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GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MODERN ARMENIAN LANGUAGE 
 
 AS SFOEBN 
 IN CONSTANTINOPLE AND ASIA MINOR 
 
 By ELIAS RIGGS, 
 Missionary of the A. B. C. F. M- 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, 
 Printed by A- B. Churchill. 
 
 1856. 
 
ft i^ 9^0-5 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 LIBRARY^ 
 
 m 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Part I : Orthography ;.-.... 5 
 
 Alphabet 6 
 
 Pronunciation 7 
 
 Accent 9 
 
 Punctuation 9 
 
 Part II ; Etymology . 11 
 
 Article 11 
 
 Nouns 11 
 
 Gender 11 
 
 Number 11 
 
 Case 12 
 
 Definite Form 12 
 
 Declension of Nouns 13 
 
 Irregular Nouns 1^ 
 
 Adjectives 18 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives 19 
 
 Numeral Adjectives 20 
 
 Pronouns 22 
 
 Suffix Pronouns 25 
 
 Verbs 2? 
 
 Moods and Tenses 28 
 
 Formation of the Tenses 28 
 
 (Conjugation of) the Auxiliary 
 
 Verb em 'I am' 30 
 
 Conjugation of the Regular 
 
 Verb gorcel 'to work' 33 
 
 Of Verbs Terminating in al, 
 
 il , and ul 39 
 
Comparative View of the Different 
 
 Glasses of "Regular Verbs . . H-o 
 Table of Principal Forms 
 
 of Verbs ^1 
 
 Negative Verbs ^■^■ 
 
 Impersonal Verbs kS 
 
 Derivative Verbs i^6 
 
 Irregular Verbs i|-7 
 
 List of Irregular Verbs with 
 
 their Principal Parts 48 
 
 Use of the Tenses ^9 
 
 Of Certain Particles Occasionally 
 
 Appended to Verbs 51 
 
 Adverbs 51 
 
 Prepositions 53 
 
 Conjunctions 5^ 
 
 Interjections 5^ 
 
 Part III ; Syntax 55 
 
 Part IV: Miscellaneous Remarks and 
 
 Idiomatic Phrases 57 
 
 Miscellaneous "^.emarks 57 
 
 "itymological Resemblances 6o 
 
 ' Salutations 6l 
 
 Miscellaneous Idiomatic Phrases .... 63 
 Abbreviations 75 
 
 Appendix 76 
 
 Declension of Ancient Arm. Nouns ... 76 
 
 Rules for the Formation of Cases . 76 
 
 (Table of) Decl. of Anc. Arm. N'ns 79 
 
 Comparative Specimen 83 
 
 Index 84 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The strongly marked individuality of the Armenian language 
 justifies its claim t o a very high antiquity. Its literature how- 
 ever commences with the introduction of Christianity. The 
 Alphabet still in use is ascribed to St. Mesrob, who lived in the 
 fifth century, and who was one of the translators of the Scriptures. 
 He is said also to have conferred the boon of alphabetic writing 
 upon several of the neighboring nations. The original alphabet 
 consisted of thirty six letters, o and f having been added during 
 the twelfth century, the former as a substitute for the diphthong «... 
 in words where it had acquired the sound of o , and the latter 
 to replace .yt which had come to be pronounced universally likejp. 
 It is difficult to trace the history of the modern language. Ev- 
 idence of the existence of some of its d istinctive forms is found 
 as far back as the thirteenth century. Their introduction was no 
 doubt gradual. Still the Ancient Armenian continued to be the 
 only language of books, for ages after the spoken tongue had 
 become substantially what it is at the present day. It is only 
 during the present century that the modern language has begun 
 to be cultivated as a language of books, the genius of the age 
 and the best interests of humanity requiring that authors should 
 no longeri as formerly, veil their ideas in a dialect accessible 
 only to the few, but should spread them far and wide in the free 
 and idiomatic use of the languages vernacular to their countrymen. 
 Facilities for the acquisition of the Ancient Armenian exist 
 both in English and in other European tongues, and an abundance 
 of excellent Grammars and Lexicons await the scholar, who ig 
 prepared to avail himself of them, in the language itself. But, 
 eo far as I am aware, the present is the first attempt to exhibit 
 the grammar of the Modern Armenian. The Armenians them" 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 selves have, as yet, published no grammar of their spoken lan- 
 guage*. This fact will no doubt be deemed a sufficient apology for 
 any defects which may be discovered in the present work. 
 
 My principal object has been to exhibit the language of conver- 
 sation. Hence the remarks on pronunciation, pp. 7, 58, on the 
 reduplication of adjectives, p. 19, on particles appended to verbs, 
 p. 49, &c. The style of books varies considerably, some approx- 
 imating more and others less to the ancient language. It would 
 be presumptuous to attempt to say what, after a few years of 
 progress, will be the style of good writers. 
 
 It will be observed that the dialect here treated is the Western, 
 viz. that spoken in Constantinople and Asia Minor. The Orien- 
 tal dialect, spoken in Tartary, Persia and India, varies considerably 
 from this, and in some respects approximates more nearly to the 
 ancient language. A specimen of it will be given in the Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 The student of Modern Armenian will very often meet in 
 conversation, and sometimes even in books, with words and forms 
 derived from the Turkish. Although the use of such words and 
 forms is avoided by good writers, still a knowledge of them is 
 essential to a familiar ac(iuaintance with the spoken Armenian. 
 Where it has been thought proper to notice them in the present 
 work, they are distinguished by an asterisk prefixed. 
 
 In general, where two synonymous forms are given, the one 
 more approved in modern usage is placed first. 
 
 •The first edition of this work was published in 1847. In 1853 
 a grammatical treatise in Modern Armenian appeared at Con- 
 stantinople, entitled "Correct Method of peaking the Modem 
 Armenian language" . It is however not so much a grammar of 
 the spoken language, as an exhibition of the author's ideas of what 
 that language should be, departing in many instances very far 
 from existing usage. It has met with very little favor. 
 

 PART I. 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 vtr 
 

 
 ALPHABET. 
 
 
 The 
 
 Armenian alphabet consists of 38 letters, viz 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Arm. text. 
 
 Italics. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 w 
 
 tu 
 
 *H 
 
 aip 
 
 a as in far 
 
 jv 
 
 p 
 
 e-^ 
 
 pen 
 
 P 
 
 »l- 
 
 * » 
 
 t * 
 
 Mm 
 
 k 
 
 M» 
 
 T t 
 
 r * 
 
 tah 
 
 t 
 
 b 
 
 b 
 
 V 
 
 yetch 
 
 ye as in yet, y 
 
 
 •L'L 
 
 •Lt. 
 
 zah 
 
 z 
 
 1: 
 
 k 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 a as in Jate 
 
 i\ 
 
 C e- 
 
 tit 
 
 yet 
 
 u as in us 
 
 Uh 
 
 P P 
 
 P-I^ 
 
 to 
 
 t 
 
 <]> 
 
 «# 
 
 ^ 
 
 zhay 
 
 s as in pleasure 
 
 h 
 
 ^A 
 
 H 
 
 inni 
 
 e as in me 
 
 1, 
 
 /.i^ 
 
 t_«- 
 
 lune 
 
 1 
 
 I" 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 vv 
 
 khay 
 
 kh guttural 
 
 V)> 
 
 «^ 
 
 d- 
 
 dzah 
 
 dz 
 
 «i 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 ghen 
 
 ghard 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ho 
 
 h 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 tsah 
 
 ts 
 
 M, 
 
 t -z. 
 
 •Lt. 
 
 ghad 
 
 gh guttural 
 
 A' 
 
 :f 
 
 jf 
 
 jay 
 
 J 
 
 ir 
 
 iT 
 
 X 
 
 men 
 
 m 
 
 (5 
 
 ./ 
 
 J 
 
 he 
 
 h or y 
 
 •i, 
 
 2r 
 
 •u 
 
 noo 
 
 n 
 
 r. 
 
 2.4. 
 
 2. J- 
 
 shah 
 
 sh 
 
 n 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 vo 
 
 vo or 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 o 
 
 i-t 
 
 Lt- 
 
 chah 
 
 ch as in chwch 
 
 «F 
 
 -y 
 
 1 
 
 bay 
 
 b 
 
 .*, 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 chay 
 
 ch as in church 
 
 (i> 
 
 n. 
 
 «^ 
 
 rrah 
 
 r Scotch 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 say 
 
 s 
 
 IK 
 
 •L-L 
 
 LL 
 
 vev 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 •f* 
 
 dune 
 
 d 
 
 r* 
 
 p p 
 
 fe 
 
 ray 
 
 r 
 
 ^, 
 
 3 3 
 
 J 9 
 
 tBO 
 
 ts 
 
 h 
 
 a. 
 
 ^ 
 
 hune 
 
 uor V 
 
 «1» 
 
 4- -t 
 
 n 
 
 pure 
 
 P 
 
 »f^ 
 
 ^■p 
 
 »• 
 
 kay 
 
 k 
 
 () o o O O 
 
 5|» ^ % fay f 
 
 L is acontraction for fr«. ; beside which the following 
 combinations of letters occur. 
 
 ^andir ^ iTand/l, .^ 
 
 •r and b Jh J" and .J J^ 
 
 iTand 4 ^ iTandi Hi 
 
 iT and li 1% ij_ and fc ijfc 
 
 The small letters at the right hand of the second atnd 
 third columns are written ajUr those which terminate 
 in a horizontal stroke at the bottom : as ^ , ^, ^c , &e. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Ij , when it begins a word and is followed by a 
 consonant, is pronounced generally like j/c in ye«, as bJ' 
 yem / am ; elsewhere followed by a consonant it is 
 like e in fell, as Jkii^ menk we ; followed by a vowel 
 
8 ORTHOQRAPHT. 
 
 it is simply y, as Ao^^ yotuh seven, ^Iraibp gyank 
 life. 
 
 |ii and ^ are deep gutturals, and the pronunciation 
 of them must be acquired through the ear. 
 
 (J is h in the beginning of words, as ()puni.u Hesoos 
 Jems ; elsewhere it i» y, as mja ayo yes, liiujuip-ti, ga- 
 yaran o position, p-y pay a verb; but in compound 
 words in which the latter part is a word beginning 
 with ,/ , thi^ latter retains the sound of A in the com- 
 pound, as pu,g,u,u.jut patsahaid mmijesl, compounded 
 of pwp open, and j"-/" evident. At the end of words 
 it is frequently silent, as ij«7 gah there is. 
 
 II is ro at the beginning of words, as «/» vor that, 
 except when followed by i/^ as m/^ ov who; elsewhere 
 it is », as ui^^^h^ anonk they. — The combination ««. is 
 00, but becomes « * before a vowel; y in the middle of 
 a word is ooy as in ^nyu looys light, jyu hooys hope ; 
 at the end of a word it is simply o. 
 
 |»i. is eev before a vowel or at the end of a word ; 
 elsewhere it is « in unit, or u French. In any other 
 combination, .. is v. 
 
 The remaining letters are uniform in their pronun- 
 ciation, and need no remark. 
 
 When two or more consonants come together with* 
 out a vowel, they are frequently pronounced as if 
 written with/> ; c. g. U'^r'^i. BaptiA is pronounced 
 Jji^^/t^^mf^i^ . In the case of words commencing with one 
 of the sibilants u , ^ > or ^ and another consonant, this 
 euphonic n is generally pronounced as if written before 
 the sibilant, as u^/r^p^Zi from the beginning, ^pouuiUg a- 
 
 * Soft like the 9anaan to.' 
 
PUNCTUATION. • 
 
 tnusement, ^»friAu/^<ut> magazine, pronounced as if written 
 pulifi^p.kh^ iiqp.au.ui,^ and p^mbJiupuih. This however is 
 not always the fact, and, in general, the place of this 
 euphonic ^ must be learned by practice. 
 
 ACCENT. 
 
 Armenian words, whether primitive or derivative, 
 are usually accented on the last syllable. 
 
 Exc. 1. (»^ at the end of words not derived from 
 the Turkish cannot receive the accent. Words or 
 forms terminating in this vowel, therefore, accent the 
 penultimate ; as iliuqa to-moTrow, Jiu,ni.p the man. 
 
 Exc. 2. Vocatives accent their first syllable ; as 
 X] ^^iq-oiuflrui Preacher I <i|«if^.n^ Sir! — But when a 
 noun in the Vocative is repeated, or is preceded by 
 an adjective or by the interjection f)'^ 0, the place 
 of the accent is on the last syllable of the first 
 noun, or on the adjective or interjection, as (J'"^"^ 
 
 Exc. 8. A tew individual words, not coming under 
 either of the above exceptions, accent the penulti- 
 mate as f^'i/Zu now, injuuika thus. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The pauses used in Armenian are three, viz. 
 
 Comma ( » ) 
 Colon ( . ) 
 Period ( . ) 
 
 The note of interrogation C") is placed over the 
 
le ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 accented vowel of the principal word in the ques- 
 tion. Accordingly in the question, Will you come to- 
 morrow ? the interrogation point may be placed over 
 any one of the words of which it is composed in Ar- 
 menian ; thus, '|»oi-i. iluiqa lini.q.iuu » significs Will you 
 come to-morrow 9 '\^nt.1b ^a^[a i^ai-q-mu • Will you comt 
 to-morrow ? '\whi ifatqa Ifm-fuiu i Will you come to- 
 morrow ? 
 
 The exclamation point C*) in like manner, is pla- 
 ced over the accented syllable of interjections, or of 
 other words used as exclamations, or uttered with 
 emotion, as i/iy wo ! \f[tai.uaiq^J' Jerusalem ! 
 
 Sentences, which contain a mark of interrogation 
 or exclamation, have still their appropriate pauses at 
 the close, in the same way as other sentences. 
 
 The hyphen ( - ) is never employed to unite words, 
 as in the English compounds to-day, kettle-drum, &c. 
 Its only place is at the end of a line, where a word 
 is incomplete- 
 
 The acute accent ( ' ), though it is placed upon the 
 tone-syllable of words, has for its object to mark rath- 
 er emphasis than accent. Hence monosyllables re- 
 ceive it as well as polysyllables ; e. g. ?'' ^pP-^f 
 do not go, p^ <^nu p^ <^nv t whether here or there. 
 
 The grave accent ( ' ) indicates a brief suspension 
 of the voice. It is placed after words, never over 
 them, and is in effect a pause shorter than a comma. 
 
 This mark (- ) indicates an abbreviation ; as, y^ for 
 \\uutnL.M^ ; or signifies that the letters over which it 
 ia placed are used as figures ; e. g- s; 1 , p 2 , &c. 
 
 When the first part of a word is written and the 
 last part omitted, the omission is indicated by a 
 doable acceoit ; thus (Jn//' for (J»)^^afiii»4u » 
 
NOONS. il 
 
 PART 11. 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 ARTICLE. 
 
 The word in Modern Armenian which most nearly 
 corresponds to our Indefinite Article is <(^ , a cor- 
 ruption of the Ancient Armenian J}! one. It uniformly 
 follows the noun to whjjch it belf&ngs ; as iKupif. i/j, a 
 man, puA Jp a thing. The Numeral Adjective Jkli one 
 is ttsed in the same sense, preceding the noun. Some- 
 times both are employed ; as «/t'J Jiupif. Jp^ , Jkli 
 puib iTp , withmxt any addition to the signification. 
 
 The place of a Definite Article is suppHed by the 
 Definite Form of nouns, corresponding to what is called 
 the Emphatic State in Chald'ee and Syrian 
 
 NOUNS. 
 GENDER. 
 
 The Armenian language has no grammatical forms 
 ta mai* the distinction of gender. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 The Plural Number is regnlarly formed by adding 
 X& monosyllables' V 5 ®s pmit. , vsori, pwn.lrp words', to 
 words of more than one syllable %ftp ; as ^at^nt.uui, 
 garment, ^ai^aLMutubp , gasrmentt. 
 
13 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Though the singular have but one written vowel, 
 yet if it is pronounced with a euphonic /» it is a dis- 
 syllable, and takes "Lbp to form the plural ; as ffnt-Af 
 htad (pron. ^pitn-fu) Plur. if-ini-^ibp. 
 
 A Plural ending iu ^ , like that of Ancient Arme- 
 nian nouns, is occasionally employed, as npif.p son, ap. 
 l[ip sons, See^Appendix. 
 
 CASE. 
 
 Nouns in the modern language may be said to have 
 seven cases, the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accu- 
 sative, Vocative, Ablative and Instrumental. They 
 present however in general only four distinct forms, 
 the Accusative being (in nouns thugh not in pro- 
 nouns) the same with the Nominative, and the Dative 
 with the Genitive. The Vocative is distinguished from 
 the Nominative by prefixing the interjection (|'«/^ O, or 
 by a change of the accent. See above on Accent, p. 9. 
 The other three cases of the Ancient Armenian are 
 supplied by the Genitive with Postpositions. 
 
 DEFINITE FORM. 
 
 The Definite form of nouns is produced by adding p 
 to the simple form when the latter ends with a con- 
 sonant, and % when it ends with a vowel ; as tf^aitT 
 church, J-iuJp the church, npq.[i son, npij.[,'b the son. The 
 C of the definite form also becomes "u when the fol- 
 lowing word begins with a vowel and is closely uni- 
 ted in pronunciation with the noun ; as Jwqbpti u»^ 
 the hairs abo, for Jw^/r^ ^ w/^ • 
 
DECLENSION. 
 
 13 
 
 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 
 \\,un. a iDord, is an example of the most usual mode 
 of declining nouns which end with a consonant. The 
 Definite form, of course, lacks the Vocative. 
 
 INDEFINITE FORM. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn. l\iun. (c^) a word 
 Gen. \\atn.l> (.z^) of a word 
 Dat {\iiin.{i (./^) to or for a 
 
 word 
 Ace- \\iMin. (.^) a word 
 Voc 0'^ fiutn. word 
 Abl. {\uin.f; (,//,) from a 
 
 word 
 Inst. {\iun.nil^ (i^) with a 
 
 word 
 
 Plural. 
 
 (\c«.t6^i words 
 JVu/ziA^i/n. of words 
 [Vui/i.A'^.nt. to or for words 
 
 {\uin.bp words 
 
 d'^ liMn-b/, words 
 
 [\mn.hpk from words 
 
 [\iun.bpni[^ with words 
 
 DEFINITE FORM. 
 
 Nom. fXiuir^ the word 
 Gen. [\uiii,[,1j of the word 
 Dat. [\uin.[,'b to or for the 
 
 word 
 Ace. (Viuir^ the word 
 Abl. {\iM,n.k'b from the 
 
 word 
 Inst. \\uin.a,fa with the 
 
 word 
 
 \\wn.bpp the words 
 [\tun.b(inL^'ii of the words 
 [\mn.&pnL.'b to or for the 
 
 words 
 l\iun.lriip the words 
 {\uin.bpk1i from the words 
 
 [\ain.bpnila with the words 
 
14 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Example of a noun ending with a vowel. 
 INDEFINITE FORM. 
 Singular. Plural 
 
 Nom OrfA i-'p) a ^°^ WmF^h sons 
 
 Gen. Wr^H' i'^c) of a son Di'ffilitrpaL. of sons 
 
 Dat. (l/'7-/'A (J^) to or for M/'^A*''^/'"'- to or for sons 
 a son 
 
 Ace Uct!' {•'a) ^ so'^ {\ctb'^l*p sons 
 
 Voc [\'ctt or [\\l_np^l, W'l.q-l.'hL-p or {{.^ npq.[,t,l,p 
 
 son sons 
 
 Abl Wftl'k (^e) from a {]pq.[,'blii.k from sons 
 
 son 
 
 Inst. Dpf^h'L ("%) with a Wpq-f^ijlipnil^ with sons 
 
 son 
 
 DEFINITE FORM. 
 
