedar Grove is a village of about fifty inhabitants, situated at the mills now called by that name, on the east side of the Cohansey, four miles north of Bridge- ton. Bosenhayn is a small village in the southeastern end of the township, which was planned and laid out by Joseph W. Morton after the close of the Rebellion. Mr. Morton sold some of the lots, and a few houses were built, but he was not able to make it a rival of Vineland, which had secured a few years' start, and after which Rosenhayn was planned. The settlement contains fifteen or twenty houses, and about seventy- five inhabitants, engaged in agricultural pursuits. A post-office was established Jan. 20, 1870, and Irving E. Burdick was appointed postmaster. The present postmaster is William J. Purves, who was appointed May 8, 1882. Finley's Station, on the West Jersey Railroad, about three and a half miles from Bridgeton, was made a post-office Aug. 19, 1867, with Jesse Finley (after whom the station was first named) as postmaster. The present incumbent is Charles Weber, appointed March 14, 1883. WoodruflF is a station on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, about the same distance from Bridgeton, and about a mile southeast of Finley's. A post-office was established there May 10, 1882, with John S. Woodruff as postmaster, who still holds the office. Husted's Station, on the West Jersey Railroad, seven miles north of Bridgeton, and close to the Salem County line, is the station for Deerfield village and Centreton, Salem Co. MILLS. Cedar Grove Mills. — The pond which furnishes the water-power to the grist-mill at Cedar Grove is on the main stream of the Cohansey. The pond on which is the saw-mill is a branch of the Cohansey, which empties into it below the grist-mill pond. They were erected early in the last century, and in 1748 were owned by Jonathan Fithian. In 1752, Joseph Golden was the proprietor, and remained the owner until after 1757. Ephraim Seeley (2d) bought the property of John and Joseph Golden and died in 1774, and by his will left the grist-mill and saw-mill to his son Josiah. At that time a new grist-mill was partly completed, with two runs of stones. His son Josiah owned both of the mills until his death, in 1832, and left them to his heirs, by whom they were sold. William Null afterwards owned them, from whom the vicinity was long known as Null's Mill. The grist-mill became the property of Arthur Davis & Co., and finally of Robert Ware, the present owner. James Hand owned the saw-mill in 1862, and Benja- min M. Welsh in 1876, and afterwards sold it to Abijah Hand, who now operates it. The mill property at Cedar Grove is of great value, owing to its proximity to the well-settled portions of Hopewell and Deerfield townships. George Davis' Grist-Mill. — This mill is situated on Loper's Run, about a mile south of Cedar Grove Mills. At the beginning of this century ^t was owned by Daniel Moore. Samuel Rommel owned it for a long while, and it was called after him. Upon the failure of Mr. Rommel and the sale of the mill prop- erty it passed into the possession of George Davis, the present owner. He had just completed a thorough repair of the building and machinery, and was ready to resume business on the next day, when, on the night of Oct. 29, 1883, it caught fire in some unknown way and was burned. Harris' Grist-Mill.— The mill-pond on the upper part of the Cohansey, near the county line, about two miles northwest of Deerfield, had been erected before the Revolution, and at that time was owned by Joseph Sneathen. It remained in the Sneathen family for many years, and passed to its present, owner, A. D. Harris, about a quarter of a century ago. He removed the mill from its old position near the pond to a new location about a quarter of a mile below, and dug a race-way to bring down the water. TOWNSHIP OP DEERFIELD. 653 Chosen Freeholders. of freeholders from this follows : 1748. Edward Lummas. Matthew Parviu. ■ 1749-50. Edward Lummas. Heuiy Seeley. 1751-54. Matthew Parvin. Alexander Moore. 1755-56. Alexander Moore. Daniel Ogden. 1757. Alexander Moore. 1758. Ephraim Seeley. Daniel Ogden. ' 1759. Ephraim Seeley. 1760-63. Alexander Moore. Daniel Ogden. 1764. Alexander Moore. Arthur Davis. 1765-67. Alexander Moore. John Dare. 1768. Noah Harris. 1769-70. Noah Harris. John Dare. 1771. . 1772. Alexander Moore. Nathan Leek. 1773-74. Noah Harris. Enos Seeley: 1775. John Back. John Westcott. 1776. Noah Harris. Enos Seeley. 1777-78. Enos Seeley. Kecotnpence Leake. 1779-80. Mark Kiley. 1781. John Buck. John Dare. 1782. John Dare. 1783-84. Daniel Ogden. 1785-88. DaTid Moore. William Garrison. 1789. William Garrison. 1790-91. William Garrison. David Moore. 1792. Ephraim Seeley. 1793-97. Ephraim Seeley. David Moore. 1798. Ephraim Seeley. Zachariah Lawrence (died). David Moore.i 1799. David Moore. Enos Johnson. 1800. Enos Johnson. Dan Bowen. 1801-3. David Moore. James Barch. 1804. Ebenezer Seeley. Dr. John Garrison. 1805-6. Ebenezer Seeley. Jonathan Moore. 1807. Ebenezer Seeley. Dr. Benjamin Ghampneys. 1808. Ebenezer Seeley. 1809. Ebenezer Seeley. Jonathan Moore. 1810. Jonathan Moore. Dr. Azel Pierson. 1811-12. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer. Dr. Azel Pierson. 1813. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer. Samuel Seeley. 1814. Samuel Seeley. David 0. Garrison. ■The members of the board township have been as 1815. Abijah Harris. Garrison Maul. 1816. Samuel Seeley. George Souder. 1817-18. Samuel Seeley. Dayton Biley. 1819. James Clark. Thomas WoodrufT. 1820. James Clark. Samuel Seeley. 1821. Samuel Seeley. Ephraim Buck. 1822. Smith Bowen. Get^rge Souder. 1823-26. Samuel Seeley. Enoch H. More. 1827-28. Ephraim Buck. George Souder. 1829. George Souder. William Bevan. 1830. Samuel Seeley. William Bevan. 1831-33. James Hood, Jr. George Souder. 1834. James Hood, Jr. Joel Moore, Jr. 1835-36. Lewis Woodruff. Samuel W. Seeley. 1837. Samuel Seeley. Henry T. KUet. 1838. Samuel W. Seeley. Daniel Elmer. 1839-40. Lewis Woodruflf. Jeremiah Stull. 1841. Samuel W. Seeley. Jeremiah Parvin. 1842. Samuel W. Seeley. Lewis Woodruif. 1843. James M. Newell. James P. Powers. 1844. Ephraim E. Sheppard. James M. Newell. 1845. Daniel Garrison. Samuel Barker. 1846. William Null. Lewis Woodruff. 1847. William Null. William Parvin. 1848. William Null. Lewis Woodruff. 1849. Daniel Garrison. Lewis Woodruff. 1850. Jeremiah J. Hitchner. Lewis Woodruff. 1851. Jeremiah J. Hitchner. William Null. 1852. William Null. Lewis Woodruff. 1853. John Hepner. Alfred Davis. 1854. Lewis Woodruff. Lewis Garrison. 1855. Lucius Moore. William Laning. 1866. Lucius Moore. Lewis Garrison. 1857. Lewis Woodruff. Enoch Garrison. 1868. Lewis Woodruff. Jeremiah Carll. 1859. Lewis Garrison. 1859. John S. Lewallen. 1860-61. Lewis Garrison. Alfred Davis. 1862-63. Lewis Woodrnfl. Lewis Garrison. 1864. Charles Laning. James Hand. 1866. James Hand. Lewis Garrison, 1866-67. Dr. Charles C. Philips. Lewis Garrison. 1868. Dr. Charles C. Philips. Samuel M. Fox. 1889-72. Dr. Charies C. Philips. John S. Woodruff. 1873. Dr. Charles C. Philips. Henry Ott. 1874. Dr. Charles C. Philips. Samuel M. Fox. 1876. Samuel M. Fox. Henry Ott. 1876. Samuel M. Fox. John H. Avis, 1877. Michael Vanlior. John H. Avis. 1878. John H. Avis. William G. Garrison. 1879. John H. Avis. 1880-82. Cliarles Barker. 1883. William M, Olt. 1 From Sept. 8, 1798. CHURCHES. Deerfield Presbyterian Church. — A number of Presbyterian families settled in Deerfield about the year 1732. These families came from New England and Long Island, by way of Fairfield. The names that appear among the earliest in the records of the church are Leake, Foster, Davis, More, Garrison. They formed themselves into a congregation and worshiped in a school-house that stood on the eastern side of the road opposite the old graveyard. About 1737 was erected the original Deerfield Church, a log house, standing south of the present building. The place where it stood has long since been filled with graves. The log church stood until 1771, when the present building was erected. In the original humble temple men of great distinction at different times preached, as Edwards, Blair, Gilbert, Tennant, and Finley, and it is very probable that Whitefield did not pass Deerfield by, for it is known that he traveled through this region in the spring and fall of 1740, and preached at Pittsgrove, Greenwich, and Salem. Thus was prepared the way for the in- •stallation of the first pastor. The Rev. Andrew Hun- ter was ordained and installed their pastor Sept. 4, 1746. He was also pastor of Greenwich Church, and the two constituted one church, but for conve- nience worshiped in two places. Mr. Hunter gave up Deerfield in 1760, and from this time these churches became two distinct organizations. In 1764 came Rev. Simon Williams, of whose pas- torate no record is preserved. He only stayed about two years. A single incident in his career is interest- ing and quite apropos. On one occasion he rode up to a certain house in his parish, and approaching the lady of the house, remarked, " Madame, I have se- lected your funeral text ;" and in reply to her inquiry, " What is it?" he answered, " You will find it in Acts ix. 31 : ' Then had the church rest.' " The Rev. R. Hamill Davis, in his very valuable and interesting history of the Deerfield Church, from which the prin- cipal facts in this sketch are obtained, observes, " The sin of which that woman was guilty has unsettled more pastors than all other causes combined." The Rev. Enoch Green was installed pastor June 9, 1767. He was a man of superior learning and in- tellect. During his time the present church building, or rather the building of which it is the enlargement, 654 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. was erected in 1771. It might be noted here that in 1871, just a century from the laying of the corner- stone of the present church edifice, centennial exer- cises were held in the church, on which occasion Mr. Davis delivered his historical discourse, since pub- lished, and which we have alluded to. The occasion brought together from all directions a large concourse of people. Mr. Green was the first pastor who occu- pied a parsonage in Deerfield. In the old brick par- sonage, which stood nearer the stream than the present building, upwards of one hundred years ago, he sustained a successful and somewhat celebrated classical school, where a considerable number of young men received a good education, some of whom attained positions of eminence. He remained pastor of the church more than nine years. He died at the beginning of the Revolution- ary war, Dec. 2, 1776, and is buried beneath the church. The Rev. John Brainerd, brother to Rev. David Brainerd, and his successor as missionary to the Indians, took charge of the church in 1777. After a brief and very useful pastorate of four years he died, and was buried, like his predecessor, beneath the church. In 1783, the church in the mean time being fur- nished with supplies, the Rev. Simeon Hyde was or- dained and installed, but in six weeks he died. On June 20, 1786, Rev. William Pickles, an Englishman, an eloquent man, but of loose character and danger- ous doctrines, was installed. He was dismissed in a summary and somewhat irregular method, but the Session was determined that he should never enter the pulpit again. For a long period following the dismissal of Pickles, in November, 1787, the pulpit was supplied by Dr. Robert Smith, Messrs. Law, Fai* toute, Foster, and Cowles, and perhaps others. It was not until the year 1810 that the church was in- corporated, and the names of the first trustees ap- pointed were Josiah Seeley, Samuel Thompson, Jere- miah Parvin, Jonathan Smith, and David O. Garrison. The Rev. John Davenport, a native of Freehold and a graduate of Princeton College, was installed pastor at Deerfield, Aug. 12, 1795. He was an able and ex- cellent man. He was dismissed on account of feeble health, Oct. 16, 1805. The church was without a pastor until Oct. 20, 1808, when the Rev. Nathaniel Reeve was installed. Mr. Reeve was dismissed at his own request April 17, 1817, and the church remained without a pastor until the installation of the Rev. Francis S. Ballentine, June 22, 1819. He was dis- missed from this charge at an adjourned meeting of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, held June 8, 1824. It was during his ministry that the present parsonage building was erected. During his time also the first Sabbath-school was organized within the bounds of the congregation. The school at Deerfield was or- ganized March 29, 1820, and the one at West Branch April 30th of the same year. On the 27th of April, 1826, the Rev. Alexander McFarland was ordained and installed pastor. After a pastorate of four years, Mr. McFarland was called to a professorship in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. He is said to have been a fine scholar. After him the Rev. John Burt supplied the pulpit for four months. He went from Deerfield to edit The PreBbyteriam,, and was afterwards settled at Blackwoodtown. He died a few years ago at Salem, which he had made his res- idence. The Rev. G. D. McCuen was installed pas- tor Nov. 9, 1831. He was pastor for five years. The last three ministers were natives of Scotland. The Rev. Benjamin Tyler, of a Greenwich family, was or- dained and installed Oct. 18, 1837. On account of failing health Mr. Tyler was obliged to seek a disso- lution of the pastoral relation, Feb. 19, 1842, and re- tired to his father's farm in Greenwich, where he died. His widow survives him, now residing in Bridgeton. The Rev. Jacob W. E. Kerr was installed pastor Aug. 16, 1842. The pastoral relation was dissolved at a meeting of the Presbytery, held at Bridgeton, May 1, 1855. During Mr. Kerr's pastorate ninety-seven were received into the church. Elder Ludlam Dare died Sept. 4, 1847. In December, 1847, Samuel Barker and Jeremiah Parvin were ordained as ruling elders, but that very month Mr. Barker died, and in February Mr. Parvin followed. In 1854, Mr. Elijah D. Riley died, after a faithful service of thirty-one years in the eldership. The Rev. Thomas W. Cattell was installed pastor Oct. 9, 1855. During his pastorale the church was enlarged to its present size. The corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies Aug. 25, 1858. The first service was held in the enlarged church March 9, 1859. Feb. 9, 1860, the pastoral relation was dissolved, and in August of that year Rev. R. Hamill Davis came as a supply. On Tuesday, June 4, 1861, he was ordained and installed pastor. After a long and successful pastorate, he was succeeded by the Rev. William H. Dinsmore, who was installed March 5, 1876. He died May 26, 1877, in the forty- fourth year of his age. His remains were taken to Phillipsburg, N. J. He was succeeded by Rev. E. P. Heberton, who was followed by the present pastor, Rev. J. D. Hunter, who resigned Sunday, the 4th of November, 1883, his resignation to take effect in two weeks. He has been pastor just three years. Pleasant Grove Methodist Episcopal Churcli at Woodruff. — Early in the present century several Presbyterians in the vicinity of what is now known as Woodruff became Methodists and formed a class. The meetings were at first held in a school-house on the Deerfield road, one-fourth of a mile north from the present church. Preston Stratton was the first class-leader. This class, in its best days, had about twenty members. When Preston Stratton left his place was supplied by Joel Harris, but he also moved away, and the class went down, the members joining another class in Broad Neck. Preaching was resumed in 1823, and a new class, of which the late Judge Lewis Woodruff' was the leader, was formed. In TOWNSHIP OF DEERFIELD. 655 1830 a house was built, to be used as a school-house as well as for preaching, and regular services were held in it. In 1835 this house was blown down in a severe storm of wind, but was rebuilt, and afterward moved away. In 1840 a church building was erected, near where the present church stands. It was a plain wooden structure, twenty-four by thirty-six feet in size, and its cost was six hundred dollars. In this the society worshiped till the erection of the present church at Woodruff. The lot on which this stands includes live acres, and it was donated by Thomas G. Wood- ruff and the other heirs of the Woodruff estate. A portion of it is used as a cemfetery. The stones (in the ground) for the foundation of the church were donated by James Stiles, of Bridge- ton. They were dug and carted, and the foundation was laid by J. A. Cann, J. S. Woodruff, R. S. Wood- ruff, Abel S. Garton, and others. The building com- mittee consisted of J. A. Cann, J. S. Woodruff, David Adcock, Abel S. Garton, E. S. Woodruff, and George C. Garrison. The corner-stone was laid July 3, 1869, and the house was dedicated Jan. 20, 1870. It is a tasteful wooden structure, with a seating capacity of four hundred and fifty. The church property is valued at seven thousand dollars. The old church building was sold, removed, and fitted up for a school-house. This has never been a station, but at different times has been on different circuits or attached to stations. At present the same pastor serves this and a small charge at Rosenhayn. Among the preachers who have served this society the names are remembered of Revs. John F. Crouch, Thomas Stewart, Edward Stout, William Williams, John McDougal, Thomas Christopher, George A. Eeybold, Jonas Chew, Osborn Downs, Nathaniel Chew, James White, Samuel F. Wheeler, Albert Matthews, Matthias H. Shimp, Jacob Loudenslager, George Jennings, William Rodgers, Samuel Parker, Beegle, Joseph A. Cann, Charles F. Garrison, Albert Tidwell, G. Wesley Moore, F. S. Chubbuck, W. H. Burley, and T. N. Given. The present membership is seventy. The church has no debt. The trustees are Enoch Garrison, Robert S. Wood- ruff, John S. Woodruff, Abel S. Garton, and Samuel Stevens. The class-leaders are Enoch Garrison, Charles Nichols, and George Carman. At Rosenhayn is a branch of this society, consist- ing of about twenty, with Henry Dare as class-leader. It has been an appointment about ten years. Its place of meeting is a school-house. DeerfieldMethodist Episcopal Church.— Through the instrumentality of Sarah E. Cole, Ruth Danzen- haker, and a few others, Methodist preaching was first regularly had, in the hall at Deerfield, in 1867. A revival soon followed, the result of which was the for- mation of a church, consisting of eleven members and seventy-two probationers. An acre of ground was presented to the society by Henry Danzenbaker for the site of a church, and an acre more was pur- chased. During 1868 a church was erected on this site, at a cost of four thousand dollars, which was dedicated Nov. 12, 1868. The pastors of this church up to 1872 were also pas- tors of Pleasant Grove Church, and since that time they have had the services of a pastor in connection with the Nazareth Church at Watson's Corners, Salem Co. The pastors who have served this church are : 1868-69, J. A, Cann; 1870-71, Charles F. Garrison; 1873-74, Albert Matthews ; 1875-76, Shuy ler T. Requa ; 1877, Peter Provost; 1878-80, William Margerum ; 1881, J. E. Willey; 1882, Phineas G. Ruckman ; 1883, W. A. Allen. The entire church property is valued at seven thousand dollars, and they have no debt. Friendship Methodist Protestant Church,' four miles northeast from Bridgeton, was organized about 1832. Among the prominent early members were Uriah Brooks and wife, Lot Cornell and wife, Jona- than Garton and wife, Mrs. Dorcas Joslyn, Mrs. Mary Garton, and Mrs. Hannah Chew. The society first worshiped during several years in a school-house, but about 1840 a church edifice was erected. It was a frame structure, twenty-six by thirty-six feet in size. About 1850 this was en- larged by the addition of a vestibule. In this house the society worshiped till 1881, when the erection of a new church on the same site was commenced. It was completed and dedicated in November, 1882. This is a tasteful wooden structure, with a seating capacity of four hundred. The seats are arranged in modern style, and it has an end gallery for the choir. The following names are remembered of preachers who have served this society : Revs. William Smith, James Lane, Dr. Wallace, Thomas Calhaner, Henry Watson, John Watson, Alfred Pierce, T. T. Heist, Joseph Brockbank, George Fisher, and C. S. Powel- son. Nathan Leake. — Nathan Leake, son of Recom- pence, married for his first wife a Miss Brick, and had two children. He was a man of property and conse- quence in his day, and lived in a house still standing in Deerfield. Nathan Leake {2d) was born in 1770, married Ruth Garrison, moved to Millville, and resided there until his death, in 1836. He was, though not a man of more than ordinary capacity, an influential and re- spectable citizen and magistrate. He took the side of the Democrats in politics, and in 1815, '16, '20, '24 was elected a member of the Legislature. Quite a number of the Leakes have from time to time emi- grated to the Western States, some of whom have attained to elevated positions there. 1 Information furnished by George Fox. 656 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. David Moore was born in Cumberland County, in the year 1747, and was the son of Samuel Moore, whose father, it is believed, was of the Scotch-Irish stock. Samuel Moore had three sons and two daughters, viz. . Samuel, born in 1743, was in the army under Lord Amherst, in Canada, in the year 1760, came home in December of that year, was taken ill with the smallpox, and died ; David ; Israel, who was taken prisoner by the British in 1780, and died on board the prison-ship at New York ; Elizabeth, who died in 1775; Hope, who married William Shute, and was the mother of David Shute, who taught sev- eral years in the Bridgeton Academy, and of Dr. Samuel Moore Shute, a lieutenant in the Contin^tal army during the war of the Ilevolntion, and after- wards a well-known physician in Bridgeton until his death in 1816. David Moore married Lydia Richman about the year 1771. In the latter part of the year 1776 two companies of New Jersey State Artillery were organ- ized, the western company commanded first by Sam- uel Hugg, and afterward by John Westcott, and in this Moore was a lieutenant. It was attached to the Continental army, and formed a part of the forces at the battle of the Brandywine, under Wayne at Paoli, and then at the battle of Germantown. At this last engagement he was wounded by a grape-shot and obliged to return to his family. He recovered and was at the battle of Monmouth in June, 1778. This seems to have been the last of his service with that company, the subsequent condition of which is Un- known. He was no doubt connected with the local militia, in which after the close of the war he held the rank of captain, and was then appointed by the Legislature of the State a colonel, holding that posi- tion and commonly known as Col. Moore during the remainder of his life. Shortly before he entered the army he purchased a farm at. Deerfield, where he resided, and about the year 1790 he had erected upon it a good house, at the time the best in the neighborhood, still standing on the north side of the main street of the village, and now owned by Lucius Moore, who is a descendant of Joseph Moore. In the years 1796 and 1797 he was elected a member of the Assembly, but in the divis- ion of parties which soon took place he took the side of the Democrats, and during the next three years was defeated. In 1801-2 he was placed at the head of the Democratic ticket as member of the Council, and succeeded, proving himself to be a man personally popular, for the contest between the rival parties was at this time severe, and the result doubtful. He was, in fact, elected on the first Democratic ticket that succeeded in the country. Before the election again occurred, in 1803, he died. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. GEORGE FOX AND SAMUEL M. FOX. Frederick Fox, the great-grandfather of Samuel M., emigrated from Germany and settled in Salem County. He served during the war of the Revolu- tion, when he was a corporal, and on his return to civil life settled in Deerfield township, Cumberland Co. Among his children was a son Frederick, born in Salem County, March 15, 1768, who married Anna Mary B. Meglin, only daughter of George and Barbara Meglin, who emigrated from Wiirtemberg, Germany. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Fox were Mary (Mrs. Abram Stull), Elizabeth (Mrs. Jacob Hopner), John, Margaret (Mrs. J. B. Mounts), Catherine (Mrs. Lewis Woodruff), Frederick, George, Ann (Mrs. James Golder), Lydia (Mrs. William Keen), Susan (Mrs. William Keen), and Phoebe, of whom three survive. Mr. Fox died July 12, 1839, in his seventy-second year, and his wife in July, 1860. His son George was born Aug. 18, 1804, in Deer- field township, where he still resides on land origi- nally owned by his father. His advantages of edu- cation were confined to the winter months at the neighboring school, after which the farm became the scene of his more active labors. He was married on the 11th of October, 1828, to Miss Susannah Candal, of Lower Pittsgrove township, Salem Co., born July 14, 1808. Their children are Samuel ; Adam, born in 1830, and married to Harriet A. Barnes, who has had fifteen children, of whom nine survive ; George, born in 1832, deceased, and married to Elizabeth Garri- son, who has three children ; Margaret, deceased, born in 1833 ; Enoch, born in 1836, married to Mar- garet Brooks, who has three children ; Anna Mary B., born in 1839, married to James Duffield, who has five children; Charles F., born in 1842, mar- ried to Harriet Filer, who has three children ; and Emily J., born in 1851, married to Edward Seeley, who has five children. Soon after his marriage Mr. Fox settled upon the farm which is his present home, a portion of which he inherited, and the remaining shares of which he purchased. Though not an active politician, Mr. Fox has ever been an earnest partisan, and cast his first vote in favor of Andrew Jackson and the Democracy. He has been collector of the town- ship, a member of its committee, and held other less important offices. He is a member and trustee of Friendship Protestant Methodist Church of Deerfield township, Mrs. Fox being also a member. Their son, Samuel M., was born Feb. 21, 1829, in Deerfield, at the paternal home. His opportunities of education were such as the Friendship school, in the immediate neighborhood, afforded, after which he removed to the home of his grandmother, and re- mained until twenty-two years of age, when he en- gaged in teaching. At a later period he removed to Camden, N. J., C^^-T^^loC <^ao>o JfMMc^ J '/Ptyfy^ ^.S^.e^/ua^ TOWNSHIP OF FAIRFIELD. 679 ried to Mary Powell, who has three children, — Belle, Charles Ewing, and Lizzie P.), John L., and The- ophilus D. (married to Emma Tomlin, who has two children,— I. Ward and William T.). Mrs. Mulford's death occurred July 1, 1878, in her sixty-fourth year. Mr. Mulford has devoted his life to farming employ- ments, and never deviated from his routine of home pursuits to engage in business of a public character or in the exciting conflicts of the political world. He was for years a Whig, and later became a Republican, but never an office-holder. The family are support- ers of the Presbyterian faith, and worship at the church of that denomination in Cedarville. SMITH DAVIS. married Ella C. Banford ; Leonard C, born July 15, 1862; John, born Sept. 9, 1866 ; Smith, born March 7, 1869; and Annie F., whose birth occurred May 21, 1872. Smith Davis is the son of Joel Davis, who came to Deerfield township when a boy, and, remaining for a brief time, subsequently removed to Maurice River. Here on reaching man's estate he engaged in the busi- ness of cutting and shipping wood and cultivating the land on which this timber grew. He was married to Priscilla Coombs, of Maurice River township, and had children,— Mary (Mrs. Andrew Cassidy), Ruth (Mrs. Simon Woodruff), Esther (Mrs. Samuel Shaw), Sarah (Mrs. Philip Birch), Jane (Mrs. Elmer Dou- zenbaker), Joshua, John, Joel, Benjamin, David, Jesse, and Smith, of whom nine survive. Mr. Davis added farming to his other proJBtable occupations, and continued to reside in Maurice River until his removal to the residence of his son. Smith, in Fair- field township. His death occurred in Bridgeton, February, 1868, in his seventy-fourth year. Smith Davis was born Aug. 12, 1834, in Maurice River, where he remained until thirteen, when his removal to Fairfield occurred. Here, with the exception of a brief interval, the remaining portion of his life has been spent. He early developed a taste for agricul- tural employment.'f, and was a tenant of his father until the latter's death, when one of his farms became the property of his son by inheritance. Here he has continued to cultivate the soil, and makes a specialty of produce for the New York and Philadelphia mar- kets. He is also an extensive dealer in fat cattle, which are principally sold for home consumption. Mr. Davis is descended from Whig .stock, but now votes the Democratic ticket, though not specially in- terested in the political issues of the day. The family are strongly attached to the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which, with the exception of the younger, all are members. Mr. Davis was married June 18, 1853, to Frances A., daughter of William Roecap, of Millville. Their children are William, born April ! 28, 1854, and married to Annie Phillips, of Cumber- [ land County ; Esther, born July 4, 1855 (Mrs. Howard j Banford) ; Mary, born April 22, 1857 (Mm. Alexander Williams) ; Joel, born Aug. 23, 1858, and married to : EmelineT. Westcott; Edmund P., born April 3, 1860, ' GEORGE E. AND JAMES B. ELMER. The Elmers are of English lineage, and are, in America, descended from Edward Elmer, who, hav- ing emigrated in 1632, located in Cambridge, Mass. A branch of the family removed to New Jersey, from which Jonathan Elmer, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, traced his descent. He was both a farmer and surveyor, and resided three miles from Fairton, in Fairfield township. He married Theodosia Bate- man, and had children, — Jonathan, born in 1779; Theodosia, in 1781; Jane, in 1782; Esther, in 1784; Sabrinah, in 1787; Martha, in 1790; Sabra, in 1792; and Ruth, in 1795. By a second union with Pamelia ■, of Cape May County, N. J., were born children, — Hannah, in 1799; Pamelia, in 1801; and Ruth, in 1806. Jonathan, of this number, was born Dec. 12, 1779, in Fairfield township, near Fairton, and mar- ried Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Earl, whose birth occurred Aug. 16, 1782. Their children were Eli, born in 1801; John, in 1803; Jonathan, in 1806; George E., in 1808 ; Owen, in 1810 ; Betsey, in 1813 ; Martha, in 1815; James E., in 1816; Ebenezer, in ,- and Harris O., in 1820. Mr. Elmer's death occurred Oct. 25, 1862, in his eighty-third year. His son, George E., was born Aug. 17, 1808, in Fairfield township, where his early years were spent at the home of his father. The educational opportunities of that day were usually limited to three months of study during the winter, under masters employed by the families of the neighborhood, and Mr. Elmer was not an exception in the advantages of education he enjoyed. He early embarked in the cutting and sell- ing of wood, and in 1835, having purchased a farm near Fairton, added the improvement of his land to other business interests in which he was engaged. He was married on the 14th of March, 1833, to Miss Deborah C. Ogden, of Fairfield township. Their children are Martha J. (Mrs. Isaac Sheppard), The- ophiliis H., George L., Ruth 0. (Mrs. Nathaniel Gandy), Sarah E. (Mrs. John P. Jerrell), and three who are deceased. By a second marriage, to Mrs. Ruth Smith, was born a son, Daniel C. Mr. Elmer has practically retired from the activities of business life, though he is still energetic, and lends a willing hand when emergencies arise requiring his aid. He is not in any sense a party man in politics, though Democratic principles receive his support. He has served as freeholder of the township, and also as collector. Both he and Mrs. Elmer are mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church at Fairton. His brother, James E. Elmer, was born Nov. 15, 1816, on the homestead in Fairfield, where the years of his youth were spent. After limited opportunities 680 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. at the school of the neighborhood he began farming employments, and rendered invaluable assistance to his father in the cultivation of his land. He also en- gaged in the cutting and shipping of wood, which proved an extensive and lucrative business. When twenty-five years of age he purchased a farm, and has since that time continued to follow farming employ- ments. Mr. Elmer was married, on the 21st of April, 1841, to Miss Lydia M., daughter of John M. Swing, of Fairton. Their children are Lydia {Mrs. Edwin. Starin), born in 1842; James H., born in 1844; Isa- bella P. (Mrs. S. H. Williams), born in 1846; Emily (Mrs. James C. McNichols), born in 1848 ; John 8., in 1850 (deceased); Sophronia, in 1857 (deceased) Ellen T. (Mrs. Charles O. Whitaker), born in 1856 Charles 8., in 1862; and Wilber B., in 1864. Mr, Elmer, in 1883, removed from the farm which for a period of forty-two years had been his home to the village of Fairton, where his brothers — George E,, Harris O., and Owen — also reside. He has abandoned active labor, and now enjoys the rest and comfort to which his life of industry entitles him. In politics he is a Democrat, though not an active politician. He is connected with the Presbyterian Church of Fairton, of which his wife is also a mem- ber. CHAPTER XCVIL TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. Boundaries. — This township has the same bounds as when it was erected by the act setting off the county from Salem. It is bounded by Stow Creek on the north, Hopewell on the east, the Cohansey sepa- rates it from Fairfield on the southeast, Delaware Bay is on the southwest, and Salem County on the west. Previous to the separation from Salem County the whole of the north side of Cohansey was one township, or precinct, as they were then called, called the " North Side of Cohansey" ; but sometimes it was called Greenwich Precinct, probably because that was the chief town. The township as a whole comprises the richest agricultural portion of the county. Town of Greenwich.