 Nom MrfA*" til® so"^ HrT^A^Vf the sons 
 
 Gen. Wpftt''' of the son [\prfl>iibpniX of the sons 
 
 Dat. Wi'itl'^ to or for the WpilitbpnJh to or for the 
 
 son sons 
 
 Ace H/'tA'' the son Wptj.fithi.p the sons 
 
 Abl- H/'T-A^'^ from the son [\,.rj.l,i,tipl;-b from the sons 
 
 Inst. [Xpth'ls- w^ith the {]iiq.p'bbpnila with the sons 
 
 son 
 
 IRREGULAR NOUNS. 
 
 Nearly all the variations from the above forms, 
 which appear in the declension of Nouns in Modern 
 Armenian, are remnants of the Ancient Armenian 
 declensions. The following are the principal. 
 
IRREGULAR NOUNS. 15 
 
 To prevent ambiguity the prefix ii , which forms the 
 Accusative in Ancient Armenian, is occasionally em- 
 ployed to distinguish that case from the Nominative ; 
 as \\ti iTui/iif-p np ijy^uutnum^ l/ft ufrfi^ the man who loves 
 God. If written without the ^ this sentence might 
 be translated, the man whom God loves. 
 
 Nouns ending in ^cT. may be declined after the fol- 
 lowing paradigm. 
 
 Nom. ■^oMiQinpq.nt.pfn.it a joumcy 
 
 I}at 7\ utuiinpn.nuP 001% 
 
 ACC. ■^atJp.nprf.nt.pfiL.'b 
 
 Voc- iV'L '^•"•^('"["y-P-l"^ 
 
 Abl. ■^mi/finjq.ni.plr1i(; 
 
 Inst" -^ iMiiTpniiq.ni-PlriMiJp. 
 
 The plurals are regular, excepting that the ancient 
 Genitive, ending in bu/ug , occasionally appears. 
 
 These nouns may also be declined throughout after 
 the regular form, especially when used as proper 
 names or in a peculiar sense ; e. g- we may translate 
 the phrase of the journey T^uiJ'pnpri.ni.pfjiXfi'b or 'HuiJ'p.np^ 
 q.ni.phaiiif , but if wc are speaking of a book entitled 
 
 y^uijfl.npq.nupfii.'bii thc GcU. mUSt bC ■^tuiTlinpq.ni-Pfil.^ 
 
 l/^li . So (\ujpai.pini/b opii the day of the resurrection, 
 but "I ♦ (*fupnt.piiL.'b{,'b ^{ip^n Mr. Ilarootune^s book ; 
 uppnt.pbiu'ii of holiness, uppm.piiu'bfi'u of the Sanctuary. 
 
 Nouns which in Ancient Armenian terminate in 
 ni.^ , in the modern language either retain the final 
 % and form the Gen- in Jluti , or drop that letter and 
 are declined regularly ; thus o6-n«-i£ anointing, Gen. 
 oi-iTaA , or o&af-iT , Geft. o&ai-J^ . The Inst. Sing. o8-> 
 
16 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 J'mJii and the Nom. and Gen. Plur. oS-i/ii.*^ and «*■' 
 iTu^iiif , also occur 
 
 A few nouns, chiefly monosyllables, make the Gen- 
 in "■ instead of /> ; as i/<«^.<fn. i lu/.^ai. , l/m/m. < q.fini. , 
 <^n,/.,L. , ifn^ni_ , un.inu , rf.u.,,„u , &c ; but all thcse, ex- 
 cept the first, may take the regular form of the Gen. 
 in !• . 
 
 Infinitives, when declined as nouns, uniformly make 
 their Gen. in n^ ; as tf^n^ii^lri^, fa/.i^lnnL. . The other 
 cases are regular. 
 
 Z,-"ji^ father, has the Gen. & Dat- Sing. <;o[, , Abl. 
 
 •^o/ik or <Jo,ir/t I Inst. <^opnif_, <^>"jpnij_ or -^ofnTntf^. 
 
 Like it are declined its derivatives ; also •Taijp mo- 
 ther, and bq^p....)!, brother and their derivatives. The 
 Plurals are regular. 
 
 \\uu,n,.^i^ God, Gen. & Dat. \\umaL&nj , Abl. Wumaui^^ 
 Jk < Inst. Y^uinui-^Jnif^ or y^uuini-i-nif^. 
 
 VJ4/. Lord, Gen and Dat. S^r"2. Q-^ ^^^ title of the 
 New Testament sjt<«,Li/) Abl- H^pn^Jk . Inst. S^P"t~ 
 
 []'aji,ij. man, Gen and Dat- •nui.q.m. or J^tupq.nj. Nom. 
 & Ace Plur. irajpq.i,li , Gen. & Dat. iru,i,q.ng . Abl. iTuip^ 
 
 n.nqi{k . InSt- ifuip ij.ngJal^; OV J'ttip i^fil^b b ft , Juilirf.lil^hbpnL. , 
 
 [\pi[i son, besides being declined regularly, has the 
 Gen- & Dat. Sing, (especially when applied to the 
 Son of God) {\iiq.i.nj t Plural ipq-f^p > "pi'-^g ' '•pi'-"g~ 
 
 u^ , nnij.i^naaaif . 
 
 So blibqjjg[i has sometimes blibqbgi.nj , and "vn^^ 
 <^''fi.nj (especially when used for the Holy Spirit). 
 
 y''ijP ej/e, ibn^^ hand, and am^ foot frequently form 
 their Plurals, especially in the language of convert 
 
IRREGULAR NOUNS. 17 
 
 SEtioil) luyii-nUbp ibn.nLp'bbp and nmni.p'bbp' But ui<^lrp t 
 
 ihiL^bp , nuipbp , should be preferred- Gen. Plur- u.^ig, 
 
 ibiiiuij , nmftrf , Or regulany lu^pbpm. , ibn^hpnL I nuipbpnL. • 
 ()/» day. Gen- opfiln opm-iu'l, i or im-m^p , Abl- opnLnyk ' 
 
 l\f>ij or li^fi^ woman, wife. Gen. & Dat. ^i^ml i ijfcn^^ » 
 or ^''/i^'/' . 
 
 \^p/>^ husband. Gen. & Dat. ki'^"'i' ov kpl-^fK 
 
 D'ailni-l/ child, Jaj'll^u/b OF JuiLni-bfi, 
 
 f\<ji.n. handful, pn-iuu or pm-n-fi . 
 
 (]l>tt.n. oven, ifinuiTj or i/irii-iLfi . 
 
 '|,nL/i. pomegranate, iin.ai'u or 'iini.n.f, . 
 'lM,Lir.door, Y^.«7i (with /I in the Gen. but preserving 
 the .c in the other oblique cases) -yn.l.i- , q.n.'bnil^ , or 
 
 n.ni-n-fi » n.ni.il^ f n.nt.n.nj • 
 
 \*p[ilini-'b evening, ^pfilint-uib . fipfilfm-^k . 
 
 *\"'/'2^r '^^ght, a.ftjbpni-iii'b or fftybpnu i q.fipbpnLnb(; • 
 
 ^ai«A yeaV, anupni-u/lj or majpi^nj y uitupni-n'ht; . 
 
 I ^i^w month, utt/unt-u/b or mtfunt. l unfunt-pb^ . 
 
 ^ ui^iuP week, ^tMipP nt,uth or piMipfJnL. l pa/u.pnl-pbh * 
 
 The last three are thus declined particularly when 
 used to express duration ; as ^% u-JimLiuii k he is six 
 months old ; uiVijuti^ miupm.p'i^ u^i^i. ^^i/iu /rom Zasi z/ear 
 iiZZ now ; otherwise they are regular ; as muip[,i,Ti i[b[i^ 
 the end of the year, i^ligbpapq. uiJju'li'b ailmutiit^ ,fin[iini.hgu3L. 
 the name of the sixth month was changed' The preceding 
 three also may be declined regularly. 
 
 ^1^1/ a son, Gen. and Dat. wint. , Abl. m/^i^ , Inst. 
 ""l"'L ' ■P^'-"'* ""i^j^ or uiqui^bp ) Gen. and Dat- mqaijng 
 or utqng I Abl. mqngJk , Inst. u,qngJni[^, It Pay also be 
 declined regularly •"•jyj > •"i^jl « &c. 
 
 IJ^u/'j' death, Jui<^ni. or tf!u<^ai.tu'ii . 
 
18 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 ffxnqni^L/i rf. peOplc, ttnnnifpn.but% > 
 
 *-\->int.lu head, tfjum. , ^i^k » fifuail_ t Plur- qjubp • 
 
 ^\%iufi null spring, tf-iMiphuih . 
 
 y^^ni-'h autumn, m^ailj . 
 
 VJolI( house, inuib I inbl; i uihn^ , 
 
 ^V^VC {^""-C > ^"l') sister, pi-n^ , ^pn^ » ^pn^n,f_. 
 
 \\bm'h^ life, IfUhuig . 
 
 Xjl'tiliTt^p heaven, /rf^i-f'g ■ 
 
 Wniu^biiif^ Apostle, iun.ui_pb^j , Gcil- Plur- uiaai^&^g : 
 
 But we may also say, J-nrjai[nt.iiq.[i i if.[nt.lu[i « fuipai.%^ , 
 
 &C. 
 
 Proper names are for the most part declined regu- 
 larly ; occasionally however they present an Ancient 
 Armenian Genitive form in uy or m. ; as y^q-mJiy , 
 
 y aiiin'^uJi/nL. • 
 
 Nouns which have t in the last syllable of the Nom- 
 inative sometimes change that vowel in the oblique 
 cases of the Singular into l> ; as ufiupinkii^ a garden , 
 i^uii.in^,^ or u/u,ijuif>q^ ; ilkiS a dispute, tlki^lt or ^^2i'^ ; 
 sometimes (in proper names) into b ; as D^^^t./' • 
 Gen. []f,..^bJ^ or |J^i.^fr,% . If the last vowel of the 
 Nom. be [• or «.l it is sometimes dropped in the 
 oblique cases ; as iif,pu,, upu,[, ; o^oi.i« , o^m^. The 
 same occurs, though more rarely, with «/ ; as ^ai^ 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives, as in English, are undeclined, except 
 when used as substantives. 
 
ASjEGTIVES. 19 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The Comparative degree is formed by prefixing 
 luubij, more, or it is the simple form of the Positive. 
 In either case it takes an Ablative of the noun ; 
 as mni.'iili'b piufii/i , or uinJbl^'L uii.bi[i fiiv/iip higher than 
 the house. Occasionally the ancient form of the com- 
 parative (terminating in ^«,t,) is met with, as ^i-oi, 
 fnfii belter, Jbh^mq-nfii greater. 
 
 The Superlative is formed from the Positive by pre- 
 fixing uiJbh (with oj for a union-vowel when the Ad- 
 jective begins with a consonant), as iMiJki,ai[i,.,p[, best, 
 uiJbhf.J'uiuui wisest ; or by a reduplication of the Positive, 
 as Jkh-uiJbff greatest, very great, ^mput^f, very bad ; or it 
 is (like the Comparative) a simple Positive in the de- 
 finite form construed with an Ablative of the noun 
 as uiJb'hIi'b Jbh-f, the greatest of all. 
 
 In the language of common conversation many 
 adjectives admit a sort of reduplication which gives 
 them the force of superlatives. 
 
 The syllable prefixed consists of the first consonant 
 of the adjective, (if it begin with a consonant), the 
 first vowel, and the letter i^ or •# , more rarely p or 
 •r , according as euphony requires ; thus i^gni.1, full, 
 l^ifi fltgn^'u brim full, 2^b"""k ^^'''oig^^i it"!' 2^"""^ P^''"' 
 fectly straight, tTm-P dark, Jni.ii Jm-p very dark, pitch 
 dark, i^inuli alone, J^u Jli'iimli all alone, quite alone. In 
 like maner, i^bi/i 2C^^.i/ij^ very white, tifi tp^u/b very long, 
 Pk-fi (or pip) *pti/^q^ very clean, &ni.ifi (or ^nuiT) &n,.n. 
 very crooked, &o. 
 
 The following forms are also a kind of Superlative, 
 i^^liui[,^ very small, from •yq^l'i small, Jlaliaiputfi^ very 
 
20 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Jine, (spoken of powder, or any thing in grains) from 
 iTuiitui, , a corruption of JhAi/i fine, small. 
 
 The termination l/lrl/ (occasionally ^a,l{) gives to ad- 
 jectives a diminiitive signification ; e. g. pbpL^li^ 
 rather light, S-jui^.^t-^ rather heavy, Jt&^ui^ rather large. 
 
 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 
 Cardinals. 
 
 Ordinals. 
 
 1. 
 
 Jii 
 
 tun.uj'S^'b 
 
 2. 
 
 bftLnu 
 
 hkv"i"t 
 
 3. 
 
 /•r^^e 
 
 bpftapq. 
 
 4 
 
 VP" 
 
 ^rr^ri 
 
 5 
 
 <;(,l.f 
 
 ^[^-hi^bpapq. 
 
 6. 
 
 ■Lh 
 
 4^d^C"Vlr 
 
 7- 
 
 hopn 
 
 bo fd% bpnpn. 
 
 8. 
 
 ni-pn 
 
 ni-lti bpnpn. 
 
 9- 
 
 f^lL 
 
 hubannpn. 
 
 10. 
 
 uituun 
 
 uituuhbpnpn. 
 
 11. 
 
 uitnubni-in^lf 
 
 JhutaMuuMbbnnnrt. 
 
 12. 
 
 tntuuh an unL. 
 
 bp ^ ninaiuiuh bp npn. 
 
 13. 
 
 uiiuubpn bo 
 
 bpbpaiiuuta'bbnrtnn. 
 
 14. 
 
 iitaiuhn^^pu 
 
 ^nphoujtMiuathbpnptt. 
 
 15. 
 
 intMiuhtiL. '^h'h if. 
 
 ^iq-bmiMiuufhbpnpn. 
 
 16. 
 
 miMiuhni-uha 
 
 ubyuiiuuutb bp np n. 
 
 17. 
 
 uiriMuhni-lgopn 
 
 bojfflbni.uiutubbpnpn. 
 
 18. 
 
 uitMtubnt^nt-pn 
 
 ni.br flLuiaiuubp npn. 
 
 19 
 
 ui iMM uhn L. phn 
 
 ^'b'hni-intMMubbnnnif. 
 
 20. 
 
 OUtMiU 
 
 ouiuhbpnpn. 
 
 21. 
 
 ^uu/hni^JJ^b 
 
 ^utn'bni-Jk^bpnpn. 
 
 22. 
 
 ^uiublipl^nL. 
 
 ouin'bbpUnL.bpnpn, 
 
 30. 
 
 b^ibuni-'U 
 
 bpbuniJhbpnpq. 
 
NUMERALS. 
 
 ^1 
 
 40* oain.uiunCb 
 
 60. ifuiPunJb 
 
 80. nufd-aniA 
 90. ^Vbunub 
 100. ^««/.^£.p 
 
 oOO. lipl*^ ^uip[ii.n 
 1,000. ^oi^u/^. 
 
 ^luawunt-itriinpf. 
 jhunubbpnnn. 
 i^l^unubbpnnn. 
 aofrtubuMuniJbannnn. 
 ni.punL.'bcrnnnn. 
 fib'bunL.'bannniT, 
 ^atppi-pbpnnn. 
 Irpl^nL. '^•iipfn.pbpnpn. 
 
 bP^'B ^tupfii-plrpnpq. 
 ^lUquMp bp np ij. 
 
 10,000. pb'-p or uituun ^oMOiun uiiitun ^atqiupbnnpif 
 
 From 11 to 19 the ordinals are frequently formed 
 from the cardinals by simply adding bpnpq. ; as mu/uti^- 
 •i^gl'pnpt sixUenlh, 
 
 The cardinals are sometimes employed instead 
 of ordinals ; as (Jan^u ^aui'bbp^ni. the twenty second 
 Psalm. 
 
 \fpii'tL. without a substantive expressed becomes bp^ 
 liau^p . In like manner uiJkii all, when its substantive is 
 understood, becomes uufk'b^ • 
 
 Value of the letters of the alphabet used as numerals. 
 
 iu 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 10 
 
 ? 
 
 100 
 
 K 
 
 1000 
 
 t 
 
 2 
 
 T 
 
 20 
 
 iP 
 
 200 
 
 •u 
 
 2000 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 L 
 
 30 
 
 J^ 
 
 300 
 
 £ 
 
 3000 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 -P 
 
 40 
 
 % 
 
 400 
 
 m 
 
 4000 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
 ■5 
 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 500 
 
 P 
 
 5000 
 
 «: 
 
 6 
 
 "? 
 
 60 
 
 B 
 
 600 
 
 a 
 
 6000 
 
 % 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 70 
 
 r 
 
 700 
 
 IT 
 
 7000 
 
 T 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 80 
 
 'y 
 
 800 
 
 ? 
 
 8000 
 
 P 
 
 9 
 
 T 
 
 90 
 
 I 
 
 900 
 
 5 
 
 9000 
 
3* ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 PRONOUNS. ^^ 
 
 Pronouns, as in other languages, are dividied in- 
 to Personal, Relative, Interrogative, Demonstrative, 
 and Possessive. Like the Shemitic dialects, the Ar- 
 menian has also pronominal suffixes. 
 
 The following is the declension of the Personal 
 Pronouns. The Accusatives all take the prefix //^ occa- 
 sionally, but those of the first and second persons not 
 commonly. 
 
 1. b" I- 
 
 Sing. Plur- 
 
 Norn. \}u\ , \yi>l^ we 
 
 Gen. ]»'/' or Itdfiu of me IJ^^/j or Jbi.f.'u of us 
 
 Dat. JkW or ^t<4^/F to or for Wbqji or Jbij_ to or iov 
 
 me us 
 
 Ace l»ij or q^u me W^I"L "** ?'^2. ^® 
 
 Abl. \<uh-Jk or f,-bk from W^bjiJk or Jtiik from us 
 
 me 
 
 Inst. I»if4^«ft^ with me. iJ^fr^'^n^ with us 
 
 2. '\^nL.ti thou. 
 