— The only town in it is of the same name, and stretches along the main street from the Cohansey to the Presbyterian Church at the Head of Greenwich, a distance of about one and a half miles. Fenwick designed calling the town which he or- dered laid out where Greenwich now is by the name of Cohansey, but the settlers called it Greenwich, probably after Greenwich, Conn., from which place or its neighborhood some of the settlers had come. The executors of Fenwick after they laid out the town sold lots, an account of which, with the names of many of the purchasers, has already been given. The sixteen-acre lot at the wharf, on the north side of the street, they sold to Mark Reeve, Aug. 9, 1686, and he sold to Joseph Browne, Dec. 4, 1686, reserving free egress to twenty square feet of ground, where his wife was buried. Browne sold a lot of fifty by fifty- five feet, for a Quaker meeting-house and graveyard, and sold the remainder to ThomasChalkley, a Quaker minister, in 1738. He conveyed it to John Butler, who kept a tavern there, and sold it to Thomas Mul- ford in 1752, and he to William Connor, Oct. 25, 1753, who conveyed it to John Sheppard, Dec. 16, 1760. It is still owned by one of his descendants. In 1739, Chalkley had a survey made for him for a half acre adjoining it, including the wharf, and in 1743 for fifteen and a half acres additional, making up his sixteen acres. Fairs. — The number of people at Cohansey, or Greenwich, increasing, the Assembly passed an . act in May, 1695, for the holding of two fairs yearly "at the town of Greenwich, at Cohansey, alias Csesarea, River," the first to be held on April 24th and 25th, and the other on October 16th and 17th of each year, and enacted that it should be lawful for all persons to buy or sell all manner of lawful goods, and to be free from arrests on said days and for two days before and after the fair days, except it be for breach of the peace. These fairs were a public market, and were popular because of the freedom allowed to individ- uals and the lack of trammels upon the sales. These fairs were continued until 1765, when a law was passed abolishing them as unnecessary. Retail stores had become more plentiful, and there was not the same need of the fairs. Ebenezer Miller, who lived at Greenwich, and who was one of the members of the Assembly at that time, probably had the act passed. In 1701 a memorial of the Proprietors, expressing their willingness to surrender the government of the province to the crown, expressed the desire that the port of Perth Amboy, in East Jersey, and the ports of Burlington and Cohansey, in West Jersey, might be established as ports of the provinces. School Lot, — Zachariah Barrow owned a farm on the east side of the street, just where the street, after making a short turn to the eastward, again turns northward. By his will, executed in 1725, he devised it " for the benefit of a free school for the Township of Greenwich forever." In 1749, Ebenezer Miller had a survey laid on it to himself and two others, attorneys, constituted by the town of Greenwich, and they executed a conveyance for it to David Sheppard, subject to the payment of a yearly rent of £13, for the use of a free school to the inhabitants of the town of Greenwich within the bounds set forth in the deed. A dispute arising concerning this rent, a bill in chancery was filed, and it was adjudged that it be paid for the benefit of the public schools within the bounds described in the deed, which ha.s ever since been done. Trade.— Up to the beginning of this century Green- ^-»-^ 1? u^^^^^^l^^.^^^^^ TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 681 wich was the most important business-place in the county. Trade was carried on directly with the West Indies and other places, but it could not maintain a rivalry with Philadelphia, which finally absorbed all of the foreign trade. The firm of Wood & Sheppard did such a large business as to have bonds printed payable to them. Ferry. — In 1767 a law was passed for the estab- lishment of a ferry across the river to Back Neck, and to lay out a road from the landing-place through the marsh to the fast land in Back Neck. The chosen freeholders of Greeiiwich and Fairfield made an agree- ment with John Sheppard, Jan. 8, 1768, who had bought the wharf property a few years before, where- in they leased the ferry rights to him for nine hun- dred and ninety-nine years, he agreeing to maintain the ferry in good order, keep good and sufficient boats, and maintain the roads, and he bound his property for the performance of these conditions. In 1810 and 1820 efforts were made to have a draw- bridge built, but they did not succeed. For a num- ber of years a horse-boat was used on the ferry, but as Bridgeton and other places grew in importance, Greenwich became less so, and travel across the ferry became so infrequent that its further keeping up was quite a burden. June 11, 1838, a new agreement was made by the freeholders of Greenwich and Fairfield, whereby they agreed to release John Sheppard, son of the John who made the original agreement, from his obligation to keep up the ferry for three hundred dollars, which Mr. Sheppard accepted and paid. Of later years Greenwich has been only a quiet country town, with very little business, but sur- rounded with a rich agricultural region, the best in the county. It is best known in history as the place where the tea was burned, Dec. 22, 1774, as previously narrated. Greenwich in 1883. — It contains two Friends' meeting-houses, a Presbyterian and a Baptist Church. A canning establishment, carried on by Job Bacon, constitutes the principal business establishment of the place. A post-office was established July 1, 1811. The .first postmaster was George Bacon, who held the office a long term. The present incumbent is Priscilla H. Williams, appointed Aug. 17, 1870. The town- ship contains a population of twelve hundred and forty-five by the census of 1880, and the village five hundred and thirteen. Bnena Vista, a landing on the Cohansey a mile below Greenwich, formerly did quite a large trade in the handling of grain, fertilizers, etc., but for nearly a score of years no business has been done there. Springtown, in the northeastern part of the town- ship, is a settlement of colored persons, scattered over a considerable tract of sandy land. Sheppard's (now Young's) Grist-Mill.— This mill is of very ancient date. It was formerly owned by John Brick, and afterwards by Joseph Higbee, and was bought at sheriff's sale by John Sheppard, in the beginning of this century. He rebuilt it,. and from him it passed to his son, Benjamin Sheppard. He car- ried on the business for many years, and sold it a few years ago to Henry J. Young, the present owner. rRBEHOLDERS FEOM GKEENWIOH. 1748. Thomas Waithman. David Shepherd. 1749-51. John Bacon. David Shepherd. 1752-67. David Shepherd. Philip Donnia. 1758. David Shepherd. Thomaa Ewing. 1759. David Shepherd. 1760-64. David Sheplierd. Thomas Ewing. 1765-68. Francis Brewster.' Tliomas Ewing, 1769-70. John Sheppard. Thomns Ewing. 1771. . 1772. John Sheppard. Providence Ludlam. 1773. Benjamin Tyler. Richard Wood. 1774. Richard Wood. 1776-76. Richard Wood. BnoB Woodruff. 1777. Knos Woodruff. Providence Ludlam. 1778-81. Providence Ludlam. Isuac Watson. 1782-86. John Ewing. Ladis Walling. 1786. Providence Ludlam. John Bacon, 1787-96, Maskell Ewing. Richard Wood, Sr, 1796, Abner Ewing. Isaac Smith, 1797-98, John Sheppard, Jr, Abner Ewing. 1799, Thomas Daniels, Abel Bacon, 1800-6 Thomas Daniels, Samuel Watson, 1806-8, Thomas Daniels, Enos Ewing. 1809-11, Enos Ewing, 1809-11, Dr, William B. Ewing, 1812-1:). Dr. William B, Swing. Joseph Harmer, 1814-26, George Bacon, Dr. William B. Ewing, 1827-29, Dr. William B, Ewing, Thom'is E, Hunt, 1830-32, Thomas E. Hunt, Charles B. Fithian. 1833, Charles B. Fithian, Dr, William B. Ewing. 1834-36. Charles B. Fithian. Thomas E. Hunt. 1836-38. Charles B, Fithian. Clayton Ayres. 1839-40. Clayton Ayres, Jacob Harris. 1841-42, Clayton Ayres. Thomas E, Hunt, 1843-44. Thomas E. Hunt. Benjamin Sheppard. 1846-47. Thomas E. Hunt. John Bacon. 1848-65. Charles B. Fithian. Enoch Mulford. 1856-58, Enoch Mulford, Thomas C. Sheppard. 1859-60. Benjamin Ayres. Ebenezer Hall. 1861. Wilmon Bacon. Benjamin Ayres, 1862-69, Job Bacon, Benjamin Ayres, 1870-72. Job Bacon, Thomas E. Hunt, 1873-76, John F. Keen, Thomas B, Hunt. 1876, Thomas B, Hunt, Daniel M. Sheppard, 1877-78, Dr, Thomas E. Statliems. William M. Stewart, 1879-81, Dr, Thomas E, Stathems, 1882-83, "Morris Bacon, CHURCHES, Friends' Meeting at Greenwich.— The Friends' Meeting at Greenwich was established at an early period in the settlement of the colony. Mark Reeve, William Bacon, James Duncan, and others applied to Salem Monthly Meeting for assistance in building a meeting-house. Previous to that time meetings were held at private houses. By Deed-Book No. 5 of Salem County records, in the Secretary of State's ofiSce at Trenton, we learn that Joseph Browne, of town of Greenwich, sold to Charles Bagley, reciting, " Whereas, Mark Reeve, of Cesarea River, yeoman, by a deed of Dec. 4, 1686, sold to said Joseph Browne 16 acres in Greenwich, now he sells to Charles Bagley a lot 50 feet on the street and 55 feet deep, for the only use, service, & purpose of a Meeting-House & graveyard for those people in scorn called Quakers," between "ye now dweling- house of ye s* Joseph Browne & his now Barne." 6S2 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Members of Greenwich Meeting, with the assistance of Salem Monthly Meeting, built a meeting-house soon after. It stood where the present meeting- house is located, near the Cohansey, for the purpose of accommodating the Friends that resided on the south side of the river, in Fairfield township. Green- wich Meeting, in the forepart of the last century, in- creased largely in the number of its members, so much so that it was deemed necessary to build a larger house for their accommodation. There was a substantial brick house erected on or near where the old log house formerly stood. It was what is termed an " Indulged Meeting," or meeting for worship only, being under the care of Salem Meeting, and con- tinued so until 1770, when this and the meeting at Alloways Creek were united and formed one Monthly Meeting, to be held alternately at each place. The influential persons and their families that were mem- bers of Greenwich Particular Meeting during the middle and latter part of the eighteenth century were the Reeves, Davises, Millers, Woods, Sheppards, Tests, Bricks, Dennises, Harmers, Bacons, Stewarts, and several others. Several of those mentioned were conspicuous men in the generation in which they lived. At the time of the great division of the so- ciety in 1836 into the two parties called Orthodox and Hicksite, the former, being the most consider- able in number, retained the old building, where they still worship. The other party built a small meeting-house near the Head of Greenwich. From death, emigration, and attaching themselves to other denominations the Friends in the neighborhood are now very few in number. The number of Friends that settled at Greenwich or elsewhere in the county was never very large. A Friends' meeting-house still remains at Port Elizabeth, built in 1800, but the society is now quite extinct. Greenwich Presbyterian Church. — There is no record extant of the church or congregation of Green- wich until 1747. The church records previous to that time are supposed to have been burned in the fire which consumed the parsonage, about the year 1740. The church was without a pastor from 1740 to 1746. In the absence of church records previous to 1747, and for other data, we must rely entirely upon the venerable Dr. Enoch Fithian's admirable history of the church, who has bestowed the utmost pains in gathering information from all accessible sources. A deed of gift is preserved from Jeremiah Bacon to Henry Joyce and Thomas Maskell, for " one acre of land for the people called Presbyterians, on the north side of Cohansey, to build and establish a meeting- house for the worship of God." It is said the church was formed in 1700 and supplied by Mr. Black. It is not known in what year Mr. Black left Greenwich. He was in Lewes, Del., in. 1708, and probably never returned to Greenwich. From the time of Mr. Black's removal to Lewes to the installation of Mr. Goold, in 1728, the pulpit of the Greenwich Church was probably vacant, with the exception of occasional supplies. It is possible that the two congregations of Fairfield and Greenwich had the same pastor, in the person of Rev. Henry Hook, ministering to each on alternate Sabbaths. He was censured by Presbytery for some misconduct, and re- moved in 1722 to Delaware. Rev. Ebenezer Goold was installed pastor of the Greenwich Church in 1728. He was a native of New England, and graduated at Yale College in 1723. The neit year after the installation of Mr. Goold the con-' gregation- procured a piece of land, on which they built a parsonage. The deed for the land, of which there were six acres, was from Nicholas Gibbon and Leonard Gibbon to " Josiah Fithian, Thomas Mas- kell, and Noah Miller, in behalf the Presbyterian or Descenting Presbyterian inhabitants of the north side of Cohansey," etc. The deed is dated Jan. 13, 1729- 30. On this land the congregation built a house, in which their pastor, Mr. Goold, resided until it, to- gether with the furniture it contained, was consumed by fire. After Mr. Goold came to Greenwich he was married to Amie Brewster, a sister of Francis Brewster, one of the elders of the church, and a descendant of the Elder Brewster who landed from the " Mayflower" at Plymouth in 1620. She died in the year previous to that in which Mr. Goold resigned his pastoral charge, and was interred under the communion-table of the church, which had been recently erected. Near her grave still remains a marble slab, on which her death is recorded, July 16, 1739, aged thirty-six years. The congregation so increased during the pastorate of Mr. Goold that it could not be conveniently ac- commodated in the wooden building, and in the spring of 1735 subscriptions were made for a new church edifice. The church was of brick, forty-four feet in length by thirty-four in breadth. It was used for public worship several years previous to its entire completion, which was not effected until some time in the year 1751. Tradition says the pulpit, which was hexagonal and of black walnut, and the sound- ing-board were made in Boston. When completed it was the largest and most imposing edifice in the county of Salem, — Cumberland at that time being a part of Salem County. Mr. Goold died at Granville, Mass., in 1778. Feb. 13, 1738, the graveyard was en- larged by the addition of one acre and a half to its southern end. After the removal of Mr. Goold the church was without a pastor for six years. Its pulpit was occa- sionally supplied by some of the most eminent preachers in the church. The celebrated Whitefleld visited Greenwich, and preached there with his accus- tomed eloquence, and on one occasion the number of people who- assembled to hear him was so large that the church could not contain them, and the congre- gation assembled in the shade of an adjacent wood. The Rev. Andrew Hunter, A.M., was ordained and TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 683 installed pastor of the churches of Greenwich and Deerfield, Sept. 4, 1746. During his pastoral relation to the two churches he preached two Sabhaths in ittimediate succession at Greenwich, and on every third Sabbath at Deerffeld. The elders of both churches acted as the officers of but one church. The congregation purchased a farm for a parsonage of Joseph James, May 3, 1754. The farm contained one hundred and five acres of land. It was after- wards somewhat enlarged. The parsonage farm be- came one of the best farms, with the best buildings thereon of any farm in the congregation. It was sold in the year 1811 to Abijah Harris. The Rev. Andrew Hunter was born in Ireland in or about the year 1715. He was an able scholar and divine, and was much beloved by the people of his charge, among whom his influence and usefulness was great. From the first he took an active and de- cided part in favor of his adopted country. No other person probably was more influential in enkindling the flame of patriotism, which burned with so much ardor in the bosoms of the citizens of Cumberland County, than the Rev. Andrew Hunter. At the close of Mr. Hunter's ministry the church and congrega- tion had never been in a more prosperous state. Mr. Hunter died of dysentery July 28, 1775. His re- mains were interred in the middle aisle of the church, near the pulpit. After the death of Mr. Hunter the cliurch was without a pastor till the year 1782. The Rev. Isaac Keith was for a time supply. The Rev. George Faitoute being called to take the pastoral charge of this congregation, accepted the invitation and commenced his ministerial services Aug. 18, 1781. He was eventually called as pastor, and was installed April 8, 1782. At his request his . relation to the church and congregation was dissolved in 1788. He was installed pastor of the church at Jamaica, L. I., Dec. 15, 1789. During the interval between the removal of Mr. Faitoute and the in- stallation of another pastor a congregation was formed at Bridgeton, which drew largely for the materials for its formation from the Greenwich Church. Dr. William Olarkson was called as pastor of both churches, each to pay a salary in proportion to the time they enjoyed his labors. Dr. Olarkson was installed pastor of both churches in Novem- ber, 1794. Dr. Olarkson, who had resided on the parsonage farm, became dissatisfied with farming, and in the spring of 1798 removed to Bridgeton. Having been a practicing physician previous to his engaging in the study of theology, he resumed the practice of his former profession. This proved a most unfortunate step. He was dismissed upon his own application to the Presbytery in 1801, and be- came pastor of a church in Savannah, Ga., where a few years afterwards he died of yellow fever. He was a popular and excellent preacher. In the year 1802 the Rev. Alexander Boyd preached for one or two months for the congregation of Green- wich. The Bridgeton congregation did not concur in calling Mr. Boyd. On the 4th day of July, 1804, the congregation unanimously agreed to call the Rev. Jonathan Free- man, of Newburgh, N. Y., to be pastor of the church and congregation. The congregation at Bridgeton concurred in the call of Mr. Freeman. He was in- stalled pastor of both churches, in the church at Bridgeton, Oct. 16, 1805. After living a few years at the parsonage, Mr. Freeman was induced to change his residence to Bridgeton, and alter the time of pub- lic worship at Greenwich from the morning to the afternoon, and have public worship at Bridgeton morning and evening. This, with the pastor's change of residence, seemed to have been somewhat disas- trous to the congregation of Greenwich for various reasons detailed by Dr. Fithian. A notice of the Rev. Mr. Freeman, one of the ablest men in the Pres- byterian body, is given under the head of Bridgeton. After the death of Mr. Freeman in 1822 the pulpits of the united congregations were supplied by the Presbytery. After many vicissitudes, in April, 1824, the Rev. Samuel Lawrence supplied the pulpit until Septem- ber, when, having been called, he was ordained pas- tor Nov. 10, 1824. A notice of Mr. Lawrence is also given under the head of Greenwich township. The church edifice had become so much dilapi- dated it was resolved at a meeting of the congregation, held Feb. 14, 1835, to build a new church. Thomas E. Hunt, Philip Fithian, and Enoch Fithian were appointed a building committee. The congregation assembled in the old church on Sunday, April 12, 1835, to hear the last sermon and unite in the last song of praise within its venerated walls. A lot of land containing twenty-four perches, ad- joining the lot belonging to the congregation, east of the main street, was purchased, and on this lot the corner-stone of the new church was laid May 7, 1835. The church was built at an expense not exceeding five thousand dollars. On the morning of Dec. 23, 1845, the church sustained considerable damage by fire. In the spring of 1847, Mr. Lawrence applied to the Presbytery for dismission, which the congregation acquiesced in with affectionate regard for himself and family. At a congregational meeting, Nov. 11, 1847, the Rev. Shepherd Kosciusko Kollock was unanimously called. He accepted, and was installed pastor Jan. 26, 1848. During the summer .ind autumn of 1852 a lecture-room was built in the lower part of the town of Greenwich. It was dedicated Jan. 30, 1853. In the spring of 1860 the church was enlarged and re- paired, and the church lot was also enlarged by pur- chase. The church was reopened for public worship on Feb. 14, 1861. March 9th the Rev. Dr. Kollock, on account of impaired health, declared his intention of resigning. The pastoral relation of Dr. Kollock 684 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. was dissolved March 11, 1861. He was a fine scholar and was excelled by but "few as a preacher. While pastor of the Greenwich Church he received from the college at Princeton the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died in Philadelphia, April 7, 1865, aged nearly seventy years. Nov. 4, 1861; Rev. John S. Stewart was unani- mously called. He accepted the call, and was or- dained pastor of the church and congregation Feb. 11, 1862. The burial-ground in 1863 was made larger by purchase of half an acre of land of Reuben Hunt. In 1867 the pastor's salary was increased and an organ was purchased. Feb. 9, 1870, having accepted a call from Towanda, Mr. Stewart sent in his resignation. The Presbytery dissolved the pastoral relation to the church Feb. 11, 1870. At a meeting of the congre- gation, Dec. 5, 1870, it was unanimously resolved to purchase a parsonage, situated a few rods south of the church on the main street. March 14, 1870, the Rev. Henry E. Thomas, of Olney, 111., was unanimously called to be pastor, at a salary of twelve hundred dollars and a parsonage. The call was accepted by him, and he was installed Jrnie 8th of the same year. He has been pastor for the past thirteen years. The congregation has, per- haps, never been larger than at the present time since so many of its members left it to form the congre- gation at Bridgeton. It consists of about ninety families. Greenwich Baptist Church.— Rev. Henry Smal- ley, the pastor of the Cohansey Church at Roadstown for about a half-century, was accustomed to hold a meeting for preaching in Greenwich, in the town school-house and in private houses. The number of members living in Greenwich having increased, weekly prayer-meetings were established and were regularly held from house to house. In 1837 and 1838, Rev. E. D. Feudally, during the latter part of the pastorate of Mr. Smalley, having business connections in the place, had regular ap- pointments for preaching in the town school-house, which resulted so favorably that the subject of build- ing a meeting-house was agitated. Money was sub- scribed, but the mother-church at Roadstown opposed it, fearing lest a new church here might seriously cripple the home church. Preaching was regularly kept up by the succeeding pastors of the Cohansey Church. In the spring of 1843 meetings held at Roadstown, at Bacon's Neck, and at the town school-house, near the Head of Greenwich, resulted in large additions to the Baptists' ranks in this vicinity, while the oppo- sition they met with during the meetings impressed upon them the need of a house of their own. In De- cember, 1843, a subscription paper was started, and in two days and a half over two thousand dollars were pledged in the neighborhood. A society was organ- ized, whose only object was to build a meeting-house, with twenty-three members, every one paying over fifteen dollars and a member of a Baptist Church being a member. They bought a lot, and early in 1844 the house was commenced, and was completed by October 21st, at a cost of two thousand eight Imn- dred and two dollars and fiTty cents, and on Saturday, Nov. 9, 1844, it was dedicated. From this time ser- vice was held every Sunday evening in the new building. In the summer of 1849 a new organization was ad- vocated, and Dec. 1, 1849, forty-nine members were dismissed from the Cohansey Church, and with one from Cape May became the fifty constituent members. The church was constituted Jan. 16, 1850. Rev. J. R. Murphy became the first pastor, Feb. 1, 1850, and remained until Sept. 11, 1852, when he resigned, owing to the condition of his throat, which required him to cease his labors for some time. Rev. George Young succeeded him in December, 1852, but he ceased his labors Aug. 1, 1853. He was followed by Rev. H. C. Putnam, who became pastor Dec. 1, 1853, and con- tinued as pastor until the third Sunday in August, 1857. Rev. William Maul began to supply them in February of the next year, and in April, 1858, became pastor of the church, and after a successful pastorate of nine years left them, April 1, 1867. During the latter year the church erected a commodious parson- age adjoining the meeting-house at a cost of four thousand dollars. Rev. Andrew J. Hay became the next pastor, Oct. 1, 1867, and remained until May, 1870, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. Samuel C. Dare, June 12, 1870. Dur- ing the winter of 1870-71 the church experienced the greatest revival it has ever known in its history, as a result of which seventy-four persons were baptized. In 1874 a recess for the pulpit was added to the house, heaters put in, and other improvements made. In 1878 they paid ofi' the last debt on their church prop- erty. After a very successful pastorate of a little over ten years Mr. Dare resigned, July 1, 1880. The next pastor, Rev. Thomas M. Eastwood, commenced serv- ing the church Nov. 1, 1880, and closed his labors in September, 1882. He was succeeded by Rev. J. M. Scott, the present pastor, in February, 1883. The present membership of the church is two hundred and forty-four, and of the Sunday-school one hundred and twenty-eight. Greenwich Episcopal Church. — Nicholas and Leonard Gibbon, the first proprietors of a large por- tion of the land in this township, were Episcopalians, and built a church on land belonging to them. It was occasionally used for service by the rector of the church at Salem, after being consecrated in due form by Rev. Phineas Bond, a clergyman from New Castle, Del., and Rev. John Pearson, of Salem, in 1729, by the name of " St. Stephen's." The Gibbons arranged with the rector at Salem to serve this church, but the current of religious life did not run that way, and with the death or removal of its originators it dwindled away. Leonard Gibbon and his wife were TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 685 buried in the chancel. The building was of brick, and was removed nearly fifty years ago. A few tomb- stones could be seen a short time ago. The bodies of Gibbon and his wife were removed to the Presbyterian yard by some of his descendants. Maskell Ewing was the oldest son of Thomas Ewing and his wife, Mary Maskell, and was born at Greenwich in 1721. His father was one of the Scotch- Irish emigrants who came from Londonderry to Long Island in 1718, and pretty soon from that place to Greenwich. The grandfather had fought with dis- tinguished bravery at the battle of Boy ne Water, and received from King William a sword, which was after- wards brought to this country and worn by a grand- son during the Revolutionary war. Persons more or less remotely connected with this family are numer- ous in different parts of the United States. The late Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, who was a member of Presi- dent Taylor's cabinet, was a grandson of Thomas and Mary. His daughter is now the wife of Gen. Sherman. Maskell Ewing received only such an education as the schools in his neighborhood could furnish, but he made good use of his opportunities, and was an in- telligent, well-informed man. Mr. Ewing was held in high esteem by his fellow- citizens. In 1761 he was appointed surrogate, and held the office until the Revolution. In 1769 he was appointed sheriff, executing the duties of that ofB.ce the legal term of three years. He was a justice of the peace before the Revolution, but when that event occurred he declined holding any office under the new government, upon the ground that having sworn allegiance to the king he could not conscientiously take the oath of abjuration required by the new law, and rather than do so he preferred to pay a fine and give security for his good behavior as those laws re- quired. After the acknowledgments of our independ- ence by the treaty of peace he was appointed a iudge of the pleas, holding the office until his death. Although more conscientious about the change of allegiance than others equally intelligent and honest, it need but be inferred that he was properly classed among the " disaffected." His children were earnest Whigs, one of them. Dr. Thomas, having joined in burning the tea, and afterwards served with distinc- tion in the army. Samuel Fithian, second son of William and Margaret Fithian, of East Hampton, L. I., was mar- ried March 6, 1679, to Priscilla, daughter of Thomas and Mary Bennet, of Southampton. His sons, Jo- siah and Samuel, settled in Greenwich, Salem Co., about the year 1705. Josiah, second son of Samuel and Priscilla Fithian, was born May 6, 1685, and married Nov. 7, 1706, to Sarah, daughter of Philip Dennis, a minister of the Society of Friends. He was married to Abigail, daughter of the first Thomas Maskell, of Greenwich. His only child, a daughter, was married to Dr. Thomas Ewing, and was the mother of the late Dr. William B. Ewing. He died in the year 1752. Samuel Fithian, son of Josiah and Sarah Fithian, was born Oct. 12, 1715, and married Sept. 3, 1741, to Phoebe, daughter of Ephraim Seeley, of Bridgetown, whose brother Ephraim married his sister. His commission as sheriff of Cumberland County, in the reign of George II., is dated Feb. 5, 1750. He was a justice, a judge, and was chosen by his fellow-citizens to represent them in the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775. His wife died March 12, 1764. While a member of the Provincial Congress, or soon after his return from one of its sessions, he had an attack of paralysis, which terminated his active and useful life, Nov. 2, 1777. Joel Fithian, eldest son of Samuel and Phoebe Fitljian, was born Sept. 29, 1748. He received the principal part of his education from Mr. McGalliard, an Irishman or Scotchman, who had been trained for the ministry. In the years 1776, 1777, and 1778 he was elected sheriff of Cumberland County, being the first sheriff elected by the people, and serving duriag a period of his country's history when such service was attended with peril as well as difficulty. He was elected captain of a military company which was raised while the war of the Revolution was in prog- ress, and composed of young men well qualified for the service, of which Isaac Mulford was lieutenant ; John Worthington, ensign; and Josiah Seeley, John Woodruff, Levi Leake, and Joel Miller, sergeants. This company was engaged in the battle of Princeton, and it is believed in that at Monmouth, as well as in several other encounters with the enemy. He was elected a representative in the Legislature of New Jersey in 1779 and 1791-93, and a member of the Legislative Council in 1798, but being a decided Federalist, when the Democrats gained the political ascendency in 1800 his career as a civil office holder was ended. Philip Vickers Fithian was born Dec. 29, 1747, and was the oldest son of Joseph Fithian and his wife, Hannah Vickers. His father was a son of Jo- siah Fithian, and grandson of Samuel Fithian, who came from East Hampton, on Long Island, to New England Town, Fairfield, about the year 1698. Philip V. Fithian having received a good prepara- tory education at a classical school taught by Rev. Enoch Green, at Deerfield, entered the college at Princeton, and graduated there in 1772, during the presidency of Rev. Dr. Witherspoon. Mr. Fithian was licensed to preach Dec. 6, 1774. He does not appear to have been ordained, but he immediately commenced to preach in different places, and among others at Great Egg Harbor and else- where on the sea-shore. Shortly after he received his license, viz., on the night of December 22d, the tea was burned at Greenwich, a transaction in which 68fi HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. it has been always understood he took a part, with j his classmate, Andrew Hunter, Jr., who, like himself, | was a licensed preacher. In the summer of 1776 he was appointed chaplain in the army, and was with the troops in the fall of that year, during the disastrous operations at Long Island and White Plains, upon one occasion taking part with his musket in an engagement with the army. On the 8th of October he died from an attack of dysentery. He left no descendant's. Andrew Hunter was born about the year 1715, in Ireland, and it is believed emigrated first to Virginia. He came to New Jersey in the year 1744, when he was taken on trial for the ministry by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, by which he was licensed as a preacher May 28, 1745. This was after the division of the church into two parties, called the Old Light and New Light, the New Brunswick being the leading Presbytery on the New Light side, while the old Presbytery of Philadelphia was at the head of the Old Light party. He preached at Deer- field and Greenwich, both of which churches were without pastors and inclined to the New Side, espe- cially at Greenwich, where Whitefield had preached to a large assembly with great efiect in 1740: These two churches united and called Mr. Hunter as their joint pastor, as it would seem, as one church worshiping in two different places nearly twelve miles apart. He resided at Greenwich, and was accustomed to preach two Sabbaths in succession there, and on the third Sabbath at Deerfield. In 1754 the Greenwich people purchased a fine par- sonage farm adjoining the south line of the farm now owned by John S. Holmes, shortly after which Mr. Hunter took up his residence there, where he continued during the remainder of his life. In 1760 the connection with the Deerfield congregation was dissolved, and he confined his labors to the Green- wich people, who were scattered over a considerable distance, including part of Bridgeton, in his day usually designated as "Cohansey Bridge." He some- times preached in the court-house at this place. He died at the parsonage July 28, 1775. Andrew Hunter, Jr., was the son of a brother, who was at one time an officer in the British army, and was born in Virginia. He came to New Jersey while a youth and resided with his uncle ; was a student at Princeton College, where he graduated in 1772. Having studied theology under the direction of his uncle, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Philadelphia in 1773, and was then sent by that body as a missionary into destitute parts of Pennsyl- vania and Virginia. He was at his uncle's in December, 1774, and took a part in burning the tea at Greenwich ; and after the uncle's death he preached sometimes to his con- gregation. In the year 1778 he was appointed a chaplain in the American army, and about this time he married a lady of Cumberland County. In 1784-85, Mr. Hunter resided in Bridgetonj and taught a classical school in part of the house then owned and occupied by Mrs. Seeley, widow of Col. Ephraim Seeley, now occupied by Mrs. Paulding, on Broad Street. He was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in 1804 in Princeton College, occupying that position until 1808, when he resigned and took charge of an academy in Bordentown. He was soon appointed a chaplain in the United States navy and stationed at the navy -yard in Washington. He died in 1823. Samuel Lawrence, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Greenwich from 1824 to 1847, was born in the city of Philadelphia in the year 1795. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Philadelphia in the year 1823. The Bridgeton and Greenwich congregations becoming vacant by the death of Mr. Freeman, he was engaged as a stated supply of the united churches, and preached his first sermon in Bridgeton, Nov. 23, 1823. In the ensuing spring these churches separated, and Mr. Lawrence received a call as pastor of the Greenwich Church, and was or- dained and installed in November, 1824. In the year 1847, Mr. Lawrence resigned his pas- torate of the Greenwich Church, and after acting for some time as a missionary under the direction of the Presbytery of West Jersey, he removed to Pennsyl- vania and took charge of the church of Perryville, in the Presbytery of Huntingdon, and continued their pastor until 1857 ; after which time he was employed by that Presbytery as an itinerant preacher until his death, Aug. 80, 1875. Mark Reeve came with Fenwick's company in the " Griffin," as a servant of Edward Champneys, who married Fenwick's daughter Priscilla. It has been said that those who came to America without any estate, and relying entirely on their own exer- tions, frequently became possessed of greater influ- ence and property than those whose circumstances at first were more prosperous. This was exemplified in Mark Reeve. His mental endowments and native force gave him an influential position in the colony, and he became possessed of large tracts of land. After the expiration of his term of service with Ed- ward Champneys, he purchased a plantation in Man- nington, on the south side of Fenwick's Creek, on which he resided until after the death of Fenwick. He soon took a prominent position in the public aflairs of the colony, and was a member of the As- sembly that met at Burlington in May and September, 1683, and in November, 1685. The executors of Fen- wick conveyed to him, Aug. 9, 1686, a sixteen-acre lot at Greenwich, beginning at the second landing on the northeast side of the main street, and running up the street sixty-four perches to a stake. He built a house upon this property, and conveyed it to Joseph Browne, late of Philadelphia, Dec. 4, 1686, reserving a right of way to a piece of ground containing twenty TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 687 square feet, where his wife was buried. This is the property well known as the Sheppard wharf property at Greenwich, it having been in the John Sheppard family since Dec. 16, 1760, and it is now owned by one of his lineal descendants, Philip G. Sheppard. A view of this property is among the illustrations of this work. Mark Reeve's first wife, whose name is not known, was buried on this property, as above mentioned. He married as his second wife Ann Hunt, a widow, of Pennsylvania, on Dec. 3, 1686, the day before he sold to Browne. He had become tlie owner of a large tract of land in Back Neck, on the other side of the Cohan- sey, opposite Greenwich, on which he built a house, and to which he removed from Greenwich. He was a prominent member of the Society of Friends, and in 1698 he and James Duncan applied to Salem Monthly Meeting and obtained assistance in building a meet- ing-house at Greenwich, on a part of the lot he for- merly owned, and which has ever since been used by the Friends for religious purposes. He died in No- vember or December, 1694, leaving his widow, Ann, and children, — Charles, Mark, and Joseph, the latter by his second wife, among whom he divided his landed estate. His descendants were among the leading citizens of that community, retaining their estates there until about 1820 to 1830, when the last of them sold their property and removed from that neighborhood. John Sheppard, the third of that name res- ident in the county, was b6rn at Greenwich 1st month 29, 1767. This family is one of the oldest and now one of the most numerous in the county, the tradition being that four of the name from Ire- land, originally Baptists, then written Shepherd, came to Fairfield about the year 1690, two of whom were brothers, and the other two also brothers, and cousins of the others. Their names were Thomas, David, John, and James. Thomas purchased two hundred and fifty acres of land in Shrewsbury Neck in 1698. A "Shepherd," whose first name is not stated, was a member of the Assembly from this county, then a part of Salem, in 1709. Thomas had two sons, Moses and David, and perhaps others. Moses, born about 1700, married in 1722 Mary Dennis, a Friend. He lived on the two hundred and fifty acres which he inherited as " son and heir" of his father, and was a member of the Old Cohansey Baptist Church. He was elected a member of Assembly from Salem County in 1744, previous to which time, and as early as 1734, he removed to the north side of the Cohansey. In 1752 he made his will, which was proved Jan. 19, 1753. The children of Moses were Rachel, born in 1723, married Remington, and had a son Moses; Nathan, born 1726 (by the will of his father became the owner of the two hundred and fifty acres, and would have inherited it as oldest son and heir, which in 1753 he sold to John Reeve), he became a Friend ; John (2d) born 1730 ; Sarah, born 1732, married Providence Ludlam, and died 1782 ; Moses (3d) born 1737 (was a merchant in Philadelphia, then lived at Chelsingham, and was a Friend), died in 1820 ; Mary, born 1741. John Shepherd (2d) was received by the Monthly Meeting of Friends as a member in 1754, and in 1756 he married Priscilla, daughter of Richard Wood- sen. In 1766 he purchased the house built by Mark Reeve in 1686 af Greenwich Landing, since greatly enlarged and improved, with the sixteen-acre lot on which it was situate, and established himself in business there, soon becoming a rich and prosperous merchant. In 1772 he was elected a member of the Assembly from the county of Cumberland. John Sheppard (3d) succeeded his father in the business at the Landing. He was much respected by his neighbors, and in 1798 was elected a member of the Legislature as John Sheppard, Jr., but, having taken the side of the Federalists, he did not again succeed. He married Mary, daughter of Mark Miller, son of Ebenezer Miller, the surveyor, a woman greatly beloved by all who knew her. He died in 1855, in the eighty-ninth year of his age. Richard Wood was born at Greenwich in the year 1755. He was the third of that name who lived in that vicinity. Their ancestor, also jiamed Richard, emigrated to America from Bristol, England, in 1682, as one of the friends or followers of William Penn. Two of his children, Richard and Walter, came to South Jersey about the year 1720, and purchased a large tract of land on what was then called Gravelly Run, now Stow Creek. Richard married Priscilla Bacon, and they had thirteen children, many of whom died in infancy. He lived on the place where George W. Sheppard, one of his descendants, now lives, and died there in 1759. He was buried in a family burial- ground on the place, which is still maintained and kept in good order. Richard Wood (2d) was born in 1728, and learned the trade of a cooper, which for a time he followed in the town of Greenwich, and was a man much re- spected and of good business capacity. Richard Wood, the cooper, had two wives. His first wife was Hannah Davis, of Welsh descent. His second wife was the widow of Job Bacon. During the latter years of his life he had a sufficient property to enable him to retire from business, and was one of the judges of the Cumberland Court of Common Pleas. He purchased and lived in the house on the east side of the main street of Greenwich, originally built by Nicholas Gibbon in 1733. Richard Wood (3d) was a man of superior intellect, well educated in the branches of learning taught at a good school maintained by the Friends in his native place, and for a few years was himself the teacher. He soon entered into mercantile business at the Land- ing, as a partner in the firm of Sheppard, Daniels & Wood, a very prosperous concern. The firm, how- 688 HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ever, did not last very long, Sheppard having bought out his two partners, who stipulated not to set up a rival business for three years. During this interval Wood built the store-house, still standing, at the southwest corner of Main and Willow Streets, and carried on a successful business there several years. About the same time he erected the dwelling-house on the opposite corner of Willow Street, now owned and occupied by his son, Dr. George B. Wood, and cultivated one of the best farms adjoining thereto in that neighborhood. He thus accumulated a large fortune, which, like that of most landed proprietors, became considerably reduced a few years after the close of the war with Great Britain in 1812-15, but remained ample to the close of his life, in 1822.* BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. HON. THOMAS E. HUNT. The Hunt family are of Scotch-Irish ancestry, Robert Hunt, the earliest representative in the county, having come from the north of Ireland, and settled in Shiloh, Cumberland Co., where he was an indus- trious farmer. He married Rebecca Ayars, daughter of a r'eputable farmer in Shiloh, and had one son, Bartholomew. Mr. Hunt, on the death of his wife, removed to North Carolina, while his son grew to manhood, acquired the trade of carpenter, married a Mrs. Wood, of Irish birth, and had children, — James B., John, William, Reuben, Esther, and Elizabeth. John married and left two sons, Richard and John, who settled in Springfield, Ohio. William became a physician, and settled in Salem County. Elizabeth married James Johnson, and lived until her death in Roadstown. Esther married Seeley Fithian, and lived and died upon the homestead. James B. was born in Stow Creek township, and became in connection with his trade of cooper a farmer and merchant;. He married Sarah, fifth daughter of Maskell Ewing, and grandfather of Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, late United States senator. Their children were Thomas E., Reuben, William F., and two who died in infancy. Mr. Hunt served during the war of the Revolution, was present at the battle of Trenton, and was during his later life a judge of the County Court, and a citizen of much influence. He died Aug. 5, 1824, in his seventy-first year. His son, Thomas Ewing, was born March 2, 1783, in Greenwich, his lifetime residence. His early advantages, though limited, were improved, after which he engaged in teaching, and ultimately pur- chased a farm at Stathems Neck, which was for many years his home. Later he became owner of the farm now the residence of his son, Thomas E. Hunt. He was four times married, — first to Margaret Johnson, who died Dec. 23, 1816; second, to Eliza Parvin, who died June 6, 1822 ; third, to Mary H. Shipley, whose death occurred Nov. 9, 1828, and a fourth time to Miss Sarah, daugliter of Arthur Clark. She was born Nov. 10, 1801, and died Dec. 16, 1878. Their children were Charles E. (deceased), Thomas E., and Mary C. Thomas E. was married Dec. 16, 1863, to Cornelia M., daughter of Samuel C. Fithian, who has had three children, Sarah E., and a son and daughter who died in infancy. Mrs. Hunt having died, he married again on the 23d of January, 1879, Miss Margaret E., daughter of Henry E. Thomas, of Philadelphia. Their children are James B. and Frederick T. Mr. Hunt removed to the farm ir. Greenwich where the later years of his life were spent. He was an active politician and an earnest champion of the Old-Line Whig party until the formation of the Republican party, when he became equally enthusiastic in the advocacy of its principles. He was for a period of years a member of the board of freeholders, and held other township offices. He also represented his district in the Legislature of the State. His religious belief was in sympathy with the creed of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was an active member and an elder. Mr. Hunt pos- sessed great business capacity, combined with strict integrity, which gave him a commanding influence in the community. He was benevolent and kindly in his instincts, with a purity of character and a genial manner which made all men his friends, and caused his death to be generally regretted. His official career was marked nol only by sound judgment on all public questions, but by the most scrupulous honor. His moral character no less than his signal abilities commanded the deference of his associates, irrespective of party. His death occurred Jan. 19, 1859. HON. REUBEN HUNT. The subject of this sketch is the son of James B. Hunt, whose ancestry having been given in the sketch of his son, Thomas E., need not be repeated here. Reuben Hunt was born Feb. 9, 1785, in Green- wich, in the house now occupied by his daughter, Mrs. Eliza E. Kellogg. His youth was spent here, first in attendance upon such advantages of education as were at command, and later upon the farm, where he gave a willing hand to the cultivation of the land his father owned. On the death of the latter, in 1824, he became the occupant of the homestead, which con- tinued to be his home during his lifetime. He was married to Mrs. Phoebe Watson, daughter pf Thomas Noble, of Greenwich, who was of English birth. Their children are Mary M., James, who died at the age of twenty-two, and Eliza E. Mary M. (deceased) married Jonathan Y. Learning, of Greenwich, and left four children,— James, who died in 1866; Rebecca, who married Robert M. Rocap, of Bridgeton ; Reuben, who married Esola Comptou, and served with credit '/*^>r» c^ ^ J^(ii^»^ / y^s^yt^^ux^ ""f/M^^ ^(ffr^ TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 689 during the late war ; and Frank H., who married Clara Capron, and is a farmer. Eliza E. Hunt married Reuben Kellogg, and has one child, Ruth E., who married Charles E. Wallis, of Maryland, and has chil- dren, — Margaret D. and Reuben H. K. Mr. Hunt was a stanch Whig in his political principles, and easily espoused the platform of the Republican party on its organization. He filled the offices of justice of the peace and commissioner, and was in 1832 elected free- holder of his township. He also represented his con- stituents in the State Legislature. Mr. Hunt was a man of much activity and energy, and participated in all measures which redounded to the general welfare, though naturally modest and unobtrusive in his de- meanor. He was upright, honest, and earnest in defense of the right. His judgment and fidelity were frequently called into requisition in the execution of important trusts. The death of Mr. Hunt occurred July 27, 1865, and that of Mrs. Hunt Oct. 29, 1858. SAMUEL WATSON. The name of Samuel has been perpetuated in the Watson family for generations, and was borne by the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who probably resided upon the farm in the township of Greenwich now occupied by Jonathan Learning. Among his children was Samuel, who married Miss Hannah Skellinger, of Cape May, N. J., and had two sons, Samuel and David. The death of Mr. Watson occurred in 1815. His son Samuel was born in 1790, and having inherited the taste for agricultural em- ployments peculiar to his ancestors, became a farmer on the paternal lands, which were equally divided between his brother David and himself. Samuel married Ruth, daughter of Job Sheppard, of Hopewell township, and had children, — David, Samuel (deceased), Samuel {2d), Job S., and Hannah S. (Mrs. Job English, of Greenwich). Mr. Watson died Oct. 27,, 1831, in his forty-first year. His wife, who subsequently became Mrs. Bacon, died April 2, 1883, in her eighty-seventh year, having been for forty years an active member of the Baptist Church of Greenwich. Their son Samuel was born May 6, 1824, in Greenwich township; and having been left father- less at an early age, he was required in a measure to de- pend upon his own resources for success in life. He acquired a knowledge of farming, and having already formed habits of self-reliance and industry, began bravely the battle of life. At the age of twenty- seven he rented a farm, and was, in December, 1852, married to Phoebe, daughter of William and Mary Bacon, to whom was born a daughter, Mary B. Mr. Watson then removed to the Bacon homestead, which was for fourteen years his residence. In 1865 he purchased the farm where he at present resides, and where he is still actively engaged in farming pur- suits. He was in his political principles formerly a Whig, and at a later date a Republican, but has 44 never been a strict partisan, nor ambitious for official preferment. He is a Baptist in his religious faith, and a member of the church of that denomination at Roadstown, as are also his wife and daughter. HOWELL P. WATSON. The great-grandfather of Mr. Watson was Isaac, whose son, Howell P., resided in Greenwich town- ship, where he followed agricultural employments. By his marriage to Sarah Ludden he had children, — Howell P., George, William, Lydia (Mrs. Fithian), Elizabeth (Mrs. Miller), and Ann (Mrs. Probasco). Mr. Watson passed his life in Greenwich township, where his death occurred at his home. His son, Howell P., was born Nov. 8, 1793, and continued the occupation of his father on the land now the prop- erty of his son, Howell P. He was married on the 11th of March, 1828, to Tabitha B. Mulford, whose birth occurred Nov. 23, 1798. Their children were Sarah (Mrs. Alpheus Brooks), born in 1817 ; Eliza- beth (Mrs. William Nice, wife of a Baptist clergy- man), 1)orn in 1821 ; Howell P. ; and one who died in childhood. The death of Mr. Watson occurred Feb. 11, 1826, in his thirty-third year, while his wife still survives, and enjoys in her advanced age robust health. Their son, Howell P., whose life is here briefly sketched, was born Dec. 25, 1824, on the homestead farm, his youth having been spent at Roadstown, with his grandfather, Isaac Mulford. Both the neighboring school and the farm absorbed his time and energies until sixteen years of age, when the home of his step-father, Henry L. Smalley, of Bowentown, became his residence, and the employ- ments of the farm still engaged his attention, with intervals devoted to study. At the age of twenty- one, having inherited his portion of his father's farm, he purchased the remaining shares, and began vigor- ously an independent career of farming. He was married, April 9, 1851, to Lydia A., daughter of John Probasco, of Greenwich. Their children are Fran- cis H., born April 6, 1858 ; Louisa B., whose birth occurred Oct. 21, 1866 ; and two who died in youth. Mr. Watson has, since his accession to the paternal farm, been wholly occupied in its management, and had neither time nor inclination for a life of political excitement, though he casts his vote on successive elections, and is in sympathy with Republican meas- ures. He supports with his means and influence the Baptist Church of Roadstown, of which Mrs. Watson is a member. GABRIEL D. HALL. The Hall family are of English extraction, though DO record of the arrival and settlement of its progen- itors in America has been preserved. Ebenezer Hall was a resident of Greenwich township, and died at Bacon's Neck in 1805. He married Mary, daughter of Joseph Thompson, of Salem County, and had C90 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. children, — Ana (Mrs. John Bacon, deceased) and Gabriel D. ; though by a previous marriage he had one daughter. Gabriel D. was born March 27, 1802, at Bacon's Neck. After a period spent at the Friends' school, and later at popular places of instruction at Haddon- fleld, N. J., and in Philadelphia, he returned to his home, and engaged in the cultivation of the farm in connection with his step-father. On attaining his majority his patrimony embraced the farm which is his present home, where he has since resided. Having followed the routine line of farm labor until 1849, he removed to Greenwich village, and was for fourteen years one of its residents. In 1863 he returned again to the farm, which has since been his home. He was married on the 19th of March, 1823, to Miss Hannah, daughter of Isaac and Lucy Wheaton, and had chil- dren, — Ebenezer, born in 1825; Mary W., born in 1826 ; Isaac W., whose birth occurred in 1828 ; Ann B.; born in 1829; Gabriel D., in 1832; George, in 1835; Gabriel D. (2d), in 1838, of whom Ann B. (Mrs. Charles L. Watson) is now living. Mrs. Hall died Aug. 31, 1849, in her forty-fifth year. Mi-. Hall was again, in 1850, married to Mary Ann, daughter of Samuel Harris, of Roadstown, whose birth occurred Sept. 10, 1818. Their children are Edward F., born Nov. 9, 1850; John M., born March 23, 1852; and Charles B., whose birth occurred Nov. 24, 1857. Of this number John M. survives and cultivates the farm. He was married, in 1877, to Jenny O., daughter of John C. Fenderson, of Cape May, N. J., born March 29, 1857, and has three children, — Anna M., May F., and Charles F. Mr. Hall was a stanch Old-Line Whig in politics until the formation of the Republican party, when he indorsed the articles of its platform, and emphasized his belief in its principles with his vote. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hall are members of the Baptist Church of Greenwich, of which he is a deacon. CAPT. CHARLES MILLER. John Miller, grandfather of Capt. Charles Miller, emigrated from Germany, and located in Cumberland County, N. J., probably in Greenwich township. He married, and had children, — Martin, George, John, Ann (who became Mrs. Riley), Samuel, Lott, Mary Ann, and Philip (who died in youth). The death of Mr. Miller occurred in Greenwich township, where his son John was born, and where his life was spent, either as a farmer or as the popular landlord of the village hotel of Greenwich. He also for a period fol- lowed the fortunes of the water, and was owner and master of a packet running from his home to Phila- delphia. He married Rebecca Van Winkle, of Green- wich, and h3.d children,— Edwin F., Charles, John (who died in youth), Samuel (deceased), and Rebecca W. Mr. Miller was a man of much activity and energy, and led a busy life until his death, which occurred in 1846. His son Charles was born Nov. 26, 1827, in Greenwich township, where, with the exception of a very brief interval, his life has been spent. The pub- lic school and later the Friends' school in Greenwich afforded him a limited education, and at nineteen the farm offered a field of labor, which soon engaged all his energies. At twenty he determined upon the life of a waterman, and embarked on a schooner engaged in the coasting trade. Capt. Miller was thus employed for several years, after which he returned to Greenwich and became in- terested in the grain trade. Three years later he re- sumed his craft as a boatman, and until his retirement was master of a vessel trading along the coast. He was, Jan. 10, 1854, married to Miss Harriet N., daugh- ter of Samuel C. Fithian, of Greenwich. Their chil- dren are Anna P., Rebecca, Addie M., Samuel F., and Edwin F., of whom Samuel F. is the only sur- vivor. Capt. Miller in politics inclines to the principles of the Democracy, though neither his tastes nor habits of life have encouraged an active political life. He has abandoned business pursuits other than those in- cidental to the management of his private interests, and leads a life of retirement. Both he and Mrs. Miller are members of the Presbyterian Church of Greenwich, the captain being one of its board of trustees. DANIEL M. SHEPPARD. Enoch Sheppard, who was born in 1710 and died July 24, 1769, in his fifty-ninth year, was probably the son of Enoch, who died in 1718, and the grand- son of John, one of the four brothers who settled in Cumberland County. Enoch had two wives ; the first, named Rachel, born in 1713, and who died in 1756 in her forty-third year, was the mother of all his chil- dren. His second wife was Mrs. Martha, widow of John Swinney. Enoch Sheppard lived and died at Bowentown, Hopewell township, on the farm now belonging to the heirs of ex-Sheriff Jonathan Fithian, which land he willed to his son Furman. He had five daughters— Lucy (Mrs. Smith), Elizabeth (Mrs. John Dare, and by a second union Mrs. James Robinson), Dorothy (Mrs. Brooks), Rachel (Mrs. Bacon), and Dorcas— and one son, Furman. The lat- ter, who is the grandfather of Daniel M., was born July 6, 1756. He was twice married,— first, on the 15th of September, to Mary , and again on the 20th of December, 1780, to Hannah Maskell, who was born Oct. 26, 1759, and died April, 1853. Fur- man died Dec. 21, 1832, in Bridgeton. He was chosen freeholder for Hopewell in 1805, and held other oflBces in the township. He was an ensign in the State troops, and served during the war of the Revo- lution. After its close he was for many years a captain in the Cumberland militia, and subsequently major in the Cumberland Battalion. His children by rt^ct^Zt' ^y)(iM^ t "^^ V \- y 3j& M^-^- ^Z-^Ctyt ^ TOWNSHIP OF GREENWICH. 691 the first marriage were Enoch and Mary, and by the second union Rachel, Sarah, Daniel M., Robert, Edmund, Thomas C, Samuel F., Eliza E., and Wil- liam. Edmund was a physician, who lived and practiced at Newport, Cumberland Co., for many years, was elected chosen freeholder, and a member of the Legislature in 1825. In 1837 he removed to Eufaula, Ala., where his death occurred in 1874. Thomas C, father of the subject of this sketch, was born Nov. 15, 1793, and married Sarah 8., daughter of Isaac Mulford. Their four children were Edward, Isaac M., Daniel M., and Lewis Henry. Isaac M. and Lewis Henry died in infancy, and Sarah S., who was born April 3, 1797, died June 6, 1826. Edward Sheppard was born March 25, 1817, and resided for many years in Delaware, where he represented his district in the State Legislature. He removed in 1859 to the West, and died Sept. 9, 1879. Thomas 0. Sheppard married for his second wife Mrs. Mary M. Porter, to whom were born two children, — Thomas Henry and Mary Emma. Daniel M. was born Aug. 7, 1821, and spent his youth at Bacon's Neck, in Greenwich township, where he enjoyed ordinary ad- vantages of education. He first became a farmer, and subsequently engaged in teaching, after which, in 1855, he engaged in a general grain and mercantile business, in which he was eminently successful. He was married Oct. 25, 1866, to Fanny A., daughter of David Cook. They have one child, Sallie Mulford. Mr. Sheppard now resides in Greenwich, where he leads a life of comparative retirement. BENJAMIN F. MAUL. Tradition relates that two brothers of the Maul family came at an early date from England, one of whom settled in New Jersey. From him was de- scended Garrison Maul, who resided in Bridgeton, where he was extensively engaged in business opera- tions. Mr. Maul cultivated a farm, was a prosperous merchant, and also engaged in the cutting and ship- ping of wood to Philadelphia, one of the most active business industries of that period. He married Phoebe, daughter of Mason Mulford, of Roadstown, and had children, — Margaret (Mrs. Thomas Garrison, now de- ceased), Mary (Mrs. Lewis M. Goodwin), Lucius (de- ceased), Elizabeth (deceased), Maria (Mrs. Charles Kain, deceased), Benjamin F., and William G. The survivors of this number are Mary, who resides in Village Green, Delaware Co., Pa., and has one daughter, Mrs. Huldah Jones; William G., of Omaha, Neb., who married Miss Ella Dare, and has one daughter, Mary; and Benjamin F., who is the subject of this sketch, and was born July 14, 1828, in Bridgeton. His early life was spent in Salem and Roadstown, where such advantages of education as the common schools afforded were enjoyed by him. In 1849 he engaged in farming occupations, having rented a farm for a period of three years. At the ex- piration of this time he removed to Greenwich and became interested in the grain business, which was continued with success for twenty-five years, after which he led a life of comparative retirement. Mr. Maul was married December, 1848, to Sarah, daugh- ter of William and Mary Bacon, of Bacon's Neck, Greenwich township. Their children are Lizzie and Annie H. (Mrs. Bolton Lott, of Bridgeton). Mr. Maul was in politics formerly a Republican, but has not recently confined himself within party lines, choosing rather to be independent in the exercise of his franchise, aud giving his support to men of char- acter for ofiice, irrespective of party. Both he and his wife are supporters of the Baptist faith and mem- bers of the Cohansey Baptist Church of Roadstown. JAMES DARE. The subject of this sketch is the great-grandson of Benoni Dare, the son of William Dare (1st), who was sheriff of Salem County from 1703 to 1705 (see bio- graphical sketch of William Dare). Benoni bought of the Gibbons, Sept. 10, 1730, a tract of land con- taining over three hundred acres, a part of their survey of five thousand five hundred acres. The land included in this purchase is in Stow Creek township, and lies on the northeasterly side of the road from Roadstown to Jericho, extending from Roadstown westward, taking in the farm now owned by Thomas Kernan. He was a farmer, and probably lived on this tract the most of his life. He also owned a large quantity of other lands, including a plantation in Greenwich township, to which he re- moved previous to 1760, and resided there until his death in 1770. He had two wives, the second of whom was Mrs. Clemmons Waithman, whom he mar- ried in May, 1760. His children were all by his first wife, and were as follows: Elkanah, who died in 1759, leaving a widow, two sons, Benoni and Elkanah, and six daughters; William, born May, 1735, married, and had two sons and eight daughters ; Abiel, who left five children, — Abiel, Gabriel, Joseph, Oilman, and David; Reuben, to whom his father left his home-place in Greenwich, and who died in Septem- ber, 1777, leaving children, — Margaret, Milicent, Samuel, and perhaps others ; James, Eleanor, Eliza- beth, and Rachel. James, son of Benoni, was a farmer, and lived in Greenwich township. He died Nov. 30, 1791, leaving a widow, Mary Ann, and two children, Hugh Black- wood and Benoni, the latter of whom removed to Pittsgrove township, Salem Co., and left descendants there. Hugh Blackwood Dare was born in 1771. He was a farmer, and lived and died at Bacon's Neck, Green- wich township, Charles Bacon having afforded him a home on the death of his father, where he remained 692 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. nine years. He was married, in 1802, to Martha An- gevine, and had one son, James, the subject of this sketch, who was left motherless when eighteen months old. Mr. Dare died in 1831, in his sixtieth year, white residing with his son James, who was born July 24, 1803, in Greenwich township. His youth was alto- gether devoid of romance, and, when but a lad, circum- stances made him the architect of his own fortunes. He began active life as a quill-boy in the shop of a country weaver, and having acquired the trade fol- lowed it until thirty-two years of age. He was mar- ried on the 9th of May, 1822, to Prudence Rulon, wlio been identified with the excitements of political life. He cast his first Presidential ballot for John Quincy Adams, and has since the formation of the Repub- lican party been one of its firm adherents. He was educated in the faith of the Quakers, and, in 1840 having connected himself with the Friends' Meeting, has since been identified with them. died in 1828, leaving children, — Franklin, residing in Bridgeton, and married to Caroline Fogg, of Stow Creek, and Mark R., who is a fiumer, and married to Mary Stewart. James Dare was married a second time, Oct. 6, 1831, to Sarah E., daughter of Andrew and Mary Smith, of Salem County. Their children are Prudence Ann (Mrs. James Butler); Richard S., married to Beulah Tyler, and a second time to Rachel Ann Marble ; and Sarah T. (deceased), who was Mrs. Stephen Coleman. Mr. Dare, in 1835, gave his atten- tion to farming employments, and in 1838 purchased the farm which is his present residence. His wife having died in 1849, he was again married, in 1853, to Hannah B. Harmer, of Salem County. His later life has been devoted to farming occupations, in whicli he has been successful, though now debarred by the ad- vance of years from active labor. Mr. Dare has never PHILIP G. SHEPPAKD. The subject of this sketch traces his ancestry to Thomas Sheppard, one of the four brothers who set- tled at Back Neck, Fairfield township, in 1683. He was a large land-owner, and included in his possessions two hundred and fifty acres of land in Shrewsbury Neck (now Upper Back Neck), pur- chased in 1698. He was a member of the Fifth Assembly after the union of East and West Jersey, which met Nov. 21, 1709, and was dissolved Jan. 31, 1710, an ofiBce then requiring the holder to own one thousand acres of land. His death occurred in 1721, his wife, Ann, having survived him. He had children, — Moses, David, James, and Ann. James died leav- ing a son James (2d). Moses, son of Thomas, was born about the year 1700, and married Dec. 6, 1722, Mary Dennis. He resided upon two hundred and forty acres of land which vfas his patrimony. He was a member of the Old Cohansey Bap- tist Church, as was also his brother, though his wife was a member of the Society of Friends. He was a mem- ber of the Fourteenth Assembly, which sat from Aug. 18 until Dec. 8, 1744. Mr. Sheppard died in Jan- uary, 1753. His children were Ra- chel, born Sept. 29, 1723 ; Nathan, born Nov. 13, 1726 ; John, born Dec. 28, 1730; Sarah, whose birth occurred Feb. 13, 1732 ; Moses, born July 23, 1737 ; and Mary, born Dec. 1, 1741. The sons changed their religious faith and united with the So- ciety of Friends. John, son of Moses, married, in 1756, Priscilla, daughter of Richard Wood. He re- moved to Greenwich, and in 1760 purchased the brick house and property at the Landing, which has remained in the family until the present time, and a view of which is given on an adjacent page. He was a prosperous merchant, and in 1772 was elected a member of the last Assembly that met prior to the Revolution. He was also a member of the Assem- blies of 1785, '86, '87, '88. His death occurred Jan. 12, 1805. His children were Rachel, born July 2, 1762; Mary, born Nov. 4, 1764; John (2d), born Jan. 29, 1767; Priscilla, born Nov. 25, 1769; Richard TOWNSHIP OF HOPEWELL. 