 Nom. 'l»iH.fc thou '\^i-.e ye 
 
 Gen« ^[Knt. or ^m-^liii of Qt^i or kbpl^li of you 
 
 thee 
 
 Dat. »1\A2^ or j^b,i_ to or Qfe^. or ^fr^A to or for you 
 
 for thee 
 
 Ace. 'f^*"z_ or q^hii_ thee i^frj. "'' ^f^^t you 
 
 Voc HY. 7^"'-^ thou \\'il_ ifjic^ ye 
 
 Abl. '■\\b^ or ^b-Li from iJt^ or Jfri,4^ from you 
 
 thee ■ ' ' 
 
 Insf. '(*>^2''"^ with thee ^ iifr^i^^ with ydu '„ 
 
PRONOUNS. ^3 
 
 3 ]^'iipQ , he, sh^, U. 
 
 Nom. ]*1i^fi he, she, it ]*plr%^ they 
 
 Gen- 1»^ or f,pkl, of him, lyfei^ of them 
 
 her, it 
 
 Dat- ]»/»fctf to or for him, Y^blig to or for them 
 
 her, it 
 
 AcG. ]»^^^ or qb'i'^n him, \\[ili%^ or q^plt%_g them 
 
 her, it 
 
 Abl. lyi/t from him, &c. \^pltbgJk from them 
 
 Inst. Ypirnif^ with, him, &c. ]*p irigirm/^ with them 
 
 The Datives of the Personal Pronouns are occasio- 
 nally used as Accusatives, and in like manner the 
 Accusatives (without »^) as Datives ; as ]»i*^ &bS^bgf,t, 
 They beat me, f* u^ ^^'L ^ ^""^^ '^ ^^^' 
 
 The Relative ap who, which, is applied equally to 
 persons and things. It is thus declined. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Wp who, which 
 
 {\pa'hj^ who, which 
 
 Gen. 
 
 {\pnu or npfi of 
 
 whom or of which 
 
 {\pnbg of whom &C. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 i]pnu or npfi to 
 
 whom or to which 
 
 [\pnbg to whom, &c. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 i]p or qi^t whom or 
 which 
 
 \\pnh^ or qnpnb_g 
 
 Abl. 
 
 llf"* from whom, &c. 
 
 Wpifbgdk from whom, &c. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 \\pnil_ with or by 
 
 {]prfbgJhil^ with or by whom 
 
 
 whom or which 
 
 &c. 
 
 The Interrogative Pronouns are, for persons if^ 
 who .' fpr things {•'^ti, what } The former, which is 
 
24 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 both singular and plural, is not declined, but takes 
 for its oblique cases those of np ; as Wp^i- w'-Af to 
 whom did you give ? WpnUgJk'^ ain.[,p from whom did you 
 take ? Yl^ is declined like the more usual form of 
 nouns, except that the Genitive and Dative Sing." is 
 {•"b^u , as well as /•I'lt''^- 
 
 The usual forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns are 
 luu , inu, , and u/b , though they occasionally appear 
 with the ancient forms '«/« , ™//f , and ui/b • The last 
 may serve as an example of the way in which they 
 are declined. 
 
 y^ , that, he, she, it. 
 
 Nom. yjb , lu-hf, , or l>A4<y V^"''^ those (persons or 
 that (person or thing.) things) 
 
 Gen. & Dat. y^np of or to On*a of or to those 
 that 
 
 Ace yiili , iMilifJ^iy , qmbf, I'.tinllp Or laibnb^ thOSC 
 
 or q,u^bl,l^uJJ that 
 
 Abl. y^lik , u/blikg , uAlil-g yjUnbgJk frOm thoSC 
 
 or uMbnpJk from that 
 Inst. 1>/.^ with that yjUntgJh.i^ with those 
 
 y,u this (rarely «.« ,) and mm that (but referring to 
 an object less distant than i«li) are declined in the 
 same manner. When joined with nouns all three remain 
 undeclined, like adjectives, as luu Jtupq.nJu of this man, 
 tub piu'bbpp those things. 
 
 These three demonstrative pronouns are sometimes 
 spoken of by the Armenians as personal ; mu being re- 
 garded as of the first person, and as having a refe- 
 rence to something near or connected with the 
 
SUFFIX PRONOUNS. 26 
 
 speaker, mu, oftheBecond, and relating to something 
 near or connected with the person addressed. {> is 
 of the third person, of coarse. 
 
 There are two other forms of the these Demonstrative 
 Pronouns in vulgar use ; viz. u[i , m[, and %[• as ad- 
 jectives, like liii/ , <um and mti ; and u^^/i or upjUiliiuj , 
 «"£# or ui/^illilimj , ond fc^ ^A or ii/j^/rij"^ . which are 
 used without nouns and are declined thus. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom & Ace \][nlb or uj^qiiliiuj Dn-ln'h^ 
 
 Gen. & Dat. Uf^<>/> \}e.'l"^9 
 
 Abl. D/iilnpi^ , uji^ig or Ufihlflig yjfi^^a'bgJt 
 
 Inst. \][i^ilnpJhil^ or uft^,l_ : \]i^iln%gJ'n,f_ 
 
 The Suffixes are appended to nouns and particles, 
 not to verbs. They are 
 
 For the Singular For the Plur. without a noun or pro- 
 
 noun in the Gen, case preceding 
 
 1 pers. u I pers. b(,ii,a or h^u 
 
 2 pers. If 2 pers. bph^if. or l/nf. 
 
 3 pers. £ or t/ 3 pers t^t«^ti or %[,% 
 
 Preceded by a Genitive, ^ or b for all the persons of 
 the Plural. 
 
 The forms tplifu , kp'tjl.q. and bplfi'ii are appended 
 to monosyllables ; "bpu , if,,}, and ifii to words of more 
 than one syllable. 
 
 The suffix for the^S p. Sing, and for the PI, is p 
 when the word to which it is appended terminates 
 
26 jilXMULpGY. 
 
 with a consonant, and % when it terminates with a 
 vowel. (» also becomes i before a word commencing 
 with a vowel, provided the two words are pronounced 
 in close connexion. 
 
 In signification these suffixes are generally iposses- 
 sive, and in conjunction with the Gen. case of nouns 
 or of the Personal or Demonstrative pronouns con- 
 stitute the usual mode of indicating the idea of pos- 
 session ; e. g- l'*^ wniJiiu my house, u/bnbg ^izTu/^^ theiv 
 condition. 
 
 Sometimes however they are personal and in appo- 
 sition with the nouns to which they are appended ; 
 as ll luj Ibqli i[,iup[iubg[i'blrpni-q. woB unto you Pharisees ! 
 When appended to prepositions, they are of course 
 personal, as ^m. ili'iuq. upon thee, i/J^^ii^u among us. 
 
 The Sing. Suffixes are appended to all the cases of 
 nouns. A noun with a plural suffix is thus declined. 
 
 Norn. & Ace y.ijpl'p'bliu our eyes. 
 Gen. & Dat. •u^bpbnt.u 
 
 Abl. y^^bplni-u or .u^bpbk" 
 Inst. W^bpn^/iu 
 
 The plural suffixes when they include the syllable 
 bp (which forms the plural of nouns) are somewhat 
 ambiguous ; thus mniXbiilif,^ may signify your house or 
 your houses. To express this distinction clearly in Ar- 
 menian we must say, for the former ibp atm.'bii , and 
 for the latter S^b^i •nnu'bbp[t^ . 
 
 In like manner the suffixes « and ^ or t< are used 
 as demonstratives after '"i and lui, ; as piupL ,uu 
 miubu peace to this house, (Matt. 10 : 12), .«i> uintlitt. 
 rom that house v. 14. This latter however coalesces 
 with the definite form of the noun. So does ^ or ir 
 
when used as a possessive suffix. They must be 
 distinguished by the connexion. That this suffix has 
 howevef a possessive force, and is not always to be 
 eckoned as a demonstrative pronoun or a defiiniter 
 article, is evident from such phrases as luunbg Jk^n 
 one of tliese, p>ju^iuunp[i1i Jk^p^ a eertain king, ni-pp^u iki"it 
 there is no othei' than he ; also from the analogy of the 
 possesive suffixes of the other persons- 
 
 The separate Poesessive pronouns, as has been re- 
 marked above, are the same with the Genitive cases 
 of the personal pronouns, as ^if or fn^li my, Jkp 
 or ilbpftli our, &c. When the substantive to which 
 Ihey belong is understood and they correspond to 
 mine, thine, &c. they are declined like nouns, taking 
 pleonasticaliy their appropriate suffixes ; thus. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 & Acc- ]»i/u or fii^'iiu YJ^Vultpu mine 
 
 Gen. 
 
 & Dat, Y't^" Y^Vhbpni-u of or to mine 
 
 Abl. 
 
 & ]»<i^iti# X^JliVblipku from mine 
 
 Inst. 
 
 \\Jli1inilu YJ^VLbpnilu 
 
 In like manner are declined f'-li'i- or ^nu^fiiiq. thine, 
 lipil or fplrltfi his, hers, its, Jtpp^ or Jkp[,%ii ours, ilrpp or 
 ibpptili^ yours, and f-pt'l'sn, theirs, the obliqUe cases 
 being always derived from the dissyllabic forms. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 The simplest form of he Verb in jKio.dep Armenia^ 
 is the Infinitive Mood, which may .therefpre be pro- 
 perly ;4:egarded as the root, although iif most Ancient 
 
28 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Armenian Lexicons the Present Indicative is so re- 
 garded. 
 
 Verbs liave in the Infinitive Mood four terminations, 
 viz. mi_ , ^/_ , [ii_ , and m.^ . 
 
 MOODS AND TENSES. 
 
 The Moods are five ; the Indicative, Imperative, 
 Subjunctive, Potential or Conditional, and Infinitive. 
 Their use does not differ materially from that of the 
 corresponding moods of English verbs, except that 
 the Infinitive is also a Gerund, and as such is de- 
 clined, both definitely and indefinitely, like nouns. 
 Thus •f-npf^bi^ to work, working, ifttp^b/ai- oj or for wor- 
 king, q-np^bik from working , ^apS-bia the working, yry- 
 h^binu'b of the working, &c. 
 
 The Tenses are seven, the Present, Imperfect 
 Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, First Future, and Second 
 Future. Respecting their use, see below, p. 47. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 The present Tense of the Indicative is formed from 
 the Infinitive by chaaging its final /^ into ■/* and pre- 
 fixng the syllable 4^ (in the case of monosyllabic roots 
 ^1"-) ; as pui%iuf_ to open, lut^piuitmiT I open ; ufii<ln_to love 
 Im u[iplnr Hove ; /!r.ou^^ to speak ^/i [uoulitT I speak ; /3n_ 
 ^•-l_ to have, lip^ pn^m-iT I leave ; nui to cy, ^m-iuJiT I 
 cry. 
 
 The Imperfect is formed from the Present by chang- 
 ing its final !«//" into ujjf, , L,r or fiJ" into kp and m-iT 
 into i7£.^ t as ^g puilnuji, , ^^ "tp^b 1 klLP"V-l' ■ k"'- H^b ' 
 
 The prefix ^^ appears only in the Present and Im- 
 
VERBS. 29 
 
 perfect Indicative. The following verbs do not take it 
 even in these tenses ; &■/■ I am, ^phunf I can, •/^/•mlnf' I 
 know and aJufnT I have. l|a/fiS-/i<r I think, sometimes 
 takes it. and sometimes not. li^ limph^lfi expresses an 
 opinion with rather more confidence than ^lup^ktr . 
 
 The Aorist * varies in different verbs, and must be 
 learned from the Lexicon. Nevertheless the following 
 general principles will be of use to the student. 
 
 1 . Regular active verbs in fr/^ change this termi- 
 nation into bgfi to form the Aorist, as liunniupb^ to finish, 
 
 Aor. ^uiutmpltgfi . 
 
 2. Causative verbs in giAb[_ or gm-lblri^ change this 
 termination into jn^^^ , as uLgiiblT[_ to blacken, Aor. uL^ 
 
 gaL.g[, • 
 
 3. Verbs in ii»l (except those in iimiJ agree with 
 those in b^^ . making the Aorist in u,g[i , as uiqiui^, to grind, 
 
 Aor. luqaigfi . 
 
 4. Those in imi^ generally make the Aor. in giy , as 
 
 JhiLUuii to forget, Jhngufj , ni.pui'Laii^ tO deny, ni-puigiy • 
 
 5. Verbs in ^i_ (and ri^i_ preceded by a vowel) change 
 this termination into bgiy , as ^ou^^ . [uoubgiuj . This 
 rule includes all regular Passive verbs. 
 
 6 . Verbs terminating in i-^f^ preceded by a consonant, 
 form the Aorist by changing this termination into u.j , 
 as Jtn-tf-i^ to die, Aor. ^«.m/ ; ^uiut(,i_ to arrive, Aor. <;u,. 
 
 The Perfect and Pluperfect are formed by combining 
 the Past Participle of the principal verb with the Pre- 
 sent and Imperfect of the auxiliary AiTt . 
 
 •I call this tense Aorist (though the Armenian grammarians call 
 it Perfect) because it corresponds in sense with the Greek Aorist, 
 and because the Armenian has another Perfect, corresponding in 
 form and use with the Perfect in other languages. 
 
 +More rarely n^piT I have ; as aitumJ- auii^iT I have seen, instead 
 of lalmrni bit* 
 
 6 
 
80 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 The first or simple Future is formed by prefixing 
 tyfnnl, to the Subjunctive Present, which is, in regular 
 verbs, the same as the Indicative Present without the 
 prefix .f^. Thus ly^M^ q.np(tbJ- 1 shall work (lit. it must 
 be that I work, or it is necessary that I work). 
 
 The Future Participle combined vrith the Present 
 tense of IriT gives another form of this tense. 
 
 The Second or compound Future consists of the First 
 Future of the auxiliary biT and the Past Participle of 
 the principal verb. 
 
 The formation of the tenses in the other moods will 
 be seen in the Paradigms. 
 
 THE AUXILIARY VERB bir I am. 
 
 The substantive verb lnT I am, being an auxiliary, 
 fifSt claims attention. It is strictly a defective verb, 
 its wanting tenses being supplied from imuiL to become. 
 It is thus varied. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 Singular. Plural 
 
 h'^ I ^"^ b*ip we are 
 
 ^o thou art ]>p ye are 
 
 \^ he, she, or it is j^-b they are 
 
 IMPERFECT, 
 
 j»Jt I was l.J^'ie we were 
 
 l^A/" thou wast ]^[fg ye were 
 
 \^P he was l^^t, they were 
 
AUXILIARY VERB. 31 
 
 ' ■' " " AORISTi, i'C , .. 
 
 Xfquif I was bTi^V w® were 
 
 \?gHtp thou wasi bt'"^ ye were 
 
 bif"*- ; he was hq^tf they were 
 
 • epebfect. 
 
 Ij^iu*^ tiT I have been bqw^ tig we have been 
 ^y^^ bu thou hast been b^^ -^ ye have been 
 b^-"*- 4^ he has been \j^q^^ hit they have been 
 
 or \}qbp bj" , \iiibf, bu , &c. 
 
 ■ PLUPERFECT. 
 
 \}riui& ifi I had been b^""*" ^/^.p we had been 
 
 ty.^*4;/Yi thou hadet been bt""*" '^Ap ye had been 
 b^*^ 4^^! he had been btf"*^ '^^^ t^^y '^^^ heea. 
 or \^qbp kp . b^fr/i ifi, , &c. 
 
 I*IE8T FUTURE. 
 
 (i)j(u>^ pjiuhT I ighall be ^il^m^ [iiu"^^ we shall be 
 
 •ij^u.^ ^/A<«u thou wilt be 'ij^u>^ CZt"',P y^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 <i|^iii^ £^i«/ he will be <t)^„^ /i/tmh they will be 
 
 or J* fjuifni. biT , (* flaunt, bu , J* ^jtiint. k > &C. 
 
 SECOND FUTURES 
 (l|^in^ bijiii^ filj^r I, or ibifw^ fnfimfi {^[tiuir , piUVU ■> &C. 
 
 I shall have been 
 
 ITERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 W«"L Ciy^'^ ^6* ™^ ^e r«l'"'L CIP"^-!! ^®* "^ ''^ 
 
 b^P/- be thou Ij-ikp or bq^ff be ye 
 
 W^t fifa^f : Ipt JjW0i b^ (c)«?_ czt'"* let them be 
 
S3 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT AND FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 p ipuit that or if I be |* lU"'''^ that or if we be 
 
 [^Ijjuu that or if thou be \\ii!"^ that or if ye be 
 \\iyif that or if he be (» fuiib that or if they be 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 i\iu"jp that or if I were p ipyf'.S ^^^^ *"■ ^^ ^® were 
 \\iyjtc that or if thou [\iiiy['^ that or if ye were 
 
 wert 
 (*^^ii»fi that or if he were \\iuyt'i' that or if they 
 
 were 
 
 PERFECT AND SECOND FUTURE. 
 
 Ij^iui- niiu'J' , iiiy"" , &c. that or if I have been, or 
 shall have been 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 t^m* piuyli , i^ujfute < ^°' t^^t o*" if I should have 
 been 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 [beside the form of the Present]. 
 
 , (' (uuint-fiiiuiir , [tipuu,&.c. that or if I should hereafter 
 be" 
 
 POTENTIAL or CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 <i|^u.^ i-jipyf, , iiiuy(>p , &c. I should be or have been 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 <i)^u.^ b-iait^ Piuyf' I ciyyl'c ? &c. I should have been 
 
REGULAR VERB. S3 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 {\lUMil_ to he. Varied as a Gerund, f/ti"fn«. of being, 
 Piuuik from being, mu^ifL with, by, or on account of 
 being. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present ly^nt l''^ aWT.] being 
 Past \}qint^ or bqbp having been; 
 Future p ^m^t. about to be. 
 
 Of the four endings of Regular Verbs i-iT is the most 
 frequent. An example in that ending will therefore be 
 given in full. 
 
 CONJUGATION of the REGULAR VERB 'Mll'VlfUl)' to work. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I work or I am working 
 lingular, Plural. 
 
 hiL q-np^i'ir Mil t"p^^'''^* 
 
 \\p q.np^bu lie fnp&iip 
 
 lip tMjtpi^k llpfnpi^ht, 
 
 "- ^ ' IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was working or 1 wrought habitually 
 
 l|^ ^npHp lie I^PHIAS 
 
 Mil t"c^^t'P 'i^ tnpHi-^ 
 
 1)2 q.npHp Mil fpHi-'i' 
 
 * Some use tJ^ as the termination of the 1st pers. Plur. confor- 
 ming to the Ancient Armenian. • But this is considered pedantic. 
 
34 ET¥MOLO©y. 
 
 AOJBIST. , 
 
 I wroiaght ^r I have wrought 
 
 PERFECT. 
 I have wrought 
 
 *|»iy4-<ii^ ba '■\*nph-ui^ t^ 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I had wrought 
 
 *|»n^i-tt»4- kp •|»n^6-iii4- it^lf 
 
 or ^\>npi-bp kt > f of^fr/' itj^/i , &C. 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 I shall work or I will work 
 
 ^\\hinti ji.nno-btP ^\fimfi o.nnh-b'bD 
 
 ^l^tfi^ q.nnv-bu MJAmA q.nno-^o 
 
 ^^flutfi q-apO-f; ^\^mfi if.nph^bii 
 
 OT *\-\npi^bfnL. bif , ^np^b/niL bu , fcc- 
 
 SECOND FUTURB. 
 I shall have wrought 
 
 '|»iip*iif» ufjiaiji ftjtiuif '■\-tnp\uih- uMJiaifi nnuitta 
 
 ^l^fY/io-iua- u^Jiuj^i piuy ^j»nii^tfi6- ujfiin/t nnuiti 
 
REGULAR VERB. 36 
 
 rMPERATltE MOOD. 
 if)mq^ fnpS-ttJ' let me work f<)w^ y.»/i8-&i^ let us work 
 «hofi*^ work thou *]^npi^bg§^ work ye 
 
 {()viq^ fitfii't let him work f()>i»t q^np&bij let them work 
 
 5 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT AND FIBST FUTURE. 
 That I work or if I work 
 
 *\xnp&lru 'l^n/i^i^ 
 
 *hnpH ^\^np&bi. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 That or if I should work 
 
 ^\xnpH['p ^l^npHfi^ 
 
 '^l^npHp ^l^npHfit, 
 
 PERFECT AND SECOND FUTUR'E. 
 That or if I have wrought, or should have wrought 
 
 ^\vipi-iiii- pjiwif ^^tnp&^S' ft^iifult^ 
 
 PLUPERFEGT. . ,, 
 
 That or if I had WP6ught, or should have wrought 
 
 *\-^npi-uih- IfJUy^ *^\\npi-aii- pipyf^^ 
 
 *^ltnp6-iai- piuyl'p *|»n^4-i«i6- pjpyjig 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 [2d form] That <>»• if I should hereafter, work 
 
 *|-»»^io-A^i. pitiuiP '■\-\npi-lr^i. p^fpulig 
 
 ^\t.nph-h^L. /tjijuiu *\tnpi-bini. Piyig 
 
36 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 POTENTIAL or CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 I would or should work or have wrought 
 
 flj^ui^ ^np^kp <l|^ui^ if.npS-kfil'fi 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 I would or should have wrought 
 
 "j^ui^ q.nph-ui^ inuyp <l|^ui^ qjipi-uii- p^iayfiti^ 
 
 *i\^inp q.nph^uih- nifjujfip <l|^ui^ qjipO-iu& l^fUfuti^ 
 
 <l|^ui^ ^np&ui& pip^p '^fiinfi ^npi-uiS- UlUyfi'^ 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 ^)^np&hi^ to work. Varied as a Gerund thus ; Gen. 
 
 and Dat. q-nph^binu 1 Abl. q-np&lrik . InSt q.npi^b/ni/^, of, 
 
 to, from, by, working. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 ^\,.np&ai^ Pipui^ to have wrought- Varied in like 
 manner. Gen. and Dat. if-npi^m^ piu^ini. , Abl. q.np&uii- 
 EUr"l^ ' Iiist. q-npiraii- i^iui'i^'l_ . of, to, from, by, having 
 wrought. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 ^\',np&nq_ [or if.np&on^] working. 
 
 PAST. 
 ^\-^np&lrp or qjip^uii- haviug wrought. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 *]^np^biai. about to work. 
 
REGULAR VERB . 37 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I]/, fnp&ni-f, lj2 ^np &„../,% 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 lll^^np&ni.if, \\[li.nph-ni.kli'b^ 
 
 Ij/i ifiip^ni-tp 1]^ n-npi^ni-klili 
 
 AORIST. 
 
 '■Y^ph-ni.bguij '■{>.nph-ni.lrgta'b_g 
 
 *\xnph-ni.bgiup *-\->.np&ni-bgaio 
 
 ^\\ttph-nt.bgaiL. ^]\api-ni.lrgtu'b 
 
 PERFECT. 
 ^\\npi-ni.ui& bif *]tnpi-iii.uii- bio 
 
 *\^npi-ai.iu& bu *\-tapi-ai.ai& f;a 
 
 *|-»/i^6-HLa»* t ^\\npS-nLiui' bti 
 
 or *]->.np&ni.bp bif 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 ^\tnp^ni-ui& ifi ^\\np&nt.aih- k/iti^ 
 
 ^|%ff/i6-ffi.uJO. i;bp \\apo-nuuio- khp 
 
 *|»n/i6-iii.iii4' kp *|-»i7^S-/ji.iii6- i^^i 
 or ^\\nph-ai.bp kfi 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 <ljAi»yi q-nph-ni-liit ^ • '■i\fim[i q.nph-ni.fi'bp 
 
 (l|/rui^ fnp&ai.[iu ^mitn/i q-npi-nt-fip 
 
 (l|Auf^ q.ttp&ni-p ^mimfi q.np&ai.fi'it 
 
 or *-\%opi-ni.bfni- biT 
 
 •Also written f£f.«{ii/>^i/* , f^fn^t-^^Kt &c. 
 
 6 
 
^ ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 SECOND PUTURB. 
 
 <l|^iii^ q.np6-ni.ui^ pjpuu <t\[iin{i q-np^nt-aih- p/U"^ 
 
 »\[,inp n-apt^ai-iab^ pjuf^} <l|^ui^ q.npifai.aA pjuub 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 [i\^"q_ q-npi^ni.p'f li)>"q^ q-nph^ai-fili^ 
 
 *'Y>.nph-ni.^ ^X^nph-nubg^^ 
 
 (()v>^ q.np&ni-(i |(l»"t ij.nph-ni.liU 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT AND FIRST FUTURE, 
 
 •|»n^4-ni.^ir 
 
 '■\tnp&ni-pbp 
 
 ^\vtpi-ni-[iu 
 
 '■\tnpS-ni-fi^ 
 
 ^\tapi-nu[i 
 
 *|»#i^i-oi-^l» 
 
 
 IMPERFECT," 
 
 ^\\npi-ni.kp 
 
 '■\xnpi-ni-kp'i>f 
 
 *\\npi-nL k^p 
 
 ^\tnpi-ni-k{'^ 
 
 *\\nph-ni.l;p 
 
 ^\\np&nt.kl'ii 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 AND SECOND FUTURE. 
 
 ^Y^nphnuiuO' pnuMiP 
 
 *\-^np&ni-uii- plUftl^ 
 
 ^|-knn6-ni.ufO- p/gatu 
 
 ^\\nph-ni-ua& piunp 
 
 ^\^npO'nt-us& pipy 
 
 ^Y^nphnt-uiv nijju'b 
 
 
 PLUPERFECT, 
 
 ^^^npvnt-uMO- piuyh 
 
 ^\'snph-nutuh- p[U'u[i'^^ 
 
 *|*/f/io-fi£.*«o- piWijhp 
 
 f-^npo-ni-uio- PlJjyliR 
 
 ^\-\nph-ai.uih- pifjup 
 
 \\npa-aL.tua- piLuyFf' 
 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 ^\\nph-ni.bpti. p^fijuiT 
 
 '■y^nph-ni-binu pj[iuitip 
 
 *'\-^np&aubiai. pfUfu 
 
 \\np&ni.&tnL. pnuta 
 
 ^\\nph-ai.bini. pjuy 
 
 ^f^npi-ni.bpjL. pjiuA 
 
REGULAR VERB. 
 POTENTIAL or CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 PRESENT. <|»»/i8-fli-n«L 
 
 PAST. *\tnpi-nuui& OT q.aph-nuhp 
 FUTURE. ^nphnubfnL 
 
 OF VERBS TERMINATING IN p.l^, M^, and fllM,- 
 
 Verbs in u,i_ preserve the «« throughout the Indica- 
 tive, Inttperative, Subjunctive, Potential and Infini- 
 tive Active ; as l{uipq.mi^ to read, Plfes. Ind. ^p^ ^•upq.uiJ', 
 
 ^p'^iupq-iuu I l^p liHiptfjiy , Ifp^itipq-iuip^ If^p l^uip 1^.01^ i ^nqulp^ 
 ii-iub . Imp. l£nLtM>pn.tM3jfi , l^pl^uipii.iu^pp > uphuipq-uip t otC- 
 
 Aor. Iitupq.iug[, &c. The present and Past Participles 
 generally take an additional syllable derived from the 
 form of the Aorist ; as liiupq.iugnq_ < ^lupq-uigbp , l/utp^ 
 qjuguii- . The last two appear of course in the com- 
 pound tenses of the Verb. The Passive Voice also 
 exhibits this additional syllable ; as ^p^mpq-uigai-l, it 
 is read. 
 
40 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Verbs in Jku^^ generally make the Aorist Indicative 
 in giuj and the Imperative in ^^p , as Jhn.'buiJ' to for- 
 get., JhiLgiy , iPiiLgfiit . But p-uiLiuiT makes p-'»gl' and pjig . 
 
 Those in ^/^ are generally declined like the Passive 
 voice; as ^/jpiou^tT I speak, ^ppioufiu, ^ji^ptou/, , &c- Imp. 
 ^li^fuouif, , Aor. [uouhgiy , Imperative /uoof , Participles 
 luou/ifj^, fuoubp , [uouuii^ . But some, especially those 
 which terminate in i^iT preceded by a consonant 
 change that termination into »/ for the Aorist and into 
 fip for the Imperative ; as JkitXl^i^ to die, Aor. Jkajy , 
 
 Imp. ilbn-jip . 
 
 I believe the only verb in m-j^ now in use [is pnqni.i_ 
 to leave or permit, which preserves its proper wovel and 
 like verbs in u„r has the additional syllable in the Pre- 
 sent and Past Participles ; thus ^^pn^nuiT, ln^p^nqnuu, 
 
 Ln Pnani, * Lp Pnqni-'bo < Ln Pnqni-o , Lp P'nnni.'b t Imp • 
 ^p paqnt-fi , Aor- paqni-gfi > ParticiplcS pnqnLgnq^, pn^ 
 nni^gbp J Pnnnugui^ • 
 
 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES 
 OF REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 In order to aid the learner in becoming familiar with 
 the forms of these different classes of verbs, a table is 
 subjoined exhibiting several examples of each kind 
 with their principal forms. 
 
S 
 
 
 FORMS OP VEKBS. 41 
 
 ^^^.5, , a S 's i i^l,"t* 
 
 
 ft eJ ?J4 
 
 
 1,^ i r bJbj B 
 
 b. zr j3 ^ E 2 I ev*. 
 
 
 h5 .9 .9 5- 
 
 ►-i .S 9 5- s 
 
 § I L * '^ -r^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 « 5 » 5-X5-V. ^ a^ tB i „ a M 
 
 B5 ■§ .«^ ^ 
 
 <o 
 
 g . ^ . . * I ^r 
 
 
 •2 g ^ r- 
 
 ^ « ^ B 
 
 V 
 
 > ?R"0 or© flc52 
 
 « *^-So-ia ^ BJ ■^ u «o»2 
 
 ^ij^S- let ssgptj sJr' ,1 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 
 I 
 
 P4 
 
 J- 
 
 
 >t 
 
 ft, a^ Sj a 
 
 0.6^0 
 . O vb 
 
 vb 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 f-> 
 <o 
 
 sill 
 
 m 
 
 03 
 
 IT "-^ 
 
 k ° 'k 
 
 I 3 S 
 
 r a ^ 
 
 3 
 
 0« 
 
 Cm 
 
 o 
 3 
 
 *b 
 3 
 
 ^5> 
 
 
 3 ^ g 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 O 
 
 ■V si / 
 
 e 
 
 I- 
 
 *b 
 3 
 
 r5; 
 
 I- 
 
 3 
 ^5! 
 
 Ps-Ja 
 
 IS.' 
 
 3^ 
 
 r 
 
 OS I 
 
 m 
 
 on o 
 
 ■3 +3 o 
 ■^ O *" 
 
 I 
 
 3 a 
 
 •3 
 
 -si 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 tH fcl ft t, 
 
 o o o § 
 
 i*' 1 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 3 V>V>'g 
 
 ho 
 
 '■+3 
 <^ 
 
 a 
 
 to ^ 
 
 -s i= I I s 
 
 W 
 
 m 
 
 ID -S a) ft) 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 o o o o 
 
FORMS OF VERBS. 
 
 i 
 
 s s 1 1/^ 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 i 
 
 •^ J . "J- 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 El ^ ^ 
 
 
 few ^' ' 
 
 t S7i|i , II III 
 
 S JT *f Si& 'B ^21 s* B 9 
 
44 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 NEGATIVE VERBS. 
 The negative of the auxiliary fr«r is formed by pre- 
 fixing the letter ^ ; as ^if I am not, ^ he, she, or it is 
 not. The same rule applies to ^uy there is, and to n*— 
 iifiiT I have ; as ^"'/» there was not, ^L.1i[,%f we have not, 
 Also substantially to all the tenses of the regular Verb* 
 except the Present and Imperfect Indicative. The Ne- 
 gative form of these two tenses is obtained by prefixing 
 the Negative of the auxilary verb for these two tenses 
 to a participial form ending in /> and derived from the 
 root by changing its final ^^ into that letter, as ^.r p.m^ 
 'bull, ^ ^° '*"* open, ^iT Pnqai.p I do not leave. If the verb 
 terminate in fr^ , this participle, though Present in si- 
 gnification, coincides in form with the Past Participle 
 
 in Irp, as ibiT q.npS-irp ; if in mi_ ,!•[_, OV ni-i_ , it doCS 
 
 not ; as ^iT jnt-ump , Past Participle jm-uutghii , ^•r 
 uiuib[,[, , Past Participle mwpbp , ^J' pnqni.p , Past 
 
 Participle, P^nqnugbp : 
 
 In the 3d pers. Sing, of the Present tense the Auxi- 
 liary is dropped, and the Participle only appears with 
 the negative prefix. 
 
 Some writers instead of uniformly employing a 
 simple ^ use ^b (as a separate word) when the verb 
 begins with a consonat and ^ (as a prefix) only when 
 it begins with a wowel ; thus, ^ ^mj there is not, ^t mb.. 
 uuy I did not see. But^uy and ^bumj appear to be in 
 accordance with the most approved usage. 
 
 In tenses formed by a participle and an auxiliary the 
 negative prefix is attached to the auxiliary and not to 
 the participle. In the Future it may be attached either 
 to i,/(iin[, or to the verb. The latter is most approved. 
 
 It will be sufficient to give the forms of the nega- 
 tive verb for the Indicative Mood ; thus 
 
 •For the negative form of the Imperative see below. 
 
^Itu q.npS-lrp , 
 
 Otif^ i^nph-bp 
 
 NEGATIVE VERB. 46 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Sing. 
 
 I am not working, 
 thou art not workitig, 
 he is not working' ", 
 Plur. 
 
 we are not working, 
 '■2kB ffp^bp , ye are not working, 
 
 Ofri ^npi^irp : thsy are not working. 
 
 Imp. ^p q-nph-bp I ^^p q.np^trp , ^p ^np^kp , &C. 
 
 Aor. ^npi^bgfi , ^npi-bg^p , ^Hp&bg , &C. 
 
 Pert, q.nph'ui^ ^iT , if.nph'uih- ybu , a.nnh-aA fk i &C. 
 
 Plup. tf-nph-aih- ^p , if:itphvuh- ^[ip , &0. 
 
 first rUt> affnn[i j^nph-bif , Uffiuip ^lip^tro i ufjiUifi i^-^P- 
 
 H , &C. or iuifiinj, q.np^bW , &C. 
 Second Fui. ^nph-aih- mlnnfi ^[uutf Ot Mph-aii- i^lii"!^ 
 
 The negative particle for the 2d person of the 
 Imperative is not ^but <^' . (Compare the Greek n^). 
 The form of the verb in that person is derived from 
 the Infinitive by changing its final i_ into /» for tiie Sin- 
 gular and into ^ for the Plural. 
 
 The paradigm of the Imperative negative verb will 
 therefore stand thus ; 
 
 Sing. 
 
 1 i(}xiq_ iqjipibiT , 
 
 let me not work. 
 
 2 \y/i fiip^bp , 
 
 do not (thou) work, 
 
 3 [d^ii^ i^npi^k . 
 
 let him not work ; 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 1 l*)'*'^ ^npibi^g , 
 
 let us not Wort, 
 
 2 Wli ^pi^kp . 
 
 do not (ye) work. 
 
 3 |«)»"'t ^npi-bti t 
 
 let tbem not Work. 
 
 7 
 
46 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 IMPEESONAL VERBS. 
 
 These are regularly conjugated so far as the third 
 person, singular is concerned ; thus l^'ailiipLk it rains. 
 Imperfect li'iM/uipLkp it was raining, Aorist uibipLbg it 
 rained or has rained, First Future u^f-uifi iuiii(iLk it vdll 
 rain, &c. 
 
 l\iuj thsre is is used only in the Present and Imperfect 
 tenses of the Indicative Mood. Unlike other imperso- 
 nal verbs, it has a plural form, as follows. 
 Present Sing. Ifuy there is Plur. ^mi- there are. 
 Imperfect Sing. ^i"/> there was, Plur. l/aij^t, there were- 
 
 Intransitive verbs sometimes exhibit a Passive form, 
 used impersonally, and denoting the possibility of per- 
 forming the action expressed by those verbs ; thus 
 ll'biini.[i itis possible to go up, from ^/tAf^ to go «p, ^'kpPni.fi 
 
 or ^'lrpq.iugnup it is pOSsiblc tO gO, from bpptui_ to go. 
 
 (Camp, the Latin curritur.) They are used for the 
 most part with a negative ; as^ppmgm-lip itis impossible 
 to go. 
 
 •DERIVATIVE VERBS. 
 
 By adding *««^ or mt-ii/^ to almost any adjective a 
 verb may be formed, signifying to acquire the quality 
 expressed by the adjective ; e. g. from puipip high 
 comes piupiputttui[_ to be elevated, from ajq^mtn poor comes 
 iuqjfiuinui'iiuij_ to become poor, &c. 
 
 Yerbs ending in gpubi^or gnu%bi_ave Camaiive, and 
 are derived, generally from Neuter, but in a ievf in- 
 stances, from active verbs by changing the termination 
 of the Aorist, 5^ . g>y , or ay when that tense has 
 not 5. in its last syllable, intoj^iA/^; as i^iupq.uii_ to 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 47 
 
 read, Aor. ^uipq.wg[, , Causative verb ^utpq.uigi^bi^ to 
 came to read, to instruct in reading ; Jnn.tiiv[^to forget, Aor. 
 
 Jaivguij , CaUS. V. JaiLgfiL &£_ tO CUUSC tO forgCt ; ^iBiii*/ 
 
 to arrive, Aor. ^aiuuij , Caus. v. ^luugi^hi^ to cause to 
 arrive ; ni.mbi_ to eat, Aor. irreg. it/ny , Caus. v. ^V" 
 SIL^^L '" c'^wse to eat, to feed. 
 
 Those verbs which do not form Causatives, supply 
 their place by the various forms of wi"^ to give, here 
 in the sense of to cause, with their own Infinitive ; e. g. 
 fnpS-lii_ inui[_ to cause to work, to set at work , ^npi^bgphlit 
 not being authorized by good usage. So A^l*l to rise, 
 though a neuter verb has no Causative, and conse- 
 quently we must say bi^L^i^ •"•^l ; or the place of this 
 phrase may be supplied by some other verb, as ^fr^. 
 