693 W., whose birth occurred in 1771 ; Sarah, born Aug. 22, 1775 ; and Moses, born Feb. 3, 1777. John (2d), grandfather of Philip G., married Mary, daughter of Mark Miller. He succeeded his father in the busi- ness at the Landing, which he greatly increased. He was also member of Assembly in 1798. Their chil- dren were Thomas R., born April 29, 1789; Mark M., born Jan. 12, 1791 ; Charles R., whose birth occurred Feb. 10, 1793; Benjamin, born March 14, 1795; Charles, born Feb. 24, 1798 ; Priscilla W., born May 15, 1800 ; John E., born Nov. 28, 1802 ; Mary Ann, born about 1807 ; Clarkson, born April 14, 1813. Mr. Sheppard's death occurred June 1, 1855. Of these children, John E. inherited the homestead in Greenwich now occupied by his son, the subject of this sketch. His life was passed in mercantile and farming pursuits at the paternal home, where his death occurred Jau. 12, 1882. He was a member of the Orthodox branch of the Society of Friends, a gentleman of quiet tastes and of religious life, caring little for the excitements of a political or public ca- reer. He married for his first wife Ann Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Wood, of Greenwich, and had children, — George Wood and Elizabeth Wood, who died in infancy. By a second union with Margaret, daughter of Philip Garrett, of Philadelphia, on the 2d of January, 1840, were born children, — Philip G., subject of this sketch ; Annie E., wife of James S. Lippincott, of Haddonfield ; and Margaret. His son, Philip Garrett, was born April 12, 1842, in Greenwich. When sufficiently old he repaired to a school at West- town, Chester Co., Pa., under the auspices of the So- ciety of Friends, and on his return decided to pursue the healthful employments of a farmer. At a later period he embarked in the grain, coal, and fertilizing business on the wharf adjoining the homestead. This wharf is situated on the Cohansey River, fourteen miles below Bridgeton and six miles from the mouth of the river, which is at this point navigable for vessels of five hundred tons burden. Mr. Sheppard married in 1867, Miss Elizabeth W. Garrett, of Wilmington, Del., who died in 1872. He was again married in April, 1882, to Miss Mary E., daughter of Thomas 0. and Mary Sheppard, of Greenwich. Mr. Sheppard is still engaged in active business pursuits, as also in the cultivation of a farm, and is a successful peach-grower. Though inclining toward the principles of the Re- publican party, he is not an active participant in poli- tics. His brother, George W. Sheppard, was born in March, 1826, and educated at Westtown, Chester Co., Pa., and elsewhere. On the completion of his studies he engaged in farming occupations on the spot known as the Wood homestead, where for thirty years he was thus actively employed. In 1880 he removed to Greenwich, where he now resides. He married Miss Ruth B., daughter of Moses Shep- pard, of Greenwich, to whom were born five children. The only survivor of this number is John E., a prac- ticing physician in Atlantic City. CHAPTER XCVIIL TOWNSHIP OP HOPEWELL. Boundaries and Description. — Hope\Vell town- ship is one of the original townships created by the act setting off the county. It is bounded north by Upper Alloways Creek township, Salem County ; east by the Cohansey River, separating it from Deerfield and Fairfield, and by the Third Ward of Bridgeton ; south by the Cohansey, separating it from Fairfield on this side also ; and west by Greenwich and Stow Creek. Its original limits included the Third Ward of Bridgeton, which was set off from it in 1848 as the township of Cohansey, and has been since incorpo- rated into the city of Bridgeton. Its surface is slightly rolling, and is a fine agricultural soil, covered with well-tilled farms and neat and commodious resi- dences. Nearly its entire surface is under cultiva- tion. Lying adjacent to the city of Bridgeton, a good market is offered for the sale of produce and grain. Corn, wheat, hay, and oats are extensively grown in the township, while tomatoes, market produce, and fruits constitute no small items in the yearly returns. Along the southern end of the township, bordering on the Cohansey, the meadows have been reclaimed by banking out the tide, and large crops of hay and grain are produced on some of them, while others of them are used for grazing purposes only. The vil- lages of Shiloh and Roadstown lie partly in this township and partly in Stow Creek, and the neighbor- hood called Bowentown and the post-office of Co- hansey lie wholly within it. The population of the township in 1880 was seventeen hundred and sixty- four. VILLAGES. ShUoh. — The village of Shiloh lies in both Hope- well and Stow Creek townships, the road from Green- wich through Roadstown to Philadelphia passing di- rectly through it. It is about four miles northwest of Bridgeton, in the centre of a rich agricultural com- munity, and in 1880 had a population of two hundred and sixty-five, one hundred and forty-three of whom resided on the Hopewell side and one hundred and twenty-two in Stow Creek. It is situated on that part of Dr. James Wass' survey which he sold to Robert Ayers, Nov. 21, 1705, containing two thou- sand two hundred acres. A company of Baptists came from Swansea, Mass., to this region with Rev. Timothy Brooks in 1687, and settled in the neighbor- hood of Bowentown, as is related in the sketch of the Cohansey Baptist Church. They were followed by the above Robert Ayers, who first settled in Back Neck, on six hundred acres of land which he bought of Restore Lippincott, of Burlington County, but soon removed to the land he purchased of James Wass. He was probably a Seventh-Day Baptist when he came to this county in 1705, and sold ofi" his tract to those of his own faith, who naturally settled in the 69i HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. same neighborhood, the better to carry out their be- lief and to keep the seventh day as the Sabbath. The establishment of a church of the Sabbatarian order at what was then called Cohansey Corners in 1737, but which name was soon changed to the more melodious oneof Shiloh, made a nucleus about which the settlers of this faith gathered, and ever since has caused a slow but steady growth of the village. The history of the village is the history of the church, very few except the adherents of this faith residing within its limits. The surrounding country for a dis- tance of from one to one and a half miles in all di- rections is filled with highly-cultivated farms, nearly all belonging to those of this faith. To one unaccus- tomed to the sight it seems out of place to find the people at work on their farms and in their shops and houses on the first day of the week, but if such a per- son will look in upon this community on the seventh day, and observe the scrupulous regard they show for the Sabbath as they view it, he must feel that only a conscientious conviction of the truth of their belief can inspire them in upholding the banner of Sabba- tarianism in the midst of surroundings which ever tend to change their adherents, espebially the younger portion of them, to advocates of the keeping of the first day as the Sabbath. The first settlers of Shiloh were an intelligent peo- ple, and Shiloh became noted for its schools. In 1848 an academy was opened under the charge of Professor E. P. Larkin, A.M., who gave it its first impetus. In 1849 it was chartered as Union Acad- emy. In 1850 the old church edifice was given to them, and was fitted up for their purposes. In 1866 a new two-story handsome brick building, about fifty feet square, was erected at an expense of ten thousand dollars, the first floor for recitation-rooms and labora- tory, and the second being a large and excellent hall. For many years it was very successful, and hundreds of the youth of this section of the State enjoyed its facilities under the principalship of Professor Larkin, Professor George S. M. Gottrell, and others. But it was allowed to go down, and after standing idle for some time the building was bought by the public school district during the last year, and it is now used for public school purposes. This community is almost purely agricultural. A canning establishment, started a year ago, is prosper- ous. A post-office was established here July 24, 1841, Isaac D. Titsworth being the first incumbent; the present officer is Theodore F. Davis, appointed June 11, 1883. Roadstown is likewise situated partly in Hope- well and partly in Stow Creek, divided by the road above mentioned. It is surrounded by a fertile re- gion, and it was early settled by the descendants of the first settlers. Its former importance was much greater than at present. Up to the Revolution it ranked next to Greenwich, New England Town, and Cohansey Bridge in importance, and would have been the equal of the last but for the county buildings located there. It was once called Kingstown, but that name was never generally used. During the Revolution and for some time previous and after- wards it was generally known as Sayre's Cross-Roads, from Ananias Sayre, the leading citizen of the place, who had been sheriff of the county two difierent terms. Since the beginning of this century it has been known by its present name. The post-office was established Jan. 1, 1803, with Thomas Harris as postmaster, and it is now held by Isaac H. Swing, ap- pointed March 21, 1873. It contains a Baptist and a Methodist Church. The population is about two hundred. Bowentown is the cross-roads of the old road from Bridgeton to Roadstown and the road from Lower Hopewell northward towards Philadelphia. It has been called by that name ever since the settlement of the Bo.wens at this place about 1687. It is also a sta- tion on the New Jersey Southern Railroad. There are fifteen or twenty houses within a half-mile of the place, but only a half-dozen within one or two hun- dred yards. Cohansey, formerly called New Boston, is the name of a post-office in the extreme northern portion of the township, established March 3, 1870, with Jonathan B. Evans as postmaster. The present in- cumbent, James D. Evans, was appointed March 3, 1877. CHOSEN FRBBHOLDERS OF HOPEWELL. 1748. JoBiah Parvio. Obadiah Robius. 1749. 1750-51. Josiah Parvin. Obadiah BobinB. 1752-53, JoBiah Parvin. iBaac Mills. 1754. Obadiah Robins. Samuel Fithian. 1755. Abraham Reeves. Samuel Fithian. 1766. 1757. Abraham Reeves. Enoch Shepherd. 1758-59. Benjamin Holmes. Samuel Harris. 1760. Samuel Harris. 1761. Obadiah Robins. 1762-67. Benjamin Mulford. John Miller. 1768. Samuel Harris. Joseph Sheppard. 1769. Samuel Harris. 1770. Samuel Harris. 1771. 1772-73. John Beeves. Ephraim Mills. 1774-76. Job Butcher. Isaac Mulford. 1777-79. John Reeves. Thomas Brown. 1780-82. Thomas Brown. John Burgin. 1783. Thomas Brown. 1784-87. John Burgin. Thomas Brown. 1788. Nathan Sheppard. John Golder. 1789. Nathan Sheppard. 1790. Nathan Sheppard. John Burgin. 1791-93. John Burgin. Eli Elmer. 1791-95. Nathan Sheppard. Eli Elmer. 1796. Eli Elmer. 1797. Nathan Sheppard. Eli Elmer. 1798. Eli Elmer. David Potter. 1799. David Potter. Jonathan Bowen. 1800. James Sheppard. Seth Bowen. 1801-3. Jeremiah Brooks. Seth Bowen. 1804. Jeremiah Brooks. Moses Platts. 1805. Furman Sheppard. Moses Platts. 1806. George Burgin. Jeremiah Brooks. I 1807. George Burgin. Daniel Bishop. 1808. James Sheppard, Sr. Dr. Francis G. Brewster. 1809-10. Timothy Elmer. George Burgin. 1 1811. Timothy Elmer. Moses Platts. 1 1812. John Sibley. ' Dr. Charles Clark. TOWNSHIP OF HOPEWELL. 695 1813. Isaac W. Crane. Dr. Charles Clark. ISM. Dr. Charles Clark. Timothy Elmer. 1815. Dr. Charles Clark. Daniel Johnson. 1816. Dr. Charles Clark. Hosea Sneathen. 1817. Dr. Charles Clark. David Lupton. 1818-19. Dr. Charles Clark. Smith Bowen. 1820-21. John Sibley. Dan Simkins. 1822. Dan Simkins. Abijah Harris. 1323. Jedediah Davis. Abijah Harris. 1824. David Lupton. John Sibley. 1826. Williani Sheppard. Dan Simkins. 1826. William Sheppard. Smith Bowen. 1827. Levi B. Davis. Abijah Harris. 1828. Levi B. Davis. Dr. Isaac H. Hampton. 1829. Levi B. Davis. David Sheppard, 1830-31. Daniel Pierson. David Sheppard. 1832-34. Levi B. Davis. Daniel M. Woodrufif. 1835. Archibald Minch. Lewis McBride. 1836. Archibald Minch. Daniel M. Woodruff. 1837. Daniel M. Woodruff. 1837. Jeremiah Parvin. 1838. Daniel M. Woodraff. Archibald Minch. 1839-40. Daniel M. Woodruff. Levi B. Davis. 1841. Daniel M. Woodruff. Jeremiah B. Davis. 1842. Henry L. Smalley. Levi B. Davis. 1843. Levi B. Davis. Daniel M. Woodruff. 1844. Joseph W. Woodruff. Jeremiah Parvin. 1845-46. Jeremiah Parvin. Henry L. Smalley. 1847. Jeremiah Parvin. William Riley. 1848-66. Archibald Minch. Jeremiah B. Davis. 1857-69. Archibald Minch. Richard Mi nch. 1860. Joseph H. Ogdeu. William B. Glaspey. 1861-67. Joseph H. Ogden. Richard Minch. 1868. Joseph H. Ogden. Henry W. Glaspey. 1869-72. Joseph H. Ogden. Robert Ware. 1873. Lewis M. Hires. Joseph A. Minch. 1874-76. Robert Ware. Francis B. Minch. 1377. Francis B. Minch. Frank C. Probasco. 1878. Francis B. Minch. Michael M. Johnson. 1879-80. Frank B. Minch. 1881-83. Joseph S Glaspey. CHURCHES. First Cohausey Baptist Church at Roadstown. — This is the oldest church in the county, antedating the Fairfield Presbyterian Church several years. Rev. Robert Kelsay, pastor of this church from 1756 to 1789, in a sketch of the church furnished Morgan Edwards, says that "about the year 1683 some Bap- tists from the county of Tipperary, in Ireland, settled in the neighborhood of Cohansey, particularly David Sheppard, Thomas Abbot, William Button, etc. ; in 1685 arrived hither from Rhode Island government Obadiah Holmes and John Cornelius ; in 1688 Kinner (Rinear) Vanhyst, John Child, and Thomas Lam- stone (Lambson) were baptized by Rev. Elias Keach, of Pennepek. About this time Rev. Thomas Killing- worth settled not far off, which increased the number of Baptists to nine souls, and probably to near as many more including the sisters; however, the above nine persons were formed into a church with the as- sistance of said Killingworth, whom they chose to be their- minister. This was done in the spring of 1690." Researches show these nine were not all the Baptists here at that time. David Sheppard had brothers, John, Thomas, and James, settled near him in Back Neck, who were adherents of that faith, and probably mem- bers, as they are known to have been at a later time, and in the neighborhood were also John Gillman, John Lacroy, and Alexander Smyth, all of whom were adherents of the Baptist faith and probably members, and among those who formed this church. Mr. Kelsay, from the way he words his statement, evidently does not wish to be understood as naming all of them. Rev. Thomas Killingworth became their first pastor. His field extended not only throughout the lower part of this State, but into Chester County, Pa., where were Baptists under his charge. He was one of the presiding judges of Salem Court, and was one of the leading men in the community. At a court held at Salem, Dec. 24, 1706, of which he was the presiding judge, he signed the articles of the Toler- ation Act, for exempting dissenters from the penalty of certain laws, and took the oath as the act directs. At a court held April 13, 1708, on the application of himself and Jeremiah Nickson, they " obtained orders that the house of Jeremiah Nickson, in Penn's Neck, should be the place of Thomas Killingworth's ordi- nary preaching or religious worship." He lived in Salem, at the head of Broadway, on the property so long owned by the Keasbey family, where he died pastor of the church, in the spring of 1709, leaving a wife, Prudence, who also died in a few months, but no children. During his pastorate the church built and occupied a log meeting-house in Back Neck, on the south side of the Cohansey. The Baptist Church in Ireland from which this one originated, called " Cleagh Keating," was in a flourishing condition in 1767, and was still in existence in 1838, but it is now extinct. About 1687 a company of Welsh Baptists, part of Rev. John Miles' company, who came from Swansea, Wales, in 1663, and settled at Swansea, Mass., came from there to Cohansey and settled in the neighbor- hood of Bowentown, where they built a meeting- house and were- a regularly-organized church, with Rev. Timothy Brooks as pastor. They differed re- garding predestination, singing of psalms, laying on of hands, and the like, and thus a separate organiza- tion was kept up by them for twenty-three years. After Mr. Killingworth's death, through the efforts of Rev. Valentine Wightman, the two churches united on the principle of " bearance and forbearance," and Mr. Brooks became pastor of the united church. Each of the meeting-houses being inconvenient to the other part of the united church, a new site was selected in Lower Hopewell, about half-way between the two former houses and near the Cohansey, so that those residing on the south of the river could cross in boats, while those at Bowentown could go to meet them at the new location. Roger Maul gave them the land for their meeting-house and graveyard, by deed dated Dec. 28, 1713, where now is the old Bap- tist graveyard, about a quarter of a mile east of Sliep- pard's mill. This graveyard was afterwards enlarged by a gift of a piece of land from Nathan Sheppard, by deed of Feb. 6, 1779, and contains in all about an acre and a quarter of land. Here they erected a church, probably in 1714, where their services were 696 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. afterwards held. The place of crossing the Cohansey by those residing on the south side was from what is called the " Red-House Farm,'' now owned by Thomas B. Husted, to a landing in the marsh, but near the upland on the north side, a little farther up the river, where the remains of an old landing are still to be seen. This landing was about a mile south of the church, and from its general use for this purpose it became known as " Baptist Landing," a name which has ever since remained, although now gradually fading away with the disuse and disappearance of the old lauding. Rev. Timothy Brooks continued to minister to the church until 1716, when he passed away, in the fifty- fifth year of his age. According to Mr. Kelsay's letter to Morgan Edwards, Mr. Brooks " was not eminent for either parts or learning, yet he was a very useful preacher, meek in his carriage, of a sweet and loving temper, and always open to conviction, which gained him universal esteem, and made the Welsh ministers labor to instruct him in the ways of the Lord more perfectly." His wife was Hannah Bowen, by whom he had three sons and four daughters. He was the ancestor of those of that name in this vicinity. During a vacancy of nearly five years the church was supplied once a month by Rev. Nathaniel Jen- kins, pastor of the Cape May Church. Rev. William Butcher, a young man from Chester County, Pa., seems to have been attracted to Cohan- sey by a young lady whom he subsequently married. He was invited to preach for them, and gave great satisfaction. Having secured his services he was ordained pastor of the church in 1721, but his life of usefulness was soon ended. He died Dec. 12, 1724, in the twenty-seventh year of his age. During a vacancy of nearly six years the church was again supplied once a month by Rev. Nathaniel Jenkins, of Cape May, and at the end of that time, in 1730, he became the pastor of the church. Mr. Jenkins was a man of talents, and while at Cape May was one of the members of the Assembly from that county for many years. While in the Assembly a bill was introduced "to punish such as denied the doctrine of Trinity, the divinity of Christ, and the inspiration of the Scriptures." Mr. Jenkins stood boldly forth as the champion of soul liberty, declaring that, although he believed those doctrines as firmly as the warmest advocate of the ill-designed bill, he would never consent to oppose those who rejected them with law or with any other weapon than argu- ment. As a result the bill was quashed, to the great disappointment of those who would have the scenes of persecution which raged in New England repeated in New Jersey. The church grew under his labors, and outposts at Pittsgrove, Alloways Creek, Dividing Creek, and Great Egg Harbor were established. Three young men, Abraham Garrison, Robert Kelsay, and Job Sheppard, were licensed to preach, and in 1741 a new meeting-house, thirty-six by thirty-two feet, was built on the lot where the old church stood. Mr. Jenkins died June 2, 1754. Rev. Robert Kelsay, a licentiate of the church, who had been serving the branch at Pittsgrove, was im- mediately invited to become their pastor, but he de- clined. Having been at Pittsgrove about twelve years, he was attached to the people there, and moreover thought that Rev. Job Sheppard was the proper suc- cessor of Mr. Jenkins. But a fire having burned his dwelling-house at Pittsgrove in April, 1756, the call was renewed and accepted. May 18, 1756, he removed to Cohansey. The old records of the church having been burned in the loss of Mr. Kelsay's house, he commenced a new pastoral register. It is a large folio, begun in 1757, and contains a list of the members, one hundred and six, at that time. April 27, 1757, a farm of one hundred and seven acres was bought as a parsonage, situated at Bowentown, and was retained by the church until Sept. 6, 1785, when it was sold to David Bowen. It is the present excellent farm of John S. Holmes. During his pastorate a church was formed at Dividing Creek in 1761, Salem having been formed in 1755, just before he became pastor. His pastorate ended with his death. May 30, 1789, in the seventy- ninth year of his age. Rev. William Rogers, a profelsor in the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received the honor- ary degree of D.D., supplied the church most of the time for the next year, during which twenty-three persons were baptized. Rev. Henry Smalley took charge of the church July 3, 1790. He was "born Oct. 23, 1765, and gradu- ated at Princeton in 1786 ; was licensed to preach soon after, and Nov. 8, 1790, was ordained pastor of this church. In 1798 a subscription was started toward building a new house of worship. In Decem- ber, 1799, a lot of three acres was purchased at Roads- town for one hundred and twenty dollars. Materials were gathered together, and the house erected and dedicated in 1802. It was forty-five by sixty-three feet, with side and end galleries. He received a yearly salary of $333.33. In 1812 steps were taken toward building a meeting- house at Bridgeton, which was finally accomplished by Jan. 1, 1817. In 1819 five were dismissed to form a church at Canton, Salem Co. In January, 1828, thirty-eight members were dismissed to form a church at Bridgeton, who had been occupying the house built by this church in 1812-16. Jan. 2, 1830, a Sunday-school was organized. Feb. 10, 1838, an assist- ant pastor. Rev. Peter Simonson, was elected, and he entered on his duties in October. March 31, 1838, a letter was read from the mother-church in Ireland asking an account of the rise and progress of this church, and Mr. Smalley was requested to reply. Accompanying the letter was a hymn-book, as a sort of love-token from the mother to her far-distant daughter. After a service of only a little over two TOWNSHIP OP HOPEWELL. 697 months the assistant pastor, Mr. Simonson, died, Jan. 9, 1839, and was followed, Feb. 11, 1839, by Mr. Smalley, in the seventy-fourth year of his age, having been pastor nearly forty-nine years, but six of which were without some baptisms, while the total number baptized by him was over five hundred. Eev. Isaac Moore succeeded him in April, 1840, and closed his labor.s in March, 1843, having bap- tized eighty-one members. Rev. Edward D. Fendall became pastor April 9, 1843. In 1844 a brick edifice was erected in Greenwich for a preaching station, and it is now the house of worship of that church. He closed his labors in September, 1846. Eev. Jonathan G. Collum began his service Nov. 22, 1846, and ended July 28, 1850. Dec. 1, 1847, forty-nine members were dismissed to form a church at Green- wich. He was succeeded in October, 1850, by Eev. Joseph N. Folwell, who closed his pastorate in Feb- ruary, 1852, during which time the church edifice was remodeled. Eev. James M. Challis was the eleventh pastor, beginning in April, 1852, and re- maining until April 1, 1860, and he was succeeded May 1, 1860, by Eev. Thomas G. Wright. In August, 1861, a lot for a parsonage adjoining the church was presented to them by Benjamin Mulford, and they at once erected the present neat and commodious par- sonage upon it, which was first occupied in March, 1862. In 1864 the meeting-house was remodeled and enlarged and a baptistery put in. Mr. Wright ceased his pastorate in May, 1871 ; Eev. Thomas 0. Lincoln, D.D., succeeded him Aug. 1, 1871, and re- mained until April, 1874. Eev. W. F. Basten, the present pastor, began his labors July 5, 1874. During the succeeding winter a great revival was had, re- sulting in the baptism of sixty persons. In 1876 they erected a commodious chapel adjoining the church, at an expense of twelve hundred dollars, which was dedicated Sept. 26, 1876. The present membership is two hundred and ninety-two. The Seventh-Day Baptist Church of Shiloh.— In the year 1663 a large number of Welsh Baptist emigrants, known as the " Eev. John Miles' com- pany," settled in Massachusetts, and named their lo- cation Swansea, after their native place in Wales. Meeting with persecution, a large number of their children and grandchildren, with some Baptists from Scotland, moved to South Jersey in the year 1687, and settled at Barratt's Eun, Bowentown, and Shiloh. This colony from New England was known as the "Rev. Timothy Brooks" or the Bowen company, and kept up a separate society until 1710, when they united with the Old Cohansey Baptist Church. From 1695 to 1700, and subsequently, Jonathan Davis, a Seventh-Day Baptist, of Miles' company, son of the Rev. Jonathan Davis, having married Elizabeth Bowen, one of the "Miles company," visited his Welsh cousins at Bowentown and vicinity, and gained many converts to his persuasion. Their numbers were also increased by additions from Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and from Tren- ton, Bonhamtown, and Piscataway, N. J. About the year 1700, Jonathan Davis moved from Long Island and settled at Trenton, with his brother, Elnathan Davis, a noted land surveyor, and from there made frequent visits to his brethren at Shiloh. Jonathan Davis, son of Elnathan Davis, the sur- veyor, married Esther, daughter of Isaac Ayars, Sr., of Shiloh, and located near by, and became a promi- nent preacher of the gospel. His uncle, Jonathan, of Trenton, however, was from the first recognized as the actual founder of the church. On the 27th day of March, 1737, the Seventh-Day Baptist Church of Shiloh was organized with articles of faith and agreement. The following were the constituent members : John Swinney, Dr. Elijah Bowen, John Jarman, Caleb Bar- ratt, Hugh Dunn, Jonathan Davis, Jr., Caleb Ayars, Jr., Joseph Swinney, Samuel Davis, Jaen Phillips, of Newton Square, Pa., Deborah Swinney, Deborah Bowen, Abigail Barratt, Amy Dunn, Esther Dunn, Deborah Swinney, Jr., Ann Davis, Anna Swinney. Some of the constituent members had burial lots in other societies and were not interred at Shiloh. Among this class was Deborah Swinney, who was buried in the Old Cohansey Baptist ground, about six miles south of Shiloh. On a marble tombstone, still standing, are carved these words : " In memory of Deborah Swinney, who departed this life the 4th day of April, 1760, in the 77th year of her age. She was the first white female child born in Cohansey.'' The name Cohansey then included the greater part of Cumberland County. At the constitution of the church Jonathan Davis, Jr., was chosen pastor; ruling elders and deacons were also elected officers of the church. About the year 1830 the office of ruling elder was discontinued. On the 24th of March, 1738, Caleb Ayars, Sr., deeded to the church one acre of land near the vil- lage of Shiloh for a meeting-house lot and burying- ground, and a frame house for worship, thirty by forty feet, was erected the same year. The younger Jonathan Davis continued his labors till his death, Feb. 2, 1769, in the sixtieth year of his age. His successor was Eev. Jonathan Davis, son of David Davis, of Welsh Tract, near Newark, Del. He married Margaret Bond, of Delaware, a descend- ant of the Sharpless family. Before settling in Shiloh he founded the Newark Academy, which has since grown into Delaware College. This Elder Davis was born July 7, 1734, ordained in Shiloh Church, Nov. 13, 1768, and continued his labors until his death, July 23, 1785. It was this man, so emi- nent for learning and piety, that gave to the village the name of Shiloh, in imitation " of the ark of God resting at Shiloh." Previous to that time the place was called Cohansey Corners. In 1771, during his pastorate, a brick meeting-house, thirty-six and a half by forty feet, was erected, and in 1824 a large 698 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. gallery on three sides was added. Eev. Jonathan Jarraan was his colleague for some years, and after Mr. Davis' death supplied the church until he moved to Cape May. For about two years, Rev. Thomas Jones, a First- Day Baptist minister, supplied the church, and Dea- con Philip Ayars, a prominent member of the church, administered the ordinance of baptism in the absence of a pastor. Nov. 13, 1786, Nathan Ayars was called by the church and ordained to the gospel ministry, and re- mained pastor till his death in 1810. John Davis, youngest son of Jonathan Davis, of Delaware, was ordained in 1807, and continued his labors with the church until 1842, when he resigned on account of old age. During his pastorate there were large revi- vals and many were added to the church. Rev. Azor Estee was the next pastor, who remained nearly three years. In 1844, Rev. Solomon Carpen- ter took the oversight of the church, but was soon transferred to the China mission. In 1845, Elder Samuel Davison took the pastoral charge, and was suc- ceeded in 1848 by Rev. Giles M. Langworthy, whose sickness and premature death again left them without a pastor. Rev. Enoch Barnes supplied the pulpit during the summer of 1850. Elder George R. Wheeler, of Salem, supplied the church occasion- ally. Rev. William M. Jones was called to take charge in the fall of 1850. During his ministry the present brick meeting-house, forty by sixty feet in size, was completed and dedicated, the old building donated to Union Academy and fitted up especially for the wants of that institution, then so prosperous under the principalship of Professor E. P. Larkin. In 1853, Mr. Jones resigned his charge, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. Walter B. Gillette. After a very successful pastorate of nearly twenty years, during which the present academic building was erected, he resigned the pastorate. In April, 1873, Rev. A. H. Lewis was elected pas- tor. A parsonage in the village was purchased and remodeled at a cost of about three thousand dollars. Mr. Lewis resigned May 4, 1876. He was an at- tractive speaker, and was very affable in his manners. Rev. David H. Davis was settled in May, 1876, and left for the China mission Nov. 1, 1879. Rev. Theodore L. Gardner took the pastoral charge of the church Dec. 1, 1879, and is still the popular and successful minister. About the year 1827 a Sabbath-school was organ- ized, and has continued uninterruptedly. In 1811 the Marlboro Church, just over the line in Salem County, was organized from members of the Shiloh Church. Other small colonies have gone west and helped to organize churches of the denom- ination. Harmony Methodist Episcopal Church.— In the winter of 1857-58 the Methodist Church at Alloways- town, Salem Co., under charge of Rev. John W. Mc- Dougall, were having extra meetings, and nine per- sons from this neighborhood went up to attend them, became interested, and were converted. A class was formed at Harmony, and Mr. McDougall, assisted by Mr. Nelson, a local preacher from Allowaystown, preached in the Harmony school-house once a week. Measures were at once taken to build a meeting- house, and on Sept. 14, 1858, a contract was made with Walter S. Goff to build a house, thirty-six by fifty feet, before December 25th next, for the sum of two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. It be- came an appointment of Salem Circuit, composed of Allowaystown and Nazareth {Watson's Corner) Churches in Salem County, and Roadstown and this church in Cumberland. In 1859 the ministers on this circuit were John I. Carson and Willis Reeves ; in 1860, Carson and William Barnhart. In 1861 it became a station. This church has always been connected with another church in the services of a pastor, the most of the time with Roadstown. The ministers who have served the church since it was made a station are : 1861-62, William Stockton ; 1863, Charles Kirkbride ; 1864, David H. Schock; 1865-66, Samuel C. Chattin ; 1867, L. O. Manchester; 1868, J. T. Woolston; 1869, Charles W. Carson; 1870, William Pittinger ; 1871-73, John S. Gaskill ; 1874-75, Nomer J. Wright ; 1876-77, James Meyers ; 1878-79, William A. Lilley; 1880, Levi Herr; 1881, C. M. Brittain (expelled in May) ; remainder of 1881, W. S. Ludlow; 1882, William E. Blackiston; 1883, John B. Whitton. This church is situated in the country, there being no village within several miles, and therefore has no chance to make a rapid growth, but it does well the work found for it to do, and gives the preaching of the word to those who otherwise would seldom hear it. Jonathan Bowen was born in the township of Hopewell in the year 1737, and was the son of Jona- than Bowen, who died in 1782, at the age of sixty- eight years. He belonged to a numerous family, several of whom emigrated from Swansea, in Gla- morganshire, Wales, to Massachusetts in 1662, with their pastor, the Rev. John Miles. Jonathan Bowen, the elder, was the son of Dan Bowen, who died in 1729, and he was the son of Samuel Bowen, who came to Cohansey from Swansea, Mass., and died about a month before his son Dan. Two others were named Richard and Hezekiah Bowen. They were Baptists, and as such obnoxious to the original Puri- tan settlers of New England. Jonathan Bowen, the elder, resided at Bowentown, and built the house now owned by Mrs. McBride, one of his descendants. He had several children. One of them, named David, was appointed sheriff of the county by the royal Governor in 1775, but was super- seded in 1776 by Joel Fithian, elected under the pro- visions of the new Constitution by the people. He TOWNSHIP OF HOPEWELL. 699 built the brick house occupied by John S. Holmes, and owned the farm. The families of Bowen in the county became very numerous. Seth Bowen, son of Dr. Elijah, St., and cousin of Jonathan, the elder, was a lieutenant of artillery in the Revolutionary army. Jonathan Bowen, Jr., appears to have been a man of great respectability and worth. He was elected a member of the convention that adopted the new Constitution of New Jersey in 1776, and also in the same year a member of Assembly. He was subse- quently elected to the Assembly seven times, his last service being in 1800. About the commencement of the Revolution he removed to Bridgeton, and became the owner of the property on the west side of the Cohansey, from the Mason line twenty rods south of the bridge to the Ireland Mill property, his west line to Muddy Run, since called Jeddy's Pond, running along the top of the hill and north of that run, ex- tending west of the Ireland Mill road. His dwelling- house, one of the first erected in the vicinity, long since taken down, stood a few rods northeast of the house lately occupied by E. Collin Woodruff. He built the stone house standing on the west side of Atlantic Street, about half-way between Commerce and Broad, and occupied it at his death in 1804. He had several children, — two sons. Smith and Daniel, and two daughters, who both married Bacons. He left most of his Bridgeton property to his son Smith, born in 1763, who, with Ebenezer Seeley and James Lee, the owners of the land on the east side of the creek, built the dam, now called Tumbling- dam, about 1810, and then sold the property on the west side to Benjamin and David Reeves, who estab- lished the iron-works. During the war of 1812-15 he owned and occupied the hotel, now Davis'. The valuable farm at Bowentown, containing more than two hundred acres, was left to his son Daniel, and became the property of his granddaughter, Mrs. McBride, and her sister, Mrs. Souder, now owned by Robert J. Buck. John Buegin, born Nov. 30, 1735, was descended from a family of considerable importance in England, the castle of whose head the Earl of Dunbar called Burgin Castle, is situate in the county of Norfolk, a few miles from the town of Great Yarmouth. His coat of arms, a sword and key crossed, with the motto " Sub Spe," has been kept in the American branch of the family. The first emigrant to this country was named John Burgin, who in 1651 mar- ried Mary Winthrop Dudley, of Massachusetts, and came from that province to New Jersey. John Burgin (3d) had only the education afforded by the country schools of his day, and was by occu- pation a farmer. He married Elizabeth Abel, daugh- ter of Col. George Abel, and resided most of his mar- ried life on a large and productive farm, situate on the east side of the main road from Roadstown to Philadelphia, about a mile north of Shiloh, a part of which now belongs to B. F. Elmer, and is still known as the Burgin farm. In 1784 he was elected a mem- ber of the Legislature of New Jersey, and, with the exception of one year, was re-elected every subse- quent year during his life. He died in 1793, and judging from the inventory of his effects made by his executors, amounting to fourteen hundred and twenty- nine pounds, equal to three thousand seven hundred and eighty-six dollars, was prosperous in his business. He had eight children, and was accustomed to say to his friends who complained of the burden of a large family that he considered every child born to him of the value of one hundred pounds. Elnathan Davis was born at Shiloh in the year 1785, and was the son of Rev. Jonathan Davis, one of the original constituents and first pastor of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church at that place, and was a grandson of Elnathan Davis, who settled at Trenton about the close of the seventeenth century. The family came from Wales to Massachusetts in 1662, in company with Bowen, Bacon, Barratt, and others, some of whose descendants settled in this county. The subject of this notice in May, 1757, married Susanna Bond, of a family originally Friends. He lived on a farm about half a mile southeast of. Shiloh, lately owned by his grandson, Dickerson D. Shep- pard, and followed the business of a surveyor. He held the appointment of a deputy of the surveyor- general, was a man of remarkable sagacity, and, con- sidering the imperfections of the instruments in use at the time, his surveys were made with great accu- racy, and are easily followed by those who have suc- ceeded him. He had the largest business of any contemporary surveyor. About the year 1795 he was employed to survey two large tracts of land, comprising a considerable part of the best portion of Fairfield township, settled by New Englanders nearly a hundred years before, and now occupied and claimed by the descendants, for which suit had been brought by the English pro- prietors. He died in 1802 ; had ten children, many of whose descendants are living in the county. AzAElAH MoEE, SOU of Jacob More, was born in Upper Hopewell township in 1739. He was a weaver by trade, and by strict attention to business secured a competency. During the Revolutionary war he was an ardent Whig, and early enlisted in the army. Azariah never married. He lived to a serene old age on the homestead he had worked to earn. The ac- counts that are recorded of him give him an excellent character. He was a justice of the peace, and was well known in his day and generation as a man of sound judgment. He was remarked for his kindness and benevolence. He died Sept. 6, 1818, in his eighty-third year, and is buried in the Presbyterian churchyard at Greenwich. John, his brother, who died Feb. 22, 1800, was also in the army of the Revo- lution. He had sons, — Lewis (father of Elmer), Aza roo HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. riah (father of Hon. Eobert More), and the late Elder John More, grandfather of John More Tyler, of Company F, Third New Jersey Volunteers, who was killed in the war for the Union. Besides the latter there were three other great-grandsons of John More (1st) who volunteered in the service of the United States during the Rebellion, viz. : one from Ohio, one from Iowa, and one from Pennsylvania, the latter dying in the service. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ARCHIBALD MINCH. Henry and Adam Minch, or Mensch, brothers, sailed from Amsterdam, Holland, between the years 1750 and 1755, and landed in Philadelphia. Henry settled near Lancaster, Pa., and Adam, together with Barbara Kerns, who sailed in the same vessel with him, had their services purchased by John Miller, of Pittsgrove, Salem Co. They were married about the year 1757, and in 1768 purchased a farm of one hun- dred acres in Cumberland County. Their children were Andrew, Susanna, Peter, and Benjamin. Ben- jamin Minch married Hannah Miller, granddaughter of John Miller, and had children, — Elizabeth, Mary (who died in youth), Margaret, Benjamin, Archi- bald, Phoebe, Michael, Benjamin (2d), Richard, and Adam. Benjamin Minch spent his life in farming employ- ments, and also conducted a saw-mill. His death occurred in 1832, on the homestead. His son Archi- bald was born Sept. 20, 1797, and when a lad at- tended the schools which were accessible from his home. Farming occupations presented many attrac- tions to the youth of that period, who had been sur- rounded with all the accompaniments of country life, and Mr. Minch aided in the cultivation of the home- stead farm until twenty-four years of age. He then became the owner of a tract of land in Hopewell township, of the same county, upon which he settled in 1821, and remained until his death, in 1882. He married, March 4, 1823, Ruth, daughter of Lt'wis Moore, of Hopewell, whose death occurred soon after. He married again, Nov. 17, 1825, Nancy, daughter of Peter Minch, brother of his father. Their children are Mary E., born Nov. 5, 1826 ; Robert, whose birth occurred Feb. 16, 1828, and his death Dec. 22, 1882; and Francis B., born Sept. 14, 1833. Mr. Minch was a practical farmer, though the latter years of his life were spent in retirement from active labor. He was one of the charter members and the last survivor among the early stockholders of the Cumberland National Bank, organized in 1816. He maintained for years extensive business connections, and established a reputation for sagacity and correct judgment. His early Whig sympathies found ex- pression in the indorsement of Republican prin- ciples, and local campaigns were occasions of great interest to him. He was for successive terms free- holder of his township, and for twenty years its col- lector, as also for years a member of the township committee, and for fifty-one years collector of the Holmes Banking Company. In his religious views Mr. Minch was a supporter of the worship of the Presbyterian Church. His death occurred on the homestead farm in Hopewell, May 7, 1882, in his eighty-fifth year. LEWIS BACON. The Bacon family was first represented in America by three brothers, who emigrated from England, one of whom was the ancestor of the grandfather of Mr. Bacon, who resided in Greenwich township, and mar- ried a Miss Smith, of Salem County. Their children were Abel, Daniel, William, and three daughters. His son William was born in Greenwich township, where his life was devoted to labor on the land now owned by his son Lewis. He was united in marriage to Mary Hand Bowen, of Bridgeton, and had chil- dren, — William, Mary, Lewis, Jane, Phoebe, Margaret, Sarah, and three who died in youth. Mr. Bacon ad- hered to the platform'of the Whig party until the formation of the Republican party, when he indorsed its principles, though not an active worker in its ranks. His jleath occurred at the homestead, on at- taining the age of sixty-four years. His son Lewis was born Feb. 8, 1811, at the paternal home in Green- wich township, where he remained for a period of thirty year^. He enjoyed during his boyhood the best advantages ofiered at the schools of the neigh- borhood, and early became associated with his father in the conduct of his farm. He was married in 1840 to Miss Saralj Watson Miller, daughter of Ebenezer Miller, of Greenwich township. Their children are two daughters, — Louisa, who is deceased, and Cath- erine, wife of William R. Knight. On his marriage Mr. Bacon removed to a farm in the same township, one and a half miles distant from the homestead, and remained for several years, after which he became a resident of Bowentown, his present home. He has devoted his energies wholly to the improvement of his landed property, and never actively interested himself in the political issues of the day, though in politics formerly a Whig, and later a Republican. Mr. Bacon affiliates with the Baptist denomination, and is a member and trustee of the Baptist Church of Roadstown, Cumberland Co. HON. ISAIAH W. RICHMAN. Henry Richman, the father of Isaiah, was an en- terprising farmer in Pittsgrove township, and married Sarah Mulford, to whom were born children, — Har- man, Elizabeth (Mrs. Garret Du Bois), Henry, Joseph, ''^ ^ZuA^ ^^^C^S^^-U ^OuucJ) J/J(y^e/^^ (Zo-x. -^:<^?^ TOWNSHIP OP HOPEWELL. 701 and Isaiah. Mr. Eichman died on the farm in Pitts- grove, in his fifty-ninth year. His son Isaiah was born May 24, 1823, at the pa- ternal home, where he remained but a brief time. His father having died when the son was but a year old, he removed with his mother to Philadelphia, and be- came an inmate of the home of his step-father, where he remained until ten years of age. He then returned to Pittsgrove, and until eighteen years of age resided with his brother Harmon. Having determined upon a more active and independent career he, in connec- tion with Albert Van Meter, established at Sharps- town, in the same township, a store for the sale of general merchandise, which business was conducted for one year. He then sold, and soon after opened a similar store, which was successfully continued for a period of eight years, during which time he was ap- pointed postmaster under the Presidency of Franklin Pierce. He married Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Martha Peak, of Sharpstown, and had children, — Morris P., deceased ; Charles, now cultivating the farm in Hopewell township formerly occupied by his father; and Lydia. Mrs. Richmaii having died, he married again Rebecca P., daughter of Ebenezer Wallen, a native of Cumberland County. After rent- ing for a term of two years, Mr. Eichman purchased a farm in Hopewell township, and cultivated it until 1882, when he removed to his present home near Bridgeton. He has as a Democrat held nearly all the township ofSces, and was, in 1855, elected to the State Legislature in a district which, though largely Eepub- lican, gave him an exceptional majority. His brother Harmon also served in the same capacity during the session of 1851. Mr. Eichman during his term of service was a member of the Committees on Industrial Schools, Soldiers' Home, and others. He is a mem- ber of the executive committee of the County Agri- cultural Society, and treasurer of the Montecute Canning-Factory, of Hopewell township. He is in religion a supporter of the West Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton. LORENZO SHARP. In Cape May County, N. J., lived and died Isaac Sharp, who emigrated from England prior to the year 1750 and became a farmer. A numerous de- scent from this progenitor of the family are scattered over various points in the United States. One son, John Sharp, located in Downe township, Cumber- land Co., where he purchased an extensive tract of land and engaged in farming and also in lumbering. His children were John, Enoch, Eli, Ephraim, Imly, Margaret, Sarah, and Mary, all of whom are deceased, with the single exception of Ephraim, a vigorous old gentleman, who at eighty-three years still superin- tends the cultivation of his farm. John, of this num- ber, was born May 2, 1782, in Downe township, where he was an enterprising farmer. He married Catherine Haley, of the same township, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Haley, who were of German parentage. Mr. and Mrs. Sharp had children, — Lorenzo, John Page, and William H. Mr. Sharp pursued with vigor his daily routine of labor until his death, in 1849, on the farm formerly occupied by his maternal grandfather. His wife died Feb. 4, 1881, having sur- vived until her ninety-second year. Their son Lo- renzo was born March 22, 1822, in Downe township, on the homestead near Mauricetown. His boyhood was fraught with the experiences peculiar to the sons of farmers, and the pleasures of youth, as he ap- proached manhood, were exchanged for the daily rou- tine of toil. This activity was, however, rewarded by possession of the farm on the decease of his father. He was married Feb. 7, 1844, to Miss Jane, daughter of Isaac Peterson, of Mauricetown. Their children are B. Franklin, a farmer, married to Miss Sallie Daniels, of Cumberland County; Elizabeth H. (Mrs. James N. Bateman, of Cedarville) ; John Howard, also a farmer, married to Julia Townsend, of Cape May County, N. J.; William W., a mechanic, mar- ried to Miss Anna Bates, of Erie, Pa. ; Mary C. (Mrs. Edward S. Holmes, of Bridgeton) ; Alfred S.', a black- smith ; Ella Louisa (Mrs. David Hitchner, of Hope- well) ; and Jennie. In 1870, Mr. Sharp purchased of David Tomlin a valuable farm near Bridgeton, for which he paid one hundred and fifty dollars per acre, and which, by his energy and knowledge of agriculture, has been ren- dered very productive. This continued to be his res- idence until the fall of 1883, when he removed with his family to Bridgeton. In his political views, Mr. Sharp was formerly a Whig, and became, on the for- mation of the Eepublican party, one of its earnest supporters. He has served as a member of the town- ship committee of his township, and held other minor offices. The family have for generations espoused the creed of the Methodist Episcopal Church, John, his father, having been a member of the church of that denomination at Haleyville, and held numerous important offices during his connection with it. Lo- renzo, his son, became a member of this church in 1888, and soon after superintendent of its Sunday- school. He was later one of the stewards of the church at Mauricetown, and is now a member of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church of Bridgeton, and has been a steward since his identification with it. ISRAEL WOODRUFF. The ancestors of Mr. Woodruff are on the paternal side English, while French blood flows through the veins of the family on the maternal side. His father, David Woodruff, was born in 1748, in Cumberland County. Hopewell was his life-long residence, where he early followed his trade of tailor, and later became a farmer. He was four times married. By the first and second marriages there were no children. The third wife. Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Zebulon 7^)■^ HISTOKY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Woodruff, had a daughter, Phoebe, who became Mrs. William McNichols, deceased, of Salem County, and a son, Israel, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Wood- ruif married a fourth time. Miss Eunice Davis, and had one son, Uriah D., deceased. Israel WoodrufT was born Nov. 9, 1802, in Hopewell township. When three years of age his father removed to the farm at present occupied by his son, where his early years were spent. After limited advantages of education he devoted himself to farm labor, and his father being an invalid, the care and responsibility of its success- ful management devolved upon him. Before attain- ing the age of twenty the property became his by gift from his father. Mr. Woodruff was married, in 1822, to Kachel S., daughter of William Eeeves, of Salqpi County. Their children are A. Smith, Isaac D., Elizabeth T. (Mrs. William English), and William R. The Woodruff family have always been strongly Whig in their proclivities, and Mr. Woodruff is now an exponent of the principles of the Republican party, though with no taste for office, which honor he has always declined. Mr. and Mrs. Woodruff, their daughter and sons are all members of the West Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton. JOHN T. DAVIS. The progenitor of the Davis family in New Jersey was John, who emigrated from Wales to America, and settled on Long Island. He later removed to Salem County, where he resided until his death. In the direct line of descent was Jonathan, great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch, whose son El- nathan settled in Trenton, and subsequently removed to Shiloh. He was appointed surveyor-general of South Jersey, and was a member of the commission of six designated to survey and construct the road from Greenwich to Woodbury. He married Susanna Boud, and had ten children, — Jonathan, Jacob, Eb- enezer, Jedediah, Samuel B., Jeremiah, Elnathan, and three daughters. He died and was buried in Shiloh, December, 1802, in his sixty-seventh year. Ebenezer was born May 7, 1763, and married Mar- garet, daughter of James Tomlinson, formerly of Pennsylvania. Their children were John T., James, Maria, Jane, and Ebenezer. Mr. Davis was by pro- fession a land surveyor, and resided upon a small farm in Hopewell township. His death occurred March 13, 1827. His son, John T., was born June 4, 1791, in the latter township, and after a limited time in school, at the early age of ten years learned to follow the plow. Since that time, with hardly an interval of rest, he labored assiduously upon the farm until his seventy-fifth year. In 1865 he re- moved to the village of Shiloh, and having aban- doned active participation in the cares and employ- ments of the farm, retired to the rest and comfort which his industry had won for liim. Mr. Davis, at the age of nineteen, became a teacher, and followed this vocation successfully for four years. He was also an instructor in vocal music, and for thirty years chorister of the church. He was married, March 12, 1812, to Beulah, daugh- ter of Jonathan Davis, and had children, — Emeline, Ami, Louisa, Margaret, Elhannon W., Margaret T., and Amanda H. Mrs. Davis died April 20, 1865, and he married again Miss Melita Robinson, whose death occurred Feb. 17, 1875. On the death of his second wife he married Ann Maria West, his present wife. Mr. Davis is a Republican, having formerly been a Whig. He has held several minor offices, and also been an officer of militia. Both he and Mrs. Davis are members of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church at Shiloh, of which he was for fourteen years a trustee and treasurer for the same period. THEODORE P. DANZENBAKEE. Lewis Danzenbaker, the great-grandfather of the subject of this biography, was born in Germany, and settled in Freasburg, now in Salem County, on his emigration to America, in 1772 or 1773, where he pur- sued farming occupations. He had three sons — Lewis, Henry, and George — and three daughters. Lewis, the grandfather of Theodore F., was born in 1789, and died Feb. 13, 1855. He married Christi- ana, daughter of Michael and Susanna Minch John- son, and had six children, — Michael, Daniel, Peter, Susanna, George, and Christiana. By a second marriage, to Mrs. Sarah Pierson Dare, widow of Charles Dare, he had one daughter, Sarah, who be- came the wife of John L. Bitters. Peter Danzen- baker was born June 15, 1815, in Hopewell town- ship, and married May 21, 1837, Martha West. Their children are Charles, who died in youth, and Theo- dore Frelinghuysen, who was born in Hopewell town- ship, April 1, 1847, and in his youth attended the Union Academy at Shiloh until sixteen years of age, when he became a pupil of the Business College of Bryant & Stratton, of Philadelphia, from which he graduated and received his diploma March 17, 1865. He then engaged as book-keeper with the cloth house of Oliver T. Terry, of Philadelphia, and two years later became salesman for Thomas Sheehan & Brother in the same business. His health not having proved robust he returned to his home and began the culture of strawberries and onions in Hopewell township. On the 26th of November, 1873, he married Miss Edith B., daughter of Asa and Rebecca Colson, of Woodbury, Gloucester Co., and at this time assumed the name of Theodore F. D. Baker, which change was made as a matter of convenience in business. Their children are Charles, born March 1, 1875; Jo- seph Sidney, whose birth occurred Feb. 28, 1877 ; and Edith, born Aug. 7, 1879. Mr. Baker, on the 25th of March, 1874, purchased his present farm in Hopewell township, and began V, M/r< <>"" *** ^ ' .-■Iff ^^e/^ Hi^-^^'yJ^ TOWNS BIP OF LANDIS AND BOROUGH OF VINELAND. 703 the business of market gardening, making the grow- ing of onion seeds and onion sets a specialty, a con- tract having been effected with Peter Henderson & Co., of New York, and David Landreth & Sons, of Philadelphia. He has been signally successful in this undertaking, having grown upon twelve acres two thousand seven hundred bushels of onion sets per year, and received in a single year seven thousand five hun- dred dollars as the return of his labor in this specialty. Mr. Baker, though formerly a Democrat in politics, now supports the Republican ticket, and manifests a keen interest in the local issues of the day. He has served for eight years as the clerk of Hopewell town- ship. He is a member of the County Agricultural Society, and vice-president for Cumberland County of the State Horticultural Society. He is also a member of the Cohansey Lodge, No. 44, of Knights of Pythias, of Bridgeton. He supports the Protestant Episcopal Church, of which Mrs. Baker is a member. JACOB HEPNBR. John Hepner, the grandfather of the subject of this biographical sketch, was born in Germany, and on his emigration to America settled in Shiloh, Cumberland Co., where he cultivated a farm. He married Mary Hitchner, and became the father of children, — Mat- thias, John, Jacob, Barbara, Margaret, Betsey, and Mary. He served during the war of 1812, in which he was wounded, and subsequently removed to the West, where his death occurred. His sou Jacob was born Sept. 11, 1787, in Shiloh, though his life was principally spent in Deerfield, where he succeeded to the occupations of his father. He was on the 7th of June, 1794, married to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick Fox, and had children, — John, born in 1813 ; Mary, whose birth occurred in 1816 ; Frederick, born in 1819; Elizabeth, in 1821 ; Catharine, in 1825; Lydia Ann, in 1828 ; George, in 1881 ; Matthias, in 1833; David, in 1886; and Jacob, who is the subject * of this biography. Mr. Hepner's death occurred in Deerfield township in 1876. Jacob, his son, was born Oct. 9, 1828, on the homestead in the latter township, where his youth was principally devoted to labor, with such limited advantages of education as were afforded by the neighboring schools. At the age of twenty- one he left home, and was employed in various capaci- ties until twenty-seven years of age, when his present productive farm in Hopewell township was pur- chased, which has since been his home. In 1873, Mr. Hepner, in connection with his brother Matthias, erected a saw-mill in Jericho, where they are now actively engaged in the lumber business. Jacob Hepner was married, March 14, 1850, to Lucinda M., daughter of John Randolph, of Shiloh. In his politi- cal views he is a Democrat, though the close attention paid to his own business leaves no time for participa- tion in political or public life. Mr. and Mrs. Hepner are members of the First Baptist Church of Bridgeton. CHAPTER XCIX. TOWNSHIP OF LANDIS AND BOROUGH OP VINE- LAND. Incorporation, — This township was created by an act of the Legislature, approved March 7, 1864, set- ting off the northeastern part of Millville township as a new township, which received its name in honor of Charles K. Landis, the founder of Vineland. Soil. — The soil of the township is light and sandy for the most part, but under the labors of the enter- prising people who have settled upon it it has been made to produce good crops of nearly all kinds, and especially of grapes, pears, and the small fruits gen- erally. Previous to 1860 there were very few inhabitants within the limits of this township. The small settle- ment at Willow Grove, in the northwestern part of the township, containing probably a hundred inhab- itants or so, was the only village. Scattered farm- houses, mostly along the road from Millville to Philadelphia, now known as Malaga road, and on Main road, on the east of the railroad, probably added another hundred to the number within the present limits of the township. In addition to the farming which these inhabitants carried on, nearly all of them were also engaged a portion of their time in carting wood and lumber to Millville and other markets. Vineland Tract. — Charles K. Landis, who had previously been interested in building up the settle- ment at Hammonton, Atlantic Co., bought from Richard D. Wood the most of the lands owned by him in the limits of this township, and afterwards made large purchases from other parties. The Vine- land tract, as it is called, covers nearly all of this township, and also extends into the counties of At- lantic and Gloucester. It includes an area of over twenty-eight thousand acres, or nearly fifty square miles. The history of the township and of the town of Vineland are so interwoven that they will be treated for the most part as one. Town of Vineland.— Mr. Landis laid out the town on both sides of the railroad, six miles north of Mill- ville, and about thirty-five miles south of Philadel- phia. He laid out the town plat, about one mile square, in lots of six hundred by three hundred feet, the avenues and streets running east and west and north and south. The streets running east and west, commencing at the north side of the town plat, are Park Avenue, Peach, Pear, Plum, Wood, Landis Avenue, Elmer, Grape, Montrose, Almond, Quince, and Cherry Streets, and Chestnut Avenue. The streets running north and south were numbered up as high as Eighth, with East and West Avenues on the respective sides of the town plat. The Railroad Boulevard, two hundred feet wide, was laid out along 704 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the railroad with a broad drive on either side of the track, and it extends from North Vineland to South Vineland. Landis Avenue is one hundred feet wide, and extends from the Maurice River on the west, through the centre of the tract, a distance of ten miles. Outside of the town plat the roads were laid out a half-mile apart. Aug. 8, 1861, Mr. Landis cut the first tree on the town plat, and drove the first stake, made from that tree, where Landis Avenue intersects the railroad. He fixed his office at the house of An- drew Sharp, at the corner of Park Avenue and Main road, which was then the only good house on the tract. A footpath was the only direct route from the railroad to Mr. Sharp's house, and the old Maul's Bridge Road was the only one for teams. ^ The land being almost entirely unoccupied, Mr. Landis was enabled to carry out his plans more com- pletely. Several distinctive features were introduced, which have had much to do with the present beauty of the place, and with attracting settlers to it. His own words concerning the plan of the place are : " I decided that all the roads should be broad and straight and at right angles, making up for the want of the picturesque in the straight line and right angle by re- quiring trees for shade, in single or double rows, to be planted along all the roads. It was required that the purchaser should erect a habitation not nearer than twenty feet from the side of the street in the city plat, or seventy-five feet from the roadside in the country. The stipulation about setting houses back removed them from dust, and induced great attention to the ornamenting of front gardens with flowers and shrubbery. The next stipulation was that the road- sides should be seeded to grass within two years and kept seeded. Another important question was with regard to the sale of liquor. I believed that if the public sale of liquor was stopped, both in taverns and beer-saloons, the knife would reach the root of the evil. The local-option law in Vineland has been practically in operation since the beginning of the settlement, although the act of the Legislature em- powering the people of Landis township to vote upon license or no license, was not passed until 1864." This latter act was the act setting off the township. Early Purchasers and Pioneer Buildings. — The first purchaser in the "tract was J. G. Oolson. He bought ten acres of land on the West Railroad Boule- vard, above Oak Road, Oct. 24, 1861. The next pur- chaser was George L. Post, who bought forty acres on the southeast corner of Main and Post roads, and in the following winter erected the first house on the tract, under the Landis title. A small shanty, known as " Packard's Hotel," was previously erected in the fall of 1861, on Capt. Post's premises. Mr. O. Packard built the house for Capt. Post, and Mrs. Sharp and Mrs. Post, through the invitation of the builder, had the pleasure of helping to raise the first house of any account. The first house on Landis Avenue was built by James Stuart, east of Spring road. The first house on Landis Avenue, west of the station, was built by Mr. Washburn. The first building on the town plat was erected by E. W. Fletcher, in the rear of where C. P. Davis' hotel was after- wards built, in February, 1862, and has since been purchased by the Vineland Historical Society, and placed upon their lot on Peach Street, to be preserved as the first beginning of the place. The visitors who came to look at the land during 1861 and the spring of 1862 were accommodated at Mr. Sharp's house, and it was often overcrowded. By the act of March 7, 1864, setting off the town- ship, most of the peculiar features of Mr. Landis' plan were enacted into a law. It gave to the town- ship committee authority to divide the roads into suitable road districts and appoint overseers, and au- thorized the election of a town superintendent of public roads having charge of all the roads in the township, and required him to put ou* the work on them by contract, and to report at the annual town- meetings. The sides of the roads were required to be seeded, and shade-trees put out, as the committee or- dered, and they were authorized to fix the building limit at twenty feet in the town, and seventy-five feet in the country districts. Fences were not required to be built, beer saloons were prohibited, and no hotel was to be licensed unless the majority of the people should vote for it at their annual town-meeting. Under these powers great benefit has been derived to the settlement. The avenues, which are one hun- dred feet wide, generally have two rows of trees on each side, and the other roads, fifty to sixty-six feet wide, have on each side a single row. The streets and roads of the entire tract have been graded and covered with gravel, and no finer or better roads can be found in any community, or more beautiful than are those of Vineland in the summer season, lined with beautiful shade-trees, and ornamented with handsome and well-kept lawns and flower-beds on both sides. Early History. — Mr. Landis extensively adver- tised the new settlement, and settlers began to come in more rapidly. Not over a half-dozen settlers lo- cated on the tract in. 1861, but quite a large number came in 1862. During this year Landis Avenue was cleared of stumps as far east as Spring road, and put in traveling condition ; Main Avenue, leading to Millville, was straightened and widened, and other streets were opened. The first hotel was opened by C. P. Davis, where the Vineland House now stands. A school-house was erected, and a private school opened by Miss Lucille Richardson, with eleven scholars. The first religious meeting was held in Mabbett's barn, by Rev. M. C. Connaugh, of the Millville Presbyterian Church. The first child born in Vineland was William C. Richardson, born Jan. 16, 1868, and the first death was that of Hezekiah Davis, died March 31, 1863. Growth. — From this time the incoming tide of set- TOWNSHIP OF LANDIS AND BOROUGH OF VINELAND. 705 tiers became stronger. Every train brought new arri- vals, and improvements began in all directions. Lands were cleared and put under cultivation, and the demand for dwelling-houses was greater than could be supplied. In the one month of January, 1865, over one thousand acres of wild land were sold, and as the plans of Mr. Landis divided the land into small farms, averaging not over fifteen or twenty acres each, the above represents quite an addition to the population in the one month. During eight months of that year over five hundred buildings were erected. Many of the new-comers were among the best citizens of the land, and quite a number were wealthy. These were attracted to Vineland by its fame as a temperance town and the mildness of the climate as compared with that of New England and the Northwest. In 1866 more than twelve hundred buildings were erected. About 1868 the tide of new settlers began to slacken as compared with the rush of the preceding years. Vineland began to settle down into a slower but steadier and more certain condition. Dependence no longer being put in new-comers, manufactures began to spring up, and though for a few years Vineland was in a condition of partial stagnation, she is now slowly but more surely advancing to the position and im- portance to which the enterprise and thrift of her in- habitants entitle her. In 1873 Italian settlers began to arrive in Vine- land, and mostly settled in the eastern part of the tract near the line of Atlantic County. Quite a large number of these industrious, law-abiding people have come to Vineland, some of the later ones locating northwest of the borough, between the Blackwater and Manaway Branches of Maurice River. The Landis-Carruth Tragedy attracted great at- tention throughout the whole country. An opposi- tion to the management of township affairs, as they were carried on by Mr. Landis and his friends, gradu- ally grew up, and was voiced by the Independent, edited by Uri Carruth. Mr. Carruth carried the opposition to extremes, and indulged in a series of personal attacks on Mr. Landis, criticisms of his pol- icy, and ridicule of his public and private acts. On March 19, 1875, Mr. Landis, after reading the issue of the Independent, containing an article which ridiculed Mrs. Landis as well as himself, went to the office of Mr. Carruth. There were no witnesses to the meeting in the office. In a few moments Mr. Carruth rushed into the printing department, followed by Mr. Lan- dis, who fired at him, the bullet entering the back of Mr. Carruth's head. Mr. Landis gave himself up, and was committed to jail to await the result of the injury. Mr. Carruth recovering, Mr. Landis was ad- mitted to bail. It was thought Mr. Carruth would entirely recover, but he died, before the expiration of a year, from abscesses which formed around the bullet. Mr. Landis was recommitted to jail, and was tried at the adjourned January term, 1876, of the Court of 45 Oyer and Terminer of Cumberland County, Judge Alfred Eeed presiding. After a long and tedious trial the jury returned a verdict of not guilty, on the plea of temporary insanity. It was the most noted criminal trial in the history of the county. Fruits. — The soil of Vineland seeming well adapted to the growth of grapes, pears, and other small fruits, large vineyards, orchards, and berry-patches were set out shortly after the first arrivals, and these consti- tute the leading crops of Vineland. The strawberry crop for the season of 1881 showed a total of two hundred and fifty thousand quarts shipped from Vineland, worth about twenty-five thousand dollars, besides large amounts from the North and South Vine- land Stations. During the fifteen days ending July 27th, four hundred and nine thousand six hundred quarts of blackberries were shipped to New York and other points. During the entire season the total shipments of blackberries amounted to about seventy thousand dollars. Large shipments of grapes and pears were also made. During the season of 1883 one million one hundred and eighty-four thousand quarts of berries of all kinds were shipped from Vineland. Freeholders, — The chosen freeholders of this town- ship have been as follows : 1864 Charles K. LnndiB. 1871. Jonathan Wilde. John Kandle. 1872. Nelson Boberts. 1865-66. John Kandle. Oliver D. Graves. James M. Fitch. 1873. Nelson Boberts. 1867 Edwin M. Turner. Elias Doughty. John Kandle. 1874-76. Nelson Boberts. 1868 Edwin M. Turner. Eli B. Hendee. Hiram N. Bostwick.i 1877-78. Horatio N. Greene. John 0. Wheeler.2 Arthur T. Parsons. 1869 George Roberts. 1879-80. Horatio N. Greene. John C. Wheeler (resigned). 1881. Arthur T. Parsons. Caleb H. Bennett.^ 1882. Arthur T. Parsons (res'd) 1870 George Boberts. B. C. Skinner.2 Caleb H. Bennett. 1883. Albro S.Brown. 