 SI^^L °'" ^•"'''^L * ^® ™^y ^'s° ^^y ^^Pai^^'L """L ' 
 Jbtig^bl^ mwi_ to employ another to raise, to kill, &c. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 These are not numerous, and their anomalies are 
 chiefly , confined to the Aorist Indicative, the Impe- 
 rative and the Participles. The Present Imperfect 
 and Future of the Indicative, and the simple tenses 
 of the. Subjunctive, are uniformly regular. The com- 
 pound tenses, of course, follow the Participles. 
 
 Those Aorists which end in ty are declined like 
 the Aorist of Passive verbs. Thus b^iy , bli,up , *_ 
 lliu^ , bliiu'h^ , blfa^p b^ii/b . Thosc ending in /^ also 
 take u/i. in the third person singular '; as «<ii^ , •»-. 
 
 n.A/1 t uin-uiL. I uin.fth^ , iun.fi^ i wn-fib t But fwg^ beCOmCS 
 
 in the third person Sing, fiiw^ ^ 
 
48 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL 
 PARTS. 
 
 Infinitive. Aor. Imper. Pres. Part. Past Part. 
 
 \^n.'b&f^ to tElke uin-p uit. uirLban uitiiuh- Ot lun-bp 
 
 •|»iii^ to come b^iy tr/in or fr^n^Or lr^iu& or Ir^ip 
 
 bun t-n tLUMinn 
 \-^fiuia^ or q-fiin^ i^fiingiuj q-jtingUp q.fiuiaitn if-^inaatir OT if-^'"'- 
 
 'bu,[_ to know ghp 
 
 |>uiXrfr^ to find. 1^""'U 'f't'C a-uiiinn ajnaii- OV q-intrn 
 
 \ibbi_ to put tpl' 1-pP ifiinn q.paii- OT q-p^p 
 
 ^Ur'L '^^ ^IP"L ^LfJ ^I^P "'^ ^IU"1_ bfuii- or bfbp 
 
 to rise ^^ 
 
 FotJfJ- see pip.'L. i t"'3"i_ „.„„„4- 
 
 bf./*-./. to go ^o-^Aor ^i«; I q.-bu.g„^ ^jj. " . 
 
 fliuigfi ( or bfiflnq^ *" '' * 
 
 ,-J"p'^^l_ to - l^pllli l^pk quip'Unnauipl^aih- QV quip^ 
 
 Strike ^bp 
 
 i\ll^L ^'^ ^® ^2!^ ^iJ^P bqnq_ bqui& OT bqbp 
 
 or piw'L 
 (^ii^£_ to do ppIi pplf p'^"i_ ppwi- or ppbp 
 
 i\"^L *° ^^y £"1" P"^ P""!. p"!"^ or pubp 
 
 Idypbbi^tO spit P^JiOT pn..g /3pr.rt^ ppu.^, Pac^uii^, 
 P"''^b P^lrp or pnugbp 
 
 Ivt""/ to fall ^ ^^^-^ f-^'lff tH"!. I'H"'^ < Mh > 
 
 (pyip-j pbiipp t>j-h„i^ pbiiu.^ OT py^bp 
 
 |»£i.frL to des- ^£«y [.f^p tt!-!. hl^'^ . or [.^bp 
 cend 
 
 |]*«l,A^ to enter .ftiiB/ iTrnfip JhAnq^ Jinu,^ or iTmbp 
 
 []..u,bi^ to eat libpuy ^Iff. „..u.„^ libprnl^ or Ifbpbp 
 
 ^"'L to giV6 uini-l, u„iLp innunq^ uini.ii.d^ Or uinLbp 
 
 VJ«.l^^ to carry uiiif/.^ muip iauibntj_ Ufupui!^OTu,a,pbp 
 
 yfbutbf^ to see utbu^ uiBu or mba1.nq_ mbaiMi& OV mbubp 
 
 mbupp 
 
lUSE OF THE TENSES. 49 
 
 The Passive of '^l'i_ is ipm-in^ , of anu^ , aipni.[,i_ . 
 (or uiuignt.pf_) and of utaA^i_ i miupm-fii^^ . (' iiA-^ has no 
 proper passive, but nivfL i^ employed instead in the 
 sense of to 6e done. ; 
 
 USE OF THE TENSES. 
 
 The Present ordinarily desigates either present or 
 habitual action ; as ij^^/ifr./' lam writing , or simply [ 
 write- It is not unfrequently however used as a Future, 
 especially in giving a promise ; as ^'bpPu,,r I will go ; 
 also as a Potential ; as ^^ ^mpq-aigni-f- it can be read, it 
 is legible, li'^ipy it can be done. 
 
 The Imperfect expresses 
 
 (a) Action past, but incomplete at the time referred 
 to ; as ^p ^lupfiuii he was readi ng ; 
 
 (b) Repeated action ; as ^^ ^mpnqkp he was in the 
 habit of preaching ; 
 
 (c) Conditional action ; as ^m. utm/li pk np , . , I 
 would give, or / would have given, if . . . 
 
 The Aorist or Simple Preterite is the historic tense. 
 It states an action as completed in past time, specified 
 or not, and having or not having a relation to the 
 Present ; as fi<lrg[i I wrote, or / have written. 
 
 The Perfect or Compound Preterite seems to express 
 primarily the idea of being in the position of one who did 
 or has done any thing. Thus q.pw^ biT or n-php bJ' , (lit. 
 / am having written) I occupy the position of one who wrote 
 or has written. That this tense has not always the 
 same reference to the present time which our En- 
 glish Perfect has, is evident from the fact that it is 
 used with specifications of Past time, when the state 
 of things implied by the recorded action continues . 
 thus \fplini.2uipp-likti flrqa q-uigbp k , ds long ago a $ 
 
 8 
 
S& ETYMOtOGf¥. ^^ 
 
 Monday he went to the cowntry (ani remcdm "ifeere still). 
 
 Hpnce the Aorist and Perfect may often be used indif- 
 ferently ; as 'if uiJli^tilrpp q-pbglPp , or q-piuh^ bu , jffme 
 you written the letters 1 q-phgl, , or ^pu»S- biT , I have written 
 them ; the former referring simply to the action per- 
 formed, the latter alluding to the condition of the 
 actor after having accomplished his task. 
 
 This secondary or indirect mode of bringing out 
 the idea of a past action gives ris6 to another Use 
 of their Perfect, viz. to state a fact, of which the 
 the narrator has not been an eye-witness, or which 
 he has learned from circumstantial evidence. Thus 
 if I say (\n^<^iuVbia ij-pkp k •uu "hujJailiiii^ , it means / 
 have been informed or I have reason believe that John wrote 
 this letter ; but if I say . . . ^pbg » . . then every 
 Armenian will understand me as affirWiing that I 
 saw him write it, or at least that I know the fact in 
 the mo^t positive manner. See also the remark 'on 
 
 bqlfp , p. 51. 
 
 Of the two participial forms from which this tense 
 is compounded, the one in u,^ possesses more of an 
 adjective character than that in tp ; (hence the use 
 of such phrases as ft if i^iufumS- inm.'bu the house which I 
 sold, the form in bp not being employed in a similar 
 way ; ) and to this we may perhaps attribute the fact 
 that the Perfect with a negative employs exclusively 
 the form in luS- ; as ^^luS- ^j' ; [ have not written. We 
 cannot say j.pbp ^j^ , and ^bj^ ^pbp is Present ; 
 though colloquially the ^ of the negative Perfect is 
 sometimes prefixed to the participial form, and then 
 either ending may be used indifferently ; thus ^^mS- 
 biT , or ifpbp bit , J have not written. 
 
OF CERTAIN PARTICLES OCCASIONALLY APPENDED 
 TO VERBS. 
 
 The syllable frt^i is colloquially added to the sev- 
 eral persons of the Priesent and Imperfect tenses 
 of verbs to give emphasis ; as Im pttiiiuiJ' ^np I am 
 actually now opening, ^^ q.np^hu l^np thou art actually 
 working, &c. 
 
 The syllable'i<t is frequehtly added' to verbs in the 
 Subjunctive Mood ; as fV'/. "p q^"p^t l-t iDhoever work; 
 also to the Indicative, giving it the force of a Sub- 
 junctive ;' as n«-^ ftp libppuiu %k iohirevcr ybu go ; some- 
 times it has tlie sense of pl^ np if, and in that case 
 Pi n(, may bfe omitted ,• as (c}>t «/> putu it or simply 
 pulru "lit If you say. 
 
 b7_% . the Past Participle of the Verb pipff^to be, 
 (like the Turkish imish) appended to a verb in the 
 Present or a past tenSe, implies that the fact stated 
 is not one of which the narrator has been an eye- 
 witness, but that he has been informed of it by some 
 one elfee, and' is nearly equivalent to / am irifornied, 
 or It must be that ; Thus (dfiiK^iuLn/i^ ^ai. ^uj/ Itilrp I 
 understand that the King is coming. 
 
 \y[i appended to Srerbsis interrogative ; as ^n<.^mo 
 J^ are you coming? 
 
 All these particles belong to the language of con- 
 versation, rather than to that of books. Indeed the 
 best writers now entirely avoid them. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 : Adverbs are either 
 
 I Primitive ; as <^^Jat now, bg^ yesterday, ^«#^c to- 
 
53 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 morrow, i^^ always, ^nu here, ^iAJ there, lyA yes, n^ , 
 ^ , no, &c. or 
 
 2 Derived from other parts" 'of speech ; e. g. 
 
 (a) Adjectives without change ; as ^m much,^fi^ 
 little, unuin falsely, ui'imiinpJ' unmercifully, uAjnju hopelessly, 
 &c. 
 
 (b) Adjectives with the termination <yti# or pwp 
 joined by a union-vowel, generally .« ; as <;nfLnpmii^iu 
 ^iritually, from ^n^tn/i spiritual, j^Jlapuifimp foolishly, 
 form jl'Jiuc' Joolish. Adjectives having k in their last 
 syllable change it into fi in the Adverbs derived from 
 them ; and those having /• or n.. drop them ; as mfkin 
 ignorant, tn^funuifiaip ignorantly, uiuuin[ili vehement, umum^ 
 [[luufku vehemently, &a/^ni.^ secret, i-iu&^aipiup secretly. 
 Compare the changes occurring in the declension of 
 nouns. See p. 18. 
 
 (c) Nouns in the Instrumental case ; as ^f-^pmL 
 by night, gnplrlinif_ by day ; upmnil^ heartily, u/hfipun-ni.^ 
 plrmJ'p unjustly, uiq.[,uinLpbuiiQ- ignorantly. Sometimes 
 the form of the Ancient Armenian Instrumental is 
 preserved ; as ^ib^^oh. in an orderly manner, ^wpi^bo^ 
 by conjecture. 
 
 (d) Nouns in the Ablative case ; as ^mntgdi or 
 ^uinligni-iAik of a long time, a long time ago, uiiLinn,.f^h 
 ever since morning, or with a form derived from the 
 Anc. Arm. Abl. Plur. iuiLinai.aiig in the morning, fl'2^~ 
 pni-mbg by night. 
 
 (e) Nouns resembling the form of the Genitive, but, 
 by an ellipsis of '/> ***? having the force of the ancient 
 Commorative or Locative case ; as •Tm-pniX in the 
 dark, gapb^fii in the day time, Jht-p-hm-inLuni-li at daton, 
 l(ku i^ifrpl'l' at midnight. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 58 
 
 (f) Nouns repeated ; as mnA mniA from house to 
 house, ^aiquif _guiqaip frow, city to city. 
 
 (g) The names of languages terminating in /itl> and 
 derived from gentile nouns ; as Z^ojjbpkii in Armenian, 
 f\ai-1iujpk1' in Greek, yihij.q^uiiik'^i in English &c. Some- 
 what resembling these are also •ru>pq^liopk''i humanly, 
 n.wJliapk'i' vulgarly, &c. although these are perhaps 
 from opkli in the sense of custom, manner. 
 
 (h) Adjectives or adjective pronouns and nouns 
 combined ; as q^i-p •nlrqa in vain, u/ii tumb'iip then. 
 
 (i) Infinitives (as Gerunds) in the Instrumental 
 case, with or without the negative prefix ; as ^[•m'Uiu^ 
 jnil_ ignorantly, ^maih-ltini[_ thoughtlessly, m-qbinil^ with 
 pleasure. 
 
 Adverbs admit a diminutive termination as well as 
 Adjectives ; as ^mlmi-^^lF^ rather early, nt-^lr^ rather 
 late. 
 
 They are sometimes repeated, especially those 
 which have not more than two syllables, to express 
 emphasis ; as ^lw ^i-w very quickly, m.^ m-^ very late. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, 
 
 With the exception of a few retained from the Anc. 
 Arm. (as jtum according to, um.m'bg without) they should 
 rather be called Postpositions, since they uniformly 
 follow the nouns or pronouns which they govern. 
 
 ^uiiTaip on account of, requires the Dative, as fil^fi 
 •^luJiup formy sake, or on account of me. 
 
 [youtfil^ near, and i^fc^ until, the Dative. 
 
 ^Irm with, the Genitive or Dative. 
 
 \^inLk after,behind, the Genitive, or Ablative. 
 
54 CONJUNCTIONS^INTEIWECTIONS. 
 
 \}uip[l ajter (in time)) the Ablative. So also <^bn.ni.far 
 from, qaim Qv '[• quim bosides, ifiuqutai-li wUhout the knoioledge 
 of, (clam). 
 
 Most others take the Genitive ; as mn^ before, mt^ 
 instead of, ujn.,!i'iig without, ij^^iTiug opposite, uim^ under, 
 •[prnj upon, q-kiT over against, iH^ in, within, lbn.op by 
 means of , mku like, fni/_near, pum according to. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 Copulative, A. , «■- and, timL also, luf^ too. 
 Disjunctive, liui,r , pk either, or, ^«i<r — L ^mj', pi; — 
 &. pk , either— or. 
 
 Conditioal, p^ np , bpk if, %4 (after verbs) if, 
 although. 
 
 Concessive, pk L. , pk-^tm , pkuik- li. although, n^ 
 JliiujU not only. 
 
 Adversative, ^a^j , «^^ , <^iuufui , uiuI[uij1j , but, yet, 
 uj/[_l^ but also, ui/unL. aiJkljiiij'iifii. nevertheless. 
 
 Diminutive, ^nit . at least. 
 
 Causal, fiti^t. np , ^lut^ , i^uii q[i , because, m, that, 
 because, n/miljllTmL whereas. 
 
 Rational, m-pliHa therefore. 
 
 s mal, np that, npi^k" qh w order that. 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 Of calling, «'/. - "^ - -y > ">'"''. 0\ U (addressing 
 a male), ^m (addressing a female) ho ! hallo ! 
 
 Of encouraging, .iqk , i'u come on \ go to \ 
 
 Of praise, /,«, , l^ , J hoio fine ! 
 
 Of pity, lui^/i, , /.^ (frequently repeated thrice), ^J^ • 
 i.i,f,un''u alas ! 100 ! </&'',^ ichaf a pity \ if-Ji^ or ^^y^ qJj<; 
 
 Cttl I 
 
 Of grief, Hi/ff , ifui^ , how sorry / ain \ 
 ^ Of desire, b^i.^ , Ir^.^^fi , b^p^-up p^ , ^^^^ ^j^ ^ 
 
 iti-p k np , ni^p kff np oh that ! IWUU th(tt ! 
 
PART. III. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 The following peculiarities of construction in Mo- 
 dern Arfnenian deserve nptiCi?. 
 
 1. Adjectives uniformly precede the Substantives 
 which tjiey qualify ; as •uilk'ii /^u/^ every thing- Th« only 
 exception to this rule is presented by a very few 
 phrases borrowed from the Ancient Armenian ; as 
 umftif^lf \!\nLpp. fhe ffioly ^iril. 
 
 ^. NuHiepgls inplying plurality are usujally con- 
 strued with JVouHS in ^hie singular ; as tnpu Jiupq. four 
 men, ,ftii Irp <^n,f.f, three persons. When the Plural form is 
 employed, it is more emphatic^ ,and sometimes implies 
 thsrt th^ p#fsons or things sppken of are view:pd sepa- 
 rately and individually. Thus,^/j% o^Yi means the ^pace 
 offfiree 4qys ; [ipb^ ophpn way &e used to signify ?Ae tkret 
 several days, or the several periods of three days each. 
 
 3. In like manner when no numeral is employed, 
 but when other words, as a pronoun or a verb, imply 
 plurality, the noun is usually put in the singular ; as 
 1-ni-p iu^^fq. bqpmfp k^ ull ye are brethern, piuq-un. npfili 
 Jklin a eertam king (i. e. one of the kings), Jutpini.'u Uk({ii a 
 certain man. 
 
 4. A verb having a ^Plural nominative is often put 
 in tlie Singular ; as ui^hpu 4^ ^i/gm^ my ey6$ keep shut- 
 
66 SYNTAX. 
 
 ting, pk[iif,1i ^^^ibp^ •L'"^3 the salivaran from his mouth- 
 The same is frequently the case whea several nouns 
 in the singular form the subject of the verb ; as q-irn-fuu* 
 afipuiu Ifai-p^^u lift_ijUMi.li my head, stomach and breast ache- 
 
 5. The Past Participle of Active verbs, terminating 
 in mi-, is construed with a Genitive of the noun or pro- 
 noun designating the agenl, and with another noun 
 designating the object of a Past action referred to ; as 
 fttP ^iiin&^ •nni.'bu the house which I built or have built, 
 ahin'hg limpif.uigaih- q.fip^bpp (he books which they read or 
 have read. 
 
 6. The same Participle of Passive or Neuter verbs 
 is construed in a similar way, the noun then designa- 
 ting time or place ; as ^it> bqui^ o^m the day t»hen I was 
 there, ffunruignjglil, q.m1,ni.uih^ mbqa the plttcc whcrc the watch 
 was found. 
 
 t' A noun or pronoun in the Accusative, governed 
 by an active verb, may be placed either before or after 
 the verb, but more usually precedes it ; as ^i» Ifp u[,pt 
 
 {OV lipul<p^ q[,u) he loves me ; ^^ ^np&p ^aiu,iui,bg (or ^ai.. 
 
 uiiMipbg f,i, f-nji^p) he completed his work. 
 
 8. There is a class of active verbs compounded of 
 a noun and a verb, which though written separately, 
 constitute only a kind of compound verb, and require 
 an Accusative; as ijuig lfi,%k tc q^T^phe neglects hi^ work, 
 <^aiJaipq_ phpiuli uniiilbgiup have you learned your lesson by 
 heart ? 
 