1871 Nelson Boberts, BOKOUGH OF VINELAND. Vineland having become one of tbe most enter- prising towns of South Jersey, the question of incor- poration for the purpose of having increased local powers was agitated. A meeting of the citizens was held March 23, 1880, and resolutions adopted in favor of incorporating the town plat under the general Borough Corporation Act of the State. An election was held May 25, 1880, at which three hundred and four persons voted, and one hundred and eighty-one voted in favor of incorporation, and one hundred and twenty-two against it. An election for borough officers was held on Tuesday, Oct. 5, 1880, and immediately after that the Council passed ordinances, appointed minor officers, and the machinery of the borough was set in motion. The population of Vineland in 1880 was two thousand five hundred and nineteen. 1 Elected at the annual meeting, but died before the board organized. 2 Appointed by township committee to fill vacancy. 706 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Borough OfB.cers. — The following have been the officers of the borough : Mayors.— 1880, Quartua Wright; 1882, Joseph Mason ; 1883, Albro S. Brown. Borough Gkrk.— 1880, Levi D. Johnson, and con- tinued to present. Couneil.— 1880, (for one year) E. Morley, H. B. Eeese, (for two years) Solon 8. Gould, John P. Ash- worth, (for three years) Albro S. Brown, Henry Hart- son ; 1882, (for three years) John Prince, Daniel A. Eussell; 1883, (for three years) Dr. 0. R. Wiley, Oliver D. Graves, Freeman 8. Hale, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albro 8. Brown. Post-Office. — A post-office was established here Aug. 31, 1861, upon the condition that Mr. Landis^ would pay twenty dollars a quarter towards the ex- pense of carrying the mail. This payment was con- tinued for almost two years. Mr. Landis was ap- pointed postmaster, and kept the office where he had his own office, at Andrew Sharp's, about one and three-quarter miles from the railroad station. He attended to the duties of the office in person until the spring of 1862, when he had as assistant postmaster Mr. H. M. Holbrook, and the office was removed to the second story entry of 0. P. Davis' hotel. Mr. Holbrook was followed by 0. P. Morehouse as deputy. In 1863 the office was removed to the store of W. F. Bassett, in rear of the hotel, who acted as deputy, and upon the purchase of the store by William G. Smith he became the deputy. The receipts of the office for the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1862, were only eight dollars and fifty cents. Such was the growth of the settlement that the business of the office for the quarter ending June 30, 1881, was six thousand one hundred and forty-eight dollars and fifty cents. Charles Lyford acted for a long time as deputy, and in March, 1876, was appointed postmaster, and re- mained in office until his death, Jan. 1, 1879. He was succeeded by Seaman E. Fowler, who held the office four years, and was followed by the present officer, William H. Loppy, appointed Feb. 5, 1883. PRESS. l%e Vineland Weekly, the first weekly newspaper published in that place, was issued Sept. 9, 1865, by M. 0. & F. P. Crocker, and enjoyed a large patronage under their management. It was then especially de- voted to the interests of Charles K. Landis in estab- lishing the Vineland settlement. After the death of Moses C. Crocker, March 17, 1874, the paper was con- ducted by Frank P. Crocker, and was finally sold to E. G. Blaisdell and Charles D. Thomas in the spring of 1877. Mr. Thomas soon retired from the business, and Mr. E. G. Blaisdell continued to edit and publish the paper until Oct. 1, 1879, when Mr. H. K. Flint became part owner. It was published by Flint & Blaisdell until March 1, 1880, when it was purchased by H. K. Flint. On Aug. 1, 1880, the Weekly was consolidated with ^b Independent, with Mr. H. W. Wilbur, editor, and Wilbur & Flint, proprietors, and called the Weekly Independent. Aug. 1, 1881, Mr. Flint retired, leaving H. W. Wilbur as editor and proprietor, until the present time. The Vineland Independent was started in 1866, by E. Hale and William Taylor, and was run in the interest of those who opposed Mr. Landis politically and otherwise. Mr. Hale was connected with the paper but a short time, and disposed of his interest to Mr. Charles W. Blew, whose relation* with the paper were also brief. Mr. Taylor finally disposed ot the business to Messrs. Gill and McKenzie, who sold to Messrs. Smith and Carruth. Mr. Smith did not continue long in the business, and sold his interest to Uri Carruth, who edited and published the paper. After the shooting of Carruth, March 19, 1875, the Independent was conducted by C. B. Bagster till it was bought by friends of Edwin A. Teall, who conducted it for a short time and was succeeded by E. G. Blais- dell. Henry W. Wilbur and Myron H. Dodge pur- chased the business May 8, 1876; Dodge retired in February, 1877, and the Independent was consolidated with the Weekly Aug. 1, 1880. Evening Journal. — The Daily Journal was estab- lished June 7, 1875, by W. E. Cansdell, being the first daily paper issued in Vineland. It was trans- ferred. May 1, 1876, to B. F. Ladd and Obert Spencer. Mr. Obert Spencer retired from the business the fol- lowing year, since which time the paper has been edited and published by Benjamin F. Ladd. The name of the Daily Journal was changed Dec. 14, 1880, to the Evening Journal. In November and De- ember, 1882, Mr. Ladd erected one of the handsomest and best newspaper buildings in South Jersey. He moved into it Jan. 1, 1883. l%e News- Times. — The Daily Times was established Nov. 17, 1877, by Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Dufiey, who conducted it for over four years. About September, 1880, they commenced the issue of a weekly edition, called the South Jersey Times. The Morning News was established Oct. 29, 1881, by Theophilus French. Mr. French bought out the T^mes and consolidated the two papers into one, called The News-Times, the first number of which was issued Feb. 13, 1882. It is a sprightly paper, Eepub- lican in politics. The weekly South Jersey Times was also bought by Mr. French, and is now a six-column, eight-page paper. Public Schools. — Vineland is noted for its excel- lent public schools and fine school buildings. The Vineland High School was opened Jan. 24, 1870, in Plum Street Hall, with Charles H. Wright as prin- cipal. The High School District was formed by the consolidation of three smaller districts. Sept. 26, 1873, the corner-stone of the Vineland High School building was laid in the presence pf a large audience. The building was dedicated Aug. 22, 1874; President Grant, Governor Parker, and other high officials were present on the occasion, and short speeches were made TOWNSHIP OF LANDIS AND BOROUaH OF VINELAND. 707 by them. It is a handsome three-story brict building, with basement, and cost twenty-five thousand dollars. It stands at the southeast corner of Sixth and Plum Streets, and is the ornament and pride of the town. The fine and convenient two-story brick school- house, at the corner of Second and Park Streets, was built the same summer as the high school building, and was dedicated Nov. 3, 1874. It cost five thou- sand dollars. The Orchard road school-house is a two-story brick building, and cost about three thou- sand dollars. The one-story brick school-house at Chestnut and West Avenues cost two thousand five hundred dollars. The Wheat road school-house, also a one-story brick building, cost two thousand dollars. Besides these, there is a two-story frame school-house at Park and East Avenues, and a similar one at Chestnut and East Avenues, both of which were built about 1863, and are still good buildings. These schools are all included in District No. 44, and are under control of a board of three trustees, one of whom is elected each year. During the year ending Aug. 31, 1882, the township raised by tax, for school purposes, $9201.86, and the total amount received from all sources was 115,443.68; value of school property, $51,150; number of children within school age, 1582 ; and six male and nineteen female teachers are employed. There are no private schools of high grade. The Methodists of this section of the State having deter- mined to erect a seminary of high order, Vineland was selected as the site, owing to large subscriptions made by its citizens towards the building. The erec- tion of the building was begun in 1868, and the corner- stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies Nov. 18, *1868. It was situated on the West Boulevard, north of Park Avenue. The centre building and one wing were inclosed, but funds were not forthcoming to com- plete it. A mortgage was given upon the property, and the money expended, but the building was still unfinished. The New Jersey Conference finally aban- doned the attempt to found another institution of learning, and the property, after being sold for taxes, was finally sold on a foreclosure of the mortgage, and passed into the hands of the mortgage-holder. In 1878, Rev. Thomas Conway and others attempted to establish an Inebriate Asylum in the building, but funds could not be secured, and the attempt was aban- doned. Mr. L. D. Farr, having become the owner of the building, fitted it up for an oil-cloth factory, but when nearly ready to commence operations Mr. Farr died, in the spring of 1883, and it now awaits the set- tlement of his estate. Vineland Library Association.— This association was orgai)ized at a meeting held at the office of E. M. Turner, May 24, 1876. Through the instrumentality of a number of gentlemen a library was established and opened May 27, 1876. It occupies a rented room on Landis Avenue near Sixth Street, and has a library of about two thousand volumes. It has been materi- ally aided by liberal contributions of money and val- uable books. Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society. — This society was organized soon after the first settle- ment of the place. The first officers were : President, J. W. Morton ; Vice-President, Timothy Hoyt ; Sec- retary, Hosea Allen ; Assistant Secretary, Mrs. Wil- liam Bridges ; Treasurer, Mrs. O. D. Graves. The society held regular meetings' for a long time, which were attended with great interest, and it has done much towards preserving for future use many items of in- formation concerning the first settlers of Vineland, their ancestry and former residences, their coming to Vineland, and the experiences of the founding of new homes, the erection of churches, schools, and other public buildings, and the multitudinous array of events which accompany the founding and up- building of a new settlement. The work of an his- torical society is of that kind which is little appre- ciated by the great mass of the community at the time, and only in after-years, when the facts which they placed on record have ceased to be remem- bered by living persons, are the invaluable nature of their records appreciated, and the thanks of posterity are earnestly given to those who have labored in that , field. This society is still in existence, but for some years past it has not been actively engaged in its chosen work. It is to be hoped that it may take on a new lease of life, and again arouse the attention of the Vineland people to the importance of preserving the early records of this part of the county. The expe- rience of the writer in preparing this history has im- pressed on him with additional force the great desira- bility of full and accurate data concerning the.passing events of every-day life. The unsatisfactory and in- complete nature of many records, their direct con- tradictions in some cases, and the unreliability of the human mind as a medium of transmitting facts of history for even a short space of time, have been vividly impressed upon him. The officers of this society are : President, Dr. John Ingram ; Secretary, 0. B. Campbell; Corresponding Secretary, C. B. Bagster ; Treasurer, T. B. Welch. Vineland Agricultural and Horticultural So- ciety, — This society was organized in 1863, with T. T. Hoyt, president ; W. W. Cone', secretary ; and James McMahon, treasurer. The next year a valu- able library was established in connection with the society. The library and the discussions at the weekly meetings have been of great benefit to the farmers and fruit-growers of the place, many of whom had no agricultural experience before settling at Vineland. Vineland Gas-Light Company.— This company was chartered March 15, 1870, an organization was eflTected in August of that year, and the works were built at once. The president of the company is Wil- liam A. House, Esq. ; the secretary and superinten- dent, Benjamin H. Barnes. ' 708 HISTOKY OP CUMBEKLAND COUNTY. CHDECHES. The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Vine- land was orgaDized April 12, 1863, by Eev. Landon Taylor, from the State of Iowa, who had settled in Yineland, he having been appointed by Rev. Charles H. Whitacar, presiding elder of Bridgeton District, to take charge of the members of the Methodist Church who lived in Vineland and vicinity. On that day was formed the first class here, consisting of the following : John H. Haswell, Anna 8. Haswell, John Baradet, Hezekiah Davis, Eliza A. Davis, David Landis, Augustus Davis, John Johnson, Jacob Cole, Richard F. Lombard, Betsey Emory, Justin H. Loomis (local preacher), Maria S. Loomis, Edmund S. Davis, James Chance, James H. Amsden, Pardon^ Gifford, Amanda M. Gifford, and George W. Hondt- lett. Of these, James Chance and Pardon Gifford are still living in Vineland. Justin H. Loomis was the first class-leader. The society first worshiped in a barn and in private houses. The first Quarterly Meeting was held Aug. 30, 1863, in a grove near the Landis school-house. The first board of trustees consisted of John H. Haswell, Richard F. Lombard, Justin H. Loomis, George W. Hondtlett, and Pardon Gifford. Measures were inaugurated in the autumn of 1863 for the erection of a church, and a deed was granted by Charles K. Landis for a lot of land one hundred and fifty feet square. On this lot a house of worship was erected during 1864. It was built of stone, and was temporarily roofed and used till 1866, when the present brick superstructure was erected, and the original auditorium became the basement of the present church. It includes a lecture-room and the necessary class-rooms. The auditorium has a seating capacity of four hundred, and the total cost was twenty-two thousand dollars. In 1875 commodious sheds were built in the rear of the church for the accommodation of members re- siding at a distance from Vineland. The debt incurred in the erection of these buildings has been recently discharged, leaving the valuable property without incumbrance. The present mem- bership of the church is three hundred and fifty. The pastors of the church have been Revs. George Hughes, 1863; Oeorge C. Stanger, 1864-65; R. J. Andrews, 1866-67; George H. Neal, 1868; A. K. Street, 1869; William Pittinger, 1870-72; William W. Moffett, 1873-74 ; J. E. Adams, 1875-76 ; William Pittinger, 1877-79 ; George K. Morris, 1880 ; George L. Dobbins, 1881-82 ; and the present pastor, Philip Kline, 1883. The present board of trustees consists of Professor S. P. York, Hon. P. P. Baker, Dr. C. R. Wiley, Par- don Gifford, R. C. Souder, John Anderson, and John Errickson. Fleasantville Methodist Episcopal Church.— This church is situated in a country community, about a mile east of Willow Grove and one and a half miles northwest of North Vineland. Members of the Willow Grove Church, which is situated in Salem County, a short distance west of the village of Willow Grove, residing in this vicinity, a class was formed here several years before the building of the meeting-house. The number of Methodists having increased in the vicinity, a meeting was held Sept. 21, 1869, to arrange plans for building a house of worship and organizing a church. A lot was given them by John Nichols, Zaccheus Joslin, and Hosea Nichols, and a meeting-house erected, which was dedicated May 8, 1870, with services by Rev. A. K. Street. The building cost about fourteen hundred dollars, and the furniture and other expenses made a total of about seventeen hundred dollars. It is a small but neat frame building, seating about two hundred persons. A debt of four hundred dollars remaining due the builders, and the financial dis- tress of the succeeding years seriously crippling the church, the building was sold from them about five years ago, and is now owned by Wilson Purves, ot Rosenhayn. The church rents it from him, and meet- ings are regularly held. This church has always had the same pastor as the Willow Grove Church, and has been served by the following : 1869-70, Ezra B. Lake; 1871-73, John P. Connelly; 187^76, Mat- thew H. Shimp; 1877-79, Albert Matthews; 1880- 81, William Lilley; 1882-83, Joseph G. Edwards. The number of members at this time is twenty-four. South Vineland Methodist Episcopal Church. — This church was organized through the efforts of Mrs. Annie Barrows, who started the Sunday-school in her own house. Through her influence a Mrs. Lowber, of Philadelphia, became interested in the enterprise, and she contributed a part of the means to erect, in 1866, a small house for their use, seating about one hundred and fifty persons, which was called Lowber Chapel. This chapel was situated at the corner of Grant Avenue and the Boulevard. They were sup- plied with preaching at first by Rev. Mr. Corson, then by Rev. F. S. Chubbuck, and after that by local preachers. In the fall of 1874, this building was de- stroyed by fire. Services the next Sunday were held in the open air, but after that they obtained the use of the school-house. A new church was commenced on a lot situated on Sherman Avenue, near the Boule- vard, and the first service was held therein Feb. 14, 1875. It cost about two thousand dollars, and is a neat frame building, about forty by twenty-four feet in size, and seating about two hundred persons. The church has been served by the following persons, part of them local preachers, since the building of the new house: Josiah Estlen, one year; H. W. Clifford, two years ; William Burley, one year ; George Goe, one year; M. C. Brittain, one year; M. H. Shimp, about three months ; F. J. Carrell, remainder of the year. After being out of a pa.stor nearly a year they were, in March last, attached to the Vineland Church, the pastor of which preaches here one Sunday in the TOWNSHIP OF LANDTS AND BOROUGH OF VINELAND. 709 month, and local preachers supply them the other Sundays. The membership is now about thirty. Wesleyan Methodist Church,— The Rev. John P. Prouty, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, came to Vineland in 1865. About eight years ago he com- menced preaching to a neglected class of the com- munity. Services were for about two years held in private houses, and then between one and two years in a shoe-shop. A Mr. Myers contributed one thou- sand dollars towards building a church, and since his death, in 1879, his family have given three hundred dollars more. The church was erected in the fall of 1879, but was not completed for a year. Mr. Prouty preached to the congregation until it was opened and dedicated, Jan. 23, 1881. The Rev. William Schenck then came, and is the present pastor. The church is a pretty little brick building, thirty by fifty feet, and cost fifteen hundred dollars. It is situated on Seventh Street between Elmer and Grape Streets. First Free Methodist Church. — This church was organized in 1880 by six persons who met at a private house. The first pastor after its organization was the Rev. Elbert E. Adams, who remained one year, leav- ing Sept. 1, 1881, when Conference met and appointed Rev. William M. Parry, who remained until the next September. Rev. Jacob E. Logan was then appointed and is the present pastor. A neat frame meeting-house, twenty-two by thirty- six feet, was completed and dedicated Feb. 26, 1883. The number of members is about twenty. This de- nomination of primitive Methodists is not numerous in this region as yet, but it is quite large in the West and rapidly growing in strength and influence. First Presbyterian Church. — Very soon after the founding of the new settlement of Vineland, a few persons connected with Presbyterian and Congrega- tional Churches began to look very anxiously for the institution of the ordinances of the gospel among them, and the privileges and blessings of the sanc- tuary. Accordingly, when the Presbyterian Committee on Home Missions sent hither a person to "break ground" on this new field, they were prepared to give him a hearty welcome, and most cordially to co-operate with him in his labors, and to forward all plans for the extension of the gospel. After the preliminary steps had been taken the church was organized, July 7, 1863, by the Fourth Presbytery of Philadelphia. At the same time the pastor elect. Rev. John O. Wells, was duly installed over the church, and per- sons who had been previously chosen were ordained and set apart as elders and deacons. At the outset of the enterprise the attention of the brethren was directed to the importance of at once erecting a house of worship, and efforts were com- menced, which, after many diflBculties and discour- agements, were crowned with success. Religious services were for a time held in a small school-house, but when the church building was barely inclosed it became henceforward the home of the Sabbath gatherings. On the 6th of June, 1865, less than two years from the organization of the church, the present house, situated on Landis Avenue below Eighth Street, north side, though not entirely completed, was sol- emnly dedicated to the service of God, Rev. E. E. Adams, D.D., of Philadelphia, preaching the dedi- catory sermon. The church was promptly relieved of indebtedness by the contributions of the people and the generous aid of brethren in Philadelphia. At the present time, with a membership of one hundred and twenty-five, a large and intelligent con- gregation, active and eflScient officers, a-well-ordered Sunday-school of over three hundred members, and an able, faithful, and beloved pastor, the church en- joys an unusual degree of prosperity. Trinity Episcopal Church.— Trinity Church and parish was organized Aug. 8, 1863, by the election of W. J. Spencer and Oliver D. Graves as wardens, and Benjamin B. Brown, Justin H. Loorais, John W. Day, William Hilton, Arad Wakelee, William 0. H. Gwynneth, and H. J. Barnes as vestrymen. The corner-stone of the church was laid on the lot se- lected for the church, on the south side of Elmer Street, west of the Boulevard, on the 4th day of No- vember, 1863, Dr. Franklin L. Knight, of Bridgeton, officiating. The church was inclosed in January, 1864, and was occupied by February following. It was the first" church built in Vineland. Dr. Knight continued to labor with the congregation. Rev. R E. R. Chub- buck was called as the first pastor of the parish July 1, 1865. He was succeeded by the Rev. William J. Clark, March 29, 1869. The Rev. Mr. Clark left in the fall of 1872. During his pastorate, on Sunday afternoon, July 16, 1871, a most terrific storm struck Vineland and caused great destruction of property. The steeple of the Episcopal Church was blown over and fell on the roof of the building, which was frame, demolishing the entire structure. The Rev. Merritt H. Wellman became pastor Dec. 23, 1873, and ceased Aug. 5, 1877. Rev. W. A. W. Maylin came in Sep- tember, 1878, and left in the fall of 1880. The Rev. John L. Egbert became rector Oct. 11, 1881. The present stone church was erected at the corner of Wood and Eighth Streets, at a cost of twelve thou- sand dollars. It was opened by Bishop John Scar- borough April 18, 1882, and will be consecrated free of debt next January. Since the destruction of the original church, meetings have been held in public halls. The number of communicants is one hundred and thirty. South Vineland Episcopal Church.— On Feb. 9, 1868, a Sunday-school was organized at South Vine- 710 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. land in an unoccupied building. February 14th, fol- lowing, a society was formed to raise funds to erect a church building. Chapel services were held in the railroad depot at South Vineland, in the autumn of that year, by the Rev. Mr. Chubbuck. There were about thirty members when the society was organ- ized. Mr. Landis gave a lot on East Boulevard near the depot, where the church now is. Ground was broken for the building Jan. 11, 1870. The corner- stone was laid April 18, 1870, Rev. W. J. Clark, the pastor of Trinity Church, Vineland, oflSciating. The church as erected is frame, Gothic style, fifty by twenty-two feet, and cost two thousand dollars. The pastors of Trinity Church, Vineland, have been the pastors of this church since its organization. * First Baptist Churcli.i-rThis church was organ- ized May 23, 1865, with thirty- three members. The Eev. J. M. Challis, having served as missionary and secured the organization of the church through his labors, was retained as supply until a pastor could be secured. The meetings were held in Union and Reed's Halls. Rev. Lyman Chase was the first pastor, commenc- ing July 1, 1866. During his pastorate lots were pur- chased on Wood and Seventh Streets, and were after- ward exchanged for the present location, on the south side of Landis Avenue, between Eighth and East Avenue. He resigned June 1. 1867. Rev. J. Henry Brittain commenced his pastorate Aug. 1, 1867, and was ordained to the ministry Sept. 26, 1867. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid June 18, 1868, the whole to cost thirty-two thou- sand dollars. He resigned Nov. 1, 1870. Rev. N. B. Randall coojmenced Dec. 15, 1870. The church was very deeply in debt, but, through the ex- ertions of the pastor, not only the floating debt but the remainder of the building debt (amounting in all to about $7000) was pai'd ofi". The membership of the church was also fully doubled. He resigned Oct. 1, 1876. Rev. Thomas W. Conway commenced Feb. 1, 1877 ; resigned Jan. 30, 1878. Rev. Charles A. Mott commenced Aug. 1, 1878. During his pastorate troubles, that had arisen during Mr. Conway's pastorate, culminated in the with- drawal of certain members, who formed themselves into an organization and continued separate until 1881. He resigned Dec. 11, 1879. Rev. James Walden commenced March 1, 1880, and terminated his services June 24, 1883. The difficul- ties existing between the church and the seceding members were adjusted, and the latter returned. Repairs and improvements (amounting to nearly two thousand dollars) were placed on the edifice, and all debts were wiped out. Rev. Edward S. Towne, of Plainville, Conn., com- menced as pastor Nov. 1, 1888. Present active mem- 1 By Mr. S. F. Hamilton, clerk of thn church. bership of the church, one hundred and thirty; value of property, thirty-five thousand dollars. South Vineland Baptist Church.— This church was constituted June 20, 1871, with twenty-two mem- bers, and with Rev. P. R. Russell as their first pastor. They bought a small meeting-house, which had first been erected as a chapel for Union meetings. Mr. Russell remained their pastor nearly four years, and was succeeded by Rev. William W. Meach, Feb. 1, 1875, who has remained their pastor until the present time. They are now repairing and painting their meeting-house. The present membership is forty- eight. A mission Sunday-school was established by Mrs. Meach, in October, 1874, at Magnolia school-house, two and a half miles northeast of the church, and has since been carried on by her with great success. Church of the Pilgrims (Congregational).— On March 25, 1871, at the residence of Moses C. Crocker, was held the first meeting to consider the organization of a Trinitarian Congregational Church in Vineland, N.J. April 16, 1871, the first public services of the Con- gregational Church of the Pilgrims in Vineland were held in Temperance Hall, the Rev. Edward Howes, of Philadelphia, conducting the worship. On April 30, 1871, the Sunday-school in connection with the church was organized. On May 21, 1871, under the leadership of the Rev. Burdett Hart, of Philadelphia, the Church of the Pilgrims was fully organized, consisting of twenty- four members. Rev. Burdett Hart continued his services as acting pastor about one year. Rev. J. L. Beaman began his work July 8, 1872, and was installed as pastor by a council of churches Sept. 18, 1872. During his pastorate the present house of worship at the corner of Elmer ind Seventh Streets was erected. It is a neat, well-finished frame building. Mr. Beaman was dismissed by council June 17, 1874. Rev. J. B. Sharp was acting pastor from Aug. 2, 1874, to October, 1875, after which, until April, 1876, Eev. M. H. Williams, of Philadelphia, supplied the pulpit. On April 16, 1876, Rev. F. B. Pullan, a licentiate of the New Haven East Association, commenced his service with the church, and was ordained and in- stalled as pastor by a council Sept. 6, 1876. At a meeting of the church, regularly convened, Jan. 16, 1879, a " Manual," embracing the " Articles of Faith" and the " Constitution" of the church, was unani- mously adopted. Rev. Mr. Pullan was dismissed by council May 29, 1879. Rev. Charles S. Walker was the third pastor of the church, being installed by council Dec. 10, 1879, and dismissed by council May 24, 1881. There have been no pastors after Mr. Walker, the pulpit being filled by supplies. In the spring of 1883, Rev. Au- TOWNSHIP OF LANDIS AND BOROUGH OP VINELAND. 711 gustus Seward commenced his labors as supply, and still continues as such. First Christian Unitarian Church.'— On the 26th of November, 1865, the heads of half a dozen Unitarian families, who had moved from New England to Vine- land, met at the house of William H. Earle, and con- sidered the matter of establishing a Liberal Christian Church in the town of their adoption. On the 18th of December a constitution and basis of organization for such church was adopted. On the last day of December the Sunday-school was formed, and met in the old academy building. April 5, 1866, the in- fant church met for worship in Mechanics' Hall, when a Unitarian minister for the first time preached a sermon in South Jersey. Rev. Oscar Clute, the first pastor of the church, was called to his position Nov. 10, 1877. Feb. 20, 1878, the stone church edifice, corner of Elmer and Sixth Streets, was dedicated, and at the same time Eev. Mr. Clute was ordained to the ministry. Mr. Clute continued in the pastorate till Dec. 18, 1872. The church was without a settled pastor from that time till September, 1874, when Rev. J. B. Harrison became pastor, and sustained that re- lation till December, 1877. His successor was Rev. N. A. Haskell, who was pastor of the church for a year from June 9, 1878. Eev. Charles H. Tindell commenced his pastorate Sept. 14, 1879, and severed his connection with the church in March, 1881. The present pastor is Eev. N. A. Haskell, who was called to his position the 6th of April, 1883. New Jerusalem Church. — Services were held by Dr. E. R. Tuller, in Merchants' Hall, in 1870. In the winter of 1872-73 the congregation erected the present church, and in February, 1873, it was dedi- cated. Rev. Mr. Tuller was ordained and installed pastor in December, 1872, and officiated until June, 1876. From ill health he resigned, when the Eev. J. P. Stuart took his place and remained two years. For about two years they were without a pastor, but the Sunday-school was kept up all the time. The Eev. Mr. Tuller then commenced preaching to them occa- sionally, when in the spring of 1882 he began to preach regularly, which he continued to do ever since. This is the only Swedenborgian Church in South Jersey, and it is in a very flourishing condition. It numbers one hundred members. Church of the Sacred Heart. — Many years since mass was first celebrated at Vineland in a room over the railroad depot, and afterward from time to time in private houses. A mission was established here, and was under the ministrations of the priests at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, at Millville. About 1875 the present church edifice was erected. It is a stone structure, with a seating capacity of three hun- dred. This was a mission till 1883, when it became a separate parish, and was placed under the charge of the Fathers of the Sacred Heart. 1 By Henry W. Wilbur, of Vineland. CEMETERIES. Siloam Cemetery Association was organized in 1864, and the cemetery was located on fifteen acres of ground situated on Valley Avenue, between Park Avenue and Oak Road. It is beautifully laid out, and contains a large number of handsome monu- ments. Oak Hill Cemetery Association was incorporated in 1870. A lot of ten acres on Malaga Road, west of the town, covered with a natural growth of timber, was purchased, and has been handsomely laid out, leaving many of the trees standing. SECKET SOCIETIES. Vineland Lodge, Ho. 69, A. F. and A. M., meets every other Monday evening at Masonic Hall, Brown's building. This lodge was instituted Feb. 11, 1865, with a membership of about twenty-five, which has increased to seventy-five. The following is a list of the Past Worthy Masters and present officers : C. Miles, J. D. Bentley, Walter H. Davis, F. A. Newcombe, James W. Mills, Thomas B. Steele, W. H. Loppy, J. Cunningham, A. K. Hobart, James Lough- ran, E. D. Schoofield, Isaac D. Eilenburg. Present officers : T. L. Whitney, W. M. ; W. T. Holmes, S. W. ; D. W. Allen, J. W. ; H. T. Manley, Treas. Eureka Chapter, No. 18, H. E. A, M,, meets every other Wednesday at Masonic Hall, Brown's building. This chapter was instituted in the year 1867, and has a present membership of fifty. It is fairly prosperous and continues to grow. The fol- lowing is a list of the P. M. E. H. P. and present officers : W. A. Warriner, Harvey M. Hill, Charles H. Ly- ford, W. B. Prince, Oliver D. Graves, Thomas B. Steele, John H. Cunningham. Present officers : D. W. Allen, M. E. H. P. ; O. D. Graves, E. K. ; S. W. Odell, E. S. ; J. C. Parsons, Treas. Odd-Fellows.— The Odd-Fellows' fraternity have prosperous organizations in the borough of Vineland. Their hall, corner Sixth and Landis Avenue, is large, and is fitted up handsomely. Hobah Lodge, No. 122, I, 0. 0. F., was instituted in 1867. The charter members were N. Henry Ste- vens, Dr. C. R. Wiley, Henry Meese, R. B. Palmer, Eugene Wiley, H. C. Perry, D. W. Price. The first officers were : N. G., Eugene Wiley ; V. G., N. Henry Stephens ; Treas., D. W. Price ; Sec, C. R. Wiley. Past Grands : Eugene Wiley, C. R. Wiley, R. B. Palmer, H. C. Perry, H. E. Thayer, John Reed, J. W. Day, James Chance, John L. Ring, Charles Clark, H. B. Reese, T. E. Bailey, E. H. Pierson, James Mukely, C. W. Taylor, E. Morley, W. G. White, E. C. Wells, A. F. Parsons, J. T. Duncan, I. D. Eilen- berg, W. H. Blake, T. B. Steele, S. C. Singleton, J. A. Temple, Robert McMahan, Charles Goodenough, John P. Ashworth, John H. Cunningham, Martin L. Hart, Charles P. Lord, Frank B. Potter. 