 9- For the cases of Nouns and Pronouns required by 
 Prepositions, see p. 53. The reason why they so fre- 
 quently govern the Genitive appears to be that they 
 are (as in Hebrew) radically Substantives. Thus Jl2_ 
 m may be regarded as a noun, the midst, and therefore 
 as naturally requiring a Genitive ; as «i»fcc Jtt the 
 
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 57 
 
 midst of the house, in the house. In like manner uz/i^t^ 
 that which is before, mm!(ji that which is under, ^mfa the 
 side, hence what is at the side, near, &o. — This view ac- 
 counts also for the fact that they sometimes appear 
 in a plural form, as i/t^A^^i , u,^^lri<p , ^n/t-^ifi , signify- 
 ing somewhere in, somewhere under, &c. Thus ubqu/blili 
 uiiu^lil^if "buijl^ look around under the table. 
 
 10. A simple Accusative is often used (by ellipsis 
 of the Anc. Arm. '/') where we employ in, at, to, or 
 into; as ^if ^uy/>" «/> bplifit^lik my Father loho is in heaven, 
 <i|o^u ^ploui^li they reside at Constantinople, mniX LIiiul. he 
 came into a house, q-[i<-qa fi'^pPunf I am going to the village. 
 
 11. An Ablative without a preposition sometimes 
 signifies after ; as [ipke "ft*" «/'«'' '^^^^ days, i. q. /•pt^ 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS AND IDIOMATIC 
 PHRASES. 
 
 1. Respecting the order of -words in a sentence some 
 remarks have already been made. See. pp. 49,51 &52. 
 It may be remarked in general that the Mod. Arm- in 
 this respect agrees nearly with the Turkish, and va- 
 ries widely from the European languages and from the 
 Ancient Armenian. Usually, in complex sentences, the 
 circamstances of place and time are first introduced ; 
 then comes the subject, preceded by its adjective if it 
 have one ; then the object of action ; then frequently 
 the circumstances of manner or instrument (although 
 these admit of considerable latitude iu their colloca- 
 tion), and last of all the verb ; thus \^.juop ^wquigjiu ifia^ 
 
 9 
 
58 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS- 
 
 III, uimpufkl-'b , To day three persons were firing pistols at each 
 other in one of the streets of this city. U^l"" ijin-ii V^cy^ib 
 
 npij-uigfi <^iuJai[, *>t/"»2fl |l*n^utu/»ir u/iuinni-[ipuj^ afaimni-^^ 
 
 pui'bplibpi, luun'b^ yu , These are the commandments which 
 the Lord commanded Moses for the children of Israel in 
 Mount Sinai. 
 
 2. The Copulative and is often omitted ; as Wpiplfir. 
 glf^' ptpk^ filiS^l, , Loose them and bring them to me. (Matt. 
 21 : 2.) 
 
 ' 3 Adjectives are formed from Prepositions by the 
 addition of ^ ; as •/{••^ upon, ilpiuj^ lohich is upon, "bbpu 
 within, tibpuf, that which is within, internal. 
 
 4. Proper names when transferred from Greek to 
 Armenian change ^ into p ; as 'A/3paafi, J",/»f""'>""^ ; T 
 
 into f> as VaKAaia, ^X^aiftibiy ; J into q. , aS "loi/Saf, {\nu^ 
 
 q-uij ; e into /3 , as 'Poi'S, .^laup ; , initial when followed 
 by a vowel into j , as ''Irjrrodi, ( J^um-u ,• k into ^ , as 'ia-auK, 
 l^uui^iu^ ; A frequently into i^. as SoAo^wv, DnqniTni ; ir 
 into i^ and t into u, , as nerpof, <i|fein^ni» ; <p into ifi, as 
 
 ^iMiriroi, t\lfil^u/ufnu ; and x in^tO^ , as Xpi<rTOi, ^{Kpftuuinu t 
 
 It is worthy of remark that these letters without ex- 
 ception occupy corresponding places in the respective 
 alphabets. Besides, p is sometimes, especially in the 
 East, pronounced as 6, ?• as g hard, -f as d. This pro- 
 nunciation is now esteemed vulgar. Still its existence, 
 together with the usage pointed out above, seems 
 to indicate that a considerable change has taken place 
 in the pronunciation of the Armenian letters. 
 
 5. The spoken Armenian has, in common with the 
 Turkish, the singular usage of repeating nouns and 
 adjectives (and occasioaally other parts of speech) 
 substituting in the repetition a J" for the first letter of 
 the word if it begin with a consonaat, and prefixing a 
 
MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 59 
 
 •r if it begin with a vowel, for the purpose sf gene- 
 ralizing the idea contained in the word so repeated ; 
 thus '■]''f'fp '^r^ ift'Umn.bgf) ^utty , I sought for books or any 
 thing of the kind, but found none ; ]t.iiu'iini-p Jiuim-p 
 ^uig 1 pnippn lypnubguiu , Jfot a shop oT any thing like 
 one remains, every thing has been burnt ; \\n.'biuS- lant-iq. 
 ^np Jhp ^i.t[P, Has the house which you have taken no 
 well, cistern, fountain, &c ? ^•"g pl'p^ i^p '^"p cipy •, Bring 
 bread, no mailer if it be somewhat dry or crumbled. 
 Sometimes an nc appears between the two forms ; as 
 &ni-n. nu Jni-n. zigzag, Serpentine, um-m ni. i/fn-ui crafty, wily. 
 When a word commences with iT the same result is 
 sometimes produced by changing a vowel ; as lyw^. 
 Jhi-ij^ ^uig , Jfot a hair nor any thing like one was left, 
 \yujlip iTni-ip (vulg. Jlulitnp Jhi-tiinp) puAilrp , Litlc trifling 
 matters. 
 
 6. Sometimes p takes the place of ^ in colloquial lan- 
 guage ; OfriT lip'buip pbpbp , 1 cannot bring. Somewhat 
 resembling this are such expressions also as i^ps'y 
 pbpbp ifi , t^pgiui_p pbpbp kptg , which have perhaps 
 originated in combining the two ideas could not bring 
 and would have brought, q. d. p.ltpbp kl> (in the sense 
 of *y^m^ F^p^f") piya iira'Hj * 
 
 7. Though the Armenian language, etymologically 
 considered, appears to stand by itself, having no such 
 close relation to any other language of the great In- 
 do-European family as the French has, for instance, 
 with the Italian, or the Bulgarian with the Russian, 
 &c. still its vocabulary exhibits some resemblances 
 to other languages, both Asiatic and European, which 
 are deserving of notice. - The following may serve as 
 Specimens. 
 
m ETYMOLOGICAL RESEMBLANCES. 
 
 HEBBEW AND COGNATE DIALECTS. 
 
 •|>ujy.a//? , Heb. kodkod, crown, summit. 
 
 /)^n^ , Heb. zevakh, sacrifice. 
 
 Z^iu^t. , a reckoning, Heb. khasliav, to reckon. 
 
 \)>ni/' , Heb. isum, fasting. 
 
 \y^paip , Heb. tseror, a bundle. 
 
 \yuipu , Heb- mekes, tribute. 
 
 f ^m.^u'l' , Heb. shushan, a. lily. 
 
 l]i.€f , Heb. oz, strength. 
 
 W^t-ti , a column, Heb. tsiun, a monument. 
 
 y^uiiTui^ , dry land, Heb. tsamak, to be dry. 
 
 ^{\uj<^ujljiy, Heb. kohen, Chald. (emph. st.) kahana, a 
 priest. 
 
 »(\a/^n^ , Chald. karoz, a herald. 
 
 ^[Knt-piT , Heb. Plur. kemarim, Syr. kootnar, an ido- 
 latrous priest. 
 
 Wiujin f Pers. azad, free. 
 
 'Jlkp » Arab. «ei<, olive oil. 
 
 'li^^li t Pers. nishan, a sign. 
 
 S^pmni-ir , sad, Pers. rferd, sadness. 
 
 d'-A'"' • Arab, akhd, covenant. 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN. 
 YJjlflii.'b , a'yKwv, a corner. 
 
 \\ainq", aTTtjp, 3. Star. 
 
 SKvf ' f6v7os, a yoke, a pair. 
 ] oyu I Zwa;, light. 
 Infill I 7111'^, a woman, a wife. 
 W^yP > mrtjp, mater, mother. 
 i^npq.npliL , hovtor, to sxhort. 
 '(,11/1- , vavs, navis, a ship. 
 
SALUTATIONS. 61 
 
 Hjiia'tr^^ , -TropVr], & harlot. 
 
 WtpiT » semen, seed. 
 v^uiiT ; SiSbi/jLi, do, to give. 
 J»/iiyt t poT^, an instant. 
 
 ENGLISH (AND COGNATE MODERN DIALECTS.) 
 
 'jmun-fcii/^ , to turn. W 'fiu 1 meat. 
 
 '\wi.n. , door. ^ Jjpui \ shred. 
 
 ] li/i^i^i to lap. (I'^i (l*^ . who 9 
 
 I|u//if t carriage, car. {]ui'b , foot. 
 
 l|uiui/ic I cat. \\ aim I had. 
 
 \\nil_ , cow. i\inJb^ I bwich. 
 
 The introduction of such words as Ir^&qbgf, , eKKXrjiria, 
 
 l^aihnh I kavo>v, "^hpatbnu ) edvo^, ^bphuifi^nu i alpertKOf, &C. 
 
 after the introduction of Christianity, is easy to be ac- 
 counted for, and implies nothing whatever in regard 
 to the original structure and relations of the language. 
 
 SALUTATIONS. 
 
 On meeting in the morning, fNm/i/r /»/« i Good morning! 
 the answer to which is WuinniS^q/ puipffu • The blessing 
 of God ! 
 
 In the middle of the day l\u,pL i or {\-uplL ibi^p , 
 or [\u>pnil^ is sometimes employed when in English we 
 shuld still say Good morning ! The answer is the same 
 as above. 
 
 On meeting in the evening {"^•"pt h'tk"'-''' • ^""'^ 
 evening ! R6ply as above. 
 
 At parting, the person who leaves says, ir**^ f*- 
 
62 SALUTATIONS. 
 
 pail or Ij^j/ip p.wpnil_ , the reply to which is \jpPiug 
 piuiinif^ , both answering to our Good by, or Farewell. 
 On separating in the evening ^X-'t'^frp p'"pt > o^ (*"""/'A 
 q.[i^P , Good night. Answer '^{Klr^inju p-apfi , which 
 extends the idea of the salutation to the morning 
 light. 
 
 Returning after an absence one is greeted with 
 {\iMip[i (or paipnil_) lil^uip (or it^i"^) , Welcome ! to which 
 he replies ^^mpnil^ utbuiutj, , which may be rendered, 
 I am happy to see you. If the newcomer has entered the 
 room in the absence of the person whom he comes 
 to visit, the latter on. coming in makes use of the 
 same salutation only substituting the Perfect tense 
 for the Aorist, thus J»"'/»^ b^lrp bu , or pi^pfi bu b^bp , 
 
 Give my compliments to ... . is expressed by ^m 
 puipL p^ptr .... The person who is to convey 
 them assumes the respon^bility by saying ^i^hlu 
 ilpiuj , and acquits himself of it, when he meets the 
 person to whom the greetings are sent, by saying, 
 . . . ib^ 2^in pmpL It'p^k (or n<-l»^ i) to whlch the other 
 replies ^ _yap^ui^iui_ biT , Thank you, or \^}p^^q^ pbpnqa 
 "tJL li^''"y (or iSiu/) , as we say, / am much obliged both 
 to you and to him. 
 
 At the beginning of the new year C 3'"P^""-"P *"P 
 uiiupli I .5 happy new year. Also |^ou?ni-iuS- juim inwpfi^ 
 
 ibpnt. ^uiugniJbk , ^ ^lyttr uttupfi puMpnif_ ^uiuiifi^ t (or mOrC 
 
 learnedly) {'."ft^ miup[i ptupbaiu [aiMiquiqni-pbiuJp. , which 
 phrases are also used in saluting a person on his 
 anniversary festival, i. e. the day of the Saint whose 
 name he bears. 
 At Christmas (January 6) in like manner, C ^"P- 
 
 ^aiunp iiinultif. , or, in SOmC places, '■{Kpltuinnn i-%tut. L 
 
IDIUJMATIC PHRASES. 63 
 
 jinjuAbgaiL. , to which One may answer, O^^ifru/^^t 
 
 h^niJbq. L. jiujin'hni.pi.L.Vb '^{\[,puiM,nu[, , alluding tO the 
 
 fact that the festival of the Manifestation (i. e. E- 
 piphany) and Christmas are both celebrated on the 
 same day. 
 
 At Easter and for forty days after ^\\p[,uinna juiplmiL. 
 '[• JkiLbing Christ is risen from the dead- Answer, O/i^fru.^ 
 i jmpat.pf.i.'b'b ^[Kpfiuutnuji . BUssed he the resurrection of 
 Christ. 
 
 Beside the above, which are for set times, there is 
 a great variety of occasional salutations, such as W^fit 
 in/u, Light to your eyes\ addressed to one whose son or 
 daughter has just been married, to parents on the 
 birth of a child, or to those who have just welcomed a 
 near relative or dear friend from abroad, or even 
 received a letter from such a friend. The person to 
 whom this salutation is addressed replies ]^L-un,l^^lr^ 
 tuiu , May you enjoy the light ! To one who enters a new 
 dwelling the salutation is fVio^n^1iiii»^ii ; to one who 
 puts on a new garment, (Viu/<n^ ^[•'bgni-li&u ; to one 
 who is commencing an enterprise, [\uinni-iu& jm^nqni.^ 
 P/ii.'b inuij ; to one who is convalescing after an illness, 
 Wtigmi-np piyjuj ; to oUB who has lost a friend, "{Klrub 
 ophp or •|.^«-/«i7. nqi_tlhiuj , The phrase (^^iiL^pq- ^ui 
 Piyj is often used in the same sense with ^ J.n^_ 
 <;u.l^w[^ b-r , Thank you. So also is IVy/'A" • especially 
 when addressed to child or an infesrior. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 \)>«./«ni- uiii.a.6- q^lip^u t The book which I bought. 
 
 \\p piiiu^aiS- uinuti^ s The house in which he 
 
 lives. 
 
64 IDIOMATIC PHRASES 
 
 ^y^ntuo" utmcrbn i 
 
 \\i-qtuh-u luu ^ X 
 I nuib-p ^q.huimn t 
 
 ^xuiiTuigiygu aiiLuiO L'bn^ 
 
 \*pp.liini ^[i^Jjt^ but lijt^ Suuij J 
 
 \\mjhuih- 4: I 
 
 t 
 ulnt-p t 
 
 \^nLnL. onp ai'lta-tuiP tTn l 
 
 t^^hi-tubn.n h'hinnn 4; • 
 l^tfurnfT l;n %^^ uiiiuMuL I; * 
 \}pkliaL.u!li «yt" ""jkll ih ■■ 
 
 The time when it was 
 
 done. 
 The place where it was 
 
 found. 
 Put it in the place from 
 
 which you took it. 
 This is what I wished. 
 
 Do as much as you can. 
 
 He does not know what 
 
 he is about. 
 Write immediately on your 
 
 arrival there. 
 My watch goes too fast. 
 
 Sometimes it loses a little. 
 It has stopped. 
 Wind it up then. 
 
 Take my boots and get 
 
 them mended. 
 He comes twice a week. 
 
 Once in two days. 
 He will be here presently. 
 He has just gone. 
 How is the sick man .'' 
 He is the same as he was. 
 He is not so well as he 
 was yesterday. 
 
 ♦Turkish words. See Preface. 
 
IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 65 
 
 ""l^k ^ '• 
 
 \\ibp I'ftl'tp <^aiui t 
 
 f uiutnbn k nn £ua inbutuv 
 <nL.'bhJ* t 
 
 Mnph'^l" k"l' > F'"Jd i^l!^'-' 
 hfibp I 
 
 ''Wl'L ^'"3 "I' ""LP^ "% "it"- 
 
 uiji nblffi qpu : 
 
 D^^uiu i^' (or Jjl) 'hlrqaigni.^ 
 "Ubp t 
 
 W^'hb'V/ 3ibiLp utnutuL. I 
 A\'h^lt Sibn.a ^miMiii s 
 Ofr/lp nnuit- nbo-Ji ' 
 Wtfi PJ""'- uiUnp t 
 \y>bifil fl^'-l''ll bl^uii. i 
 '■^■^^Lpi^^bq^ q.ai^L.'b i^^u : f 
 *-\%ini.pifi jjuipfih b^aii-iif; s y 
 
 He is now better than he 
 
 was. 
 What Doctor attends him .'' 
 It is as white as snow. 
 I am older than my bro- 
 ther. 
 Take them out one by- 
 one. 
 Two at a time. 
 There at a time. 
 A hundred paras apiece . 
 It is a long time since I 
 
 have seen you. 
 I would have brought it, 
 
 but did not succeed. 
 But for my help he would 
 
 have been drowned. 
 I came within a hair's 
 breadth of having my 
 eye put out. 
 
 He came very near caus- 
 ing me the loss of an 
 eye. 
 
 Do not trouble me. 
 
 That was sufficient. 
 I cannot afford it. 
 He beckoned to me. 
 He winked at him. 
 He came to his senses. 
 
 When he got into trouble. 
 
 10 
 
66 
 
 IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 t/ainn. Jjrb t; s 
 [Ku/b^ inbij^ ^ (or ^ ) qib-p 
 
 'Y^p&uiUiujuini-P^L.'b fipl'k ■"-' 
 
 "Lnn I 
 Whnuiu utn Lnu if-fuj ; 
 
 \]lipaiu If/t^ Jwpp : 
 
 ^ aim tuiLbir/li^ nt-^^if S 
 
 i ni-tnnif u*tunMnt~n t 
 
 \fpbuit ^tu[u k •• 
 
 \ipbuk-b *qk^[-p [Pe/i] ^£ 
 
 qu.pk: 
 
 I'k^ SiarLpjt tipuMj linaiLba\b 
 
 •b'"L' 
 
 II i~p kp "p iuuut*ttif pilP'p ' 
 
 *|*/p""- 'lp'"J ^ppi'^il' •"'I'f'^ 
 liuij : 
 
 ^xuAififp^ liaijabp k ■■ 
 |»ti6^^ <fuili[,^ ll'phk X 
 W^nt-utbm q.fim^'' nituai^b^ 
 
 La' 
 
 \^ililb nt.%[rguiO-n Jtuqp tfptuj 
 
 j.^oiugli'b q-pf^t 
 1J fiutpu blfutL. : 
 l)Y"V/! ^t^ uibliliuij . 
 I uiu&'bbpu M'atprf. UMiv^^ I 
 
 He has a noble disposi- 
 tion. 
 
 He regards that as of no 
 account. 
 
 He makes court to him. 
 
 I am sick at my stomach. 
 
 I cannot eat it (on account 
 of the sweetness or oi- 
 liness of the food) . 
 
 I am faint. 
 
 I have much due me. 
 
 He is easily touched. 
 
 He has a sullen look. 
 
 He is cross — he frowns. 
 
 If you try to please them 
 they will do well by 
 you. 
 
 Oh that it might be so ! 
 
 I paid him much honor. 
 
 He is out of humor. 
 He looks awry at me. 
 He knows neither how to 
 spend nor how to keep. 
 His all is at stake. 
 
 Address the letter. 
 It occured to me. 
 Remind him of it. 
 Remember what I say. 
 
IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 67 
 
 ^^\aiiu JlnaiL. I 
 ^\^lpMniJh q.tutt 
 
 ^ _^nuli^ LmphgaiL. : 
 
 ^Y^hmhu P^ nuijofib tniuLn 
 
 \\ ai^unub uhnuin ihpPtut- : 
 
 ] irqpu Ifp u£iMiuin.f;p l^np : 
 \\jbuit t/h ^'bLuMj w/i >''/"' 
 
 O-h" LnuiputBgatL. : 
 \\ puiii. q-inujun. ihgipi^ t 
 g^f'k'f* «'l uihgtUL. I 
 1)^4'^ qiuphbiatA Jbiigai-g • 
 
 unub yCatngat-giuo-^ t 
 
 ]%loupp iH^ Juibai^ : 
 D'piutifi (or /'°1'^ *lainu0p) 
 
 \^d •Ql 'I'l'3"'-d ' 
 
 \yiougli'U tfffaij ij^ IiJIjUiuj : 
 I'w^^aj/ p-uAJi Jfi_ ^ 'f'C * 
 
 Give one to each of them. 
 
 He entered my service. 
 
 To happen to any one. 
 
 They will not accomplish 
 it. 
 
 He was out of breath. 
 
 I am very drowsy. 
 
 It went down head fore- 
 most. 
 
 He walks as softly as if 
 he were treading upon 
 eggs. 
 
 He was overcome with 
 fear. 
 
 It alarms me excessively. 
 
 I fell down and hurt my- 
 self all over. 
 
 Change your clothes. 
 
 He outran the horse. 
 
 He killed him at one blow. 
 
 He did it of his own ac- 
 cord (without consulting 
 any one.) 
 
 Understood in this sense. 
 
 We commenced conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 To interrupt conversation. 
 
 How long will it take ? 
 
 He broke out crying. 
 He stands to his word. 
 This is good for nothing. 
 
68 IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 W^S uiigat-p : Cast your eye over it. 
 
 [\uuit^ if-lip^ ilritfu tuiiguii- Such a book I had never 
 
 ^tXkc ' seen. 
 
 l\i.inb^ii. ^at-if.iy I piyg u^ui^ It is good to Cat, but will 
 
 ^t^£. ^q-aip : not do to keep. 
 
 l()%uipPfi^/,[,i^ TSt&pJUi^/i l{ii His eye-lashes incline to 
 
 qaipiibh t white. 
 
 y%np iTnpPi^llutpjppl, lll^^^ Its skin is reddish. 
 
 *^ _ui[uui upwL. -. He did it in jest. 
 
 Ij/i^ni. *luiup pp^ *ui,7([,irp : Double the string. 
 $at^ip bplini. */i/iii/3 k •■ The house is two stories 
 
 high. 
 \\tou_p liiuaip mm-l^'b : They have given a token. 
 
 ^hh-et^ •Is'"'^ /""^ 't "'^-' ^^^ ^ cover on the book. 
 
 gAup: 
 
 V^kba "i"*' '"*'Jfe ^''*" f'''t. Why move it about from 
 
 uffiuifi piu"! •■ place to place ? 
 
 [Y^P k utu" ni.p k 'u'b % What comparison is there 
 
 between this and that ? 
 '^tubp iniAp ^ijuu : Nothing has transpired 
 
 respecting it. 
 W^fiingp ptug uiqvuj k ■ He is a bright boy. 
 
 |] '[iinpp q-ng inqwj 1 1 Hc is a dull boy. 
 
 ^{Kf-Pp •nl^lrg : He WHS offcnded. 
 
 *IVP iJ'ZP^!^ » He will not condescend to 
 
 such a trifle. 
 
 ^[Kfipp l(u,[u&p k : He is drooping. 
 
 y^liuil^ ^iuiubp He does not give ear. 
 
 ^[,i.u/bq. k bqtp : He is sick (i. e. it is re- 
 
 ported or is is under- 
 stood that he is sick.) 
 
IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 69 
 
 li)^tu^aii.np[i t^piuiToili pflip k It is understood that the 
 bqbfi np uuintWhin-li : king has given orders 
 
 for his execution. 
 <i)^ui/;^ fbitXlrpii atb k uinlrq^ He boasts as if he could 
 
 (t^bp ' create a world. 
 
 ] b^L-lt ^[i^ tfji ^uipT^iiguii. : His talk has moderated a 
 
 little. 
 »(\ui^^ mlrqa ipuMi. , He has hit the nail on the 
 
 head. 
 l]iu^^ Ifiup^utnupil ufiu^tuu He is alwEy tinkering. 
 
 \y^"'L k'".e^3'"'^ * ^* ^^® flooded, overflowed. 
 
 ,*) ^i-P liinpbguij Hbuigfi : I stood Still iu amazemcnt. 
 
 l] piyt" ibn. i/ji hiuii. : I was relieved of a moun- 
 
 tain's weight. 
 [^%b^^u jaLu-g t > J j^^^g ^^ resource left. 
 
 *{i)»o^ tbinbg (l)i>iutii^ii>_ He has become bankrupt. 
 
 3""-) ■■ 
 [\lipu/bu ilpiy ^ppaip t \ I cannot bear to speak 
 ] bqnt.u ilpinj ^pfluip t ) (ou SO paiuful a subject.) 
 
 '^bn^pp bpliiuu k •• He is thievish. 
 
 ]»'°i,^ pubJ" ibn^u liaipTi k t What can I do ? I have 
 
 not the means. 
 y titpu ^aiauii. t I did not succeed. 
 
 \\uiull[J'mpq.m-t, fulrlp mni.[,p t Would you notice such a 
 
 man ? 
 \}u ^nu ^bij^if. tini-^ii lip I'll bring you to your sen- 
 
 pbpbiT : SeS. 
 
 IJmai^^ [ub'hj^ , U3iiipm1^[, Crazy after money, or 
 
 [ubtp t . property. 
 
 (I i.ibgw&p ^lAbguAii &iu^ He has been obliged to 
 
70 
 
 IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 fubg : 
 
 11 utqbnu ihni-y thnL-y bniUL. s 
 S^iMjuuit-hh ibantSit ^q.uin.'biun t 
 
 pbpbiu t 
 
 'JwilIt [•1'i_ bu iif-' bu uif uih 
 b.r I 
 
 ^^n 11. fib 'Ciubbn : 
 l-^inLJuu LptnuMb^it bnp \ bu 
 
 Mill utnLJt i 
 
 sell every thing. 
 
 He has wasted his capital. 
 
 How can one go in such 
 a rain ? 
 
 What is the meaning of 
 that word ? 
 
 I am crazy with a head- 
 ache. 
 
 My back is almost broken 
 (with aching from a 
 cold.) 
 
 My hair stood on end. 
 
 He does not begin to 
 talk. (Spoken of an in- 
 fant.) 
 
 My fingers are numb. 
 
 It broke my hand off to 
 bring it — I brought it 
 with great difficulty. 
 
 I have equal claims with 
 
 you. 
 He beckons to me not to 
 
 speak, but who cares ? 
 There are more sorts of 
 
 men than one. 
 He wearied him out. 
 He teazed me so much. 
 
 that I gave it to him. 
 The outside and the inside 
 
 are the same. (Spoken 
 of cloth.) 
 
IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 7t 
 
 S'"^*' ""- 'lp'"j £/»«"- Jhiih X He has put us all in confu- 
 sion. 
 
 ^nullnA^q. Iipni-hg^ : Have jTou moved to your 
 
 house. 
 
 *l»^t °ptt f^lh ^•""^"qa Who rendered you aid 
 "''L ^P ' when you were in want ? 
 
 ^fiblriiit^ ^Itpp^ (awiLbhu t Don't dwell on former 
 
 troubles. 
 
 y^ut lubini-u ufipmu biaii. i I WES overcomc ott hear- 
 ing it. 
 
 W^l-p ^ A^'^A ' I an to be pitied. 
 
 \yi"lP i^if yu ■■ Am I not to be pitied ? 
 
 \\tou_fu atJlp . , . Pardon the expression . . - 
 [\ut /Pi,^ lipubu •^{•iTiu Juhupu What do you say ? I shall 
 
 ^^ piigm-ljlrT t lose my senses. 
 
 ^uyliy. ^ifi,i4; : Be quiet. 
 
 \\tf,l[ai/ ibiipii^ ptug iHupii. He is a liberal man. 
 
 J"k: 
 
 Wtn-mii Jkft- JUipq. k t He is proud man. 
 
 tjuip^ flfancii 2.""" "{[•'"I' He will be very sorry for 
 
 qaiplik ■• it hereafter. 
 
 Y'bit^ iu[_ ij-i^k uilimf, ^iii„ Will you lead me also a- 
 
 "bbu t stray .-' 
 
 »|\t2^ ^uiiTaip utniXk Jp t_ For your sake {or by your 
 
 qu{j t means) I have lost a 
 
 house. 
 jffitJbu inbqu >f>iB"<-3 •• He has lost me all my 
 
 property. 
 
 *\AuM uLbpbu SLuigfip : Go, and shame on you ! 
 
 Wtfl" *4""- • ^® ^^^ ^®®" affected by an 
 
 evil eye— is bewitched. 
 
72 
 
 IDIOMATIC PHRASE 8. 
 
 ipaiujgali. ULaia I 
 ^\\tup LmnbauiL. J 
 '■[*•'"/'/! ^l^fuoufi ii4' lutr ii»^ 
 hiouhqtUL. i 
 
 l| Up'Uuiinni.'bn Jlunn. fiiy t 
 'p^«./«2 ^bpuiL. i 
 ^|Uff. HI- goqn uJutLutu ^ I 
 f ^ulUf^u a.nn^^u btiujj ; 
 
 V^'^LPH '^'"^H ["'"iJfL ^ •■ 
 
 l«i'^/^'^ ^[^'-[•"t '^"'u/M ' 
 
 ^ jlittfr^ ilUitiglrp k •• 
 ja-iviuL. : 
 
 The hill is full of people. 
 He stood stock still. 
 He became hke a stone. 
 He was as still as a stone. 
 
 I have done with the good- 
 for-nothing fellow. Let 
 him do what he likes. 
 
 He is weak in the upper 
 story. 
 
 He was the cause of his 
 death. 
 
 Always ailing. 
 
 Be patient. 
 
 I was hindered in my 
 work. 
 
 Why do you slander me ? 
 
 He is a prudent man. 
 
 His whole heart and sou I 
 is upon play. 
 
 Learn wisdom, or come 
 to your senses. 
 
 Do not suffer yourself to 
 be overcome with grief. 
 
 I can not understand. 
 
 He has become a dotard. 
 
 When I saw it I was over- 
 come (with grief, fear, 
 or astonishment). 
 
 Take care, your are over- 
 heard. 
 
IDIOMATIC PHRASES. 
 
 73 
 
 .^limn ni. pw^ui^ Jl:l^ f-ftb k* 
 
 J auaiLJui tniMit : 
 
 ] &aai.ti nulf^np ^i.'b[i t 
 
 \ bqntjb bnha/b ^ : 
 
 I Irqau ja-uJi/iar : 
 
 |k'u4 bntui^ibniUL. I 
 I'^/lA uint-fi ui'bnfi t 
 
 y^^natu b-atl^trg tut* ftuutpfi 
 ifuounu J 
 
 3'"-B '• 
 
 \^nbuh Lbntn hu Itnhfi : 
 
 '(;;«^£r<i£ pp-ttiubgnug : 
 
 It is of no use to be too 
 nice- People will not 
 notice the difference. 
 
 Were you dying, that you 
 were in such a hurry ? 
 
 To talk at random. 
 
 He talks without restraint. 
 
 He talks much. 
 
 To talk fluently. 
 
 You have grown proud. 
 
 I humbled his pride. 
 
 Forget the past. 
 
 I gave it to him. (Spoken 
 of rebukes or threats.) 
 
 He affronted me so, how 
 could I help speaking .■' 
 
 We must not stop too long 
 for unessential things. 
 
 He came and went imme- 
 diately. 
 
 By various means he per- 
 suaded me. 
 
 Why do you become the 
 occasion of strife .'' 
 
 You have dishonored your 
 family. 
 
 Do not venture too far, 
 nor boastingly prom- 
 ise more than you can 
 perform. 
 
 He is out of humor. 
 11 
 
U IDIOMATIC PHRASES 
 
 l\lrpaiii Irlflrp k t 
 Oi&ftpn abpiubri tCtuuutO- up 
 Utupa.b'b : 
 
 ]f|A-f^£l Llrpjd-tvp np q-k^L^ 
 *-^tt. •V '^-upgii-'bbi, : 
 
 
 "tPE 
 
 IJAfiuTff luiibbr : 
 J^pbufi Pft-p ^L%[i t 
 y^pbufi Ont-pp LnpuhQiii-nbp t; : 
 \ypbu uiuit I hpbu <^ai'bb£^ t 
 
 \fpbu bjbp k •■ 
 
 ^^pbup abpiTmb 4* : 
 
 I ^uihjt i/p uibny^bp luuhblBj i 
 
 ()»""^ ^•"'bfi 4 t 
 
 U.pt. k : 
 
 ^\uiJp nupitpi bbaiL. t 
 
 Come, let us' look into the 
 matter with the parties 
 concerned. 
 
 He is of proper age. 
 
 They marry (their chil- 
 dren) before they are 
 fit to provide for them- 
 selves. 
 
 I tried with all my might 
 to prevent him from 
 learning wickedness. 
 
 I cannot tell (how badly 
 matters are going)- 
 
 He is unstable. 
 
 You distract me with your 
 teazing. 
 
 He is a man of quick ap- 
 prehension. 
 
 I never saw such an in 
 satiable person. 
 
 To appease, to tranquilize. 
 
 He has no shame. 
 
 He has lost all shame. 
 
 To encourage another to 
 be free with you. 
 
 He has become too bold 
 and familiar. 
 
 (Ironically) In disgrace. 
 
 He does not value this. 
 
 What o'clock is it ? 
 
 It is eight. 
 
 He came at eight o'clock. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 75 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 or 
 or 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 V.J 
 
 (J- 
 
 *f\ir^ or 
 Sir 
 
 p% 
 
 PlF 
 ■5^ 
 
 up 
 
 IS. 
 
 or 
 or 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 
 or 
 or 
 
 Uio- 
 
 UMlj 
 
 
 H 
 ■IF 
 
 lor y^uuinLtu^ 
 
 ,, (\[iuni.u{i 
 )j ^{Kpfiuuinu 
 J) '■\\p[iumau[i 
 
 J J piriuti 
 5j phuMja 
 
 „ t/uiiT 
 5 J "Y^" 
 
 
 God 
 of God 
 
 with God's help 
 Jesus 
 of Jesus 
 Christ 
 of Christ 
 Lord 
 wJfJ, all 
 
 terminations 
 
 or 
 
 as 
 
 like 
 
 holy, 
 
 upon 
 
 than 
 
 namely 
 
 for example 
 
 with, by, &c. 
 
 according to 
 
 and so forth 
 
 -=4^ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 DECLENSIONS OF ANCIENT ARMENIAN NOUNS. 
 
 Besides the irregularities mentioned on pp. 13 — 17, 
 forms of noans not unfrequently appear in the modern 
 language derived from the ancient declensions. As no 
 precise limit can be assigned to the introduction of 
 such forms, it has been thought worth while to append 
 here a synoptical table of the declensions of ancient 
 nouns, premising a few brief and general rules for the 
 formation of the cases- 
 
 The declensions are generally reckoned ten. Dif- 
 ferent grammarians however group them differently, 
 and the tenth is little else than a collection of hetero- 
 
 clites. 
 
 In the table the prefixed and suffixed formative let- 
 ters, except in the tenth declension, are distinguished 
 from the root by being printed in italics. 
 
 RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CASES. 
 1, IN THE SINGULAR. 
 
 The Genitive has various endings which must be 
 learned from the Lexicon. The most common are f- 
 andn/ . — But polysyllabic nouns in (• make the Genitive 
 in t-n/ . 
 Nouns in [•'-'b make the Genitive in trnt. 
 
 ,, t preceded by a consonant in fili or uiii 
 
 ,, (• ,, ,, in Irp 
 
 Proper nouns for the most part make the Gen. in lu/ . 
 
 The Dative has two forms, one always the same 
 
 with the Gen. the other the same with the Nom. 
 
 with '^ prefixed in case the noun begins with a conso- 
 
FORMATION OF THE CASES. 7T 
 
 nant, and j or (rarely) '^ j in case it begins with a 
 vowel. 
 
 The Jlccmalive is the Nom. with ^ prefixed. 
 
 The Ablative always prefixes '[• or j like the second 
 form of the Dative. Its termination is genarally k 
 added to the form of the Nom. 
 
 But if the Gen. end in nj or <«/> the termination of 
 the Abl. is the same. 
 
 Nouns which have the Gen. ending in «•-, mi, bp^ n^ 
 or other irregular terminations add k to the Genitive 
 to form the Ablative. 
 
 Genitives in inuit make the Ablative in frit ; those 
 in Jih f in lu'hk . 
 
 The Mirralive * is the same as the Ablative, sub- 
 stituting a prefixed ^ for '^ . 
 
 The Instrumental depends upon the form of the Gen. 
 {> make the Tnstr. in ^l or mu 
 ) )) ""L 
 
 , ,, liiUL. or l-n^ 
 
 , „ uiiTfi 
 
 1 3) TF 
 
 ,, o^ „ ,, uiftp 
 
 The Circumlative * is the same as the Instrumental 
 with ^ prefixed. 
 
 The Commoraft'ue* has generally two forms, viz. those 
 of the Nom. and Gen. with '[• or j prefixed. 
 
 The Vocative is the same as the Nom. with or with- 
 out the Interjection n^ . 
 
 •The force of the Narrative case may generally by expressed in 
 English by the preposition concerning, that of the Circumlative 
 by ar.'und, and that of the Commorative (or Locative) by in. 
 
 Genitives 
 
 in 
 
 
 A n 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 •u 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 ■-"J 
 
 55 
 
 
 utb 
 
 & 1-1. 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 flL. 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 •y 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 h 
 
78 FORMATION OP THE CASES. 
 
 II. IN THE PLURAL. 
 
 The J^ominaiive Plural always ends in ^ and is formed 
 generally by adding this letter to the Norn. Sing. 
 
 But nouns which have the Gen. Sing, in ^fc , tp, «<- 
 or "y add ^ to that case to form the Norn. Plur. 
 
 And nouns ending in <«/^ make the Plur. in uif^ 
 The Genitive Plural always ends in ^ ♦ 
 
 If the Instr. Sing, have /-l. the Gen. Plur. has ^g 
 
 
 
 lUt- 
 
 
 
 u,g 
 
 
 
 "■L 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 HL. 
 
 
 
 nt-g 
 
 
 
 UiJfi 
 
 
 
 uitg 
 
 
 
 bpp. 
 
 
 
 ha 
 
 
 
 •"Cf 
 
 
 
 "•pa ° 
 
 iun.ut% 
 
 "a 
 
 The Dative as in the Sing, has two forms ; one like 
 
 the Gen. and the other like the Ace. with '^ or j pre- 
 fixed instead of ^ . 
 