712 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. It has at present ninety members, and is a very strong lodge. The following is a list of the present officers : N. Q., A. J. Washburn ; V. G., T. K. Eastburn ; Eec. Sec, G. L. Randall ; Per. Sec, J. A. Temple ; Treas., James Chance. Vineland Encampment, No. 54, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted Aug. 22, 1876, and has now twenty-five members. The encampment, though small in num- ber, is in a flourishing condition. The first ofiScers were: 0. P., James Chance; S. W., H. B. Reese; J. W., W. H. Blake ; Scribe, C. W. Vaughn ; Treas., E. H. Pierson ; H. P., W. C. Sharp. Past Chief Patri- archs; H. B. Reese, W. H. Blake, W. G. White, S. C. Singleton, E. C. Wells, J. T. Duncan, Miles Myres,* W. C. Pasco, Theodore Foote, I. D. Eilenberg, M. L. Hart, W. H. Nickerson, F. N. Parker. The following are the present officers : C. P., George L. Randall ; S.' W., A. J. Washburn ; Scribe, W. H. Nickerson ; Treas., James Chance; H. P., W. H. Blake. The Knights of Labor organized in the year 1879 with thirteen members. They meet in the Grand Army Hall every Thursday evening, and have a present membership of fifty. The following is a list of the officers from the origin of the lodge: First, S. T. W. Barton, M. W. ; Jarvis Wanser, W. F. ; N. E. Nelson, Sec. Second, Jarvis Wanser, M. W. ; Joseph Hargraves, W. F. ; J. L. Welch, Sec. Third, J. L. Welch, M. W. ; Joseph Hargraves, W. F. ; Charles Bergenstean, Sec. Present officers: Frank Graham, M. W. ; Henry T. Ives, W. F. ; W. L. Van- meter, Sec. Vineland Council, No. 110, 0. TJ. A. M., was or- ganized in 1875, with thirty-six charter members, and it has a present membership of sixty. The following is a list of the Past Councilors : E. S. Harner, D. W. Allen, C. E. Greene, L. S. June, J. Stevens, C. W. Palmer. The present officers are H. M. Hill, Coun- cilor; William Montgomery, Vice-Councilor; V. T. Howell, Sec The Knights of Honor were instituted in 1879, and have a present membership of twenty. The fol- lowing is a list of the Past Dictators : George G. Souther, N. Henry Stevens, Lewis W. Gould, E. Morley, Theodore Foote, Charles E. Greene, T. W. Walker. The present officers are L. D. Johnson, Dictator; D. A. Russell, Vice-Dictator; Charles E. Greene, Reporter. Local Branch, No. 13, Iron Hall. — This society is similar to Chosen Friends, and was organized in 1881, with twenty-four members, and has at present one hundred and sixty. The following is a list of the Past Chief Justices : N. P. Wiswell, Theodore Foote, J. S. Bowman. The present officers are Charles E. Greene, C. Justice ; Joseph Mason, Accountant. Acme Council, Chosen Friends, No. 3.— This council was organized in 1880, with sixty members, and has a present membership of one hundred and ten. They have a handsome hall, and are in a flour- ishing condition. The following is a list of Past Councilors : Theodore Facet, N. P. Wiswell, C. E. Greene, J. S. Bowman, C. D. Bailey. The present officers are Gilbert F. Washburn, Councilor ; E. L. Bolls, Vice Councilor; Frank Hurd, Sec. Lyon Post, No. 10, G. A. R.— This post was or- ganized in 1875, with a membership of forty, and has now one hundred and thirty. It is one of the most energetic posts in South Jersey, and is in an excellent condition. The following is a list of Past Com- manders : C. P. Lord, W. G. White, A. T. Parsons, A. F. Gutterson, S. C. Singleton, Charles E. Greene, Thomas B. Ross, David H. Burge. The present offi- cers are George W. Swing, Commander ; Jarvis Wanser, Sen. Vice Commander ; E. H. Foote, Jun. Vice Commander ; W. G. White, Adjutant; A. F. Gutterson, Quartermaster. Vineland National Bank. — -A national bank was organized in November, 1878, with B. D. Maxham, president; Thomas H. Vitner, cashier; and Willis T. Virgil, teller. Mr. Horatio N. Greene was after- wards elected president, and Willis T. Virgil, cashier. This national bank was succeeded on Jan. 1, 1881, by the Security Trust and Safe Deposit Company. B. D. Maxham became president ; Henry Hartson, cashier ; and Willis T. Virgil, teller. A national bank was again organized, and com- menced business May 19, 1883, with a paid-up cap- ital of fifty thousand dollars. The company bought the building of the Security Trust and Safe Deposit Company, which retired from business, and elected the following officers : President, D. B. Maxham ; Vice-President, Myron J. Kimball ; Cashier, Charles H. Anderson. On account of failing health Mr. Maxham resigned, Sept. 4, 1883, and Mr. Kimball was elected president, and Mr. Horatio N. Greene was elected vice-president in his place. The deposits of the bank are about one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ; discounts, ninety-eight thousand dollars. Their business has been better than antici- pated. The building is valued at six thousand dol- lars, furniture and fixtures one thousand dollars. MANUrACTUKBS. Kimball, Prince & Co.'s Sash, Door, and Blind Manufactory. — This enterprise dates its origin from 1864, but it was not till 1872, when the present firm succeeded to the business, that it was made to assume more than ordinary proportions. It is now the largest concern of the kind south of Camden. The plant is excellently located on the corner of the Boulevard and Almond Street, the West Jersey Railroad running through the former. There are three large buildings, and out-sheds for the storage of lumber, etc., together with every facility that is af- forded by ample space to conduct the large business. A powerful engine with great boiler capacity is re- quired to operate the machinery in use, all of which is of the most improved modern design, for wood- TOWJS'SHIP OP LANDIS AND BOKOUGH OF VINELAND. 713 working purposes. They are extensive manufactu- rers of fruit-boxes, the home demand alone for this specialty being very large, Vineland being a fruit- growing community. The co-partners are Messrs. Myron J. Kimball, William V. Prince, and John Prince. They possess an unusual aptitude for the business, over which they exercise the closest super- vision. A. K. Hobart's Brick- Yard. — This well-known brick-yard, on East Avenue above Oak Street, was established in 1868, and has been very successfully carried on ever since under several different firm- names, although the Hobarts have always had a con- trolling interest. When Hobart's yard was first established there were three other yards here in full operation, but they, not being able to compete with Mr. Hobart in price and quality, were soon aban- doned, leaving Mr. Hobart the only one on the Vine- land tract. The business has grown very extensive, and is constantly on the increase. He makes twenty different patterns of brick, including the regular Philadelphia press-brick. Large quantities of brick are shipped elsewhere, while nine-tenths of all the immense quantity of brick used in Vineland comes from this yard. Opposite Mr. Hobart's yard, George A. Irish has started a brick-yard in June of this year. Morris' Steam Grist-Mill. — This mill, situate on Boulevard below Montrose Street, was established Nov. 1, 1878, by Manlief Morris. Building and steam-power rented from Kimball, Prince & Co. Grinds corn, rye, oats, etc. Grinds for market six hundred bushels per week. H. A. Cotton's Steam Saw, Grist, and Bone- Mill.— This was established August, 1881. The build- ing is frame, and is located on Sixth, corner Quince Street. He furnishes his own steam-power. The grinding capacity of the mill is six hundred bushels per week. Charles Keighley's Shoe-Factory.— Mr. Keigh- ley first started on a small capital in 1875 in a build- ing on Sixth Street, now occupied by Thomas IJ. Hawkins. He gave employment then to about ten hands. Business began to grow to such large propor- tions that he eventually moved to the present loca- tion on East Boulevard and Montrose Streets. He has now the largest shop in Vineland, employing one hundred hands in his extensive manufacturing trade. Mr. Keighley has all the latest improved machinery in his shop, making two thousand four hundred pairs of shoes per week, with large orders ahead. Thomas H. Hawkins' Shoe Factory.— Mr. Haw- kins began the manufacture of shoes in Vine- land in 1876, with ten hands and a limited amount of machinery in Merchants' Block. In 1879 he moved to the present location on Sixth Street below Montrose, and added steam-power and all the latest improved machinery. He employs over one hundred hands, and is turning out several hundred dollars' i worth of shoes per day, which are sent to all parts of the country. J. H. Hunt's Shoe-Factory. — Mr. Hunt started the factory formerly run by C. H. Birkinshaw in 1874. He came to Vineland and took charge of the shop on Landis Avenue, west of Boulevard, where he is now located, employing over fifty hands. His ma- chinery is run by foot-power. Thomas H. Proctor's Shoe-F actory.— Mr. Proctor established business in Vineland in 1872. At present he employs about fifty first-class workmen, and pays out several hundred dollars a week. He has all the late improved machinery, which is run by foot-power. A. H. Blaisdell's Machine-Works.— This concern was first established by Mr. Blaisdell in 1872, and from its inception has been successful. The build- ings, three in number, are located at the junction of the West Jersey with the New Jersey Southern Eail- road. They are fitted with the most improved ma- chinery and mechanical applicances. Twelve skilled machinists and moulders are employed, and the work turned out by Mr. Blaisdell is noted for its excel- lence. George A. Cheever, Grape-Box Manufacturer and Book-Binder. — Started in 1866. Carried on the manufacture of paper boxes, making the celebrated Cheever paper box a specialty. The firm is now doing an extensive business, making thousands of boxes an- nually for the various glass firms throughout South Jersey. The factory turns out as many as four hun- dred thousand grape-boxes alone, besides other work of binding, etc. L. L. Belknap, Manufacturer of Wearing Ap- parel. — Commenced to manufacture wearing apparel of all kinds in 1874, and now gives employment to a large number of hands. The goods are made prin- cipally for large houses in Philadelphia. This busi- ness has become one of the principal industries of Vineland. R. S. Armstrong's Foundry.— This business was established in 1830 at Milton, on the. Hudson, New York State. It was moved to Vineland in August, 1880, by Mr. Armstrong, who brought his tools and machinery with him. The principal kind of work done is iron mortars for druggists, wagon-boxes, etc., which are used principally in the South. Plows and plow-castings are a specialty. This is the only foundry on the Vineland tract. Goods are shipped to New York, Boston, and other large citieS. H. Durgin, Glove Manufacturer.— Started the business in 1872 on the corner of Landis Ave- nue and Fourth Street. He employs upwards of ten hands in the manufacture of gloves, which he sends to all parts of the country. He has been very successful. James' Button-Factory. — The pearl-button fac- tory of David James is located at the corner of Brewster Eoad and Maple Avenue. He employs fifteen to twenty hands regularly, and manufactures 714 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. from four to six hundred dollars' worth of goods per week. The factory is run by steam. Willow Grove is a village lying on the Maurice River, about five miles northwest of Vineland. It is the oldest place in the township, and was settled pre- vious to this century. Previous to the setting-off of Vineland probably nearly one-half of the inhabitants within the present limits of the township lived in this vicinity. The dam across Maurice River, at this place, furnishes water-power for a grist- and saw-mill which have been here for many years, and are now owned by Richard Langley & Sons. Part of the village lies on the Salem side of the river, and was for years called Fork Bridge, but it is now all called Willow Grove, deriving its name from the large trees of that variety growing along the stream. In the early part of this century lumber was taken to Millville to a market, from there and from Malaga, by floating it down the river. Large gates were constructed in the dam, and when there was a suflScient head of water they were opened, and the logs and lumber were carried down on the current. The Union Pond, near Millville, also had similar gates. The only business carried on for many years, besides the mills, has been cutting wood and carting it to market. A mile east of Willow Grove is the cross-road called Pleasantville, with a small Methodist Church, now owned by a private individual. The post-office at Willow Grove was established March 22, 1870, with Thomas Dare, Sr., as postmaster. The present in- cumbent, Michael Potter, Jr., was appointed April 7, 1879. North Vineland is a railroad station and post- offlce on the West Jersey Railroad, about three miles north of Vineland, and about half a mile south of the Gloucester County line. A railroad station and post-office being established at this point for the con- venience of the neighboring regions, a few houses have been built near the station. The population near the station is about one hundred. It was made a post-office Sept. 29, 1864, with George W. Cottrell as postmaster. The present one, appointed June 15, 1881, is William A. Warren. There was formerly a Congregational Church at this place, but it has be- come extinct, and the meeting-house has passed into the possession of the Catholics. South Vineland is a railroad station and post-office on the West Jersey Railroad, about two and a half miles south of Vineland. Both this and North Vine- land are only continuations of Vineland proper, but, for convenience of shipping, a station was established, around which a small village has grown up. South Vineland contains a Methodist, an Episcopal, and a Baptist Church, all three of which are weak organ- izations. The population of the village is about one hundred and fifty. The post-office here was estab- lished Nov. 21, 1866, David H. Cramer being the first incumbent, and the present one is Andrew S. Whit- ten, appointed Dec. 14, 1874. Main Avenue is a station and post-office on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, two miles northeast of Vineland, for the convenience of the neighbor- hood. The post-office was established May 6, 1872. Robert B. Knowles was appointed postmaster, and still holds the office. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. THOMAS JONES. The Jones family are of Welsh descent, Thomas Jones, the grandfather of the subject of this biograph- ical sketch, having emigrated from his native land to England and settled in Birmingham, where he fol- lowed his trade of baker. He married and had chil- dren, — John, Thomas, Ann, Sarah, Mary, and Jane. His son Thomas was born about the year 1812 in Wales. He accompanied his father, when eleven years of age, to Birmingham, and there learned his trade of pearl-button making, having previously assisted in the baking business. He married Louisa Davis, of the latter city, and had three children, — Thomas, John, and James. Mr. Jones continued to be industri- ously employed in Birmingham for many years, and died in 1867, his wife's death having occurred two years previously. Their son Thomas was born March 28, 1882, and having followed his father's trade, began working in pearl when ten years of age. He continued for many years in Birmingham, but in 1858 emigrated to America, having discerned in the New World a wider field of activity for the artisan than his home at that time afforded. He settled in Philadelphia, and engaged in the trade of pearl-but- ton making with Edwin Marklow, for whom he soon became manager. In 1859 he himself began with but a limited cSipital the manufacture of pearl but- tons in the same city, and in 1860 entered into a co- partnership with James Largay. The following year he returned to England and remained two years, after which, in 1863, Philadelphia again became his home, and the former partnership was resumed. In Febru- ary, 1864, having disposed of his interest, he began the manufacture of pearl buttons alone, and in 1877 sold again, and embarked in the importation of mother-of-pearl shells for the supply of manufac- turers, which were purchased chiefly, though not ex- clusively, in London and San Francisco. In 1872 Mr. Jones became a resident of Vineland, where he purchased land and engaged in improvements. In 1876 he sold the farm, in the cultivation of which he had been greatly interested, and two years later re- turned to England with a view to retiring from active business pursuits. He, however, found little employ- ment for his active mind in a life of leisure, and the same year brought him again to American shores and made him a resident of Vineland, where he became extensively engaged in building. In 1879, ^^i^ ^4?>z.^^ TOWNSHIP OP MAUKICE KIVER. 715 E. O. Miles & Co., of which he was the principal, established a pearl-button factory at this point, and in 1882 erected a building for the use of their opera- tives, Mr. Jones subsequently becoming proprietor of the business. In this peculiar branch of industry he has been exceptionally successful, and conducted it with great profit, having established a trade extending from Boston to California. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Mary Fisher, daughter of Enoch Fisher, of Birmingham, England. Mr. Jones, though a Repub- lican in his political principles, devotes but little at- tention to politics, his time and energies being wholly employed in the management of his business. He was educated in the Church of England faith, and still adheres to its tenets. CHAPTER C. TOWNSHIP OF MAURICE RIVER. Original Boundaries and Subsequent Changes. — This was one of the original six townships into which the county was divided by the act creating it, in 1748. It included all the land on the east side of Maurice River, which remained its bounds until Mill- ville township was created, in 1802. As has been already mentioned, in 1844 the eastern corner of the township was set off to Cape May County, but was set back in 1845, and in 1878 that portion of the town- ship which includes Marshallville was again set off to Cape May, where it has ever since remained. It is the largest township in the county, but a large portion of it has few if any inhabitants. ITame. — This township received its name from the river which forms its western boundary. The Indian name of the river was Wahatquenack. The English name was probably derived from Maurice, Prince of Orange. An old tradition says that the name of the river was derived from the circumstance of a ship, the "Prince Maurice," being burnt by the Indians and sunk, about half a mile below Mauricetown, at a reach in the river known as the "No Man's Friend." A vessel by that name, owned by the Dutch West India Company, came from Holland to New Nether- land, as New York was called by the Dutch, in the neighborhood of two hundred and fifty years ago. It is possible that she might have come into the Dela- ware, and been burned in this river, according to the tradition. On a map of "Nieuw Nederlandt," in- cluding " Zuyd Kevier," or the South River, as the Delaware was called by the' Dutch, which map was published at Amsterdam in 1676, this river is called " Mauritius Revier." This was the Dutch or Latin name for " Maurice," and was evidently derived from the Prince of Orange, either directly or through the vessel which was named from him. In the early records of the court at Salem, at the first mention of it, in 1717, it is called " Morrisses River," and it continued to be spelled in that way throughout the Salem records. When the county was created, in 1748, it was called " Prince Maurice's River," and the township " Maurice River precinct." Settlements, — The early settlements, as already stated, were made along the bank of the river. The Swedes were among the earliest arrivals, and about 1743 they erected a church on a lot of land which they obtained of John Hoffman, lying on the east bank of the river, above Spring Garden Ferry, and nearly opposite Buckshutum. Worship was main- tained here until after the Revolution by the mission- aries from Sweden, who served the Swedish congre- gations at Swedesboro and Penn's Neck. This church long ago went to decay and disappeared, and only a few tombstones in the graveyard are still to be seen. Among the descendants of the Swedes are the Peter- sons, Vannemans, Lords Hoffmans, Erricksons, and others. In 1718 the number of inhabitants along the river was sufiicient to require a constable to be ap- pointed by the court at Salem, and in 1728 an over- seer of roads wa,s first appointed. In 1740 a tavern license was granted to John Bell, of Maurice River, who resided at Port Elizabeth, which indicates an increase in the number of inhabitants, and the same year a constable was appointed for each side of the river. In 1742 an overseer of roads was appointed for the upper part of Maurice River, and one for the lower part. Maurice River iiicreased rapidly in population in the latter part of the last and the beginning of this cen- tury, but afterwards lost its importance in the county, other portions increasing in population and business in a greater ratio. At this day a large portion of its population are engaged in the oystering and coasting trade, while ship-building is the most important in- dustry in the township. Villages and Hamlets.— It contains the villages of Port Elizabeth, Bricksboro, Dorchester, Leesburg, Heislerville, Ewing's Neck, Belle Plain, and the rail- road station of Manamuskin, and the neighborhood (hardly a village) of Manamuskin Manor. There are six Methodist Churches, but none at this day of any other denomination, in the township. The popula- tion of the township is two thousand three hundred and seventy-four. Port Elizabeth. — This town is situated on Man- amuskin Creek, about half a mile east of Maurice River and six miles south of Millville. The site of this town was a part of Bartlett's ten thousand acre survey, which afterwards became John Scott's. He sold the portion of it, where Port Elizabeth stands, to John Purple about 1720, who sold it to John Bell, who kept a tavern there in 1740. Bell sold it, in 1771, to Mrs. Elizabeth Clark, afterwards Bodely, who laid out the town previous to 1785. It received its name in honor of her. A dam was erected across the Mana- muskin, near its mouth, previous to 1782, in which 716 HISTORY OP CUMBERLAND COUNTY. year a law was passed authorizing it. In 1789 the act of Congress was passed establishing districts for the collection of duties on imports, and the eastern side of the Delaware from above Camden to Cape May was made the district of Bridgeton, with Bridgeton as the port of entry, and Salem and Port Elizabeth as ports of delivery. Trade was carried on from the Maurice and Oohansey Rivers directly to the West Indies for some years, but the greater advan- tages of Philadelphia and New York ended all foreign trade from these places some fifty years ago. Port Elizabeth was relatively a place of much more im- portance in the latter part of the last and the early part of this century than of later years. In 1794 an act of the Legislature was passed aps pointing commissioners to lay out and open roads from Bridgeton and also Roadstown to Cooper's Ferry, now Camden, and also from Port Elizabeth to Bridgeton. All of these roads were laid, but only the one from Roadstown to Camdeu was opened. The one from Port Elizabeth to Bridgeton crossed the river to Buckshutum, and then ran a straight northwesterly course to Bridgeton. Application was made by the commissioners to the board of freeholders for money to open the road, but they at first refused to grant any, and in 1797 granted only three hundred dollars, but the road was never opened. The present straight road from Bridgeton to Buckshutum, and from there across the river to Port Elizabeth, was laid, in the usual way, a few years later, a short dis- tance north of the location of the former one. At that time Port Elizabeth was the second place in the county in business enterprises, but it has since lost the most of its old-time importance. In 1821 the board of freeholders built a bridge over the Manamuskin Creek, at Port Elizabeth, eight rods long, eighteen inches high above all tides in the creek, and twenty feet wide in the clear. In 1830 a new one was built, sixty feet long and twenty feet wide, on the truss plan, and it is covered over. It was built by Amos Campbell, contractor, for the sum of two thousand three hundred and fifty dollars. About 1795, James Lee, of Irish descent, came to this place from Chester County, Pa., and about 1799 his half brother, Thomas, also settled here. They were among the most enterprising citizens of the place. About 1801, James Lee, in connection with parties in Philadelphia, established works for the manufacture of window-glass, near where they still remain. After a few years Lee removed from the place, and was engaged in manufacturing glass at Millville, and afterwards in building the dam across the Cohansey, above Bridgeton, known as the Tum- bling dam. About 1814 he removed to the West, and died in New Orleans. The glass-works passed into the hands of Joshua Brick, and then to Samuel P. Wetherill, who at first rented them to a firm of which Joseph, John, and Christopher Getsinger, John Wel- ser, and Francis Langrafi" were members, and after- wards sold them to those parties $hont 1816. Welser and LangraflF retired from the firm, and Christopher Getsinger died, and the works were carried on by Joseph and John Getsinger for about thirty years from the time they first became interested in them. After the failure of the Getsingers the works were ob- tained by Charles Townsend and George Cooper, who ran them several years. After Cooper retired Town- send had several different partners, among them John Andrews and Francis Allen, all of which firms failed. Dr. Edmund L. B. Wales became possessed of them, and sold to Samuel Townsend, the present owner, about thirty years ago. They lay idle for a number of years, but a few years ago were started up by Mr. Townsend with John Focer as manager, who carried them on about two years. In May, 1881, William Johnson became manager for the present proprietors, the Whitney Brothers, of Glassboro. Since the start- ing up of these works Port Elizabeth has been more prosperous than for many years past. The public school building, a two-story frame build- ing, was built in 1854, and a good school is main- tained. A Catholic Church, erected by the efforts and means of James Ward and the Getsingers, has been taken down and removed to Cape May County, there being no adherents of that faith left. A Quaker meeting-house was erected about fifty years ago on the west side of the creek, but the society has ceased to exist, and the meeting-house is now much dilapi- dated and decayed. The hotel at this place, built in 1808, was destroyed by fire May 14, 1883. Port Elizabeth was made a post-town Jan. 1, 1808. J. Hammet was the first postmaster. The present in- cumbent is Daniel Harris, who was appointed Aug. 26, 1854. Dorch.ester. — This village is situated on the banks of Maurice River, about three and a half miles south of Port Elizabeth. Among the tracts of land sur- veyed by John Worledge and John Budd, in 1691, was a twenty-five hundred acre survey set off' as the town plat of Dorchester, which also covered the site of Leesburg. No town, however, was built until long afterward. About 1799, Peter Reeve purchased the land where Dorchester now is, and laid out a town and commenced selling lots in 1800. At that time there were only three houses in the vicinity. The original settlers in this vicinity were mostly Swedes. The principal business here is ship building, which has been carried on for many years. One of the yards was managed by Blew & Carson, and then by Stiles & Davis, and afterwards by Hezekiah Godfrey and Francis L. Godfrey, and then by Smith Godfrey, and since the fall of 1881 by Ellis Reeves, who has a marine railway, and is largely engaged in the re- pairing of oyster vessels. The other yard was com- menced by Bauer & Champion nearly thirty years ago, by whom it was carried on until Mr. Chanlpion's TOWNSHIP OF MAURICE RIVER. 717 death, in August, 1881, Mr. Baner having retired from the firm about a year previously. The yard was rented by Vanneman Brothers, of Mauricetown, in 1882, and they are now building a large three-masted schooner of eight hundred and fifty tons capacity. The town contains about seventy houses, and has a population of three hundred and twenty-nine. The post-office was established July 25, 1882, with Ellis Reeves as postmaster, who still holds the position. Leesburg is one mile below Dorchester, and is sit- uated on a fine site on the bank of the river. It was established by two brothers named Lee, about 1795. They were ship-carpenters, and came from Egg Har- bor. An old graveyard formerly existed along the bank of the river, which has been partly washed away, and was probably the burying-place of the early Swedish settlers of this vicinity. William Car- lisle, long one of the leading citizens of the place, went there in 1795, when there were only two or three houses there. It has been a place for building coast- ing vessels ever since the first settlement, and it is almost the only business at the present day. A ship- yard was established in 1795 by John Lee and his brother, shipwrights, after whom the town was named. The late James Ward, an influential and enterprising citizen, built a marine railway for the repair of ves- sels in 1850, which has been extensively patronized ever since. Mr. Ward died in 1863, when it passed into the possession of Enos Harker, and then to John Russell, the present proprietor, who moved to Leesburg in 1869. Mr. Russell employs about thirty men in the ship-yard, and launches at least one large vessel every year. The population of the place is four hundred and seventy-three. The post-office was established, with James Ward as postmaster, Dec. 4, 1838. The pres- ent officer is D. G. Carlisle, appointed Oct. 19, 1870. HeislerviUe is a small village, about three and one-half miles south of Leesburg, which was named after the Heisler family, long resident in the vicinity, and of which George Heisler, who kept a store here for many years, and was a leading citizen in the community, was a member. Its residents are princi- pally engaged in the oyster industry. The popula- tion of the village is about one hundred, beside whom the road leading to Leesburg is thickly settled, and for over a mile might be considered a part of the vil- lage. The post-office, established Jan. 4, 1875, with Ephra^m P. Sharp as postmaster, is now under charge of Joel Sayre, appointed April 19, 1882. Ewing's Neck is a post-village and country neigh- borhood, about two miles east of HeislerviUe, and near West Creek, the eastern boundary of the county. It contains a Methodist Church and a school-house. The population of the whole neighborhood is about three hundred. The post-office was established Jan. 9, 1851, with Joel 8. Robinson as postmaster, and is now in charge of Horace P. Bickley, appointed Feb. 28, 1881. Sricksboro. — This village was laid out by Joshua Brick, who commenced selling lots in 1807, but the place did not grow very fast, there being no business carried on to support it. It is about three-quarters of a mile south of Port Elizabeth, and contains about one hundred and twenty-five inhabitants. Its post- office is Port Elizabeth. Belle Plain is a village on the West Jersey Rail- road, near the line of Cape May County. It has grown up within the last twenty years, since the open- ing of the railroad to Cape Island, and is a flourishing village. The population is over one hundred. The post-office was established Jan. 16, 1867, George W. Blinn being the first incumbent. The present occu- pant is Rettie M. Gofi", appointed Oct. 8, 1878. Manamuskin is a station on the West Jersey Rail- road, about one and one-half miles northeast of Port Elizabeth. It is the railroad station for that and the other villages along Maurice River, in the upper part of the township. The post-office was established June 30, 1864, Timothy Hoyt being the first postmaster. George W. Stevens, appointed Oct. 16, 1878, now fills the office. Manamuskin Manor is about two miles north of the station of that name, on Manamuskin Creek, and is now a country neighborhood, lying around the church and the saw-mill ; the water-power, formerly driving a thriving industry, being now only used to run the latter. The neighborhood contains a popu- lation of one hundred and sixty. The country bordering on the Manamuskin and Menantico was originally covered with large timber, and saw-mills were put up on the streams at an early date, the one at Learning's Mill being built as early as 1720. Eli Budd, of Burlington County, became a Methodist, and removed to Maurice River, and bought the property on the upper part of the Manamuskin, and put up a forge for the manufacture of iron. His son Wesley, with one or two persons from Philadel- phia, built a blast-furnace at Cumberland Furnace, as Manamuskin Manor was then called, about 1810. They failed in 1818, and the property passed into the hands of Hollinshead & Piatt, merchants of Phila- delphia, and afterwards became the property of Ed- ward Smith, of Philadelphia, by whom the business was carried on profitably until 1840, when the supply of wood for the manufacture of charcoal, with which the ore was smelted, being exhausted, the iron-works were abandoned, and soon decayed.' During the early part of this century the manufac- ture of iron in blast-furnaces was carried on to a con- siderable extent in this and adjoining counties. The ore used was bog ore, dug in the swamps of Downe and other townships, and in Gloucester and Burling- ton Counties. The quantity found in this county was not very large. It was also brought here from Dela- ware, and from Burlington County. The charcoal used to smelt the iron was the most bulky, and th.ere- fore the furnaces were located near the fuel, and the 718 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. ore brought to them. These blast-furnaces have long since disappeared, and the manufacture of iron in that way has ceased. A saw- and grist-mill were also maintained at Cum- berland Furnace for many years, but the grist-mill ■went down about the same time as the furnace. The saw-mill is now run by Wilson, Cornelius, and Wes- ley Banks, and is owned, together with the tract of about twenty thousand acres adjacent to it, by the heirs of Richard D. Wood. Upon the death of Ed- ward Smith the property descended to his son, Thomas, and his daughter, the wife of Dr. J. T. Sharp, who bought out the share of Thomas Smith, and sold the property to the heirs of Richard D. Wood. Schooner Landing, on the Menantico, about a mile below where the railroad now crosses, was at one time a place of some importanpe. In 1793 the property here was purchased by Fithian Stratton, who laid out a town in 1800, which he named after himself, "Stratton Burrough," the last part so spelled for "Borough." The road from Millville to Port Elizabeth passed through here, and was straightened and relaid in 1803. About a dozen houses were erected, and he endeavored to secure a direct road to Bridgeton, and a bridge over Maurice River west of the place, hoping thus to get ahead of Millville, but was unsuccessful. After the establishment of the straight road from Port Elizabeth to Millville the road through Schooner Landing was vacated, and the bridge over the stream removed. The place went to decay, the houses have been removed, and nothing is left of the projected borough. FBEEHOLDERS. 1748. Gabriel Iszard. John Purple. VI4S. Abraham Jones. Thomas Peterson. 1760-51. Gabriel Iszard. William Jones. 1752. Thomas PeteiBon. Gabriel Iszard. 1753. Abraham Jones. John Hoffman. 1764. 1755. Abraham Jones. John Hoffman, 1756. John Hoffman. 1767. 1758. Abraham Jones. William Willis. 1769-60. 1761. Abraham Jones. ' David Eldredge. 1762. 1763. Bandolph Daniels. Abraham Jones. 1764. Andrew Godfrey. Jonas Hoifman. 1765. Thomas Daniels. Elemuel Edwards. 1766. Elemuel Edwards. 1767-69. 1770. Abraham Jones. Richard Swain. 1771.^ 1772. Jonathan Smith. Thomas Daniels. 1773-74. Jonathan Beesley. Jonathan Smith. 1776. Derick Peterson. . .Tooathan Beesley. 1776. Derick Peterson. David Lore. 1777. 1778-79. George McGloughlin. 1780. Geoi'ge McGloughlin. William Furnace. 1781. Elemuel Edwards. Henry Seeves. 1782. 1783-84. Elemuel Edwards. 1785-89. Joshua Brick. Elemuel Edwards. 1790. James Jess. Joshua Brick. 1791-93. James Jess. William Peterson. 1794. 1795. Henry Beeves. John Erricksou. 1796. Jonathan Delias. John Chance. 1797. Elemuel Edwards. Henry Beeves. 1798. Maurice Beesley. Daniel Heisler. 1799. Daniel Heisler. 1799. Archibald Stewart. 1800-1. James Lee. Jonathan Dollas. 1802. James Lee. James Johnson. 1303. Jonathan Dollas. Eli Budd. 1804. Joshua Brick. Jonathan Dollas. 1805. Henry Beeves. Jonathan Dollas. 1806-7. James Lee. Jonathan Dollas. 1808. 1809. Jonathan Dollas. Levan Chance. 1810. Jonathan Dollas. Dr. Benjamin Fisler. 1811-12. Jonathan Dollas. William Peterson. 1813-21. John Elkinton. Jonathan Dollas. 1822. Jonathan Dollas. Daniel Carrell. 1823. Jonathan Dollas. John Elkinton. 1824-26. Daniel Carrell. Jonathan Lore. 1827. Jonathan Lore. Owen Jones. 1828-32. Jonathan Lore. Israel Stratton. 1833. .Jonathan Lore. William Lore. 1834-36. Jonathan Lore. 1834-36. William Arey. 1837. Jonathan Lore. Israel Stratton. 1838-42. Jonathan Lore. Joshua Brick. 1843-45. Jonathan Lore. John Spence. 1846-47. Jonathan Lore. Owen Jones. 1848-54. James Ward. Stephen Murphy. 1866. Stephen Murphy. David CuUen. 1856-62. Stephen Murphy. James Ward. 1863. Stephen Murphy. Jamos Ward (part of year). Joel S. Robinson (remainder of year). 1864-66. Stephen Murphy. Joel S. Bobinson. 1867. Stephen Murphy. Hezekiah W. Godfrey. 1868-74. J. Howard Willets. Francis L. Godfrey. 1875-76. Francis L. Godfrey. Benjamin F. Shaw. 1877. Benjamin F. Shaw. Francis L. Godfrey (part of year). Thomaa S. Shaw (remainder of year). 1878. Benjamin F. Shaw. Thomas S. Shaw. 1879-83. Thomas S. Shaw. CHUECHES. Fort Elizabeth Methodist Episcopal Church.— During the year 1773, Benjamin Abbott, having been converted the year before and joined the Methodists, entered upon his work as an evangelist. Abbott at that time resided in Pittsgrove township, Salem Co. Mr. Abbott was, doubtless, the most remarkable man of early Methodism. Stevens, in speaking of him, says, " Religious biography hardly records his fellow, except it be in the 'glorious dreahier' of Bedford jail. His early life had been riotously wicked, and not- withstanding the spirit of God had often alarmed his guilty soul of its danger, he continued in sin until the fortieth year of his age. When, after the most des- perate resistance and a struggle with despair itself, he sought relief in the labors of the field, his troubled heart beat so loud that he could hear the strokes. Finally yielding, he threw down his scythe, and stood weeping for his sins. Such is the reclaiming, the sub- lime strength of conscience in the rudest soul, when once awakened." In 1778, Abbott attended a quar- terly meeting at Maurice River, very probably at Port Elizabeth. Doubtless about this time, a society was organized at this place. A Mr. Donnelly, who was a local preacher there, died in 1783, and is buried in the Methodist graveyard. Oct. 1, 1785, for the nominal sum of five shillings, Mrs. Elizabeth Bodely, who owned nearly all of the land in the neighborhood of Port Elizabeth, and after whom the town is named, gave a lot, containing one acre and twenty-seven- hundredths, " for the purpose of building a preaching- TOWNSHIP OF MAUKICE RIVEK. 719 house on and a burying-yard, and to build a school- house for the use of the neighborhood after the said meeting-house is built." The deed is given to " Philip Cressey, Esq., and Abraham Walton, of county of Cape May, Henry Firth, of county of Salem, James Sterling, Esq., of county of Burlington, John Cham- pion, Esq., of county of Gloucester, and William Furnis, Daniel Heisler, Eli Budd, and Martin Long, of Maurice River, in county of Cumberland, trustees chosen in behalf of the society of people called Meth- odists of the Episcopal Church." The church was probably erected the following year, 1786. Dr. Benjamin Fisler, who entered the traveling connection, and continued as circuit rider for a few years, his health no longer permitting that, located there, and was a very prominent citizen, member of the church, and acceptable local preacher for fifty years. He was born in 1769, and was converted at Fislerville, now Clayton, Gloucester Co. He com- menced traveling as a preacher in 1791, in Nova Scotia, and in 1797 traveled on the Salem Circuit, and located, in 1799, at Port Elizabeth, where he practiced medicine. He died July 4, 1854. Fithian Stratton, of Schooner Landing, on the Menantico, an eccentric man, was for a number of years a famous local preacher. He died in 1810. About 1814, Bishop George, who was esteemed as a great and good man, remained at Port Elizabeth for a season, and preached there. In 1827 the present brick church was built. Dr. Benjamin Fisler furnished the plan and superintended its erection. The ministers who have served this church have always done so in connection with several other churches. In 1781 the whole of South Jersey was included in the West Jersey Circuit, and the ministers of this circuit were as follows : 1781.— Caleb Pedicord, Joseph Cromwell. In No- vember of this year they seem to have been changed, and James O. Cromwell and Joseph Everett were sent to labor in their stead. 1782.— Joshua Dudley, Richard Ivy. 1783.— Samuel Rowe, Francis Spry. 1784.— Samuel Rowe, William Partridge, John Fidler. 1785.— Thomas Ware, Robert Sparks, William Phoebus. 1786.— Jacob Brush, John Simmons, Jacob Lurton. 1787.— Robert Cann, John McClaskey, John Mil- burn. 1788.— Nathaniel B. Mills, John Cooper. 1789.— Samuel Pyle, Jethro Johnson, Sylvester Hutchinson. 1790.— Joseph Cromwell, William Dougherty. 1791.— James Bell, John Clark. 1792.— Benjamin Abbott, David Bartine. 1793.— Willson Lee, Hugh Work. 1794.— Richard Swain, Anthony Turck. 1795. — Moses Crane, Jacob Egbert. 1796.— Robert McCoy, Peter Vannest. 1797. — William McLenahan, Benjamin Fisler. 1798. — Jacob Egbert, Jesse Justice. 1799. — Richard Swain, Wesley Budd ; Freeborn Garrettson, presiding elder. 1800. — Richard Swain, Richard Lyon ; Solomon Sharp, presiding elder. 1801. — Thomas Edwards, Asa Swain. In 1802 Salem Circuit was divided into Salem and Cape May Circuits, and Jesse Justice and David Dunham were appointed to Salem Circuit, in which Port Elizabeth remained. 1803.— John Walker, John Durbin. Quarterly Meeting was held on March 5th, at Port Elizabeth. 1804.— John Walker, John Durbin. In 1805, Salem and Cape May were again made one circuit under the former name, and John Walker and Nathan Swain were appointed preachers. Quarterly Meeting was held this year at Port Elizabeth. 1806.— William Mills, Caleb Kendall. In 1807 Cumberland Circuit was formed, including Port Elizabeth and all the southern and eastern por- tion of Cumberland County, and the preachers ap- pointed to this circuit were David Bartine and Joseph Stephens. 1808.— William Smith, Charles Reed. 1809.— Daniel Ireland, John Fox. 1810. — Samuel Budd, Daniel Ireland. 1811. — Michael Coates, presiding elder; Thomas Dunn, Joseph Bennett. 1812. — William Smith, Joseph Bennett. 1813.— William Swain, Daniel Fidler. 1814. — Daniel Fidler, Daniel Ireland. 1815. — Solomon Sharp, Nathan Swain; James Smith, presiding elder. 1816. — Solomon Sharp, Thomas Davis. 1817. — Thomas Neal, Thomas Davis. 1818.— Thomas Neal, John Creamer. 1819. — Edward Stout, John Creamer; Lawrence McCombs, presiding elder. 1820.— Edward Stout, Daniel Fidler. 1821.— John Finley, John Collins. 1822. — John Finley, James McLaurin. 1823. — Edward Page, Eliphalet Reed; Jacob Moore, presiding elder. 1824.— Edward Page, Eliphalet Reed. 1825. — William Williams, William Lummis. 1826. — William Williams, William Lummis; Charles Pitman, presiding elder. 1827. — John Woolson, Robert Gerry, and Sedge- wick Rusling. 1828. — John Woolson, Sedgewick Rusling, and Jo- seph Ashbrook. 1829-30. — Watters Burroughs, James Ayars. 1831.— William Folk, William Stevens. 1832.— William Folk, Nathaniel Chew. 1833. — John Henry, Joseph Ashbrook. 720 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1834— Edward Stout, George Eaybold. 1835. — Nathaniel Chew, George Eaybold. 1836.— William Williams, J. W. McDougall. 1837-38.— J. J. Sleeper, Thomas G. Stewart. 1839-40.— J. F. Crouch, Thomas G. Stewart. 1841-42. — J. Loudenslager, George Jennings. Dur- ing 1842 Mr. Jennings' health failed, and Dr. Perdew was supply. 1843. — Abraham Gearhart, Levi Herr. 1844. — D. Duffield, William Eogers. During this year Mr. Eogers failed, and Samuel Parker was sup- ply- 1845.— D. Duffield, Joseph Gaskill. 1846. — Thomas Christopher, Joseph Gaskill. 1847.— N. Edwards, S. B. Beegle. Mr. Beegle left the circuit, and S. Parker was again supply. 1848.— N. Edwards, James White. 1849-50.— Joseph Atwood, J. T. Canfleld. In 1851 Cumberland Circuit, by that name, ceased to exist, and Port Elizabeth Circuit was created ; Mill- ville. Woodruff's, and Willow Grove being made Mill- ville charge. . 1851.— A. K. Streets, W. A. Brooks. 1852.— William A. Brooks, William Walton. 1853.— E. Waiters, J. B. Heward. In 1854 another change was made, and the river made a dividing line ; Leesburg, Heislerville, and West Creek being taken from Cape May Circuit, and added to Port Elizabeth Circuit. 1854.— E. Watters, B. O. Parvin. 1855. — Furman Bobbins, William McCormac. 1856. — Furman Bobbins, M. H. Shimp. 1857.— William Walton, N. B. Todd. 1858.— William Walton, Garner H. Tullia. 1859. — John S. Beegle, Joseph G. Crate. I860.— John S. Beegle. 1861. — James Vanzant. 1862. — James Vanzant, J. L. Eoe. 1863-64. — David McCurdy, Ananias Lawrence. 1865.— Henry G. Williams, George White. 1866-68.— Henry G. Williams, William Moffatt, 1869.— J. B. Turpin, John W. Morris. 1870.— J. B. Turpin, Jolin W. Morris. 1871.— J; B. Turpin, J. O. Downs. Up to 1872 Port Elizabeth, Dorchester, Leesburg, Heislerville, West Creek, and Cumberland Furnace formed the circuit. 1872.— Calvin C. Eastlack. This year the circuit was divided into two parts, the lower one called West Creek Circuit. Port Eliza- beth, Dorchester, and Leesburg formed Port Elizabeth Circuit after 1872. 1873-74.— 0. C. Eastlack. 1875-76. — James Vanzant. 1877-78.— Furman Bobbins. 1879-81.— Godfrey E. Hancock.' 1882-83.— Charles W. Livezly. Heislerville Methodist Episcopal Church.- Methodism was introduced at Heislerville about 1800. Services were first held at a private house in the vicinity. Permission was obtained to preach in a school-house, a little north of the present church, where services were continued until the house be- came too small and much impaired for school pur- poses, when a larger one was used until a church was erected. Feb. 15, 1828, members met at George Heisler's and elected trustees, who were directed to buy a lot on which to build a church. The lot was bought and the house erected, and was occupied until the pres- ent one was built. The old one being too small and somewhat dilapidated, they determined to build a new one. In the spring of 1852, Noah Edwards and J. W. Hickman, preachers of Cape May Circuit, met at George Heisler's, and made arrangements to raise funds. The trustees of the church bought a lot, and during the following summer the neat and comfort- able church was erected, and completed free of debt. Revs. J. W. Hickman and J. Heisler officiated, as- sisted by Charles S. Downs and Henry Trombower, who traveled Cape May Circuit that year. After West Creek Circuit was created, in 1872, em- bracing West Creek, in Cape May County, Heisler- ville, and Ewing's Neck, the following have been the preachers on this circuit: 1872-74, John Hugg, (during the pastorate of Mr. Hugg the church was repaired at a cost of four hundred dollars) ; 1875-77, Joseph G. Reed ; 1878, James F. Morell ; 1879, Levi Herr; 1880-82, Albert Matthews; 1883, William A. Lilley. Leesburg Methodist Episcopal Church. — Lees- burg society was formed, as near as can be ascertained, about 1806. The class met at George Heisler's, who lived two and a half miles northeast of Leesburg. There was preaching at his residence several years. The society then moved to Joab Swain's, who lived on the bank of Maurice River. A subscription-list to build a church was opened Aug. 6, 1810. The so- ciety was incorporated July 7, 1811, and on Septem- ber 4, following, a deed was given of one acre of land for the consideration of one hundred dollars, by Joab Swain and wife to Thomas Henderson, George Heis- ler, Orrice Riggins, Thomas Shropshire, and James Worth, trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church or meeting-house, called and known by the name of "Canaof Leesburg." The house was completed and dedicated May 24, 1812. Dec. 28, 1831, a meeting was held, and a new board of trustees elected as successors of the first ones, viz., James L. Chambers, George Heisler, Philip Nicholson, William Rice, and Nathan Shaw, who were duly sworn in. Other boards of trustees have since been elected. A meeting was held May 21, 1863, when the build- ing of a new house was considered. It was re- solved to build, and Benjamin F. McKeag, John Hess, and John Lee were appointed a building com- TOWNSHIP OF MAUEICE KIVEB. 721 mittee. The house was completed and dedicated Dec. 27, 1863, at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. It was remodeled in 1882; a recess was added at each end, and a spire put up at a cost of two thousand seven hundred dollars. This church, called " Hick- man Church," belongs to the Port Elizabeth Circuit, and has the same ministers. Dorchester Methodist Episcopal Church is a branch from Leesburg. Classes were formed a year or so previous to 1856, when an organization was effected, and a house was built at a cost of about fif- teen hundred dollars. During the fall and winter of 1873 it was rebuilt. Twelve feet were added to its length, a spire was put up and a recess made back of the pulpit, at a cost of two thousand three hun- dred dollars. It is a handsome church, and will seat about three hundred people. This church has the same pastors as Leesburg, Ewiug's Neck Methodist Episcopal Church wor- shiped in an old school-house before the church was built, in 1872. There were then twenty members. The church was completed in 1878, at a cost of two thousand dollars. This church has the same pastors as Heislerville. At Belle Plain a class worships in a school-house, supplied with preaching by the pastor of this circuit, about every two weeks, on Wednesday evening. Cumherland Methodist Episcopal Church. — Early in this century a Methodist Episcopal Church was built by Wesley Budd, near the iron-works at Cumberland Furnace, now Manamuskin Manor. A society was formed, and for some years it was quite prosperous. Mr. Budd made shipwreck of his worldly prosperity and of his character, failing in business in 1818. At one time he was quite a distinguished preacher, and in 1799 rode the Salem Circuit. After the manufacture of iron from bog ore ceased to be profitable the works were abandoned, and the society almost ceased to exist. In 1862 a new edifice was erected, and now the congregation is steadily in- creasing. The pastors of this church previous to 1872 were the same as Port Elizabeth. ■ From and including that date the following have served the church : 1872-73, 8. F. Wheeler ; 1874r-76, John H. Hutchinson. Up to 1877 this church was attached to the Foun- dry Church at Millville, of which church the above were pastors ; in the latter year Cumberland Circuit was formed, including Cumberland Furnace, and the following have since been the preachers: 1877-78, Thomas C. Parker ; 1879, J. L. Clark ; 1880-81, H. B. Raybold ; 1882, Charles S. MuUer ; 1883, Frank A. Howell. West Creek Baptist Church.— A Baptist Church was organized in the lower part of Maurice River township, in 1792, which was called the West Creek Baptist Church. It was a member of the Philadel- phia Association until 1811, then of West New Jersey until 1856, when it was disbanded. The old church 46 building is yet standing in a very dilapidated condi- tion, the winds howling through the chinks and the rains beating through the roof. It is in a wild, weird spot, surrounded by woods, and in almost a deserted neighborhood. Whether any of the original mem- bers reside in the locality we are not at present ad- vised. The following were pastors after its organiza- tion, all of whom are deceased : Peter Groom, 1795- 1807 ; Thomas Brooks, 1809-15 ; Ebenezer Jayne, 1819 -26; I. M. Church, 1840-41. Mr. Church, the last pastor, died in 1874, aged sixty-one years. During the intervals between the pastors, the church was served by occasional supplies. Joshua Beick was born at Bricksboro, in the township of Maurice River, in the year 1779. His father, Joshua Brick, Sr., was the son of John Brick (3d), who inherited from his father, John Brick (2d), a large real estate, including the mills and property at the place now called Jericho, situated on Stow Creek. Joshua Brick appears to have lived during his youth in Haddonfield, where he received a good English education, and was apprenticed to a tanner named James Hartly. He inherited or acquired property there, married a daughter of Jeremiah El- freth, then sold his Haddonfield property, and took up his residence at the house built by his father at Bricksboro. His relation, John Clement the elder, who, like his son, the present Judge John Clement, was a surveyor, laid out for him the projected town of Bricksboro. He sold some of the lots, but the town refused to grow, and after a few years he re- moved to Port Elizabeth. Whatever may have been the early training of Joshua Brick, it soon appeared that he was a man of superior intellect and well informed, especially in matters of politics and history. He made himself thoroughly acquainted with the titles and situation of the land in his vicinity, and was thus enabled to purchase advantageously. For many years he carried on a large business, and added considerably to his inherited property ; but he was not careful to retain what he acquired. One of his marked characteristics was that he confined himself almost exclusively to his own neighborhood, seldom traveled, and was never at New York or Washington. He was a judge and justice of the peace, but seldom acted in either ca- pacity, and could not be prevailed on to attend the courts at Bridgeton. He was elected a member of the Legislative Council of the State in 1836, and of the Convention that formed the new Constitution in 1844; was a few years one of the judges of the Court of Errors and Appeals, a place which he soon re- signed, having no taste for judicial duties. He was also proposed by his friends as a representative in Congress, and a senator of the United States, but failed to obtain the public confidence so as to be con- sidered by his party a safe candidate for these places. Probably no other man in the county was more ac- 722 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. tive and influential in the political management, al- though most of the time the party to which he be- longed was in the minority. Toward the close of his life he united with the Methodist Church. He died in 1860. Capt. Andrew Heisleb died at Bricksboro on the 19th November, 1875, in the eighty-first year of his age. He was born March 21, 1795, about two miles from Bricksboro, at a place known as the Heisler farm, and lived there until 1812 or 1814, after which he moved to Heislerville, and on May 20, 1820, mar- ried Mary Tomlin. Shortly after his marriage he re- turned to the old homestead, and began housekeeping in a single room. He only remained here a year, and subsequently bought a small house in Bricksboro. He then began to follow the water, trading betweei? Maurice River and Philadelphia. His principal busi- ness was carrying wood from the former to the latter. Capt. Heisler was an industrious man, and believed in economizing time, and therefore when he laid up his vessel in the fall, he usually bought large tracts of timber and employed men in reducing it to cord-wood. In the spring he would run his wood into the market. Thus he continued to operate during a period of forty years, after which he settled down as a farmer, and continued farming to the time of his death. Thomas Lee was born in Chester County, Pa., in the year 1780. His father, Francis Lee, came from Belfast, Ireland, about the year 1770. He had sev- eral children. Three sons came to Port Elizabeth. The oldest, James, born in 1771, came there about the year 1795, and in 1801 he established works for the manufacture of window-glass. He disposed of his interest in the glass-works and joined others in the purchase of the Union Mill property and in erecting a blast-furnace for iron at Millville, which was soon disposed of to Smith & Wood, of Philadel- phia, and which David C. Wood carried on many years. In 1814 he removed to Bridgeton, and in company with Ebenezer Seeley purchased the prop- erty adjoining the east side of the stream of the Co- hansey, from North Street to Cornwell's Branch, and they, with Smith Bowen, who owned the property on the west side, made the dam, and thus created the water-power with the object of establishing a paper- mill. Not having sufficient capital to do this, Seeley and Lee reconveyed their side to Abraham Sayre, of whom they originally purchased it, and Smith Bowen sold his side and half the water-power to Benjamin and David Reeves, who commenced the manufacture of nails. In 1817 Mr. Lee removed with his family to Cincinnati, and from thence in a short time to Maysville, Ky., and in 1824 he died in New Orleans. Thomas Lee came to Port Elizabeth about the year 1799, and was employed for a time by his brother. He married Rhoda Murphy, of Salem County, and in 1805 went to Leesburg, where he was in business a few years ; then returning to Port Elizabeth, he en- tered into partnership with Joshua Brick, carrying on business under the firm of Brick & Lee until about the year 1815, and then continuing a store until about the year 1854, when his health declined, and he gave up business, dying in 1856. He was an industrious, careful man, and succeeded in accumu- lating very considerable property. In 1814, Mr. Lee was elected a member of the Legislature of the State, and from 1831 to 1836 he was a member of Congress, elected on a general ticket of the whole State, nominated by the Democrats. He was from the beginning an earnest supporter of the Democratic party. Francis Lee, the brother of James and Thomas, died of yellow fever in 1803. Thomas Lee had seven children, — Francis, Eliza- beth, Clement J., Benjamin F., Dr. Thomas (de- ceased), Lorenzo, and Ellen. CHAPTER CL TOWNSHIP OF STOW CREEK. Boundaries. — This township is also one of the orig- inal six townships into which the county was divided when it was set off from Salem, and is the smallest township in the county. It is bounded on the north- west by Lower Alloways Creek and Quinton town- ships, Salem Co., from which it is separated by Stow Creek ; Hopewell township lies to the east of it, and Greenwich on the south, from which it is separated by Newport Creek. Its surface is more generally hilly than any other township in the county. Soil and Productions.— Its soil is a sandy loam, producing large crops of fruits and vegetables. The township is nearly all under cultivation, only a small portion of it being still covered with timber. Along Stow Creek and its branches are numerous marl-pits, from which has been dug the fertilizing material which has changed the entire agricultural condition of this and the adjoining townships during the last fifty years. The population of the township is almost entirely engaged in agricultural pursuits. General Features.— The villages of Shiloh and Roadstown lie partly in this township and partly in Hopewell, and have been referred to under that town- ship. Jericho, a small village, at the mills of that name on Stow Creek, the boundary line of the county, is the only village within its boundaries. There is only one church within its limits, but three others are in Hopewell, within a few hundred yards of the line of this township, and are attended by many of its in- habitants. There is no post-office in the township, but two lie on the east side of the road which forms the boundary line with Hopewell. There are three grist- and two saw-mills in the township, the streams TOWNSHIP OF STOW CREEK. 723 flowing through it giving good water-power. Its popu- lation, owing to the small size of the township, and the absence of towns and villages, is leas than any other township in the county, being by the census of 1880 only eleven hundred and seven. Jericho. — The village of Jericho is situated on the southeasterly side of Stow Creek, the dividing line between this and Salem Counties, on what was for many years the main stage-road from Bridgeton through Boadstown to Salem. It is situated on the tract of one thousand acres which was laid off for John Brick, and resurveyed in 1729 by Benjamin Acton. In former years, before the road through Shiloh and Marlboro to Salem was turnpiked, which turned the course of travel that way, Jericho was of much more importance than at the present day. A hotel was kept there for many years, but owing to the lack of public travel demanding such accommoda- tions, the court, a few years ago, refused any further license. The principal business of the place is in connection with the grist- and saw-mill. It also contains a blacksmith shop and store for the accommodation of the neighborhood. During the earlier part of this century .John S. Wood, who owned the mills, and was an enterprising, active business man, endeavored to build up the place. Among other projects he con- verted the distillery belonging to him into a woolen- factory in the spring of 1818, associating with himself in the business John E. Jeffers, who had been in that business for a number of years in New York State. Machinery was put in for the manufacture of broad- cloths, cassimeres, satinets, etc., but Mr. Jeffers left in a few months, and the business not proving re- munerative it was afterwards abandoned, and the machinery disposed of about 1830. Since that date it has not advanced either in population or business. The population of the village and neighboring com- munity is not over one hundred. Jericho Mills. — The mills at Jericho were built probably as early as 1700 by John Brick, who located the land as above stated. This was probably the second mill erected in this county for grinding grain, the tide-mill at Greenwich being the first. The pond lies partly in Salem County, the stream being the boundary line of the two counties. At his death the mills became the property of his son, John Brick, Jr., who left them at his death, in 1758, to his son, Joseph Brick. Previous to 1780 they became the property of John Wood, who was appointed a justice of the peace in 1801, and a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1804, which offices he held until his death. He was a large land-owner in this neighborhood, and, in addition to the Jericho property, owned the mill property in Salem County, now known as Maskell's mill, which he devised by his will dated July 2, 1817, to his grandsons, John W. and Thomas A. Maskell. The Jericho mills and property he devised to his son, John S. Wood, who for many years was the leading citizen in that vicinity. After his death a division of his lands was made, in March, 1871, between his four children, when the Jericho mills were set off to his daughter, Lucy I. Clark, wife of Dr. Henry C. Clark, of Woodbury, Gloucester Co. Seventh-Day Mill. — The grist-mill now owned by Zeuos Davis, situated on a branch of Stow Creek which drains the northern part of the township of that name and empties into the head of Jericho mill- pond, is of ancient date. The earliest record found concerning it is a conveyance of the land covered by the mill-pond Jan. 18; 1759, by Zebulon Hart to Samuel Elwell, of Pilesgrove. The dam and mill had probably been erected previous to that date. In October, 1764, a two-rod road was laid out from near Boadstown to Samuel Elwell's mill. In June, 1786, it was owned by William Mulford, who sold the same, Feb. 17, 1796, to John and Abijah Ayars. Abi- jah Ayars conveyed the undivided one-third of the mill property to James Harris, of Fairfield, Sept. 5, 1796, who conveyed it to Mark Noble May 18, 1801. The other two-thirds were sold by Sheriff George Burgin April 16, 1800, and again bought by William Mulford, who then resided at Greenwich ; and he conveyed it two days later to Mark Noble. After the death of Noble, in 1809, his widow married Samuel Davis, who occupied and carried on the mill until after the two children of Noble were of age. March 18, 1830, they all joined in conveying the property to John W. Davis, who, the same day, conveyed it to Samuel Davis, the husband of Mark Noble's widow. Samuel Davis deeded it to his two sons, John W. Davis and George B. Davis, in 1839, and they to Jacob A. Young and Maxcerman P. Young in 1857, who conveyed it to John D. Franklin in 1859, who carried on the business until 1865, when he sold it to Thomas J. Ware. Mr. Ware made extensive repairs to the property and machinery, and conveyed it to Zenos Davis in 1870, by whom it is now owned. Its situation in that part of the county inhabited mostly by adherents of the Sabbatarian faith, as well as its ownership for so long by persons of that faith, gave it the name of the Seventh-Day Mill, by which it is well known in that part of the county. A saw- mill was connected with it for many years, which was carried away by the breaking of the dam, and never rebuilt. Seeley's MUl, as it was known for many years, is situated on the Stow Creek side of Newport Creek, the boundary between that township and Greenwich. It is situated on the Gibbon survey of four thousand five hundred acres, on which Leonard and Nicholas Gibbon settled about 1728, that tract having been de- vised to them on condition they settle on the same. The grist-mill built here, on the division of their tract, in 1730, passed into the possession of Nicho- las, whose granddaughter, Bebecca, married Josiah Seeley, and they conveyed it to their son, Bichard Seeley, from whom it descended to his daughter 724 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Mary, who married Rev. Benjamin Tyler, a Presby- terian minister. The mill remained in her possession until November, 1880, when Isaac M. Smalley bought it and now owns it. Smalley's Saw-Mill. — The pond from which the water-power is derived for this mill is situated on Bishop's Run, a branch of Stow Creek. It was for- merly owned by David Elwell, and afterwards by his brother, Isaac W. Elwell, from whom it was long known as Elwell's saw-mill. After the death of the latter it was bought by Isaac M. Smalley, who re- mains the proprietor. A l*"ge business is done at this mill, mostly in custom work. LIST OF TBEEHOLDEES. 1748. Bichard Butcher. Elijah Bowen. 1749. Elijah Bowen. Peter Long. 1760. Elijah Bowen. Hngh Dunn. 1761-52. Elijah Bowen. Richard Butcher, 1783-64. Bichard Smith. Elijah Bowen, 1756-68, Bichard Butcher. Elijah Bowen, 1769-60. Ananias Sayre, Richard Butcher, 1761. Bichard Butcher. 1762. Bichard Butcher, Ananias Sayre, 1763-64, Ananias Sayre, 1765-66. Ananias Sayre. Bichard Butcher. 1767, Ephraim Lloyd, Ananias Sayre, Jr, 1768-69, Ananias Sayre, Jr, Hugh Dunn. 1770. Ananias Sayre, Jr, 1771. 1772-73, Jonathan Ayres, John Wheaton, 1774, John Wheaton, Michael Hoshel, 1776, Aaron Butcher. Joseph Sayre (part of year). Jonathan Ayres (remainder of year). 1776, Aaron Butcher, Abial Dare. 1777, Aaron Butcher. John Wheatou. 1778, Ephraim Lloyd. 1779, Jacob Brown, Michael Hoshel, 1780, Aaron Butcher. 1781, Michael Hoshel, Jacob Brown, 1782, Benjamin Holmes. Michael Hoshel. 1783, Aaron Butcher, 1784-85, Aaron Butcher, Michael Hoahel. 1786, Michael Hoshel, John Wood, 1787, Michael Hoshel, 1788, Michael Hoshel, John Wood, 1789-91, Isaac Davis, John Peck, Esq, 1792-94, Job Butcher. 1792-94, John Peck, Esq, 1796-99. Joel Fithian. John Peck, Esq. 1800. John Wood. Eldad Cook. 1801-8. Joel Vithian. Eldad Conk, 1809, Joel Fithian, Seeley Fithian, 1810. 1811. Joel Fithian. Seeley Fithian. 1812-15, Joel Fithian, George Howell. 1816-17. George Howell, Maskell Ware, 1818-19, George Howell, Enos F. Randolph. 1820-22, Enos F, Randolph, Maskell Ware. 1823-26. Dr, Charles Clark. Philip Fithian. 1827-29, Philip Fithian. Maskell Ware, 1830. Isaac Elwell. Samuel Davis. 1831, Samuel Davis, Isaac Mulford. 1832-33. Isaac Mulford. Enos F, Randolph, 1834-37, Philip Fithian, Enos F, Bandolph. 1838. Enos F. Bandolph, John S, Wood, 1839-40. John S, Wood, William P, Seeley, 1841-43, Belford M. Bonham, Beuben Fithian, 1844. Belford M, Bonham, William P. Seeley. 1845-47. William P, Seeley, Beuben Fithian, 1848-60, Beuben Fithian, John Bowen. 1861, Isaac W, Elwell. James Woodnutt. 1862-69, Isaac W, Elwell. Bobert Fithian. 1860-72, Lewis Howell. Isaac W, Elwell. 1873-76, Isaac W, Elwell. Isaac M, Smalley, 1876-78, Isaac M. Smalley, William Tomlin. 1879. Isaac M, Smalley, 1880, Ephraim Mulford, 1881-83, Belford B. Elwell, ECCLESIASTICAL, Roadstown Methodist Episcopal Church.— The Rev. Thomas Stewart, on Salem Circuit, came to Roadstown about 1842 or '43 and explored the country. He preached at Jericho school-house, and came once in four weeks to hold services. Rev. John Lenhart, of Commerce Street Church, Bridgeton, (who, it will be remembered, lost his life aboard the ill-fated frigate "Cumberland," of which he was chap- lain), formed a class in Roadstown school-house, not exceeding at first ten members, and the only class in the neighborhood. Abraham Mayhew and George Horner, with their families, were the principal ad- herents of this faith in the neighborhood. A meeting was held July 5, 1844, and a society was organized, and took the name of Emory Methodist Episcopal Church. A lot was bought of Andrew Horner, on the road to Jericho, a quarter of a mile west of Roadstown, for seventy-five dollars, and a church was built for one thousand and eighteen dollars. It was dedicated Sept. 24, 1846, Rev. J. W. Hickman officiating. The church held about four hundred people. The first preacher there, on a station, was Rev. Francis Wolf, about 1852. Rev. Socrates Town- send, who was on the Salem Circuit at the time, preached there when the church was built. Rev. Samuel Parker came next to Townsend. The following preachers are remembered to have preached there : Messrs. Abraham Gearhart, Charles Kirkbride, Mr. Relyea, William Barnhart, Joseph Tucker, Henry Belting, Caleb Fleming, John L. Souders. The following preachers have officiated there since 1865 : 1865-66, S. C. Chattin ; 1867, L. O. Manches- ter; 1868, J. T. Woolson ; 1869, C. W. Carson. Dur- ing this year a new and handsome church was built in the town on the road to Greenwich. The lot cost sixteen hundred dollars, and the church cost four thousand, dollars. 1870, William Pittinger; 1871- 73, John S. Gaskill; 1874-76, Nomer J. Wright; 1877-79, A. H. Eberhart; 1880, Levi Herr ; 1881, C. W. Brittain, who was expelled in May, when William E. Blackiston took his place; 1882, Wil- liam E. Blackiston ; 1888, John B. Whitton. John Gibbon was born in what is now the town- ship of Stow Creek, in the year 1737, before the county of Cumberland was set off from Salem. He was the son of Leonard Gibbon (1st), who emigrated from Gravesend, Kent Co., England, about the year 1728. John Gibbon, the subject of this notice, inherited from his father a very handsome estate in land, in- cluding the dwelling-house in which he resided. He was taught the trade of a hatter, and in his will calls himself a hatter. In 1761 fie married Esther Seeley, one of the daughters of Col. Ephraim Seeley, of Bridgeton. When the war of the Revolution broke out he was in service, probably as a militiaman, and in 1777 was taken prisoner, and confined in a prison- *^**!»jMfM ^cTt^. f - *■*•-