 The Accusative is formed from the Nom. by prefixing 
 ^ and changing the final ^ into u • 
 
 The .Ablative is formed from the Gen. by prefixing 
 'A or J . 
 
 The J^arrative the same, substituting q_ for that 
 prefix. 
 
 The Instrumental is formed from the Instr. Sing, by 
 adding^. But i»«- becomes o^ (in ancient mss- oi.^^). 
 
 The Circumlative from the Instr. by prefixing ^ . 
 
 The Commorative from the Ace by prefixing '[• or j 
 instead of ^ • 
 
 The Vocative (as in the Sing.) is like the Nom. 
 
ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS. 79 
 
 DECLENSION OF ANCIENT ARMENIAN NOUNS. 
 Dec. 1. Dec. 2, Dec 3. Dec 4. 
 Singular. 
 
 Word City River Church 
 
 Nom. [KuA '[K,uqj.,j, «|^i« b^*r%A 
 Gen. {\u.i\ -(V<»t"ipi *|xA»«j \}ib^,j^^^ 
 Dat. i . f)""^^ M^-t-jpt *l'fr""j -k^&^kg^nj 
 
 AOC. •(_f\mtl .^'<-(*,ij»^(»P t^\'^bal t^k^lf'al' 
 
 Abl. 't (V<«^V '\ ^[\wiij^p\f 'I; *|»tifiHj jt?4^^'^j>-Hj 
 
 Nar. <^[\uuit- t^\\mqaiji\f t^'I^Aulnj •{_^^^^£^^»j 
 
 InStr. JVuiiJ.- '■[\aiqui£m^ 'lifruii.^ t.b^'^^^^l-"*'- 
 
 com.i ;f!:'"!'^ vr-i-^t ,j<,,t„ •'Kt^tT^ 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. fViut)* »(\iii/jiBp^ ^l^i-ui^ bi^i^sfi* 
 
 Dat. \ {^^•"'''h 'I\'"2j"^«5 «|»fruiH5 t^^l%V«tf 
 
 ACC If (\a»'i&» <^*f\iiliJu»P» <f 'jiA'in* H^ffi^i^gl'- 
 
 Abl. 't (V<i«*!iJ|5 'J; 'f'.ul^af^wj 'j. '|«^UIH<^ jtr^^t^t"** 
 
 Nar- «(_(>ai'iiji5 t^*(\ai2<"^t"5 .{_»l»tinHj t-t^^^'Z^^*"? 
 
 Instr. (\uf%J>>- ^(Vmii^.u^o^ <|^/&ii>m{^ l?4*i"Z%!r°f' 
 Giro. i(_(V «lij>-/ .^«f',<«ij<ii^o^ .^_<|»ifui).{j< .{_^^t2fr5V'>(' 
 Com. 'I i^utliH 'J. ''(\iif>^i»^H 'J. *|»frin» )\}k^qj'3h 
 
80 ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS. 
 
 Dec. 5 a. Dec. 5 b. Dec. 6 a. Dec 6 b. 
 
 ![? Singular. 
 Hour Little Foundation Trouble 
 
 Nom. ,]»a,^ i]i„^p ^f,^ -y,bq^,.pi,Jb 
 
 Gen. (]^<iiiA;w <])n^»i_ ^fiJJU ' {fhqni-P^oiU 
 
 1-. , V jJ\iiii/h^ (])/7pHu. ^fiJmU 'yphnncfl^mU 
 
 ACC. ttfJ-xuiiT *tj\^"J?C •t_"^A n'lfb-nni-PfiL.'b 
 
 Abl. 'J ,]>«/./-v 't«l»''.p»'-V f-:,H"''''V Ti»^7."'^/3V'''V 
 
 Nar. ^^]^^•nJ'%■ <ui\tip»^\r t.-^K'^'^^ 'CU^T"-P^'^^ 
 Instr. (]>uiiAi- <]»'^H_ ^f-J'-!^ "ifl^'i^'-PV'^^^ 
 
 Circ •^(]>u/iy«» ■i_(|>n^Hi- i.-^f"-^'-^^ 'i_'li^i^^PV'>'^f- 
 
 VOC- "•[_tj>''"^ «'ij_«])/7p^ "l.-^iA'™ n\_'\fllqauPjiCU 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. (J^cu./'^ (^Xt^h^I./ ^^.IIJ./ 'y,liqa,.p[,Jb^ 
 
 Gen. ,]»«l<y;.-j l]ln^Hu.'kif ^f.Jm'Uy '|,fr^ai./?t-»'^J 
 
 Dat ^ Cb'"'''"'-? «l>''^"'-''»3 •l^H'^'^y '{,lfqnuP\.^Xy 
 
 Ace <{_J>uiiA. <{_l]>a^Hr-']<M ^^fiTiJ^M >^yflrrlni.p[,i.%H 
 
 Abl. 'J. ,]^«../;-3'|.«])npHj.5 'J, ^^i/i.l.j 'J •(,fr^„c/3V".t5 
 
 Nar. t(_,]>iiiiAii-5.|_<Ii/j^«J,j ^^^i/i.'j.j <{_''(, ^^."'-PV*"'''? 
 Instr. (l>a.7;u./ ,i,„^„^;f.^ ^f.Ji^!^^ 'y,b^nup\.„f^^ 
 
 Circ. ^J^u/iA.-^ .(_«]>np„u.;p.;i ^^^7i,;p.^ .{_"(, t^i./3t-"./p-^ 
 
 Com. 'I; ()>ui./; ■t«l)np«a« 'J^/l,A.iJ.« 't "(,&2™.-/3/ii.i» 
 
ANCIENT ARMENIAN DECLENSIONS. 81 
 Dec. t, ( Deo. 8. i Deo. 9. 
 
 Singular. [ 
 
 Lamb 
 
 SOMC 
 
 
 Adam 
 
 Nora. <|^a/n.% 
 
 ri"*/. 
 
 
 V.t-'-r 
 
 Gen. *|»iiifi.jT. 
 
 n-iw 
 
 
 Wfj-m^Hj 
 
 "-•Srjrr 
 
 
 
 
 Ace. ^|»<iiii1> 
 
 T.n"4^ 
 
 
 '^\'l-u-r 
 
 Abl. -J «|^<«am1.1- 
 
 jfl"4VrV 
 
 
 jWtf.OiJ'mj 
 
 Nar. ^l^ui/trnXV 
 
 •lH-^VcV 
 
 
 ty.t""^3 
 
 Inst. «|»«/n.«J"p. 
 
 fl-^WF- 
 
 
 Wq-OiJ-m^ 
 
 Circ- M*|«ii/n.i»J'& 
 
 •Lfl-^Vrf 
 
 
 t.r.T-""^'- 
 
 '=o-ri:!:::r 
 
 
 
 jV.t-^J' 
 
 VOC nH_ (|>ii<il.2r 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 "'Ll>-"/" 
 
 Nom. <|viii«.J'fc;< 
 
 iHVt^ 
 
 
 
 Gen. ^)iii/n.H<1*i^ 
 
 n"4W? ' 
 
 or 
 
 -"iVt-i 
 
 Dat J •h""^'"^ 
 
 
 or 
 
 nu^\rt-y 
 
 Ace. .j_*|»iuii.Jt» 
 
 t_f1"4Vr» 
 
 
 
 Abl. 't «h«'«-"'^9 
 
 jfl"4W? or , 
 
 jnoji-r^j 
 
 Nar- tfj\-^ain.m1»y 
 
 X.i\"i^V1} or 
 
 ^•"iVf-y 
 
 Instr. '|»«f/i.m/p./ 
 
 n-it-fP-^ 
 
 or 
 
 "f^Vfi' 
 
 Circ. \[_*>|»i«in.H.J'p.,« 
 
 t.n"4trF''' 
 
 or 
 
 ' t;f"4'Vf<"' 
 
 Com. 'i «|»«.«i.J'J.» 
 
 jfl"4W» 
 
 
 
 VoC. n'<_'|»«.atV 
 
 "L fl-^trf 
 
 
 U 
 
82 
 
 ANCIENT ARMENIAN 
 
 DECLENi 
 
 3I0NS. 
 
 Dec. 10 a. 
 
 Dec. 10 b. - 
 
 Dec. 10 Ci 
 
 Dec. 10 d. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Man 
 
 'Father 
 
 Woman 
 
 Village 
 
 Nom. 
 
 y.jp 
 
 ■^"UP 
 
 m.1. 
 
 •h^t 
 
 Gen. 
 
 i>i 
 
 ^op 
 
 Il*ȣ^ 
 
 'h^lt 
 
 Dat. 
 
 1 *•"'', 
 
 ^op 
 
 l\'bn^ 
 
 'l 'h^Zl 
 
 
 ( •"•*■ V.JP 
 
 •****« ^^*^p «*«•*■ liAz' 
 
 >J «|,^^ 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ^S.jp 
 
 •L-^-^/f' 
 
 ^l|/H> 
 
 •L'I'A'-t 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iX.-'^k 
 
 'l -i^opk 
 
 •I ll-On^i 
 
 •t 'l^^lL^ 
 
 Nar. 
 
 t.l>*4 
 
 \.-^°pt 
 
 ^Ijin^f 
 
 •lM-a^l^ 
 
 Instr. 
 
 IV""^ 
 
 •^•"PF 
 
 X'fOi'biMStffl 
 
 XybuiL. 
 
 'H'-ib'- 
 
 Giro. 
 
 •lIV""^ 
 
 'i.'^'"PP 
 
 uX^iu'biuJa 
 
 •Ch^qb^ 
 
 Com. 
 
 i 'V 
 
 'i'^.op 
 
 't Ur,„^ 
 
 •t 'h^t?- 
 
 
 I iy.jc 
 
 'i •^•yp 
 
 •t »l/ii> 
 
 •J «|>A^^ 
 
 Voc. 
 
 "L y.jp 
 
 "L ■^••up 
 Plural. 
 
 -'^_ li^i 
 
 -'L'b^^ 
 
 Nom. 
 
 \\p^ 
 
 -^•"P^ 
 
 \^ti/biujo 
 
 'hA'^tP 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 •^•"pg 
 
 ^a.pui'bg 
 
 l| OtbtMttiQ 
 
 'I'A'-iAj 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 ■^-pa 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ■ i>"|% 
 
 mm^Wp "t^g 
 
 I] aiUoibg 
 
 'h^'-^^j 
 
 
 ( «"- y.p" 
 
 *M*^ „^tMMpU 
 
 •M*^ l|u/%iu/if 
 
 •t 'b^'-t" 
 
 Ace. 
 
 'xS.P" 
 
 Hmm^fpt* 
 
 u Ijuitfuyu 
 
 •lM^A'-t." 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iy.v"'^9 
 
 
 'J» (|a*^UiV9 
 
 •t 'hA-^Aj 
 
 Nar. 
 
 •Lr.f""^^5 
 
 1.-^"'P3 
 
 *t a^u'/i Uiba 
 
 *^ll ii*t» uftiq 
 
 -ChhiPa 
 
 Instr. 
 
 |'.fiajJJip 
 
 ■^•"ppf 
 
 Ijui%u«i)^p 
 
 'I'A'-zA'^^ 
 
 Circ. 
 
 ^I'fimJ^j. 
 
 \.-L,-pp^ 
 
 M I] lu'biuJap 
 
 t.'I'A'-t^'-.p 
 
 Com. 
 
 iWp" 
 
 •]. ^-^u 
 
 *|» ||U«llUf^U 
 
 'I^^L^^c^ 
 
 Voc. 
 
 «Lr.f.p 
 
 i\_ ^a.iip 
 
 **^ l|««1'*«/;p 
 
 "L'hA'-'L? 
 
COMPARATIVE SPECIMEN 
 
 Of Ancient Armenian, and of the Eastern andjWestern dialects 
 of Modern Armenian. 
 PSALM I. 
 Ancient. Modern Western. Modern Eastern. 
 
 1 \fpat1btiMii_ k uyf' 
 
 r^fiu uiJp.t»piuauMff • p 
 VuMiiiutuiup^p Jbijuii-iipuiff 
 
 P'nn.u tfutbuipff i* £. 
 
 2 V.JL jopi*" S^"- 
 
 n-pii ttit LumJ^ 'bnpiM f tu 
 jopf;'Uu "UnpuM [unp^lruffp 
 'bm p mnuk ^ p tbi^P^ ' 
 
 8 \^t. £ri^ffp%ua npu^k" 
 h-tMin. f np uibl^fruMi^ ij; 
 
 p f.iiiuffu 2!**-Pff » "P 
 
 f lufirvcn pt-p p tf-ui^ 
 Jhu uitug^ I U. infrpk. 
 llntpia ifft p-uitpbuap • ^ 
 quBdWiiajii qnp pti^ •"•• 
 
 TbJtu t 
 
 * U't. *^"«ftw fr^ 
 lutfputppiaip f b. m'f^ 
 
 A 'l^c"iJ ^p^""*ff ^p^ct * 
 
 5 X| *i/i»t» uMjunpp^ n'^ 
 jmppgyiM UMitpuMpPiut^ *p 
 i^uttntumuiuitt f U. »^ i/b^ 
 qutt.np^ p pimp^nt^t^a 
 lupf^tupHff t 
 
 vS^f *l^'^'^*^'^'*'P^t tup — 
 t^uapng « iCutitiuofiup'^^ 
 amJp.iupiu9utff ^"ppgp^ • 
 
 1 |^^uil>^ Hi% Jtup^ 
 ^miA np lutfautpp^iahSr^ 
 putA pinp^ni.ptf.ft ihp^ 
 [S-aap I 01. JhquMunp^lr^ 
 pntA JCmitpmuii *^9 £Jt^* 
 %uip f rr£. h-tmnp Pp^^j^ 
 %lrpaub 'bmmmii' mlrq^ 
 ^uuipp t 
 
 2 a^ufiYW tmlbmp ^iuJL 
 
 Jkt^u k * ««. ipibp 3"P^h 
 
 uiUnp opfiU^KU 4o***l 
 9^p^ tflniub-^l t 
 
 3 J^«- t^puip piiuy "»- 
 
 %p^utj 2'ti.pkpatA i^uig^m 
 %hpn uiubnt-iMtb- 6-tun.p 
 up WV" f "P <f'**iiru^tuhp% 
 pp u^mnt-qB. i*"- "'"U • 
 nc. uAnp utlrptLp t^t^'b 
 ^pliutj I &. p'bi_ p-omU np 
 ^1; uipmp J'»f^qn»-p I 
 
 pbv^^pc ' ^""v** ^^i^*' 
 
 tiP'U ufia % mp lipgpnui; 
 
 pwppiuA^pi* r^uimuiu^ 
 uiuiUfiU ^uiflttt^nt ^fttr • 
 ni. ifj^ JbttuMi-mp'it^pp utp^ 
 i^mp'btrpnL^ tf-nijni^plb 
 
 Ukt < 
 
 iCiuUih UMi UMpryutplt^pmtJb 
 Vuufptttii • puMjtf luttpui^ 
 ppimUtrpnulU "XmftpuaU 
 
 "tputp timpting^ I 
 
 1 \^paA6r£^ £■ i% ittupm 
 if-gii* np laJpUMppluiblrpp 
 pmp^ppf^pr, ilki^ ik 
 i^nt-J* f U, Jht^MjnpUhpp 
 "VimUtuufuap^^ ^trpuij ^ 
 
 huMUtAnuJ* f U. iyp 
 
 ^nanputirnnUhpp vM^itnMtt 
 dhpfj ^ XummutT * 
 
 ^kpp opk't'^P Jpfni.ia t* 
 
 U. gf*p^k ^ tbz^P ^"p*" 
 h-m-iT I 
 
 3 !,><. %i^ k p'^tt^h" 
 
 Cpfipp i^llitugpnuitli uiphb^' 
 btu^ i^mn. np pput** 
 
 i^uinc^ uiuiipu j^ ppui% 
 Mf-uMttut%tu^ni.UU h. %npuM 
 inkptu% ^' ilkpf^tutp^ 
 ^tjj* I U. uiJk'U b'^t_ T 
 uM%nt.J* k I jutOnqJpa._Utt 
 Ibnpmti I 
 
 ppiutbb^p'b f "»/£_ p'b^ku 
 if.iupilut%h Jht-q^ npatu». 
 Up'U gpp*- k mat£pu trwav 
 pmb I 
 
 5 1)/'*'' ^tui/uip tuJoLut^ 
 ppimltbp'ti ^"b tffrpl^^iuf 
 t^tmututuutOMbp JI;Sb U. tif 
 Jhnumip%hpU utpn.utp^ 
 
 %lrpp ^niimilap4b *^& • 
 
 6 Q|ui«vVuifEi1> np 
 
 }^kp^ 'SmbtM^nt.Jf* uMp^ 
 t^uip'bhpp ZCiMtbuMu/utp** 
 ^pU I f^uf/j laJpuMpp^^ 
 ^bpp TCuAiuiamp^'b bp^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Abbreviation, marks of, . 10 
 Abbreviations, .... 82 
 
 Accent, 9 
 
 Adjectives, ...... 18 
 
 „ formed from prepo- 
 sitions, .56 
 
 „ precede their sub- 
 stantives, . , 55 
 
 Adverbs, 61 
 
 Alpliabet, « 6 
 
 Article, 11 
 
 Auxiliary Verb, .... 30 
 Cases of Nouns, . . . • 13 
 Commutations of Letters, . 68 
 Comparative view of Re- 
 gular Verbs, .... 40 
 Comparison of Adjectives, . 19 
 Conjugation of the Regular 
 
 Verb, 33 
 
 Conjunctions, • .... 54 
 
 Declension of nouns, < . is 
 
 „ of Anc. Arm. nouns, 75 
 
 Definite form of nouns . . 12 
 
 Derivative Verbs, ... 46 
 
 Dialects of Armenian, . , 4, 82 
 
 Diminutive Adjectives, . .20 
 
 „ Adverbs, .... 53 
 
 Elliptical use of the Accusative 
 
 and Ablative, .... 57 
 
 Etymological resemblances 
 to other languages, . • 69 
 
 Gender, .11 
 
 Idiomatic phrases, ... 63 
 impersonal Verbs, ... 46 
 Interjections, . .... 64 
 Irregular Nouns, ... 14 
 „ Verbs, .... 47 
 Miscellaneous remarks, . 57 
 Negative Verbs, .... 44 
 
 Nouns, . • 11 
 
 Number, 11 
 
 Numerals, 20 
 
 „ Syntax of, . . . 55 
 Order of words in a sentence, 67 
 Participle in «»■, use of, 50, 66 
 Particles appended to Verbs, 51 
 Prepositions, . . . . 53, 56 
 
 Pronouns, ...... 22 
 
 Pronunciation, ... 7, 58 
 Punctuation, 9 
 
 Regular Verb, conjugated, 33 
 
 Salutations, 61 
 
 Suffix Pronouns, ... 25 
 
 Tenses, formation of, . . 28 
 
 „ use of, ... . 49 
 
 Verbs, 27 
 
 „ Syntax, of, . . 56, 56